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Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe, BWV 156
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Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 - wikipedia Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe ( I am standing with one foot in the grave ) , BWV 156 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . He composed it in Leipzig for the third Sunday after Epiphany and first performed it on 23 January 1729 . The cantata is well known for its opening sinfonia for orchestra and oboe solo . Contents 1 History and text 2 Scoring and structure 3 Music 4 Recordings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History and text ( edit ) BWV 156 was Bach 's fourth and last cantata for the Third Sunday after Epiphany . The prescribed readings for the Sunday were taken from the Epistle to the Romans , rules for life ( Romans 12 : 17 -- 21 ) , and from the Gospel of Matthew , the healing of a leper ( Matthew 8 : 1 -- 13 ) . The librettist was Picander . He incorporated two chorale tunes : `` Machs mit mir , Gott , nach deiner Güt '' by Johann Herman Schein ( 1628 ) and `` Herr , wie du willt , so schicks mit mir '' by Kaspar Bienemann ( 1582 ) . The sinfonia was likely derived from an earlier oboe concerto and was later adapted as part of Bach 's Harpsichord Concerto in F minor . Scoring and structure ( edit ) The work is scored for three vocal soloists ( alto , tenor , and bass ) , four - part choir , oboe , two violins , viola , and basso continuo . It has six movements : Sinfonia Chorale ( soprano ) and aria ( tenor ) : Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe Recitative ( bass ) : Mein Angst und Not Aria ( alto ) : Herr , was du willt , soll mir gefallen Recitative ( bass ) : Und willst du , dass ich nicht soll kranken Chorale : Herr , wie du willt , so schicks mit mir Music ( edit ) Sinfonia Arranged for violin and piano , featuring Carrie Rehkopf ( violin ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . The opening sinfonia is scored for oboe , strings , and continuo . It is in F major and common time . Compared to the later version for harpsichord , the melody is straightforward and unembellished , and is harmonically conceived to prepare the second movement . The second movement is a combined tenor aria and soprano chorale with obbligato strings . Unusually , it begins with a syncopated continuo line under unison strings . The movement also features sequences and harmonic contrasts . Both bass recitatives are secco and in minor mode . The first , the third movement of the cantata , is characterized by a disjunct melodic line and a concluding arioso line . The second , the fifth movement , is comparatively `` lighter in mood and spirit '' . It anticipates the melody of the final chorale setting . The alto aria is accompanied by oboe and violin in parallel thirds and sixths . The movement includes several instances of word painting . Formally , the movement is an altered da capo aria . It has a `` generally sunny affect ... only momentarily disturbed by more charged harmonies '' . The final movement is a four - part setting of the chorale in C major . The phrase lengths are varied to provide a `` hint of timelessness '' . Recordings ( edit ) American Bach Soloists , Jeffrey Thomas . J.S. Bach : Cantatas Volume II . Koch International Classics , 1992 . Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir , Ton Koopman . J.S. Bach : Complete Cantatas Vol. 20 . Antoine Marchand , 2003 . Bach Collegium Japan , Masaaki Suzuki . J.S. Bach : Cantatas Vol. 49 . BIS , 2010 . Figuralchor der Gedächtniskirche Stuttgart / Bach - Collegium Stuttgart , Helmuth Rilling . Die Bach Kantate . Hänssler , 1973 . Holland Boys Choir / Netherlands Bach Collegium , Pieter Jan Leusink . Bach Edition Vol. 11 . Brilliant Classics , 1999 . Monteverdi Choir / English Baroque Soloists , John Eliot Gardiner . J.S. Bach : Cantatas for the 3rd Sunday of Epiphany . Archiv Produktion , 2000 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BWV '' is Bach - Werke - Verzeichnis , a thematic catalogue of Bach 's works . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Traupman - Carr , Carol ( 2005 ) . `` Cantata 156 , Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe '' . Bach Choir of Bethlehem . Retrieved 14 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cantata BWV 156 '' . bach - cantatas . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BWV 156 '' . University of Alberta . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mincham , Julian . `` Chapter 40 BWV 156 '' . jsbachcantatas . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` BWV 156 '' . Emmanuel Music . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cantata No. 156 '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 4 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe BWV 156 ; BC A 38 / Sacred cantata ( 3rd Sunday of Epiphany ) Leipzig University BWV 156 Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe : English translation , University of Vermont Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 : performance by the Netherlands Bach Society ( video and background information ) BWV 156.6 bach-chorales.com Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach Before Leipzig Early : BWV 4 131 71 106 196 150 143 Weimar : BWV 61 70a 186a 132 174a 63 152 155 18 54 80a 182 31 12 172 165 21 185 199 161 162 163 Köthen : BWV Anh. 5 First cycle ( 1723 -- 24 ) Between Trinity and Advent : BWV 75 76 24 167 147 186 136 105 46 179 69a 77 25 138 95 148 48 109 89 60 90 70 From Advent to Trinity : BWV 40 64 190 153 65 154 73 81 83 144 181 22 23 66 134 67 104 166 86 37 44 59 184 Second cycle ( & chorale cantatas ) Chorale cantatas between Trinity and Easter : BWV 20 7 135 10 93 107 178 94 101 113 33 78 99 8 130 114 96 5 180 38 115 139 26 116 62 91 121 133 122 41 123 124 111 92 125 126 127 Continuation of the second cycle : BWV 6 42 85 103 108 87 128 183 74 68 175 176 Later additions to the chorale cantata cycle : BWV 80 137 129 58 112 140 177 9 14 Other late chorale cantatas : BWV 117 192 100 97 Third cycle After Trinity 1725 : BWV 168 164 79 Liturgical year 1725 -- 26 : BWV 110 57 151 28 16 32 13 72 146 43 39 88 170 187 45 102 35 17 19 27 47 169 56 49 98 55 52 1727 : BWV 82 84 34 173 Later and other Picander cycle : BWV 149 188 197a 171 156 159 145 174 Late parodies : BWV 36 30 191 200 1083 Council election : BWV 119 193 Anh. 3 29 120 69 Wedding : BWV 34a 195 120a 197 Funeral : 157 244a Other : 194 190a 120b 51 158 50 248 / VIa Doubtful : 53 142 189 217 220 221 223 224 Bach cantata List of Bach cantatas Discography : Monteverdi Choir / Koopman / Teldec Cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach by BWV number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ( oratorio ) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 30a 31 32 33 34 34a 35 36 36a 36b 36c 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ( 53 ) 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 66a 67 68 69 69a 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 80a 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 ( motet ) 119 120 120a 120b 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 ( 131a ) 132 133 134 134a 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 ( 142 ) 143 144 145 146 147 147a 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 173a 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 ( 189 ) 190 190a 191 192 193 193a 194 195 196 197 197a 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 205a 206 207 207a 208 209 210 210a 211 212 213 214 215 216 216a ( 217 ) 218 219 ( 220 ) ( 221 ) 222 223 224 244a 248a 249a 249b 1040 1045 1083 1127 Anh. 3 Anh. 5 Anh. 9 Anh. 11 Anh. 18 -- ( Doubtful ) Spurious Lists : Compositions Cantatas ; Church cantatas : Chorale cantatas Early Weimar 1st cycle 2nd cycle 3rd cycle Picander cycle Late ; Secular cantatas BNE : XX3385912 BNF : cb13909508f ( data ) LCCN : n83152526 VIAF : 186726046 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Ich_steh_mit_einem_Fuß_im_Grabe , _BWV_156&oldid = 844895534 '' Categories : Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach 1729 compositions Hidden categories : Articles containing German - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Français Italiano עברית Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 22 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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musical style ich steh mit einem fuss im grabe
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7871352122255241341
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NWA World Title Tournament
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NWA World title tournament - wikipedia NWA World title tournament NWA World Title Tournament The ECW Arena . Information Promotion NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling Date August 27 , 1994 Attendance 1,000 Venue ECW Arena City Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Event chronology Hardcore Heaven ( 1994 ) NWA World Title Tournament November to Remember ( 1994 ) In professional wrestling , the NWA World Title Tournament was a live supercard held by the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States - based professional wrestling promotion NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) on August 27 , 1994 . The event featured a tournament for the vacant NWA World Heavyweight Championship . The commentator for the event was Joey Styles . Highlights from the event aired on the August 29 , 1994 episode of ECW Hardcore TV , while the tournament final appeared on the 2012 WWE DVD release ECW Unreleased : Vol 1 . The event is known for the speech given by the tournament winner , ECW Heavyweight Champion Shane Douglas , who threw down the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt and proclaimed the ECW Heavyweight Championship to be a world championship . Douglas ' speech preceded the emergence of ECW - renamed Extreme Championship Wrestling shortly after the event - as a nationally recognized promotion and the continued decline in the power and profile of the NWA . The event has been described by WWE as `` one of the most controversial incidents to ever occur at any sports - entertainment event '' . Douglas described his throwing down of the title as `` the defining moment for my career '' . Contents 1 Background 2 Event 3 Aftermath 4 Results 4.1 Tournament brackets 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Eastern Championship Wrestling booker Paul Heyman , who orchestrated Douglas ' throwing down of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . The NWA World Heavyweight Championship is the principal championship recognized by professional wrestling promotions affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . By the early 1990s , the largest NWA affiliate was World Championship Wrestling . In 1993 , the relationship between WCW and the NWA board of directors began to deteriorate . In September 1993 , WCW withdrew from the NWA and the NWA World Heavyweight Championship - held by WCW employee Ric Flair - was vacated . After the title had been vacant for several months , NWA board member Dennis Coralluzzo proposed holding a tournament to crown a new NWA World Heavyweight Champion . Tod Gordon and Paul Heyman - the owner and booker of the NWA affiliate Eastern Championship Wrestling ( ECW ) - wrote to the board of directors proposing that ECW host the tournament given that it had more television exposure than any other NWA affiliate . The board of directors accepted the proposal . Ostensibly unbeknownst to the board of directors , Gordon and Heyman - who had previously had disagreements with Coralluzzo - planned to use the tournament to publicly break away from the NWA and springboard ECW to prominence . Gordon and Heyman approached Shane Douglas , the planned winner of the tournament , who agreed to their plan . Event ( edit ) Shane Douglas , winner of the NWA World Title Tournament and short - lived NWA World Heavyweight Champion . The event featured an eight - man tournament for the vacant championship . The tournament began with 2 Cold Scorpio defeating Chris Benoit in an `` aerial showcase '' using a cradle , followed by 911 squashing the surprise wild card entrant , Doink the Clown , with a series of chokeslams . Dean Malenko defeated the Japanese wrestler Osamu Nishimura by submission , while Shane Douglas , the - then ECW Heavyweight Champion , pinned The Tazmaniac with a roll - up . In the semi-finals , 2 Cold Scorpio defeated 911 by count - out after 911 was distracted by Douglas , while Douglas pinned Dean Malenko following two piledrivers . In the final bout of the tournament , Douglas pinned 2 Cold Scorpio following a belly - to - belly suplex . After being presented with the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt , Douglas began to deliver an acceptance speech before abruptly throwing down the title belt and instead picking up the ECW Heavyweight Championship belt , proclaiming himself to be the `` Extreme Championship Wrestling Heavyweight Champion of the world '' . `` In the tradition of Lou Thesz , in the tradition of Jack Brisco of The Brisco Brothers , of Dory Funk , Jr. , of Terry Funk : the man who will never die . As the real `` Nature Boy '' Buddy Rogers , upstairs tonight . From the Harley Races , to the Barry Windhams , to the ... Ric Flairs , I accept this heavyweight title . Wait a second , wait a second . Of Kerry Von Erich . Of the fat man himself , Dusty Rhodes . This is it tonight , dad . God , that 's beautiful . And Rick Steamboat ... and they can all kiss my ass ! Because I am not the man who accepts a torch to be handed down to me from an organization that died - RIP - seven years ago . The Franchise , Shane Douglas , is the man who ignites the new flame of the sport of professional wrestling . Tonight , before God and my father as witness , I declare myself , the Franchise , as the new ECW Heavyweight Champion of the world . We have set out to change the face of professional wrestling . So tonight , let the new era begin : the era of the sport of professional wrestling ; the era of the Franchise ; the era of the ECW . '' -- Shane Douglas , August 27 , 1994 The event was also scheduled to host a tag team bout for the ECW Tag Team Championship between champions The Public Enemy ( Johnny Grunge and Rocco Rock ) and challengers Cactus Jack and Terry Funk . After Funk withdrew from the event , Mikey Whipwreck was announced as his replacement . Cactus Jack and Whipwreck went on to score an upset victory over The Public Enemy , with Whipwreck pinning Rock using a roll - up . Aftermath ( edit ) Dennis Coralluzzo was interviewed immediately after the event , referring to Douglas ' actions as `` a disgrace '' and stating that he would move to have Douglas stripped of both championships . There are conflicting accounts as to whether Coralluzzo was aware in advance that Douglas intended to throw down the belt . On the August 29 , 1994 episode of ECW Hardcore TV , Tod Gordon delivered a promo stating that Eastern Championship Wrestling had withdrawn from the NWA , had been renamed Extreme Championship Wrestling , and would recognise Shane Douglas as its world heavyweight champion . `` I listened with great interest as the representative of the NWA board of directors took it upon himself to inform you that they have the power to force NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling not to recognize the Franchise , Shane Douglas , as a world heavyweight champion . Well , as of noon today , I have folded NWA Eastern Championship Wrestling . In its place will be ECW - Extreme Championship Wrestling - and we recognize the Franchise , Shane Douglas , as our World Heavyweight Champion . And we encourage any wrestler in the world today to come to the ECW to challenge for that belt . This is the ECW , Extreme Championship Wrestling , changing the face of professional wrestling . '' -- Tod Gordon , August 29 , 1994 The ECW Tag Team Championship and ECW Television Championship were also renamed the ECW World Tag Team Championship and ECW World Television Championship . The NWA World Heavyweight Championship remained vacant until November 19 , 1994 , when Chris Candido won a tournament in Cherry Hill , New Jersey , hosted by Smoky Mountain Wrestling . Douglas ' actions have been described as `` killing the title 's credibility forever '' . Results ( edit ) No . Results Stipulations Times 2 Cold Scorpio defeated Chris Benoit by pinfall Tournament quarter - final N / A 911 ( with Paul E. Dangerously ) defeated Doink the Clown by pinfall Tournament quarter - final 1 : 57 Dean Malenko defeated Osamu Nishimura by submission Tournament quarter - final N / A Shane Douglas defeated The Tazmaniac by pinfall Tournament quarter - final N / A 5 2 Cold Scorpio defeated 911 ( with Paul E. Dangerously ) by count - out Tournament semi-final N / A 6 Shane Douglas defeated Dean Malenko by pinfall Tournament semi-final N / A 7 Cactus Jack and Mikey Whipwreck defeated The Public Enemy ( Johnny Grunge and Rocco Rock ) ( c ) by pinfall Tag team match for the ECW Tag Team Championship 14 : 04 8 Shane Douglas defeated 2 Cold Scorpio by pinfall Tournament final for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship 12 : 00 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match Tournament brackets ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals 2 Cold Scorpio Pin Chris Benoit 11 : 20 2 Cold Scorpio Count - out 911 10 : 01 911 Pin Doink the Clown 1 : 57 2 Cold Scorpio Pin Shane Douglas 12 : 00 Dean Malenko Submission Osamu Nishimura Shane Douglas Pin Dean Malenko 13 : 25 Shane Douglas Pin The Tazmaniac 8 : 19 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Linder , Zach ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Heyman on Shane Douglas and the birth of Extreme '' . WWE.com . WWE . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Dixon ; Arnold Furious ; Lee Maughan ( 2015 ) . The Complete WWE Guide Volume Six . Lulu.com . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 326 - 50746 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Fritz ( 2006 ) . Between the Ropes : Wrestling 's Greatest Triumphs and Failures . ECW Press . pp. 81 -- 82 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55490 - 268 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Thom Loverro ( 2007 ) . The Rise & Fall of ECW : Extreme Championship Wrestling . Simon & Schuster . pp. 67 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 6156 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Scott E. Williams ( 2013 ) . Hardcore History : The Extremely Unauthorized Story of ECW . Skyhorse Publishing . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61321 - 582 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Cold Scorpio vs. Shane Douglas : NWA World Heavyweight Title Tournament Finals - August 27 , 1994 '' . WWE.com . WWE . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Public Enemy vs. Cactus Jack & Mikey Whipwreck - ECW World Tag Team Championship Match : ECW , August 27 , 1994 '' . WWE.com . WWE . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mick Foley ( 2000 ) . Have a Nice Day ! : A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks . Turtleback Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 613 - 33590 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tim Hornbaker ( 2007 ) . National Wrestling Alliance : The Untold Story of the Monopoly That Strangled Professional Wrestling . ECW Press . p. 387 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55490 - 274 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lee Maughan ( 2013 ) . The Complete WWF Video Guide Volume III . Lulu.com . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 291 - 41107 - 2 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did shane douglas throws down the nwa title
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-8006608303904796371
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Sugar Creek Gang
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Sugar Creek gang - wikipedia Sugar Creek gang Sugar Creek Gang Sugar Creek Gang : The Swamp Robber Author Paul Hutchens Cover artist Don Stewart Country United States Language English Genre Children 's literature Publisher Moody Press Published 1940 Media type Print Sugar Creek Gang is a series of 36 Christian themed children 's literature books written by Paul Hutchens . The original series is set near Thorntown , Indiana and named for the nearby Sugar Creek , based upon the formative years of Paul and his six brothers , and chronicles adventure situations told from a faith - based didactic perspective . The first book The Sugar Creek Gang was published in 1940 and the final installment , The Brown Box Mystery , appeared in 1970 . During the 1950s , Hutchens received oral and written feedback from his readers `` that they practically grew up on Sugar Creek books as their main reading diet during juvenile days . '' In 2001 , Pauline Hutchens Wilson took over her father 's books with the release of The Case of the Red Hot Possum as the first book in `` The New Sugar Creek Gang '' series . Contents 1 Series description 2 The Gang 3 New Sugar Creek Gang 4 Original series bibliography 5 References 6 External links Series description ( edit ) According to Moody Publishing , the original series sold over three million print copies . The books are available in DVD , CD and audio versions , and were broadcast as radio dramatizations . In 2004 , the stories were made into a series of movies , directed by Joy Chapman and Owen Smith . The gang ( edit ) `` The Sugar Creek Gang '' consists of six boys , and later an additional member was introduced . All the characters are Christians . The group listing is : Bill Bill Collins is the narrator of the series . He has red hair and freckles , and is 10 years of age in the first book . Bill is one of two members of the gang to have no nickname . His best friend is Poetry , and he is a single child at first , but later has a little sister named Charlotte Ann . His father , ( Theodore Collins ) is a farmer , but Bill wants to be a doctor when he grows up . He is a very good Christian . Poetry ( Leslie Thompson ) Poetry is sometimes called `` the barrel - shaped member of the gang '' because he is very chubby . He always boasts about his detective abilities , and usually has a tent pitched in his backyard . His nickname is `` Poetry '' , because he has memorized so many poems , he can quote one for most any situation . Dragonfly ( Roy Gilbert ) Dragonfly is the skinniest and most allergic member of the gang . He usually sees things that are not there at all , or are there before the rest of the gang does . He is nicknamed `` Dragonfly '' because dragonflies have big eyes . He is also superstitious , probably because his mother is . Little Jim ( Jim Foote ) Little Jim is the youngest member of the gang , and he carries around a walking stick that he carved to look like a candy cane . He is a very good Christian , and also an excellent piano player . Circus ( Dan Browne ) Circus has a beautiful singing voice , and has five sisters ! He is nicknamed `` Circus '' because he has amazing athletic abilities , and ca n't resist climbing a tree or doing a cartwheel . His dad used to drink and was not a Christian , but eventually became one and changed his ways early in the series . Big Jim Big Jim is the leader of the gang , and is several years older than the rest of the gang . He grew up in another town , where he was in the Boy Scouts . He uses the skills he learned as a Scout to lead the gang well . Tom Tom Till is the newest member of the gang and the second member ( after Bill ) to have no nickname . He also looks a lot like Bill ( for example , he also has red hair ) . He has a mean brother named Bob , and also a very mean father ( John Till ) , and a very sweet mother . ( He used to be in a mean gang of boys with his brother Bob , but later switched sides ) . Bob Bob Till is Tom 's mean older brother . He is not a Christian but Tom and the gang put out quite an effort to reach him . He often causes trouble for the gang . New Sugar Creek gang ( edit ) `` New Sugar Creek Gang '' is a six book series written by Pauline Hutchens Wilson , daughter of the original author , and Sandy Dengler . The `` new gang '' consists of five members : Bits , Tiny , Les , Lynn , and Mike . Original series bibliography ( edit ) # Title Original Title First Published Notes The Swamp Robber The Sugar Creek Gang 1940 The Killer Bear We Killed A Bear 1940 The Winter Rescue Further Adventures of the Sugar Creek Gang 1940 The Lost Campers The Sugar Creek Gang Goes Camping 1941 5 The Chicago Adventure The Sugar Creek Gang in Chicago 1941 6 The Secret Hideout The Sugar Creek Gang in School 1942 7 The Mystery Cave Mystery at Sugar Creek 1943 8 The Palm Tree Manhunt The Sugar Creek Gang Flies to Cuba , On Palm Tree Island 1944 9 One Stormy Day One Stormy Day at Sugar Creek 1946 10 The Mystery Thief The New Sugar Creek Mystery 1946 11 Teacher Trouble Shenanigans at Sugar Creek 1947 12 Screams in the Night The Sugar Creek Gang Goes North 1947 13 The Indian Cemetery Adventure in an Indian Cemetery 1947 14 The Treasure Hunt The Sugar Creek Gang Digs for Treasure 1948 15 The Thousand Dollar Fish North Woods Manhunt 1948 16 The Haunted House The Haunted House at Sugar Creek 1949 17 Lost in the Blizzard Lost in a Sugar Creek Blizzard 1950 18 On the Mexican Border The Sugar Creek Gang on the Mexican Border 1950 19 The Green Tent Mystery The Green Tent Mystery at Sugar Creek 1950 20 The Bull Fighter 10,000 Minutes at Sugar Creek 1952 21 The Trapline Thief Trap Line Thief at Sugar Creek 1953 22 The Blue Cow Blue Cow at Sugar Creek 1953 23 The Watermelon Mystery Watermelon Mystery at Sugar Creek 1955 24 The Tree House Mystery Old Stranger 's Secret at Sugar Creek 1957 25 The Timber Wolf The Sugar Creek Gang at Snow Goose Lodge 1957 26 Western Adventure Sugar Creek Gang Goes Western 1957 27 The Killer Cat We Killed a Wildcat at Sugar Creek 1958 28 Locked in the Attic Down a Sugar Creek Chimney 1959 29 The Colorado Kidnapping Wild Horse Canyon Mystery 1959 30 The Runaway Rescue Runaway Rescue at Sugar Creek 1960 31 The Cemetery Vandals The Worm Turns at Sugar Creek 1961 32 The Battle of the Bees Sleeping Beauty at Sugar Creek 1962 33 The Case of the Missing Calf 1964 34 The Ghost Dog Howling Dog in the Sugar Creek Swamp 1968 35 The White Boat Rescue White Boat Rescue at Sugar Creek 1969 36 The Brown Box Mystery 1970 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brett , Jennifer ( 14 November 2004 ) . `` Sunny films bring young talent to light '' , The Atlanta Journal - Constitution , p . JJ1 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Hal ; Melanie Young ( 2010 ) . `` Raising Real Men : Surviving , Teaching and Appreciating Boys '' . Google books . Great Waters Press . p. 43 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sugar Creek Gang : The Books '' . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sugar Creek Books Help Raise Young America '' . Google News Archive . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . November 29 , 1957 . p. 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilson , Pauline Hutchens ( WorldCat Identities ) '' . WorldCat . worldcat.org . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Juvenile Series and Sequels : Title : New Sugar Creek Gang , The - MCPL '' . Mid-Continent Public Library . mcpl.lib.mo.us . July 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Charles Lloyd ; Paul S. Boyer ( 2008 ) . `` Religion and the culture of print in modern America '' . Google books . University of Wisconsin Press . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . External links ( edit ) The Sugar Creek Gang DVD Series website Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 06 Mannor , Rick . `` Sugar Creek Gang : An Information Site '' . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Sugar Creek Gang Audio CD information Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_Creek_Gang&oldid=769517845 '' Categories : Series of children 's books Christian children 's books Moody Publishers books Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 March 2017 , at 01 : 24 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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how many sugar creek gang movies are there
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-1836492961379753450
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John Bell (Scottish actor)
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John Bell ( Scottish actor ) - wikipedia John Bell ( Scottish actor ) Jump to : navigation , search John Bell Bell at the Hobbitcon III convention in Bonn , Germany on April 5 , 2015 ( 1997 - 10 - 20 ) October 20 , 1997 ( age 20 ) Paisley , Renfrewshire , Scotland , U.K. Occupation Actor Years active 2007 -- present John Bell ( born October 20 , 1997 ) is a Scottish actor who played Bain in two installments of the Hobbit film series , Angus in Battleship , Helius in Wrath of the Titans and as Toby Coleman in Tracy Beaker Returns . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Audio drama 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Bell made his TV debut in 2007 when he played Creet in the episode `` Utopia '' of Doctor Who after he won the role in a Blue Peter competition . In March 2008 , he was the lead singing boy in a promotional trailer for the BBC 1 talent show ' I 'd Do Anything ' . In 2009 , Bell played the lead role of Connor in Transit , a short drama . Bell appeared in his first film role in 2009 when he starred as young orphan Tomas in A Shine of Rainbows . From 2009 - 2010 , he portrayed Anthony Weaver in TV series Life of Riley , and , in 2011 , appeared in TV movie Hattie as Robin Le Mesurier . From 2010 - 2011 , Bell starred as Toby Coleman in BAFTA winning children 's television series , Tracy Beaker Returns . In July 2011 , he was named by Screenterrier as one of the top 12 British rising stars . In 2012 , Bell portrayed Helius in the fantasy film Wrath of the Titans and then as Angus in the science fiction war film Battleship . He then appeared as Billy Bempsy in TV mini series Hatfields & McCoys . In 2013 and 2014 , he portrayed Bain , son of Bard the Bowman , in epic adventure fantasy films The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug and The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . Also in 2013 , he portrayed Jamie Carr in an episode of TV series Midsomer Murders . Bell is currently playing a teenage `` Young '' Ian Murray in Outlander Series 3 . His character first appears in Episode 6 : `` A. Malcolm '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2009 Transit Connor Short film 2009 A Shine of Rainbows Tomas 2012 Wrath of the Titans Helius Battleship ( film ) Angus 2013 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Bain 2014 Tracks Ed Short film The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies Bain 2015 Billy the Kid Billy Short film 2017 T2 Trainspotting Young Spud Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Doctor Who Creet Episode : `` Utopia '' 2009 - 2010 Life of Riley Anthony Weaver 2010 - 2011 Tracy Beaker Returns Toby Coleman 2011 Hattie Robin Le Mesurier TV Movie 2013 Midsomer Murders Jamie Carr Episode : `` The Sicilian Defence '' 2017 Into the Badlands Gabriel 2017 - present Outlander Ian Murray Audio drama ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Extraordinary Adventures of G.A. Henty : The Dragon And The Raven Young Harold References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Bell Q&A '' . Kidzworld.com. 1 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Shine of Rainbows '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Doan , Brian . `` A Shine of Rainbows Movie Review ( 2010 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ScreenTerrier : Tracy Beaker Returns '' . Screenterrier.blogspot.co.uk. 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Categorized as ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Wrath Of The Titans DVD Review '' . The Hollywood News . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Wrath of the Titans '' . Slackerwood. 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wrath Of The Titans Review : Epic , Visually Breathtaking , But Lacks Depth '' . Whatculture.com. 26 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ ScreenTerrier ( 19 November 2010 ) . `` ScreenTerrier : Tracy Beaker 's John Bell joins Battleship '' . Screenterrier.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive ! Q&A with Hobbit Actor John Bell Middle - earth News '' . News.mymiddleearth.com . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch The Hobbit World Premiere Live '' . Cinemovie.tv . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` And So it Begins : First Screen Shot from The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug '' . SciFi Mafia . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . External links ( edit ) John Bell on IMDb LCCN : no2013081401 VIAF : 305044480 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bell_(Scottish_actor)&oldid=826896515 '' Categories : 1997 births 21st - century Scottish male actors Living people People from Paisley , Renfrewshire Scottish male child actors Scottish male film actors Scottish male television actors Scottish male voice actors Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2015 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Nederlands Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 16 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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"John Bell (born October 20, 1997) is a Scottish actor who played Bain in two installments of the Hobbit film series, Angus in Battleship, Helius in Wrath of the Titans and as Toby Coleman in Tracy Beaker Returns."
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Kim Possible
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Kim Possible - wikipedia Kim Possible Kim Possible Genre Comedy Action Adventure Created by Bob Schooley Mark McCorkle Voices of Christy Carlson Romano Will Friedle John DiMaggio Nicole Sullivan Nancy Cartwright Tahj Mowry Theme music composer Cory Lerios George Gabriel Opening theme `` Call Me , Beep Me '' performed by Christina Milian Composer ( s ) Adam Berry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 87 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Schooley Mark McCorkle Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Walt Disney Television Animation Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 1 -- 4 first - run ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 - present ) ( season 4 first - run ) Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Surround ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( season 4 ) Original release June 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 07 ) -- September 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 07 ) External links Website Kim Possible is an American animated action comedy - adventure television series created by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle that originally aired on Disney Channel from June 7 , 2002 to September 7 , 2007 . The show revolves around eponymous high school student Kim Possible , a teenager tasked with fighting crime on a regular basis while coping with everyday issues commonly associated with adolescence . Kim is aided by her best friend and clumsy sidekick Ron Stoppable , his pet naked mole rat Rufus , and 10 year - old computer genius Wade . Known collectively as Team Possible , Kim and Ron 's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist -- supervillain duo Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego , though they encounter several other enemies as well throughout the show . Veteran Disney Channel writers Schooley and McCorkle were recruited by the network to develop an animated series that could attract both older and younger audiences , and conceived Kim Possible as a show about a talented action heroine and her less competent sidekick . Inspired by the scarcity of female - led animated series at the time , the episodes , some of which are based on the creators ' own high school experiences , combine elements of action , adventure , drama , romance and comedy to appeal to both girls and boys , while parodying the James Bond franchise , spy and superhero films , and teen sitcoms . Distinct from other Disney Channel shows in its use of self - referential humor , Schooley and McCorkle developed fast - paced sitcom - style dialogue to cater to adult viewers . Set in the fictional town of Middleton , USA , the show 's setting and locations exhibit a retro - influenced aesthetic . With a strong emphasis on modern - day technology and the Internet , the series also explores themes such as girl power , feminism , and relationships . It receives heavy comparisons to other female - driven action shows such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Alias , and The Powerpuff Girls . Kim Possible was the second animated Disney Channel Original Series , following the release of The Proud Family in 2001 , and the first series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation . Defying initially low expectations , the show premiered to critical acclaim and continued to be praised for its humor , writing , and animation . Maintaining strong ratings since 2002 , Kim Possible 's premiere was the most - watched of any Disney Channel Original Series . Originally canceled at the end of its third season in 2005 , Disney Channel unprecedentedly ordered a fourth installment of the series to appease devoted fans . Nominated for eight Emmy Awards , Kim Possible won one , for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing - Live Action and Animation , in 2005 . Lasting four seasons and 87 episodes , the show is considered to be one of Disney Channel 's greatest and most successful , and remained the network 's longest - running series until it was surpassed by Phineas and Ferb in 2012 . The success of the series spawned two television films based on the show , Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time ( 2003 ) -- the first animated Disney Channel Original Movie -- and Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) , as well as a video game series starting in 2002 . On February 7 , 2018 , Disney announced on Twitter that they are moving forward in making a live - action Kim Possible Disney Channel Original Movie . A theatrically released live - action Kim Possible feature film is also being considered . Contents 1 Premise 2 Characters 3 Production 3.1 Conception and main characters 3.2 Casting 3.3 Writing and development 3.4 Design and animation 3.5 Music 4 Style and themes 5 Broadcast 6 Episodes 6.1 Lilo & Stitch crossover 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Awards and nominations 8 Related media 8.1 Films 8.2 Video games and merchandise 8.3 Epcot attraction 8.4 DVD releases 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Promotional artwork for `` Crush '' , the series ' pilot , featuring ( counter-clockwise from upper left ) Shego ( in green ) , Ron , Kim , Rufus , and Dr. Drakken ( upper - right , in blue ) Kim Possible takes place primarily within the fictional United States town of Middleton , and focuses on the life and adventures of Kim Possible , an accomplished high school student who fights crime on a regular basis , assisted by her best friend and sidekick , Ron Stoppable , and Rufus , his pet naked mole rat . Ron 's personal fears , insecurities , and clumsiness tend to jeopardize the success of their own missions . Kim and Ron are aided remotely by Wade , a 10 year - old computer genius who seldom leaves his bedroom and communicates with the duo via a device he invented himself known as a Kimmunicator . Together , the foursome is known as Team Possible . The majority of Kim 's missions involve her traveling to various destinations around the world to rescue citizens from harm and fight a variety of enemies and villains , the most frequent of whom are Dr. Drakken , a mad scientist constantly plotting world domination , and his superpowered sidekick Shego , who possesses the ability to generate powerful energy blasts and emit them from her hands , making her the heroine 's most dangerous opponent . Not yet of age to drive herself to most of her missions , Kim often relies on favors from various people and friends she has assisted in the past for transportation . Attending Middleton High School alongside Ron , her best female friend Monique and rival classmate Bonnie Rockwaller , Kim lives with her family : father James , a rocket scientist , and Ann , a brain surgeon , as well as her younger brothers , identical twins Jim and Tim , both of whom possess genius - level intellect . Fully aware of their daughter 's occupation , Kim 's parents remain completely supportive of her crime - fighting endeavors so long as she continues to obey curfew , but tend to be more - so concerned about the character 's performance in school , as well as her love life . Lacking a secret identity , Kim is world famous and her profession is constantly acknowledged by both her classmates and teachers . Captain of her high school 's cheerleading squad , Kim Possible also explores the highs and lows of Kim 's life as a high school student attempting to navigate dating , academics , homework , exams and eventually learning to drive , all the while striving to maintain a healthy work - life balance ; fighting crime typically comes to Kim more naturally than the more standard components of adolescence . As revealed in Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time , Kim became involved in crime - fighting rather unintentionally . In a series of events prior to the beginning of the series , a pre-adolescent Kim , in search of a job , creates her own website , kimpossible.com , to promote her burgeoning babysitting and lawn mowing services , promoting it using the slogan `` I can do anything '' . When he becomes trapped by his own laser security system , a billionaire accidentally contacts Kim while he was attempting to reach Team Impossible , to whose aid she immediately rushes . As news of the character 's heroism spreads , her website is soon flooded with e-mails from around the globe requesting her assistance , and Kim ultimately decides to use her talents help the world , becoming a superhero . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Kim Possible characters Kimberly Ann `` Kim '' Possible ( voiced by Christy Carlson Romano ) : a confident , adventurous , and popular high school student who moonlights as a crime - fighter , dividing much of her time between saving the world and attending cheerleading practice . Although protecting the world comes to her quite naturally , Kim actually finds growing up as a teenager much more challenging , struggling with everyday personal issues that range from schoolwork to bullying , embarrassment , relationships , and self - doubt , continuing to become flustered around boys she likes despite her own good looks , multiple talents , and heroics . A straight - A student , Kim is also a perfectionist . Kim 's catchphrases include `` No big '' , `` So not the drama '' , and `` What 's the sitch ? '' , short for `` situation '' . Combined , her first and last names are a pun of the word `` impossible '' . Ronald `` Ron '' Stoppable ( voiced by Will Friedle ) : Kim 's sidekick ; her childhood best friend ( and boyfriend as of season four ) who , unlike Kim , is cowardly , socially awkward , clumsy , and unpopular with his peers . Although Ron is far less competent within the realm of crime - fighting than Kim , he has proven his merit as a teammate on multiple occasions , gradually maturing and gaining confidence over the course of the series . Known for his catchphrase `` Booyah '' , Ron suffers from a severe fear of monkeys and serves as the show 's main source of comic relief . The character 's first and last names create a pun of the word `` unstoppable '' . Rufus ( voiced by Nancy Cartwright ) : Ron 's pet naked mole rat who accompanies Kim and Ron on their missions , traveling in his owner 's pocket . Wade Load ( voiced by Tahj Mowry ) : a 10 - year - old computer genius who informs Kim and Ron about upcoming missions from his bedroom , remotely assisting , guiding and equipping them with useful tools , weapons and gadgets , including Kim 's Kimmunicator , via which he communicates and provides his teammates with vital information . Wade is also responsible for maintaining Kim 's website . Dr. Drakken ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) : born Drew Theodore P. Lipsky , Drakken is Kim 's archnemesis and most resilient adversary . He is a mad scientist plotting world domination , although most of his schemes fail at the hands of Kim because he lacks both the patience and intelligence to perfect his ideas , which often suffer as a result of his own mistakes and oversights . His skin has permanently been turned blue as a result of a laboratory accident . Additionally , Drakken is a former college roommate of Kim 's father James . Shego ( voiced by Nicole Sullivan ) : Kim 's primary combatant and most dangerous opponent ; a supervillain with the superhuman ability to generate powerful green energy blasts from her hands . Shego is Drakken 's sarcastic -- but far more intelligent -- sidekick , who openly mocks the scientist with little regard for his seniority . The character finds herself making up for Drakken 's incompetence on multiple occasions . Originally the lone female member of a team of superheroes known as Team Go alongside her four brothers , Shego eventually makes a full conversion to villainy after ultimately growing attracted to the evil she once fought against ( in addition to finding her brothers annoying ) . Smart , athletic , and attractive , Shego is essentially a `` dark reflection '' of Kim , as well as the only character the heroine truly has reason to fear , although the two archrivals share a mutal respect for each other at the same time . Some episodes revolve around characters other than Kim and Ron , particularly villains , who have been provided with nearly as much back story as the heroes . Other significant recurring characters include Kim 's parents , Drs . James and Ann Possible ( Gary Cole and Jean Smart , respectively ) , and her younger brothers , twin geniuses Jim and Tim ( Shaun Fleming , seasons 1 -- 3 ; Spencer Fox , season 4 ) , to whom she refers as `` Tweebs '' ( a portmanteau of `` twin '' and `` dweebs '' ) ; the twins speak their own made up language known as `` Twinnish '' . Kim shares a bitter rivalry with fellow cheerleader Bonnie Rockwaller ( Kirsten Storms ) , who , unlike Kim , is selfish , inconsiderate , superficial , and has a tendency to be mean when angry -- her `` polar opposite '' , essentially representing the kind of person Kim could have been if not for her humility . Kim 's best female friend is Monique ( Raven - Symoné ) , who is occasionally forced into accompanying Kim on select missions when Ron is unavailable . With her fashion and pop culture expertise , Monique bridges the worlds between Kim 's high school and crime - fighting lives , also serving as something of a guidance counselor . Although Drakken and Shego are Kim and Ron 's most frequent opponents , the characters occasionally battle a diverse cast of other villains , namely Monkey Fist ( Tom Kane ) , who Ron particularly dislikes due to his fear of monkeys ; Scottish golfer Duff Killigan ; father - son billionaires Señor Senior , Sr. and Señor Senior , Jr , who treat villainy as a hobby out of boredom , and Professor Dementor ( Patton Oswalt ) . Production ( edit ) Conception and main characters ( edit ) Long - time collaborators and veteran Disney writers , Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle had already been writing for Disney Channel for several years , contributing to the network 's male - led animated series Aladdin , Hercules and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command , each one spin - offs of their respective feature - length animated films . Although they had enjoyed working on those projects , Schooley and McCorkle were becoming interested in contributing to `` something original '' . At the same time , the writers learned that Disney Channel had become interested in developing a show featuring ordinary children in extraordinary circumstances . Thus , the network commissioned Schooley and McCorkle to create an animated series geared towards the nine to 14 year - old demographic that was also capable of entertaining older audiences at the same time . While traveling in an elevator on their way back to their office from their lunch break , McCorkle said to Schooley , `` Kim Possible . She can do anything '' , to which Schooley responded , `` Ron Stoppable , he ca n't '' , and nearly the entire premise of Kim Possible naturally unfolded thereafter . According to Schooley and McCorkle , both lead characters ' names indicate that Kim Possible `` is going to be an arched show that is a little bit over the top , but also that the girl is going to be the action lead and the guy is going to be funny . '' Conceiving all main characters themselves , Rufus and Wade were eventually created and added to the roster , but the series essentially remains about Kim `` who is incredibly competent in the action world but challenged in the real world '' while `` Ron would be challenged everywhere . '' With its main duo finally established , Kim Possible became the easiest show Schooley and McCorkle had ever developed . One of Disney Channel 's earliest forays into developing an entirely original animated series `` from scratch '' , Kim Possible was born out of the creators ' realization that there were few animated series starring strong female characters at the time and created Kim as `` a character that ... girls can look up to '' , inspired by their own young daughters . The creators were also influenced by their own childhood heroes James Bond and Captain Kirk from Star Trek , and wanted Kim to resemble a character their daughters could idolise similarly . Despite being a `` strong female role model '' , Schooley maintained that heroism `` does n't help ( Kim ) a bit when she comes face - to - face with her latest school crush . '' Unlike traditional superheroes , Kim is entirely devoid of both superpowers and a secret identity ; the creators avoided making the character `` impervious '' like most comic book superheroes tend to be because they wanted both her and Ron to remain relatable to younger viewers . Working completely independently from government spy organizations , Kim 's crime - fighting abilities are drawn from real - life activities such as cheerleading and gymnastics , `` something that any kid ... in the world could do '' , according to the creators . Casting ( edit ) Christy Carlson Romano , voice of Kim Possible . Much of Kim Possible 's cast consists of Disney Channel and ABC alumnae , as well as actors known for their roles on other popular animated and comedy series . The lead role of Kim was originally offered to Anneliese van der Pol , who declined in favor of appearing as Chelsea Daniels on the Disney Channel teen sitcom That 's So Raven . After auditioning several actresses to voice the title character , then - 16 year - old Christy Carlson Romano was finally cast as Kim after first being introduced to Schooley and McCorkle by Disney Channel executives . Romano had already been well known to Disney Channel audiences for her portrayal of Ren Stevens on the series Even Stevens , and began voicing Kim while completing her stint on the show . Her first voice acting role , Romano immediately identified with her character because both were `` dealing with teenage issues '' at the same time , comparing Kim 's challenge of battling both her personal life and villains to herself balancing schoolwork with her budding acting career ; the actress was forced to forfeit her own senior prom due to Kim Possible commitments . Describing her character as `` very ambitious , very skilled , very smart , '' Romano told The New York Times `` I 've tried to make her a good role model . Her confidence and her sincerity really shine through . '' One episode in particular , `` Blush '' , was inspired by Romano 's modesty and tendency to blush at the slightest compliment . Romano 's performance as Kim was nominated for an Emmy Award . Recognized for his ability to play `` over-the - top characters '' , Will Friedle , best remembered for his performance as Eric Matthews on the sitcom Boy Meets World , was cast as Ron . Actor Neil Patrick Harris had auditioned for the role , as did actor John Cena before he decided to pursue a professional wrestling career . Schooley attributes much of the show 's success to Romano and Friedle 's chemistry , explaining , `` they add something to this that makes it more than a typical gag - oriented cartoon . '' The role of Shego was created for Nicole Sullivan , with whom Schooley and McCorkle had previously worked . To prepare herself for the role of Rufus , Nancy Cartwright , best known for her long - running voice work as Bart Simpson on The Simpsons , researched naked mole rats extensively to the point of which she became `` a font of useless trivia '' and knowledge . Cartwright cites Rufus among her two most difficult characters to voice due to the constant use of her diaphragm required to produce 18 mole rat sound effects . Her performance earned her a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program . John DiMaggio was cast as Drakken based on his vocal performance as Bender on the animated sitcom Futurama . The creators mused , `` Drakken is as funny as he is because of how funny John is . Like any of the great voiceover guys , he can do multiple voices . He also just has a terrific comedic sense '' , while director and animator Steve Loter described both Friedle and DiMaggio as `` experts in ad - libbing . '' Schooley and McCorkle had previously worked with Nicole Sullivan on Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and thus created the role of Shego with her in mind . Sullivan 's first recording session opposite DiMaggio established a chemistry between the two voice actors and their respective characters , out of which Shego 's signature sarcasm was introduced and eventually expanded upon . During the show 's inaugural season , the actors generally recorded separate from each other , but Friedle , DiMaggio and Sullivan experienced opportunities to record together during the second season . Having been attending high school in New York at the time , Romano would mostly work remotely and usually be `` phone patched in '' whenever necessary ; there is only one occasion during which the entire main cast recorded together . The Simpsons ' Nancy Cartwright , voice of Rufus . Tahj Mowry , who plays T.J. Henderson on the sitcom Smart Guy , voices Wade . In terms of recurring and guest roles , Designing Women 's Jean Smart voices Kim 's mother Ann . Kirsten Storms voiced Kim 's high school rival Bonnie while portraying Belle on the soap opera Days of Our Lives . Prior to Kim Possible , Storms had starred in Disney Channel 's Zenon film series . That 's So Raven 's Raven - Symoné voices Kim 's female best friend Monique , cast based on her reputation as a comedic actress and ability to deliver a punchline . Señor Senior , Sr. and Señor Senior , Jr. are voiced by Ricardo Montalban and Nestor Carbonell , respectively . Friedle 's Boy Meets World co-star Rider Strong voices Brick Flag , Bonnie 's boyfriend . Ashley Tisdale of Disney Channel 's High School Musical film series and sitcom The Suite Life of Zack and Cody was offered the role of Season 4 villain Camille Leon . Van der Pol would eventual voice a guest role in the series in the episode `` And The Mole Rat Will Be CGI '' as Heather , an actress hired to play Kim in a film adaptation of her life , serving as her first voice - acting role . Loter had always been interested in working with the cast of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer but this idea never came to fruition ; one particularly famous actor refused a villainous guest role in Season 4 because he was insulted to have been asked to voice an animated character on a television series . Writing and development ( edit ) Serving as executive producers in addition to writers throughout the entire series , Schooley and McCorkle oversaw the show for its entire duration to maintain consistency . As executive producers , Schooley and McCorkle were mostly involved in the writing process , focusing mainly on plot and dialogue , while storyboarding was chiefly handled by Loter . The writing staff consisted of both Disney Channel employees and freelance writers . Much of the series is based on both Schooley and McCorkle 's own experiences growing up as teenagers in high school . Although essentially a comedy series , Schooley and McCorkle also combined elements of adventure , relationships , and humor in order to appeal to both boys , who are primarily interested in action , and girls , who are more - so attracted to relationships and character development , aware of `` ancient truisms '' surrounding the belief that boys are generally less likely to watch a series starring a female lead , while girls seldom exhibit such reservations when the casting situation is reversed . Without alienating younger viewers , to whom the show refuses to `` talk down '' , the writing in Kim Possible is `` a little older than '' that of traditional Disney animated series . While avoiding adult references , Schooley and McCorkle opted for a fast - paced sitcom - style dialogue and rhythm that attracted adult viewers instead , ultimately resulting in teleplays that were typically five pages longer than traditional Disney Channel scripts . Additionally , the show heavily parodies the popular James Bond films . Kim Possible 's showrunners were heavily influenced by Marvel Comics , particularly the Spider - Man , Fantastic Four , and X-Men comic book series . One particularly strong influence is found in Dr. Drakken and James Possible 's former friendship , whose relationship closely mirrors that of the Fantastic Four 's Victor von Doom / Doctor Doom and Reed Richards / Mr. Fantastic , respectively . Some of the show 's plots and ideas are drawn from the lives of both creators ' daughters ; the decision to have Ron eventually join his school 's football team was inspired by Schooley 's daughter being involved in her high school band , which resulted in them attending several school football matches . Citing Ron as his favorite character , McCorkle admitted that he reminds him of his high school self . Although not as strong an action hero as Kim , at the same time the creators were careful to highlight Ron 's courage and attributes by emphasizing the fact that he constantly finds himself in dangerous situations . By the fourth and final season , the writers had taken into consideration male fans ' requests to see Ron succeed more often than he had in earlier seasons , developing him into a more confident character as he gradually `` come ( s ) into his own '' and becomes more of a partner than a sidekick . Drakken and Shego 's relationship `` weirdly '' mirrors Kim and Ron 's to some extent , with the female character remaining smarter and more competent than her fumbling male teammate . Initially envisioned as a `` standard sidekick '' , Sullivan 's sarcastic interpretation of Shego ultimately inspired Schooley and McCorkle to expand upon the humor revolving around the fact that Shego is barely able to tolerate Drakken . The creators had always intended for Kim and Ron to eventually become romantically involved but avoided this storyline in fear of `` paint ( ing ) ourselves in a corner '' , citing Sam and Diane 's ill - fated relationship in the sitcom Cheers as an example . Throughout the first three seasons , the idea of Ron having feelings for Kim is alluded to , but he never pursues them for various reasons . Production on new episodes of Kim Possible had virtually ceased by the end of Season 3 when Kim and Ron finally become a couple , which McCorkle felt had ended the series perfectly in the film Kim Possible : So the Drama , thus initially eliminating any need to determine how they were to proceed with them as a new couple . However , when the series was surprisingly renewed for a fourth season , Schooley and McCorkle were forced to confronted the challenge of writing for Kim and Ron as a couple for the first time but eventually grew to appreciate their `` new dynamic '' , which provided the show with `` new life '' while allowing the writers to explore previously uncharted comedic territory . In fact , fans ' interest in the new power couple 's relationship was one of the main reasons the show was renewed . Schooley and McCorkle returned from other projects they had begun working on to complete the series . Schooley and McCorkle approached the challenge of portraying dating in a way that would appeal to both younger and older children by having the villains , particularly Shego , react to news of Kim and Ron 's relationship with disbelief since `` Ron is painfully aware that he is the luckiest man in the world ... for landing Kim '' , according to Schooley . Approaching their romantic relationship much like they did their friendship , the writers refused to treat the storyline like a soap opera in which the couple constantly breaks up and reunites , keeping their romance realistic by quickly abandoning `` the lovey - dovey phase '' . To avoid alienating younger audiences , Schooley and McCorkle only slightly acknowledged the relationship , maintaining that Kim `` still saves the world . We still have the villains , and we have the comedy with the villains and their bizarre schemes and how they get foiled . '' The fourth season introduces new villains such as Camille Leone , a shapeshifting celebrity heiress , Warmonga , and a more serious villain who possesses `` No funny clownish behavior , just evil . '' The villains also work together against Kim in different combinations . Kim is also given her own car while her brothers , having skipped several grades due to their intelligence , join her in high school despite being only 12 years - old , much to Kim 's chagrin . Wade ventures outside his bedroom more often , occasionally assisting Kim and Ron in person . The recurring character Monique , who was created because Schooley and McCorkle felt that Kim would be more realistic if she were to have a female best friend in addition to Ron , is expanded from that of simply an observer of Kim and Ron 's lives to a more involved member of Team Possible , broadening the ensemble . Ron 's home life is also explored as he welcomes a younger sibling . The series ends with Kim and Ron graduating . Several Season 4 episodes were edited and shortened for time because they would run up to five minutes too long , forcing Loter to eliminate some sub plots and characters . Design and Animation ( edit ) Creating the Kim Possible universe and environment was very much a collaborative process between Schooley and McCorkle , Disney Channel , the character designers , and the cast , who were also encouraged to contribute their own ideas . Although Schooley and McCorkle participated in designing Kim , the majority of that particular task was the combined efforts of Loter , inaugural season director Chris Bailey , art director Alan Bodner and character designer Stephen Silver , each of whom had worked together on previous animated projects . Due to their extensive animation experience , Schooley and McCorkle were aware that `` Kim had to be an appealing character '' , while Ron would be more - so `` goofy - appealing '' . Evolving dramatically over the course of three months , Kim , who had originally been designed to resemble a `` standard '' athletic - looking blonde heroine , underwent several changes . At one point , the character 's appearance was based on that of video game character Lara Croft from the Tomb Raider franchise until Disney Channel abandoned this concept in favor of one more akin to that of a 14 year - old girl as opposed to a bombshell . Admitting that Kim would have been their dream girl in high school , the creators joked , `` She would have been way out of our class though . '' A super suit designed for the character was introduced in early Season 4 but quickly abandoned once the writers realized that the costume would detract from the character 's established `` she can do anything '' reputation . However , her original mission outfit consisting of a crop top and cargo pants is permanently replaced by a T - shirt and pants . Meanwhile , the outfits of Team Impossible were influenced by the X-Men's `` classic '' blue and gold uniforms . Loter typically visualized whatever script he was provided with after they had been written . With characters drawn with large heads and eyes , the show 's colorful , `` hip and retro '' style is reminiscent of `` campy '' spy films released during the 1960s and 1970s . The New York Times observed that the show 's retro setting is more similar to that of The Jetsons than The Simpsons . Using a limited animation style , the characters wear a wide variety of costumes and hairstyles . Opting for a `` simplicity that was the hallmark of '' the 1960s , some of the architecture in Kim Possible is reminiscent of lairs owned by James Bond villains , while Bodner was inspired by the graphic design of posters Disney used during the same decade , as well a Chuck Jones and Maurice Noble . In Season 4 , some episodes were intentionally filmed in multiplane to achieve a more cinematic image . Additionally , Disney Channel 's animated series American Dragon : Jake Long inspired the animators and artists to approach Kim Possible 's final season with an `` edgier '' design . Director Steve Loter declared that Season 4 was the `` most international season '' because Kim and Ron travel to more exotic countries . Four different animation studios animated the series : Rough Draft Korea , Starburst Animation Studios , Toon City and Hanho Heung - Up Co. , Ltd . Music ( edit ) R&B singer Christina Milian recorded the show 's theme song `` Call Me , Beep Me '' , which she also credits with benefiting her own career as a recording artist . Written by musicians Cory Lerios and George Gabriel , the show 's theme song `` Call Me , Beep Me '' ( also known as `` Call Me , Beep Me ! ( The Kim Possible Song ) '' or simply `` The Kim Possible Song '' ) is performed by American recording artist Christina Milian . Having already been working for Disney Channel at the time , appearing as a correspondent on the network 's miniseries Movie Surfers after declining an offer to appear on their variety show The Mickey Mouse Club , Milian learned about Kim Possible from Disney when the studio called her in recruitment of an artist to record the new show 's theme song . After meeting with the songwriters , who then proceeded to write the song , for the first time , Milian returned to the studio to record `` Call Me , Beep Me '' one week later . Romano also contributed vocals to the song . Described as a Motown - influenced R&B and teen pop track , `` Call Me , Beep Me '' is heard during the show 's opening title sequence , encouraging viewers and listeners to contact Kim for assistance should they ever find themselves in difficult situations , featuring the lyrics `` Danger or trouble , I 'm there on the double . '' The sounds of mobile devices and modern - day technology are incorporated throughout the song . Although `` Call Me , Beep Me '' begins `` I 'm your basic , average girl '' in reference to Kim , these lyrics are paradoxical because there is little basic or average about its protagonist . A music video was released for `` Call Me , Beep Me '' , which features Milian and Romano recording the song in the recording studio interspersed with short scenes from the series . `` Call Me , Beep Me '' ( 2002 ) Theme song `` Call Me , Beep Me '' , written by Cory Lerios and George Gabriel , and performed by recording artist Christina Milian . The song is a teen pop and R&B number about Kim Possible 's devotion to helping those in need . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Call Me , Beep Me '' became a Radio Disney hit , remaining at number one for 12 weeks . The song 's success ultimately benefited Milian 's career as a performer ; she explained , `` I never realized that show would give me so much exposure . It 's great because people have grown with me , even with that damn song . Did n't know so many people were watching Kim Possible like that . Because of that song , it actually inspired me to do my own musical animated artist because a lot of people thought I was Kim Possible . '' Milian has yet to perform the song live in concert but has expressed interest in recording a remix for fans . `` Call Me , Beep Me '' was the first song Lerios and Gabriel wrote together , and the songwriting duo has since gone on to collaborate on both scoring and writing songs for several other major television networks and programs . Composer Adam Berry was responsible for scoring the entire series . While the music in Kim Possible is mostly guitar - driven , Berry 's scoring experience prior to the show had been exclusively orchestral , composing scores using only a keyboard . A guitarist since the age of six , Berry himself provided all the guitar and bass musical cues in Kim Possible . Although discussing whether or not popular music featured in the series should be stylistically similar to the score , Disney decided to avoid limiting the show to then - current musical trends because , according to Berry , `` trying to be current is one of the best ways to sound dated . '' While themes of electronic music are heard during the scene 's fight sequences , guitar riffs of `` Call Me , Beep Me '' are reprised throughout episodes . Smash Mouth lead singer Steve Harwell made a guest appearance in the Season 2 episode `` Queen BeBe '' in December 2003 . The third season introduced several character - specific songs . The title sequence was almost entirely updated with the premiere of the fourth season , though `` Call Me , Beep Me '' remained unchanged . An official Kim Possible soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 1 , 2003 , featuring `` Call Me , Beep Me '' and `` Could it Be '' , in addition to other musical contributions from the cast of Kim Possible in addition to various Disney recording artists , including Aaron Carter . Romano also recorded a new song entitled `` Say the Word '' for the album . A combination of teen pop , pop rock , power pop and R&B music , the soundtrack also features appearances by musical groups A-Teens , Jump5 ( performing a cover of Kool & the Gang 's `` Celebration '' ) , LMNT and Smash Mouth , and Will Friedle and Nancy Cartwright 's `` Naked Mole Rap '' , a rapped tribute to Ron 's pet Rufus , ultimately concluding with a `` work - you - up remix '' of the theme song by Tony Phillip . Aimed primarily at the show 's young fan base , AllMusic writer Heather Phares reviewed the album as `` a better than average children 's soundtrack . '' Style and themes ( edit ) Episodes typically adhere to a simple , similar format , featuring a power - hungry villain who Kim and Ron must somehow prevent from taking over the world . Although primarily an action - comedy series , Music in Television : Channels of Listening author James Deaville observed that Kim Possible adheres to the long - standing tradition of combining adventure with comedy in animated television . According to Telebisyon , `` The show is fairly action - oriented , but also has a strong , light - hearted comedic atmosphere '' . In addition to action , comedy and adventure , Kim Possible 's storylines also explore elements of romance and drama . According to The Artifice , the show 's unique brand of humor distinguishes itself from the slapstick style associated with most of Disney Channel 's sitcoms , namely Phil of the Future and That 's so Raven , although Ron can be considered a slapstick character . With a tendency to not take itself seriously , Kim Possible both parodies and pays homage to the spy , action hero , and superhero genres , its comedy benefiting from the show 's emphasis on `` over-the - top plots '' and circumstances ; Shego 's own family of superheroes , Team Go , is a deliberate parody of the Marvel superhero team the Fantastic Four . Self - referential in its humor that avoids talking down to its viewers , the series also parodies the teen sitcom genre , teenage fads and trends in general , and sometimes even makes fun of its own plot holes and oversights , while occasionally adopting common cartoon and sitcom tropes . In addition to other `` mainstays '' of modern - day youth , technology serves an important role in the series , specifically the Internet and Kim 's gadgets , the most significant of which is a cell phone - like device known as a Kimmunicator , designed to help Kim communicate with Wade and allow her access to virtually any information she desires . McCorkle elaborated on the show 's emphasis on technology : `` Using the Internet theme in the series became an easy launching pad partially because it is such a major part of the fabric of teen life and the interactive possibilities are endless ... It 's as though we get to play James Bond 's ' Q ' for each episode -- the more imaginative the toy , the better . '' Particularly desirable to younger viewers , technology allows Kim to travel around the world effortlessly and to some extent mirrors children 's ability to speak to anyone anywhere in the world via the Internet . Kim 's ability to travel virtually anywhere around the world within a short period of time is left largely unexplained ; BuzzFeed referred to Wade as an `` example that sitting in front of your computer all day is actually the most powerful position to be in . '' The fact that Wade never leaves his bedroom could potentially indicate that he suffers from agoraphobia . Kim is raised in a nuclear family . Unlike popular animated sitcoms such as The Simpsons and Family Guy , both of Kim 's parents are intelligent , accomplished and attractive ; Kim 's own intelligence is often attributed to the fact that she is born to a rocket scientist father and neurosurgeon mother . Kim 's inherent confidence is a Possible family trait ; her father James , who views women as equals , proudly reiterates the phrase `` Nothing is impossible for a Possible '' on numerous occasions . In her younger years , Kim 's grandmother `` Nana '' Possible fought crime much like Kim herself . Kim Possible approaches the subject of the friend zone via Kim and Ron 's relationship , discussing male - female friendship in a manner reminiscent to that of the romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally ... ( 1989 ) . According to Sarah Freymiller of Bustle , the protagonists friendship evokes that of Batman and the Joker , `` Kim holds the functional and social power , while Ron exerts more of a calming , occasionally slapstick influence on the show ... he is the intelligent , kind chaos in her highly - organized life . '' Kim and Ron are solely platonic friends for the show 's first three seasons and remain best friends even after they start dating in Season 4 , defying the popular belief that `` being romantically involved is worth more than being in a friendship . '' The series avoids the popular `` Will they or wo n't they ? '' trope often used in television shows , keeping them as a couple for the remainder of the series . Having grown up together and learned from each other 's mistakes , Kim and Ron ultimately make up for each other 's shortcomings . According to Feminist Fairytales , `` Ron has a very relaxed attitude towards life which often provides a balance to Kim 's assertive nature and perfectionism , while Kim helps Ron become much more independent and self - reliant . '' Freymiller also believes Ron might have been conceived because `` the creators sensed that television would only be able to accept a strong female character if she had a male counterpart , '' eliminating fears Kim might be perceived as too bitchy , complementing her actions as opposed to dominating . Hosting a diverse cast of strong female characters while confronting gender norms and barriers , Kim Possible explores feminist themes , specifically third - wave feminism . Alongside several other female - led animated series that premiered throughout the decade , which had been experiencing a steady influx in media starring `` Teenage Action Chicks with special powers '' , Kim Possible is considered to be an example of both girl power and power feminism . Similar to the animated shows Totally Spies , Atomic Betty , and The Life and Times of Juniper Lee , Kim Possible revolves around an attractive , intelligent , and strong female character whose public identity is meant to indicate that she should be received as a positive role models for young girls . According to Betsy Wallace of Common Sense Media , Kim Possible `` capitalizes on the female villain - fighting craze that sparked with Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Alias '' , albeit simplifying the genre for a younger generation . Agreeing that the series adopted the then - new `` crime - fighting female '' formula , Tracey McLoone of PopMatters admitted that Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Alias and The Powerpuff Girls comparisons are inevitable , but at the same time observed that Kim is more confident than her predecessors , incorporating cheerleading and acrobatics into her fights against enemies , while using traditionally `` girly '' accessories such as lip gloss and makeup to her advantage in battle . In comparison to Buffy , Kim also approaches her complicated lifestyle more joyfully . Meanwhile , Nicole Rogers of the Wisconsin State Journal believes that Kim resembles what Sydney Bristow of Alias would be like had she been depicted as an animated high school student . According to MTV 's Monique Steele , Kim Possible is `` all about how girls kick butt '' ; Kim constantly rescues Ron , saving him from peril on numerous occasions throughout the series . Writing for Wewomen.com , Carla Cain Walther observed that the series `` scoffed at the ' damsel in distress ' trope used in action films '' by having Kim save Ron `` using her ingenuity and strength '' , reinforcing the idea that girls are capable of helping themselves . Identifying Kim as a postfeminist heroine because she is intelligent in addition to being `` shaped like Barbie '' and having a male assistant similar to female executives , The New York Times ' Julie Salamon joked that `` Kim 's job seems to be making the world safe for cheerleaders again , following the path forged by Reese Witherspoon in Legally Blonde on behalf of sorority girls . '' Tor. com 's Sarah Gailey observed that while Shego proudly spends much of her time lounging poolside and deciding what she does and does not want to do , Kim is forced `` to leap into action regardless of whether she 's tired or sad or sick or , heaven forbid , too busy '' . Bustle 's Sarah Freymiller wrote that `` Kim offers a model for femininity that both bolsters and works against the typical ' high school cheerleader ' stereotype '' , citing cheerleading as an outlet the character chooses willingly . Kim is not a tomboy ; Julia Pugachevsky of BuzzFeed credits the series with `` show ( ing ) that you could be traditionally feminine and strong at the same time . '' Conversely , Geek Chic : Smart Women in Popular Culture author S. Inness argued that Kim Possible reinforces that `` girls can do anything they choose '' but must look a certain way in order to do so since its female character participate in consumerism and normative femininity that its male characters do not , such as shopping and spending much time on their appearance . Inness also felt that show 's feminist potential is compromised by the fact that Kim mostly surrounds herself with male companions as opposed to female , `` contradict ( ing ) the messages of female solidarity '' . Broadcast ( edit ) Produced by Walt Disney Television Animation , Kim Possible 's episodes are typically 22 minutes in length and occupy half - hour time slots . Season 1 included a total of 21 episodes ; the first , `` Crush '' , premiered on Disney Channel on June 7 , 2002 , followed by the airing of two back - to - back episodes , occupying the evening 's 5 : 30 pm to 7 : 00 pm time slot . In total , three half - hour episodes premiered back - to - back . A ratings success , Kim Possible 's premiere became the most - watched of any Disney Channel Original Series . Following its premiere , Disney Channel aired one new episode of the series Friday nights at 6 : 30 pm . By 2005 , the show 's time slot had been changed to Friday evenings at 5 : 30 pm . Episodes were also broadcast in syndication on several Disney - affiliated television networks including Toon Disney , weekdays at 7 : 30 am and weekends at 3 : 00 pm and 4 : 00 pm , and ABC 's ABC Kids Saturday mornings at 11 : 00 am , ultimately becoming the `` lynchpin '' of that particular segment . Internationally , Kim Possible aired on the Family Channel in Canada , while broadcasting on CCTV 12 in China , Dubai TV in Dubai in their respective local languages , Mandarin and Arabic and on ABS - CBN in the Philippines in Filipino language . The show proved particularly popular in Germany and Japan . In terms of ratings , Kim Possible continued to perform consistently well into its second and third seasons . Typically , series that originate on Disney Channel seldom exceed three seasons and 65 episodes before they are canceled . Disney 's `` 65th Episode Rule '' had been established during the late 90s . In 2005 , production on Kim Possible ended following the premiere of its television film Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama after airing three seasons and 65 episodes . However , the success of So the Drama increased the show 's popularity overseas and ultimately encouraged Disney Channel executives to renew the series for a fourth and final season . In December 2005 , Disney Channel ordered 22 new episodes of Kim Possible in response to the series ' success and popular demand from fans , who had been heavily petitioning online for the show 's renewal , constantly begging the creators and Disney for another season via e-mail . Kim Possible joined an elite handful of television series to have been brought back from cancellation by its cult following in addition to becoming the first Disney Channel Original Series to avoid the networks ' 65th Episode Rule ; its order to fulfill 22 new episodes as opposed to the usual 13 to 18 was also unprecdented for a revived series . After a year - long hiatus , Season 4 initially premiered exclusively on Disney Channel website before finally returning to Disney Channel on February 10 , 2007 , prior to which an image featuring a watch - sized rendition of the Kimmunicator had been leaked onto the internet . Originally , the episodes were not aired in chronological order , a decision Loter detested . Ratings remained strong into the final season . After running five years , four seasons and 84 episodes ( 87 including the films ) , the hour - long series finale , `` Graduation '' , aired on September 7 , 2007 , ending Kim Possible . Steve Loter documented the production of the final episode of season four , and thus the completion of the Kim Possible franchise , in a blog titled `` So the Finale '' hosted on Blogger . It included behind - the - scenes and production information from the perspective of the crew as well as production sketches from one of several alternative endings that had been scripted . `` So the Finale '' maintained an open comment system allowing fans to express their views on the franchise and its closure . Kim Possible aired weekdays on Disney XD in the United States . When the series returned to Disney XD in February 2014 , fans flocked to Twitter to voice their approval . The series also airs on Disney - affiliated channels around the world in countries such as the United Kingdom , Australia , India , South Africa , and several Eastern European countries . On May 2 , 2016 , the series began airing on Disney 's Freeform network as part of the late - night That 's So Throwback block . The series began airing on Disney XD in 2017 , though only including random episodes from Seasons 1 and 4 . Eventually , the reruns shifted to include episodes from all four seasons , still out of order , beginning with reruns aired beginning and after July 30 , 2018 . In addition to maintaining consistently high ratings throughout its four - season run , Kim Possible was the longest - running Disney Channel Original Series until it was surpassed by Phineas and Ferb in 2012 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Kim Possible episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 June 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 07 ) May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) 30 July 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 18 ) August 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 05 ) 14 September 25 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 25 ) June 10 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 10 ) Special August 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 26 ) 22 February 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 10 ) September 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 07 ) Lilo & Stitch crossover ( edit ) A crossover episode of Lilo & Stitch : The Series and Kim Possible aired on August 26 , 2005 as part of the former show 's second season . Entitled `` Rufus '' , Season 2 , Episode 20 features Lilo contacting Kim and Ron to help her rescue Stitch , who has been captured by Drakken and Shego in a partnership with Dr. Hamsterviel to clone Stitch for an army of obedient monsters . Meanwhile , Jumba mistakes Rufus for one of his missing experiments . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) In the days leading up to Kim Possible 's premiere , television critics speculated whether or not the show would attract a large enough male audience to be successful despite its female lead , attributing failure to achieve this feat to the early cancellation of the animated series Madeline . Ultimately , Kim Possible premiered to both widespread acclaim and strong viewership . The series continued to garner critical acclaim throughout its run , earning significant praise for its dialogue , humor and animation . Describing the show as `` infectious '' , Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote , `` Blessed with a modern sense of humor and hip -- but not too hip -- vocabulary , Kim Possible should appeal to the tweens ( ages 9 - 13 ) it clearly targets '' , while crowning Rufus the series ' breakout star . Writing for The New York Times , Julie Salamon also enjoyed Rufus ' role , penning , `` I probably would have liked Kim Impossible even if one of its lead characters had n't been a naked mole rat . But the cheerful presence of Rufus ( the mole rat ) in this new animated series from Disney signals that the show 's executive producer and director , Chris Bailey , does n't mind getting cute in obvious ways . '' In his book The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 - Present , television historian Tim Brooks appreciated the series for having `` a marvelous sense of humor about itself . '' Scott D. Pierce of the Deseret News praised Kim Possible for being `` an entertaining show that should indeed appeal to tweens , younger kids and even their parents '' that `` plays with the superhero format in a way that does n't take itself too seriously but does n't play down to the viewers . '' Tracy McLoone of PopMatters reviewed , `` Kim Possible includes adult - friendly humor , in the event that parents feel the need to watch tv ( sic ) with their kids . But nobody in or watching the series will ever be offended or over-stimulated , or even surprised . '' While accepting Kim as a positive role model and acknowledging that the series teaches `` good lessons '' at times , Besty Wallace of Common Sense Media expressed concern about the show 's use of action sequences and violence , explaining , `` lessons may get muddled and nearly lost as the heroes shimmy up rope ladders dangling from helicopters and dodge spinning tops of doom . '' Wallace concluded , `` As long as you 're not expecting too much in the way of educational value , you 'll probably have plenty of fun with this one . '' Writing for Bustle , Sarah Freymiller opined , `` Ultimately , Kim Possible was just a solid show . It did n't skimp on plot or dialogue in favor of Wile E. Coyote explosions , and its tongue - in - cheek humor allowed it to be self - aware and hip at the same time . '' Conversely , Girlfighting : Betrayal and Rejection Among Girls author Lyn Mikel Brown was less receptive towards Kim herself , criticizing the show for promoting the beautiful and thin heroine as `` your basic average girl '' and apparent reliance on Ron 's intelligence , as well as the fact that her `` biggest threat '' is Bonnie as opposed to evil . According to Brown , `` Being the kind of girl who 's accepted or befriended by boys underscores a girl 's power and sets her against other girls . '' One of Disney Channel 's most popular and successful original shows , Kim Possible remains the project for which Schooley and McCorkle are best known . Few anticipated Kim Possible would become as successful as it ultimately did , proving popular among both male and female audiences . Explaining Kim Possible 's universal appeal , the creators said , `` Whenever there 's an action complement to a show , boys get excited , and when Kim does her martial arts and when she 's doing one of these incredible stunts , boys love to watch it ... And one of the things that we 've always found is that boys of any age ... love humour and characters that are a little goofy , sort of silly and weird . When we tested it , the kids were like : ' Oh , Ron 's stupid funny ' and that became sort of a buzz phrase . '' Ron 's role helped maintain a strong male audience throughout the series . Kim Possible was greeted with a level of enthusiasm that had not been experienced since the Disney Afternoon Lineup , becoming Disney Channel 's most successful post-1990s show . Disney Channel Worldwide President Rich Ross extolled Kim Possible as a `` stand - out '' among both the network 's live - action and animated catalogue . The series maintains `` legions '' of devoted fans . A poll conducted by Disney Channel revealed that Kim Possible viewers voted for Season 3 's `` Emotion Sickness '' as their favorite episode of the series . Entertainment Weekly ranked Kim Possible fourth on its list of the 25 greatest Disney Channel Original Series , calling it an `` animated gem '' . Kim Possible was placed at number nine on TV Guide 's ranking of `` The Best Disney Channel Shows '' . MTV ranked Kim Possible 13th in its article `` 15 Disney Channel Series We Wish We Could Watch Again '' . The theme song `` Call Me , Beep Me '' became so popular among fans of both the show and Milian herself that several of them proceeded to download it as their own cell phone ringtones . Awards and nominations ( edit ) In its first season , Kim Possible was nominated for its first and only Primetime Emmy Award in 2003 , for Outstanding Animated Program . In 2004 , the series was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards in the categories Outstanding Children 's Animated Program and Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program . In 2005 , Kim Possible was nominated for a record - breaking total of five Daytime Emmy Awards , the highest number of Emmy Award nominations ever received by the series . The amount of nominations was also the highest received by any animated series recognized that year . Nominated for Outstanding Children 's Animated Program , Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program ( for Romano ) , Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing and Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing - Live Action and Animation , Kim Possible ultimately won award , for Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Live Action and Animation . Kim Possible 's popularity at the Emmy Awards is credited with further proving that the show was popular among both children and adults . In addition to one Emmy Award win and eight nominations , Kim Possible has also won Parents ' Choice Awards and Annie Awards for Best Program and Best TV Series for Children , respectively . Related Media ( edit ) Films ( edit ) The success of Kim Possible spawned two animated -- as well as a live action -- television films based on the series , becoming the first animated series to be adapted into a Disney Channel Original Movie . The first , Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time , is science fiction - themed and premiered on Disney Channel on November 28 , 2003 , following Kim as she travels both back in time and into the future to save the world . Dubbed an `` extended episode '' , the film also explores the character 's origin , revealing how both she and Ron became crime fighters , and features an all - star cast . The second , Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama , was released in 2005 and was originally going to be the series finale , but due to popular demand the series was renewed for another season . On February 7 , 2018 , Disney announced on Twitter that they are moving forward in making a live - action Kim Possible Disney Channel Original Movie and were beginning casting . On April 25 , 2018 Disney Channel announced on its Public Relations Twitter account that the movie is set to premiere sometime in 2019 and that Sadie Stanley and Sean Giambrone will portray Kim Possible and Ron Stoppable respectively . On May 25 , 2018 , TVLine revealed casting for six key roles in the movie including Alyson Hannigan as Dr. Ann Possible , Connie Ray as Nana Possible , Todd Stashwick as Drakken , Taylor Ortega as Shego , Ciara Wilson as Athena and Erika Tham as Bonnie . On June 22 , 2018 , it is announced that Issac Ryan Brown will portray Wade . In August 2018 , it was announced Christy Carlson Romano had joined the cast of the film , with Patton Oswalt reprising his role as Professor Dementor . A theatrically released live - action Kim Possible movie is also being considered . Video games and merchandise ( edit ) The success of Kim Possible spawned its own video game series ; a total of six video games were released , supported by various gaming consoles and platforms : Disney 's Kim Possible : Revenge of Monkey Fist ( GBA ) -- released , November 13 , 2002 Disney 's Kim Possible 2 : Drakken 's Demise ( GBA ) -- released , September 15 , 2004 Disney 's Kim Possible 3 : Team Possible ( GBA ) -- released , August 21 , 2005 Disney 's Kim Possible : Kimmunicator ( DS ) -- released , November 9 , 2005 Disney 's Kim Possible : Legend of the Monkeys Eye ( PC ) -- released , May 16 , 2006 Disney 's Kim Possible : What 's the Switch ? ( PS2 ) -- released , October 19 , 2006 Disney 's Kim Possible : Global Gemini ( DS ) -- released , February 9 , 2007 In 2003 , Disney began using the popularity of both Disney Channel 's Kim Possible and Lizzie McGuire in an attempt to revive the company 's struggling merchandising division , which had been suffering from a declining interest in movie and television tie - ins . In June 2004 , McDonald 's customers received Kim Possible memorabilia ranging from action figures to spy gear and accessories with their purchase of a Happy Meal . Customers were given a choice of eight different interactive toys to choose from , including a magnetic drawing tablet designed to resemble the Kimminucator and action figures of Kim , Ron , Rufus , Shego , and Monkey Fist . Epcot attraction ( edit ) Based on the series , the Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure was an interactive attraction that took place in several of Epcot 's World Showcase pavilions in Walt Disney World . The attraction is an electronic scavenger hunt that has guests using special `` Kimmunicators '' ( in actuality , modified cell phones ) to help Kim Possible and Ron Stoppable solve a `` crime '' or disrupt an evil - doer 's `` plans for global domination . '' The `` Kimmunicator '' is able to trigger specific events within the pavilion grounds that provide clues to completing the adventure . Launched in January 2009 and presented by Verizon Wireless , the Adventure is included in park admission . The attraction was closed on May 18 , 2012 to make way for a similar attraction themed around the character of `` Agent P '' from Disney Channel animated television show Phineas and Ferb . The new attraction , now called Disney 's Phineas and Ferb 's Agent P World Showcase Adventure , opened in June 2012 . DVD releases ( edit ) Season Episodes Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 21 Volume 1 : The Secret Files : September 2 , 2003 Episodes : `` Crush '' ( 1 ) , `` Downhill '' ( 5 ) and `` Attack of the Killer Bebes '' ( 9 ) Volume 3 : The Villain Files : December 7 , 2004 Episodes : `` Number One '' ( 7 ) and `` Animal Attraction '' ( 18 ) The Complete First Season : 2010 ( Disney Movie Rewards exclusive ) Episodes : All episodes from season one Monkey Business : November 5 , 2007 Episodes : `` Monkey Fist Strikes '' ( 13 ) and `` Monkey Ninjas in Space '' ( 19 ) 30 Volume 1 : The Secret Files : September 2 , 2003 Episodes : `` Partners '' ( 44 ) Volume 2 : A Sitch in Time : November 28 , 2003 Episodes : `` A Sitch in Time '' ( 35 - 36 ) Volume 3 : The Villain Files : December 7 , 2004 Episodes : `` Blush '' ( 43 ) Disney Channel Holiday : October 31 , 2005 Episodes : `` A Very Possible Christmas '' ( 37 ) The Complete Second Season : 2010 ( Disney Movie Rewards exclusive ) Episodes : All episodes from the second season Monkey Business : November 5 , 2007 Episodes : `` The Full Monkey '' ( 42 ) 14 Volume 3 : The Villain Files : December 7 , 2004 Episodes : `` Showdown at the Crooked D '' ( 56 ) Volume 4 : So the Drama : May 10 , 2005 Episodes : `` So the Drama '' ( 58 - 60 ) plus `` Gorilla Fist '' ( 64 ) Monkey Business : November 5 , 2007 Episodes : `` Gorilla Fist '' ( 64 ) See also ( edit ) Disney portal Television portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Heldenfels , Akron ( February 4 , 2007 ) . `` Kim Possible is back '' . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . ^ Jump up to : Perlmutter , David ( 2014 ) . America Toons In : A History of Television Animation . United States : McFarland . p. 354 . ISBN 9780786476503 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Marx , Christy ( 2012 ) . Writing for Animation , Comics , and Games . United States : CRC Press . p. 6 . ISBN 9781136144462 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Gillies , Judith S ( June 16 , 2002 ) . `` ' Kim Possible ' Leads Summer 's Fresh Fare '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Gemmill , Allie . `` Call Me , Beep Me , a Live - Action `` Kim Possible '' Movie Is Happening `` . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) . `` ' Kim Possible ' Live - Action Movie in the Works at Disney Channel '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Possible Review '' . Cartoon Critique . August 30 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Rob ( June 7 , 2002 ) . `` On the Tube : Animated ' Kim Possible ' new brand of action hero '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Possible Review : The Best Disney Cartoon of the Last Decade ? '' . The Artifice . November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Possible : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Girl - next - door turned superhero foils global archenemies in `` Disney 's Kim Possible , '' premiering in August on Family Channel `` . Canada NewsWire . Canada NewsWire Ltd . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2003 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Possible -- what 's the sitch Wade ? '' . Family Friendly Movies . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , Leigh ( June 5 , 2002 ) . `` Kim Possible Premieres '' . 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Deadline.com . February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ DisneyChannelPR ( 25 April 2018 ) . `` Sadie Stanley and @ TheGoldbergsABC 's Sean Giambrone ( @ seangiambrone1 ) will star as Kim Possible and Ron Stoppable in the live - action # KimPossible Disney Channel Original Movie set to debut in 2019 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Kim Possible Movie : Alyson Hannigan Playing Mom , 5 Other Key Roles Cast '' . TVLine . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kim Possible ' : ' Raven 's Home ' Star Issac Ryan Brown Joins Cast Of Disney Channel Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Esme ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` Original Kim Possible Christy Carlson Romano and Patton Oswalt join live - action movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Greg ( February 20 , 2003 ) . `` MISSION : KIM POSSIBLE FOR DISNEY COMPANY LOOKS TO TV ARM. ( Business ) '' . Daily News . 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( 2004 -- 2005 ) Related topics Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company Disney 's One Too Saturday morning programming on Disney Channel Jambalaya Studios Disney Television Animation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Possible&oldid=866210865 '' Categories : Kim Possible 2000s American animated television series 2000s American comedy television series 2002 American television series debuts 2007 American television series endings ABC Kids American children 's animated action television series American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series Teen superhero television programs Disney Channel shows Disney XD shows English - language television programs Espionage television series Family Channel shows Television series by Disney Television Animation Television series created by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle American television series revived after cancellation Toon Disney Hidden categories : Good articles Use mdy dates from June 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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Kepler's laws of planetary motion
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Kepler 's laws of planetary motion - wikipedia Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Jump to : navigation , search For a more historical approach , see in particular the articles Astronomia nova and Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae . In astronomy , Kepler 's laws of planetary motion are three scientific laws describing the motion of planets around the Sun . Figure 1 : Illustration of Kepler 's three laws with two planetary orbits . ( 1 ) The orbits are ellipses , with focal points F and F for the first planet and F and F for the second planet . The Sun is placed in focal point F . ( 2 ) The two shaded sectors A and A have the same surface area and the time for planet 1 to cover segment A is equal to the time to cover segment A . ( 3 ) The total orbit times for planet 1 and planet 2 have a ratio ( a / a ) . Astrodynamics Orbital mechanics Equations ( hide ) Kepler 's laws Tsiolkovsky rocket equation Vis - viva equation Efficiency measures ( show ) Payload fraction Propellant mass fraction Mass ratio The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci . A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time . The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit . Most planetary orbits are nearly circular , and careful observation and calculation are required in order to establish that they are not perfectly circular . Calculations of the orbit of Mars , whose published values are somewhat suspect , indicated an elliptical orbit . From this , Johannes Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System , including those farther away from the Sun , also have elliptical orbits . Kepler 's work ( published between 1609 and 1619 ) improved the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus , explaining how the planets ' speeds varied , and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles . Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler 's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation , as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison to Copernicus 2 Nomenclature 3 History 4 Formulary 4.1 First law 4.2 Second law 4.3 Third law Of Kepler 's 5 Planetary acceleration 5.1 Acceleration vector 5.2 The inverse square law 5.3 Newton 's law of gravitation 6 Position as a function of time 6.1 Mean anomaly , M 6.2 Eccentric anomaly , E 6.3 True anomaly , θ 6.4 Distance , r 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Comparison to Copernicus ( edit ) Kepler 's laws improve the model of Copernicus . If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero , then Kepler basically agrees with Copernicus : The planetary orbit is a circle The Sun is at the center of the orbit The speed of the planet in the orbit is constant The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small , so the foregoing rules give good approximations of planetary motion ; but Kepler 's laws fit the observations better than Copernicus ' . Kepler 's corrections are not at all obvious : The planetary orbit is not a circle , but an ellipse . The Sun is not at the center but at a focal point of the elliptical orbit . Neither the linear speed nor the angular speed of the planet in the orbit is constant , but the area speed is constant . The eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth makes the time from the March equinox to the September equinox , around 186 days , unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox , around 179 days . A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts , but the plane through the Sun parallel to the equator of the Earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio , so the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth is approximately ε ≈ π 4 186 − 179 186 + 179 ≈ 0.015 , ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon \ approx ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) ( \ frac ( 186 - 179 ) ( 186 + 179 ) ) \ approx 0.015 , ) which is close to the correct value ( 0.016710219 ) ( see Earth 's orbit ) . The calculation is correct when perihelion , the date the Earth is closest to the Sun , falls on a solstice . The current perihelion , near January 4 , is fairly close to the solstice of December 21 or 22 . Nomenclature ( edit ) It took nearly two centuries for the current formulation of Kepler 's work to take on its settled form . Voltaire 's Eléments de la philosophie de Newton ( Elements of Newton 's Philosophy ) of 1738 was the first publication to use the terminology of `` laws '' . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers in its article on Kepler ( p. 620 ) states that the terminology of scientific laws for these discoveries was current at least from the time of Joseph de Lalande . It was the exposition of Robert Small , in An account of the astronomical discoveries of Kepler ( 1804 ) that made up the set of three laws , by adding in the third . Small also claimed , against the history , that these were empirical laws , based on inductive reasoning . Further , the current usage of `` Kepler 's Second Law '' is something of a misnomer . Kepler had two versions , related in a qualitative sense : the `` distance law '' and the `` area law . '' The `` area law '' is what became the Second Law in the set of three ; but Kepler did himself not privilege it in that way . History ( edit ) Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609 , having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe . Kepler 's third law was published in 1619 . Notably , Kepler had believed in the Copernican model of the solar system , which called for circular orbits , but could not reconcile Brahe 's highly precise observations with a circular fit to Mars ' orbit ( Mars coincidentally having the highest eccentricity of all planets except Mercury ) . His first law reflected this discovery . Kepler in 1621 and Godefroy Wendelin in 1643 noted that Kepler 's third law applies to the four brightest moons of Jupiter . The second law , in the `` area law '' form , was contested by Nicolaus Mercator in a book from 1664 , but by 1670 his Philosophical Transactions were in its favour . As the century proceeded it became more widely accepted . The reception in Germany changed noticeably between 1688 , the year in which Newton 's Principia was published and was taken to be basically Copernican , and 1690 , by which time work of Gottfried Leibniz on Kepler had been published . Newton is credited with understanding that the second law is not special to the inverse square law of gravitation , being a consequence just of the radial nature of that law ; while the other laws do depend on the inverse square form of the attraction . Carl Runge and Wilhelm Lenz much later identified a symmetry principle in the phase space of planetary motion ( the orthogonal group O ( 4 ) acting ) which accounts for the first and third laws in the case of Newtonian gravitation , as conservation of angular momentum does via rotational symmetry for the second law . Formulary ( edit ) The mathematical model of the kinematics of a planet subject to the laws allows a large range of further calculations . First law ( edit ) The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci . Figure 2 : Kepler 's first law placing the Sun at the focus of an elliptical orbit Figure 4 : Heliocentric coordinate system ( r , θ ) for ellipse . Also shown are : semi-major axis a , semi-minor axis b and semi-latus rectum p ; center of ellipse and its two foci marked by large dots . For θ = 0 ° , r = r and for θ = 180 ° , r = r . Mathematically , an ellipse can be represented by the formula : r = p 1 + ε cos θ , ( \ displaystyle r = ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ , \ cos \ theta ) ) , ) where p ( \ displaystyle p ) is the semi-latus rectum , ε is the eccentricity of the ellipse , r is the distance from the Sun to the planet , and θ is the angle to the planet 's current position from its closest approach , as seen from the Sun . So ( r , θ ) are polar coordinates . For an ellipse 0 < ε < 1 ; in the limiting case ε = 0 , the orbit is a circle with the sun at the centre ( i.e. where there is zero eccentricity ) . At θ = 0 ° , perihelion , the distance is minimum r min = p 1 + ε ( \ displaystyle r_ ( \ min ) = ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) ) ) At θ = 90 ° and at θ = 270 ° the distance is equal to p ( \ displaystyle p ) . At θ = 180 ° , aphelion , the distance is maximum ( by definition , aphelion is -- invariably -- perihelion plus 180 ° ) r max = p 1 − ε ( \ displaystyle r_ ( \ max ) = ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) ) ) The semi-major axis a is the arithmetic mean between r and r : r max − a = a − r min ( \ displaystyle \ , r_ ( \ max ) - a = a-r_ ( \ min ) ) a = p 1 − ε 2 ( \ displaystyle a = ( \ frac ( p ) ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) The semi-minor axis b is the geometric mean between r and r : r max b = b r min ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( r_ ( \ max ) ) ( b ) ) = ( \ frac ( b ) ( r_ ( \ min ) ) ) ) b = p 1 − ε 2 ( \ displaystyle b = ( \ frac ( p ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) The semi-latus rectum p is the harmonic mean between r and r : 1 r min − 1 p = 1 p − 1 r max ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r_ ( \ min ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( p ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( p ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( r_ ( \ max ) ) ) ) p a = r max r min = b 2 ( \ displaystyle pa = r_ ( \ max ) r_ ( \ min ) = b ^ ( 2 ) \ , ) The eccentricity ε is the coefficient of variation between r and r : ε = r max − r min r max + r min . ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon = ( \ frac ( r_ ( \ max ) - r_ ( \ min ) ) ( r_ ( \ max ) + r_ ( \ min ) ) ) . ) The area of the ellipse is A = π a b . ( \ displaystyle A = \ pi ab \ , . ) The special case of a circle is ε = 0 , resulting in r = p = r = r = a = b and A = πr . Second law ( edit ) A line joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time . The same ( blue ) area is swept out in a fixed time period . The green arrow is velocity . The purple arrow directed towards the Sun is the acceleration . The other two purple arrows are acceleration components parallel and perpendicular to the velocity . The orbital radius and angular velocity of the planet in the elliptical orbit will vary . This is shown in the animation : the planet travels faster when closer to the sun , then slower when farther from the sun . Kepler 's second law states that the blue sector has constant area . In a small time d t ( \ displaystyle dt \ , ) the planet sweeps out a small triangle having base line r ( \ displaystyle r \ , ) and height r d θ ( \ displaystyle r \ , d \ theta ) and area d A = 1 2 ⋅ r ⋅ r d θ ( \ displaystyle dA = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot r \ cdot rd \ theta ) and so the constant areal velocity is d A d t = 1 2 r 2 d θ d t . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dA ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) r ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( d \ theta ) ( dt ) ) . ) The area enclosed by the elliptical orbit is π a b . ( \ displaystyle \ pi ab. \ , ) So the period P ( \ displaystyle P \ , ) satisfies P ⋅ 1 2 r 2 d θ d t = π a b ( \ displaystyle P \ cdot ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) r ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( d \ theta ) ( dt ) ) = \ pi ab ) and the mean motion of the planet around the Sun n = 2 π / P ( \ displaystyle n = 2 \ pi / P ) satisfies r 2 d θ = a b n d t . ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( 2 ) \ , d \ theta = abn \ , dt . ) Third law of Kepler 's ( edit ) The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit . This captures the relationship between the distance of planets from the Sun , and their orbital periods . Kepler enunciated in 1619 this third law in a laborious attempt to determine what he viewed as the `` music of the spheres '' according to precise laws , and express it in terms of musical notation . So it was known as the harmonic law . According to this law the expression P a has the same value for all the planets in the solar system . Here P is the time taken for a planet to complete an orbit round the sun , and a is the mean value between the maximum and minimum distances between the planet and sun . The corresponding formula in Newtonian mechanics is P 2 a 3 = 4 π 2 G ( M + m ) ≈ 4 π 2 G M = c o n s t a n t ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( P ^ ( 2 ) ) ( a ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( G ( M + m ) ) ) \ approx ( \ frac ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( GM ) ) = \ mathrm ( constant ) ) where M is the mass of the sun , m is the mass of the planet , and G is the gravitational constant . As the Sun is much more massive than any planet , Kepler 's third law is approximately correct in Newtonian mechanics . Planetary acceleration ( edit ) Isaac Newton computed in his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica the acceleration of a planet moving according to Kepler 's first and second law . The direction of the acceleration is towards the Sun . The magnitude of the acceleration is inversely proportional to the square of the planet 's distance from the Sun ( the inverse square law ) . This implies that the Sun may be the physical cause of the acceleration of planets . However , Newton states in his Principia that he considers forces from a mathematical point of view , not a physical , thereby taking an instrumentalist view . Moreover , he does not assign a cause to gravity . Newton defined the force acting on a planet to be the product of its mass and the acceleration ( see Newton 's laws of motion ) . So : Every planet is attracted towards the Sun . The force acting on a planet is in direct proportion to the mass of the planet and in inverse proportion to the square of its distance from the Sun . The Sun plays an unsymmetrical part , which is unjustified . So he assumed , in Newton 's law of universal gravitation : All bodies in the solar system attract one another . The force between two bodies is in direct proportion to the product of their masses and in inverse proportion to the square of the distance between them . As the planets have small masses compared to that of the Sun , the orbits conform approximately to Kepler 's laws . Newton 's model improves upon Kepler 's model , and fits actual observations more accurately ( see two - body problem ) . Below comes the detailed calculation of the acceleration of a planet moving according to Kepler 's first and second laws . Acceleration vector ( edit ) See also : Polar coordinate § Vector calculus , and Mechanics of planar particle motion From the heliocentric point of view consider the vector to the planet r = r r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) = r ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where r ( \ displaystyle r ) is the distance to the planet and r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) is a unit vector pointing towards the planet . d r ^ d t = r ^ _̇ = θ _̇ θ ^ , d θ ^ d t = θ ^ _̇ = − θ _̇ r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) = ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) , \ qquad ( \ frac ( d ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) = - ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where θ ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) is the unit vector whose direction is 90 degrees counterclockwise of r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) , and θ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ) is the polar angle , and where a dot on top of the variable signifies differentiation with respect to time . Differentiate the position vector twice to obtain the velocity vector and the acceleration vector : r _̇ = r _̇ r ^ + r r ^ _̇ = r _̇ r ^ + r θ _̇ θ ^ , ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + r ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) = ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) , ) r _̈ = ( r _̈ r ^ + r _̇ r ^ _̇ ) + ( r _̇ θ _̇ θ ^ + r θ _̈ θ ^ + r θ _̇ θ ^ _̇ ) = ( r _̈ − r θ _̇ 2 ) r ^ + ( r θ _̈ + 2 r _̇ θ _̇ ) θ ^ . ( \ displaystyle ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = ( ( \ ddot ( r ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) ) + ( ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) + r ( \ ddot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) + r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ( \ dot ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) ) = ( ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) + ( r ( \ ddot ( \ theta ) ) + 2 ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) . ) So r _̈ = a r r ^ + a θ θ ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ddot ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = a_ ( r ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( r ) ) ) + a_ ( \ theta ) ( \ hat ( \ boldsymbol ( \ theta ) ) ) ) where the radial acceleration is a r = r _̈ − r θ _̇ 2 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) = ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) and the transversal acceleration is a θ = r θ _̈ + 2 r _̇ θ _̇ . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( \ theta ) = r ( \ ddot ( \ theta ) ) + 2 ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) . ) The inverse square law ( edit ) Kepler 's second law says that r 2 θ _̇ = n a b ( \ displaystyle r ^ ( 2 ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) = nab ) is constant . The transversal acceleration a θ ( \ displaystyle a_ ( \ theta ) ) is zero : d ( r 2 θ _̇ ) d t = r ( 2 r _̇ θ _̇ + r θ _̈ ) = r a θ = 0 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ( r ^ ( 2 ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ) ) ( dt ) ) = r ( 2 ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) + r ( \ ddot ( \ theta ) ) ) = ra_ ( \ theta ) = 0 . ) So the acceleration of a planet obeying Kepler 's second law is directed towards the sun . The radial acceleration a r ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) ) is a r = r _̈ − r θ _̇ 2 = r _̈ − r ( n a b r 2 ) 2 = r _̈ − n 2 a 2 b 2 r 3 . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) = ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - r \ left ( ( \ frac ( nab ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ ddot ( r ) ) - ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) . ) Kepler 's first law states that the orbit is described by the equation : p r = 1 + ε cos θ . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( p ) ( r ) ) = 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta . ) Differentiating with respect to time − p r _̇ r 2 = − ε sin θ θ _̇ ( \ displaystyle - ( \ frac ( p ( \ dot ( r ) ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - \ varepsilon \ sin \ theta \ , ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) ) or p r _̇ = n a b ε sin θ . ( \ displaystyle p ( \ dot ( r ) ) = nab \ , \ varepsilon \ sin \ theta . ) Differentiating once more p r _̈ = n a b ε cos θ θ _̇ = n a b ε cos θ n a b r 2 = n 2 a 2 b 2 r 2 ε cos θ . ( \ displaystyle p ( \ ddot ( r ) ) = nab \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta \ , ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) = nab \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta \ , ( \ frac ( nab ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta . ) The radial acceleration a r ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) ) satisfies p a r = n 2 a 2 b 2 r 2 ε cos θ − p n 2 a 2 b 2 r 3 = n 2 a 2 b 2 r 2 ( ε cos θ − p r ) . ( \ displaystyle pa_ ( r ) = ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta - p ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ left ( \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta - ( \ frac ( p ) ( r ) ) \ right ) . ) Substituting the equation of the ellipse gives p a r = n 2 a 2 b 2 r 2 ( p r − 1 − p r ) = − n 2 a 2 r 2 b 2 . ( \ displaystyle pa_ ( r ) = ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( p ) ( r ) ) - 1 - ( \ frac ( p ) ( r ) ) \ right ) = - ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 2 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) b ^ ( 2 ) . ) The relation b 2 = p a ( \ displaystyle b ^ ( 2 ) = pa ) gives the simple final result a r = − n 2 a 3 r 2 . ( \ displaystyle a_ ( r ) = - ( \ frac ( n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 3 ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This means that the acceleration vector r _̈ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) ) of any planet obeying Kepler 's first and second law satisfies the inverse square law r _̈ = − α r 2 r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) = - ( \ frac ( \ alpha ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where α = n 2 a 3 ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = n ^ ( 2 ) a ^ ( 3 ) \ , ) is a constant , and r ^ ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) is the unit vector pointing from the Sun towards the planet , and r ( \ displaystyle r \ , ) is the distance between the planet and the Sun . According to Kepler 's third law , α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) has the same value for all the planets . So the inverse square law for planetary accelerations applies throughout the entire solar system . The inverse square law is a differential equation . The solutions to this differential equation include the Keplerian motions , as shown , but they also include motions where the orbit is a hyperbola or parabola or a straight line . See Kepler orbit . Newton 's law of gravitation ( edit ) By Newton 's second law , the gravitational force that acts on the planet is : F = m planet r _̈ = − m planet α r − 2 r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = m_ ( \ text ( planet ) ) \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) = - m_ ( \ text ( planet ) ) \ alpha r ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) ) where m planet ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ text ( planet ) ) ) is the mass of the planet and α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) has the same value for all planets in the solar system . According to Newton 's third Law , the Sun is attracted to the planet by a force of the same magnitude . Since the force is proportional to the mass of the planet , under the symmetric consideration , it should also be proportional to the mass of the Sun , m Sun ( \ displaystyle m_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) . So α = G m Sun ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = Gm_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) where G ( \ displaystyle G ) is the gravitational constant . The acceleration of solar system body number i is , according to Newton 's laws : r _̈ i = G ∑ j ≠ i m j r i j − 2 r ^ i j ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( i ) ) = G \ sum _ ( j \ neq i ) m_ ( j ) r_ ( ij ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ij ) ) where m j ( \ displaystyle m_ ( j ) ) is the mass of body j , r i j ( \ displaystyle r_ ( ij ) ) is the distance between body i and body j , r ^ i j ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ij ) ) is the unit vector from body i towards body j , and the vector summation is over all bodies in the world , besides i itself . In the special case where there are only two bodies in the world , Earth and Sun , the acceleration becomes r _̈ Earth = G m Sun r Earth , Sun − 2 r ^ Earth , Sun ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) ) which is the acceleration of the Kepler motion . So this Earth moves around the Sun according to Kepler 's laws . If the two bodies in the world are Moon and Earth the acceleration of the Moon becomes r _̈ Moon = G m Earth r Moon , Earth − 2 r ^ Moon , Earth ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Moon ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ) So in this approximation the Moon moves around the Earth according to Kepler 's laws . In the three - body case the accelerations are r _̈ Sun = G m Earth r Sun , Earth − 2 r ^ Sun , Earth + G m Moon r Sun , Moon − 2 r ^ Sun , Moon ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Sun ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Sun ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) + Gm_ ( \ text ( Moon ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Sun ) ) , ( \ text ( Moon ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Sun ) ) , ( \ text ( Moon ) ) ) ) r _̈ Earth = G m Sun r Earth , Sun − 2 r ^ Earth , Sun + G m Moon r Earth , Moon − 2 r ^ Earth , Moon ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) + Gm_ ( \ text ( Moon ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Moon ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Earth ) ) , ( \ text ( Moon ) ) ) ) r _̈ Moon = G m Sun r Moon , Sun − 2 r ^ Moon , Sun + G m Earth r Moon , Earth − 2 r ^ Moon , Earth ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ ddot ( r ) ) _ ( \ text ( Moon ) ) = Gm_ ( \ text ( Sun ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Sun ) ) ) + Gm_ ( \ text ( Earth ) ) r_ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ hat ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) _ ( ( \ text ( Moon ) ) , ( \ text ( Earth ) ) ) ) These accelerations are not those of Kepler orbits , and the three - body problem is complicated . But Keplerian approximation is the basis for perturbation calculations . See Lunar theory . Position as a function of time ( edit ) Kepler used his two first laws to compute the position of a planet as a function of time . His method involves the solution of a transcendental equation called Kepler 's equation . The procedure for calculating the heliocentric polar coordinates ( r , θ ) of a planet as a function of the time t since perihelion , is the following four steps : 1 . Compute the mean anomaly M = nt where n is the mean motion . n ⋅ P = 2 π ( \ displaystyle n \ cdot P = 2 \ pi ) radians where P is the period . 2 . Compute the eccentric anomaly E by solving Kepler 's equation : M = E − ε sin E ( \ displaystyle \ M = E - \ varepsilon \ sin E ) 3 . Compute the true anomaly θ by the equation : ( 1 − ε ) tan 2 θ 2 = ( 1 + ε ) tan 2 E 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( 2 ) ) = ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( E ) ( 2 ) ) ) 4 . Compute the heliocentric distance r = a ( 1 − ε cos E ) . ( \ displaystyle r = a ( 1 - \ varepsilon \ cos E ) . ) The important special case of circular orbit , ε = 0 , gives θ = E = M. Because the uniform circular motion was considered to be normal , a deviation from this motion was considered an anomaly . The proof of this procedure is shown below . Mean anomaly , M ( edit ) FIgure 5 : Geometric construction for Kepler 's calculation of θ . The Sun ( located at the focus ) is labeled S and the planet P . The auxiliary circle is an aid to calculation . Line xd is perpendicular to the base and through the planet P . The shaded sectors are arranged to have equal areas by positioning of point y . The Keplerian problem assumes an elliptical orbit and the four points : s the Sun ( at one focus of ellipse ) ; z the perihelion c the center of the ellipse p the planet and a = c z , ( \ displaystyle \ a = cz , ) distance between center and perihelion , the semimajor axis , ε = c s a , ( \ displaystyle \ \ varepsilon = ( cs \ over a ) , ) the eccentricity , b = a 1 − ε 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ b = a ( \ sqrt ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) the semiminor axis , r = s p , ( \ displaystyle \ r = sp , ) the distance between Sun and planet . θ = ∠ z s p , ( \ displaystyle \ theta = \ angle zsp , ) the direction to the planet as seen from the Sun , the true anomaly . The problem is to compute the polar coordinates ( r , θ ) of the planet from the time since perihelion , t . It is solved in steps . Kepler considered the circle with the major axis as a diameter , and x , ( \ displaystyle \ x , ) the projection of the planet to the auxiliary circle y , ( \ displaystyle \ y , ) the point on the circle such that the sector areas zcy and zsx are equal , M = ∠ z c y , ( \ displaystyle M = \ angle zcy , ) the mean anomaly . The sector areas are related by z s p = b a ⋅ z s x . ( \ displaystyle zsp = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ cdot zsx . ) The circular sector area z c y = a 2 M 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ zcy = ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) M ) ( 2 ) ) . ) The area swept since perihelion , z s p = b a ⋅ z s x = b a ⋅ z c y = b a ⋅ a 2 M 2 = a b M 2 , ( \ displaystyle zsp = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ cdot zsx = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ cdot zcy = ( \ frac ( b ) ( a ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) M ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( abM ) ( 2 ) ) , ) is by Kepler 's second law proportional to time since perihelion . So the mean anomaly , M , is proportional to time since perihelion , t . M = n t , ( \ displaystyle M = nt , \ , ) where n is the mean motion . Eccentric anomaly , E ( edit ) When the mean anomaly M is computed , the goal is to compute the true anomaly θ . The function θ = f ( M ) is , however , not elementary . Kepler 's solution is to use E = ∠ z c x ( \ displaystyle E = \ angle zcx ) , x as seen from the centre , the eccentric anomaly as an intermediate variable , and first compute E as a function of M by solving Kepler 's equation below , and then compute the true anomaly θ from the eccentric anomaly E. Here are the details . z c y = z s x = z c x − s c x ( \ displaystyle \ zcy = zsx = zcx - scx ) a 2 M 2 = a 2 E 2 − a ε ⋅ a sin E 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) M ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) E ) ( 2 ) ) - ( \ frac ( a \ varepsilon \ cdot a \ sin E ) ( 2 ) ) ) Division by a / 2 gives Kepler 's equation M = E − ε sin E . ( \ displaystyle M = E - \ varepsilon \ sin E . ) This equation gives M as a function of E. Determining E for a given M is the inverse problem . Iterative numerical algorithms are commonly used . Having computed the eccentric anomaly E , the next step is to calculate the true anomaly θ . True anomaly , θ ( edit ) Note from the figure that c d → = c s → + s d → ( \ displaystyle ( \ overrightarrow ( cd ) ) = ( \ overrightarrow ( cs ) ) + ( \ overrightarrow ( sd ) ) ) so that a cos E = a ε + r cos θ . ( \ displaystyle a \ cos E = a \ varepsilon + r \ cos \ theta . ) Dividing by a ( \ displaystyle a ) and inserting from Kepler 's first law r a = 1 − ε 2 1 + ε cos θ ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ frac ( r ) ( a ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) ) to get cos E = ε + 1 − ε 2 1 + ε cos θ cos θ ( \ displaystyle \ cos E = \ varepsilon + ( \ frac ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) \ cos \ theta ) = ε ( 1 + ε cos θ ) + ( 1 − ε 2 ) cos θ 1 + ε cos θ ( \ displaystyle = ( \ frac ( \ varepsilon ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) + ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) ) = ε + cos θ 1 + ε cos θ . ( \ displaystyle = ( \ frac ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) . ) The result is a usable relationship between the eccentric anomaly E and the true anomaly θ . A computationally more convenient form follows by substituting into the trigonometric identity : tan 2 x 2 = 1 − cos x 1 + cos x . ( \ displaystyle \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( x ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ cos x ) ( 1 + \ cos x ) ) . ) Get tan 2 E 2 = 1 − cos E 1 + cos E = 1 − ε + cos θ 1 + ε cos θ 1 + ε + cos θ 1 + ε cos θ = ( 1 + ε cos θ ) − ( ε + cos θ ) ( 1 + ε cos θ ) + ( ε + cos θ ) = 1 − ε 1 + ε ⋅ 1 − cos θ 1 + cos θ = 1 − ε 1 + ε tan 2 θ 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( E ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ cos E ) ( 1 + \ cos E ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - ( \ frac ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) ) ( 1 + ( \ frac ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) ) ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) = ( ) & ( \ frac ( ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) - ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ) ( ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) + ( \ varepsilon + \ cos \ theta ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 - \ cos \ theta ) ( 1 + \ cos \ theta ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( 2 ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Multiplying by 1 + ε gives the result ( 1 − ε ) tan 2 θ 2 = ( 1 + ε ) tan 2 E 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 1 - \ varepsilon ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( \ theta ) ( 2 ) ) = ( 1 + \ varepsilon ) \ tan ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( E ) ( 2 ) ) ) This is the third step in the connection between time and position in the orbit . Distance , r ( edit ) The fourth step is to compute the heliocentric distance r from the true anomaly θ by Kepler 's first law : r ( 1 + ε cos θ ) = a ( 1 − ε 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ r ( 1 + \ varepsilon \ cos \ theta ) = a ( 1 - \ varepsilon ^ ( 2 ) ) ) Using the relation above between θ and E the final equation for the distance r is : r = a ( 1 − ε cos E ) . ( \ displaystyle \ r = a ( 1 - \ varepsilon \ cos E ) . ) See also ( edit ) Circular motion Free - fall time Gravity Kepler orbit Kepler problem Kepler 's equation Laplace -- Runge -- Lenz vector Specific relative angular momentum , relatively easy derivation of Kepler 's laws starting with conservation of angular momentum Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Godefroy Wendelin wrote a letter to Giovanni Battista Riccioli about the relationship between the distances of the Jovian moons from Jupiter and the periods of their orbits , showing that the periods and distances conformed to Kepler 's third law . See : Joanne Baptista Riccioli , Almagestum novum ... ( Bologna ( Bononia ) , ( Italy ) : Victor Benati , 1651 ) , volume 1 , page 492 Scholia III . In the margin beside the relevant paragraph is printed : Vendelini ingeniosa speculatio circa motus & intervalla satellitum Jovis . ( Wendelin 's clever speculation about the movement and distances of Jupiter 's satellites . ) In 1621 , Johannes Kepler had noted that Jupiter 's moons obey ( approximately ) his third law in his Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ( Epitome of Copernican Astronomy ) ( Linz ( `` Lentiis ad Danubium `` ) , ( Austria ) : Johann Planck , 1622 ) , book 4 , part 2 , page 554 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jeff ; Pavlyk , Oleksandr . `` Kepler 's Second Law '' , Wolfram Demonstrations Project . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1990/01/23/science/after-400-years-a-challenge-to-kepler-he-fabricated-his-data-scholar-says.html?pagewanted=1 ^ Jump up to : Holton , Gerald James ; Brush , Stephen G. ( 2001 ) . Physics , the Human Adventure : From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond ( 3rd paperback ed . ) . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2908 - 5 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , Eléments de la philosophie de Newton ( Elements of Newton 's Philosophy ) ( London , England : 1738 ) . See , for example : From p. 162 : `` Par une des grandes loix de Kepler , toute Planete décrit des aires égales en temp égaux : par une autre loi non moins sûre , chaque Planete fait sa révolution autour du Soleil en telle sort , que si , sa moyenne distance au Soleil est 10 . prenez le cube de ce nombre , ce qui sera 1000. , & le tems de la révolution de cette Planete autour du Soleil sera proportionné à la racine quarrée de ce nombre 1000 . '' ( By one of the great laws of Kepler , each planet describes equal areas in equal times ; by another law no less certain , each planet makes its revolution around the sun in such a way that if its mean distance from the sun is 10 , take the cube of that number , which will be 1000 , and the time of the revolution of that planet around the sun will be proportional to the square root of that number 1000 . ) From p. 205 : `` Il est donc prouvé par la loi de Kepler & par celle de Neuton , que chaque Planete gravite vers le Soleil , ... '' ( It is thus proved by the law of Kepler and by that of Newton , that each planet revolves around the sun ... ) ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Curtis ( May 1994 ) . `` Kepler 's Laws , So - Called '' ( PDF ) . HAD News . Washington , DC : Historical Astronomy Division , American Astronomical Society ( 31 ) : 1 -- 2 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De la Lande , Astronomie , vol. 1 ( Paris , France : Desaint & Saillant , 1764 ) . See , for example : From page 390 : `` ... mais suivant la fameuse loi de Kepler , qui sera expliquée dans le Livre suivant ( 892 ) , le rapport des temps périodiques est toujours plus grand que celui des distances , une planete cinq fois plus éloignée du soleil , emploie à faire sa révolution douze fois plus de temps ou environ ; ... '' ( ... but according to the famous law of Kepler , which will be explained in the following book ( i.e. , chapter ) ( paragraph 892 ) , the ratio of the periods is always greater than that of the distances ( so that , for example , ) a planet five times farther from the sun , requires about twelve times or so more time to make its revolution ( around the sun ) ; ... ) From page 429 : `` Les Quarrés des Temps périodiques sont comme les Cubes des Distances. 892 . La plus fameuse loi du mouvement des planetes découverte par Kepler , est celle du repport qu'il ya entre les grandeurs de leurs orbites , & le temps qu'elles emploient à les parcourir ; ... '' ( The squares of the periods are as the cubes of the distances . 892 . The most famous law of the movement of the planets discovered by Kepler is that of the relation between the sizes of their orbits and the times that the ( planets ) require to traverse them ; ... ) From page 430 : `` Les Aires sont proportionnelles au Temps. 895 . Cette loi générale du mouvement des planetes devenue si importante dans l'Astronomie , sçavior , que les aires sont proportionnelles au temps , est encore une des découvertes de Kepler ; ... '' ( Areas are proportional to times . 895 . This general law of the movement of the planets ( which has ) become so important in astronomy , namely , that areas are proportional to times , is one of Kepler 's discoveries ; ... ) From page 435 : `` On a appellé cette loi des aires proportionnelles aux temps , Loi de Kepler , aussi bien que celle de l'article 892 , du nome de ce célebre Inventeur ; ... '' ( One called this law of areas proportional to times ( the law of Kepler ) as well as that of paragraph 892 , by the name of that celebrated inventor ; ... ) Jump up ^ Robert Small , An account of the astronomical discoveries of Kepler ( London , England : J Mawman , 1804 ) , pp. 298 -- 299 . Jump up ^ Robert Small , An account of the astronomical discoveries of Kepler ( London , England : J. Mawman , 1804 ) . Jump up ^ Bruce Stephenson ( 1994 ) . Kepler 's Physical Astronomy . Princeton University Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03652 - 7 . Jump up ^ In his Astronomia nova , Kepler presented only a proof that Mars ' orbit is elliptical . Evidence that the other known planets ' orbits are elliptical was presented only in 1621 . See : Johannes Kepler , Astronomia nova ... ( 1609 ) , p. 285 . After having rejected circular and oval orbits , Kepler concluded that Mars ' orbit must be elliptical . From the top of page 285 : `` Ergo ellipsis est Planetæ iter ; ... '' ( Thus , an ellipse is the planet 's ( i.e. , Mars ' ) path ; ... ) Later on the same page : `` ... ut sequenti capite patescet : ubi simul etiam demonstrabitur , nullam Planetæ relinqui figuram Orbitæ , præterquam perfecte ellipticam ; ... '' ( ... as will be revealed in the next chapter : where it will also then be proved that any figure of the planet 's orbit must be relinquished , except a perfect ellipse ; ... ) And then : `` Caput LIX . Demonstratio , quod orbita Martis , ... , fiat perfecta ellipsis : ... '' ( Chapter 59 . Proof that Mars ' orbit , ... , is a perfect ellipse : ... ) The geometric proof that Mars ' orbit is an ellipse appears as Protheorema XI on pages 289 -- 290 . Kepler stated that every planet travels in elliptical orbits having the Sun at one focus in : Johannes Kepler , Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ( Summary of Copernican Astronomy ) ( Linz ( `` Lentiis ad Danubium '' ) , ( Austria ) : Johann Planck , 1622 ) , book 5 , part 1 , III . De Figura Orbitæ ( III . On the figure ( i.e. , shape ) of orbits ) , pages 658 -- 665 . From p. 658 : `` Ellipsin fieri orbitam planetæ ... '' ( Of an ellipse is made a planet 's orbit ... ) . From p. 659 : `` ... Sole ( Foco altero huius ellipsis ) ... '' ( ... the Sun ( the other focus of this ellipse ) ... ) . Jump up ^ In his Astronomia nova ... ( 1609 ) , Kepler did not present his second law in its modern form . He did that only in his Epitome of 1621 . Furthermore , in 1609 , he presented his second law in two different forms , which scholars call the `` distance law '' and the `` area law '' . His `` distance law '' is presented in : `` Caput XXXII . Virtutem quam Planetam movet in circulum attenuari cum discessu a fonte . '' ( Chapter 32 . The force that moves a planet circularly weakens with distance from the source . ) See : Johannes Kepler , Astronomia nova ... ( 1609 ) , pp. 165 -- 167 . On page 167 , Kepler states : `` ... , quanto longior est αδ quam αε , tanto diutius moratur Planeta in certo aliquo arcui excentrici apud δ , quam in æquali arcu excentrici apud ε . '' ( ... , as αδ is longer than αε , so much longer will a planet remain on a certain arc of the eccentric near δ than on an equal arc of the eccentric near ε . ) That is , the farther a planet is from the Sun ( at the point α ) , the slower it moves along its orbit , so a radius from the Sun to a planet passes through equal areas in equal times . However , as Kepler presented it , his argument is accurate only for circles , not ellipses . His `` area law '' is presented in : `` Caput LIX . Demonstratio , quod orbita Martis , ... , fiat perfecta ellipsis : ... '' ( Chapter 59 . Proof that Mars ' orbit , ... , is a perfect ellipse : ... ) , Protheorema XIV and XV , pp. 291 -- 295 . On the top p. 294 , it reads : `` Arcum ellipseos , cujus moras metitur area AKN , debere terminari in LK , ut sit AM . '' ( The arc of the ellipse , of which the duration is delimited ( i.e. , measured ) by the area AKM , should be terminated in LK , so that it ( i.e. , the arc ) is AM . ) In other words , the time that Mars requires to move along an arc AM of its elliptical orbit is measured by the area of the segment AMN of the ellipse ( where N is the position of the Sun ) , which in turn is proportional to the section AKN of the circle that encircles the ellipse and that is tangent to it . Therefore , the area that is swept out by a radius from the Sun to Mars as Mars moves along an arc of its elliptical orbit is proportional to the time that Mars requires to move along that arc . Thus , a radius from the Sun to Mars sweeps out equal areas in equal times . In 1621 , Kepler restated his second law for any planet : Johannes Kepler , Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ( Summary of Copernican Astronomy ) ( Linz ( `` Lentiis ad Danubium '' ) , ( Austria ) : Johann Planck , 1622 ) , book 5 , page 668 . From page 668 : `` Dictum quidem est in superioribus , divisa orbita in particulas minutissimas æquales : accrescete iis moras planetæ per eas , in proportione intervallorum inter eas & Solem . '' ( It has been said above that , if the orbit of the planet is divided into the smallest equal parts , the times of the planet in them increase in the ratio of the distances between them and the sun . ) That is , a planet 's speed along its orbit is inversely proportional to its distance from the Sun . ( The remainder of the paragraph makes clear that Kepler was referring to what is now called angular velocity . ) ^ Jump up to : Johannes Kepler , Harmonices Mundi ( The Harmony of the World ) ( Linz , ( Austria ) : Johann Planck , 1619 ) , book 5 , chapter 3 , p. 189 . From the bottom of p. 189 : `` Sed res est certissima exactissimaque quod proportio qua est inter binorum quorumcunque Planetarum tempora periodica , sit præcise sesquialtera proportionis mediarum distantiarum , ... '' ( But it is absolutely certain and exact that the proportion between the periodic times of any two planets is precisely the sesquialternate proportion ( i.e. , the ratio of 3 : 2 ) of their mean distances , ... `` ) An English translation of Kepler 's Harmonices Mundi is available as : Johannes Kepler with E.J. Aiton , A.M. Duncan , and J.V. Field , trans. , The Harmony of the World ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : American Philosophical Society , 1997 ) ; see especially p. 411 . Jump up ^ http://www.windows2universe.org/our_solar_system/planets_table.html Jump up ^ Wilbur Applebaum ( 13 June 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Scientific Revolution : From Copernicus to Newton . Routledge . p. 603 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 58255 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roy Porter ( 25 September 1992 ) . The Scientific Revolution in National Context . Cambridge University Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39699 - 8 . Jump up ^ Victor Guillemin ; Shlomo Sternberg ( 2006 ) . Variations on a Theme by Kepler . American Mathematical Soc . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8218 - 4184 - 6 . Jump up ^ Burtt , Edwin . The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Gerald James Holton , Stephen G. Brush ( 2001 ) . Physics , the Human Adventure . Rutgers University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2908 - 5 . Jump up ^ I. Newton , Principia , p. 408 in the translation of I.B. Cohen and A. Whitman Jump up ^ I. Newton , Principia , p. 943 in the translation of I.B. Cohen and A. Whitman Jump up ^ MÜLLER , M ( 1995 ) . `` EQUATION OF TIME -- PROBLEM IN ASTRONOMY '' . Acta Physica Polonica A. Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Kepler 's life is summarized on pages 523 -- 627 and Book Five of his magnum opus , Harmonice Mundi ( harmonies of the world ) , is reprinted on pages 635 -- 732 of On the Shoulders of Giants : The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy ( works by Copernicus , Kepler , Galileo , Newton , and Einstein ) . Stephen Hawking , ed. 2002 ISBN 0 - 7624 - 1348 - 4 A derivation of Kepler 's third law of planetary motion is a standard topic in engineering mechanics classes . See , for example , pages 161 -- 164 of Meriam , J.L. ( 1971 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Dynamics , 2nd ed '' . New York : John Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 59601 - 9 ... Murray and Dermott , Solar System Dynamics , Cambridge University Press 1999 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 57597 - 4 V.I. Arnold , Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics , Chapter 2 . Springer 1989 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 96890 - 3 External links ( edit ) B. Surendranath Reddy ; animation of Kepler 's laws : applet `` Derivation of Kepler 's Laws '' ( from Newton 's laws ) at Physics Stack Exchange . Crowell , Benjamin , Light and Matter , an online book that gives a proof of the first law without the use of calculus ( see section 15.7 ) David McNamara and Gianfranco Vidali , Kepler 's Second Law -- Java Interactive Tutorial , http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/java/mc_html/kepler.html , an interactive Java applet that aids in the understanding of Kepler 's Second Law . Audio -- Cain / Gay ( 2010 ) Astronomy Cast Johannes Kepler and His Laws of Planetary Motion University of Tennessee 's Dept . Physics & Astronomy : Astronomy 161 page on Johannes Kepler : The Laws of Planetary Motion ( 1 ) Equant compared to Kepler : interactive model ( 2 ) Kepler 's Third Law : interactive model ( 3 ) Solar System Simulator ( Interactive Applet ) Kepler and His Laws , educational web pages by David P. Stern Gravitational orbits Types General Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Graveyard Horseshoe Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Sun - synchronous Low Earth Medium Earth High Earth Molniya Near - equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Tundra About other points Areosynchronous Areostationary Halo Lissajous Lunar Heliocentric Heliosynchronous Parameters Shape Size e Eccentricity a Semi-major axis b Semi-minor axis Q , q Apsides Orientation i Inclination Ω Longitude of the ascending node ω Argument of periapsis π Longitude of the periapsis Position M Mean anomaly ν True anomaly E Eccentric anomaly L Mean longitude l True longitude Variation T Orbital period n Mean motion v Orbital speed t Epoch Maneuvers Collision avoidance ( spacecraft ) Delta - v Delta - v budget Bi-elliptic transfer Geostationary transfer Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Low energy transfer Oberth effect Inclination change Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Transposition , docking , and extraction Orbital mechanics Celestial coordinate system Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n - body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific relative angular momentum Two - line elements List of orbits Johannes Kepler Scientific career Kepler conjecture Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Kepler orbit Kepler triangle Kepler 's equation Kepler polyhedra Kepler 's Supernova Keplerian telescope Works Mysterium Cosmographicum ( 1596 ) Astronomia nova ( 1609 ) Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae ( 1617 -- 21 ) Harmonices Mundi ( 1619 ) Rudolphine Tables ( 1627 ) Somnium ( 1634 ) Family Katharina Kepler ( mother ) Jakob Bartsch ( son - in - law ) Isaac Newton Publications De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) General Scholium ( 1713 ) Opticks ( 1704 ) The Queries ( 1704 ) Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) Other writings Notes on the Jewish Temple Quaestiones quaedam philosophicae The Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms Amended ( 1728 ) An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture ( 1754 ) Discoveries and inventions Calculus Newton disc Newton polygon Newton -- Okounkov body Newton 's reflector Newtonian telescope Newton scale Newton 's metal Newton 's cradle Sextant Theory expansions Kepler 's laws of planetary motion Problem of Apollonius Newtonianism Bucket argument Newton 's inequalities Newton 's law of cooling Newton 's law of universal gravitation Post-Newtonian expansion Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism Newton -- Cartan theory Schrödinger -- Newton equation Gravitational constant Newton 's laws of motion Newtonian dynamics Newton 's method in optimization Gauss -- Newton algorithm Truncated Newton method Newton 's rings Newton 's theorem about ovals Newton -- Pepys problem Newtonian potential Newtonian fluid Classical mechanics Newtonian fluid Corpuscular theory of light Leibniz -- Newton calculus controversy Newton 's notation Rotating spheres Newton 's cannonball Newton -- Cotes formulas Newton 's method Newton fractal Generalized Gauss -- Newton method Newton 's identities Newton polynomial Newton 's theorem of revolving orbits Newton -- Euler equations Newton number Kissing number problem Power number Newton 's quotient Newton -- Puiseux theorem Solar mass Dynamics Absolute space and time Finite difference Table of Newtonian series Impact depth Structural coloration Inertia Phrases `` Hypotheses non fingo '' `` Standing on the shoulders of giants '' Life Cranbury Park Woolsthorpe Manor Early life Later life Religious views Occult studies The Mysteryes of Nature and Art Scientific revolution Copernican Revolution Friends and family Catherine Barton John Conduitt William Clarke Benjamin Pulleyn William Stukeley William Jones Isaac Barrow Abraham de Moivre John Keill Cultural depictions Newton ( Blake ) Newton ( Paolozzi ) In popular culture Related Writing of Principia Mathematica List of things names after Newton Isaac Newton Institute Isaac Newton Medal Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes Isaac Newton Telescope Newton ( unit ) Elements of the Philosophy of Newton Isaac Newton S / O Philipose GND : 4365820 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion&oldid=815492510 '' Categories : Johannes Kepler Orbits Equations Copernican Revolution 1609 in science 1619 in science Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 04 : 23 . 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Stock (food)
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Stock ( food ) - wikipedia Stock ( food ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stock ( disambiguation ) . `` Fond '' redirects here . For the archival term , see Fonds . For other uses , see Wiktionary : fond . Making stock in a pot on a stove top Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Cooking Stocks Stock is a flavored liquid preparation . It forms the basis of many dishes , particularly soups and sauces . Making stocks involves simmering animal bones or meat , seafood , or vegetables in water or wine , adding mirepoix or other aromatics for more flavor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 Stock versus broth 3 Types 4 Preparation 5 See also 6 Bibliography 7 References Preparation ( edit ) Traditionally , stock is made by simmering various ingredients in water . A newer approach is to use a pressure cooker . The ingredients may include some or all of the following : Meat Leftover cooked meat , such as that remaining on poultry carcasses , is often used along with the bones of the bird or joint . Fresh meat makes a superior stock , and cuts rich in connective tissue such as shin or shoulder of beef or veal are commonly recommended , either alone or added in lower proportions to the remains of cooked poultry , to provide a richer and fresher - tasting stock . Quantities recommended are in the ratio of 1 part fresh meat to 2 parts water . Pork , although a popular base for stock in Chinese cuisine , is considered unsuitable for stock in European cooking due to its greasiness ( although 19th - century recipes for consomme and traditional aspic included slices of mild ham ) , and mutton was traditionally avoided due to the difficulty of avoiding the strong tallowy taint imparted from the fat . Bones Veal , beef , and chicken bones are most commonly used . The flavour of the stock comes from the cartilage and other connective tissue , like the bone . Connective tissue has collagen in it , which gets converted into gelatin that thickens the liquid . Stock made from bones needs to be simmered for longer than stock made from meat . Pressure cooking methods shorten the time necessary to extract the flavour from the bones . Mirepoix Mirepoix is a combination of onions , carrots , celery , and sometimes other vegetables . Often , the less desirable parts of the vegetables that may not otherwise be eaten ( such as carrot skins and celery cores and leaves ) are used . The use of these parts is highly dependent upon the chef , as many do not appreciate the flavours that these portions impart . Herbs and spices The herbs and spices used depend on availability and local traditions . In classical cuisine , the use of a bouquet garni ( or bag of herbs ) consisting of parsley , bay leaves , a sprig of thyme , and possibly other herbs , is common . This is often placed in a sachet to make it easier to remove once the stock is cooked . Today , ready - made stock and stock cubes consisting of dried , compressed stock ingredients are readily available . These are commonly known as bouillon cubes , as cooking base in the US , or as Oxo cubes in Britain , after a common brand of stock cube sold there . Stock versus broth ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Broth . ( edit history ) The difference between broth and stock is one of both cultural and colloquial terminology but certain definitions prevail . Stock is the liquid produced by simmering raw ingredients : solids are removed , leaving a highly flavored liquid . This yields classic stock as made from beef , veal , chicken , fish and vegetables . Broth differs in that it is a basic soup where the solid pieces of flavoring meat or fish , along with some vegetables , remain . It is often made more substantial by adding starches such as rice , barley or pulses . Traditionally , broth contained some form of meat or fish ; however , nowadays it is acceptable to refer to a strictly vegetable soup as a broth . Many cooks and food writers use the terms broth and stock interchangeably , and even when distinctions are made , they often vary from person to person . In 1974 , James Beard wrote more emphatically that `` they 're all the same thing '' . However , a traditional distinction between stock and broth is that stocks are made primarily from animal bones , as opposed to meat , and therefore contain more gelatin , giving them a thicker texture . Another distinction that is sometimes made is that stock is cooked longer than broth and therefore has a more intense flavor . A third possible distinction is that stock is left unseasoned for use in other recipes , while broth is salted and otherwise seasoned and can be eaten alone . Bouillon is the French word for `` broth '' , and is usually used as a synonym for it . Types ( edit ) Pouring fish stock on a stuffed fish Chicken stock is usually cooked for several hours . Fish stock is made with fish bones and finely chopped mirepoix . Fish stock should be cooked for 20 -- 25 minutes -- cooking any longer spoils the flavour . Concentrated fish stock is called `` fish fumet . '' In Japanese cooking , a fish and kelp stock called dashi is made by briefly ( a few minutes ) cooking skipjack tuna ( bonito ) flakes called katsuobushi in nearly boiling water . Fond blanc , or white stock , is made by using raw bones and white mirepoix . Chicken bones are the most common for fond blanc . Fond brun , or brown stock . The brown color is achieved by roasting the bones and mirepoix . This also adds a rich , full flavour . Veal bones are the most common type used in a fond brun . Tomato paste is often added ( sometimes thinned tomato paste is painted onto the roasting bones ) . The acid in the paste helps break down the connective tissue helping accelerating the formation of gelatin , as well as giving color to the stock . Glace viande is stock made from bones , usually from veal , that is highly concentrated by reduction . Ham stock , common in Cajun cooking , is made from ham hocks . Jus is a rich , lightly reduced stock used as a sauce for roasted meats . Many of these are started by deglazing the roasting pan , then reducing to achieve the rich flavour desired . Lamb stock is cooked for several hours . To make a lamb jus , start with a chicken stock and roasted lamb necks and bones . Master stock is a special Chinese stock used primarily for poaching meats , flavoured with soy sauce , sugar , ginger , garlic , and other aromatics . Prawn stock is made from boiling prawn shells . It is used in Southeast Asian dishes such as laksa . Veal stock is usually cooked for several hours . Vegetable stock is made only of vegetables . Remouillage is a second stock made from the same set of bones . Preparation ( edit ) A few basic rules are commonly prescribed for preparing stock : The stock ingredients are simmered starting with cold water . The collagen from connective tissue and skin is denatured into gelatin through gentle , long simmering , thickening the stock somewhat . Stocks are simmered gently , with bubbles just breaking the surface , and not boiled . If a stock is boiled , it will be cloudy . Salt is usually not added or only minimally added to the stock , since most stocks are reduced to make soups and sauces , and excessive salt will make the final dish too salty . Meat is added to a stock before vegetables , and the `` scum '' that rises to the surface is skimmed off before further ingredients are added . If the cook wants to remove the fat , after the stock is finished it is cooled and the fat , which floats , separates and solidifies into globs within the stock , which can be removed with ease . Stocks can be frozen and kept indefinitely but are better fresh . The refrigerator shelf life of a stock is three to four days , but the stock can be boiled at the end of this period and the life extended another three to four days . Stock can be kept for extended periods in this manner . See also ( edit ) Food portal Abgoosht Bouillon ( broth ) Bouillon cube Bouillon ( soup ) Broth Master stock Soup Bibliography ( edit ) Escoffier , Auguste ( 1903 ) . Le Guide culinaire . Aide mémoire de cuisine pratique . Paris , France : Flammarion . Escoffier , A ( 1941 ) . The Escoffier Cook Book . New York , NY , USA : Crown Publishers . Fannie Merritt Farmer ( 1896 ) . The Boston Cooking - School Cook Book . Boston , MA , USA : Little , Brown and Company . Beck , Simone ; Louisette Bertholle ; Julia Child ( 1961 ) . Mastering the Art of French Cooking . New York , NY , USA : Alfred A. Knopf . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spaull , Susan ; Lucinda Bruce - Gardyne ( 2003 ) . Leith 's Techniques Bible . Bloomsbury Publishing Plc , 38 Soho Square , London W1D 3 HB : Bloomsbury . p. 683 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 6046 - 3 . Jump up ^ Barham , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Science of Cooking . Springer - Verlag , Berlin / Heidelberg : Springer . p. 127 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 67466 - 7 . Jump up ^ Smith , Delia ( 1992 ) . Delia Smith 's Complete Cookery Course . BBC Enterprises Ltd. , Woodlands , 80 Wood Lane , London W12 0TT : BBC Books . p. 61 . ISBN 0 - 563 - 36286 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Clifford A. ( 2011 ) . The Best Soups in the World . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0544177797 . I use the terms ' broth ' and ' stock ' interchangeably , as do many people , although technically there is a very small difference -- not important to the home cook ... Some English - speaking writers make a distinction between broth and bouillon , but bouillon is simply the French word for broth . Jump up ^ López - Alt , J. Kenji . `` How To Make Great Vegan Soups '' . Serious Eats . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . I do n't really want to get into the muddy details of nomenclature between broth and stock ... I use the words pretty much interchangeably , though I lean towards ' stock ' if I mean something pretty rich that I 'm gon na cook with and ' broth ' if I mean something my noodles or peas are already floating in . ^ Jump up to : Souder , Amy ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` What 's the Difference Between Chicken Stock and Chicken Broth ? '' . Chowhound . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Professional chefs and experienced cooks like us spout the broth and stock terms interchangeably . Jump up ^ Ruhlman , Michael ( 2009 ) . Ratio . Scribner . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 6612 - 0 . Anytime you add liquid to vegetables and meat and heat it , you 're making stock whether or not you want to recognize it as such . Jump up ^ Beard , James ( 2015 ) . `` A stock is a broth is a bouillon '' . The Armchair James Beard . Open Road Media . ISBN 9781504004558 . The other morning my old friend Helen McCully called me at an early hour and said , ' Now that you 're revising your fish book , for heaven 's sake , define the difference between a stock , a broth and a bouillon . No book does . ' The reason no book does is that they are all the same thing . A stock , which is also a broth or a bouillon , is basically some meat , game , poultry , or fish simmered in water with bones , seasonings , and vegetables . Jump up ^ `` Broth Basics '' . Martha Stewart . 2011 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Emma . `` What 's the Difference Between Stock and Broth ? -- Word of Mouth '' . The Kitchn . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , Alan ( 2014 ) . The Oxford Companion to Food ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 112 . ISBN 9780191040726 . broth : a term which usually means the liquid in which meat has been cooked or a simple soup based thereon . It is a close equivalent to the French bouillon and the Italian brodo ... It could be said that broth occupies an intermediate position between stock and soup . A broth ... can be eaten as is , whereas a stock ... would normally be consumed only as an ingredient in something more complex . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_(food)&oldid=837276589 '' Categories : Food ingredients Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Simple English 粵語 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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other than water what is the most important ingredient of brown stock
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"Fond brun, or brown stock. The brown color is achieved by roasting the bones and mirepoix. This also adds a rich, full flavour. Veal bones are the most common type used in a fond brun. Tomato paste is often added (sometimes thinned tomato paste is painted onto the roasting bones). The acid in the paste helps break down the connective tissue helping accelerating the formation of gelatin, as well as giving color to the stock."
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"bones"
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4334526008038187785
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State Board of Equalization (California)
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State Board of Equalization ( California ) - Wikipedia State Board of Equalization ( California ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2014 ) The State Board of Equalization ( BOE ) is a public agency charged with tax administration and fee collection in the state of California in the United States . The authorities of the Board fell into four broad areas : sales and use taxes , property taxes , special taxes , and acting as an appellate body for franchise and income tax appeals ( which are collected by the Franchise Tax Board ) . The BOE is the only publicly elected tax commission in the United States . The board is made up of four directly elected members , each representing a district for four - year terms , along with the State Controller , who is elected on a statewide basis , serving as the fifth member . In June 2017 , Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation stripping the Board of many of its powers , returning the agency to its original core responsibilities ( originating in the State Constitution in 1879 ) . Contents 1 History 2 Equalization districts 2.1 First district 2.2 Second district 2.3 Third district 2.4 Fourth district 3 Members of the Board of Equalization 4 Tax and fee programs 4.1 Sales and Use Tax Programs 4.2 Special Tax and Fee Programs 4.3 Property Tax Programs 4.4 Tax Appellate Programs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The State Board of Equalization was created in 1879 by ratification of the second Constitution of California . Its original mandate was to ensure that property tax assessments were uniform and equal across all counties in the state . Prior to the creation of the state income tax , sales tax , and fuel taxes in the 1930s , California 's state government was almost completely supported by property taxes , which were and still are assessed at the county level by elected tax assessors . Assessors were tempted to boost their popularity with county voters by undervaluing voters ' property ( and thereby lowering their taxes ) . This presented the risk of counties with honest assessors paying more than their fair share of the burden of operating the state government , so the Board of Equalization was created to equalize the burden . The California Franchise Tax Board and the Employment Development Department are separately also responsible for collecting taxes . Some have criticized this as inefficient . Efforts to reform the Board were made in the 1940s , 1950s , 1960s , 1990s , and 2000s . In 1994 , Governor Pete Wilson vetoed a plan by the legislature to abolish the Franchise Tax Board and give its responsibilities to the Board of Equalization , explaining in his veto message that the state should have done the opposite . In 2004 , Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger released a 2,500 - page report seeking to merge the Board with other agencies and then promoted a bill by Assemblywomen Lois Wolk to do just that . The effort failed . In 2008 , the agency employed approximately 3,950 people throughout the state . By 2017 , the Board had expanded to collecting $60 billion a year . It collected sales and use taxes , hazardous waste fees , jet fuel taxes , marijuana taxes , and over 30 additional taxes . That year , the Board had 4,700 employees and a $617 million annual budget . Board members are paid a $137,000 annual salary and are each allowed to hire a 12 member staff . Each year , the Board spends at least $3 million on education events where elected members appear before their constituents . In March 2017 , an audit by the California Department of Finance revealed missing funds and signs of nepotism , leading to calls for the governor to put the Board under a public trustee . In June 2017 , the California Department of Justice began a criminal investigation into the members of the Board . On June 27 , 2017 , Governor Jerry Brown signed into law legislation stripping the Board of its powers . The legislation created two new departments controlled by the governor responsible for the Board 's statutory duties , the California Department of Tax Fee Administration and the California Office of Tax Appeals . The Board still has its constitutional powers to review property tax assessments , insurer tax assessment , alcohol excise tax , and pipeline taxes . The Board will retain 400 employees , with the rest of its 4,800 workers being shifted to the new departments . Equalization districts ( edit ) District map ( effective January 1 , 2015 ) First District Second District Third District Fourth District For the purposes of tax administration , the BOE divides the state into four Equalization districts , each with its own elected board member . Following the 2011 redistricting , the new districts have been in effect since January 1 , 2015 . First District ( edit ) The first Equalization District is made up of the following counties : Alpine , Amador , Butte , Calaveras , El Dorado , Fresno , Inyo , Kern , Kings , Lassen , Madera , Mariposa , Merced , Modoc , Mono , Nevada , Placer , Plumas , Sacramento , San Joaquin , Shasta , Sierra , Siskiyou , Stanislaus , Sutter , Tulare , Tuolumne , Yuba , a portion of Los Angeles , and a portion of San Bernardino . Before 2015 , most of this area was the second district . Second District ( edit ) The second Equalization District is made up of the following counties : Alameda , Colusa , Contra Costa , Del Norte , Glenn , Humboldt , Lake , Marin , Mendocino , Monterey , Napa , San Benito , San Francisco , San Luis Obispo , San Mateo , Santa Clara , Santa Cruz , Solano , Sonoma , Tehama , Trinity , Yolo , and Santa Barbara . Before 2015 , most of this area was the first district . Third District ( edit ) The third Equalization District is made up of Ventura County and a portion of Los Angeles County , including the cities of Agoura Hills , Alhambra , Arcadia , Artesia , Avalon , Baldwin Park , Bell , Bell Gardens , Bellflower , Beverly Hills , Burbank , Calabasas , Carson , Cerritos , City of Industry , Commerce , Compton , Covina , Cudahy , Culver City , Diamond Bar , Downey , El Monte , El Segundo , Gardena , Glendale , Glendora , Hawaiian Gardens , Hawthorne , Hermosa Beach , Hidden Hills , Huntington Park , Inglewood , La Cañada Flintridge , La Habra Heights , La Mirada , La Puente , Lakewood , Lawndale , Lomita , Long Beach , Los Angeles , Lynwood , Malibu , Manhattan Beach , Maywood , Monrovia , Montebello , Monterey Park , Norwalk , Paramount , Pasadena , Pico Rivera , Redondo Beach , Rosemead , San Gabriel , San Marino , Santa Fe Springs , Santa Monica , Sierra Madre , Signal Hill , South El Monte , South Gate , South Pasadena , Temple City , Torrance , Vernon , Walnut , West Covina , West Hollywood , Westlake Village , and Whittier . Fourth District ( edit ) The fourth Equalization District is made up of the following counties : Imperial , Orange , Riverside , San Diego , a portion of Los Angeles , and a portion of San Bernardino . Members of the Board of Equalization ( edit ) The current board members are : George Runner ( R ) ( First District ) Fiona Ma ( D ) ( Second District ) Jerome Horton ( D ) ( Third District ) Diane Harkey ( R ) ( Fourth District ) Betty Yee ( D ) ( State Controller ) The terms of all five members , including the State Controller , began on January 5 , 2015 . Year 1st District 2nd District 3rd District 4th District State Controller 1879 James L. King Moses M. Drew Warren Dutton Tyler D. Heiskel Daniel M. Kenfield 1880 1881 1882 1883 Charles Gildea L.C. Morehouse C.E. Wilcoxon John Markley John P. Dunn 1884 1885 1886 1887 Gordon E. Sloss John T. Gaffey 1888 1889 1890 1891 J.S. Swan Richard H. Beamer James R. Hebbron Edward P. Colgan 1892 1893 1894 1895 A. Chesebrough George L. Arnold 1896 1897 1898 1899 J.G. Edwards Alexander Brown Thomas O. Toland 1900 1901 1902 1903 William H. Alford Frank Mattison 1904 1905 1906 A.B. Nye 1907 Joseph H. Scott Richard E. Collins Jeff McElvaine 1908 1909 1910 1911 Edward M. Rolkin John Mitchell 1912 1913 John S. Chambers 1914 1915 John C. Corbett 1916 1917 1918 1919 Phillip D. Wilson 1920 1921 Ray L. Riley 1922 1923 Harvey G. Cattell 1924 1925 1926 1927 John C. Corbett Fred E. Stewart 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 Orfa Jean Shnotz 1936 1937 Harry B. Riley 1938 1939 George R. Reilly Eric Mont 1940 1941 1942 1943 James H. Quinn 1944 1945 1946 Thomas Kuchel 1947 Jerrold L. Seawell 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 Robert C. Kirkwood 1954 Paul R. Leake 1955 Robert E. McDavid 1956 1957 1958 1959 John W. Lynch Richard Nevins Alan Cranston 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Houston I. Flournoy 1968 1969 1970 1971 William M. Bennett 1972 1973 Kenneth Cory 1976 Iris G. Sankey 1977 1978 1979 Ernest J. Dronenburg Jr . 1980 1981 1982 Conway H. Collis 1984 1985 1986 William M. Bennett Conway H. Collis Ernest J. Dronenburg , Jr . Paul B. Carpenter Gray Davis Brad Sherman Matt Fong Johan Klehs Dean Andal Brad Sherman Kathleen Connell John Chiang 1998 1999 Claude Parrish Carole Migden Bill Leonard Steve Westly 2005 Betty Yee 2006 2007 Michelle Park Steel Judy Chu John Chiang 2008 2009 Barbara Alby / Sean Wallentine Steve Shea / Jerome Horton 2011 George Runner Jerome Horton 2012 2013 2014 2015 George Runner Fiona Ma Jerome Horton Diane Harkey Betty Yee 2016 2017 2018 Tax and Fee Programs ( edit ) The State Board of Equalization administers the following tax and fee programs : Sales and Use Tax Programs ( edit ) For more information on sales and use taxes in California , see the `` California '' section of Sales taxes in the United States . Sales and Use Tax Bradley - Burns Uniform Local Sales and Use Tax District Transactions ( Sales ) and Use Tax Special Tax and Fee Programs ( edit ) Electronic Waste Recycling Fee Environmental Fees Hazardous Substances Tax Marine Invasive Species Fee ( formerly Ballast Water Management Fee ) Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Fee Excise Taxes Alcoholic Beverages Tax Alternative Cigarette Tax Stamp Program ( ACTS ) California Tire Fee Cigarette and Tobacco Products Tax Cigarette and Tobacco Products Licensing Program Emergency Telephone Users Surcharge Energy Resources Surcharge Insurance Tax Integrated Waste Management Fee Natural Gas Surcharge Fuel Taxes Aircraft Jet Fuel Tax Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Fee Diesel Fuel Tax International Fuel Tax Agreement ( IFTA ) Interstate User Diesel Fuel Tax Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax Oil Spill Response , Prevention , and Administration Fees Underground Storage Tank Maintenance Fee Use Fuel Tax Property Tax Programs ( edit ) County Assessed Properties Division Private Railroad Car Tax State - Assessed Property Program Timber Yield Tax Tax Appellate Programs ( edit ) Bank and Corporation Tax Law Personal Income Tax Homeowner and Renter Property Tax Assistance Law Publicly Owned Property Assessment Review Program Taxpayers ' Bill of Rights Law See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State Board of Equalization ( California ) . Districts in California References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : State Board of Equalization , About BOE Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization , Board Members ^ Jump up to : Ashton , Adam ( 23 April 2017 ) . `` For 90 years , Californians have tried to kill this tax board . This is why they failed '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Simmons , California Tax Collection : Time for Reform , 48 Santa Clara L. Rev. 279 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization , 2007 - 2008 Annual Report , Profile , `` Governance '' p. 3 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Adam ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Audit : California tax collectors on ' parking lot duty ' for promotional events as politicos push boundaries '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Adam ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Here 's the audit shaking up the Board of Equalization '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Adam ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Criminal investigation targets California tax board leaders '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGreevy , Patrick ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` In massive shakeup , Gov. Jerry Brown breaks up California 's scandal - plagued tax collection agency '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` California -- Bill shifts nearly all tax administration and appeal functions from the BOE to two new tax organizations '' . PricewaterhouseCoopers . June 2017 . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/maps-final-draft-board-of-equalization-districts.html Jump up ^ http://www.boe.ca.gov/info/new_boundaries.htm Jump up ^ `` California State Board of Equalization Members Assume Office '' . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization , 2007 - 2008 Annual Report , Profile , `` Tax and Fee Programs , 2007 - 2008 '' pp. 2 . Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization . `` Special Taxes '' . Retrieved May 21 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Board of Equalization Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_Board_of_Equalization_(California)&oldid=847717962 '' Categories : State agencies of California Taxation in California Revenue services Government agencies established in 1879 Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 09 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the board of equalization in california
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Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (TV series)
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Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( TV series ) - wikipedia Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Buck Rogers in the 25th Century Region 1 US DVD cover ( 2004 ) Developed by Glen A. Larson Leslie Stevens Starring Gil Gerard Erin Gray Pamela Hensley ( Season 1 ) Tim O'Connor ( Season 1 ) Felix Silla Mel Blanc Eric Server ( Season 1 ) Thom Christopher ( Season 2 ) Jay Garner ( Season 2 ) Wilfrid Hyde - White ( Season 2 ) Composer ( s ) Stu Phillips ( theme ) Johnny Harris ( theme ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 37 ( List of episodes ) Production Running time 60 min . ( with commercials ) Production company ( s ) Glen A. Larson Productions Leisure Concepts Universal Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Original release September 20 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 20 ) -- April 16 , 1981 ( 1981 - 04 - 16 ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century is an American science - fiction adventure television series produced by Universal Studios . The series ran for two seasons between 1979 and 1981 , and the feature - length pilot episode for the series was released as a theatrical film , before the series aired . The film and series were developed by Glen A. Larson and Leslie Stevens , based on the character Buck Rogers created in 1928 by Philip Francis Nowlan that had previously been featured in comic strips , novellas , a serial film , and on television and radio . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept and broadcast history 2 Film 3 Series 3.1 Second season 4 Cast 5 Episodes 5.1 International broadcast 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Home video releases 9 References 10 External links Concept and broadcast history ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Inspired by the success of Star Wars , Universal began developing Buck Rogers for television , spearheaded by Glen A. Larson , who had a production deal with the studio . Production began in 1978 . Initially , Larson and Universal had planned on making a series of Buck Rogers TV movies for NBC . The pilot for Larson 's other science - fiction series , Battlestar Galactica ( 1978 ) , had been released theatrically in some countries and in key locations in North America , and had done well at the box office . Universal then opted to release the first Buck Rogers TV movie theatrically on March 30 , 1979 . Good box - office returns led NBC to commission a weekly series , which began on September 20 , 1979 , with a slightly modified version of the theatrical release . The production recycled many of the props , effects shots , and costumes from Battlestar Galactica , which was still in production at the time the pilot for Buck Rogers was being filmed . For example , the `` landram '' vehicle was made for the Galactica series , and the control sticks used in the Terran starfighters in the pilot movie were the same as those used in Galactica 's Viper craft . The Terran starfighters were also concept designer Ralph McQuarrie 's original vision of the Colonial Vipers . The new series centered on Captain William Anthony `` Buck '' Rogers , played by Gil Gerard , a NASA / USAF pilot who commands Ranger 3 , a spacecraft that is launched in May 1987 . Due to a life - support malfunction , Buck is accidentally frozen for 504 years before his spacecraft is discovered adrift in the year 2491 . The combination of gases that froze his body coincidentally comes close to the formula commonly used in the 25th century for cryopreservation , and his rescuers are able to revive him . He learns that civilization on Earth was rebuilt following a devastating nuclear war that occurred on November 22 , 1987 , and is now under the protection of the Earth Defense Directorate . The series followed him as he tried ( not always successfully ) to fit into 25th - century culture . As no traceable personal records of him remained , he was uniquely placed , due to his pilot and combat skills and personal ingenuity , to help Earth Defense foil assorted evil plots to conquer the planet . In many respects , this version of Buck Rogers was more similar to James Bond or Steve Austin than Nowlan 's original character , and Buck would often go under cover on various covert missions . Buck is aided in his adventures by his friend and sometimes romantic interest , Colonel Wilma Deering ( played by Erin Gray ) , a high - ranking officer and starfighter pilot . He is also assisted by Twiki , a small robot or `` ambuquad '' , as they were known . Twiki was played mainly by Felix Silla and voiced mainly by Mel Blanc ( who had previously voiced Daffy Duck as Duck Dodgers in spoofs of the early Buck Rogers and other science - fiction serials ) using a gruff voice very similar to the one he used for Barnyard Dawg . Twiki became Buck 's comic sidekick and communicated with an electronic noise that sounded like `` biddi - biddi - biddi '' , but also spoke English ( usually after saying `` biddi - biddi - biddi - biddi '' for several seconds ) . Also aiding Buck was Dr. Theopolis or `` Theo '' ( voiced by Eric Server ) , a sentient computer in the shape of a disk about 9 inches wide with an illuminated face . He was capable of understanding Twiki 's electronic language , and was often carried around by him . Theo was a member of Earth 's `` computer council '' and one of the planet 's scientific leaders . During the first season , Buck and Wilma took their orders from Dr. Elias Huer , played by Tim O'Connor , the head of the Defense Directorate . Some episodes suggested Huer was the leader of the entire planet , though this was never made completely clear . The series ' chief villain ( at least in the first season ) was Princess Ardala ( played by Pamela Hensley ) , whose goal was to conquer the Earth while making Buck her consort . She was aided by her henchman Kane ( played in the pilot film by Henry Silva and in the series by Michael Ansara ) . All of these characters were featured in the original comic strip , except for Dr. Theopolis and Twiki ( whose closest counterpart in earlier versions would likely be Buck 's human sidekick , Buddy Wade ) . Kane ( or Killer Kane as he was then known ) was also featured in the 1939 film serial and was actually the chief villain himself , rather than Ardala 's henchman ( Ardala did not appear in the film serial ) . The pilot film depicted human civilization as fairly insular , with an invisible defense shield that surrounded the entire planet , protecting it from invaders . Civilization was restricted to a few cities ; the main city seen in the pilot and weekly series was New Chicago , which was also known as the Inner City . Travel beyond the Inner City was hazardous , as much of the planet was said to be a radioactive wasteland inhabited by violent mutants ( as Buck discovered when he visited the derelict remains of old Chicago ) . Film ( edit ) Main article : Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( film ) The first made - for - TV movie was released theatrically in March 1979 as Buck Rogers in the 25th Century . The film made $21 million at the North American box office , prompting Universal to move ahead with a weekly series later that year . The film , which was also released internationally , featured all of the main protagonist characters who would appear in the weekly series , including Princess Ardala of the planet Draconia , and her henchman , Kane . Series ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The theatrical film also served as a pilot and two - part first episode for the series , entitled `` Awakening '' . Several scenes were edited , some to remove the more adult dialogue in the film ( including when Buck refers to Wilma as `` ballsy '' , and later when he says `` shit '' ) , and a scene in which Buck kills Ardala 's henchman , Tigerman , was edited to allow the character to return in later episodes ( the TV version of the pilot for Battlestar Galactica had similarly removed the death of a supporting character ( Baltar ) to allow the character to become a regular in the TV series ) . Also , some new and extended scenes were added for the TV version , including several scenes within Buck 's new apartment , which was the setting for a new final scene in which Dr. Huer and Wilma try to persuade Buck to join the Defense Directorate . This scene ends with Buck actually declining their offer , though he opts to join them in an unofficial capacity by the first episode of the series proper , `` Planet of the Slave Girls '' . Including the two - part pilot episode , the first season comprised 24 episodes , with four of the stories being two - parters . The tone of the series was lighter than the pilot movie , and showed a more positive picture of future Earth . The Inner City was now known as New Chicago , and it was established that human civilization had spread once again across the planet , and also to the stars . After the movie pilot , no reference to barren radioactive wastelands was made , and in several episodes , the world outside is shown as lush and green . The mutants seen in the pilot film were no longer seen , and Buck sometimes ventured outside New Chicago with no hazards encountered . As opposed to the isolationist planet seen in the film , Earth no longer has an invisible defense shield surrounding it and is shown to be the center of an interstellar human - dominated government , sometimes called `` the Federation '' of `` the Alliance '' , with its capital at New Chicago . During the first season , references were also made to other `` new '' Earth cities such as New Detroit , New Manhattan , New Phoenix , New Tulsa , Boston Complex , and New London . A `` City - on - the - Sea '' was also seen , mentioned as being the former New Orleans . Wilma Deering and Dr. Huer were the only Defense Directorate personnel seen in every episode , though several others were seen in individual episodes . Most Defense Directorate personnel regard Buck as being at least an ' honorary ' captain , in reference to his 20th - century American military rank , but his membership in Earth 's defense forces is unofficial . Nevertheless , Buck often flies with the fighter squadrons , and uses his 20th - century U.S. Air Force background to assist in their training . Dr. Huer regularly meets , greets , and otherwise deals with representatives of other sovereign powers . Huer was also seen in military uniform ( at formal occasions ) , thus indicating he is or was a member of the military . Travel between the stars was accomplished with the use of stargates : artificially created portals in space ( similar in appearance to wormholes ) , but referred to as `` warp '' travel on at least one occasion by Wilma Deering . Stargates appear as a diamond - shaped quartet of brilliant lights in space that shimmered when a vessel was making transit . Some people find the transit through a stargate to be physically unpleasant ( transit resembling a `` spinning '' of the spacecraft ) . Buck 's dislike of them is shown in part one of the episode `` Planet of the Slave Girls '' and again in part two of the episode `` The Plot to Kill a City '' . To portray futuristic - looking buildings on Earth , the show used stock shots of the remaining national pavilions of Expo 67 , particularly the French and British pavilions as well as shots of the Bonaventure Hotel in downtown Los Angeles . Juanin Clay , who played Major Marla Landers in the first - season episode `` Vegas in Space '' , was originally cast as Wilma for the TV series ( Erin Gray had initially opted not to return after the pilot film , but she later changed her mind ) . A relationship between Buck and Wilma was hinted at , but rarely expanded upon , and in the first season , Buck was involved ( to some degree ) with a different woman almost every week . Producers demanded that Wilma have blonde hair and dye jobs were needed to lighten Erin Gray 's brunette locks . During the final episodes of the first season , Gray was allowed to return to her natural hair color , and Wilma was dark - haired thereafter . Buck 's best - known enemy during the first season was Princess Ardala , played by Pamela Hensley , whose desire was to conquer and possess both Earth and Buck himself . She appeared in four separate stories , including the pilot film , two single episodes ( `` Escape from Wedded Bliss '' and `` Ardala Returns '' ) , and the two - part first - season finale ( `` Flight of the War Witch '' ) . The opening title sequence for the series included stock footage from the Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 launches . The series had an overall budget of $800,000 per hour of air time , according to Starlog issue # 32 ( March 1980 ) . Former actor Jock Gaynor served as producer for 20 episodes . Although reasonably popular with viewers , the first season failed to receive much critical acclaim . One vocal critic of the series was Gerard himself , who pushed for more serious storytelling and often clashed with the producers and the network ( NBC ) over the show 's tone and handling . In the November 1980 issue of Starlog , even Gerard said he had hoped the series would not be picked up for a second season because he had no wish to go through another season like the first one . Second season ( edit ) Production of the second season was delayed by several months due to an actors ' strike . When production resumed in the fall of 1980 , the series had a new set of producers ( headed by John Mantley , who had primarily worked on television westerns ) and the format of the series was changed . Instead of defending the Earth from external threats , Buck , Wilma and Twiki were now a part of a crew aboard an Earth spaceship called the Searcher . The Searcher , which displayed the Latin motto `` Per ardua ad astra '' ( `` through adversity to the stars '' or `` through work to the stars '' ) on its side , had a mission to seek out the lost `` tribes '' of humanity who had scattered in the five centuries since Earth 's 20th - century nuclear war . ( This is a theme present in Glen A. Larson 's previous science - fiction television series , Battlestar Galactica . ) Another notable change in the second season was the disappearance of many of the regular characters of the first season , such as Dr. Huer , Dr. Theopolis , Princess Ardala , and Kane . However , several new characters were added : Admiral Efram Asimov ( Jay Garner ) , commander of the Searcher and a descendant of the famous science fiction author Isaac Asimov Hawk ( Thom Christopher ) , an alien character who represents the last of the nearly extinct bird people Dr. Goodfellow ( Wilfrid Hyde - White ) , an elderly scientist with insatiable curiosity Crichton ( voiced by Jeff David ) , a snobbish robot , built by Goodfellow , but who finds it difficult to believe that lowly humans could have ever built him The character of Wilma Deering was `` softened '' in the second season as the producers attempted to tone down the militaristic `` Colonel Deering '' image , who often gave Buck orders , and tried to make her more `` feminine '' . Another change in the second season was the sound of Twiki 's voice . Mel Blanc left the series after the end of the first season and another actor , Bob Elyea , supplied Twiki 's voice . Blanc returned for the final six episodes of the second season , though no explanation was given for the change in Twiki 's voice . The opening narrative was also modified for the second season , both in terms of the narrator 's voice and content . In the first season , William Conrad delivered the following opening narrative : The year is 1987 , and NASA launches the last of America 's deep space probes . In a freak mishap , Ranger 3 and its pilot , Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers , are blown out of their trajectory into an orbit which freezes his life - support systems , and returns Buck Rogers to Earth , 500 years later . In the second season , Hank Simms ( best known for his announcing work on many of the programs produced by Quinn Martin Productions ) delivered the following alternate narrative : In the year 1987 , NASA launched the last of America 's deep space probes . Aboard this compact starship , a lone astronaut , Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers , was to experience cosmic forces beyond all comprehension . In a freak mishap , his life - support systems were frozen by temperatures beyond imagination . Ranger 3 was blown out of its planned trajectory into an orbit one thousand times more vast , an orbit which was to return Buck Rogers to Earth , 500 years later . These were abbreviated and altered versions of the narrative heard in the original pilot movie , delivered by Conrad : In the year 1987 , at the John F. Kennedy Space Center , NASA launched the last of America 's deep space probes . The payload , perched on the nosecone of the NASA rocket , was a one - man exploration vessel : Ranger 3 . Aboard this compact starship , a lone astronaut , Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers , was to experience cosmic forces beyond all comprehension : an awesome brush with death . In the blink of an eye , his life - support systems were frozen by temperatures beyond imagination . Ranger 3 was blown out of its planned trajectory into an orbit a thousand times more vast , an orbit which was to return the ship full circle to its point of origin , its mother Earth , not in five months ... but in 500 years . For 500 years , Buck Rogers drifted through a world in which reality and fantasy merged into a timeless dream . The introduction narrative from the pilot episode ( `` Awakening '' ) was also different : For 500 years , Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers has been miraculously preserved , frozen by temperatures beyond imagination . Now , in Earth year 2491 , he is rudely awakened by the sinister forces of the Draconian realm . The substance of the storylines also changed in the second season . Less emphasis was placed on militaristic ideals and , with a few exceptions , Gerard scaled back the humor in the second season in favor of more serious episodes . Buck 's and Wilma 's relationship became slightly more romantic during the second year , though most romantic activity was implied and took place off - screen . Moreover , the second season deals with more serious concepts such as evolution , ecology , racism , pollution , war , nuclear power , identity , the self , and religion . It also draws on mythology as exemplified by Hawk 's people , who are variants on the bird people found in mythologies around the world and makes special reference to the moai of Easter Island . An episode also included a story about mythical satyr creatures . As well as its parallels to Larson 's previous television series Battlestar Galactica , the second season is similar in theme to Star Trek , with the Searcher roaming through space much like the USS Enterprise had , Buck being the maverick explorer true to the style of Captain James T. Kirk , and the serious , rather stoic Hawk being a revamped version of Mr. Spock . Even Wilma had , to some extent , been remodeled after Lt. Uhura from Star Trek , often dressed in a miniskirt uniform and regularly sat at a communications console on the bridge of the Searcher . Ratings dropped significantly after the season premiere . NBC canceled the series at the end of an 11 - episode strike - abbreviated season . No finale storyline was produced , with the final episode broadcast being a normal standalone episode . Cast ( edit ) Gil Gerard - Captain William `` Buck '' Rogers Erin Gray - Colonel Wilma Deering Tim O'Connor - Dr. Elias Huer ( first season ) Pamela Hensley as Princess Ardala ( first season ) Michael Ansara as Kane ( first season ) ( played by Henry Silva in the theatrical film ) Wilfrid Hyde - White - Dr. Goodfellow ( second season ) Thom Christopher - Hawk ( second season ) Jay Garner - Admiral Efram Asimov ( second season ) Paul Carr - Lt. Devlin ( second season ) Felix Silla - Twiki ( physical performance ) Patty Maloney - Twiki ( physical performance , 3 episodes ) Mel Blanc - Voice of Twiki ( first season , plus second - season episodes starting with `` The Crystals '' through `` Testimony of a Traitor '' ) Bob Elyea - Voice of Twiki ( second - season episodes `` Time of the Hawk '' to `` The Golden Man '' ) Eric Server - Voice of Dr. Theopolis ( first season ) ( voiced by Howard F. Flynn in the pilot ) Jeff David - Voice of Crichton ( second season ) William Conrad - Narrator ( first season ) Hank Simms - Narrator ( second season ) Guest stars throughout the series included Jamie Lee Curtis , Markie Post , Dorothy Stratten , Leigh McCloskey , Trisha Noble , Richard Moll , Jerry Orbach , Gary Coleman , Jack Palance , Sam Jaffe , Vera Miles , and Buster Crabbe ( who had played Buck Rogers in the 1930s film serial ) . Joseph Wiseman also appeared in one episode of the series , and was also briefly seen in the theatrical version of the pilot as Emperor Draco ( Princess Ardala 's father ) , but his appearance was edited out of the television version . Several actors who had played villains in the 1960s Batman television series also guest - starred , including Cesar Romero , Frank Gorshin , Roddy McDowell , and Julie Newmar . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century episodes International broadcast ( edit ) The series was shown in the UK by ITV , beginning in late August 1980 , with the feature - length two - part episode `` Planet of the Slave Girls '' ( the pilot film , which had been released theatrically in Britain in summer 1979 , was not actually shown on British television until 1982 ) . ITV broadcast Buck Rogers in an early Saturday evening slot , where it competed against , and beat , the BBC 's long - running science fiction series Doctor Who , which started its 18th season on the same day . As a similar effect had occurred a few years earlier when several ITV stations screened Man from Atlantis against Doctor Who ; this prompted the BBC to move Doctor Who to a new weekday slot for its next season in 1982 , though Buck Rogers had been cancelled in the US by then . The BBC would repeat the Buck Rogers series on BBC Two in 1989 and again in 1995 - 96 . The series also aired in Canada on CTV , on the same day and time as the NBC airings . Reception ( edit ) Contemporary assessments of Buck Rogers in the 25th Century were generally mixed . In his book Sci - Fi TV from Twilight Zone to Deep Space Nine , writer James van Hise claimed the show 's scripts `` just never took advantage of what they had at hand '' and criticized Larson 's version of Buck Rogers as a cynical attempt to exploit one of the most loved characters in American popular culture . John Javna 's book The Best of Science Fiction TV included Buck Rogers in the 25th Century on its list of the `` Worst Science Fiction Shows of All Time '' ( along with The Starlost , Space : 1999 and Manimal ) . Journalist Bill Lengeman also strongly criticized the program , stating `` the acting is so wooden that Ed Wood himself ( no pun intended ) would surely have gone weak in the knees and wept openly upon witnessing it '' . Lengemen also called the Buck Rogers episode `` Space Rockers '' the worst episode of TV science fiction he had ever seen . On a more positive note , writing in the UK 's Observer newspaper in October 1980 ( shortly after the series began showing there ) , journalist Clive James stated `` the best comic - strip science fiction on at the moment is Buck Rogers in the 25th Century . The hardware looks good and Wilma Deering looks simply sensational , like Wonder Woman with brains . '' Merchandise ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Two novels were published by Dell Publishing based on this series , both by Addison E. Steele . The first ( ISBN 0 - 440 - 10843 - 8 ) was a novelization of the pilot film . The second , That Man on Beta ( ISBN 0 - 440 - 10948 - 5 ) , was adapted from an unproduced episode script . A fumetti book entitled Buck Rogers in the 25th Century was published by Fotonovel Publications in 1979 . Gold Key Comics published fourteen issues of a Buck Rogers in the 25th Century comic book based upon the show . The comic book started with issue number two , picking up the numbering from an issue published in 1964 in the style of the old comic strips . Starting with issue five , new adventures were created in the series continuity . The first three issues ( two - four ) were reprinted in a `` Giant Movie Edition '' which was distributed by Marvel Comics . Artists on the series included Al McWilliams , Frank Bolle and José Delbo . The comic outlived the series by several months . Issue number ten was never published and this comic book series was cancelled after issue number sixteen . The comic book remained within the continuity of Season 1 and did not feature any characters from Season 2 . A strip based on the television series also ran in two publications in the UK : Look - In with 64 weekly installments covering 10 separate adventures between autumn 1980 and early 1982 , and TV Tops , which picked up the rights from 1982 for two shorter runs . Both were based on the format of the first year of the series . Two sets of action figures were produced by Mego , including a 12 '' line and a series of 3.75 '' figures and scaled spaceships . Milton - Bradley produced a Buck Rogers board game and a series of jigsaw puzzles . Other companies produced a variety of tie - ins , including model kits of the spaceships from Monogram , die - cast toys from Corgi , Topps trading cards , and a painted metal lunch box . In 2011 , Zica Toys began production of a new line of action figures based on the TV series . These 8 '' action figures are loosely based on Mego designs , but as noted above , Mego did not produce an 8 '' line of Buck Rogers figures , so Zica 's line is actually the first line of 8 `` , cloth - costumed action figures based on the TV series . Characters planned include Buck Rogers , Hawk , Killer Kane , Tigerman , and Draconian Warriors . The popularity of the TV series led to the revival of the Buck Rogers newspaper strip , daily and Sunday , drawn by Gray Morrow and written by Jim Lawrence . The strip ran from September 9 , 1979 to October 26 , 1980 , and was reprinted in its entirety , with the Sundays in color , in a large trade paperback . Home video releases ( edit ) Though the theatrical version of the pilot film was released on home video in the 1980s , the series was not released on home video until the late 1990s . In the U.S. , each episode was released individually on a VHS cassette . In other countries , such as the UK , two episodes were released on a single cassette . Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in North America ( Region 1 ) on November 16 , 2004 . While it does contain every episode ( from both seasons ) , the pilot episode included is the theatrical version and not the TV version . The set contains five double - sided discs . The series was released on DVD in Europe ( Region 2 ) , though each season was released separately as opposed to in one set like the Region 1 release . Season 1 was released on November 22 , 2004 and season 2 on October 31 , 2005 , neither of which had the same cover artwork or menu screens as the Region 1 release . Notable differences are the addition of subtitles for various European languages . On January 24 , 2012 , Universal Studios re-released Season One by itself in North America , as a six disc set . The discs were single - sided for this release , in contrast to the double - sided discs released in 2004 . Season Two was re-released with single - sided discs on January 8 , 2013 . As a bonus feature , the second season set includes the television version of the original pilot film , `` Awakening '' , the first time this version has been released on DVD . On August 17 , 2016 , Madman Entertainment ( a company that produces titles for release in Australia and New Zealand ) released the series on Blu - ray Disc in 1080p . The eight - disc set includes each episode in HD . Extras include : theatrical version of the Pilot episode and feature - length version of `` Flight Of The War Witch '' ( both in standard definition ) , the syndicated two - part version of `` Journey to Oasis '' ( in HD ) , textless opening and closing credits sequences , opening credits without voice - over narration , and isolated music & effects audio tracks on each episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century '' . AFI . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( March 30 , 1979 ) . `` Screen : ' Buck Rogers ' Glides on Automatic Pilot : ' Millionaire 's Row ' Tour '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century : The Complete Epic Series '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Houston , David ( April 1979 ) . `` Buck Rogers Becomes The Movie '' . Starlog . Starlog Group , Inc. ( 21 ) . Jump up ^ Leyland , Andrew ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Revisiting Buck Rogers in the 25th Century '' . Den of Geek . Dennis Publishing . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . 1 ) `` The fight between Buck and the mutants is longer in the theatrical version and a little more violent , and a line of dialogue in which Buck describes Wilma as `` ballsy '' was omitted from the TV Version . '' 2 ) `` The theatrical version differs again here from the TV version with Buck saying `` shit '' at one point during the fight and then clearly taking Tiger Man out with a well - placed kick to the Johnson and then , rather brutally , blowing him to pieces . Needless to say , these moments were trimmed for TV . '' Jump up ^ McDonnell , David ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` John Colicos : Full Expression '' . Star Trek.com . CBS Studios . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . `` Colicos ' performance was so engaging that Galactica creator Glen Larson reshot an execution scene ( in the pilot 's original cut and a theatrical release edition , Baltar had been beheaded ) . Instead , the futuristic quisling lived on to indulge in further deviltry ( as Colicos did in the subsequent TV series ) Jump up ^ Houston , David ( March 1980 ) . `` Paul Peter : Art Director for Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( interview ) '' . Starlog . Starlog Group , Inc. ( 32 ) : 41 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Willson , Karen E. ( November 1980 ) . `` The 25th Century That Almost Was n't - An Interview with Gil Gerard '' . Starlog . Starlog Group , Inc. ( 40 ) : 52 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Hofstede , David ( 2006 ) . 5000 Episodes and No Commercials : The Ultimate Guide to TV Shows On DVD . Google Books . Back Stage Books . Jump up ^ Willson , Karen E. ( October 1980 ) . `` With Changes Coming Fast and Heavy ... ( interview with Erin Gray ) '' . Starlog . Starlog Group , Inc. ( 39 ) : 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ TV listings for Saturday 30 August 1980 , available from BBC Genome ( http://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/ ) for BBC and various newspaper online archives for ITV . Jump up ^ James Van Hise. Sci - Fi TV from Twilight Zone to Deep Space Nine . New York , Pioneer Books , 1993 ISBN 155698362X Jump up ^ John Javna , The Best of Science Fiction TV : the critics ' choice . New York : Harmony Books , 1987 . ISBN 0517566508 ( p. 76 - 77 ) . Jump up ^ Twiki Love and Space Rock : Ruminations on The Worst SF TV Episode Ever Bill Lengemen , The Internet Review of Science Fiction . January 2007 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Clive James ( 5 October 1980 ) . `` Television : Torture by Telethon '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers '' . BugEyedMonster.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 11 ... Buckrogers.org Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century - The Complete Series '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century : The Complete Series '' . IGN . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century - Release Date Flies Into the Future for ' Season 2 ' on DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buck Rogers in the 25th Century : The Complete Series ( Blu Ray ) '' . External links ( edit ) Television portal Science fiction portal Interview with Erin Gray on the podcast The Future and You ( anecdotes about how she broke into Hollywood and how she feels about being remembered as Wilma Deering ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century on IMDb Buck Rogers in the 25th Century at Rotten Tomatoes Buck Rogers in the 25th Century at TV.com Official Site ( Syfy Channel ) . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2004 . ( hide ) Buck Rogers Novels Armageddon 2419 A.D. ( 1928 ) Buck Rogers : A Life in the Future ( 1995 ) Comic Strips List of Buck Rogers comic strips ( 1930 - 1965 , 1979 - 1984 ) Film , radio and television adaptations Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( radio series ) ( 1932 - 1936 , 1939 , 1940 , 1946 - 1947 ) Buck Rogers ( serial film - 12 parts ) ( 1939 ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( film ) ( 1979 ) Buck Rogers in the 25th Century ( TV series - 37 episodes ) ( 1979 - 81 ) Board games Buck Rogers XXVC ( 1988 ) Video games Buck Rogers : Planet of Zoom ( 1982 ) Buck Rogers : Countdown to Doomsday ( 1990 ) Buck Rogers : Matrix Cubed ( 1992 ) Other Wilma Deering Killer Kane High Adventure Cliffhangers Buck Rogers Adventure Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buck_Rogers_in_the_25th_Century_(TV_series)&oldid=843571100 '' Categories : Buck Rogers 1979 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American science fiction television series 1980s American science fiction television series American science fiction television series NBC network shows English - language television programs Space adventure television series Television programs based on comic strips Television series created by Glen A. Larson Television series by Universal Television Television series set in the 25th century 25th century in fiction Teleportation in fiction Utopian films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego Italiano Nederlands Português Русский ไทย 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played buck rogers in the 25th century
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[
"\nGil Gerard - Captain William \"Buck\" Rogers\nErin Gray - Colonel Wilma Deering\nTim O'Connor - Dr. Elias Huer (first season)\nPamela Hensley as Princess Ardala (first season)\nMichael Ansara as Kane (first season) (played by Henry Silva in the theatrical film)[2]\nWilfrid Hyde-White - Dr. Goodfellow (second season)\nThom Christopher - Hawk (second season)\nJay Garner - Admiral Efram Asimov (second season)\nPaul Carr - Lt. Devlin (second season)\nFelix Silla - Twiki (physical performance)\nPatty Maloney - Twiki (physical performance, 3 episodes)\nMel Blanc - Voice of Twiki (first season, plus second-season episodes starting with \"The Crystals\" through \"Testimony of a Traitor\")\nBob Elyea - Voice of Twiki (second-season episodes \"Time of the Hawk\" to \"The Golden Man\")\nEric Server - Voice of Dr. Theopolis (first season) (voiced by Howard F. Flynn in the pilot)\nJeff David - Voice of Crichton (second season)\nWilliam Conrad - Narrator (first season)\nHank Simms - Narrator (second season)\n"
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"Gil Gerard"
] |
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The Vampire Diaries (season 6)
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The Vampire Diaries ( Season 6 ) - Wikipedia The Vampire Diaries ( Season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Vampire Diaries ( season 6 ) Season 6 DVD Cover Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Kat Graham Candice Accola Zach Roerig Michael Trevino Matt Davis Michael Malarkey Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) -- May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of The Vampire Diaries episodes The Vampire Diaries , a one - hour American supernatural drama , was renewed for a sixth season by The CW on February 13 , 2014 , and it premiered on October 2 , 2014 . A majority of the episode titles for this season are named after songs released in 1994 & 1903 . The Vampire Diaries was renewed for a seventh season on January 11 , 2015 , by The CW . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Main ( edit ) Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman Michael Malarkey as Enzo St. John Recurring ( edit ) Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Josette `` Jo '' Laughlin ( born Parker ) Chris Wood as Malachai `` Kai '' Parker Penelope Mitchell as Olivia `` Liv '' Parker Marguerite MacIntyre as Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes Chris Brochu as Lucas `` Luke '' Parker Annie Wersching as Lily Salvatore Emily Chang as Ivy Gabrielle Walsh as Monique Tristin Mays as Sarah Nelson ( born Salvatore ) Marco James as Liam Davis Special guest ( edit ) Colin Ferguson as Thomas Vincent `` Tripp '' Cooke ( born Fell ) Guest ( edit ) Drew Stephenson as Colin Phelps Jayson Warner Smith as Dean Christopher Cousins as Joshua Parker Chris William Martin as Zach Salvatore ( flashback ) Jason MacDonald as Grayson Gilbert ( flashback ) Erin Beute as Miranda Sommers - Gilbert ( voice only ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 112 `` I 'll Remember '' Jeffrey Hunt Caroline Dries October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 2J7851 1.81 Four months later , Elena is having a horrible time coping with Damon 's death as she returns to Whitmore College for her sophomore year . She is taking drugs that Luke has given her in order to see Damon , but she soon develops side effects that make her violent . Caroline has dropped out of college to find a way to reverse the spell that the Travellers had put on the Mystic Falls border . Tyler adjusts to being human as he begins attending Whitmore while his feelings for Liv grow . Matt gets really worried after Jeremy continues to cope with Bonnie 's death by having sex with random girls and drinking . Alaric , after returning , is adjusting to his life as a vampire and works as a professor at Whitmore . Stefan has decided to live a normal life and started working as a mechanic after giving up on finding a way to get Bonnie and Damon back . Elena asks Alaric how he copes with being a vampire and asks him to compel her into forgetting about Damon . 113 `` Yellow Ledbetter '' Pascal Verschooris Julie Plec October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7852 1.67 Knowing she needs to come to terms with the loss of Damon , Elena turns to Alaric to help her move on with her life . So that Alaric can compel her to forget she ever loved Damon , Elena has to admit the moment she first realized she loved him . Caroline and Enzo try to convince Stefan not to give up on Damon , but Stefan is determined to start a new life away from everything that reminds him of Damon . Meanwhile , Matt worries about Jeremy who is spending time with Sarah , a mysterious girl supposedly from new York , who has recently arrived in Mystic Falls . Elsewhere , Tripp ( leader of the community protection program ) makes an interesting confession to Matt about his connection to the town . Lastly , with the Other Side destroyed and gone for good , Damon and Bonnie reluctantly band together to uncover the mystery of where they are and how they are going to get back home . Bonnie and Damon discover they are trapped in a time loop , and discover some one is in the house with them . 114 `` Welcome to Paradise '' Michael Allowitz Brian Young October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7853 1.83 Still reeling from Enzo murdering his girlfriend Ivy , Stefan compels his boss at the auto repair shop to give him a few days off so that he can hunt him down . Meanwhile , Elena seems over the top ecstatic since Alaric compelled her to forget all of her Damon memories . Stefan appears at Whitmore College , surprising Elena , who has just invited Liam to the party at the swimming hole . In the parallel dimension , while Bonnie and Damon are discussing the mysterious crossword puzzle incident during grocery shopping , more strange things happen -- food items missing from shelves ; the merry - go - round is activated ; Damon 's car appears in the parking lot , all which lead Damon to discover someone named Kai . In the other world , Stefan attempts to confront Enzo , but Enzo thwarts him and kills a vampire hunter who had followed them into the woods . Kai reveals that he has been following Damon and Bonnie , right before he announces that he wants to kill Damon just as Damon takes a drink of bourbon laced with vervain . Bonnie saves Damon by regaining her magic , and she and Damon capture Kai , who later admits that he faked the attempted killing of Damon to motivate Bonnie to regain her magic . Jeremy 's latest fling Sarah disappears . In a diner , Tripp Fell stabs Enzo with a syringe filled with vervain , which Enzo shakes off , right before Stefan stakes him . 115 `` Black Hole Sun '' Kellie Cyrus Melinda Hsu Taylor & Neil Reynolds October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7854 1.66 When Damon and Bonnie realize that uncovering a time from Damon 's past may provide clues to finding their way back home , Damon is forced to relive one of the worst days of his life . After an awkward run - in with Jo at the hospital , Alaric steps in to help Jeremy get his life together and cope with the loss of Bonnie . Meanwhile , in Savannah , Stefan attempts to show Elena what it is like to start over and create a new identity , while unsuspecting Matt finds himself in a disturbing situation when Tripp lets him in on a dark secret . Lastly Stefan , who is desperate to regain some normalcy in his life , is stunned when Ivy shows up as a vampire . 116 5 `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' Leslie Libman Brett Matthews October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7855 1.58 Kai tells Bonnie and Damon to prepare for the eclipse that can bring them back home . Bonnie soon discovers that Kai knew nothing about the spell and kills him . He never was dead , but he needed a Bennett to help him go back home , so he tries to kill Bonnie and Damon once they were close to coming back home . While Bonnie is bleeding on the ground , Damon fights Kai , but Bonnie uses her magic to make sure Damon goes back home . Meanwhile , Elena and Liam go to Whitmore College Corn Maze . While there , Tyler accidentally runs over the entire corn maze with a truck due to someone running out in the middle of the street , so Elena and Tyler have to make sure no one dies because then Tyler would unlock his werewolf curse . Stefan tells Caroline to teach Ivy the vampire ropes . Ivy breaks Caroline 's neck and Ivy decides to go feed , but did not know how to compel . Ivy gets captured at the end by Tripp . Stefan and Damon reunite . 117 6 `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' Garreth Stover Chad Fiveash & James Stoterau November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7856 1.59 Damon believes if he sees Elena , all her memories of him will be restored , but Elena does not want to meet him . Alaric asks Elena to see if Jo knows about vampires , and she discovers that Jo is a witch and knows Elena and Alaric are vampires . Tripp captures Damon and try to drive him and Enzo over the Mystic Falls borders . Alaric tries to stop Tripp from crossing the Mystic Falls borders but gets dragged across it himself . While looking for Damon , Enzo , and Alaric , Elena decides she wants her memories back . When they cross the border , Enzo , Damon , and Alaric slowly start to die and get magic stripped off of them . Jo was following Alaric and rescues him , but he comes back alive as human . Stefan rescues Damon and Enzo and later on meets Caroline , who tells him she does not want to be friends anymore . The episode ends with Elena and Damon meeting in her dorm . 118 7 `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' Darren Genet Rebecca Sonnenshine November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7857 1.54 Damon and Elena try to get back her memories with no luck , Elena gives up and crosses the border but Damon grabs her in time that she does not die . Elena only remembers bits and pieces but not enough to love Damon again . Damon decides to let Elena go while dropping her off at her dorm . Meanwhile , Stefan and Caroline need to get Tripp back from Enzo before the people who want Tripp back kill Caroline 's mom . Enzo secretly turns Tripp into a vampire without Caroline or Stefan knowing . Tripp crosses the Mystic Falls border and dies , while Caroline gets her mom back . Caroline sees that they hurt her mom and along with Stefan , they take Sheriff Forbes to the hospital and while waiting for her , Stefan and Caroline talk about what Enzo said earlier ( that Caroline loved Stefan and how he did not notice ) . They talk and Stefan apologizes for not knowing , which gets Caroline mad . Liam tells Elena that he is close to knowing how the girl who was in the maze recovered so quickly , which makes Elena alarmed since it was her blood that made the girl healed . 119 8 `` Fade Into You '' Joshua Butler Nina Fiore & John Herrera November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7858 1.68 As Caroline and Elena host Thanksgiving at their dorm , Elena seeks ways to confess her vampirism to Liam . Stefan , Damon and Alaric go to Portland to contact the Gemini coven concerning the ascendant whilst trying not to give Elena hope . Kai takes Bonnie to the same location and tells her his parents called him an abomination and tried all they could to keep their home hidden . Damon and Alaric tease Stefan about Caroline 's feelings for him prompting Stefan to kick Bonnie 's Teddy bear into the air and uncloaking a house . Liam apologizes to Elena for false accusations after Jo had altered Lady Whitmore 's medical track . Kai agrees to let Bonnie leave unharmed with his car if she has one last dinner with him . In a surprising turn of events it is revealed that Kai is Jo 's twin brother , Luke and Liv are both siblings to them and stem from the same family . Kai killed his four siblings targeting Luke and Liv to be the Covens leader . While searching for answers , Damon meets Kai 's father , Joshua , who casts another cloaking spell on him . As Damon wakes Joshua demands to know how he got out the trap of repeated hell and if Kai also knows the how to escape . The twins explain that there can not be two leaders in the coven and on their 22nd birthday one of them has to die . Joshua explains that he can not help Damon bring out Bonnie because if Kai escapes , he will be a problem to the world . He starts a spell to kill Jo and then tries to kill Damon but Stefan arrives in time to fend him off with a magic knife Jo spelled in 1994 while at the same time , Elena saves Jo with her blood much to Liam 's shock whom she compels afterwards . Kai explains the logic of his exile to Bonnie , reveals the same spelled knife and sucks out its magic . He then tells Bonnie he does not need her anymore but needs her blood and stabs her . Tyler vows to protect Liv and Stefan tries to make peace with Caroline who hands him a gift . Elena and Damon discuss their relationship . Finally Bonnie recovers from the stab and discovers Kai took the car and left her there . 120 9 `` I Alone '' Kellie Cyrus Brian Young & Holly Brix December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7859 1.49 Damon compels Alaric to do whatever he has to do to get the ascendant from Jo . After obtaining it , Liv sends Damon and Elena back to 1994 while Elena wonders why Jo agreed to give them the ascendant which is the only thing that is protecting her from her brother . Arriving in 1994 , Damon and Elena page Bonnie and are able to speak to her and tell her that they are bringing her home . In their conversation Bonnie tells them that Kai stabbed her to get her blood and fears that Kai might be free . Back in the Mystic Falls , Stefan meets a girl claiming to be Sarah , the daughter of their uncle , but it is revealed that she is actually an impostor who goes by the name Monique . Stefan knows about the real Sarah and where she is all these years since he has been watching over her whole life . He compels Monique to forget she ever knew Sarah and to leave Mystic Falls , because he does not want Damon , or anyone else , to know about Sarah . Enzo suspects that Stefan hides something and kills Monique because Stefan refuses to tell him . Meanwhile , Kai kills a cab driver and once he arrives in Mystic Falls he finds Liv . He steals some of her magic and tries to kill her but Tyler comes in time and saves her . In the process , Liv is forced to bring Damon and Elena back to the present without Bonnie . Jo finds out that the ascendant is gone and confronts Alaric , being the only other person who knew where she kept it , but Alaric swears he did not take it . Jo tells him that it might be possible that he took it but he does not remember because he was compelled to forget . Kai finds Damon and Elena in the cemetery and destroys the ascendant and afterwards he goes to Tyler and asks him to help him merge with Jo to keep Liv alive . 121 10 `` Christmas Through Your Eyes '' Michael Allowitz Caroline Dries December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7860 1.82 Seen in flashbacks ranging from 2007 to 2009 , high school students Elena , Bonnie and Caroline are decorating the school Christmas tree and enjoying a simpler time . In the present day , Kai kidnaps Jo and with Liv and Luke 's help , he locates the knife where Jo had hidden her magic and forces Jo to take it back by stabbing her , but she tells him that for that to work she has to be willing to do it because she put it there also willingly . Luke leaves saying that he does not want to be a part of Jo 's murder . Jo tells Kai that she may bleed out if he does not do anything and that all his efforts will be vain , so he leaves to go fetch some bandages and leaves Liv with the mission to find a way to give Jo her magic back . Meanwhile the sheriff is brought to the hospital where it is revealed that she has a tumor on her brain , and Stefan says to Caroline that she will die because vampire 's blood can not heal her . Jeremy and Matt trap Enzo with the intent of killing him but Matt wants to kill him slowly , which Jeremy finds a little harsh but Matt is determined . Liv tries to convince Jo to take her magic telling her that she may be able to beat Kai in the merge because of how well she has done without magic for 18 years . Kai comes back and tries to kill Liv which forces Jo to take back her magic . Damon and Alaric came to the rescue to find out that Jo has her magic back . They trick Kai and send him out of border where Alaric puts a gun on his temple but Jo comes out and asks him not to kill him because she might be able to beat him in the merge , and that she needs a little time to get strong . They chained him in Mystic Falls where he can not use any magic but after a while , Kai drains the magic from the travelers ' spell , something that also breaks the spell surrounding Mystic Falls . Matt brings Enzo past the border of Mystic Falls but Enzo can not die due to Kai absorbing all the magic . Enzo turns on Matt telling him that he will let him live if he helps him take away all things that makes Stefan happy . Damon and Stefan come back to their home in Mystic Falls , and when Elena arrives , Damon can not see her because of Kai 's cloaking spell . Kai kidnaps Elena . 122 11 `` Woke Up with a Monster '' Paul Wesley Melinda Hsu Taylor January 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7861 1.63 Kai has captured Elena and holds her as hostage in the Mystic Grill after killing the owner . He plans to practice his new found abilities on Elena to master his new magic . Meanwhile Caroline and Stefan start to look for a doctor who could cure Liz , and get to Duke . On the way Stefan goes to the art exhibition held by his niece , the true Sarah Nelson , but he is followed by Enzo . Kai brings Elena to high school and melts her daylight ring . Elena manages to escape Kai and phones Damon who comes with Liv to save her . However , Liv is abducted by her brother , Luke who comes to take her home . Needing a witch to perform a cloaking spell , Jo steps in to help Damon and they both enter the building . They manage to save Elena but Jo is becoming weaker and Kai spots them all . Meanwhile , after learning from a doctor that her mom has no treatment , Caroline decides to inject her blood to another cancer patient . The aftermath is a well - looking person who seems to have defeated the tumor . The patient is feeling alright again so Caroline and Stefan rush back to Mystic Falls . In the school , Kai tricks Damon to stab Elena and goes after Jo . Alaric and Jeremy come in to save Jo just in time and they decide to keep Kai under sedative . Once back home , Caroline reveals to her mother that only vampire blood can heal her and puts some in her tea . The episode ends with the patient slowly dying in a brutal way , just while Liz is drinking Caroline 's blood , with whom she now believes can be saved . 123 12 `` Prayer for the Dying '' Jeffrey Hunt Brett Matthews & Rebecca Sonnenshine January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7862 1.47 Caroline is woken up by Colin , the patient she gave her blood to . Stefan and Caroline learn that he has become a vampire . Liv and Luke 's father arrives to celebrate their birthday . They propose him to avoid the merge because none of them wants the other to die . In the hospital , Caroline and Stefan realize that Colin is a vampire but is not cured of his cancer . The tumor expanded and while he is a vampire , he can still feel the pain of the tumor growing . Caroline 's mom realises that she will go through the same as Caroline fed her her blood . Jo suggests a full blood transfusion but it fails . Tyler , who now knows the twins are ready for the merge ( as they are 22 years old ) , tries to wake Kai up , but is stopped by Damon . Kai helps Liz taking all the magic from her body but with the condition that the merge is set for that night . Meanwhile , Liz is having a heart attack and Elena is helping her . Mr Parker deceives the twins and begins to merge them , but Tyler comes just in time and hits him . Luke promises Liv he will come back and go and look for Kai . Kai and Jo begin the merge , although she is not ready yet . Luke stops the merge and convinces Kai to do it with him . Damon compels a doctor to save Liz 's life , but she dies . Caroline arrives in that moment and cries on her mother 's body . Before dying , Liz has a vision in which she sees her daughter with a bloody face , and then mysteriously wakes up . After the merge , Jo witnesses Luke and Kai fainting . While Jo is crying and holding her brother in her arms , he dies and she realizes that Kai has won the merge . 124 13 `` The Day I Tried to Live '' Pascal Verschooris Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7863 1.61 It is Bonnie 's birthday , and Jeremy does n't want to celebrate but is convinced by Damon and Elena to do so . The three of them attempt to piece the broken ascendant back together in attempt to send Bonnie a message , but they have a disturbing realization . Bonnie ca n't take the solitude anymore and is planning to commit suicide . With Kai 's help , Jeremy enters the world to try to stop Bonnie , who is in the garage and starting to poison herself with gas from the car . While saying goodbye to her friends via video , Bonnie realizes that she ca n't give up yet but is too weak to open the garage door and save herself . Jeremy manages to open the door , and Bonnie survives . Meanwhile , Stefan uncovers a secret about his great - niece Sarah Salvatore while Enzo wants to interfere with help from Matt for an alternate motive . Caroline is trying to cope with the hardships in her life , especially her mother 's illness , so Stefan keeps a close eye on her . Lastly , Jeremy contemplates leaving Mystic Falls for good and realizes it might be time to move on with his life . 125 14 `` Stay '' Chris Grismer Brian Young & Caroline Dries February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) 2J7864 1.52 With help from Elena and Damon , Jeremy graduates high school months earlier and is leaving town to go to art school . Caroline , on the other hand has Stefan help her surprise her mother with a vacation while the sheriff is with Damon attempting to solve an old unsolved case : the Gilberts ' accident . Elena and Jeremy get stoned together while bonding and talking about their old memories . Matt is still being blackmailed by Enzo , but he is starting to develop feelings for Sarah . Enzo calls Matt and threatens to kill Jeremy , who he has pinned down , unless Matt takes Sarah to a certain tunnel . Matt reluctantly goes on a walk with Sarah to the tunnel , and Enzo purposely hits Matt with a car . While Sarah panics , Enzo tells her to stay calm and gives Matt some of his blood . As Jeremy leaves , it is revealed that he lied and instead of going to art school , he is going to go hunt vampires and Alaric is the only one who knows about it . Meanwhile , Liz realizes that the events surrounding the Gilberts ' accident were natural and that she had been hoping for a supernatural reason so she could have someone to blame . Stefan and Caroline are setting up Liz 's room together and the two of them kiss on the porch . Liz 's condition rapidly deteriorates and she has to go back to the hospital , where she lies unconscious . Caroline rushes to the hospital and is upset because she did n't get to say goodbye , but Stefan helps her by suggesting that she goes inside her mom 's mind , which is what she does and with that the Sheriff dies . 126 15 `` Let Her Go '' Julie Plec Julie Plec February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) 2J7865 1.41 Bonnie has her magic back thanks to Damon 's message and is planning to return home that night . Kai is dying because he merged with Luke instead of Jo . He tells Jo that unless she gives him her magic , they and the rest of the coven will die and the prison worlds will collapse . Meanwhile , Damon is struggling to write Liz a eulogy and is having flashbacks to his mother 's funeral . He also tells Caroline that it will only get harder for her later after everyone expects her to move on . Before Liz 's funeral , Caroline tries to ask Stefan how he feels about her , but he responds by saying that he 'll talk to her about it later . The funeral takes place : Damon gives the eulogy , Caroline sings , and the police honor Liz one last time . The moving display prompts Matt to get an application to join the police for both himself and Tyler , who has been drinking heavily since his breakup with Liv . Jo decides to give Kai her magic , and as this is taking place , Bonnie 's prison world shifts in and out of the Salvatore home in 1903 , when the aurora borealis was taking place . Right before she is about to return home , she sees a woman who asks her who she is , but before she can learn more , she returns to the normal world . Kai feels healthy after receiving Jo 's magic , but before he leaves , he tells her that she is pregnant . Alaric proposes to her , telling her that he had already been planning to propose before the news , and she accepts . After Liz 's funeral , Caroline returns home , but Elena follows her and confronts her after realizing that Caroline plans to turn off her humanity to stop her pain and prevent what Damon warned her about . Caroline decides to go through with it anyway and breaks Elena 's neck . Stefan realizes that what he feels for Caroline could turn into something deeper and goes to her house , but he sees Elena lying on the ground . Damon reunites with Bonnie , and when Bonnie shows him the video she accidentally took while she was escaping , Damon realizes that the woman Bonnie saw was his mother . 127 16 `` The Downward Spiral '' Ian Somerhalder Brian Young & Caroline Dries March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) 2J7866 1.30 After switching off her humanity , Caroline makes out with Liam outside of a bar and feeds off of him . She tells Bonnie and Elena that she will avoid killing anyone if they give her a year to live freely without her pain , and they initially agree . Kai refuses to give Damon information about his mother unless he helps Kai apologize to Bonnie in order to alleviate Kai 's guilt . Caroline invites Liam and Enzo to a rave , and Elena , Bonnie , and Stefan come to confront Caroline . Damon calls Bonnie , but after she refuses to talk to Kai , Damon and Kai show up and Kai attempts to apologize to her . Bonnie is coping with traumatic memories from her time in the prison world and is furious with Damon for forcing her to see Kai , who she believes is lying . After using her magic to punish Damon by forcing him to endure the wounds that Kai inflicted on her , she realizes that her experiences have changed her and finally calls Jeremy , telling him that she needs time to work things out . Stefan admits his feelings to Caroline and begs her to switch on her humanity ; for a moment Caroline wavers and he knows that there is a chance to bring back the old Caroline . Kai reveals that Damon 's mother is a vampire and was imprisoned by the Gemini coven after she faked her own death and went on a worldwide killing spree . In retaliation for Stefan 's attempt to break through to her , Caroline kidnaps Sarah Salvatore and compels Liam to perform ' surgery ' on her in the form of removing her organs . She tells Stefan that she will spare Sarah 's life if Stefan turns off his humanity . Elena manages to stop Liam from cutting out Sarah 's heart just as Stefan agrees to Caroline 's demands and shuts off his humanity . 128 17 `` A Bird in a Gilded Cage '' Joshua Butler Neil Reynolds March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7867 1.59 After the previous night , Sarah is being kept in the hospital . Alaric and Jo contemplate baby names . Jo tells Alaric to be a father for 18 years and then he can run around killing vampires . Meanwhile , Kai and Bonnie take Damon and Elena to the 1903 prison world to get the Salvatore 's mother . Bonnie says she will find the ascendant but ends up hurting Kai so he can feel the pain she felt . When they are about to go back to real time , Kai gets left behind because Bonnie wants him to feel loneliness . With both of their humanities off , Caroline and Stefan feed on a girl and afterwards have sex . After Bonnie interrupts Damon and Elena 's make out session , she forgives him and gives him the Cure to Vampirism . 129 18 `` I Never Could Love Like That '' Leslie Libman Story by : Matthew D'Ambrosio Teleplay by : Chad Fiveash & James Storeaux April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7868 1.35 Caroline and Stefan have still switched off their humanity . They are terrorizing and killing the people at Whitmore 's . Matt and Tyler are being tortured by them , Matt ends up in the hospital . Meanwhile , Elena and Damon are having a pleasant morning . They 're enjoying breakfast made by Lily . Damon has come up with a plan to bring Stefan and Caroline back which involves Lily ( the Salvatore 's mother ) convincing Stefan to turn his humanity back on and then Stefan can convince Caroline to switch it back on too . Enzo has taken Sarah from the hospital and tries to bring her to the Salvatore house , but when he sees Lily , he runs away in shock . Turns out that when Enzo was living in South Hampton , he was suffering from consumption until he met Lily , who fed him with vampire blood so then after he died ( of consumption ) he became a vampire . In the present day , Lily tells Damon that she will help him to bring back Stefan but in return he has to give her the ascendant so she can bring her `` other family '' back . When Lily and Damon go to the school bar , she says just the right words to get Stefan to flip his switch ( even though Damon told her exactly what to say ) . Now Stefan has to track down Caroline and get her to flip the switch , too . Back at the hospital , Matt refuses Elena 's blood . Once he 's stitched up by conventional medicine , he talks to Elena about how much he hates vampires and does n't want to rely on them . Finally , Damon and Elena talk about life and how Elena misses being human and she 's sad because of the fact that she is a vampire and she will never be able to create a family . Finally , Jo explains how bad it is that Damon gave Lily the ascendant because Lily 's `` family members '' and she are all witches that absorb magic from others , just like Kai , but were turned into vampires making a type of hybrid . It is explained that they were locked inside the prison world because they were perceived as too dangerous and worthless . 130 19 `` Because '' Geoffrey Wing Shotz Melinda Hsu Taylor April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7869 1.37 Stefan switches his humanity back on and with Damon and Elena 's help , tries and switches Caroline 's on . Caroline still believes Stefan has no humanity while they 're locked inside a room and being tortured . Elena is convinced that Caroline will turn her feelings on by reading a letter her mom had written before she had died , but she does n't care and oblige Stefan to burn it down . Elena is upset because she did n't expect Caroline to do that and finds help in Damon , with whom she shares her ideal future . Meanwhile , Bonnie is set to have a meeting with Lily at the Mystic Grill . Matt tries and help her friend by taking time with Lily , but soon Enzo arrives and has a chat with her . Lily explains to him that she did n't abandon him , but she left him because she was locked in the prison world the night she had turned him into a vampire . Before Bonnie arrives , the two leave . Bonnie takes the Ascendant right before Lily can take it . Meanwhile Stefan provokes visions of Liz in Caroline 's mind and then she wakes up realizing the whole torture was a vision . Stefan enters in her mind again sharing a real memory of Liz giving him the letter that now is burned down , and Caroline turns her feelings on again when she understands she made an irreparable mistake . Lily wants the Ascendant and forces Damon to find it or she will burn the cure . Bonnie does n't want to give him the Ascendant and convinces Damon that the cure is not the right solution for Elena . While Damon thinks the cure is being burned down , Elena shows up with the cure that was n't really ever taken by Lily . The episode ends with Damon telling Elena he will take the cure with her , if she wants to take it . 131 20 `` I 'd Leave My Happy Home for You '' Jesse Warn Brett Matthews & Rebecca Sonnenshine April 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7870 1.21 Jo and Alaric celebrate their last night before the marriage . He and Damon discuss Damon 's proposal to Elena of becoming human with her . Matt fights with Tyler , asking why he is n't enthusiastic about becoming a cop . Tyler says that he is too afraid to become a werewolf again . Enzo finds Stefan on the phone to Caroline 's voice - mail , begging her to come home . He tells Stefan that his mother is potentially turning into a ripper again and that he needs to intervene . Alaric finds Matt alone and Matt confronts him , urging him to take Jo and leave for their own good . Stefan finds his mother and stops her from feeding on someone . They talk and Stefan realizes that she ca n't be helped the easy way and prepares to vervain her , however , Lily notices that he is lying and vervains him instead , feeding on a waitress and terrifying all the customers at the bar . Enzo arrives at the bar and tells Stefan Damon 's plan . Lily finds Bonnie and Jo and threatens Bonnie as she is the reason she ca n't get her people back . After stabbing Bonnie , Lily finds out Jo is pregnant with twins , so her coven will try to take the babies and make them merge , rendering Kai useless . Meanwhile Damon is with Elena and she takes the cure on the porch , telling him she loves him . As human , Alaric 's compulsion is gone and she gains her memories back . Stefan then calls Damon to let him know that Lily is free and now would be a bad time to take the cure . As he 's telling Damon this , Lily snaps his neck , leaving Elena shocked . Elena stabs her in the eye with a brooch and runs into The Grill . She hides in the tunnels and Lily leaves , angry . Alaric goes to the hospital to check on Jo and Bonnie and tells her to go somewhere the coven ca n't find them . Stefan and Damon find Lily and lock her up in the cell in the Salvatore house . Damon finds Elena in front of the fireplace and she confronts him , telling him that she had asked him before to take the cure with him and he had refused , saying that to be human would be to have the most miserable life in existence . Elena says that she is n't going to let him take the cure until everyone has tried to talk him out of it , to ensure that to be human is what he wants and that he is n't doing it just to keep Elena . The episode ends with Kai making dinner for the six vampire / witch hybrids , saying that today is the day that they 're getting out of the prison world . 132 21 `` I 'll Wed You in the Golden Summertime '' Michael Allowitz Brian Young May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7871 1.32 Bonnie has nightmares about Kai and Lily . Bonnie , Elena and Jo prepare for the wedding . Jo freaks out over her lost slippers and her wedding coordinator who was unavailable at the last minute . Caroline offers to help Jo as wedding coordinator . Meanwhile , Stefan takes Damon to his home where he stayed while Damon was trapped in prison world , to know whether he really wants to become human or not . Enzo brought an MP3 player for Lily to listen and while Bonnie came to Lily 's locked cell , Lily squeezed Bonnie 's throat , leaving bruises . Lily broke out of the locked room at the mansion and an unseen force gripped Bonnie and Matt 's throat , making them faint . Stefan came back alone & talked with Caroline about their complicated status . In the barn which is prepared for the wedding , Elena is approached by Damon who said he had thought this through and he chose to be human not for her , but for them and he would grasp any chance to be with her and they kissed . The wedding begins and while Alaric and Jo are exchanging vows , Kai appears and attacks . Jo is killed , Elena is knocked unconscious , the wedding guests are attacked by debris , and chaos ensues . 133 22 `` I 'm Thinking of You All the While '' Chris Grismer Julie Plec & Caroline Dries May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7872 1.44 In the aftermath of the wedding massacre , Jo is dead but Alaric survives . Kai casts a spell linking Elena and Bonnie 's lives , rendering Elena unconscious while Bonnie is alive and tries to force Damon to choose Bonnie or Elena . Damon chooses to rip off Kai 's head , killing him for good but leaving Elena unconscious and semi-dead for the duration of Bonnie 's life . In a series of visions or dreams , Elena and her friends and family say their goodbyes . Liv , dying , urges Tyler to end her life and turn back into a werewolf so that he might live . Stefan pledges to Caroline that he will wait for her . Enzo and Lily discover that Kai had indeed brought Lily 's `` family '' of vampire witches out of the 1903 prison world with him and to modern - day Mystic Falls . At the end , time flashes an unknown amount forward . Matt , a police officer , is seen cruising through a destroyed Mystic Falls at night while a Dark Damon stands on the clock tower , watching the town . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Season 6 was officially announced on February 13 , 2014 . Casting ( edit ) The regular lineup returning from Season 5 include Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert , Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore , Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore , Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert , Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett Candice Accola as Caroline Forbes , Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan , and Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood . It was announced , right after the finale of Season 5 , that Matthew Davis 's character , Alaric Saltzman , who left the show at the end of Season 3 after being killed , will return as a regular for Season 6 . On May 16 , 2014 , it was revealed that Michael Malarkey portrays Enzo would become a series regular in season 6 . On July 12 , 2014 , Gabrielle Walsh was confirmed to have been cast in the guest role of Sarah ; two days later on July 14 , Colin Ferguson was cast in the guest role of Tripp ; and on July 16 , Emily Chang was revealed to have been cast in the role of Ivy . On April 6 , 2015 , Nina Dobrev announced her departure from the series at season 's end on her Instagram page . There was immediate speculation as to whether the series would continue without Dobrev , but the continuation was confirmed . It was also announced that Michael Trevino would also vacate the role of Tyler Lockwood after season 6 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' Reign ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Renewed by The CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` The CW Announces Fall Premiere Dates ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Returns October 2 , ' The Flash ' & ' Supernatural ' Premiere October 7 '' . Zap2It . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Gracepoint ' or ' Reign ' + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Peter Pan Live ! ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Reign ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Backstrom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Bad Judge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Reign ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Crime ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Vampire Diaries ' season finale : EP Julie Plec answers burning questions '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2014/05/16/vampire-diaries-season-6-spoilers-damon-bonnie-dead-alive/ Jump up ^ Philiana ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' EP , Ian Somerhalder on Romantic ' Purgatory ' and ' Giant ' Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' EPs dish on Season 5 finale , promise love for Matt in Season 6 '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Matt Davis Returning to The Vampire Diaries As Series Regular for Season 6 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' : Michael Malarkey will be a series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Susannah ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries casts ' shady ' newcomer Gabrielle Walsh '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 6 casts ' Eureka ' star Colin Ferguson '' . Zap2It . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Adds ' Unexpected ' Character for Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roffman , Marisa ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Shocker : Star Nina Dobrev Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andriakos , Jacqueline ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Trevino Is Leaving The Vampire Diaries , Alongside Nina Dobrev '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes on IMDb ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Vampire_Diaries_(season_6)&oldid=829709511 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons The Vampire Diaries ( season 6 ) episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 08 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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does damon come back to life in the vampire diaries
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2018 Ryder Cup
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2018 Ryder Cup - wikipedia 2018 Ryder Cup 42nd Ryder Cup Matches Dates 28 -- 30 September 2018 Venue Le Golf National , Albatros Course Location Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , Île - de-France , France Captains Thomas Bjørn ( Europe ) Jim Furyk ( USA ) ← 2016 2020 → Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Location in France The 42nd Ryder Cup Matches will be held in France from 28 -- 30 September 2018 on the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , a suburb southwest of Paris . It will be the second Ryder Cup to be held in Continental Europe , after the 1997 contest , which was held in Spain . The United States is the defending champion , but has lost the last five matches in Europe , having last won there in 1993 . Contents 1 Format 2 Bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup 3 Course 4 Team qualification and selection 4.1 Europe 4.2 United States 5 Teams 5.1 Captains 5.2 Vice-captains 5.3 Players 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) The Ryder Cup is a match play event , with each match worth one point . The competition format will be as follows : Day 1 ( Friday ) -- 4 foursome ( alternate shot ) matches and 4 fourball ( better ball ) matches Day 2 ( Saturday ) -- 4 foursome matches and 4 fourball matches Day 3 ( Sunday ) -- 12 singles matches On the first two days there will be 4 fourball matches in the morning and 4 foursome matches in the afternoon . With a total of 28 points available , 141⁄2 points are required to win the Cup , and 14 points are required for the defending champion , the United States , to retain the Cup . All matches are played to a maximum of 18 holes . Bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup ( edit ) Ryder Cup Europe confirmed originally six countries -- France , Germany , the Netherlands , Portugal , Spain and Sweden -- to be interested in bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup . The deadline for the submission of bids was set for 30 April 2010 ; Sweden withdrew from the bidding early that month , while the Spanish bidding host city of Tres Cantos showed poor popular support . There were five bids to host the event : France : Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Germany : Neuburg / Rohrenfeld Portugal : Lisbon / Comporta , Alentejo Coast Spain : Madrid / Guadarrama Netherlands : Rotterdam / Lingewaal France was announced as host on 17 May 2011 , despite calls for the Cup to be held in Spain , as a tribute to the late Seve Ballesteros . Course ( edit ) Main article : Le Golf National Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Metre 380 195 515 445 370 350 440 190 545 3,430 350 175 405 390 555 365 160 443 430 3,273 6,703 Yards 416 213 563 487 405 383 481 208 596 3,752 383 191 443 427 607 399 175 484 470 3,579 7,331 Par 5 5 36 5 35 71 Team qualification and selection ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) The European team qualification rules were announced on 18 January 2017 . There were a number of changes compared to 2016 with an increase in the number of captain 's picks from three to four . The team will consist of : The leading four players on the Race to Dubai Points List Points earned in all Race to Dubai tournaments starting with the 2017 D + D Real Czech Masters and ending with the 2018 Made in Denmark that finishes on 2 September 2018 . Points earned from the 2018 BMW PGA Championship onwards , will be multiplied by 1.5 . The leading four players , not qualified above , on the World Points List Total World Points earned in Official World Golf Ranking events starting on 31 August 2017 ( the start date of the D + D Real Czech Masters ) and ending on 26 August 2018 and thereafter only at the Made in Denmark tournament . Points earned from the date of the 2018 BMW PGA Championship onwards , will be multiplied by 1.5 . No World points will be earned from tournaments staged opposite Rolex Series tournaments in both 2017 and 2018 . Four captain 's picks Membership criteria for the European Tour have been reduced from five tournaments to four ( outside the majors and WGCs ) for the 2018 season . As in previous Ryder Cups , all players must be members of the European Tour to be eligible to play for Europe . Changes were also made to the eligibility of future captains and vice-captains . Current points lists : http://www.rydercup.com/rankings Paul Casey became a member of the European Tour at the start of 2018 . Since he was not a member during 2017 he did not earn points until the start of 2018 . The leading 10 players in the current Ryder Cup European point list are : Position Name Points Francesco Molinari 6,182,450.35 Justin Rose 4,518,651.42 Tyrrell Hatton 4,326,297.77 Tommy Fleetwood 3,668,310.57 5 Jon Rahm 3,617,769.82 6 Thorbjørn Olesen 3,609,983.32 + 7 Rory McIlroy 3,482,791.06 8 Alex Norén 3,444,442.21 9 Russell Knox 2,659,683.33 10 Eddie Pepperell 2,503,672.42 + Players currently in qualifying places are shown in green . There is only one more event at which points can be gained , the Made in Denmark tournament . Players entered in this event are marked with a + . The winner receives 375,000 points . The leading 15 players in the current Ryder Cup world point list are : Position Name Points Francesco Molinari 373.12 Justin Rose 366.69 Jon Rahm 327.18 Rory McIlroy 309.29 5 Tommy Fleetwood 308.71 6 Tyrrell Hatton 252.68 7 Alex Norén 252.62 8 Thorbjørn Olesen 177.01 + 9 Ian Poulter 170.87 10 Rafa Cabrera - Bello 168.75 11 Paul Casey 167.05 12 Matthew Fitzpatrick 152.93 + 13 Sergio García 146.93 14 Eddie Pepperell 145.24 + 15 Russell Knox 144.71 Players currently in qualifying places are shown in green . Players written in italics currently qualify through the European points list above . There is only one more event at which points can be gained , the Made in Denmark tournament . Players entered in this event are marked with a + . The winner receives 36 points . United States ( edit ) The United States qualification rules were announced on 8 February 2017 . The majority of the team will be selected from the Ryder Cup points list which is based on prize money won in important tournaments . Generally one point is awarded for every $1,000 earned . The team will consist of : The leading eight players on the Ryder Cup points list , gained in the following events 2017 major championships 2017 World Golf Championship events and The Players Championship ( half points ) 2018 major championships ( double points for the winner , 50 % extra for those who make the cut ) 2018 PGA Tour events . Qualifying events in this category are those played between 1 January and 12 August 2018 , the date of the PGA Championship , and including the Zurich Classic of New Orleans team event . `` Alternate '' events ( those played opposite a major or WGC event ) did not earn points Four captain 's picks Three announced after the 2018 Dell Technologies Championship , which concludes on 3 September . One announced after the 2018 BMW Championship , which concludes on 9 September . The qualification rules were similar to those used for the 2016 Ryder Cup . The points given for the current season major championships have been reduced from double to 50 % extra ( except for the winner who still gets double points ) . The dates on which the captain 's picks are made has been brought forward by one or two weeks . The leading 15 players in the final points list after the final qualifying event , the 2018 PGA Championship were : Position Name Points Brooks Koepka 13298.472 Dustin Johnson 9549.287 Justin Thomas 8929.122 Patrick Reed 7821.880 5 Bubba Watson 5584.137 6 Jordan Spieth 5481.427 7 Rickie Fowler 5006.112 8 Webb Simpson 4534.745 9 Bryson DeChambeau 4316.108 10 Phil Mickelson 4207.953 11 Tiger Woods 4196.794 12 Xander Schauffele 3924.096 13 Matt Kuchar 3843.696 14 Kevin Kisner 3680.121 15 Tony Finau 3512.021 Players in qualifying places are shown in green . Teams ( edit ) Captains ( edit ) Thomas Bjørn was named as the European captain on 6 December 2016 . He was chosen by a five - man panel made up of the three most recent European Ryder Cup captains ( Darren Clarke , Paul McGinley and José María Olazábal ) , the Chief Executive of the European Tour , Keith Pelley and European Tour Tournament Committee member Henrik Stenson . Jim Furyk was named as the USA captain on 11 January 2017 . Vice-captains ( edit ) Each captain selects a number of vice-captains to assist him during the tournament . Bjørn selected Robert Karlsson as his first vice-captain in May 2017 . In May 2018 he selected four more vice-captains : Luke Donald , Pádraig Harrington , Graeme McDowell and Lee Westwood . Furyk named Davis Love III as a vice-captain , soon after his appointment in January 2017 . He later added Steve Stricker and Tiger Woods in February 2018 . Players ( edit ) Seven players are guaranteed places on the European team , although their positions in the points tables may change after the final event . Europe team Name Country Age Points rank ( European ) Points rank ( World ) World ranking Previous Ryder Cups Matches W -- L -- H Winning percentage Thomas Bjørn Denmark 47 Non-playing captain Francesco Molinari Italy 35 6 6 0 -- 4 -- 2 16.67 Justin Rose England 38 19 11 -- 6 -- 2 63.16 Tyrrell Hatton England 26 6 25 0 Rookie Tommy Fleetwood England 27 5 11 0 Rookie Jon Rahm Spain 23 5 5 0 Rookie Rory McIlroy Northern Ireland 29 7 7 19 9 -- 6 -- 4 57.89 Alex Norén Sweden 36 8 7 15 0 Rookie The 8th qualifying pace will be decided after the Made in Denmark event with a further four captain 's picks to be announced on 5 September . United States team Name Age Points rank World ranking Previous Ryder Cups Matches W -- L -- H Winning percentage Jim Furyk 48 Non-playing captain Brooks Koepka 28 3 -- 1 -- 0 75.00 Dustin Johnson 34 11 6 -- 5 -- 0 54.55 Justin Thomas 25 0 Rookie Patrick Reed 28 13 9 6 -- 1 -- 2 77.78 Bubba Watson 39 5 14 11 3 -- 8 -- 0 27.27 Jordan Spieth 25 6 9 9 4 -- 3 -- 2 55.56 Rickie Fowler 29 7 8 11 2 -- 4 -- 5 40.91 Webb Simpson 33 8 17 6 2 -- 3 -- 1 41.67 Three captain 's picks will be announced after the 2018 Dell Technologies Championship , which concludes on 3 September , and a final one after the 2018 BMW Championship , which concludes on 9 September . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Ryder Cup -- Bidding nations for 2018 Ryder Cup announced '' . Ryder Cup . Jump up ^ `` News & Events '' . PGA of America . 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Unas 500 personas participan en una marcha contra la construcción de un campo de golf '' ( Some 500 people participate in a march against the construction of a golf course ) . Qué ! ( in Spanish ) . 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New demonstration at Tres Cantos against the golf course project '' . Jump up ^ `` French bid website '' . Jump up ^ `` French golf federation bid press kit '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` France beats favourites Spain to host 2018 Ryder Cup '' . BBC Sport. 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup 2018 : Europe to increase wildcards from three to four '' . BBC Sport. 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Changes make to membership criteria and 2018 Ryder Cup qualification process '' . European Tour . 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Casey to restart European Tour career '' . European Tour . 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup captain Jim Furyk announces selection criteria for 2018 U.S. Ryder Cup team '' . PGA of America . 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup Points '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Bjørn named 2018 European Ryder Cup Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Auclair , T.J. ( 11 January 2017 ) . `` Jim Furyk FAQs : Everything you need to know about the 2018 Ryder Cup USA Captain '' . Ryder Cup . Jump up ^ `` Robert Karlsson named as Vice Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods , Steve Stricker named Vice Captains for 2018 USA Ryder Cup team '' . Ryder Cup . 20 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Ryder Cup 2018 website Ryder Cup 2018 website French Ryder Cup United States vs. Great Britain 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 United States vs. Great Britain and Ireland 1973 1977 United States vs. Europe 1979 1981 1985 1991 1993 1995 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 Statistics and lists Matches Records Broadcasters American golfers European golfers Coordinates : 48 ° 45 ′ 02 '' N 2 ° 04 ′ 40 '' E / 48.7505 ° N 2.0779 ° E / 48.7505 ; 2.0779 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Ryder_Cup&oldid=857137702 '' Categories : Ryder Cup Golf tournaments in France Sport in Île - de-France Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines 2018 in golf 2018 in French sport September 2018 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hCards Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the ryder cup golf tournament being played
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"The 42nd Ryder Cup Matches will be held in France from 28–30 September 2018 on the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a suburb southwest of Paris. It will be the second Ryder Cup to be held in Continental Europe, after the 1997 contest, which was held in Spain. The United States is the defending champion, but has lost the last five matches in Europe, having last won there in 1993.\n"
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"on the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a suburb southwest of Paris"
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San Andreas Fault
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San Andreas fault - wikipedia San Andreas fault A continental transform fault through California between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate For other uses , see San Andreas ( disambiguation ) . San Andreas Fault The fault , right , and the Carrizo Plain , left Arrows show relative motion of the two plates Named by Andrew Lawson Year defined 1895 Country United States State California Cities San Francisco , San Bernardino Characteristics Segments Calaveras , Hayward , Elsinore , Imperial , Laguna Salada , San Jacinto Length 1,200 km ( 750 mi ) Displacement 20 -- 35 mm ( 0.79 -- 1.38 in ) / yr Tectonics Plate North American & Pacific Status Active Earthquakes 1857 , 1906 ( M ~ 7.8 ) , 1957 ( M 5.7 ) , 1989 ( M ~ 6.9 ) , 2004 Type Transform fault Movement Dextral Age Neogene - Holocene Orogeny Gorda - California - Nevada The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers ( 750 mi ) through California . It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate , and its motion is right - lateral strike - slip ( horizontal ) . The fault divides into three segments , each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk . The slip rate along the fault ranges from 20 to 35 mm ( 0.79 to 1.38 in ) / yr . The fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley , who discovered the northern zone . It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake , a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates . However , according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908 , Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California . In 1953 , geologist Thomas Dibblee concluded that hundreds of miles of lateral movement could occur along the fault . A project called the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) near Parkfield , Monterey County , was drilled through the fault during 2004 - 2007 to collect material and make physical and chemical observations to better understand fault behavior . Contents 1 Fault zones 1.1 Northern 1.2 Central 1.3 Southern 2 Plate boundaries 3 Formation 4 Study 4.1 Early years 4.2 Current research 4.3 The next `` Big One '' 4.4 Cascadia connection 5 Earthquakes 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Fault zones ( edit ) Northern ( edit ) See also : Calaveras Fault and Hayward Fault Zone A map displaying each of the seven major fault lines in the San Francisco Bay Area , and the probability of an M6. 7 earthquake or higher occurring on each fault line between 2003 and 2032 . The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister , through the Santa Cruz Mountains , epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , then up the San Francisco Peninsula , where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895 , then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock . This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County . It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland , runs just east of Bodega Head through Bodega Bay and back underwater , returning onshore at Fort Ross . ( In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant `` sister faults '' run more - or-less parallel , and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes . ) From Fort Ross , the northern segment continues overland , forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows . It goes back offshore at Point Arena . After that , it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino , where it begins to bend to the west , terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction . Central ( edit ) The central segment of the San Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister . While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes , the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep , where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes . Southern ( edit ) Los Angeles San Diego Mexicali Salton Sea Tijuana Alamo River mouth Colorado River mouth Laguna Salada Yuma Gulf of California Colorado River Valley Cerro Prieto volcano Southern San Andreas Fault . The red lines are simplified faults . Right - lateral direction of motion of the transform fault is shown ( pink arrows ) . The red rhombs are pull - apart basins ; the northern one is the site of the Niland geothermal field , the southern the Cerro Prieto geothermal field . See also : Elsinore Fault Zone , Imperial Fault , Laguna Salada Fault , and San Jacinto Fault Zone Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain The Vasquez Rocks in Agua Dulce , California are evidence of the San Andreas Fault line and part of the 2,650 - mile Pacific Crest Trail . The Mormon Rocks within Cajon Pass show the physical movement of the San Andreas fault in southern California . 3 - D perspective view of Earth 's San Andreas Fault in the Temblor Range The southern segment ( also known as the Mojave segment ) begins near Bombay Beach , California . Box Canyon , near the Salton Sea , contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault . The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains , crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains . These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range . In Palmdale , a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway . The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake . As it passes the towns of Gorman , Tejon Pass and Frazier Park , the fault begins to bend northward , forming the `` Big Bend '' . This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California , with an earthquake - recurrence interval of roughly 140 -- 160 years . Northwest of Frazier Park , the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain , a long , treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible . The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain . The southern segment , which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea , is capable of an 8.1 - magnitude earthquake . At its closest , this fault passes about 35 miles ( 56 km ) to the northeast of Los Angeles . Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles , San Bernardino , Riverside , and surrounding areas , and cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage . Plate boundaries ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Pacific Plate , to the west of the fault , is moving in a northwest direction while the North American Plate to the east is moving toward the southwest , but relatively southeast under the influence of plate tectonics . The rate of slippage averages about 33 to 37 millimeters ( 1.3 to 1.5 in ) a year across California . The southwestward motion of the North American Plate towards the Pacific is creating compressional forces along the eastern side of the fault . The effect is expressed as the Coast Ranges . The northwest movement of the Pacific Plate is also creating significant compressional forces which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward . This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California , and to a lesser but still significant extent , the Santa Cruz Mountains ( the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 ) . Studies of the relative motions of the Pacific and North American plates have shown that only about 75 percent of the motion can be accounted for in the movements of the San Andreas and its various branch faults . The rest of the motion has been found in an area east of the Sierra Nevada mountains called the Walker Lane or Eastern California Shear Zone . The reason for this is not clear . Several hypotheses have been offered and research is ongoing . One hypothesis -- which gained interest following the Landers earthquake in 1992 -- suggests the plate boundary may be shifting eastward away from the San Andreas towards Walker Lane . Assuming the plate boundary does not change as hypothesized , projected motion indicates that the landmass west of the San Andreas Fault , including Los Angeles , will eventually slide past San Francisco , then continue northwestward toward the Aleutian Trench , over a period of perhaps twenty million years . Formation ( edit ) Tectonic evolution of the San Andreas Fault . The San Andreas began to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 Mya ( million years ago ) . At this time , a spreading center between the Pacific Plate and the Farallon Plate ( which is now mostly subducted , with remnants including the Juan de Fuca Plate , Rivera Plate , Cocos Plate , and the Nazca Plate ) was beginning to reach the subduction zone off the western coast of North America . As the relative motion between the Pacific and North American Plates was different from the relative motion between the Farallon and North American Plates , the spreading ridge began to be `` subducted '' , creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries . These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault . It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range , separation of the Baja California Peninsula , and rotation of the Transverse Range . The main southern section of the San Andreas Fault proper has only existed for about 5 million years . The first known incarnation of the southern part of the fault was Clemens Well - Fenner - San Francisquito fault zone around 22 -- 13 Ma . This system added the San Gabriel Fault as a primary focus of movement between 10 -- 5 Ma . Currently , it is believed that the modern San Andreas will eventually transfer its motion toward a fault within the Eastern California Shear Zone . This complicated evolution , especially along the southern segment , is mostly caused by either the `` Big Bend '' and / or a difference in the motion vector between the plates and the trend of the fault and its surrounding branches . Study ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after the Laguna de San Andreas , a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco . Eleven years later , Lawson discovered that the San Andreas Fault stretched southward into southern California after reviewing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Large - scale ( hundreds of miles ) lateral movement along the fault was first proposed in a 1953 paper by geologists Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee . This idea , which was considered radical at the time , has since been vindicated by modern plate tectonics . Current research ( edit ) Seismologists discovered that the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield in central California consistently produces a magnitude 6.0 earthquake approximately once every 22 years . Following recorded seismic events in 1857 , 1881 , 1901 , 1922 , 1934 , and 1966 , scientists predicted that another earthquake should occur in Parkfield in 1993 . It eventually occurred in 2004 . Due to the frequency of predictable activity , Parkfield has become one of the most important areas in the world for large earthquake research . In 2004 , work began just north of Parkfield on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) . The goal of SAFOD is to drill a hole nearly 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) into the Earth 's crust and into the San Andreas Fault . An array of sensors will be installed to record earthquakes that happen near this area . The San Andreas Fault System has been the subject of a flood of studies . In particular , scientific research performed during the last 23 years has given rise to about 3,400 publications . The next `` Big one '' ( edit ) Radar generated 3 - D view of the San Andreas Fault , at Crystal Springs Reservoir near San Mateo , California . A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur . This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed . Moreover , the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault , i.e. the region around Los Angeles , because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central ( 1857 ) and northern ( 1906 ) segments of the fault , while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years . According to this study , a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs - Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino , Riverside and Imperial counties in California , and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California . It would be strongly felt ( and potentially cause significant damage ) throughout much of Southern California , including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County , Ventura County , Orange County , San Diego County , Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality , Baja California , San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma , Arizona . Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse , as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high ( and thus subject to soil liquefaction ) . The paper concluded : The information available suggests that the fault is ready for the next big earthquake but exactly when the triggering will happen and when the earthquake will occur we can not tell ( ... ) It could be tomorrow or it could be 10 years or more from now . Nevertheless , in the 12 years since that publication there has not been a substantial quake in the Los Angeles area , and two major reports issued by the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) have made variable predictions as to the risk of future seismic events . The ability to predict major earthquakes with sufficient precision to warrant increased precautions has remained elusive . The U.S. Geological Survey most recent forecast , known as UCERF3 ( Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast 3 ) , released in November 2013 , estimated that an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 M or greater ( i.e. equal to or greater than the 1994 Northridge earthquake ) occurs about once every 6.7 years statewide . The same report also estimated there is a 7 % probability that an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or greater will occur in the next 30 years somewhere along the San Andreas Fault . A different USGS study in 2008 tried to assess the physical , social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in southern California . That study predicted that a magnitude 7.8 earthquake along the southern San Andreas Fault could cause about 1,800 deaths and $213 billion in damage . Cascadia connection ( edit ) A 2008 paper , studying past earthquakes along the Pacific coastal zone , found a correlation in time between seismic events on the northern San Andreas Fault and the southern part of the Cascadia subduction zone ( which stretches from Vancouver Island to northern California ) . Scientists believe quakes on the Cascadia subduction zone may have triggered most of the major quakes on the northern San Andreas within the past 3,000 years . The evidence also shows the rupture direction going from north to south in each of these time - correlated events . However the 1906 San Francisco earthquake seems to have been the exception to this correlation because the plate movement was moved mostly from south to north and it was not preceded by a major quake in the Cascadia zone . Earthquakes ( edit ) See also : List of earthquakes in California The San Andreas Fault has had some notable earthquakes in historic times : 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake : About 350 kilometers ( 220 mi ) were ruptured in central and southern California . Though it is known as the Fort Tejon earthquake , the epicenter is thought to have been located far to the north , just south of Parkfield . Two deaths were reported . The magnitude was about 7.9 . 1906 San Francisco earthquake : About 430 kilometers ( 270 mi ) were ruptured in Northern California . The epicenter was near San Francisco . At least 3,000 people died in the earthquake and subsequent fires . The magnitude was estimated to be 7.8 . 1957 San Francisco earthquake : A magnitude 5.7 quake with an epicenter on the San Andreas fault in the ocean west of San Francisco and Daly City . 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake : About 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) were ruptured ( although the rupture did not reach the surface ) near Santa Cruz , California , causing 63 deaths and moderate damage in certain vulnerable locations in the San Francisco Bay Area . Moment magnitude was about 6.9 . This quake occurred on October 17 , 1989 , at approximately 5 : 04 PM PDT . 2004 Parkfield earthquake : On September 28 , 2004 at 10 : 15 a.m. PDT , a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Parkfield area . It was felt across the state , including the San Francisco Bay Area . See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal Earthquakes portal California earthquake forecast Central Valley ( California ) Coast Range Geomorphic Province Garlock Fault Geologic timeline of Western North America North Anatolian Fault San Andreas ( film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` San Andreas Fault Zone '' . CalTech . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Facts '' . earthquake.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth '' . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Americansouthwest.net `` Box Canyon '' Jump up ^ Rong - Gong Lin II ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` San Andreas fault capable of magnitude 8.1 earthquake over 340 - mile swath of California , researchers say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Robert E. `` Present - Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation '' . The San Andreas Fault System , California . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Atwater , T. , 1970 , Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America Jump up ^ Powell , R.E. ; Weldon , R.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolution of the San Andreas fault '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 20 : 431 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Mason L. Hill ; Thomas Dibblee ( April 1953 ) . `` San Andreas , Garlock , and Big faults , California '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin : 443 -- 458 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 2338 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth '' . USGS Earthquake Hazards Program . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gizzi F.T. ( 2015 ) . `` Worldwide trends in research on the San Andreas Fault System '' ( PDF ) . Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 8 ( 12 ) : 10893 -- 10909 . doi : 10.1007 / s12517 - 015 - 1878 - 4 . Jump up ^ NASA ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` NASA Radar Provides 3 - D View of San Andreas Fault '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Fialko , Yuri ( 2006 ) . `` Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault System '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 441 ( 7096 ) : 968 -- 971 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 968F . doi : 10.1038 / nature04797 . PMID 16791192 . Jump up ^ Geller , Robert J. ( Dec 1997 ) . `` Earthquake prediction : a critical review '' . Geophysical Journal International . 131 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 450 . Bibcode : 1997GeoJI. 131 ... 425G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1997. tb06588. x . Jump up ^ `` New Long - Term Earthquake Forecast for California '' . USGS . Jump up ^ `` The ShakeOut Scenario '' . USGS . Jump up ^ BSSA ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Earthquakes Along The Cascadia And San Andreas Faults May Be Linked , Affecting Risk To San Francisco Bay Region '' . Seismological Society of America . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Collier , Michael ( December 1 , 1999 ) . A Land in Motion . UC Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21897 - 3 . Stoffer , Philip W. ( 2006 ) . Where 's the San Andreas fault ? A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region . USGS . General Interest Publication 16 . The California Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 : Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission , Andrew C. Lawson , chairman , Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87 , 2 vols. ( 1908 ) . Available online at this USGS webpage . Lynch , David K. ( 2006 ) . Field Guide to the San Andreas Fault : See and Touch the World 's Most Famous Fault on any one of Twelve Easy Day Trips . Thule Scientific . ISBN 0 - 9779935 - 0 - 7 . Full color , GPS coordinates , . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Andreas Fault . The Parkfield , California , Earthquake Experiment at the USGS San Andreas Fault Zone Observatory at Depth at the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program The San Andreas Fault by Sandra S. Schulz and Robert E. Wallace Complete Report for San Andreas fault zone , Peninsula section ( Class A ) No. 1c from the USGS New Scripps Study Reveals San Andreas Fault Set for the ' Big One ' at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek -- Kite Aerial Photography from the USGS `` Scientists Search for a Pulse in Skies Above Earthquake Country '' at JPL The Day California Cracks at Bloomberg Businessweek Google Maps Satellite View on Geology.com San Andreas Fault in Southern California Thule Scientific Interactive Map of the San Andreas Fault Seismically active fault zones and tectonic blocks of California Statewide Faults San Andreas Fault Southern California Brawley Seismic Zone Chino Fault Elsinore Fault Zone Elysian Park Fault Garlock Fault Hollywood fault Hosgri Fault Imperial Fault Zone Laguna Salada Fault Newport -- Inglewood Fault Peninsular Ranges Puente Hills Fault Raymond Fault Rose Canyon Fault Salton Trough Salinian Block San Cayetano Fault San Felipe Fault Zone San Gabriel Fault San Jacinto Fault Zone Santa Maria River Fault Santa Ynez Fault Shoreline Fault Sierra Madre Fault Zone Ventura Fault White Wolf Fault Whittier Fault Yorba Linda Fault Northern California Bartlett Springs Fault Calaveras Fault Clayton - Marsh Creek - Greenville Fault Concord Fault Hayward Fault Zone Healdsburg Fault Maacama Fault Mendocino Fracture Zone Mendocino Triple Junction Mount Diablo Thrust Fault Monta Vista Fault Nacimiento Fault Pleasanton Fault Rinconada Fault San Gregorio Fault San Pablo Fault Seal Cove Fault Serra Fault Silver Creek Fault Tesla Fault West Napa Fault Sierra Nevada Death Valley Fault Zone Furnace Creek Fault Zone Honey Lake Fault Zone Kern Canyon Fault Maria fold and thrust belt Owens Valley Fault Rescue Lineament - Bear Mountains fault zone Sierra Nevada Batholith Sierra Nevada Fault Sierra Nevada - Great Valley Block Smartville Block Walker Lane California Geological Survey Seismic Hazards Mapping Act Mexico ( list ) State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music Myth Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Capitol Districts Governor Legislature Supreme Court Healthcare History Law National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Congressional delegations Elections People Protected areas State Parks State Historic Landmarks Symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - Riverside metropolitan area San Francisco metropolitan area San Diego -- Tijuana Counties Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Most populous cities Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Major seismically active faults of North America North America ( crosses national borders ) Alaska - Aleutian megathrust ( US - RU ) Basin and Range Province ( US - MX ) Cascadia subduction zone ( US - CA ) Clarendon - Linden fault system ( US - CA ) Denali Fault ( US - CA ) Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( CA - US ) Puget Sound faults ( US - CA ) Rio Grande rift ( US - MX ) San Andreas Fault ( US - MX ) Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone ( US - CA ) Tintina Fault ( US - CA ) Canada Charlevoix Seismic Zone Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone Leech River Fault Queen Charlotte Fault Saguenay Graben Saint Lawrence rift system Timiskaming Graben Western Quebec Seismic Zone United States Washington and Oregon Brothers Fault Zone Olympic - Wallowa Lineament Puget Sound ( Seattle Fault , Tacoma Fault ) Walker Lane California Calaveras Fault Garlock Fault Hayward Fault Zone Mendocino Fracture Zone Newport -- Inglewood Fault Puente Hills Fault Rose Canyon Fault San Jacinto Fault Zone ( Elsinore Fault Zone ) Great Basin Independence Valley fault system Moab Fault Teton Fault Wasatch Fault Great Plains Central Oklahoma Fault Zone Humboldt Fault Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system Nemaha Fault Zone Wilzetta Fault Midwest Marianna Fault New Madrid Seismic Zone Sandwich Fault Zone Wabash Valley Seismic Zone Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic Coast Aiken - Augusta Fault Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone Middleton Place - Summerville Seismic Zone ( Woodstock Fault ) Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone Ramapo Fault Virginia Seismic Zone Caribbean & Mexico Cayman Trough Chixoy - Polochic Fault Enriquillo -- Plantain Garden fault zone ( Cuba ) Gulf of California Rift Zone Lesser Antilles subduction zone Middle America Trench ( Central America ) Motagua Fault ( Central America ) Pedro Miguel Fault Puerto Rico Trench WorldCat Identities GND : 4105280 - 8 NARA : 10046904 VIAF : 233720329 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andreas_Fault&oldid=864815299 '' Categories : 1906 San Francisco earthquake Geography of Kern County , California Geography of Los Angeles County , California Geography of Marin County , California Geography of Monterey County , California Geography of Palmdale , California Geography of San Bernardino County , California Geography of San Francisco Geography of San Mateo County , California Geography of Santa Clara County , California Geography of Sonoma County , California Geography of the San Francisco Bay Area Geology of Imperial County , California Geology of Los Angeles County , California Geology of Riverside County , California Geology of San Bernardino County , California History of Southern California Landforms of Humboldt County , California National Natural Landmarks in California Salton Trough Seismic faults of California Strike - slip faults Active faults Hidden categories : Articles with short description M w Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 17 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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how far south does the san andreas fault run
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"The fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley, who discovered the northern zone. It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake, a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates. However, according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908, Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley.[2] Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California.\n"
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"southern California"
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Active transport
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Active transport - wikipedia Active transport Jump to : navigation , search This article is about transport in cellular biology . For human transport systems , see active transportation . Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration -- in the direction against the concentration gradient . Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement . There are two types of active transport -- primary active transport that uses ATP , and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient . An example of active transport in human physiology is the uptake of glucose in the intestines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cellular transportation mechanisms 2 History 3 Background 4 Primary active transport 4.1 Model of active transport 5 Types of primary active transporters 6 Secondary active transport 6.1 Antiporter 6.2 Symporter 7 Bulk transport 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links Cellular transportation mechanisms ( edit ) Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration -- in the direction against the concentration gradient or other obstructing factor ( often a concentration gradient ) . Unlike passive transport , which uses the kinetic energy and natural entropy of molecules moving down a gradient , active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient , polar repulsion , or other resistance . Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs , such as ions , glucose and amino acids . If the process uses chemical energy , such as from adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , it is termed primary active transport . Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient . Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants . History ( edit ) In 1848 , the German physiologist Emil du Bois - Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes . Rosenberg ( 1948 ) formulated the concept of active transport based on energetic considerations , but later it would be redefined . In 1997 , Jens Christian Skou , a Danish physician received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research regarding the sodium - potassium pump One category of cotransporters that is especially prominent in research regarding diabetes treatment is sodium glucose cotransporters . These transporters were discovered by scientists at that National Health Institute . These scientists had noticed a discrepancy in the absorption of glucose at different points in the kidney tubule of a rat . The gene was then discovered for intestinal glucose transport protein and linked to these membrane sodium glucose cotransport systems . The first of these membrane transport proteins was named SGLT1 followed buy the discovery of SGLT2 . Robert Krane also played a prominent role in this field . Background ( edit ) Specialized transmembrane proteins recognize the substance and allow it to move across the membrane when it otherwise would not , either because the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is impermeable to the substance moved or because the substance is moved against the direction of its concentration gradient . There are two forms of active transport , primary active transport and secondary active transport . In primary active transport , the proteins involved are pumps that normally use the chemical energy in the form of ATP . Secondary active transport , however , makes use of potential energy , which is usually derived through exploitation of an electrochemical gradient . The energy created from one ion moving down its electrochemical gradient is used to power the transport of another ion moving against its electrochemical gradient . This involves pore - forming proteins that form channels across the cell membrane . The difference between passive transport and active transport is active transport requires energy , and moves substances against their respective concentration gradient , whereas passive transport requires no energy and moves substances in the direction of their respective concentration gradient . In an antiporter , one substrate is transported in one direction across the membrane while another is cotransported in the opposite direction . In a symporter , two substrates are transported in the same direction across the membrane . Antiport and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport , meaning that one of the two substances is transported against its concentration gradient , utilizing the energy derived from the transport of another ion ( mostly Na , K or H ions ) down its concentration gradient . If substrate molecules are moving from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration ( i.e. , in the opposite direction as , or against the concentration gradient ) , specific transmembrane carrier proteins are required . These proteins have receptors that bind to specific molecules ( e.g. , glucose ) and transport them across the cell membrane . Because energy is required in this process , it is known as ' active ' transport . Examples of active transport include the transportation of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell by the sodium - potassium pump . Active transport often takes place in the internal lining of the small intestine . Plants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources , but these salts exist in very dilute solution . Active transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the concentration gradient . For example , the molecules chlorine ( Cl ^ - ) and nitrate NO3 - exist in the cytosol of plant cells , and need to be transported into the vacuole . While the vacuole has channels for these ions , transportation of them is against the concentration gradient , and thus movement of these ions is driven by hydrogen pumps , or proton pumps Primary active transport ( edit ) The action of the sodium - potassium pump is an example of primary active transport . Primary active transport , also called direct active transport , directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane . Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions , such as Na , K , Mg , and Ca . These charged particles require ion pumps or ion channels to cross membranes and distribute through the body . Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases . A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium - potassium pump , which helps to maintain the cell potential . The sodium - potassium pump maintains the membrane potential by moving three Na+ ions out of the cell for every two K+ ions moved into the cell . Other sources of energy for Primary active transport are redox energy and photon energy ( light ) . An example of primary active transport using Redox energy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of NADH to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient . An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH . Model of active transport ( edit ) ATP hydrolysis is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient ( from low to high hydrogen ion concentration ) . Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational ( shape ) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient . Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation . Types of primary active transporters ( edit ) P - type ATPase : sodium potassium pump , calcium pump , proton pump F - ATPase : mitochondrial ATP synthase , chloroplast ATP synthase V - ATPase : vacuolar ATPase ABC ( ATP binding cassette ) transporter : MDR , CFTR , etc . Secondary active transport ( edit ) Secondary active transport In secondary active transport , also known as coupled transport or cotransport , energy is used to transport molecules across a membrane ; however , in contrast to primary active transport , there is no direct coupling of ATP ; instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in / out of the cell . Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient , but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism ( e.g. in ATP synthase ) . The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport . In humans , sodium ( Na ) is a commonly co-transported ion across the plasma membrane , whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient . In bacteria and small yeast cells , a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen . Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the electron transport chain , an important function of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion of the cell . In August 1960 , in Prague , Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium - glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption . Crane 's discovery of cotransport was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology . Cotransporters can be classified as symporters and antiporters depending on whether the substances move in the same or opposite directions . Antiporter ( edit ) Function of symporters and antiporters . In an antiporter two species of ion or other solutes are pumped in opposite directions across a membrane . One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration which yields the entropic energy to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one . An example is the sodium - calcium exchanger or antiporter , which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out . This antiporter mechanism is important within the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in order to keep the calcium concentration in the cytoplasm low . Many cells also possess calcium ATPases , which can operate at lower intracellular concentrations of calcium and sets the normal or resting concentration of this important second messenger . But the ATPase exports calcium ions more slowly : only 30 per second versus 2000 per second by the exchanger . The exchanger comes into service when the calcium concentration rises steeply or `` spikes '' and enables rapid recovery . This shows that a single type of ion can be transported by several enzymes , which need not be active all the time ( constitutively ) , but may exist to meet specific , intermittent needs . Symporter ( edit ) A symporter uses the downhill movement of one solute species from high to low concentration to move another molecule uphill from low concentration to high concentration ( against its concentration gradient ) . Both molecules are transported in the same direction . An example is the glucose symporter SGLT1 , which co-transports one glucose ( or galactose ) molecule into the cell for every two sodium ions it imports into the cell . This symporter is located in the small intestines , heart , and brain . It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys . Its mechanism is exploited in glucose rehydration therapy This mechanism uses the absorption of sugar through the walls of the intestine to pull water in along with it . Defects in SGLT2 prevent effective reabsorption of glucose , causing familial renal glucosuria . Bulk transport ( edit ) Main articles : Endocytosis and Exocytosis Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of bulk transport that move materials into and out of cells , respectively , via vesicles . In the case of endocytosis , the cellular membrane folds around the desired materials outside the cell . The ingested particle becomes trapped within a pouch , known as a vesicle , inside the cytoplasm . Often enzymes from lysosomes are then used to digest the molecules absorbed by this process . Substances that enter the cell via signal mediated endocytosis include proteins , hormones and growth factors . Viruses enter cells through a form of endocytosis that involves their outer membrane fusing with the membrane of the cell . This forces the viral DNA into the host cell . Biologists distinguish two main types of endocytosis : pinocytosis and phagocytosis . In pinocytosis , cells engulf liquid particles ( in humans this process occurs in the small intestine , where cells engulf fat droplets ) . In phagocytosis , cells engulf solid particles . Exocytosis involves the removal of substances through the fusion of the outer cell membrane and a vesicle membrane An example of exocytosis would be the transmission of neurotransmitters across a synapse between brain cells . See also ( edit ) ATP - binding cassette transporter Countercurrent exchange Protein targeting Translocation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The importance of homeostasis '' . Science . me . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Du Bois - Reymond , E. ( 1848 -- 84 ) . Untersuchungen über thierische Elektricität Berlin : Reimer . ( Vol. 1 , Part 1 , 1848 ; Vol. 1 , Part 2 , 1849 ; Vol. 2 , Part 1 , 1860 ; Vol. 2 , Part 2 , 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , T. ( 1948 ) . On accumulation and active transport in biological systems . I. Thermodynamic considerations . Acta Chem. Scand. 2 , 14 - 33 , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Jens C. Skou - Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Nobel Media AB 2014 . Web . 11 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jens C. Skou - Biographical '' . Nobelprize.org . Nobel Media AB 2014 . Web . 11 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ Inzucchi , Silvio E et al. `` SGLT - 2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk : Proposed Pathways and Review of Ongoing Outcome Trials . '' Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research 12.2 ( 2015 ) : 90 -- 100 . PMC . Web . 11 Nov. 2017 Jump up ^ Story of Discovery : SGLT2 Inhibitors : Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes . '' National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx . Jump up ^ Story of Discovery : SGLT2 Inhibitors : Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes . '' National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx . Jump up ^ Active Transport Process . Buzzle.com ( 2010 - 05 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky SL , et al. Molecular Cell Biology . 4th edition . New York : W.H. Freeman ; 2000 . Section 15.6 , Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687/ Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky SL , et al. Molecular Cell Biology . 4th edition . New York : W.H. Freeman ; 2000 . Chapter 15 , Transport across Cell Membranes . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21525/ Jump up ^ Active Transport Archived August 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Biologycorner.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky SL , et al. Molecular Cell Biology . 4th edition . New York : W.H. Freeman ; 2000 . Section 15.6 , Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687 Jump up ^ Physiology : 7 / 7ch05 / 7ch05p11 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Reese , Jane B. ; Urry , Lisa A. ; Cain , Michael L. ; Wasserman , Steven A. ; Minorsky , Peter V. ; Jackson , Robert B. ( 2014 ) . Tenth Edition , Campbell 's Biology . United States : Pearson Education Inc. p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 77565 - 8 -- via Tenth edition . Jump up ^ Cooper , Geoffrey ( 2009 ) . The Cell : A Molecular Approach . Washington , DC : ASM PRESS . p. 65 . ISBN 9780878933006 . Jump up ^ Physiology : 7 / 7ch05 / 7ch05p12 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition . New York : Garland Science ; 2002 . Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26896/ Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition . New York : Garland Science ; 2002 . Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26896/ Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition . New York : Garland Science ; 2002 . Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26904/ Jump up ^ Crane , Robert K. ; Miller , D. ; Bihler , I. ( 1961 ) . `` The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars '' . In Kleinzeller , A. ; Kotyk , A. Membrane Transport and Metabolism . Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague , August 22 -- 27 , 1960 . Prague : Czech Academy of Sciences . pp. 439 -- 449 . Jump up ^ Wright EM , Turk E ( February 2004 ) . `` The sodium / glucose cotransport family SLC5 '' . Pflügers Arch. 447 ( 5 ) : 510 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s00424 - 003 - 1063 - 6 . PMID 12748858 . Crane in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport ( 7 ) . Specifically , he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was coupled to downhill Na transport cross the brush border . This hypothesis was rapidly tested , refined and extended ( to ) encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type . Jump up ^ Boyd CA ( March 2008 ) . `` Facts , fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology '' . Exp . Physiol. 93 ( 3 ) : 303 -- 14 . doi : 10.1113 / expphysiol. 2007.037523 . PMID 18192340 . p. 304 . `` the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of Robert Crane published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 ( Crane et al. 1960 ) . The key point here was ' flux coupling ' , the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell . Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins ( SGLT1 ) , the sodium -- glucose cotransporter . Jump up ^ Yu , SP ; Choi , DW ( June 1997 ) . `` Na ( + ) - Ca2+ exchange currents in cortical neurons : concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of glutamate '' . The European Journal of Neuroscience. 9 ( 6 ) : 1273 -- 81 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.1997. tb01482. x . PMID 9215711 . Jump up ^ Lodish H , Berk A , Zipursky SL , et al. Molecular Cell Biology . 4th edition . New York : W.H. Freeman ; 2000 . Section 15.6 , Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters . Available from : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687/ Jump up ^ Strehler , EE ; Zacharias , DA ( January 2001 ) . `` Role of alternative splicing in generating isoform diversity among plasma membrane calcium pumps '' . Physiological Reviews . 81 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 50 . PMID 11152753 . Jump up ^ Patterson , M ; Sneyd , J ; Friel , DD ( January 2007 ) . `` Depolarization - induced calcium responses in sympathetic neurons : relative contributions from Ca2+ entry , extrusion , ER / mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release , and Ca2+ buffering '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 129 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 56 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 200609660 . PMC 2151609 . PMID 17190902 . Jump up ^ Wright , EM ; Loo , DD ; Panayotova - Heiermann , M ; Lostao , MP ; Hirayama , BH ; Mackenzie , B ; Boorer , K ; Zampighi , G ( November 1994 ) . `` ' Active ' sugar transport in eukaryotes '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 196 : 197 -- 212 . PMID 7823022 . Jump up ^ Dyer , J ; Hosie , KB ; Shirazi - Beechey , SP ( July 1997 ) . `` Nutrient regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter ( SGLT2 ) expression '' . Gut. 41 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 41.1. 56 . PMC 1027228 . PMID 9274472 . Jump up ^ Zhou , L ; Cryan , EV ; D'Andrea , MR ; Belkowski , S ; Conway , BR ; Demarest , KT ( 1 October 2003 ) . `` Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+ / glucose cotransporter 1 ( SGLT2 ) '' . Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 90 ( 2 ) : 339 -- 46 . doi : 10.1002 / jcb. 10631 . PMID 14505350 . Jump up ^ Poppe , R ; Karbach , U ; Gambaryan , S ; Wiesinger , H ; Lutzenburg , M ; Kraemer , M ; Witte , OW ; Koepsell , H ( July 1997 ) . `` Expression of the Na+ - D - glucose cotransporter SGLT1 in neurons '' . Journal of Neurochemistry. 69 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 94 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1471 - 4159.1997. 69010084. x . PMID 9202297 . Jump up ^ Wright EM ( 2001 ) . `` Renal Na - glucose cotransporters '' . Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 280 ( 1 ) : F10 -- 8 . PMID 11133510 . Jump up ^ Loo , DD ; Zeuthen , T ; Chandy , G ; Wright , EM ( 12 November 1996 ) . `` Cotransport of water by the Na+ / glucose cotransporter '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 93 ( 23 ) : 13367 -- 70 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 93.23. 13367 . PMC 24099 . PMID 8917597 . Jump up ^ Loo , Donald D. ; Zeuthan , Thomas ; Chandy , Grischa ; Wright , Ernest M. ( 1996 - 11 - 12 ) . `` Cotransport of water by Na+ / glucose cotransporter '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 93 ( 23 ) : 13367 - 13370 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMID 8917597 . Jump up ^ Wright EM , Hirayama BA , Loo DF ( 2007 ) . `` Active sugar transport in health and disease '' . Journal of internal medicine . 261 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 43 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2796.2006. 01746. x . PMID 17222166 . Jump up ^ Reece , Jane ; Urry , Lisa ; Cain , Michael ; Wasserman , Steven ; Minorsky , Peter ; Jackson , Robert ( 2014 ) . Tenth Addition Campbell Biology . United States of America : Pearson Education , Inc. p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 77565 - 8 -- via Tenth Addition . Jump up ^ Transport into the Cell from the Plasma Membrane : Endocytosis -- Molecular Biology of the Cell -- NCBI Bookshelf . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Paston , Ira ; Willingham , Mark C. ( 1985 ) . Endocytosis . Springer , Boston , MA . pp 1 - 44 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4615 - 6904 - 6_1 . ISBN 9781461569060 . Jump up ^ Jahn , Reinhard , and Thomas C Sudhof . `` Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis . '' Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis Annual Review of Biochemistry , Annual Review of Biochemistry , July 1999 , www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.863 . Jump up ^ Cell : Two Major Process in Exchange Of Materials Between Cell And Environment Archived August 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Takdang Aralin ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pinocytosis : Definition . biology-online.org Jump up ^ Phagocytosis . Courses.washington.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jahn , Reinhard , and Thomas C Sudhof . `` Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis . '' Membrane Fusion and Exocytosis Annual Review of Biochemistry , Annual Review of Biochemistry , July 1999 , www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.863 . Notes ( edit ) Lodish H. ; Berk A. ; Zipursky S.L. ; Matsudaira P. ; Baltimore D. ; Darnell J. ( 2000 ) . `` Section 15.6 Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters '' . Molecular Cell Biology ( 4th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3136 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Secondary Active Transport ( hide ) Membrane transport Mechanisms for chemical transport through biological membranes Passive transport Simple diffusion ( or non-mediated transport ) Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Channels Carriers Active transport Uniporter Symporter Antiporter Primary active transport Secondary active transport Cytosis Endocytosis Efferocytosis Non-specific , adsorptive pinocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis Potocytosis Receptor - mediated endocytosis Transcytosis Exocytosis Degranulation NDL : 00570452 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_transport&oldid=837540262 '' Categories : Membrane biology Biological matter Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kreyòl ayisyen Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 13 : 40 . 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Head and neck anatomy
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Head and neck anatomy - wikipedia Head and neck anatomy This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An MRI scan of the human head . This article describes the anatomy of the head and neck of the human body , including the brain , bones , muscles , blood vessels , nerves , glands , nose , mouth , teeth , tongue , and throat . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Bones 1.2 Muscles 1.3 Skin 1.4 Mouth 1.4. 1 Teeth 1.4. 2 Salivary glands 1.4. 3 Tongue 1.5 Nose 1.6 Microanatomy 2 Blood , lymph and nerve supply 2.1 Blood supply 2.1. 1 Blood -- brain barrier 2.2 Venous drainage 2.3 Lymphatic system 2.4 Nerve supply 2.4. 1 Cranial nerves 3 Function 3.1 Endocrine glands 3.2 Respiratory system 3.3 Central nervous system 4 Development 4.1 Bones 4.2 Teeth 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Infection 5.2 Other 5.3 Airway obstruction 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Bones ( edit ) The head is rests on the top part of the vertebral column , with the skull joining at C1 ( the first cervical vertebra known as the atlas ) . The skeletal section of the head and neck forms the top part of the axial skeleton and is made up of the skull , hyoid bone , auditory ossicles , and cervical spine . The skull can be further subdivided into : the cranium ( 8 bones : frontal , 2 - parietal , occipital , 2 - temporal , sphenoid , ethmoid ) , and the facial bones ( 14 bones : 2 - zygomatic , 2 - maxillary , 2 - palatine , 2 - nasal , 2 - lacrimal , vomer , 2 - inferior conchae , mandible ) . The occipital bone joins with the atlas near the foramen magnum , a large hole ( foramen ) at the base of the skull . The atlas joins with the occipital condyle above and the axis below . The spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum . Muscles ( edit ) Group Name Nerve Function facial expression Epicranius : Frontalis and Occipitalis facial nerve eyebrows and scalp facial expression Orbicularis oris facial nerve closes lips facial expression Zygomaticus major facial nerve smiling facial expression Zygomaticus minor facial nerve smiling facial expression Levator labii superioris facial nerve upper lip facial expression Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi facial nerve upper lip facial expression Depressor labii inferioris facial nerve lower lip facial expression Depressor anguli oris facial nerve frowning facial expression Platysma facial nerve frowning ( during fear or shock ) facial expression Buccinator facial nerve cheeks facial expression Mentalis facial nerve chin facial expression Platysma facial nerve frowning facial expression Risorius facial nerve mouth angle facial expression Orbicularis oculi facial nerve closes eye facial expression Nasalis facial nerve flare nostrils facial expression Corrugator supercilli facial nerve eyebrow facial expression Levator palpebrae superioris oculomotor nerve upper eyelid chewing -- lower mandible Masseter Trigeminal nerve closing and protruding mandible , chewing -- lower mandible Temporalis Trigeminal nerve elevates and controls side to side movement of mandible chewing -- lower mandible Medial pterygoid Trigeminal nerve elevates mandible , chewing -- lower mandible Lateral pterygoid Trigeminal nerve protracts mandible , opens mouth . tongue -- extrinsic Genioglossus hypoglossal nerve protraction , tongue -- extrinsic Styloglossus hypoglossal nerve elevation and retraction , tongue -- extrinsic Hyoglossus hypoglossal nerve depresses tongue tongue -- extrinsic Palatoglossus Pharyngeal plexus , pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve elevates tongue while swallowing oral cavity floor Digastric Trigeminal nerve and Facial nerve hyoid and mandible movement oral cavity floor Stylohyoid Facial nerve elevates hyoid oral cavity floor Mylohyoid Trigeminal nerve hyoid and mandible movement oral cavity floor Geniohyoid Cervical nerve C - 1 hyoid , tongue , and mandible movement move head Sternocleidomastoid Accessory nerve nodding and turning move head Semispinalis dorsal rami of cervical nerves extends head , supports turning move head Splenius capitis dorsal rami of middle and lower cervical nerves extend head , supports turning move head Longissimus capitis dorsal rami of middle and lower cervical nerves extends head , supports turning move head Rectus capitis posterior major Suboccipital nerve C - 1 extends head move head Rectus capitis posterior minor Suboccipital nerve C - 1 extends head Skin ( edit ) The head and neck is covered in skin and its appendages , termed the integumentary system . These include hair , sweat glands , sebaceous glands , and sensory nerves . The skin is made up of three microscopic layers : epidermis , dermis , and hypodermis . The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium and is divided into the following five sublayers or strata , listed in order from outer to inner : Stratum corneum , Stratum lucidum , Stratum granulosum , Stratum spinosum , Stratum germinativum also called stratum basale . The deepest layer is the miotic layer , stratum basale producing daughter cells by mitosis . Mouth ( edit ) Main article : Mouth The mouth , also called the oral cavity , is the entranceway into the digestive system containing both primary and accessory organs of digestion . Teeth ( edit ) Main article : Human tooth Two rows of teeth are supported by facial bones of the skull , the maxilla above and the mandible below . Adults have 32 permanent teeth , and children have 20 deciduous teeth . There are various tooth shapes for different jobs . For example , when chewing , the upper teeth work together with the lower teeth of the same shape to bite , chew , and tear food . The names of these teeth are : ( 1 ) Incisors , there are eight incisors located in the front of the mouth ( four on the top and four on the bottom ) . They have sharp , chisel - shaped crowns that cut food . ( 2 ) Cuspids ( or canine tooth ) , the four cuspids are next to each incisor . Cuspids have a pointed edge to tear food . ( 3 ) Premolars ( or bicuspids ) , the four pairs of molars are located next to the cuspids . They crush and tear food . ( 4 ) Molars , there are twelve molars , in sets of three , at the back of the mouth . They have wide surfaces that help to grind food . The white visible part of a tooth is called the crown . The rounded upper projections of the back teeth are cusps . The hard white exterior covering of the tooth is the enamel . As the tooth tapers below the gumline , the neck is formed . Below the neck , holding the tooth into the bone , is the root of the tooth . The inner portions of the tooth consist of the dentin , a bonelike tissue , and the pulp . The pulp is a soft tissue area containing the nerve and blood vessels to nourish and protect the tooth , located within the pulp cavity . A tooth sits in a specialized socket called the alveolus . The tooth is held in location by a periodontal ligament , with the assistance of cementum . Teeth are surrounded by gingiva , or gums , part of the periodontium , support tissue of oral cavity protection . The periodontium includes all of the support membranes of the dental structures surround and support the teeth such as the gums and the attachment surfaces and membranes . These include epithelial tissues ( epithelium ) , connective tissues , ( ligaments and bone ) , muscle tissue and nervous tissue . Salivary glands ( edit ) Main article : salivary glands There are three sets of salivary glands : the parotid , the submandibular and the sublingual glands . The ( exocrine ) glands secrete saliva for proper mixing of food and provides enzymes to start chemical digestion . Saliva helps to hold together the formed bolus which is swallowed after chewing . Saliva is composed primarily of water , ions , salivary amylase , lysozymes , and trace amounts of urea . Tongue ( edit ) The tongue is a specialized skeletal muscle that is specially adapted for the activities of speech , chewing , developing gustatory sense ( taste ) and swallowing . The tongue contains two sets of muscles , the intrinsic - involved with shape of tongue , and the extrinsic - involved with tongue movement . It is attached to the hyoid bone . Terms meaning tongue include `` glosso '' ( from Greek ) and `` lingual '' ( ( from Latin ) . Nose ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2018 ) Microanatomy ( edit ) The outer surfaces of the head and neck are lined by epithelium . The protective tissues of the oral cavity are continuous with the digestive tract are called mucosa or mucous membranes . The cells of the inner oral cavity are called the buccal mucosa . The oral cavity is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium containing about three layers of cells . They line the oral , nasal , and external auditory meatus , ( ear ) , providing lubrication and protection against pathogens . The lips are also protected by specialized sensory cells called Meissner 's corpuscles . Blood , lymph and nerve supply ( edit ) Blood supply ( edit ) Blood circulates from the upper systemic loop originating at the aortic arch , and includes : the brachiocephalic artery , left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery . The head and neck are emptied of blood by the subclavian vein and jugular vein . Right side of neck dissection showing the brachiocephalic , right common carotid artery and its branches The brachiocephalic artery or trunk is the first and largest artery that branches to form the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery . This artery provides blood to the right upper chest , right arm , neck , and head , through a branch called right vertebral artery . The right and left vertebral artery feed into the basilar artery and upward to the Posterior cerebral artery , which provides most of the brain with oxygenated blood . The posterior cerebral artery and the posterior communicating artery are within the circle of Willis . The left common carotid artery divides to form the : internal carotid artery ( ICA ) and an external carotid artery ( ECA ) . The ICA supplies the brain . The ECA supplies the neck and face . The left subclavian artery and the right subclavian artery , one on each side of the body form the internal thoracic artery , the vertebral artery , the thyrocervical trunk , and the costocervical trunk . The subclavian becomes the axiliary artery at the lateral border of the first rib . The left subclavian artery also provides blood to the left upper chest and left arm . Blood -- brain barrier ( edit ) The Blood -- brain barrier ( BBB ) is semi-permeable membrane that controls the capillary leak potential of the circulatory system . In most parts of the body , the smallest blood vessels , called capillaries , are lined with endothelial cells , which have small spaces between each individual cell so substances can move readily between the inside and the outside of the capillary . This is not in the case of brain . In the brain , the endothelial cells fit tightly together to create a tight junction and substances can not pass out of the bloodstream . Specialized glial cells called astrocytes form a tight junction or protective barrier around brain blood vessels and may be important in the development of the BBB . Astrocytes may also be responsible for transporting ions ( electrolytes ) from the brain to the blood . Venous drainage ( edit ) Blood from the brain and neck flows from : ( 1 ) within the cranium via the internal jugular veins , a continuation of the sigmoid sinuses . The right and left external jugular veins drain from the parotid glands , facial muscles , scalp into the subclavian veins . The right and left vertebral veins drain the vertebrae and muscles into the right subclavian vein and into the superior vena cava , into the right atrium of the heart . Lymphatic system ( edit ) The lymphatic system drains the head and neck of excess interstitial fluid via lymph vessels or capillaries , equally into the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct . Lymph nodes line the cervical spine and neck regions as well as along the face and jaw . The tonsils also are lymphatic tissue and help mediate the ingestion of pathogens . Tonsils in humans include , from superior to inferior : nasopharyngeal tonsils ( also known as adenoids ) , palatine tonsils , and lingual tonsils . Together this set of lymphatic tissue is called the tonsillar ring or Waldeyer 's ring . Nerve supply ( edit ) The spinal nerves arise from the spinal column . The top section of the spine is the cervical section , which contains nerves that innervate muscles of the head , neck and thoracic cavity , as well as transmit sensory information to the CNS . The cervical spine section contains seven vertebrae , C - 1 through C - 7 , and eight nerve pairs , C - 1 through C - 8 . There is the formation of an extensive network of nerve groups or tracts attaching to the spinal cord in arrangements called rami or plexus . The sensory branches of spinal nerves include : lesser occipital , C - 2 , great auricular , ( C - 2 and C - 3 ) ; transverse cervical , C - 2 and C - 3 ; and supraclavicular , C - 3 and C - 4 . These nerve groups transmit afferent ( sensory ) information from the scalp , neck , and shoulders to the brain . The motor branches of spinal nerves include : ansa cervicalis , dividing into a superior root , C - 1 , and an inferior root , C - 2 and C - 3 , and the phrenic nerve , C - 3 to C - 5 , the segmental nerve branches , C - 1 to C - 5 . These nerve groups transmit efferent nerve ( motor ) information from the brain to muscle groups of the scalp , neck , diaphragm ( anatomy ) , and shoulders . Additionally there are : ( C5 - C8 , and T1 ) Brachial plexus , providing the entire nerve supply of the shoulder and upper limb ; and includes supraclavicular branches ( dorsal scapular , suprascapular , long thoracic ) lateral cord ( musculocutaneous , lateral antibrachial cutaneous , lateral head of median nerve ) , medial cord ( ulnar , medial head of median nerve , medial antibrachial cutaneous , medial brachial cutaneous ) , posterior cord ( axillary , radial ) , controlling the arm . Damage to a person 's spinal cord above C - 5 may result in respiratory arrest and death if medicinal aid does not intervene . Cranial nerves ( edit ) Twelve pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain ; these affect movements and sensation , and some special organs such as hearing of parts of the head and neck . Function ( edit ) Movements of the neck includes : flexion , extension , ( nodding yes ) , and rotation ( shaking head no ) . The mouth has evolved to support chewing , ( mastication ) and swallowing ( deglutition ) , and speech ( phonation ) . In addition to the teeth , other structures that aid chewing are the lips , cheeks , tongue , hard palate , soft palate , and floor of the mouth . Endocrine glands ( edit ) Several glands of the endocrine system are found within the head and neck . Endocrine means that the secretion is used within the body . Endocrine glands are termed as ductless and release their secretions directly into the blood . The endocrine system is under the direct supervision of the nervous system , using the negative feedback principal of homeostasis , to create hormones which act as chemical instant messengers . The hypothalamus connects directly to the pituitary gland , both through the circulatory system and by direct connection of neurons . Also , within the cranium , the pineal gland , which attaches to the thalamus , controls the body 's 24 - hour rhythms circadian rhythm through the release of melatonin . The pituitary gland secretes hormones that directly impact the body as well as hormones that indirectly control body functions because they activate other endocrine glands , such as the adrenal cortex ( ACTH ) and the thyroid gland ( TSH ) . These two glands when stimulated by pituitary hormones then release their own hormones . The pituitary gland has two lobes , the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe . The anterior lobe secretes : growth hormone ( GH ) , Luteinizing hormone ( LH ) , Follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) , Adrenocorticotropic hormone ( ACTH ) , Thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) , Prolactin ( PRL ) , and the posterior lobe secretes : Antidieuretic hormone ( ADH ) , and Oxytocin . There is an intermediate lobe , in adult humans it is just a thin layer of cells between the anterior and posterior pituitary , nearly indistinguishable from the anterior lobe . The intermediate lobe produces melanocyte - stimulating hormone ( MSH ) . In the neck are the thyroid and parathyroid glands , that secrete hormones that control metabolism and blood calcium levels . The four parathyroid glands are situated upon the back surface of the thyroid gland . Respiratory system ( edit ) See also : Respiratory system The respiratory system begins in the head and neck , with air entering and leaving the body through the mouth and nose . The respiratory system involving the head and neck includes : the nasal cavity for filtering , moistening , and warming the air the pharynx or throat which is the combining point for respiratory and digestive system the larynx or voice box containing the epiglottis the trachea , or windpipe These lead down into the lower respiratory tract . A critical junction between the respiratory and digestive systems is the epiglottis , a cartilage flap which shuts during swallowing to prevent aspiration . The epiglottis is normally open to support respiration and shuts during swallowing to prevent food and fluids from entering the trachea , activating the gag reflex or initiates the choking mechanism . Central nervous system ( edit ) Main article : central nervous system The nervous system is composed of a central nervous system ( CNS ) , brain and spinal cord , and the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , cranial nerves and spinal nerves . The CNS is located within the dorsal cavity , and the PNS extends through the ventral cavity . The central nervous system provides control and coordination of all eleven body systems and utilizes the endocrine system to form hormone chemical messengers that transport through the blood to influence the activity of individual cells of the body and their associated tissues , organs and systems . The CNS receives sensory ( afferent ) input from the PNS and directs the flow of information to association neurons ( interneurons ) to create chemical synapse responses which in turn cause the formation of motor ( efferent nerve ) responses to stimulus . Association neurons are located in the grey matter of the spinal cord and the brain . The CNS is protected by the cranium , vertebral column , meninges , cerebrospinal fluid . The spinal cord is an extension of the brain . The spinal cord and the brain stem are joined at the base of the cranium at the foramen magnum . Most of the functions of the head and neck are directly influenced by the brain and transmitted to the PNS via the cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the cervical portion of the spine . The PNS has two subdivisions somatic nervous system ( SNS ) . The SNS is associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles , and also the reception of external stimuli . the autonomic nervous system ( ANS ) . The ANS is divided into subsystems : the sympathetic nervous system ( SNS ) and the parasympathetic ( PNS ) nervous systems . The SNS and PNS often have opposing effects in the same organs or physiological systems , and the ANS is a major factor in maintaining homeostasis . Development ( edit ) See also : Face and neck development of the human embryo Bones ( edit ) As the fetus develops , the facial bones usually form into pairs and then fuse together . As the cranium fuses , sutures are formed that resemble stitching between bone plates . In a newborn , the junction of the parietal bones with the frontal and occipital bones , form the anterior ( front ) and posterior ( back ) fontanelle , or soft spots . The separation of the cranial bone plates at time of birth facilitate passage of the head of the fetus through the mother 's birth canal , or pelvic girdle . The parietal bones , and occipital bone can overlap each other in the birth canal , and form the unusual looking `` cone head '' appearance in a newborn when delivered in a natural , or vaginal , delivery . Teeth ( edit ) Humans normally will produce two sets of teeth called primary dentition , or deciduous teeth , and secondary dentition , or permanent teeth . A tooth is the toughest known substance in the body exceeding bones in density and strength . Tooth enamel lends great strength to the tooth structure . The formation of a developing tooth includes the process of dentin formation , ( see : Dentinogenesis ) and enamel formation , ( see : amelogenesis ) . The tooth breaks through the gum into the mouth in a process called eruption . The formation of teeth begins in early fetal development and goes through six stages : ( 1 ) initiation stage , 6th - 7th week ( 2 ) bud stage , 8th wk ( 3 ) cap stage , 9th - 10 wk ( 4 ) bell stage , 11th - 12th wk ( 5 ) apposition ( 6 ) maturation stage Clinical significance ( edit ) Infection ( edit ) Severe viral infections that affect the mouth , lips , or the oral cavity include : Oral cancer may have a viral link . Minor viral infections include : Mumps is a viral infection of the parotid salivary glands . Chicken pox is a viral infection that can spread to the mouth . Thrush ( Candidiasis ) fungal infection . Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils and may cause a sore throat and fever . In chronic cases tonsillectomy may be required . Infected teeth can on rare occasions cause infection to spread leading to cavernous sinus thrombosis , mediastinitis , or Ludwig 's angina causing airway blockage . Diseases may be transmitted by contact of the head , mouth , or body fluids , such as Herpes Simplex Virus Type I ( HSV - 1 ) , Herpes Simplex Virus Type II ( HSV - 2 ) genital herpes , which may present as a lesion on the lips , and contactable via skin to skin contact Other ( edit ) Other diseases include : Gingivitis gum disease , periodontal disease , oral forms of syphilis and gonorrhea . Dental caries or dental cavities . Temporomandibular joint diseases and disorders , commonly called TMJ . Autoimmune diseases such as : Crohn 's disease of the oral cavity , see reference below . Careful observation of the oral cavity , teeth and gums may reveal indicators of other medical conditions . For example , a person suffering from the eating disorder , Bulimia nervosa may show signs of excessive tooth and gum erosion . Airway obstruction ( edit ) The airway in the head and neck may be obstructed with swelling associated with an enlarged tongue ( glossomegaly ) , tonsils , with swelling associated with anaphylactic shock , angiooedema , or a foreign body . Anaphylactic shock requires advanced medical care immediately ; but other first aid measures include rescue breathing ( part of CPR ) and administration of epinephrine using an EpiPen for immediate administration of epinephrine ( adrenaline ) to reverse swelling and to keep the respiratory airway ( trachea ) open . References ( edit ) http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/cspine/anatomy1.html http://www.pediatric-orthopedics.com/Topics/Bones/Skull/Skullduggery/Foramen_Magnum/foramen_magnum.html Skull bones ADHA Dental Hygiene Medline , Crohn disease Brain - blood barrier , University of Washington Skin nerve receptors Cells Alive , Anatomy of a splinter External links ( edit ) Core Curriculum Syllabus : Review of Anatomy at Baylor College of Medicine Core Curriculum Syllabus : Review of Anatomy - Temporal Bone and Ear at Baylor College of Medicine Dental anatomy at Colorado State University Neuroscience for Kids at University of Washington Histology of peridontium at University of Pittsburgh Development of the head and neck Face Nasal placode Nasal pit Nasal prominences Lateral Medial Intermaxillary segment Frontonasal prominence Maxillary prominence Mandibular prominence Meckel 's cartilage Mouth Palate Primary palate Secondary palate Tongue Lateral lingual swelling Median tongue bud Copula linguae Hypopharyngeal eminence Gustatory placode General Pharyngeal apparatus Pharyngeal groove Cervical sinus Pharyngeal arch Pharyngeal pouch Joints and ligaments of the head and neck Temporomandibular Capsule Articular disk Lateral Temporomandibular ligament Medial Sphenomandibular ligament Stylomandibular ligament Atlanto - occipital capsule membranes ( anterior atlantoöccipital membrane posterior atlantoöccipital membrane ) Muscles of the head Extraocular Oblique inferior superior Rectus superior inferior medial lateral Levator palpebrae superioris superior tarsal Masticatory Masseter Temporalis sphenomandibularis Pterygoid lateral medial Fascia masseteric temporal Facial Ear Auricular anterior superior posterior Temporoparietalis Scalp / eyelid Occipitofrontalis occipitalis frontalis Orbicularis oculi depressor supercilii Corrugator supercilii Nose Procerus Nasalis dilator naris Depressor septi nasi Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Mouth Levator anguli oris Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus major minor Orbicularis oris Risorius Buccinator Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Mentalis Transversus menti Soft palate Veli palatini tensor levator Musculus uvulae Palatopharyngeus Palatoglossus Tongue Extrinsic Genioglossus Hyoglossus chondroglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus Intrinsic Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse Vertical Muscles of the neck Cervical Platysma Sternocleidomastoid Longus capitis Longus colli Scalene anterior middle posterior Rectus capitis anterior muscle Rectus capitis lateralis muscle Suboccipital Rectus capitis posterior major minor Obliquus capitis inferior superior Suprahyoid Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric Geniohyoid Infrahyoid Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid Pharynx Pharyngeal constrictor superior middle inferior Stylopharyngeus Salpingopharyngeus Larynx Cricothyroid Cricoarytenoid posterior lateral Arytenoid oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid vocal thyroepiglottic Trachea Trachealis Fasciae Deep cervical fascia Pretracheal fascia Prevertebral fascia Investing layer Carotid sheath Alar fascia Palatine aponeurosis Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Pharyngeal raphe Arteries of the head and neck CC EC sup . thyroid superior laryngeal sternocleidomastoid branch infrahyoid branch cricothyroid branch glandular branches asc . pharyngeal posterior meningeal pharyngeal branches inferior tympanic lingual suprahyoid dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual facial cervical branches ( ascending palatine , tonsillar , submental , glandular ) facial branches ( inferior labial superior labial / nasal septum lateral nasal angular ) occipital sternocleidomastoid meningeal occipital auricular descending post . auricular stylomastoid stapedial auricular occipital Parotid sup . temporal transverse facial middle temporal ( zygomatico - orbital ) anterior auricular frontal parietal maxillary 1st part / mandibular anterior tympanic deep auricular middle meningeal ( superior tympanic , petrosal ) accessory meningeal inferior alveolar 2nd part / pterygoid to muscles of mastication ( deep temporal , pterygoid , masseteric ) buccal 3rd part / pterygopalatine posterior superior alveolar infraorbital ( anterior superior alveolar ) descending palatine ( greater palatine , lesser palatine ) artery of the pterygoid canal sphenopalatine ( posterior septal branches , posterior lateral nasal ) pharyngeal IC cervical carotid sinus petrous Vidian caroticotympanic cavernous / ophthalmic orbital group : anterior ethmoidal posterior ethmoidal lacrimal ( lateral palpebral ) medial palpebral terminal ( supraorbital , supratrochlear , dorsal nasal ) ocular group : central retinal ciliary ( short posterior , long posterior , anterior ) Circulus arteriosus major hypophysial ( superior , inferior ) brain Circle of Willis ACA ( anterior communicating , Recurrent artery of Heubner , Orbitofrontal artery ) MCA ( anterolateral central , Prefrontal artery , Superior terminal branch , Inferior terminal branch , Anterior temporal branch ) posterior communicating anterior choroidal SC vertebral artery meningeal spinal ( posterior , anterior ) basilar : pontine labyrinthine cerebellar ( AICA , SCA , PICA ) cerebral ( PCA ) thyrocervical trunk inferior thyroid inferior laryngeal tracheal esophageal ascending cervical pharyngeal glandular branches transverse cervical superficial branch deep branch / dorsal scapular scapular anastomosis suprascapular acromial branch scapular anastomosis costocervical trunk deep cervical Supreme Intercostal artery Veins of the head and neck External jugular Retromandibular maxillary pterygoid plexus superficial temporal anterior auricular Direct posterior auricular transverse cervical suprascapular anterior jugular jugular venous arch Internal jugular Diploic / brain Cerebral Superficial : superior superficial middle inferior inferior anastomotic ( Labbé ) superior anastomotic ( Trolard ) Deep : great internal basal deep middle superior thalamostriate Cerebellar superior inferior Sinuses To COS superior sagittal straight inferior sagittal occipital To CS sphenoparietal intercavernous superior ophthalmic ethmoidal central retinal nasofrontal vorticose veins inferior ophthalmic To IJV sigmoid : transverse petrosquamous superior petrosal inferior petrosal basilar plexus internal auditory veins condylar Facial / common facial frontal supraorbital angular superior labial inferior labial deep facial Direct lingual dorsal lingual deep lingual sublingual pharyngeal superior thyroid superior laryngeal middle thyroid Brachiocephalic Vertebral occipital occipital emissary suboccipital venous plexus deep cervical Direct inferior thyroid inferior laryngeal thymic Anatomy of the lymphatic system Head and neck Head Back Occipital Mastoid / retroauricular Parotid Superficial Deep preauricular infra - auricular intraglandular Front Facial buccinator nasolabial Mandibular Submandibular Submental Cervical Superficial anterior lateral Deep Deep anterior cervical pretracheal paratracheal prelaryngeal thyroid Deep lateral cervical superior deep cervical inferior deep cervical retropharyngeal jugulodigastric jugulo - omohyoid Other Anterior cervical Lateral cervical Supraclavicular Vessels Jugular trunk Arm and axilla Nodes Axillary Brachial Pectoral Subscapular Central Apical Arm Supratrochlear Deltopectoral Vessels Subclavian lymph trunk Chest Nodes Parasternal Intercostal Superior diaphragmatic Trachea and bronchi superior inferior bronchopulmonary paratracheal intrapulmonary Vessels Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duct Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk Abdomen Nodes Paraaortic Retroaortic Lateral aortic Preaortic ( Celiac gastric hepatic splenic Superior mesenteric mesenteric ileocolic mesocolic Inferior mesenteric pararectal ) Other Iliac Common external internal Sacral Retroperitoneal lymph nodes Vessels Lumbar lymph trunk Intestinal trunk Cisterna chyli Leg Inguinal deep Cloquet 's node superficial Popliteal The cranial nerves Terminal Nuclei septal nuclei Course no significant branches Olfactory Nuclei anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract Optic Nuclei lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract Oculomotor Nuclei oculomotor nucleus Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion inferior Trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches Trigeminal Nuclei PSN spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular Abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches Facial Near origin Intermediate nerve Geniculate Inside facial canal Greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion Nerve to the stapedius Chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion At stylomastoid foramen Posterior auricular Suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid Parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus Vestibulocochlear Nuclei vestibular nuclei cochlear nuclei Cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus Vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion Glossopharyngeal Before jugular fossa Ganglia superior inferior After jugular fossa Tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion Stylopharyngeal branch Pharyngeal branches Tonsillar branches Lingual branches Carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus Vagus Before jugular fossa Ganglia superior inferior After jugular fossa Meningeal branch Auricular branch Neck Pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus Superior laryngeal external internal Recurrent laryngeal Superior cervical cardiac Thorax Inferior cardiac Pulmonary Vagal trunks anterior posterior Abdomen Celiac Renal Hepatic Anterior gastric Posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus Accessory Nuclei nucleus ambiguus spinal accessory nucleus Cranial Spinal Hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual Nerves of the cervical plexus Superficial C2 Lesser occipital C2 -- C3 Greater auricular Transverse cervical C3 -- C4 Supraclavicular Deep C1 -- C3 Ansa cervicalis superior root inferior root C3 -- C5 Phrenic Anatomy of the human nose External nose Ala of nose nasal cartilages Septal nasal Lateral nasal Major alar Minor alar Vomeronasal Nasal cavity Openings Nasal vestibule Nostril Choana Lateral wall Nasal conchae : Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Inferior nasal concha Nasal meatus : ( Supreme superior middle inferior ) Sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoid bulla Agger nasi Ethmoidal infundibulum Semilunar hiatus Maxillary hiatus Medial wall Nasal septum Vomeronasal organ Nasal mucosa Olfactory mucosa Paranasal sinuses Maxillary sinus Sphenoidal sinuses Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Naso - pharynx Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube Salpingopharyngeal fold Salpingopalatine fold Torus tubarius Pharyngeal tonsil Pharyngeal recess Anatomy of the larynx Cartilage major / unpaired : Epiglottis Vallecula Thyroid Adam 's apple Cricoid minor / paired : Arytenoid Vocal process Muscular process Corniculate Cuneiform Ligaments / folds extrinsic ligaments : Hyoepiglottic ligament Thyrohyoid membrane Lateral ligament Median ligament Thyroepiglottic ligament Cricotracheal ligament intrinsic ligaments , upper : Quadrangular membrane Aryepiglottic Vestibular ligament / Vestibular fold intrinsic ligaments , lower : Cricothyroid ligament Median Lateral / Conus elasticus Vocal ligament / Vocal folds Laryngeal cavity Laryngeal inlet Vestibule Rima vestibuli Ventricle Rima glottidis / Glottis Infraglottic cavity Laryngeal muscles Cricothyroid Cricoarytenoid posterior lateral Arytenoid oblique arytenoid aryepiglottic transverse arytenoid Thyroarytenoid vocal thyroepiglottic Other Cricothyroid articulation Cricoarytenoid articulation Anatomy of the mouth Lip Vermilion border Frenulum of lower lip Labial commissure of mouth Philtrum Cheek Buccal fat pad Roof Hard palate Soft palate Palatine raphe Incisive papilla Gums Interdental papilla Gingival sulcus Gingival margin Gingival fibers Junctional epithelium Mucogingival junction Sulcular epithelium Stippling Periodontium Cementum Gingiva Periodontal ligament Glands Parotid gland duct Submandibular gland duct Sublingual gland duct Teeth see tooth anatomy Tongue Top Taste bud Median sulcus Terminal sulcus Foramen cecum Lingual tonsils Underside Frenulum Fimbriated fold Sublingual caruncle Glossoepiglottic folds Lingual septum Back of mouth Oropharynx fauces Plica semilunaris of the fauces Uvula Palatoglossal arch Palatopharyngeal arch Tonsillar fossa Palatine tonsil Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_and_neck_anatomy&oldid=843001393 '' Categories : Human head and neck Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - 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Belmont Stakes
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Belmont Stakes - wikipedia Belmont Stakes For the 2018 race , see 2018 Belmont Stakes . Belmont Stakes Grade I race The final and longest leg of the United States Triple Crown `` The Third Jewel of the Triple Crown '' The Test of the Champion `` The Run for the Carnations '' Location Belmont Park Elmont , New York , United States Inaugurated 1867 ( 151 years ago ) ( 1867 ) Race type Thoroughbred Website belmontstakes.com Race information Distance 11⁄2 miles ( 12 furlongs ) Record 2 : 24 , Secretariat ( 1973 ) Surface Dirt Track Left - handed Qualification 3 - year - olds Weight Colt / Gelding : 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) ; Filly : 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) Purse US $1.5 million 1st : $800,000 The Belmont Stakes is an American Grade I stakes Thoroughbred horse race held every June at Belmont Park in Elmont , New York . It is a 1.5 - mile - long ( 2.4 km ) horse race , open to three - year - old Thoroughbreds . Colts and geldings carry a weight of 126 pounds ( 57 kg ) ; fillies carry 121 pounds ( 55 kg ) . The race , nicknamed The Test of the Champion , and The Run for the Carnations , is the third and final leg of the Triple Crown and is held five weeks after the Kentucky Derby and three weeks after the Preakness Stakes . The 1973 Belmont Stakes and Triple Crown winner Secretariat holds the mile and a half stakes record ( which is also a track and world record on dirt ) of 2 : 24 . The attendance at the Belmont Stakes is among the American thoroughbred racing top - attended events . The 2004 Belmont Stakes drew a television audience of 21.9 million viewers , and had the highest household viewing rate since 1977 when Seattle Slew won the Triple Crown . The 150th Belmont Stakes took place on Saturday , June 9 , 2018 . Justify won the race and became the second horse in four years to win the Triple Crown . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1868 -- 1929 : Early years 1.2 1930 -- 2000 : Evolution of the Triple Crown series 1.3 2001 -- present : Recent years 2 Distance and race details 3 Traditions 4 Broadcasting history 5 Records 6 Trivia 7 Fillies in the Belmont 8 Foreign - born winners 9 Belmont Stakes winners 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) 1868 -- 1929 : early years ( edit ) See also : Belmont Park August Belmont Trophy , presented annually to the winning owner since 1926 . The first Belmont Stakes was held at Jerome Park Racetrack in The Bronx , built in 1866 by stock market speculator Leonard Jerome ( 1817 -- 1891 ) and financed by August Belmont Sr. ( 1816 -- 1890 ) , for whom the race was named . The first race in 1867 saw the filly Ruthless win , while the following year was won by General Duke . The race continued to be held at Jerome Park until 1890 , when it was moved to the nearby facility , Morris Park Racecourse . The 1895 race was almost not held because of new laws that banned bookmaking in New York : it was eventually rescheduled for November 2 . The race remained at Morris Park Racecourse until the May 1905 opening of the new Belmont Park , 430 - acre ( 1.7 km ) racetrack in Elmont , New York on Long Island , just outside the New York City borough of Queens . When anti-gambling legislation was passed in New York State , Belmont Racetrack was closed , and the race was cancelled in 1911 and 1912 . The first winner of the Triple Crown was Sir Barton , in 1919 , before the series was recognized as such . In 1920 , the Belmont was won by the great Man o ' War , who won by 20 lengths , setting a new stakes and American record . Starting in 1926 , the winner of the Belmont Stakes has been presented with August Belmont Trophy . The owner may keep the trophy for one year , and also receives a silver miniature for permanent use . 1930 -- 2000 : evolution of the Triple Crown series ( edit ) Main article : Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing ( United States ) The term Triple Crown was first used when Gallant Fox won the three races in 1930 , but the term did not enter widespread use until 1935 when his son Omaha repeated the feat . Sir Barton was then honored retroactively . Since 1931 , the order of Triple Crown races has been the Kentucky Derby first , followed by the Preakness Stakes , and then the Belmont Stakes . Prior to 1931 , the Preakness was run before the Derby eleven times . On May 12 , 1917 and again on May 13 , 1922 , the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day . On eleven occasions , the Belmont Stakes was run before the Preakness Stakes . The date of each event is now set by the Kentucky Derby , which is always held on the first Saturday in May . The Preakness Stakes is currently held two weeks later ; and the Belmont Stakes is held three weeks after the Preakness ( five weeks after the Derby ) . The earliest possible date for the Derby is May 1 , and the latest is May 7 ; the earliest possible date for the Belmont is thus June 5 , and the latest is June 11 . Assault , winner of the 1946 Triple Crown In 1937 , War Admiral became the fourth Triple Crown winner after winning the Belmont in a new track record time of 2 : 28 3 / 5 . In the 1940s , four Triple Crown winners followed : Whirlaway in 1941 , Count Fleet in 1943 , Assault in 1946 and Citation in 1948 . Count Fleet won the race by a then - record margin of twenty - five lengths . He also set a stakes record of 2 : 28 1 / 5 , a record tied by Citation . In 1957 , the stakes record was smashed when Gallant Man ran the Belmont in 2 : 26 3 / 5 in a year when the Triple Crown series was split three ways . The Belmont Stakes race was held at Aqueduct Racetrack from 1963 to 1967 , while the track at Belmont was restored and renovated . The largest crowd of the 20th century was in 1971 with over 80,000 people , supplemented by the city 's Latino community , there to cheer on their new hero , Cañonero II , the Venezuelan colt who had won the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes and was poised to win the U.S. Triple Crown . However , due to a foot infection that had bothered the horse for several days , Cañonero II failed to win the Triple Crown when he struggled across the finish line in 4th place behind Pass Catcher , ridden by Walter Blum . Despite this loss , Cañonero II was named the winner of the first Eclipse Award for Outstanding Three - Year - Old Male Horse . On June 9 , 1973 , Secretariat won the Belmont Stakes by thirty - one lengths in a record time of 2 : 24 , becoming a Triple Crown champion , ending a 25 - year gap between Citation , the Belmont and Triple Crown winner in 1948 . Secretariat 's record still stands as the fastest running of the Belmont Stakes and an American record for 11⁄2 miles on the dirt . In 1977 , Seattle Slew became the first horse to win the Triple Crown while undefeated . Affirmed was the last winner of the Triple Crown in the 20th century , taking the Belmont Stakes in 2 : 26 4 / 5 on June 10 , 1978 . Ridden by eighteen - year - old Steve Cauthen , Affirmed defeated rival Alydar with Jorge Velasquez in the saddle . At the time the race was the third - slowest start and the third - fastest finish with the quarter in 25 , the half in 50 , 3 / 4 in 1 : 14 , the mile in 1 : 37 2 / 5 . In 1988 , Secretariat 's son Risen Star won the Belmont in 2 : 26 2 / 5 , then the second - fastest time in the history of the race . The next year , Easy Goer lowered the mark for second - fastest time to 2 : 26 . Easy Goer also holds a Beyer Speed Figure of 122 for the race , the best of any Triple Crown race since these ratings were first published in 1987 . 2001 -- present : recent years ( edit ) The crowd packs the facility when a Triple Crown is on the line For three years in a row , horses came to the Belmont Stakes with a Triple Crown on the line only to fail . In 2002 , Belmont Park hosted what was then the largest crowd in its history when 103,222 saw War Emblem lose to longshot Sarava after stumbling at the start . In 2003 , 101,864 watched Funny Cide finish third behind Empire Maker . In 2004 , the attendance record was shattered when 120,139 people saw Smarty Jones upset by Birdstone . In 2007 , Rags to Riches became the first filly to win the race since Tanya in 1905 . Three more failed Triple Crown bids followed : in 2008 , Big Brown lost to Da ' Tara ; in 2012 , I 'll Have Another was withdrawn due to injury ; and in 2014 , California Chrome was beaten by Tonalist . This fueled debate about whether the series needed to be changed , for example by lengthening the period between races . American Pharoah won the 2015 race , becoming the 12th horse in history to win the Triple Crown and the first in 37 years . The crowd that year was limited for the first time , to 90,000 . His time of 2 : 26.65 was the sixth - fastest in Belmont Stakes history , and the second - fastest time for a Triple Crown winner . Distance and race details ( edit ) The Belmont Stakes has been run at a mile and a half since 1926 , having been run at that distance in 1874 -- 1889 . The race has also been run at the following distances : a mile and five furlongs in 1867 -- 1873 ; a mile and a quarter in 1890 -- 1892 , 1895 , and 1904 -- 1905 ; a mile and a furlong in 1893 -- 1894 ; and a mile and three furlongs from 1896 -- 1903 and 1906 -- 1925 . The purse for the first running in 1867 was $1,500 added , meaning the purse was supplemented by nomination and entry fees . This made the total purse $2,500 , with the winner receiving $1,850 . The purse increased sharply in the Roaring Twenties , from Man O'War's earnings of $7,950 in 1920 to Gallant Fox 's take of $66,040 in 1930 . Purses declined as a result of the Great Depression , with War Admiral earning only $28,020 in 1937 , then began to recover . Throughout the sixties and early seventies , the value to the winner was roughly $100,000 , depending on the added money generated by entry fees ( larger fields thus leading to higher prize money ) . The purse was repeatedly raised in the eighties and nineties , reaching $500,000 added , with the winner receiving roughly $400,000 . In 1998 , the purse was changed to $1,000,000 guaranteed , with the winner receiving $600,000 . In 2014 , the purse was raised to $1,500,000 . With one exception , the race has been run at a level weight of 126 pounds ( with a 5 - pound allowance for fillies ) since 1900 . The 126 pounds comes from the English Classics , where the standard weight is 9 stone , with one stone equaling 14 pounds . In 1913 , the Belmont was run as a handicap with the winner carrying only 109 pounds compared to the runner - up carrying 126 pounds . Races run prior to 1900 had varied weight conditions . The first post parade in the United States was at the 14th Belmont , in 1880 . Before 1921 , the race was run in the clockwise tradition of English racing . Since then , the race has been run in the American , or counter-clockwise , direction . Because of its length ( one lap around the enormous Belmont main track ) , and because it is the final race of the Triple Crown , it is called the `` Test of the Champion '' . Most three - year - olds are unaccustomed to the distance , and lack the experience , if not the stamina , to maintain a winning speed for so long . In a long race such as the Belmont , positioning of the horse and the timing of the move to chase for the lead can be critical . Traditions ( edit ) The winner 's blanket , made of white carnations The Belmont Stakes is traditionally called `` The Test of the Champion '' because of its 1.5 mile length -- by far the longest of the three Triple Crown races , and one of the longest for a first - class race in the United States on the dirt . It is also known as `` The Run for the Carnations '' because the winning horse is draped with a blanket of white carnations after the race , in similar fashion to the blanket of roses and black - eyed Susans for the Derby and Preakness , respectively . The winning owner is ceremonially presented with the silver winner 's trophy , designed by Paulding Farnham for Tiffany and Co . It was first presented to August Belmont Jr. in 1896 and donated by the Belmont family for annual presentation in 1926 . Despite the fact that the Belmont Stakes is the oldest of the Triple Crown races , its traditions have been more subject to change . Until 1996 , the post parade song was `` The Sidewalks of New York '' . From 1997 to 2009 , the song was changed to broadcast a recording by Frank Sinatra of the `` Theme from New York , New York '' in an attempt to appeal to younger fans . In 2010 , the song was changed to Jay - Z 's `` Empire State of Mind '' before reverting to `` Theme from New York , New York '' from 2011 through the present . This tradition is similar to the singing of the state song at the post parades of the first two Triple Crown races : `` My Old Kentucky Home '' at the Kentucky Derby and `` Maryland , My Maryland '' at the Preakness Stakes . The change of song gave rise to `` the myth of Mamie O'Rourke , '' a reference to a character in the lyrics of `` The Sidewalks of New York . '' Before American Pharoah won the Triple Crown in 2015 , some claimed that changing the official Belmont song `` cursed '' the Triple Crown and was why no horse had won since Affirmed in 1978 . Others note that there was no Triple Crown winner between 1979 and 1996 , even though `` Sidewalks '' was still played . Along with the change of song in 1997 , the official drink was also changed , from the `` White Carnation '' to the `` Belmont Breeze . '' The New York Times reviewed both cocktails unfavorably , calling the Belmont Breeze `` a significant improvement over the nigh undrinkable White Carnation '' despite the fact that it `` tastes like a refined trashcan punch . '' In 2011 , the Belmont Breeze was again changed to the current official drink known as the `` Belmont Jewel . '' While the origin of the white carnation as the official flower of the Belmont Stakes is unknown , traditionally , pure white carnations stand for love and luck . It takes approximately 700 `` select '' carnations imported from Colombia to create the 40 - pound blanket draped over the winner of the Belmont Stakes . The NYRA has long used The Pennock Company , a wholesale florist based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania to import the carnations used for the mantle . Broadcasting history ( edit ) From 1986 until 2005 , the Triple Crown television rights comprised a single package . In late 2004 , the New York Racing Association withdrew from that agreement to negotiate independently . As a result of this NBC , who was the rights holder for all three events , was only able to keep its broadcast rights to the Kentucky Derby and Preakness Stakes . ABC regained the rights to the Belmont Stakes as part of a five - year contract that expired following the 2010 race ; NBC has since regained the rights to the race through 2020 . CBS Sports 1960 -- 1985 ABC Sports 1986 -- 2000 NBC Sports 2001 -- 2005 , 2011 -- 2020 ESPN on ABC 2006 -- 2010 Records ( edit ) Kenny McPeek -- 2002 Belmont Stakes ( G1 ) win with Sarava , who at odds of 70 -- 1 , upset War Emblem 's bid for the Triple Crown . Speed record : 2 : 24 flat -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) . Secretariat also holds the fastest 1⁄2 - , 3⁄4 - , 1 - and 11⁄4 - mile fractions in Belmont history . Margin of Victory : 31 lengths -- Secretariat ( 1973 ) Most wins by a jockey : 6 -- Jim McLaughlin ( 1882 , 1883 , 1884 , 1886 , 1887 , 1888 ) 6 -- Eddie Arcaro ( 1941 , 1942 , 1945 , 1948 , 1952 , 1955 ) Most wins by a trainer : 8 -- James G. Rowe Sr . Most wins by an owner : 6 -- Belair Stud ( 1930 , 1932 , 1935 , 1936 , 1939 , 1955 ) 6 -- James R. Keene ( 1879 , 1901 , 1904 , 1907 , 1908 , 1910 ) Trivia ( edit ) Only James G. Rowe Sr. and George M. Odom have won the Belmont Stakes as both jockey and trainer . On June 5 , 1993 Thoroughbred racing 's all - time leading female jockey , Julie Krone , became the first woman to win a Triple Crown race when she rode to victory in the Belmont Stakes aboard Colonial Affair . In 1984 , Sarah Lundy became the first female trainer to saddle a horse in the Belmont Stakes , sending out Minstrel Star , who finished eleventh . The 2004 race had the biggest attendance in the park 's history with 120,139 . Sarava , at odds of 70 -- 1 , upset War Emblem 's bid for the Triple Crown . Braulio Baeza has the distinction of winning three Belmont Stakes over three different surfaces . He won in his Belmont Stakes debut on 65 to 1 long - shot Sherluck in 1961 at the old Belmont Park , won in 1963 on Chateaugay when the race was run at Aqueduct , and won in 1969 on Arts and Letters at the new Belmont Park . Prior to the 2016 running , bay horses had the most victories with 56 . Chestnuts were close behind with 54 wins , followed by 33 dark bay / browns . Only three gray / roan horses had won ( Belmar in 1895 , Native Dancer in 1953 , and High Echelon in 1970 ) . In 2016 , gray horses swept the top three positions . Fourteen Belmont Stakes winners have sired at least one Belmont winner . Leading this list is Man o ' War , who sired three subsequent winners -- American Flag , Crusader and Triple Crown winner War Admiral . Twenty - three horses missed their chance at a Triple Crown by not winning the Belmont . Eight of these finished second : Pensive ( 1944 ) , Tim Tam ( 1958 ) , Forward Pass ( 1968 ) , Majestic Prince ( 1969 ) , Sunday Silence ( 1989 ) , Silver Charm ( 1997 ) , Real Quiet ( 1998 ) , and Smarty Jones ( 2004 ) . Five finished third : Northern Dancer ( 1964 ) , Spectacular Bid ( 1979 ) , Pleasant Colony ( 1981 ) , Charismatic ( 1999 ) , and Funny Cide ( 2003 ) . Four finished fourth : Kauai King ( 1966 ) , Canonero II ( 1971 ) , Alysheba ( 1987 ) , and California Chrome ( 2014 ) . Carry Back ( 1961 ) finished seventh , War Emblem ( 2002 ) finished eighth and Big Brown ( 2008 ) did not finish . Finally , three Derby / Preakness winners did not race in the Belmont : Burgoo King ( 1932 ) , Bold Venture ( 1933 ) and I 'll Have Another ( 2012 ) , though I 'll Have Another was injured and was scratched the day before his Belmont Stakes in 2012 . Fillies in the Belmont ( edit ) Only 23 fillies have run in the Belmont ; three of which have won : 1867 -- Ruthless 1905 -- Tanya 2007 -- Rags to Riches This gives them a respectable 13 % win rate when entered . For context , three fillies have won the Kentucky Derby while five have won the Preakness Stakes . On average , fillies have won between 2 % and 3 % of the Triple Crown races , with similar numbers for geldings ; while about 95 % of these races have been won by colts . The last filly as of November 2017 to run in the Belmont was in 2013 when Unlimited Budget ran six behind the winner Palace Malice . Foreign - born winners ( edit ) 1874 -- Saxon 1898 -- Bowling Brook 1917 -- Hourless 1918 -- Johren 1957 -- Gallant Man 1958 -- Cavan 1960 -- Celtic Ash 1990 -- Go And Go 1998 -- Victory Gallop Belmont Stakes winners ( edit ) Belmont Stakes winners since 1867 Year Winner Jockey Trainer Owner Track Length Time * 2018 Justify † Mike Smith Bob Baffert China Horse Club , Head of Plains Partners , Starlight Racing and WinStar Farm Belmont 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 28.18 2017 Tapwrit Jose Ortiz Todd Pletcher Bridlewood Farm , Eclipse Thoroughbred Partners , Robert V. LaPenta 2 : 30.02 2016 Creator Irad Ortiz Jr . Steve Asmussen WinStar Farm LLC 2 : 28.51 2015 American Pharoah † Victor Espinoza Bob Baffert Zayat Stables , LLC 2 : 26.65 2014 Tonalist Joel Rosario Christophe Clement Robert S. Evans 2 : 28.52 2013 Palace Malice Mike Smith Todd Pletcher Dogwood Stable 2 : 30.70 2012 Union Rags John Velazquez Michael Matz Phyllis M. Wyeth 2 : 30.42 2011 Ruler on Ice Jose Valdivia Jr . Kelly Breen George and Lori Hall 2 : 30.88 Drosselmeyer Mike Smith William Mott WinStar Farm LLC 2 : 31.57 2009 Summer Bird Kent Desormeaux Tim Ice Kalarikkal & Vilasini Jayaraman 2 : 27.54 2008 Da'Tara Alan Garcia Nick Zito Robert V. LaPenta 2 : 29.65 2007 Rags to Riches ‡ John Velazquez Todd Pletcher M. Tabor & D. Smith 2 : 28.74 2006 Jazil Fernando Jara Kiaran McLaughlin Shadwell Farm 2 : 27.86 2005 Afleet Alex Jeremy Rose Timothy Ritchey Cash is King LLC 2 : 28.75 Birdstone Edgar Prado Nick Zito Marylou Whitney Stables 2 : 27.50 2003 Empire Maker Jerry Bailey Robert Frankel Juddmonte Farms 2 : 28.26 2002 Sarava Edgar Prado Kenneth McPeek New Phoenix Stable 2 : 29.71 2001 Point Given Gary Stevens Bob Baffert The Thoroughbred Corp . 2 : 26.56 2000 Commendable Pat Day D. Wayne Lukas Bob & Beverly Lewis 2 : 31.19 1999 Lemon Drop Kid Jose Santos Scotty Schulhofer Jeanne G. Vance 2 : 27.88 1998 Victory Gallop Gary Stevens W. Elliott Walden Prestonwood Farm 2 : 29.16 1997 Touch Gold Chris McCarron David Hofmans Frank Stronach 2 : 28.82 Editor 's Note Rene R. Douglas D. Wayne Lukas Overbrook Farm 2 : 28.96 1995 Thunder Gulch Gary Stevens Michael Tabor 2 : 32.02 1994 Tabasco Cat Pat Day Reynolds / Overbrook 2 : 26.82 1993 Colonial Affair Julie Krone Scotty Schulhofer Centennial Farms 2 : 29.97 1992 A.P. Indy Ed Delahoussaye Neil Drysdale Tomonori Tsurumaki 2 : 26.13 1991 Hansel Jerry Bailey Frank L. Brothers Lazy Lane Farm 2 : 28.10 1990 Go And Go Michael Kinane Dermot K. Weld Moyglare Stud Farm 2 : 27.20 1989 Easy Goer Pat Day C.R. McGaughey III Ogden Phipps 2 : 26.00 1988 Risen Star Ed Delahoussaye Louie J. Roussel III Louie J. Roussel III 2 : 26.40 Bet Twice Craig Perret Jimmy Croll Blanche P. Levy 2 : 28.20 1986 Danzig Connection Chris McCarron Woody Stephens Henryk de Kwiatkowski 2 : 29.80 1985 Creme Fraiche Eddie Maple Brushwood Stables 2 : 27.00 1984 Swale Laffit Pincay Jr . Claiborne Farm 2 : 27.20 Caveat August Belmont IV 2 : 27.80 1982 Conquistador Cielo Henryk de Kwiatkowski 2 : 28.20 1981 Summing George Martens Luis Barrera Charles T. Wilson Jr . 2 : 29.00 1980 Temperence Hill Eddie Maple Joseph B. Cantey Loblolly Stable 2 : 29.80 1979 Coastal Ruben Hernandez David A. Whiteley William Haggin Perry 2 : 28.60 1978 Affirmed † Steve Cauthen Laz Barrera Harbor View Farm 2 : 26.80 1977 Seattle Slew † Jean Cruguet William H. Turner Jr . Karen L. Taylor 2 : 29.60 1976 Bold Forbes Angel Cordero Jr . Laz Barrera E. Rodriguez Tizol 2 : 29.00 Avatar Bill Shoemaker Tommy Doyle Arthur A. Seeligson Jr . 2 : 28.20 Little Current Miguel A. Rivera Lou Rondinello Darby Dan Farm 2 : 29.20 1973 Secretariat † Ron Turcotte Lucien Laurin Meadow Stable 2 : 24.00 1972 Riva Ridge Meadow Stud 2 : 28.00 1971 Pass Catcher Walter Blum Eddie Yowell October House Farm 2 : 30.40 1970 High Echelon John L. Rotz John W. Jacobs Ethel D. Jacobs 2 : 34.00 1969 Arts and Letters Braulio Baeza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stables 2 : 28.80 1968 Stage Door Johnny Heliodoro Gustines John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 27.20 1967 Damascus Bill Shoemaker Frank Y . Whiteley Jr . Edith W. Bancroft Aqueduct 2 : 28.80 1966 Amberoid William Boland Lucien Laurin Reginald N. Webster 2 : 29.60 1965 Hail To All Johnny Sellers Eddie Yowell Zelda Cohen 2 : 28.40 1964 Quadrangle Manuel Ycaza J. Elliott Burch Rokeby Stables 2 : 28.40 1963 Chateaugay Braulio Baeza James P. Conway Darby Dan Farm 2 : 30.20 1962 Jaipur Bill Shoemaker Bert Mulholland George D. Widener Jr . Belmont 2 : 28.80 1961 Sherluck Braulio Baeza Harold Young Jacob Sher 2 : 29.20 1960 Celtic Ash Bill Hartack Thomas J. Barry Joseph E. O'Connell 2 : 29.20 1959 Sword Dancer Bill Shoemaker J. Elliott Burch Brookmeade Stable 2 : 28.40 1958 Cavan Pete Anderson Thomas J. Barry Joseph E. O'Connell 2 : 30.20 1957 Gallant Man Bill Shoemaker John A. Nerud Ralph Lowe 2 : 26.60 1956 Needles David Erb Hugh L. Fontaine D & H Stable 2 : 29.80 1955 Nashua Eddie Arcaro Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 29.00 1954 High Gun Eric Guerin Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 30.80 1953 Native Dancer Bill Winfrey Alfred G. Vanderbilt II 2 : 28.60 1952 One Count Eddie Arcaro Oscar White Sarah F. Jeffords 2 : 30.20 1951 Counterpoint David Gorman Sylvester Veitch C.V. Whitney 2 : 29.00 1950 Middleground William Boland Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 28.60 1949 Capot Ted Atkinson John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 30.20 1948 Citation † Eddie Arcaro Horace A. Jones Calumet Farm 2 : 28.20 1947 Phalanx Ruperto Donoso Sylvester Veitch C.V. Whitney 2 : 29.40 1946 Assault † Warren Mehrtens Max Hirsch King Ranch 2 : 30.80 1945 Pavot Eddie Arcaro Oscar White Walter M. Jeffords Sr . 2 : 30.20 1944 Bounding Home Gayle Smith Matt Brady William Ziegler Jr . 2 : 32.20 1943 Count Fleet † Johnny Longden Don Cameron Fannie Hertz 2 : 28.20 1942 Shut Out Eddie Arcaro John M. Gaver Sr . Greentree Stable 2 : 29.20 1941 Whirlaway † Ben A. Jones Calumet Farm 2 : 31.00 1940 Bimelech Fred A. Smith William A. Hurley Edward R. Bradley 2 : 29.60 1939 Johnstown James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 29.60 1938 Pasteurized George M. Odom Carol Harriman Plunkett 2 : 29.40 1937 War Admiral † Charley Kurtsinger George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 28.60 1936 Granville James Stout Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 30.00 1935 Omaha † Willie Saunders 2 : 30.60 1934 Peace Chance Wayne D. Wright Pete Coyne Joseph E. Widener 2 : 29.20 1933 Hurryoff Mack Garner Henry McDaniel 2 : 32.60 1932 Faireno Tommy Malley Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 32.80 1931 Twenty Grand Charley Kurtsinger James G. Rowe Jr . Greentree Stable 2 : 29.60 1930 Gallant Fox † Earl Sande Jim Fitzsimmons Belair Stud 2 : 31.60 1929 Blue Larkspur Mack Garner Herbert J. Thompson Edward R. Bradley 2 : 32.80 1928 Vito Clarence Kummer Max Hirsch Alfred H. Cosden 2 : 33.20 1927 Chance Shot Earl Sande Pete Coyne Joseph E. Widener 2 : 32.40 1926 Crusader Albert Johnson George Conway Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 32.20 1925 American Flag Albert Johnson Gwyn R. Tompkins 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 16.80 1924 Mad Play Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2 : 18.80 1923 Zev 2 : 19.00 1922 Pillory C.H. Miller Thomas J. Healey Richard T. Wilson Jr . 2 : 18.80 1921 Grey Lag Earl Sande Sam Hildreth Rancocas Stable 2 : 16.80 1920 Man o ' War Clarence Kummer Louis Feustel Glen Riddle Farm 2 : 14.20 1919 Sir Barton † Johnny Loftus H. Guy Bedwell J.K.L. Ross 2 : 17.40 1918 Johren Frank Robinson Albert Simons Harry P. Whitney 2 : 20.40 1917 Hourless James H. Butwell Sam Hildreth August Belmont Jr . 2 : 17.80 1916 Friar Rock Everett Haynes 2 : 22.00 1915 The Finn George Byrne Edward W. Heffner Henry C. Hallenbeck 2 : 18.40 1914 Luke McLuke Merritt C. Buxton John F. Schorr John W. Schorr 2 : 20.00 1913 Prince Eugene Roscoe Troxler James G. Rowe Sr . Harry P. Whitney 2 : 18.00 1912 No races held due to the Hart -- Agnew Law . 1911 1910 Sweep James H. Butwell James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene Belmont 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 22.00 1909 Joe Madden Eddie Dugan Sam Hildreth Sam Hildreth 2 : 21.60 1908 Colin Joe Notter James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene N / A 1907 Peter Pan George Mountain N / A 1906 Burgomaster Lucien Lyne John W. Rogers Harry P. Whitney 2 : 20.00 1905 Tanya ‡ Gene Hildebrand 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 08.00 1904 Delhi George M. Odom James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene Morris Park 2 : 06.60 1903 Africander John Bullman Richard O. Miller Hampton Stable 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 21.75 1902 Masterman John J. Hyland August Belmont Jr . 2 : 22.60 1901 Commando Henry Spencer James G. Rowe Sr . James R. Keene 2 : 21.00 1900 Ildrim Nash Turner H. Eugene Leigh H. Eugene Leigh 2 : 21.25 1899 Jean Bereaud Richard Clawson Sam Hildreth Sydney Paget 2 : 23.00 1898 Bowling Brook Fred Littlefield R. Wyndham Walden A.H. & D.H. Morris 2 : 32.00 1897 Scottish Chieftain Joe Scherrer Matt Byrnes Marcus Daly 2 : 23.25 1896 Hastings Henry Griffin John J. Hyland Blemton Stable 2 : 24.50 1895 Belmar Fred Taral Edward Feakes Preakness Stables 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 11.50 1894 Henry of Navarre Willie Simms Byron McClelland Byron McClelland 1 ⁄ - miles 1 : 56.50 1893 Comanche Gus Hannon Empire Stable 1 : 53.25 1892 Patron William Hayward Lewis Stuart Lewis Stuart 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 17.00 1891 Foxford Edward R. Garrison M. Donavan C.E. Rand 2 : 08.75 1890 Burlington Pike Barnes Albert Cooper Hough Bros . 2 : 07.75 1889 Eric William Hayward John Huggins A.J. Cassatt Jerome Park 1 ⁄ - miles 2 : 47.25 1888 Sir Dixon Jim McLaughlin Frank McCabe Dwyer Bros. Stable 2 : 40.25 1887 Hanover 2 : 43.50 1886 Inspector B 2 : 41.00 1885 Tyrant Paul Duffy C. Claypool James B.A. Haggin 2 : 43.00 1884 Panique Jim McLaughlin James G. Rowe Sr . Dwyer Bros. Stable 2 : 42.00 1883 George Kinney 2 : 42.50 1882 Forester Lewis Stuart Appleby & Johnson 2 : 43.00 1881 Saunterer Tom Costello R. Wyndham Walden George L. Lorillard 2 : 47.00 1880 Grenada W. Hughes 2 : 47.00 1879 Spendthrift George Evans Thomas Puryear James R. Keene 2 : 42.75 1878 Duke of Magenta W. Hughes R. Wyndham Walden George L. Lorillard 2 : 43.50 1877 Cloverbrook C. Holloway Jeter Walden E.A. Clabaugh 2 : 46.00 1876 Algerine Billy Donohue Thomas W. Doswell Doswell & Co . 2 : 40.50 1875 Calvin Bobby Swim Ansel Williamson Hal P. McGrath 2 : 42.25 1874 Saxon George Barbee W. Prior Pierre Lorillard IV 2 : 39.50 1873 Springbok James G. Rowe Sr . David McDaniel David McDaniel 1 ⁄ - miles 3 : 01.75 1872 Joe Daniels 2 : 58.25 1871 Harry Bassett Walter Miller 2 : 56.00 1870 Kingfisher Edward D. Brown Rollie Colston Daniel Swigert 2 : 59.50 1869 Fenian C. Miller Jacob Pincus August Belmont 3 : 04.25 1868 General Duke Bobby Swim A. Thompson McConnell & Co . 3 : 02.00 1867 Ruthless ‡ Gilbert Patrick A. Jack Minor Francis Morris 3 : 05.00 Note : Timed to the ⁄ second 1867 to 1901 and 1903 , and to the ⁄ second in 1902 and from 1904 to 1991 . Decimal timing , to the nearest ⁄ , is now used , though race calls and many charts still use fifths . A † designates a Triple Crown Winner . A ‡ designates a filly . See also ( edit ) Triple Crown Productions American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events List of Belmont Stakes broadcasters Belmont Stakes Top three finishers Further reading ( edit ) Official Site ESPN.Com Attending the Belmont Stakes ( gives future race dates ) Details of all past Belmont Stakes courtesy of the New York Racing Association Belmont Stakes History & Facts Ten Things You Should Know about the Belmont Stakes at Hello Race Fans ! Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before 1991 , times were measured in fractions . Since then , decimal times to the hundredth have been used . When comparing the fractional times to decimal values , it is racing convention to round the decimal time down to the nearest fifth . Thus A.P. Indy 's time of 2 : 26.13 is considered equivalent to Easy Goer 's time of 2 : 26 flat . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Viewership of 2008 Belmont Stakes '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Winners '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont Stakes Records & Traditions '' . New York Racing Association . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sowers , Richard ( 2014 ) . The Kentucky Derby , Preakness and Belmont Stakes : a comprehensive history . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , Publishers . ISBN 0786476982 . Jump up ^ `` Horse Racing 's Triple Crown : 10 Fast Facts -- History in the Headlines '' . history.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Challenge : The first Triple Crown winner , Sir Barton '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of the 1920 Belmont Stakes '' ( PDF ) . Belmont Stakes . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 things to know about the Triple Crown '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preakness Stakes '' . Turfnsport.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Races '' . Triple Crown Racing . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of the 1937 Belmont '' ( PDF ) . Belmont Stakes . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nusca , Andrew ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Here are the 12 winners of the Triple Crown '' . Fortune . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Barbara . `` Bygone Belmont winners '' . Daily Racing Form . Jump up ^ Hammonds , Evan . `` First Time By : Inaugural Eclipse Awards '' . BloodHorse.com . Jump up ^ `` Statistics -- North American Records '' . www.equibase.com . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest Belmonts '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( May 17 , 2004 ) . `` On the Fast Track To History '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Attendance '' . www.belmont-stakes.info . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary . `` California Chrome fails to win Belmont , Triple Crown '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Pharoah wins the Triple Crown '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrella , Steve ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` American Pharoah posts sixth - best winning time in Belmont Stakes history '' . Sporting News . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Largest and Smallest Purses wins at Belmont Stakes Belmont Stakes Betting '' . www.belmont-stakes.info . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wing , Eric . `` Belmont Stakes purse raised to $1.5 million -- General News -- News New York Racing Association -- Belmont '' . www.nyra.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` The Belmont Stakes singing a new tune '' . newsobserver.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( June 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sinatra 's voice returns to Belmont Stakes '' . boston.com . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scheinman , John ( 2014 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Five Myths About the Triple Crown '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Belmont Stakes Traditions '' . Horseracing.about.com. 2010 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Powell , Julie ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` The Summer Cook ; The Appetites Are Nearing the Gate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ York Racing Association website , Belmont Park home page ; article by Ashley Herriman . ^ Jump up to : Scheinman , John ( October 5 , 2004 ) . `` ABC Will Broadcast Belmont Stakes Starting in 2006 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Needham , Dan ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Triple Crown on television : Still ' moving like a tremendous machine ' ? Thoroughbred Racing Commentary '' . www.thoroughbredracing.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novy , Eben ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Gets Belmont TV Rights to Complete Horse Racing 's Triple Crown Package '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Belmont Stakes Extension -- Sports Media Watch '' . www.sportsmediawatch.com . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Belmont Stakes Attendance , Wagering Set Records '' . BloodHorse.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . www.belmontstakes.com . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Creator wins Belmont Stakes by a nose Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Runners '' ( PDF ) . belmontstakes.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belmont Stakes . Official website Belmont Stakes Jerome Park 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 Morris Park 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 Belmont Park 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 Aqueduct 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Belmont Park 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Top three finishers Broadcasters August Belmont Trophy `` The Sidewalks of New York '' `` Theme from New York , New York '' Triple Crown Belmont Stakes Winners Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit 2018 Justify ₩ Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Triple Crowns of horse racing United States Thoroughbred Racing Kentucky Derby Preakness Stakes Belmont Stakes Harness Racing Pacers Cane Pace Messenger Stakes Little Brown Jug Harness Racing Trotters Hambletonian Yonkers Trot Kentucky Futurity Great Britain Thoroughbred Racing 2000 Guineas Stakes Epsom Derby St Leger Stakes Ireland Thoroughbred Racing Irish 2,000 Guineas Irish Derby Irish St. Leger Canada Thoroughbred Racing Queen 's Plate Prince of Wales Stakes Breeders ' Stakes Australia Thoroughbred Racing Randwick Guineas Rosehill Guineas Australian Derby Related topics Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing American Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Canadian Triple Tiara of Thoroughbred Racing Breeders ' Cup Classic Breeders ' Cup Distaff American stakes race for Thoroughbreds , part of the Triple Crown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belmont_Stakes&oldid=846368551 '' Categories : Belmont Stakes 1867 establishments in New York ( state ) Annual sporting events in the United States Belmont family Belmont Park Flat horse races for three - year - olds Grade 1 stakes races in the United States Graded stakes races in the United States Horse races in New York ( state ) June sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1867 Sports in Long Island Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 日本 語 Polski Português Scots 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 09 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the belmont stakes horse race located
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To Me, To You (Bruv)
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To Me , To You ( Bruv ) - wikipedia To Me , To You ( Bruv ) `` To Me , To You ( Bruv ) '' Single by Tinchy Stryder & the Chuckle Brothers Released October 23 , 2014 Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Genre British hip hop comedy hip hop Length 3 : 27 Label Cloud 9 Songwriter ( s ) Kwasi Danquah III , Barry Elliot , Paul Elliot Producer ( s ) Dirty Danger Tinchy Stryder singles chronology `` ESG '' ( 2014 ) `` To Me , To You ( Bruv ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Imperfection '' ( 2015 ) `` ESG '' ( 2014 ) `` To Me , To You ( Bruv ) '' ( 2014 ) `` Imperfection '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` To Me , To You ( Bruv ) '' on YouTube `` To Me , To You ( Bruv ) '' is a 2014 charity single by Tinchy Stryder and the Chuckle Brothers . It was released on October 23 , 2014 on Cloud 9 and was produced by longtime Tinchy Stryder affiliate Dirty Danger . The song was released in aid of the African - Caribbean Leukaemia Trust . The song entered and peaked at number 92 on the UK Singles Chart . Contents 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 4 Charts 5 References Background ( edit ) Tinchy Stryder watched the Chuckle Brothers on television as a child and , after meeting the pair when recording an episode of Celebrity Juice , they struck up a rapport . Shortly after a video emerged online of the group in the studio together . Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was recorded by SB.TV and was set on a suburban British street reminiscent of a typical setting for the Chuckle Brother 's popular ChuckleVision TV program . It featured Jamal Edwards , Dirty Danger , Tinchy Stryder and the Chuckle Brothers arguing over a ladder , playing ping pong and skanking in a comedic fashion . Chart performance ( edit ) On October 31 , 2014 , the single entered and peaked at number 92 in the UK Singles Chart Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 92 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ACLT : To Me , To You Bruv is n't just for a laugh - BBC Newsbeat '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2014 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - To Me , To You ( Bruv ) - Single by Tinchy Stryder & The Chuckle Brothers '' . iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Tinchy Stryder posts video footage from Chuckle Brothers studio session - watch '' . Nme.Com. 2014 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hannah Ellis - Petersen . `` Tinchy Stryder 's track with the Chuckle Brothers becomes internet sensation Music '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/5076/tinchy-stryder/ Tinchy Stryder Discography Songs Videography Awards and nominations Studio albums Star in the Hood ( 2007 ) Catch 22 ( 2009 ) Third Strike ( 2010 ) Mixtapes I 'm Back U Know ( 2006 ) Lost and Found ( 2006 ) Before the Storm ( 2010 ) Extended plays Cloud 9 The EP ( 2008 ) Star in the Hood EP Vol. 1 ( 2009 ) Star in the Hood EP Vol. 2 ( 2009 ) III EP ( 2010 ) The Wish List ( 2011 ) Other albums Tinchy Stryder vs. Maniac ( 2008 ) Saint Dymphna ( 2008 ) Street Anthems ( 2009 ) Singles `` Something About Your Smile '' `` Mainstream Money '' `` Stryderman '' `` Take Me Back '' `` Number 1 '' `` Never Leave You '' `` You 're Not Alone '' `` In My System '' `` Second Chance '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Spaceship '' `` Off the Record '' `` Bright Lights '' `` Help Me '' As featured artist `` Where 's Your Love '' `` Give It All U Got '' `` Hello Good Morning ( Remix ) '' `` Bring It '' `` Lights On '' Promotional singles `` Gangsta ? '' `` Famous '' `` Game Over '' `` Take The World '' Other songs `` I Got Soul '' `` Teardrop '' `` Spinnin ' for 2012 '' `` To Me , To You ( Bruv ) '' Related articles Takeover Group Takeover / Cloud 9 Takeover Roc Nation Takeover Entertainment Star in the Hood ( company ) Goji Electronics Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Me,_To_You_(Bruv)&oldid=824166974 '' Categories : 2014 singles Charity singles All - star recordings Tinchy Stryder 2014 songs Songs with music by Tinchy Stryder Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 18 : 34 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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tinchy stryder & the chuckle brothers to me to you
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Phoebe Halliwell
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Phoebe Halliwell - wikipedia Phoebe Halliwell Jump to : navigation , search Phoebe Halliwell Charmed character First appearance October 7 , 1998 ( episode 1.01 ; `` Something Wicca This Way Comes '' ) Last appearance May 21 , 2006 ( episode 8.22 ; `` Forever Charmed '' Created by Constance M. Burge Portrayed by Alyssa Milano Lori Rom ( unaired pilot ) Information Aliases Julie Bennett Occupation Advice columnist Spouse ( s ) Cole Turner ( ex-husband ; deceased ) Dex Lawson ( ex-husband ) Coop ( 2006 -- present ) Children Prudence Johnna `` PJ '' Halliwell Parker Halliwell Peyton Halliwell ( with Coop ) unborn son ( with Cole ) Species Charmed One , Witch , Empath Notable powers Premonitions Levitation Empathy Pathokinesis Extended Family Grandparents Penny Halliwell ( grandmother ; deceased ) Allen Halliwell ( grandfather ; deceased ) Parents Patty Halliwell ( mother ; deceased ) Victor Bennett ( father ) Siblings Prue Halliwell ( sister ; deceased ) Piper Halliwell ( sister ) Paige Matthews ( half - sister ) Other Relatives Melinda Warren ( ancestor ) Phoebe Halliwell is a fictional character from the American television series Charmed , played by Alyssa Milano from October 7 , 1998 until May 21 , 2006 . The character was originally played by Lori Rom in the unaired pilot episode . However , Rom quit the series , and a new pilot was filmed with Milano in the role of Phoebe . The character was created by Constance M. Burge and is based on Burge herself . Phoebe is introduced into Charmed as the youngest sister to Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) and Piper Halliwell ( Holly Marie Combs ) . She is one of the original featured leads and , more specifically , a Charmed One -- one of the most powerful witches of all time . Phoebe initially possesses the power of premonition , which enables her to see into the future and the past . To make up for initially only having a passive power , Phoebe develops martial arts skills in order to better assist her sisters when they fight evil beings . As the series progresses , she also gains the active powers of levitation and empathy . Phoebe was originally portrayed as the `` free - spirited '' , `` carefree '' , and most rebellious sister . However , Phoebe 's progression as a witch helps her become more responsible and grow as a person . She later becomes the middle sister after Prue dies and the series introduces their younger half - sister Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) . This results in Phoebe often playing mediator between Piper and Paige , much like Piper used to be for her and Prue . Phoebe 's various romantic relationships have been central to most of her storylines . Her longest on - screen relationship is with half - demon Cole Turner ( Julian McMahon ) ; they have a turbulent marriage in the fourth season , and in the fifth , following their divorce , she is compelled to vanquish him . In subsequent seasons , Phoebe has romantic relationships with her boss Jason Dean ( Eric Dane ) , fellow employee Leslie St. Claire ( Nick Lachey ) , and artist Dex Lawson ( Jason Lewis ) . In the eighth and final season , she marries a cupid named Coop ( Victor Webster ) . The character was mostly well received by television critics , who praised Phoebe 's comedic side and felt that Milano was a better fit for the role than Rom . They also commented on the outfits worn by Phoebe in the later seasons , with some critics describing them as `` revealing and ridiculous costumes '' , `` sexy '' and `` skimpy . '' Milano 's portrayal of Phoebe earned her several awards and nominations ; she was nominated for a Spacey Award , Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award , and a Teen Choice Award . In 2007 and 2008 , AOL TV ranked Phoebe at number seven on their list of the Top TV Witches . In addition to the television series , the character has also appeared in numerous expanded universe material , such as the Charmed novels and its comic book adaptation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and development 2 Appearances 2.1 Television 2.2 Literature 3 Powers and abilities 3.1 Magical powers 3.1. 1 Premonitions 3.1. 2 Levitation 3.1. 3 Empathy 3.1. 4 Pathokinesis 3.2 Natural abilities 4 Reception 5 Cultural impact 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Casting and development ( edit ) In 1998 , The WB began searching for a drama series , and looked to Spelling Television , which had produced the network 's most successful series 7th Heaven , to create it . Expanding on the popularity of supernatural - themed dramas , the production company explored forms of mythology to find mythological characters they could focus on with contemporary storytelling . In order to create the series , Constance M. Burge was hired as the creator as she was under contract with 20th Century Fox and Spelling Television after conceiving the drama Savannah . The character of Phoebe Halliwell was conceived by Burge , who wrote the pilot script for Charmed . The pilot script was based around three mismatched sisters who are initially based on Burge and her two older sisters , Laura and Edie Burge . Phoebe is based on Burge herself . On creating the Halliwell sisters , Burge stated `` Phoebe was honestly the easiest . It just grew from within . '' Executive producer Brad Kern claimed Phoebe was written into the series as the classic younger sibling and stated that at the start of series Phoebe is `` trying to find her own identity by living life large and not really having a care in the world . '' When the series was in its first development stages , actress Lori Rom was cast in the role of Phoebe . Rom played the role in a 28 - minute test pilot ( the `` unaired pilot '' never aired on television ) with which the series was picked up by The WB . Rom later pulled out from the series before a 45 - minute version of the pilot could be filmed for proper network television , leaving the role of Phoebe vacant . Executive producer Aaron Spelling then turned to actress Alyssa Milano , who was previously cast in another television series produced by Spelling Television , Melrose Place . While Milano was in Hawaii shooting an episode for Fantasy Island , Spelling phoned Milano and asked her to consider joining the series . After receiving a copy of the original pilot and the script , five days later Milano began shooting the re-shot pilot episode . Appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : List of Charmed episodes Phoebe enters the series as the youngest Halliwell sister . She was first portrayed by Lori Rom in the unaired pilot , which the role was later given and portrayed by Alyssa Milano in all of the show 's aired 178 episodes . At the start of season one ( 1998 -- 99 ) , six months have passed since the death of her Grams , Penny Halliwell ( Jennifer Rhodes ) . A jobless Phoebe returns from New York City and moves back into her family 's Victorian Manor with her two sisters Prue ( Shannen Doherty ) and Piper ( Holly Marie Combs ) . On the night of Phoebe 's return , she finds a book called the Book of Shadows within the Manor 's attic . After Phoebe unknowingly recites aloud what turns out to be an incantation from the book , the three sisters each receive a magical power and discover their destiny as The Charmed Ones -- the most powerful good witches the world has ever known . Phoebe obtains the power to `` see the future '' which contrasts with her known reckless persona . Because of her free - spirited nature , Phoebe often brings conflict into the Halliwell Manor , more often with Prue during the first season -- this is especially in regards to their witchcraft . Initially drawn apart due to Prue 's speculation of Phoebe being the cause of her failed engagement to Roger ( Matthew Ashford ) , the two sisters mend their relationship over the course of the season . In season two ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Phoebe is seen re-entering college and majoring in psychology . She continues to embrace her destiny as a witch and is noted by her sisters as being the best at writing new spells . In the absence of an active power , Phoebe becomes progressively adept at martial arts in order to better fight demons and warlocks . Throughout the season , Phoebe struggles to open herself up to love and attempts to find a love interest who can live up to her `` ideal guy '' as portrayed in her favorite in - verse movie , Kill It Before It Dies by the character Billy ( Chris Payne Gilbert ) . In the season two finale , Phoebe and her sisters discover that the many attacks on their lives by evil beings have been orchestrated by a demonic force known as The Council . In the show 's third season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , Phoebe receives the active power of levitation and enters a relationship with Cole Turner ( Julian McMahon ) , who is actually the demon mercenary Belthazor that was sent by The Triad ( who have replaced The Council ) to kill The Charmed Ones . Upon this discovery , Phoebe struggles between her loyalty to her sisters and her love for Cole . After a tumultuous love affair , often deterred due to Cole 's frequent struggle between good and evil , Phoebe manages to graduate from college . Phoebe and her sisters eventually learn that The Triad work for an even greater evil , The Source of All Evil who is the leader of the demonic realm known as The Underworld . In the season three finale , Phoebe ventures into The Underworld to save Cole from his dark side , while her sisters face dire consequences in the world above . Prue and Piper unwittingly expose themselves as witches to the world after being caught on camera by a local news crew fighting with The Source 's personal assassin Shax . This results in Piper 's catastrophic death in the arms of Prue , and Phoebe unable to help them . In order to save Piper 's life , Prue orders Leo Wyatt ( Brian Krause ) to find Phoebe and pass on a deal to The Source to turn back time . The Source agrees , knowing that he plans to double cross her in the end as Phoebe will be immune to the time reset while in The Underworld . Time is reversed to the sisters ' first encounter with Shax , however Phoebe no longer answers when Prue calls for help , as she was never sent back . The season ends on a cliffhanger with Piper and Prue left for dead after losing in the fight against Shax . Meanwhile , Phoebe remains trapped in The Underworld . The opening episode of the fourth season ( 2001 -- 02 ) , `` Charmed Again ( Part 1 ) '' , reveals that Phoebe was rescued from The Underworld by Leo and Cole . However , because of this they arrived too late and were only able to heal Piper of her injuries from the season three finale . Prue 's injuries from Shax were too severe and was unable to be saved . Later in the episode , while attending Prue 's funeral , Phoebe meets Paige Matthews ( Rose McGowan ) and receives a premonition of the woman being attacked by Shax . This incident leads to Phoebe and Piper discovering that Paige is their younger half - sister . By the end of the season premiere , Paige helps to restore the Power of Three and avenge Prue 's death in vanquishing her murderer Shax . During this season , Phoebe finds herself forced into the role of the middle sister as she attempts to play mediator between Piper and Paige , much like Piper was once for her and Prue . Alongside continuing her Charmed role , Phoebe receives a marriage proposal from Cole , accepting after he becomes stripped of his demon half . Phoebe eventually pens the spell to vanquish The Source , whom escapes a final vanquish by possessing the now human Cole . For the remainder of the season , Phoebe plans to marry Cole unaware that he has become the new Source of All Evil and ruler of The Underworld . After being tricked by Cole and The Seer ( Debbie Morgan ) into participating in a dark marriage ceremony , Phoebe lands a job as an advice columnist for the newspaper The Bay Mirror . Soon after she discovers that she is pregnant and subsequently chooses to join Cole as his queen in The Underworld . As season four draws to a close , Phoebe is forced to choose between her husband and her sisters . She mournfully sides with her sisters to vanquish Cole . Later , her unborn child is magically stolen by The Seer who claims that the child is rightfully hers and was never Phoebe 's . About to be sacrificed as human offerings during The Seer 's coronation as the new Source , Phoebe and her sisters tap into `` The Power of Three '' and vanquish The Seer and the entire Underworld council . In the season finale , the Angel of Destiny ( Dakin Matthews ) visits and gives the sisters an offer to live a normal life without magical powers or the threat of demons . After some contemplation Phoebe declines alongside her sisters , but the Angel of Destiny is not done with the sisters ' and makes hints about Piper 's pregnancy , which only Phoebe takes the hint and announces it . For season five ( 2002 -- 03 ) , Phoebe attempts to live a life without Cole where she can focus on her career . This plan is stunted when a resurrected Cole returns to San Francisco eager to reconcile with Phoebe . After a series of attempts to win back Phoebe 's affections , even trying to seduce her to evil once again , Cole is vanquished in the 100th episode of the series , `` Centennial Charmed '' . Later in the season , Phoebe helps to deliver Piper and Leo 's first child , Wyatt Matthew Halliwell . Soon after she begins a romantic relationship with her new boss , multi-millionaire Jason Dean ( Eric Dane ) . In season six ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Phoebe continues her relationship with Jason and also sees her magical abilities grow to include the power of empathy . Phoebe eventually becomes more serious with Jason , moving with him to Hong Kong . After a year of dating , Jason discovers Phoebe 's secret identity as a witch by accident and , unable to handle the revelation , breaks up with her . Phoebe subsequently moves back to San Francisco and into the Manor . In the episode `` The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell '' , Phoebe experiences a vision quest and not only discovers that her new time - traveling whitelighter Chris ( Drew Fuller ) is actually the second child of Piper and Leo , but that she is also destined to have a child of her own . This puts Phoebe on a selfish path of using her psychic powers to find the father of her child to the neglect of her other duties . For this , Phoebe is stripped of her unique powers by a Tribunal Council made up of both high - powered demons and Elders , though she retains her basic abilities as a witch and Charmed One . In the sixth season finale , the sisters , Leo and Chris discover that a powerful Elder named Gideon ( Gildart Jackson ) wishes to destroy the Twice - Blessed Wyatt , an act which causes Wyatt to turn his back on good in the future . At the start of season seven ( 2004 -- 05 ) , Phoebe is still stripped of her powers . After she begins to feel disconnected from her advice column audience , Phoebe takes a sabbatical from work and is temporarily replaced by a ghost - writer Leslie St. Claire ( Nick Lachey ) . Phoebe and Leslie enter a brief romance , but it does not last long as Leslie moves to Los Angeles . In the episode `` Styx Feet Under '' , Phoebe only regains her power of premonitions . In the hopes of having a demon - free life , Phoebe and her sisters join forces with The Avatars , powerful beings who are neither good nor evil , in their plan to turn the world into a utopia . Phoebe is the first of the sisters to regret this when her premonition powers show her how much the world has been robbed of its free will . The Charmed Ones team up with The Underworld 's new leader , Zankou ( Oded Fehr ) to defeat The Avatars . However , Zankou then turns on the sisters , becoming their adversary for the remainder of the season . During this season Cole , while stuck in Limbo , arranges for the good - natured demon Drake De'mon ( Billy Zane ) to enter Phoebe 's life and keep her from giving up on love . In the season seven finale , during a suicide mission to vanquish Zankou , Phoebe and her sisters fake their deaths in order to escape the constant threat of demon attacks , as well as police and government investigations . For the eighth and final season ( 2005 -- 2006 ) , Phoebe takes on the false identity of Julie Bennett ( Monica Allgeier ) and begins a relationship with an artist named Dex Lawson ( Jason Lewis ) . While under the influence of a spell cast by the prodigy of the Charmed Ones , Billie Jenkins ( Kaley Cuoco ) , Phoebe marries Dex under the alias of Julie . Unsure if she could ever have a lasting marriage with someone she is not completely honest with , Phoebe reveals the truth of her hidden identity to Dex . The pair eventually break up and agree to get an annulment . Phoebe later meets a cupid named Coop ( Victor Webster ) , who was sent by The Elders to help her find love again . When Phoebe discovers that Billie and her sister , Christy ( Marnette Patterson ) are the ultimate power The Charmed Ones must defeat to save Leo from the Angel of Death ( Simon Templeman ) , she has reservations because the women are human and not demons . In the end , Phoebe participates in the ultimate battle between The Charmed Ones and the Jenkins sisters , which destroys the Halliwell Manor , and only Piper and Billie survive . In the series finale `` Forever Charmed '' , Piper uses Coop 's time - traveling ring to call upon her mother and grandmother and save Phoebe and Paige . After Christy is defeated , Phoebe and her sisters write about their lives in the Book of Shadows . An epilogue shows Phoebe and Coop getting married and that their marriage will produce three children , all daughters . Phoebe also becomes a successful author , writing a self - help book on finding love . Literature ( edit ) Main articles : List of Charmed books and Charmed ( comic book ) As one of the central characters throughout the entire series , Phoebe appears in the majority of Charmed literature . These appearances first began in the series of novels . The novels follow no strict continuity with the series or each other , and are often considered to be non-canon . However , the television series producers have final approval of everything in the novels , which could indicate the literature fitting into the established canon of the series and the so - called `` Charmed universe '' . Phoebe 's first appearance in Charmed literature takes place within the novel The Power of Three by Eliza Willard on November 1 , 1999 , which acts as a novelised version of the series premiere episode . Her last appearance in a Charmed novel takes place within Trickery Treat by Diana G. Gallagher on January 1 , 2008 . In 2010 , Charmed gained an officially licensed continuation in the form of a comic book , which is often billed as Charmed : Season 9 . The series is published monthly by Zenescope Entertainment . Set eighteen - months after the series finale , the sisters are seen living happy demon free lives and have each entered into motherhood . Phoebe has had her first daughter with her husband Coop , who is named Prudence Johnna and nicknamed P.J. by Grams . Phoebe is also seen preparing to return to work as an advice columnist for The Bay Mirror . In the second issue of the comic , Phoebe regains her previously stripped powers of Levitation and Empathy . In Issue # 6 of the comic , Morality Bites Back , Phoebe learns that she used Advanced Empathy to murder Cal Greene in a previously visited future of February 26 , 2009 by reflecting his emotions back onto him which caused his brain to overload . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Magical powers ( edit ) In Charmed it is revealed that magical witches can develop and master a variety of magical skills and powers which include ; scrying , spell casting , and brewing potent potions . As a magical witch Phoebe can utilize scrying , a divination art form that allows one to locate a missing object or person . Phoebe can also cast spells , often written in iambic pentameter or as a rhyming couplet , to influence others or the world around her . She can also brew potions , most often used to vanquish foes or to achieve other magical feats similar to the effects of a spell . As a witch and Charmed One , Phoebe has also developed a number of magical powers which include premonitions , levitation , empathy and pathokinesis . Premonitions ( edit ) When Phoebe first comes into her powers , the first power she develops is the ability to see the future in the form of premonitions . Premonitions are considered to be a passive power . She triggers this power when she touches or is in the presence of something that is related to the subject of her premonitions , making them a form of psychometry . This originally only encompassed precognition , to see the future , but grew to include retrocognition , to see the past , as well . This power was initially uncontrollable , but in later seasons she learns to summon premonitions at will . While her premonitions are initially shown as black and white in the show , it is mentioned several times that Phoebe experiences them in color . As her power grows , her premonitions become more vivid to where they become slightly colored and she can hear and feel what is taking place . Phoebe 's premonition powers also allow her visions to reveal the truth . For instance , in the season one finale , `` Deja Vu All Over Again '' , when the world is caught within a recurring time loop by the time sorcerer Tempus ( David Carradine ) , Phoebe is able to realize that the same day is repeating over and over again because of her premonition powers . By season five , her power evolves to enable her to experience aspects of astral projection allowing her to interact with the environment of her premonitions . This aspect of her power is highlighted in the season five episodes `` The Eyes Have It '' and `` Sand Francisco Dreamin ' '' , as well as the season eight episode `` Hulkus Pocus '' . Her premonition powers also evolve to allow Phoebe to anticipate the actions of others as in many instances Phoebe has sidestepped and jumped out the way of incoming fireballs and energy balls with perfect timing . Examples of this can be seen in the season seven episodes `` Freaky Phoebe '' , where Phoebe is able to sense a demon who is behind her with a pair of scissors , and in the episode `` Ordinary Witches '' , where Ronnie ( Brian Howe ) , a cab driver Phoebe loses her powers to , is able to sense when and where the next fireball of a demon is going to be launched using her power of premonitions . Phoebe also develops the power to trigger a vision in someone else with similar powers , `` sharing '' visions with Elders and knowing how to trigger a specific `` trap '' premonition in the evil witch Mitzy ( Jenny McCarthy ) , who has temporary possession of her powers . Kyra ( Charisma Carpenter ) , a powerful demonic seer , tells Phoebe her powers were once limited to psychometry but they grew , like Phoebe 's will in time . Levitation ( edit ) At the start of season three , in the episode `` The Honeymoon 's Over '' , Phoebe obtains her first active power in the form of levitation , the power to defy gravity and float in the air . This power is uncontrollable when she first obtains it , but she later learns to maintain complete control over it . When new to her power , Phoebe is unable to move horizontally , and in the season three episode `` Once Upon a Time '' , Prue uses telekinesis to guide Phoebe across a cavern while she is levitating . Later in the series , Phoebe often mixes her martial arts and kick boxing with her levitating power to knock out her enemies . In season four , the power advances so that Phoebe is able to glide short distances while levitating and she even learns to use her power to walk on walls . During the fifth season , she is able to propel herself while levitating , as seen when she propels herself through a ventilation duct with her levitation powers in the episode `` The Importance of Being Phoebe '' . In the season six episode `` Forget Me ... Not '' , Phoebe showcases a form of projective levitation , when she levitates herself and a weatherman . Phoebe displays projective levitation again in the episode `` Love 's a Witch '' when she levitates the pillow she is sitting on along with her . In the Charmed comic books , specifically in issue # 16 `` The Heavens Can Wait '' , her power has been shown to have grown stronger , allowing Phoebe to levitate Paige 's orb - shield which contained herself , her two sisters and Leo . While inside the Nexus of The All , Phoebe became able to use her power to its full potential , allowing her to not only fly but also to carry Piper and Paige with ease . Later , Prue tells Phoebe that her power will advance to this stage naturally at some point in the future . Empathy ( edit ) Season six sees Phoebe develop the power of empathy , the power to sense and experience the emotions of others . Being an empath allows Phoebe to directly channel the emotions of those around her . This initially causes considerable problems , as after encountering the emotions of others Phoebe would sometimes act on their whims or amplify and broadcast her own feelings , such as once triggering a fight in the Bay Mirror offices by accident ( Although this could have unintended advantages ; when the Halliwells were attacked by a demon that trapped them in their ideal worlds , Phoebe quickly realized something was wrong because her empathy powers caused her to tap into her boyfriend 's desire for her to be a large - scale success where Phoebe was content being a local celebrity ) . In the Charmed series , magical powers are tied to the user 's emotions , and because Phoebe can feel the emotions of others , her empathy allows her to sometimes tap into other characters ' magical powers . This is first seen in the second half of the two - part season six premiere , `` Valhalley of the Dolls ( Part 2 ) '' . When a Valkyrie - turned - Piper attacks Phoebe , she channels Piper 's telekinetic Valkyrie powers to where she can use them herself . This channeling of Valkyrie Piper 's powers , also made her powers , when used against Phoebe , ineffective . In later episodes , Phoebe also uses empathy to deflect energy balls and fireballs , causing them to backfire on their users . Pathokinesis ( edit ) In the season two episode , `` Morality Bites '' , when the sisters travel to the future , it is revealed that Phoebe uses a magical power to kill a man named Cal Greene out of revenge . In the Charmed comics issue # 6 , `` Morality Bites Back '' , Phoebe learns that this power is an advanced form of empathy , which is called Pathokinesis . Phoebe discovers that her empathy powers grow to allow her to incapacitate or even kill another person . In the comics , Phoebe realizes that she murders Cal Greene by reflecting his emotions back onto him , flooding his mind with painful emotions and memories of the women he had hurt , which causes his brain to overload . Natural abilities ( edit ) Early in the series , Phoebe is revealed to be a skilled pick - pocket ; having picked up the technique during her rebellious teen years . Also , to make up for initially only having a passive power , Phoebe takes classes in self - defense . Her skills in hand - to - hand combat which includes Kung - Fu , Jeet Kune Do , & Kickboxing have advanced to the point where Phoebe is capable of beating multiple adversaries , most notably demonic wrestlers , furies , and vampires . Reception ( edit ) Milano and Doherty 's rumored off - screen feud earned them a nomination for Best Fight at the 2001 Wand Awards . In 2004 , she was nominated for Favorite Female TV Character at the Spacey Awards in Canada . At the 2005 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , Milano was nominated for Favorite Television Actress . The following year , she was nominated for Television -- Choice Actress at the Teen Choice Awards . Kristin Sample of AOL TV called Phoebe `` the hottest '' witch out of the Halliwell sisters . In his review of the pilot episode , Ray Richmond of Variety magazine described Phoebe as `` a free - spirited , self - absorbed conspiracy buff . '' In another review of the pilot episode , John Levesque of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer also labelled Phoebe `` free - spirited '' , but felt that Milano 's acting needed `` seasoning . '' PopMatters ' Michael Abernethy wrote that Milano provided `` a lighter touch '' to Charmed and noted that her `` comic training '' in sitcoms was `` ideal for her carefree character '' Phoebe . Angelica Bastien of Bustle magazine called Phoebe a `` fan favorite '' and commented that Milano `` definitely fits the role much better than Lori ( Rom ) did . Just check out the Youtube video comparing their different takes on the character to see why it 's best Milano took on the role . '' Brett Cullum of DVD Verdict named Phoebe `` a wacky free spirit spitfire '' and also believed that Milano was the right choice for Phoebe as she `` provided an innate sense of comedy that rounded out the cast well . '' Rob Lineberger of the same publication felt that Milano 's acting in the fifth season was `` over the top in every way '' and noted that she had a `` hysterical physical presence . '' In his review of the sixth season , Lineberger wrote that Milano was `` still singularly , blissfully goofy . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Gillian Flynn also praised the comedy moments in the sixth season , writing `` Milano has turned exasperation into an art form , as she 's morphed into everything from Mata Hari to her combat - booted former teen self this season . '' Iona Kirby of the Daily Mail praised Milano 's wardrobe choices on the show , noting that Phoebe `` was always seen in sexy -- and often bizarre -- outfits that were in fashion at that time . '' BuzzFeed 's Jarett Wieselman also commented on Phoebe 's outfits in the later seasons , noting that many of the episodes featured her wearing `` a series of progressively revealing and ridiculous costumes in the name of vanquishing . '' Joshua Levs of CNN labelled the costumes worn by Phoebe and her sisters `` so skimpy '' , and noted that some of her memorable costumes included being a mermaid , `` a leather - clad comic - book hero '' , and `` topless on a horse . '' Levs also added that casting directors should pay attention because `` Milano can act . '' A writer for MovieWeb described Phoebe as a `` great , interesting , and relateable character . '' The writer also praised Milano for delivering an `` incredibly convincing and believable performance '' , further adding that she `` was another great casting choice '' for Charmed . Hypable. com 's Tariq Kyle felt that Phoebe was the best character on the show , adding `` She 's sweet and innocent in a lot of ways , but she 's also strong and realistic . She 's smart , but she 's relatable . She still fails and makes mistakes , but she constantly grows . '' Cultural impact ( edit ) In 2007 , AOL TV ranked Phoebe at number seven on their list of the Top TV Witches . She also ranked seventh on the same list the following year . Virgin Media placed Phoebe at number 11 on their list of TV Temptresses , writing `` As one of the trio of glamorous witches on ghostly drama Charmed , Phoebe can use her psychic premonitions for all sorts of japery including romance . '' Milano was referenced in the 2002 teen comedy film Big Fat Liar due to her portrayal as a witch in Charmed . In the film , Kaylee ( Amanda Bynes ) recalls watching an episode of Charmed on The WB where Milano `` was about to cast a spell on her cute demon boyfriend . '' In his review of the television series Witches of East End being too similar to Charmed , Christian Cintron of Hollywood.com noted that Jenna Dewan - Tatum 's `` ne'er - do - well , bed - hopping character '' Freya Beauchamp is a lot like Phoebe . See also ( edit ) Woman warrior References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Genesis '' Documentary , Charmed : The Complete Final Season Region 1 DVD ^ Jump up to : `` E ! Special : The Women of Charmed Transcript '' . E ! Special : The Women of Charmed . Charmed Scripts ( fansite ) . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : P. Lucas , Michael ( February 3 , 1999 ) . `` The Real Stories Behind a Trio of ' Charmed ' Lives '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Something Wicca This Way Comes '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Awakened '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Murphy 's Luck '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Heartbreak City '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Chick Flick '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Be Careful What You Witch For '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Honeymoon 's Over '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Magic Hour '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Sleuthing With the Enemy '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Demon Who Came in from the Cold '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : All Hell Breaks Loose '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Charmed Again ( Part 1 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Hell Hath No Furies '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Black as Cole '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : A Paige from the Past '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Charmed and Dangerous '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Marry - Go - Round '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Fifth Halliwell '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : We 're Off to See the Wizard '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Long Live the Queen '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Womb Raider '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Witch Way Now ? '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : A Witch 's Tail ( Part 1 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Happily Ever After '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Witches in Tights '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Y Tu Mummy Tambien '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Importance of Being Phoebe '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Centennial Charmed '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Day The Magic Died '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Lucky Charmed '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Valhalley of the Dolls ( Part 1 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Chris - Crossed '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Used Karma '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Legend of Sleepy Halliwell '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Crimes and Witch Demeanors '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : It 's a , Bad , Bad , Bad , Bad World ( Part 2 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : A Call To Arms '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Styx Feet Under '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Once in a Blue Moon '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Extreme Makeover : World Edition '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Charmageddon '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Seven Year Witch '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Something Wicca This Way Goes ... ? '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Still Charmed & Kicking '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Rewitched '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Torn Identity '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Kill Billie : Vol. 2 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Forever Charmed '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Haag , Andrea V. , `` Interview with Diana G. Gallagher '' , CharmedOnes.com ( fansite ) , February 2002 Jump up ^ The name of the Charmed expanded universe , `` Charmed universe '' , is used by both fans and in published material , such as Charmed Magazine and its official website Jump up ^ Reisinger , Adam . `` Charmed Comic Review , Issue # 1 '' . Adam Reisinger . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Adam . `` Charmed Comic Review , Issue # 5 : Unnatural Resources '' . Adam Reisinger . Retrieved 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Adam . `` Charmed Comic Review , Issue # 2 '' . Adam Reisinger . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Reisinger , Adam . `` Charmed Comic Review , Issue # 6 : Morality Bites Back '' . Adam Reisinger . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : That Old Black Magic '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Witch Is Back '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Spin City '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Truth Is Out There ... and It Hurts '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Deja Vu All Over Again '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : The Eyes Have It '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Sand Francisco Dreamin ' '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Hulkus Pocus '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Freaky Phoebe ' '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Ordinary Witches '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Witchness Protection '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Power of Three ... Blondes '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Once Upon a Time '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Forget Me ... Not '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Love 's a Witch '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Phoebe revealed that her power has indeed grown stronger in the Charmed Season 9 comic book issue `` The Heavens Can Wait '' . Jump up ^ Phoebe displays the power of flight in the Charmed Season 9 comic book issue `` The Power of 300 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed : Valhalley of the Dolls ( Part 2 ) '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Soul Survivor '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Morality Bites '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : The Painted World '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Which Prue Is It , Anyway ? '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Ms. Hellfire '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Wrestling With Demons '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed : Bite Me '' . TV.com . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charmed -- Series -- Awards '' . TV Tango . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Host / Nominee Release '' . Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards . February 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards -- 2006 '' . Awardsandwinners.com . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sample , Kristin ( October 22 , 2007 ) . `` Top TV Witches '' . AOL TV . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( October 7 , 1998 ) . `` Review : ' Charmed ' '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abernethy , Michael . `` Demonic Drive - Bys '' . PopMatters . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2004 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Things From The ' Charmed ' Pilot You Never Noticed Because Alyssa Milano Was n't Always Phoebe '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cullum , Brett ( February 2 , 2005 ) . `` DVD Verdict Review - Charmed : The Compelete First Season '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lineberger , Rob . `` Charmed : The Complete Fifth Season '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lineberger , Rob . `` Charmed : The Complete Sixth Season '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( April 9 , 2004 ) . `` Charmed '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Iona ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Channeling Charmed ? New mother Alyssa Milano bewitches in a cleavage - baring ensemble at Into The Woods premiere '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` 7 Reasons ' Charmed ' Fans Should Be Watching ' Witches Of East End ' '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levs , Joshua ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` Commentary : The guilty pleasure of ' Charmed ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charmed Review '' . MovieWeb . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Tariq ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Introducing : Fandom Flashbacks , a Hypable weekly feature '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Witches '' . AOL TV . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` AOL Picks TV 's Best Witches '' . Comic Mix . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV temptresses - Charmed 's Phoebe Halliwell - Alyssa Milano '' . Virgin Media . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) '' . Quotes.net . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cintron , Christian ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` ' Witches of East End ' Is Just Way Too Much Like ' Charmed ' '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Phoebe Halliwell on IMDb ( hide ) Charmed Awards and nominations Series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Comics and novels and short stories Season 9 10 Characters Prue Halliwell Piper Halliwell Phoebe Halliwell Paige Matthews Darryl Morris Leo Wyatt Cole Turner Billie Jenkins Coop Kyra Barbas Christy Jenkins Episodes `` Something Wicca This Way Comes '' `` All Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Charmed Again '' `` Forever Charmed '' Other media Board games Merchandise Video game Music `` How Soon Is Now ? '' The Soundtrack The Book of Shadows Related articles Power of Three Book of Shadows Magical beings Category : Charmed ( TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoebe_Halliwell&oldid=801776780 '' Categories : Charmed ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters with precognition Fictional empaths Fictional Jeet Kune Do practitioners Fictional Shaolin kung fu practitioners Fictional kickboxers Charmed ( TV series ) witches Fictional writers Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional demon hunters Fictional characters from San Francisco Revived fictional characters Fictional college students Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does phoebe from charmed end up with
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"Phoebe was originally portrayed as the \"free-spirited\", \"carefree\", and most rebellious sister. However, Phoebe's progression as a witch helps her become more responsible and grow as a person. She later becomes the middle sister after Prue dies and the series introduces their younger half-sister Paige Matthews (Rose McGowan). This results in Phoebe often playing mediator between Piper and Paige, much like Piper used to be for her and Prue. Phoebe's various romantic relationships have been central to most of her storylines. Her longest on-screen relationship is with half-demon Cole Turner (Julian McMahon); they have a turbulent marriage in the fourth season, and in the fifth, following their divorce, she is compelled to vanquish him. In subsequent seasons, Phoebe has romantic relationships with her boss Jason Dean (Eric Dane), fellow employee Leslie St. Claire (Nick Lachey), and artist Dex Lawson (Jason Lewis). In the eighth and final season, she marries a cupid named Coop (Victor Webster)."
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National Mission for clean Ganga
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National Mission for Clean Ganga - Wikipedia National Mission for Clean Ganga Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with Pollution of the Ganges . ( Discuss ) Proposed since May 2017 . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) pollution in ganga The National Mission for Clean Ganga ( NMCG ) is the implementation wing of National Ganga Council which was set up in October 2016 under the River Ganga ( Rejuvenation , Protection and Management ) Authorities order 2016 . The order dissolved National Ganga River Basin Authority . The aim is to clean the Ganga and its tributaries in a comprehensive manner . Nitin Gadkari is the present Minister for Ministry for Water Resources , River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation , Government of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Namami Gange 2 Clean Ganga Fund 3 Earlier effort to clean Ganga 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Namami Gange ( edit ) Namami Gange Programme , an integrated conservation mission , was approved as the flagship programme by the government in June 2014 with a budget outlay of ₹ 20,000 crore to accomplish the twin objectives of effective abatement of pollution , conservation , and rejuvenation of the Ganga . Under the project , 8 states are covered . Dept of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation proposes to make 1,674 gram panchayats by the Ganga open defecation - free by 2022 , at a cost of Rs 1,700 cr ( central share ) . Clean Ganga Fund ( edit ) The Union Cabinet gave its approval for setting up of Clean Ganga Fund in September 2014 with the aim of using the collection for various activities under the Namami Gange programme for cleaning the Ganga . Utilisation of funds * Cleaning up of the Ganga * Setting up of waste treatment plants * Conservation of biotic diversity of the river * Development of public amenities * Activities such as Ghat redevelopment and Research and Development and innovative projects . Earlier effort to Clean Ganga ( edit ) ganga canal dried for cleaning Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi launched Phase I in 1985 , covering 25 Ganga towns in three states ; Rs 862.59 crore were spent . Phase II covered 59 towns in five states ; Rs 505.31 cr were spent . Rivers such as Yamuna , Gomti , Damodar , Mahananda had separate action plans . See also ( edit ) Water pollution in India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About National Mission for Clean Ganga '' . NMCG. 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Meri Ganga National Ganga Portal '' . meriganga.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ PTI . `` Clean Ganga Fund : Rs. 66 crore and counting '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Namami Gange Programme '' . nmcg.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ PTI . `` Govt to extend Ganga action plan to major rivers '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Official website This article needs additional or more specific categories . Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles . ( October 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Mission_for_clean_Ganga&oldid=824483514 '' Categories : Ganges Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use Indian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles to be merged from May 2017 All articles to be merged Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with too few wikilinks from October 2016 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Official website not in Wikidata Articles needing additional categories from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 16 : 59 . About Wikipedia
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the government of india launched a programme called clean ganga this is because
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The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)
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The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) - wikipedia The Last Supper ( Leonardo da Vinci ) This article is about the Leonardo da Vinci painting . For other uses , see The Last Supper ( disambiguation ) . The Last Supper Il Cenacolo or L'Ultima Cena Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year 1490s ( Julian ) Medium Tempera , Gesso 460 cm ( 180 in ) × 880 cm ( 350 in ) Location Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan Coordinates 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Coordinates : 45 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 9 ° 10 ′ 15 '' E / 45.466666666667 ° N 9.1708333333333 ° E / 45.466666666667 ; 9.1708333333333 Website legraziemilano.it/il-cenacolo/ ( edit on Wikidata ) The Last Supper ( Italian : Il Cenacolo ( il tʃeˈnaːkolo ) or L'Ultima Cena ( ˈlultima ˈtʃeːna ) ) is a late 15th - century mural painting by Leonardo da Vinci housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan . It is one of the world 's most recognizable paintings . The work is presumed to have been started around 1495 -- 96 and was commissioned as part of a plan of renovations to the church and its convent buildings by Leonardo 's patron Ludovico Sforza , Duke of Milan . The painting represents the scene of the Last Supper of Jesus with his apostles , as it is told in the Gospel of John , 13 : 21 . Leonardo has depicted the consternation that occurred among the Twelve Disciples when Jesus announced that one of them would betray him . Due to the methods used , a variety of environmental factors , and intentional damage , very little of the original painting remains today despite numerous restoration attempts , the last being completed in 1999 . Contents 1 Painting 1.1 Important copies 2 Medium 3 Damage and restorations 3.1 Major restoration 4 The Last Supper in culture 4.1 Painting , mosaic , and photography 4.2 Modern art 4.3 Literature 4.4 Film and television 5 Other speculation 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Painting ( edit ) Crucifixion , opposite Leonardo 's Last Supper The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , by Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli , called Giampietrino ( active 1508 -- 1549 ) , after Leonardo da Vinci , Oil on canvas , in the collection of The Royal Academy of Arts , London ; full - scale copy that was the main source for the twenty - year restoration of the original ( 1978 - 1998 ) . It includes several lost details such as Christ 's feet and the salt cellar spilled by Judas . Giampietrino is thought to have worked closely with Leonardo when he was in Milan . The painting hung in the chapel of Magdalen College , Oxford from 1992 . The Last Supper , ca . 1520 , Andrea Solari , after Leonardo da Vinci , oil on canvas , in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum , Tongerlo Abbey . The Last Supper measures 460 cm × 880 cm ( 180 in × 350 in ) and covers an end wall of the dining hall at the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan , Italy . The theme was a traditional one for refectories , although the room was not a refectory at the time that Leonardo painted it . The main church building had only recently been completed ( in 1498 ) , but was remodeled by Bramante , hired by Ludovico Sforza to build a Sforza family mausoleum . The painting was commissioned by Sforza to be the centerpiece of the mausoleum . The lunettes above the main painting , formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory , are painted with Sforza coats - of - arms . The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by the Crucifixion fresco by Giovanni Donato da Montorfano , to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera . ( These figures have deteriorated in much the same way as has The Last Supper . ) Leonardo began work on The Last Supper in 1495 and completed it in 1498 -- he did not work on the painting continuously . The beginning date is not certain , as the archives of the convent for the period have been destroyed , and a document dated 1497 indicates that the painting was nearly completed at that date . One story goes that a prior from the monastery complained to Leonardo about the delay , enraging him . He wrote to the head of the monastery , explaining he had been struggling to find the perfect villainous face for Judas , and that if he could not find a face corresponding with what he had in mind , he would use the features of the prior who complained . A study for The Last Supper from Leonardo 's notebooks showing nine apostles identified by names written above their heads The Last Supper specifically portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him . All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news , with various degrees of anger and shock . The apostles are identified from a manuscript ( The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci p. 232 ) with their names found in the 19th century . ( Before this , only Judas , Peter , John and Jesus were positively identified . ) From left to right , according to the apostles ' heads : Bartholomew , James , son of Alphaeus , and Andrew form a group of three ; all are surprised . Judas Iscariot , Peter , and John form another group of three . Judas is wearing green and blue and is in shadow , looking rather withdrawn and taken aback by the sudden revelation of his plan . He is clutching a small bag , perhaps signifying the silver given to him as payment to betray Jesus , or perhaps a reference to his role within the 12 disciples as treasurer . He is also tipping over the salt cellar . This may be related to the near - Eastern expression to `` betray the salt '' meaning to betray one 's Master . He is the only person to have his elbow on the table and his head is also horizontally the lowest of anyone in the painting . Peter looks angry and is holding a knife pointed away from Christ , perhaps foreshadowing his violent reaction in Gethsemane during Jesus ' arrest . The youngest apostle , John , appears to swoon . Jesus Apostle Thomas , James the Greater , and Philip are the next group of three . Thomas is clearly upset ; the raised index finger foreshadows his incredulity of the Resurrection . James the Greater looks stunned , with his arms in the air . Meanwhile , Philip appears to be requesting some explanation . Matthew , Jude Thaddeus , and Simon the Zealot are the final group of three . Both Jude Thaddeus and Matthew are turned toward Simon , perhaps to find out if he has any answer to their initial questions . In common with other depictions of the Last Supper from this period , Leonardo seats the diners on one side of the table , so that none of them has his back to the viewer . Most previous depictions excluded Judas by placing him alone on the opposite side of the table from the other eleven disciples and Jesus , or placing halos around all the disciples except Judas . Leonardo instead has Judas lean back into shadow . Jesus is predicting that his betrayer will take the bread at the same time he does to Saints Thomas and James to his left , who react in horror as Jesus points with his left hand to a piece of bread before them . Distracted by the conversation between John and Peter , Judas reaches for a different piece of bread not noticing Jesus too stretching out with his right hand towards it ( Matthew 26 : 23 ) . The angles and lighting draw attention to Jesus , whose turned right cheek is located at the vanishing point for all perspective lines ; his hands are located at the golden ratio of half the height of the composition . The painting contains several references to the number 3 , which represents the Christian belief in the Holy Trinity . The Apostles are seated in groupings of three ; there are three windows behind Jesus ; and the shape of Jesus ' figure resembles a triangle . The painting can also be interpreted using the Fibonacci series : 1 table , 1 central figure , 2 side walls , 3 windows and figures grouped in threes , 5 groups of figures , 8 panels on the walls and 8 table legs , and 13 individual figures . There may have been other references that have since been lost as the painting deteriorated . Important copies ( edit ) Two early copies of The Last Supper are known to exist , presumed to be work by Leonardo 's assistants . The copies are almost the size of the original , and have survived with a wealth of original detail still intact . One , by Giampietrino , is in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts , London , and the other , by Cesare da Sesto , is installed at the Church of St. Ambrogio in Ponte Capriasca , Switzerland . A third copy ( oil on canvas ) is painted by Andrea Solari ( c. 1520 ) and is on display in the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of the Tongerlo Abbey , Belgium . Medium ( edit ) For this work , Leonardo sought a greater detail and luminosity than could be achieved with traditional fresco . He painted The Last Supper on a dry wall rather than on wet plaster , so it is not a true fresco . Because a fresco can not be modified as the artist works , Leonardo instead chose to seal the stone wall with a double layer of dried plaster . Then , borrowing from panel painting , he added an undercoat of white lead to enhance the brightness of the oil and tempera that was applied on top . This was a method that had been described previously , by Cennino Cennini in the 14th century . However , Cennini had recommended the use of secco for the final touches alone . These techniques were important for Leonardo 's desire to work slowly on the painting , giving him sufficient time to develop the gradual shading or chiaroscuro that was essential in his style . Damage and restorations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A protective structure was built in front of the da Vinci wall fresco . This photo shows the bombing damage in 1943 , suggesting the magnitude of the greater damage that was averted . Because the painting was on a thin exterior wall , the effects of humidity were felt more keenly , and the paint failed to properly adhere to the wall . Because of the method used , soon after the painting was completed on February 9 , 1498 it began to deteriorate . As early as 1517 , the painting was starting to flake , and in 1532 Gerolamo Cardano described it as `` blurred and colorless compared with what I remember of it when I saw it as a boy '' . By 1556 -- fewer than sixty years after it was finished -- Leonardo 's biographer Giorgio Vasari described the painting as already `` ruined '' and so deteriorated that the figures were unrecognizable . By the second half of the sixteenth century Gian Paolo Lomazzo stated that `` the painting is all ruined '' . In 1652 , a doorway was cut through the ( then unrecognisable ) painting , and later bricked up ; this can still be seen as the irregular arch shaped structure near the center base of the painting . It is believed , through early copies , that Jesus ' feet were in a position symbolizing the forthcoming crucifixion . In 1768 , a curtain was hung over the painting for the purpose of protection ; it instead trapped moisture on the surface , and whenever the curtain was pulled back , it scratched the flaking paint . A first restoration was attempted in 1726 by Michelangelo Bellotti , who filled in missing sections with oil paint then varnished the whole mural . This repair did not last well and another restoration was attempted in 1770 by an otherwise unknown artist named Giuseppe Mazza . Mazza stripped off Bellotti 's work then largely repainted the painting ; he had redone all but three faces when he was halted due to public outrage . In 1796 , French revolutionary anti-clerical troops used the refectory as an armory ; they threw stones at the painting and climbed ladders to scratch out the Apostles ' eyes . The refectory was then later used as a prison ; it is not known if any of the prisoners may have damaged the painting . In 1821 , Stefano Barezzi , an expert in removing whole frescoes from their walls intact , was called in to remove the painting to a safer location ; he badly damaged the center section before realizing that Leonardo 's work was not a fresco . Barezzi then attempted to reattach damaged sections with glue . From 1901 to 1908 , Luigi Cavenaghi first completed a careful study of the structure of the painting , then began cleaning it . In 1924 , Oreste Silvestri did further cleaning , and stabilised some parts with stucco . During World War II , on August 15 , 1943 , the refectory was struck by Allied bombing ; protective sandbagging prevented the painting from being struck by bomb splinters , but it may have been damaged further by the vibration . From 1951 to 1954 , another clean - and - stabilise restoration was undertaken by Mauro Pelliccioli . Major restoration ( edit ) The painting as it looked in the 1970s The painting 's appearance by the late 1970s had become badly deteriorated . From 1978 to 1999 , Pinin Brambilla Barcilon guided a major restoration project which undertook to stabilize the painting , and reverse the damage caused by dirt and pollution . The 18th - and 19th - century restoration attempts were also reverted . Since it had proved impractical to move the painting to a more controlled environment , the refectory was instead converted to a sealed , climate - controlled environment , which meant bricking up the windows . Then , detailed study was undertaken to determine the painting 's original form , using scientific tests ( especially infrared reflectoscopy and microscopic core - samples ) , and original cartoons preserved in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle . Some areas were deemed unrestorable . These were re-painted using watercolor in subdued colors intended to indicate they were not original work , while not being too distracting . This restoration took 21 years and , on 28 May 1999 , the painting was returned to display . Intending visitors were required to book ahead and could only stay for 15 minutes . When it was unveiled , considerable controversy was aroused by the dramatic changes in colors , tones , and even some facial shapes . James Beck , professor of art history at Columbia University and founder of ArtWatch International , had been a particularly strong critic . Michael Daley , director of ArtWatch UK , has also complained about the restored version of the painting . He has been critical of Christ 's right arm in the image which has been altered from a draped sleeve to what Daley calls `` muff - like drapery '' . The Last Supper in culture ( edit ) The Last Supper made in salt in Wieliczka Salt Mine ( Poland ) The Last Supper has frequently been referenced , reproduced , or parodied in Western culture . Some of the more notable examples are : Painting , mosaic , and photography ( edit ) A 16th - century oil on canvas copy is conserved in the abbey of Tongerlo , Antwerp , Belgium . It reveals many details that are no longer visible on the original . The Roman mosaic artist Giacomo Raffaelli made another life - sized copy ( 1809 -- 1814 ) in the Viennese Minoritenkirche . Modern art ( edit ) In 1955 , Salvador Dalí painted The Sacrament of the Last Supper , with Jesus portrayed as blond and clean shaven , pointing upward to a spectral torso while the apostles are gathered around the table heads bowed so that none may be identified . It is reputed to be one of the most popular paintings in the collection of the National Gallery of Art in Washington , D.C. In 1986 , Andy Warhol was commissioned to produce a series of paintings based on The Last Supper that were exhibited initially in Milan . This was his last series of paintings before his death . Sculptor Marisol Escobar rendered The Last Supper as a life - sized , three - dimensional , sculptural assemblage using painted and drawn wood , plywood , brownstone , plaster , and aluminum . This work , Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper , ( 1982 -- 84 ) is in New York 's Metropolitan Museum of Art . In 1988 , Susan Dorothea White painted The First Supper showing 13 women from all regions of the world , with the woman in the position of Leonardo 's Christ figure being an Australian aboriginal . In 2001 , Chinese artist Zeng Fanzhi painted Last Supper , showing 13 mask - wearing people seated at a table strewn with watermelon fragments . The oil painting was sold for $23.3 million at Sotheby 's auction on October 7 , 2013 , setting a new record for contemporary Asian artwork . In 1998 , modern artist Vik Muniz displayed a recreation of The Last Supper , made entirely out of Bosco Chocolate Syrup . Literature ( edit ) Author Mary Shelley describes her impression of the painting in her travel narrative , Rambles in Germany and Italy published in 1844 : First we visited the fading inimitable fresco of Leonardo da Vinci . How vain are copies ! not in one , nor in any print , did i ever see the slightest approach to the expression in our Savior 's face , such as it is in the original . Majesty and love -- these are the words that would describe it -- joined to an absence of all guile that expresses the divine nature more visibly than I ever saw it in any other picture . -- Mary Shelley , Travel Writing ( 1996 ) , Pages 131 -- 132 Film and television ( edit ) In Luis Buñuel 's Spanish film Viridiana , a tableau vivant of Leonardo 's painting is staged with beggars . Another beggar ' photographs ' the scene by flashing them . This scene contributed to its refusal by the Vatican who called it `` blasphemous . '' In Norman Jewison 's 1973 film version of `` Jesus Christ Superstar '' , in the Last Supper sequence , Jesus and the 12 apostles briefly mimic the posture of each character in Da Vinci 's painting The painting is parodied in Mel Brooks 's movie History of the World , Part I , making Leonardo a contemporary of Jesus . It is also parodied in the original movie MASH , in the scene where Hawkeye Pierce stages a `` last supper '' for Walt ( Painless ) Waldowski before his planned suicide . The various doctors , all in surgical scrubs , pose in imitation of the painting . Many parodies of the painting appear on the small screen , including The Simpsons ' Season 16 episode `` Thank God , It 's Doomsday , '' with Homer as Jesus and Moe and his other patrons as the disciples ; That ' 70s Show 's first - season episode `` Streaking , '' with Eric flanked by his friends ( and Jackie wondering why everyone is sitting on the same side of the table ) ; and South Park 's Season 13 episode `` Margaritaville , '' with Kyle and his friends eating at a pizza parlor . In one episode of the CBC drama Murdoch Mysteries called Barenaked Ladies , the suspects recreate the poses of Peter , Judas and Thomas in their victims . Other speculation ( edit ) Detail of the `` beloved disciple '' to Jesus 's right , identified by art historians as the apostle John , but speculated in The Da Vinci Code and similar works to actually be Mary Magdalene in disguise . The Last Supper has been the target of much speculation by writers and historical revisionists alike , usually centered on purported hidden messages or hints found within the painting , especially since the publication of the novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown in 2003 . Dan Brown proposed that the person to Jesus ' right ( left of Jesus from the viewer 's perspective ) is actually Mary Magdalene disguised as the Apostle John . This speculation originated in earlier books The Templar Revelation ( 1997 ) by Lynn Picknett and The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail by Michael Baigent , Henry Lincoln and Richard Leigh ( 1982 ) . Art historians hold that the figure is the Apostle John , who only appears feminine due to Leonardo 's characteristic fascination with blurring the lines between the sexes , a quality which is found in his other paintings , such as St. John the Baptist ( painted c. 1513 -- 1516 ) . Christopher Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon comment `` If he ( John ) looks effeminate and needs a haircut , so does James , the second figure on the left . '' . Furthermore , according to Ross King , an expert on Italian art , Mary Magdalene 's appearance at the last supper would not have been controversial and Leonardo would have had no motive to disguise her as one of the other disciples , since she was widely venerated in her role as the `` Apostle to the Apostles '' and was the patron of the Dominican Order , for whom The Last Supper was painted . There would have even been precedent for it , since the earlier Italian Renaissance painter Fra Angelico had included her in his painting of the Last Supper . Giovanni Maria Pala , an Italian musician , has indicated that the positions of hands and loaves of bread can be interpreted as notes on a musical staff and , if read from right to left , as was characteristic of Leonardo 's writing , form a musical composition . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Leonardo Da Vinci 's ' The Last Supper ' reveals more secrets '' . sciencedaily.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci -- . `` Santa Maria delle Grazie -- Milan '' . Inexhibit . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapel with return Renaissance painrefting '' . Oxford Times . 14 September 2017 . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Maria delle Grazie & The Last Supper '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Itinerary : Early maturity in Milan ( 1482 - 1499 ) '' . Museo Galileo . 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Clark. Leonardo da Vinci , Penguin Books 1939 , 1993 , p144 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . lairweb.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` DaVinci '' . The Mark Steel Lectures . Series 2 . Episode 2 . The Open University . 7 October 2003 . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci -- Complete by Leonardo da Vinci '' . Gutenberg.org. 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cfr . Matthew 26 : 15 ; John 12 : 6 and 13 : 29 . ^ Jump up to : White , Susan D. ( 2006 ) . Draw Like Da Vinci . London : Cassell Illustrated , p. 132 . ISBN 9781844034444 . Jump up ^ `` Last Supper ( copy after Leonardo ) '' . University of the Arts , London . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smart history presented by the Khan Academy . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Supper '' . The Last Supper . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wykes , Alan ( 1969 ) . Doctor Cardano , physician extraordinary . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Phillip William ( 24 May 1999 ) . `` The Last Supper or a dog 's dinner ? '' . The Guardian . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dayla Alberge ( 14 March 2012 ) . `` Have art restorers ruined Leonardo 's masterpiece ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Haden - Guest , Anthony ( 3 August 1999 ) . `` Warhol 's Last Supper '' . Artnet . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Portrait Looking at The Last Supper '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Susan White - veelzijdig werk , Kunstbeeld ( Amsterdam ) Oct. 1990 , vol. 14 ( 10 ) p. 62 ( translation ) Jump up ^ Allen , Christopher . ' Ludicrous Leonardo ' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 23 December 1988 , p. 10 Jump up ^ `` Zeng 's ' Last Supper ' Sells for Record $23.3 Million at Sotheby 's Auction '' . WSJ.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Vicki ( 25 September 1998 ) . `` ART REVIEW ; It 's a Leonardo ? It 's a Corot ? Well , No , It 's Chocolate Syrup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary ( 1996 ) . Travel Writing . London : Pickering . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 1 - 85196 - 084 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : King , Ross ( 2012 ) . Leonardo and the Last Supper . New York City , New York and London , England : Bloomsbury . pp. 187 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 9947 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Hodapp , Alice Von Kannon , The Templar Code For Dummies , page 257 ( Wiley Publishing , Inc. , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12765 - 0 ) . Jump up ^ Rossella Lorenzi ( 9 November 2007 ) . `` Leonardo 's ' Last Supper ' Hides True Da Vinci Code '' . Discovery News . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Da Vinci 's `` Last Supper '' has hidden music ( includes link to recording ) `` . Extra.beloblog.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ mp3 file of the composition , hosted.ap.org Further reading ( edit ) Steinberg , Leo . Leonardo 's Incessant ' Last Supper ' `` . New York : Zone Books , 2001 . Detailed review of Steinberg 's ' Incessant Last Supper ' at 3 Pipe Problem Bertelli , Carlo ( November 1983 ) . `` Restoration Reveals The Last Supper '' . National Geographic . Vol. 164 no . 5 . pp. 664 -- 684 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci . Official website External video Leonardo 's Last Supper , video , Smarthistory Leonardo 's Last Supper and the three layers John the Apostle in Art Leonardo da Vinci : anatomical drawings from the Royal Library , Windsor Castle , exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art , which contains material on The Last Supper ( see index ) Zoomable version Tourist Information Tickets Last Supper in art Paintings ( by artist ) Barocci Bouts del Castagno Cranach Crespi Dali El Greco Fernandes Ghirlandaio Perugino Rosselli Rubens Tintoretto Veronese da Vinci Visual arts portal Christianity portal Leonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi St. Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine The Madonna and Child with the Infant St. John the Baptist The Holy Infants Embracing La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Head of Christ The Martyrdom of St Sebastian Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Museums Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci ( Milan ) Museo Ideale Leonardo da Vinci ( Vinci ) Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Octant projection Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Posthumous fame Cultural references Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after Leonardo Tourism in Milan Religious sites Cathedral Milan Cathedral Basilica di Santa Tecla Basilicas S Ambrogio S Calimero S Carlo al Corso S. 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Oh bej ! Triennale Districts of Milan Trams in Milan BNF : cb12032553h ( data ) GND : 4195043 - 4 SUDOC : 02850223X VIAF : 175915680 Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Last Supper '' . Smarthistory at Khan Academy . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . 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Texas annexation
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Texas annexation - wikipedia Texas annexation Jump to : navigation , search Boundaries of Texas after the annexation in 1845 The Texas annexation was the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States of America , which was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on December 29 , 1845 . The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2 , 1836 . At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States . The leadership of both major U.S. political parties , the Democrats and the Whigs , opposed the introduction of Texas , a vast slave - holding region , into the volatile political climate of the pro - and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress . Moreover , they wished to avoid a war with Mexico , whose government refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of its rebellious northern province . With Texas 's economic fortunes declining by the early 1840s , the President of the Texas Republic , Sam Houston , arranged talks with Mexico to explore the possibility of securing official recognition of independence , with the United Kingdom mediating . In 1843 , U.S. President John Tyler , unaligned with any political party , decided independently to pursue the annexation of Texas in a bid to gain a base of popular support for another four years in office . His official motivation was to outmaneuver suspected diplomatic efforts by the British government for emancipation of slaves in Texas , which would undermine slavery in the United States . Through secret negotiations with the Houston administration , Tyler secured a treaty of annexation in April 1844 . When the documents were submitted to the U.S. Senate for ratification , the details of the terms of annexation became public and the question of acquiring Texas took center stage in the presidential election of 1844 . Pro-Texas - annexation southern Democratic delegates denied their anti-annexation leader Martin Van Buren the nomination at their party 's convention in May 1844 . In alliance with pro-expansion northern Democratic colleagues , they secured the nomination of James K. Polk , who ran on a pro-Texas Manifest Destiny platform . In June 1844 , the Senate , with its Whig majority , soundly rejected the Tyler -- Texas treaty . The pro-annexation Democrat Polk narrowly defeated anti-annexation Whig Henry Clay in the 1844 presidential election . In December 1844 , lame - duck President Tyler called on Congress to pass his treaty by simple majorities in each house . The Democratic - dominated House of Representatives complied with his request by passing an amended bill expanding on the pro-slavery provisions of the Tyler treaty . The Senate narrowly passed a compromise version of the House bill ( by the vote of the minority Democrats and several southern Whigs ) , designed to provide the incoming President - elect Polk the options of immediate annexation of Texas or new talks to revise the annexation terms of the House - amended bill . On March 1 , 1845 , President Tyler signed the annexation bill , and on March 3 ( his last day in office ) , he forwarded the House version to Texas , offering immediate annexation ( which preempted Polk ) . When Polk took office the next day , he encouraged Texas to accept the Tyler offer . Texas ratified the agreement with popular approval from Texans . The bill was signed by Polk on December 29 , 1845 , accepting Texas as the 28th state of the Union . Texas formally relinquished its sovereignty to the United States on February 19 , 1846 . Following the annexation , relations between the United States and Mexico deteriorated due to an unresolved dispute over the border between Texas and Mexico , and the Mexican - American War broke out only a few months later . Part of a series on the History of Texas Timeline French Texas 1684 -- 1689 Spanish Texas 1690 -- 1821 Mexican Texas 1821 -- 1836 Republic of Texas 1836 -- 1845 Statehood 1845 -- 1860 Civil War Era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1899 State of Texas Texas portal Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 U.S. territorial expansion and Texas 1.2 Texas settlement and independence 2 Jackson and Van Buren administrations 3 John Tyler administration 3.1 Tyler -- Upshur -- Calhoun campaign for Texas 3.1. 1 Texas -- Mexico -- United Kingdom negotiations 3.2 The US -- Texas treaty negotiations 3.2. 1 Robert J. Walker and the `` safety - valve '' 4 Tyler - Texas treaty and the election of 1844 4.1 Tyler and the Polk presidential nomination 5 Congressional debate over annexation 5.1 Tyler - Texas Treaty defeat in the Senate 5.2 Reintroduction as a joint resolution 5.3 Brown -- Foster House amendment 5.4 Benton Senate compromise 6 Annexation and admittance 7 Border disputes 8 Joint resolution precedent and legacy : Hawaii 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links 11.1 Secondary sources Background ( edit ) US territorial expansion and Texas ( edit ) Louisiana Purchase boundaries of 1803 First mapped by Spain in 1519 , Texas was part of the vast Spanish empire seized by the Spanish Conquistadors from its indigenous people for over 300 years . When the Louisiana territory was acquired by the United States from France in 1803 , many in the U.S. believed the new territory included parts or all of present - day Texas . The US - Spain border along the northern frontier of Texas took shape in the 1817 -- 1819 negotiations between Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the Spanish ambassador to the United States , Luis de Onís y González - Vara . The boundaries of Texas were determined within the larger geostrategic struggle to demarcate the limits of the United States ' extensive western lands and of Spain 's vast possessions in North America . The Florida Treaty of February 22 , 1819 emerged as a compromise that excluded Spain from the lower Columbia River watershed , but established southern boundaries at the Sabine and Red Rivers , `` legally extinguish ( ing ) '' any American claims to Texas . Nonetheless , Texas remained an object of fervent interest to American expansionists , among them Thomas Jefferson , who anticipated the eventual acquisition of its fertile lands . The Missouri crisis of 1819 -- 1821 sharpened commitments to expansionism among the country 's slaveholding interests , when the so - called Thomas proviso established the 36 ° 30 ' parallel , imposing free - soil and slave - soil futures in the Louisiana Purchase lands . While a majority of southern congressmen acquiesced to the exclusion of slavery from the bulk of the Louisiana Purchase , a significant minority objected . Virginian editor Thomas Ritchie of the Richmond Enquirer predicted that with the proviso restrictions , the South would ultimately require Texas : `` If we are cooped up on the north , we must have elbow room to the west . '' Representative John Floyd of Virginia in 1824 accused Secretary of State Adams of conceding Texas to Spain in 1819 in the interests of Northern anti-slavery advocates , and so depriving the South of additional slave states . Then - Representative John Tyler of Virginia invoked the Jeffersonian precepts of territorial and commercial growth as a national goal to counter the rise of sectional differences over slavery . His `` diffusion '' theory declared that with Missouri open to slavery , the new state would encourage the transfer of underutilized slaves westward , emptying the eastern states of bondsmen and making emancipation feasible in the old South . This doctrine would be revived during the Texas annexation controversy . When Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821 , the United States did not contest the new republic 's claims to Texas , and both presidents John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) and Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) persistently sought , through official and unofficial channels , to procure all or portions of provincial Texas from the Mexican government , without success . Texas settlement and independence ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Texas Revolution . The boundaries of the United States and neighboring nations as they appeared in 1843 Mexican General López de Santa Anna 's surrender to Sam Houston Spanish and Indigenous immigrants , primarily from North Eastern provinces of New Spain began to settle Texas in the late 17th century . The Spanish constructed chains of missions and presidios in what is today Louisiana , East Texas and South Texas . The first chain of missions was designed for the Tejas Indians , near Los Adaes . Soon thereafter , the San Antonio Missions were founded along the San Antonio River . The City of San Antonio , then known as San Fernando de Bexar , was founded in 1719 . In the early 1760s , Jose de Escandon created five settlements along the Rio Grande River , including Laredo . Anglo - American immigrants , primarily from the Southern United States , began emigrating to Mexican Texas in the early 1820s at the invitation of the Texas faction of the Coahuila y Texas state government , which sought to populate the sparsely inhabited lands of its northern frontier for cotton production . Colonizing empresario Stephen F. Austin managed the regional affairs of the mostly American - born population -- 20 % of them slaves -- under the terms of the generous government land grants . Mexican authorities were initially content to govern the remote province through salutary neglect , `` permitting slavery under the legal fiction of ' permanent indentured servitude ' , similar to Mexico 's peonage system . A general lawlessness prevailed in the vast Texas frontier , and Mexico 's civic laws went largely unenforced among the Anglo - American settlers . In particular , the prohibitions against slavery and forced labor were ignored . The requirement that all settlers be Catholic or convert to Catholicism was also subverted . Mexican authorities , perceiving that they were losing control over Texas and alarmed by the unsuccessful Fredonian Rebellion of 1826 , abandoned the policy of benign rule . New restrictions were imposed in 1829 -- 1830 , outlawing slavery throughout the nation and terminating further American immigration to Texas . Military occupation followed , sparking local uprisings and a civil war . Texas conventions in 1832 and 1833 submitted petitions for redress of grievances to overturn the restrictions , with limited success . In 1835 , an army under Mexican President Santa Anna entered its territory of Texas and abolished self - government . Texans responded by declaring their independence from Mexico on March 2 , 1836 . On April 20 -- 21 , rebel forces under Texas General Sam Houston defeated the Mexican army at the Battle of San Jacinto . In June 1836 , Santa Anna agreed to Texas independence , but the Mexican government refused to honor Santa Anna 's pledge . Texans , now de facto independent , recognized that their security and prosperity could never be achieved while Mexico denied the legitimacy of their revolution . In the years following independence , the migration of white settlers and importation of black slave labor into the vast republic was deterred by Texas 's unresolved international status and the threat of renewed warfare with Mexico . American citizens who considered migrating to the new republic perceived that `` life and property were safer within the United States '' than in an independent Texas . The situation led to labor shortages , reduced tax revenue , large national debts and a diminished Texas militia . Jackson and Van Buren administrations ( edit ) Mirabeau B. Lamar , second president of the Republic of Texas , terminated annexation efforts with the Martin Van Buren Administration in 1838 . The Anglo - American immigrants residing in newly - independent Texas overwhelmingly desired immediate annexation by the United States . But , despite his strong support for Texas independence from Mexico , then - President Andrew Jackson delayed recognizing the new republic until the last day of his presidency to avoid raising the issue during the 1836 general election . Jackson 's political caution was informed by northern concerns that Texas could potentially form several new slave states and undermine the North - South balance in Congress . Jackson 's successor , President Martin Van Buren , viewed Texas annexation as an immense political liability that would empower the anti-slavery northern Whig opposition -- especially if annexation provoked a war with Mexico . Presented with a formal annexation proposal from Texas minister Memucan Hunt , Jr. in August 1837 , Van Buren summarily rejected it . Annexation resolutions presented separately in each house of Congress were either soundly defeated or tabled through filibuster . After the election of 1838 , new Texas president Mirabeau B. Lamar withdrew his republic 's offer of annexation due to these failures . Texans were at an annexation impasse when John Tyler entered the White House in 1841 . John Tyler administration ( edit ) US President John Tyler , champion of Texas annexation William Henry Harrison , Whig Party presidential nominee , defeated US President Martin Van Buren in the 1840 general election . Upon Harrison 's death shortly after his inauguration , Vice-President John Tyler assumed the presidency . President Tyler was expelled from the Whig party in 1841 for repeatedly vetoing their domestic finance legislation . Tyler , isolated and outside the two - party mainstream , turned to foreign affairs to salvage his presidency , aligning himself with a southern states ' rights faction that shared his fervent slavery expansionist views . In his first address to Congress in special session on June 1 , 1841 , Tyler set the stage for Texas annexation by announcing his intention to pursue an expansionist agenda so as to preserve the balance between state and national authority and to protect American institutions , including slavery , so as to avoid sectional conflict . Tyler 's closest advisors counseled him that obtaining Texas would assure him a second term in the White House , and it became a deeply personal obsession for the president , who viewed the acquisition of Texas as the `` primary objective of his administration '' . Tyler delayed direct action on Texas to work closely with his Secretary of State Daniel Webster on other pressing diplomatic initiatives . With the Webster - Ashburton Treaty ratified in 1843 , Tyler was ready to make the annexation of Texas his `` top priority '' . Representative Thomas W. Gilmer of Virginia was authorized by the administration to make the case for annexation to the American electorate . In a widely circulated open letter , understood as an announcement of the executive branch 's designs for Texas , Gilmer described Texas as a panacea for North - South conflict and an economic boon to all commercial interests . The slavery issue , however divisive , would be left for the states to decide as per the US Constitution . Domestic tranquility and national security , Tyler argued , would result from an annexed Texas ; a Texas left outside American jurisdiction would imperil the Union . Tyler adroitly arranged the resignation of his anti-annexation Secretary of State Daniel Webster , and on June 23 , 1843 appointed Abel P. Upshur , a Virginia states ' rights champion and ardent proponent of Texas annexation . This cabinet shift signaled Tyler 's intent to pursue Texas annexation aggressively . Tyler -- Upshur -- Calhoun campaign for Texas ( edit ) President John Tyler 's Secretaries of State Abel P. Upshur ( left ) and John C. Calhoun , who schemed to deliver the Tyler - Texas annexation treaty on a pro-southern agenda In late September 1843 , in an effort to cultivate public support for Texas , Secretary Upshur dispatched a letter to the US Minister to Great Britain , Edward Everett , conveying his displeasure with Britain 's global anti-slavery posture , and warning their government that forays into Texas 's affairs would be regarded as `` tantamount to direct interference ' with the established institutions of the United States ' '' . In a breach of diplomatic norms , Upshur leaked the communique to the press to inflame popular Anglophobic sentiments among American citizens . In the spring of 1843 , the Tyler administration had sent executive agent Duff Green to Europe to gather intelligence and arrange territorial treaty talks with Great Britain regarding Oregon ; he also worked with American minister to France , Lewis Cass , to thwart efforts by major European powers to suppress the maritime slave trade . Green reported to Secretary Upshur in July 1843 that he had discovered a `` loan plot '' by American abolitionists , in league with Lord Aberdeen , British Foreign Secretary , to provide funds to the Texas in exchange for the emancipation of its slaves . Minister Everett was charged with determining the substance of these confidential reports alleging a Texas plot . His investigations , including personal interviews with Lord Aberdeen , concluded that British interest in abolitionist intrigues was weak , contradicting Secretary of State Upshur 's conviction that Great Britain was manipulating Texas . Though unsubstantiated , Green 's unofficial intelligence so alarmed Tyler that he requested verification from the US minister to Mexico , Waddy Thompson . John C. Calhoun of South Carolina , a pro-slavery extremist counseled Secretary Upshur that British designs on American slavery were real and required immediate action to preempt a takeover of Texas by Great Britain . When Tyler confirmed in September that the British Foreign Secretary Aberdeen had encouraged détente between Mexico and Texas , allegedly pressing Mexico to maneuver Texas towards emancipation of its slaves , Tyler acted at once . On September 18 , 1843 , in consultation with Secretary Upshur , he ordered secret talks opened with Texas Minister to the United States Isaac Van Zandt to negotiate the annexation of Texas . Face - to - face negotiations commenced on October 16 , 1843 . Texas -- Mexico -- United Kingdom negotiations ( edit ) Sam Houston agreed to open annexation negotiations with the Tyler administration in 1843 . By the summer of 1843 Sam Houston 's Texas administration had returned to negotiations with the Mexican government to consider a rapprochement that would permit Texas self - governance , possibly as a state of Mexico , with Great Britain acting as mediator . Texas officials felt compelled by the fact that the Tyler administration appeared unequipped to mount an effective campaign for Texas annexation . With the 1844 general election in the United States approaching , the leadership in both the Democratic and Whig parties remained unequivocally anti-Texas . Texas - Mexico treaty options under consideration included an autonomous Texas within Mexico 's borders , or an independent republic with the provision that Texas should emancipate its slaves upon recognition . Van Zandt , though he personally favored annexation by the United States , was not authorized to entertain any overtures from the US government on the subject . Texas officials were at the moment deeply engaged in exploring settlements with Mexican diplomats , facilitated by Great Britain . Texas 's predominant concern was not British interference with the institution of slavery -- English diplomats had not alluded to the issue -- but the avoidance of any resumption of hostilities with Mexico . Still , US Secretary of State Upshur vigorously courted Texas diplomats to begin annexation talks , finally dispatching an appeal to President Sam Houston in January 1844 . In it , he assured Houston that , in contrast to previous attempts , the political climate in the United States , including sections of the North , was amenable to Texas statehood , and that a two - thirds majority in Senate could be obtained to ratify a Texas treaty . Texans were hesitant to pursue a US - Texas treaty without a written commitment of military defense from America , since a full - scale military attack by Mexico seemed likely when the negotiations became public . If ratification of the annexation measure stalled in the US Senate , Texas could face a war alone against Mexico . Because only Congress could declare war , the Tyler administration lacked the constitutional authority to commit the US to support of Texas . But when Secretary Upshur provided a verbal assurance of military defense , President Houston , responding to urgent calls for annexation from the Texas Congress of December 1843 , authorized the reopening of annexation negotiations . The US -- Texas treaty negotiations ( edit ) As Secretary Upshur accelerated the secret treaty discussions , Mexican diplomats learned that US - Texas talks were taking place . Mexican minister to the U.S. Juan Almonte confronted Upshur with these reports , warning him that if Congress sanctioned a treaty of annexation , Mexico would break diplomatic ties and immediately declare war . Secretary Upshur evaded and dismissed the charges , and pressed forward with the negotiations . In tandem with moving forward with Texas diplomats , Upshur was secretly lobbying US Senators to support annexation , providing lawmakers with persuasive arguments linking Texas acquisition to national security and domestic peace . By early 1844 , Upshur was able to assure Texas officials that 40 of the 52 members of the Senate were pledged to ratify the Tyler - Texas treaty , more than the two - thirds majority required for passage . Tyler , in his annual address to Congress in December 1843 , maintained his silence on the secret treaty , so as not to damage relations with the wary Texas diplomats . Throughout , Tyler did his utmost to keep the negotiations secret , making no public reference to his administration 's single - minded quest for Texas . The Tyler - Texas treaty was in its final stages when its chief architects , Secretary Upshur and Secretary of the Navy Thomas W. Gilmer , died in an accident aboard USS Princeton on February 28 , 1844 , just a day after achieving a preliminary treaty draft agreement with the Texas Republic . The Princeton disaster proved a major setback for Texas annexation , in that Tyler expected Secretary Upshur to elicit critical support from Whig and Democratic Senators during the upcoming treaty ratification process . Tyler selected John C. Calhoun to replace Upshur as Secretary of State and to finalize the treaty with Texas . The choice of Calhoun , a highly regarded but controversial American statesman , risked introducing a politically polarizing element into the Texas debates , but Tyler prized him as a strong advocate of annexation . Robert J. Walker and the `` safety - valve '' ( edit ) With the Tyler - Upshur secret annexation negotiations with Texas near consummation , Senator Robert J. Walker of Mississippi , a key Tyler ally , issued a widely distributed and highly influential letter , reproduced as a pamphlet , making the case for immediate annexation . In it , Walker argued that Texas could be acquired by Congress in a number of ways -- all constitutional -- and that the moral authority to do so was based on the precepts for territorial expansion established by Jefferson and Madison , and promulgated as doctrine by Monroe in 1823 . Senator Walker 's polemic offered analysis on the significance of Texas with respect to slavery and race . He envisioned Texas as a corridor through which both free and enslaved African - Americans could be `` diffused '' southward in a gradual exodus that would ultimately supply labor to the Central American tropics , and in time , empty the United States of its slave population . This `` safety - valve '' theory `` appealed to the racial fears of northern whites '' who dreaded the prospect of absorbing emancipated slaves into their communities in the event that the institution of slavery collapsed in the South . This scheme for racial cleansing was consistent , on a pragmatic level , with proposals for overseas colonization of blacks , which were pursued by a number of American presidents , from Jefferson to Lincoln . Walker bolstered his position by raising national security concerns , warning that in the event annexation failed , imperialist Great Britain would maneuver the Republic of Texas into emancipating its slaves , forecasting a dangerous destabilizing influence on southwestern slaveholding states . The pamphlet characterized abolitionists as traitors who conspired with the British to overthrow the United States . A variation of the Tyler 's `` diffusion '' theory , it played on economic fears in a period when slave - based staple crop markets had not yet recovered from the Panic of 1837 . The Texas `` escape route '' conceived by Walker promised to increase demand for slaves in fertile cotton - growing regions of Texas , as well as the monetary value of slaves . Cash - poor plantation owners in the older eastern South were promised a market for surplus slaves at a profit . Texas annexation , wrote Walker , would eliminate all these dangers and `` fortify the whole Union . '' Walker 's pamphlet brought forth strident demands for Texas from pro-slavery expansionists in the South ; in the North , it allowed anti-slavery expansionists to embrace Texas without appearing to be aligned with pro-slavery extremists . His assumptions and analysis `` shaped and framed the debates on annexation but his premises went largely unchallenged among the press and public . Tyler - Texas treaty and the election of 1844 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1844 Tyler - Texas Treaty Treaty of annexation concluded between the United States of America and the Republic of Texas Drafted February 27 , 1844 Signed April 12 , 1844 Location Washington Effective Not ratified Signatories Republic of Texas United States Consent refused by the U.S. Senate ( Senate Journal , June 8 , 1844 , volume 430 , pp. 436 - 438 ) . The Tyler - Texas treaty , signed on April 12 , 1844 , was framed to induct Texas into the Union as a territory , following constitutional protocols . To wit , Texas would cede all its public lands to the United States , and the federal government would assume all its bonded debt , up to $10 million . The boundaries of the Texas territory were left unspecified . Four new states could ultimately be carved from the former republic -- three of them likely to become slave states . Any allusion to slavery was omitted from the document so as not to antagonize anti-slavery sentiments during Senate debates , but it provided for the `` preservation of all ( Texas ) property as secured in our domestic institutions . '' Upon the signing of the treaty , Tyler complied with the Texans ' demand for military and naval protection , deploying troops to Fort Jesup in Louisiana and a fleet of warships to the Gulf of Mexico . In the event that the Senate failed to pass the treaty , Tyler promised the Texas diplomats that he would officially exhort both houses of Congress to establish Texas as a state of the Union upon provisions authorized in the Constitution . Tyler 's cabinet was split on the administration 's handling of the Texas agreement . Secretary of War William Wilkins praised the terms of annexation publicly , touting the economic and geostrategic benefits with relation to Great Britain . Secretary of the Treasury John C. Spencer was alarmed at the constitutional implications of Tyler 's application of military force without congressional approval , a violation of the separation of powers . Refusing to transfer contingency funds for the naval mobilization , he resigned . Tyler submitted his treaty for annexation to the Senate , delivered April 22 , 1844 , where a two - thirds majority was required for ratification . Secretary of State Calhoun ( assuming his post March 29 , 1844 ) had sent a letter to British minister Richard Packenham denouncing British anti-slavery interference in Texas . He included the Packenham Letter with the Tyler bill , intending to create a sense of crisis in Southern Democrats . In it , he characterized slavery as a social blessing and the acquisition of Texas as an emergency measure necessary to safeguard the `` peculiar institution '' in the United States . In doing so , Tyler and Calhoun sought to unite the South in a crusade that would present the North with an ultimatum : support Texas annexation or lose the South . Tyler and the Polk presidential nomination ( edit ) James K. Polk of Tennessee President Tyler expected that his treaty would be debated secretly in Senate executive session . However , less than a week after debates opened , the treaty , its associated internal correspondence , and the Packenham letter were leaked to the public . The nature of the Tyler - Texas negotiations caused a national outcry , in that `` the documents appeared to verify that the sole objective of Texas annexation was the preservation of slavery . '' A mobilization of anti-annexation forces in the North strengthened both major parties ' hostility toward Tyler 's agenda . The leading presidential hopefuls of both parties , Democrat Martin Van Buren and Whig Henry Clay , publicly denounced the treaty . Texas annexation and the reoccupation of Oregon territory emerged as the central issues in the 1844 general election . In response , Tyler , already ejected from the Whig party , quickly began to organize a third party in hopes of inducing the Democrats to embrace a pro-expansionist platform . By running as a third - party candidate , Tyler threatened to siphon off pro-annexation Democratic voters ; Democratic party disunity would mean the election of Henry Clay , a staunchly anti-Texas Whig . Pro-annexation delegates among southern Democrats , with assistance from a number of northern delegates , blocked anti-expansion candidate Martin Van Buren at the convention , which instead nominated the pro-expansion champion of Manifest Destiny , James K. Polk of Tennessee . Polk unified his party under the banner of Texas and Oregon acquisition . In August 1844 , in the midst of the campaign , Tyler withdrew from the race . The Democratic Party was by then unequivocally committed to Texas annexation , and Tyler , assured by Polk 's envoys that as President he would effect Texas annexation , urged his supporters to vote Democratic . Polk narrowly defeated Whig Henry Clay in the November election . The victorious Democrats were poised to acquire Texas under President - elect Polk 's doctrine of Manifest Destiny , rather than on the pro-slavery agenda of Tyler and Calhoun . Congressional debate over annexation ( edit ) Tyler - Texas treaty defeat in the Senate ( edit ) As a treaty document with a foreign nation , the Tyler - Texas annexation treaty required the support of a two - thirds majority in the Senate for passage . But in fact , when the Senate voted on the measure on June 8 , 1844 , fully two - thirds voted against the treaty ( 16 -- 35 ) . The vote went largely along party lines : Whigs had opposed it almost unanimously ( 1 -- 27 ) , while Democrats split , but voted overwhelmingly in favor ( 15 -- 8 ) . The election campaign had hardened partisan positions on Texas among Democrats . Tyler had anticipated that the measure would fail , due largely to the divisive effects of Secretary Calhoun 's Packenham letter . Undeterred , he formally asked the House of Representatives to consider other constitutional means to authorize passage of the treaty . Congress adjourned before debating the matter . Reintroduction as a joint resolution ( edit ) A map , published in the Newark Daily Advertiser as the U.S. Senate was considering a Joint Resolution for the Annexation of Texas that had been adopted by the House of Representatives . The same Senate that had rejected the Tyler -- Calhoun treaty by a margin of 2 : 1 in June 1844 reassembled in December 1844 in a short lame - duck session . ( Though pro-annexation Democrats had made gains in the fall elections , those legislators -- the 29th Congress -- would not assume office until March 1845 . ) Lame - duck President Tyler , still trying to annex Texas in the final months of his administration , wished to avoid another overwhelming Senate rejection of his treaty . In his annual address to Congress on December 4 , he declared the Polk victory a mandate for Texas annexation and proposed that Congress adopt a joint resolution procedure by which simple majorities in each house could secure ratification for the Tyler treaty . This method would avoid the constitutional requirement of a two - thirds majority in the Senate . Bringing the House of Representatives into the equation boded well for Texas annexation , as the pro-annexation Democratic Party possessed nearly a 2 : 1 majority in that chamber . By resubmitting the discredited treaty through a House - sponsored bill , the Tyler administration reignited sectional hostilities over Texas admission . Both northern Democratic and southern Whig Congressmen had been bewildered by local political agitation in their home states during the 1844 presidential campaigns . Now , northern Democrats found themselves vulnerable to charges of appeasement of their southern wing if they capitulated to Tyler 's slavery expansion provisions . On the other hand , Manifest Destiny enthusiasm in the north placed politicians under pressure to admit Texas immediately to the Union . Constitutional objections were raised in House debates as to whether both houses of Congress could constitutionally authorize admission of territories , rather than states . Moreover , if the Republic of Texas , a nation in its own right , were admitted as a state , its territorial boundaries , property relations ( including slave property ) , debts and public lands would require a Senate - ratified treaty . Democrats were particularly uneasy about burdening the United States with $10 million in Texas debt , resenting the deluge of speculators , who had bought Texas bonds cheap and now lobbied Congress for the Texas House bill . House Democrats , at an impasse , relinquished the legislative initiative to the southern Whigs . Brown -- Foster House amendment ( edit ) Anti-Texas Whig legislators had lost more than the White House in the general election of 1844 . In the southern states of Tennessee and Georgia , Whig strongholds in the 1840 general election , voter support dropped precipitously due to the pro-annexation excitement in the Deep South -- and Clay lost every Deep South state to Polk . Northern Whigs ' uncompromising hostility to slavery expansion increasingly characterized the party , and southern members , by association , had suffered from charges of being `` soft on Texas , therefore soft on slavery '' by Southern Democrats . Facing congressional and gubernatorial races in 1845 in their home states , a number of Southern Whigs sought to erase that impression with respect to the Tyler - Texas bill . Southern Whigs in the Congress , including Representative Milton Brown and Senator Ephraim Foster , both of Tennessee , and Representative Alexander Stephens of Georgia collaborated to introduce a House amendment on January 13 , 1845 that was designed to enhance slaveowner gains in Texas beyond those offered by the Democratic - sponsored Tyler - Calhoun treaty bill . The legislation proposed to recognize Texas as a slave state which would retain all its vast public lands , as well as its bonded debt accrued since 1836 . Furthermore , the Brown amendment would delegate to the U.S. government responsibility for negotiating the disputed Texas - Mexico boundary . The issue was a critical one , as the size of Texas would be immensely increased if the international border were set at the Rio Grande River , with its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains , rather than the traditionally recognized boundary at the Nueces River , 100 miles to the north . While the Tyler - Calhoun treaty provided for the organization of a total of four states from the Texas lands -- three likely to qualify as slave states -- Brown 's plan would permit Texas state lawmakers to configure a total of five states from its western region , south of the 36 ° 30 ' Missouri Compromise line , each pre-authorized to permit slavery upon statehood , if Texas designated them as such . Politically , the Brown amendment was designed to portray Southern Whigs as `` even more ardent champions of slavery and the South , than southern Democrats . '' The bill also served to distinguish them from their northern Whig colleagues who cast the controversy , as Calhoun did , in strictly pro - versus anti-slavery terms . While almost all Northern Whigs spurned Brown 's amendment , the Democrats quickly co-opted the legislation , providing the votes necessary to attach the proviso to Tyler 's joint resolution , by a 118 -- 101 vote . Southern Democrats supported the bill almost unanimously ( 59 -- 1 ) , while Northern Democrats split strongly in favor ( 50 -- 30 ) . Eight of eighteen Southern Whigs cast their votes in favor . Northern Whigs unanimously rejected it . The House proceeded to approve the amended Texas treaty 120 -- 98 on January 25 , 1845 . The vote in the House had been one in which party affiliation prevailed over sectional allegiance . The bill was forwarded the same day to the Senate for debate . Benton Senate compromise ( edit ) Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri By early February 1845 , when the Senate began to debate the Brown - amended Tyler treaty , its passage seemed unlikely , as support was `` perishing '' . The partisan alignments in the Senate were near parity , 28 -- 24 , slightly in favor of the Whigs . The Senate Democrats would require undivided support among their colleagues , and three or more Whigs who would be willing to cross party lines to pass the House - amended treaty . The fact that Senator Foster had drafted the House amendment under consideration improved prospects of Senate passage . Anti-annexation Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri had been the only Southern Democrat to vote against the Tyler - Texas measure in June 1844 . His original proposal for an annexed Texas had embodied a national compromise , whereby Texas would be divided in two , half slave - soil and half free - soil . As pro-annexation sentiment grew in his home state , Benton retreated from this compromise offer . By February 5 , 1845 , in the early debates on the Brown - amended House bill , he advanced an alternative resolution that , unlike the Brown scenario , made no reference whatsoever to the ultimate free - slave apportionment of an annexed Texas and simply called for five bipartisan commissioners to resolve border disputes with Texas and Mexico and set conditions for the Lone Star Republic 's acquisition by the United States . The Benton proposal was intended to calm northern anti-slavery Democrats ( who wished to eliminate the Tyler - Calhoun treaty altogether , as it had been negotiated on behalf of the slavery expansionists ) , and allow the decision to devolve upon the soon - to - be-inaugurated Democratic President - elect James K. Polk . President - elect Polk had expressed his ardent wish that Texas annexation should be accomplished before he entered Washington in advance of his inauguration on March 4 , 1845 , the same day Congress would end its session . With his arrival in the capital , he discovered the Benton and Brown factions in the Senate `` paralyzed '' over the Texas annexation legislation . On the advice of his soon - to - be Secretary of the Treasury Robert J. Walker , Polk urged Senate Democrats to unite under a dual resolution that would include both the Benton and Brown versions of annexation , leaving enactment of the legislation to Polk 's discretion when he took office . In private and separate talks with supporters of both the Brown and Benton plans , Polk left each side with the `` impression he would administer their ( respective ) policy . Polk meant what he said to Southerners and meant to appear friendly to the Van Burenite faction . '' Polk 's handling of the matter had the effect of uniting Senate northern Democrats in favor of the dual alternative treaty bill . On February 27 , 1845 , less than a week before Polk 's inauguration , the Senate voted 27 -- 25 to admit Texas , based on the Tyler protocols of simple majority passage . All twenty - four Democrats voted for the measure , joined by three southern Whigs . Benton and his allies were assured that Polk would act to establish the eastern portion of Texas as a slave state ; the western section was to remain unorganized territory , not committed to slavery . On this understanding , the northern Democrats had conceded their votes for the dichotomous bill . The next day , in an almost strict party line vote , the Benton - Milton measure was passed in the Democrat - controlled House of Representatives . President Tyler signed the bill the following day , March 1 , 1845 ( Joint Resolution for annexing Texas to the United States , J. Res. 8 , enacted March 1 , 1845 , 5 Stat. 797 ) . Annexation and admittance ( edit ) Anson Jones , last president of the Lone Star Republic prior to Texas statehood Senate and house legislators who had favored Benton 's renegotiated version of the Texas annexation bill had been assured that President Tyler would sign the joint house measure , but leave its implementation to the incoming Polk administration . But , during his last day in office , President Tyler , with the urging of his Secretary of State Calhoun , decided to act decisively to improve the odds for the immediate annexation of Texas . On March 3 , 1845 , with his cabinet 's assent , he dispatched an offer of annexation to the Republic of Texas by courier , exclusively under the terms of the Brown -- Foster option of the joint house measure . Secretary Calhoun apprised President - elect Polk of the action , who demurred without comment . Tyler justified his preemptive move on the grounds that Polk was likely to come under pressure to abandon immediate annexation and reopen negotiations under the Benton alternative . When President Polk took office on March 4 , he was in a position to recall Tyler 's dispatch to Texas and reverse his decision . On March 10 , after conferring with his cabinet , Polk upheld Tyler 's action and allowed the courier to proceed with the offer of immediate annexation to Texas . The only modification was to exhort Texans to accept the annexation terms unconditionally . Polk 's decision was based on his concern that a protracted negotiation by US commissioners would expose annexation efforts to foreign intrigue and interference . While Polk kept his annexation endeavors confidential , Senators passed a resolution requesting formal disclosure of the administration 's Texas policy . Polk stalled , and when the Senate special session had adjourned on March 20 , 1845 , no names for US commissioners to Texas had been submitted by him . Polk denied charges from Senator Benton that he had misled Benton on his intention to support the new negotiations option , declaring `` if any such pledges were made , it was in a total misconception of what I said or meant . '' On May 5 , 1845 , Texas President Jones called for a convention on July 4 , 1845 , to consider the annexation and a constitution . On June 23 , the Texan Congress accepted the US Congress 's joint resolution of March 1 , 1845 , annexing Texas to the United States , and consented to the convention . On July 4 , the Texas convention debated the annexation offer and almost unanimously passed an ordinance assenting to it . The convention remained in session through August 28 , and adopted the Constitution of Texas on August 27 , 1845 . The citizens of Texas approved the annexation ordinance and new constitution on October 13 , 1845 . President Polk signed the legislation making the former Lone Star Republic a state of the Union on December 29 , 1845 ( Joint Resolution for the admission of the state of Texas into the Union , J. Res. 1 , enacted December 29 , 1845 , 9 Stat. 108 ) . Texas formally relinquished its sovereignty to the United States on February 14 , 1846 . Border disputes ( edit ) The joint resolution and ordinance of annexation have no language specifying the boundaries of Texas , but only refer in general terms to `` the territory properly included within , and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas '' , and state that the new State of Texas is to be formed `` subject to the adjustment by this ( U.S. ) government of all questions of boundary that may arise with other governments . '' According to George Lockhart Rives , `` That treaty had been expressly so framed as to leave the boundaries of Texas undefined , and the joint resolution of the following winter was drawn in the same manner . It was hoped that this might open the way to a negotiation , in the course of which the whole subject of the boundaries of Mexico , from the Gulf to the Pacific , might be reconsidered , but these hopes came to nothing . '' There was an ongoing border dispute between the Republic of Texas and Mexico prior to annexation . Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its border based on the Treaties of Velasco , while Mexico maintained that it was the Nueces River and did not recognize Texan independence . In November 1845 , President James K. Polk sent John Slidell , a secret representative , to Mexico City with a monetary offer to the Mexican government for the disputed land and other Mexican territories . Mexico was not inclined nor able to negotiate due to instability in the government and popular nationalistic sentiment against such a sale . Slidell returned to the United States , and Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to garrison the southern border of Texas , as defined by the former Republic , in 1846 . Taylor moved into Texas , ignoring Mexican demands to withdraw , and marched as far south as the Rio Grande , where he began to build a fort near the river 's mouth on the Gulf of Mexico . The Mexican government regarded this action as a violation of its sovereignty , and immediately prepared for war . Following a United States victory and the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , Mexico ceded its claims to Texas and the Rio Grande border was accepted by both nations . Joint resolution precedent and legacy : Hawaii ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Annexation of Hawaii . On August 12 , 1898 , the flag of the Republic of Hawaii over ' Iolani Palace was lowered and the United States flag raised to signify annexation . The formal controversy over the legality of the annexation of Texas stems from the fact that Congress approved the annexation of Texas as a state , rather than a territory , with simple majorities in each house , instead of annexing the land by Senate treaty , as was done with Native American lands . Tyler 's extralegal joint resolution maneuver in 1844 exceeded strict constructionist precepts , but was passed by Congress in 1845 as part of a compromise bill . The success of the joint house Texas annexation set a precedent that would be applied to Hawaii 's annexation in 1897 . Republican President Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) attempted , in 1893 , to annex Hawaii through a Senate treaty . When this failed , he was asked to consider the Tyler joint house precedent ; he declined . Democratic President Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) did not pursue the annexation of Hawaii . When President William McKinley took office in 1897 , he quickly revived expectations among territorial expansionists when he resubmitted legislation to acquire Hawaii . When the two - thirds Senate support was not forthcoming , committees in the House and Senate explicitly invoked the Tyler precedent for the joint house resolution , which was successfully applied to approve the annexation of Hawaii in July 1898 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meacham , 2008 , p. 315 Jump up ^ Merry , 2009 , pp. 69 -- 70 : The Texas annexation issue `` emerged atop a history stretching back to 1803 and the Thomas Jefferson 's celebrated purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France . One problem was that the precise boundaries of the vast lands were unknown . '' Crapol , 2006 , p. 176 : `` ... many people thought that all or at least part of Texas was included in the bargain . '' Remini , 2002 , p. 55 : `` When the French sold Louisiana to the United States the western and northern boundaries were not defined and some Americans claimed that Texas was included in the purchase and they wanted it occupied . '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1952 , p. 129 : `` ... Adams took up the ( Louisiana ) negotiations in December 1817 . '' Jump up ^ Merry , 2009 , p. 70 : `` Spain and the United States found themselves in dispute over Louisiana 's western border and extent to which Jefferson 's purchase included portion of Texas . '' And `` ( I ) n 1819 , the matter was incorporated into the two countries ' efforts to settle the status of Florida . '' Dangerfield , 1952 , pp. 128 -- 129 : `` The cession of Florida was , of course , not the only bargaining point at the disposal of ( Onis ) in his attempt to prevent the United States from recognizing ... Spanish revolutionaries in South America . He was also ready to discuss the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase in their relation to the Empire of Spain . Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 176 : `` ... the Adams - Onis Treaty ... also known as the Florida treaty ... '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1952 , p. 152 : `` On February 22 ( 1819 ) , the great Transcontinental Treaty was signed and sealed . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 176 : `` ... the Sabine River ... today is the boundary between ( the states of ) Louisiana and Texas . '' P. 176 : The US claim to Texas `` was legally extinguished ... '' Jump up ^ Dangerfield , 1952 , p. 156 : `` It was by no means a perfect Treaty -- by excluding Texas ( from US possession ) , it bequeathed to the United States a legacy of trouble and war -- but was certainly a great Treaty . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 176 : `` Among diehard expansionists unwilling to give up hope of getting Texas at a future date was Thomas Jefferson . He assured his friend President James Monroe that , when acquired , Texas would become `` the richest State of our Union , without any exception . '' Merry , 2009 , p. 70 : `` ( E ) stablishing ( Texas ) west of the Sabine ... enraged many US expansionists '' and `` ( a ) nger over the treaty would linger for decades . '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 24 : The `` architects of Southern power ( objected to ) the so - called Thomas Proviso , amending the Missouri bill to draw the ill - fated 36 ° 30 ' line across the Louisiana Purchase , prohibiting slavery in the territory to the north , giving up the lion 's share to freedom . '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2004 , p. 6 : `` In short , in 1820 , a majority of southern congressmen accepted congressional prohibition of slavery from almost all of the western territories . '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , pp. 25 -- 26 : `` In fact , the vote on the ( Thomas ) Proviso illuminated an important division in Southern sentiment . Thirty - seven slave state congressmen opposed it , white thirty - nine voted for it ... '' a harbinger that the opposition would `` in due time rectify the Thomas Proviso . '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 25 : `` As the ( Missouri ) debates thundered to their climax , Ritchie in two separate editorials predicted the if the Proviso passed , the South must in due time have Texas '' . Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 152 : `` The Thomas plan angered some Southerners . They denounced the unequal division of turf and constitutional precedent . '' Jump up ^ Brown , 1966 , p. 28 : `` In 1823 -- 1824 some Southerners suspected that an attempt by Secretary of State Adams to conclude a slave trade convention with Great Britain was an attempt to reap the benefit of Northern anti-slavery sentiments ; and some , notably John Floyd of Virginia , sought to turn the tables on Adams by attacking him for allegedly ceding Texas to Spain in the Florida treaty , thus ceding what Floyd called `` two slaveholding states '' and costing `` the Southern interest '' four Senators . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , pp. 37 -- 38 : Tyler `` believed in a theory of'diffusion ' as a way to end slavery gradually and peacefully ... so as to `` thin out and diffuse the slave population and , with fewer blacks in some of the older slave states of the upper South , it might become politically feasible to abolish slavery in states like Virginia '' ... and `` Tyler voted against proposals that restricted slavery in Missouri or any other portion of the remaining territory of the Louisiana Purchase . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 151 : `` The Southerner ( John Tyler ) who best defended diffusion during the Missouri Crisis would become a key actor in the Texas ( annexation ) epic . '' , p. 195 : `` ... the diffusion argument had emerged in the Missouri Controversy of the 1820s and would remain in the Texas Controversy of the 1840s . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 206 : Pro-Texas arguments made by Senator Walker in 1843 were `` remarkably similar to ( Tyler 's ) diffusion theory he earlier had formulated at the time of the Missouri controversy . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 365 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 176 : `` In fact , Mexican sovereignty ( over Texas ) was openly acknowledged '' by the Adams and Jackson administrations , both of whom `` tried to purchase all or part of Texas from the Mexicans . '' Merk , 1978 , p. 270 : `` Mexican fears were ... aroused because of the persistence with which the United States government tried to buy Texas . '' Merry , 2009 , p. `` Jackson ... had sought to purchase the province from Mexico before Texas independence . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 176 : `` ... Texans , mostly Americans who had emigrated to the province ... '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 270 : `` The Anglo - Americans who went to Texas were attracted by the prospect of beautiful agricultural lands virtually free . '' , Meacham , 2008 , p. 315 , Ray Allen Billington , The Far Western Frontier , 1830 -- 1860 ( New York : Harper & Row , 1956 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , pp. 368 -- 369 Merry , 2009 , p. 70 : `` Stephen ( Austin ) arrived in 1821 and established sway over 100,000 acres of ( Mexican land grants ) with the assistance of Tejano elites who sought to partner in his enterprise . '' Jump up ^ Malone , 1960 , p. 543 : `` Stephen F. Austin ... the chief promoter of colonization ( in Texas ) '' and `` ... the basic reason for the migration of Americans '' was the `` liberal colonization law under which a league ( 7 square miles ) of land was made available to each married settler ... for less than $200 . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 365 : `` The Mexican government ... considered southwestern ( US ) entrepreneurs the most likely migrants '' and invited them `` to bring along their despotic alternative to Mexican economic peonage , black slavery ... '' Jump up ^ Malone , 1960 , p. 543 : `` The vast distances in Texas , the premium that space paid to the individualism '' contributed to `` the disrespect of settlers for Mexican authority '' and `` Private violence was common ... and public violence was endemic . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 270 : `` The Texan revolt was the result primarily of the initial Mexican error of admitting into the rich prairies of Texas a race of aggressive and unruly American frontiersmen who were contemptuous of Mexico and Mexican authority . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 270 : Mexican authorities feared that `` ... Texas was developing into an American state ... '' , Malone , 1960 , p. 544 : `` ... the Colonization Law of 1830 ... forbade further American migration to Texas . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 545 : `` Neglected sovereign power ( in Texas ) was creating a vacuum '' and Mexico `` accordingly emancipated slaves '' nationwide on `` September 15 , 1829 '' Jump up ^ Varon , 2008 , p. 127 : `` '' ... Texans had earned the reputation as defenders of slavery -- they had vehemently protested efforts by successive Mexican administrations to restrict and gradually dismantle the institution , winning concessions such as the 1828 decree that allowed Texans to register their slaves , in name only , as ' indentured servants ' `` . Malone , 1960 , p. 544 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 365 : `` ... On April 21 , 1836 , General Sam Houston ambushed Santa Anna at San Jacinto ... '' Jump up ^ Malone , 1960 , p. 544 : `` ... the Texas Declaration of Independence of March 2 , 1836 ... '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 365 , Merk , 1978 , pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 365 Jump up ^ Merry , 2009 , p. 71 : `` ... an official state of war existed between the two entities , although it never erupted into full scale fighting . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 365 : `` ... prospective American settlers ( did not ) have to be told that life and property were safer in the United States than in Texas ... '' and slave - owners `` considered slave property particularly unsafe across the border . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 365 : `` Imminent war hung heavily over the Texas Republic 's prospects '' : though `` Few Texans feared that Mexico might win such a war , '' it would disrupt Texas 's economy and society , making `` slave property particularly unsafe . '' P. 367 : `` Texas 's population shortage victimized more than the economy . Slim populations made for low tax revenue , a large national debt , and an undermanned army . '' Jump up ^ Finkelman , 2011 , pp. 29 -- 30 : `` As long as Texas remained an independent republic , the Mexican government had no strong incentive to actively assert its claim of ownership . In the years since declaring independence , Texas had hardly prospered ; its government was weak , its treasury was empty , and its debt was mounting every year . Mexico knew that eventually the independent government would fail . '' Jump up ^ Malone , 1960 , p. 545 : Texans `` avidly desired annexation by the United States . '' , Crapol , 2006 , p. 176 : Texans `` overwhelmingly supported immediate annexation by the United States . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 367 : `` President Jackson was indeed a partisan of Texas annexation ... He recognized the independence of Texas ... on the last day of his administration ... '' and `` later claimed his greatest mistake was in failing to celebrate annexation as well as recognition . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 367 : `` On the last day of his administration ... he recognized the independence of Texas . '' Jump up ^ Malone , 1960 , p. 545 : Jackson maintained `` correct neutrality '' towards Texas independence. , Crapol , 2006 , p. 53 : `` Unwilling to jeopardize the election of Van Buren ... Jackson had not sought immediate annexation ... although recognition was granted in early 1837 after Van Buren was safely elected ... '' Merk , 1978 , p. 279 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 53 : `` ... a widespread northern uneasiness that taking Texas would add a number of slave states and upset the congressional balance between North and South . '' Malone , 1960 , p. 545 : `` ... the American Anti-Slavery Society '' charged that `` Texas would make half a dozen ( slave ) states ... and annexation would give the South dominance in the Union . '' Merk , 1978 , p. 279 : `` ... it would precipitate a clash over the extension of slavery in the United States . '' Jump up ^ Merry , 2009 , p. 71 : Van Buren `` particularly feared any sectional flare - ups over slavery that would ensue from an annexation effort . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , pp. 367 -- 368 : Van Buren `` considered Texas potentially poisonous to American Union '' , and Whigs `` could generate mammoth political capital out of any war with Mexico which was fought to gain a huge slaveholding republic and still more land for the Slavepower . '' `` Van Buren would not even allow the Texas ( minister to the US ) to present an annexation proposal ... until months after his inauguration , then swiftly turned it down . '' Crapol , 2006 , p. 177 : `` ... in August 1837 , the Texans officially requested annexation , but Van Buren , fearing an anti-slavery backlash and domestic turmoil , rebuffed them . '' , Malone , 1960 , p. 545 : Van Buren `` facing a financial crisis ( Panic of 1837 ) ... did not want to add to his diplomatic and political difficulties , rebuffed it . '' Merk , 1978 , pp. 279 -- 280 Jump up ^ Richard Bruce Winders , Crisis in the Southwest : The United States , Mexico , and the Struggle over Texas ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2002 ) , p. 41 . Malone , 1960 , p. 545 : `` In 1838 , an annexation resolution that was presented in the Senate by a South Carolinian was voted down , while another that had been similarly introduced in the House was smothered by three - weeks filibustering speech by John Quincy Adams ... soon after the Texans withdrew their offer and turned their eyes toward Great Britain . '' Crapol , 2006 , p. 177 : `` Texas withdrew their ( annexation ) offer in October 1838 . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 177 : `` ( A series of failures to annex Texas ) was more of less where matters ( on annexation ) stood when John Tyler entered the White House . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 10 : `` Three days after taking the symbolic oath - taking ( April 6 , 1841 ) , John Tyler issued an inaugural address to further buttress the legitimacy of his presidency . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 364 : `` Tyler vetoed ( the Whigs ) banking bill '' and `` again ... vetoed ( it ) . '' The Whigs congressional caucus `` ... excommunicated the President from the party ... '' Tyler recruited `` extreme States ' Rights Whigs '' to fill cabinet posts ... '' p. 357 : As the `` first and last States ' Rights Whig President '' he would form a `` coalition uncompromisingly for states ' rights . '' , Merk , 1978 , p. 280 : Tyler ... `` a president without a party ... turned to foreign affairs , where executive authority was greater ... '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , pp. 280 -- 281 : `` ... opportunities were open in foreign affairs -- the annexation of Texas and a settlement of the Oregon dispute with England . The acquisition of Texas also beckoned . '' , Crapol , 2006 , pp. 24 -- 25 : `` John Tyler recognized , as his fellow Virginians Jefferson and Monroe ... that expansion was the republican key to preserving the delicate balance between national and state power '' and `` ... bringing Texas into the Union headed Tyler 's acquisitive agenda . '' P. 177 : Tyler 's `` Madisonian formula , ( where ) empire and liberty became inseparable in order to sustain the incongruity of a slaveholding republic . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 281 : `` The temper of the period was expansionist and its tide might carry the statesman ( Tyler ) riding it into a term of his own in the White House . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 178 : `` Despite being preoccupied by these more urgent diplomatic initiatives , the president kept Texas uppermost on his long - term expansionist agenda . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 180 Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 281 : `` The letter was recognized at once as a major pronouncement on the Texas issue . '' `` And ( Gilmer ) was a believer in the new creed of the beneficence of slavery and also in the doctrine of Manifest Destiny . '' , Crapol , 2006 , pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 281 : `` ( Daniel Webster 's ) presence in the Cabinet had become an embarrassment to Tyler as the annexation issue emerged . '' And `` ( Upshur ) ... a devotee of strict construction and ... the beneficence of Negro slavery . '' And `` ( Upshur 's ) appointment was an omen of the coming drive for the annexation of Texas . '' Crapol , 2006 , p. 194 : Upshur agreed with Tyler `` that bringing the Lone Star Republic in the Union as a slave state should be the administration 's number one diplomatic priority . '' Freehling , 1991 , p. 364 : `` ... his Secretary of State ( Upshur ) could suggest a foreign policy ( on Texas ) fit to reassert executive authority and build a presidential party . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 197 : Upshur 's letter was an `` effort to rally the American public in opposition to British machinations in Texas ... '' Freehling , 1991 , pp. 399 -- 400 : `` ... American Ambassador to London Edward Everett told Aberdeen of the Tyler - Upshur fury about English ' earnest pressing ' ... ( encouraging ) a Texas - Mexico emancipation rapprochement . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 197 : Upshur 's letter `` a breach of diplomatic protocol ... '' Jump up ^ Varon , 2008 , p. 166 : `` In 1841 , Tyler had dispatched Green as an emissary to London , to move stealthily in diplomatic circles in search of ' proof ' that England had designs on Texas Merk , 1978 , p. 281 -- 282 : `` The subjects of negotiation '' included `` adjustments of territorial issues ... of the Oregon dispute ... '' and p. 282 : `` Green busied himself , in collaboration with ... Lewis Cass ... to defeat ratification of the ... Quintuple Treaty to suppress the maritime slave trade '' which France approved . Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 282 : `` ... the discovery of a British ' plot ' to abolitionize Texas ... promised a government guarantee of interest on a loan to Texas ... devoted to abolitionizing Texas . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 284 : `` Everett 's report ... constituted a negation of the Duff Green letter and the charges Upshur wished to fasten to the British ministry ... '' and expressed the opinion that Britain `` was less committed to antislavery causes than had been its predecessor , or the British public . '' Merry , 2009 , p. 74 : `` The British minister to Mexico ... Charles Elliot , had actually formulated a plan for extensive British loans to Texas in exchange for abolition and a free trade policy between the two countries . His clear aim was to detach Texas completely from United States influence ... Lord Aberdeen , British foreign secretary , on three occasions sought to assure America that Britain harbored no such ambitions ... But ... Duff Green , Tyler 's man in London , chose to ignore Aberdeen 's assurances . His motive is discernible in his private warnings to his friend Calhoun that , without the Texas issue , the Calhoun forces would be over whelmed by the presidential momentum of their rival Van Buren . '' Jump up ^ Merry , 2009 , p. 72 : Duff Green 's claims of a British loan plot , `` though false ... was highly incendiary throughout the South -- and also in the White House , occupied by a Virginia slaveholder and longtime Calhoun confidant . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 282 : `` ... the tidings from Green ... also went to Calhoun ... the mentor of southern extremists . '' And `` ( Calhoun ) ... believed the `` British were determined to abolish slavery ... throughout the continent ... a disaster , '' and he would `` lead a campaign of propaganda on behalf of annexation . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , pp. 282 -- 283 : `` On August 18 , 1843 ... Lord Aberdeen was questioned in the House of Lords as to what the ( British ) government was doing regarding the trade in slaves to Texas and ... war between Mexico and Texas '' he said that `` an armistice had been arranged ... '' and that `` the British government hoped to see slavery abolished in Texas and everywhere else in the world '' and to see `` peace between Mexico and Texas . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 382 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 195 Merk , 1991 , p. 283 : `` Prompt action was necessary to meet the threat . Tyler at once authorized Upshur to open negotiations with the Texas government ... on September 18 , 1843 ... '' and `` word passed to Isaac Van Zandt ... '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 561 Jump up ^ Finkelman , 2011 , p. 30 : `` By 1843 , the government in Austin ( Texas ) was negotiating with Great Britain to intercede with Mexico to recognize Texas independence . '' Freehling , 1991 , pp. 370 -- 371 Jump up ^ Finkelman , 2011 , p. 30 : `` It is hard to imagine that the slaveholding republic would have actually consented to any significant British influence in Texas because Britain was deeply hostile to slavery and had abolished it everywhere in its empire . '' Malone , 1960 , p. 545 : `` Things were not going well in Texas ... in 1843 ... and ( Sam Houston ) had little choice but to flirt with the British for their backing . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 369 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 369 : `` An American presidential election loomed ... ( both parties ) were determined to keep annexation out of the canvass . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 396 : `` ... Texas could govern themselves if they conceded Mexicans ' theoretical sovereignty '' or Britain 's minister to Mexico Doyle `` ( could ) suggest that Mexico grant Texas independence if Texas should make ( its ) blacks independent . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 284 : `` Van Zandt ... favored annexation ... '' but had been instructed `` to take no action on the matter ... and declined Upshur 's invitation to enter '' into talks . `` The Texas government had no fear of British interference with its form of labor ... never so much as alluded to by British representatives in Texas . '' `` What Texans really feared was reopening by Mexico of hostilities in the event of attempted annexation to the United States and a resulting withdrawal of ( Britain ) '' as mediator . Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 285 : Upshur wrote Houston `` earlier American failures ... had been due to a misunderstanding of the issue . '' `` Annexation was now favored even in the North to a great extent ... '' and it would be feasible to win `` a clear constitutional majority '' in `` the Senate for ratification . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 285 : `` The question ( of American military commitment ) went to the heart of Texan hesitation about entering into American negotiation , and also at the heart of the American constitutional principle of separation of powers . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 285 : `` Houston ... reversed his stand ... and recommended to ( Texas ) Congress the opening of an annexation negotiation . '' Crapol , 2006 , p. 196 : `` After five months of hard bargaining , ( Upshur ) convinced enough members of Sam Houston 's government of the sincerity of the Tyler administration 's overtures and cajoled them into accepting American guarantees of protection and quick action . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 198 : `` ... Almonte bluntly warned ( Upshur ) , Mexico would sever diplomatic relations and immediately declare war . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 199 : Uphsur denied `` any knowledge of US - Texas negotiations to Minister Almonte ... '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 203 : `` ... Upshur ... inform ( ed ) Texas officials that at least forty of fifty - two senators were solid for ratification ... '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 199 : `` It was the prudent thing to do if he hoped to retain the trust of the Texans and keep them at the negotiating table . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , pp. 200 -- 201 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 207 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 209 : `` The deaths of Upshur and Gilmer deprived ( Tyler ) of two of his best people and the most important architects of the administration 's annexation policy ... the political landscape had been rocked . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 211 : Calhoun `` ranked with Daniel Webster and Henry Clay as America 's leading political icons of the early republic . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 211 : `` ... Tyler momentarily balked at the idea of appointing Calhoun as secretary of state because the South Carolinian might adversely polarize public opinion on the Texas question ... It was a decision he later came to regret . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , pp. 285 -- 286 : Calhoun `` was known to be eager for Texas ... ( and ) had been Upshur 's counselor on the issue . '' Merry , 2009 , p. 67 : Calhoun 's appointment as Secretary of State was `` guaranteed to generate controversy and disruption '' on the Texas issue . Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 418 : `` Once ( Sam ) Houston agreed to negotiate with Upshur , Walker authored an enormously influential pro-Texas pamphlet . '' Crapol , 2006 , p. 204 : `` ... Senator Walker published a lengthy pro-annexation letter '' in a leading newspaper , `` ... a message to the American people outlining the manifold reasons why the United States should annex Texas , '' and `` millions of copies were circulated '' in pamphlet form . Merry , 2009 , p. 85 : Walker `` had published a long pro-annexation treatise that had helped galvanize the issue and get ( Texas annexation ) into the public consciousness . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 22 : `` ... the Monroe Doctrine ( was ) a restatement of the Madisonian / Jeffersonian faith in territorial expansion ... '' also see p. 205 . Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 418 : Walker asserted that `` an annexed Texas , instead of helping to perpetuate slavery , would beneficially diffuse blacks away , first from the oldest ( US ) South , eventually from an emancipated North America . '' And pp. 419 -- 420 : The country would be emptied of blacks , ' not by abolition ... but slowly and gradually ... ' Wilentz , 2008 , p. 563 : Walker `` argued that annexation would lead to a dispersal of slave populations through the West and into Latin America , hasten slavery 's demise '' and create `` an all - white United States -- a rehashing of the old Jeffersonian ' diffusion ' idea . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 205 : `` ... in an appeal to the racial fears of northern whites ... '' Walker warned that `` the only safety - valve for the whole Union , and the only practicable outlet for the African population is through Texas , into Mexico and Central and South America '' . Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 206 : `` The idea of shipping blacks to Africa ... was a solution Jefferson , Madison and John Tyler had embraced , and later pursued by Abraham Lincoln during the first year of the Civil War when he attempted to launch a Haitian colonization scheme . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 206 : Walker warned of `` the ever - threatening British who were intent on preventing annexation ... as part of their overall plan to undercut American national destiny . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 418 : Failure to annex Texas , according to Walker `` would lead to British - induced emancipation in Texas , then to Yankee - induced emancipation in the South , then to freed slaves swarming northwards towards their liberators . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 423 : `` Nowhere was the economic tremor of the 1840s more evident than in the older eastern South '' where poor cotton yields `` intensified the search for a way out . '' and `` ... in Texas , went the dream ... demand for slaves might increase slave prices , bailing out the less prosperous southeast . But close the safety valve , heap up redundant slaves back on the decaying older South , and black hands would be increasingly idle . '' And p. 424 : `` ... the claustrophobia of the Southeast , pent up with too many increasingly dispensable '' slaves . Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 206 : `` Senator Walker ... once again proposed the all - purpose remedy of annexation ( which would ) ' strengthen and fortify the whole Union . ' '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 418 : `` The Walker thesis transformed sorely pressed Northern Democrats from traitors who knuckled under to the Slavepower into heroes who would diffuse blacks further from the North . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 207 : In the weeks and months following its publication , his letter `` shaped and framed '' the public debate . Freehling , 1991 , p. 422 : `` No one called Walker 's ( analysis ) ' untrue ' . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 286 : `` Texas ... admitted as a territory subject to the same constitutional provisions as other territories ... '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 13 : `` Under the original terms of the Democratic resolution , Texas would be admitted to the Union as a territory , not as a state ; furthermore , in return for paying off the bonded debt Texas had accrued since 1836 , the United States would own all the unsold public land in the huge republic . Freehling , 1991 , p. 440 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 213 Merk , 1978 , p. 286 : `` What the Senate would ratify was kept constantly in mind '' during the Tyler - Texas negotiation . Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 213 : `` This garrison ... named the Army of Observation '' and `` ... a powerful naval force to the Gulf of Mexico . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 213 : `` Tyler was true to his word . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 217 : Cabinet members `` were split on the wisdom of ( Tyler 's ) Texas machinations ... Wilkins , a Democrat , was solidly behind Tyler on Texas ... '' and `` stressed the economic benefits for ( his home state Pennsylvania ) ... '' and the need to prevent Texas from `` becoming a commercial dependency of Great Britain . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 217 : `` Spencer thought Tyler 's directive ( to supply funds without Congressional sanction ) was illegal ... After twice refusing to execute the president 's order , Secretary Spencer resigned his cabinet post on May 2 , 1844 . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 408 : `` On April 22 , 1844 , the Senate received the pre-treaty correspondence ( and ) the ( Tyler ) treaty ... '' Jump up ^ Finkelman , 2011 , p. 29 : `` A treaty required a two - thirds majority ( in the Senate ) for ratification . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 407 : `` The new Secretary of State ( Calhoun ) reached Washington March 29 , 1844 . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 415 : `` ... Calhoun could only begin to provoke a ' sense of crisis ' with southern Democrats . '' , and `` The Packenham Letter could rally southern Democrats against the party 's northern establishment ... '' May , 2008 , p. 113 : `` The Packenham Letter proved the claims of anti-annexationists and abolitionists that the Texas question was only about slavery -- its expansion and preservation -- despite Tyler 's protestations to the contrary . '' Varon , 2008 , p. 167 : Calhoun `` unabashedly cast Texas as a stronghold for slavery . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 408 : The Packenham Letter `` declared the national ( Texas ) treaty a sectional weapon , designed to protect slavery 's blessings from England 's documented interference '' and `` aimed at driving southerners to see England 's soft threat in a hard - headed way . '' May 2008 , pp. 112 -- 113 : `` Calhoun ... insisted that the ' peculiar institution ' was , in fact , ' a political institution necessary to peace , safety and prosperity . '' Jump up ^ Merry , 2009 , pp. 67 -- 68 : Calhoun `` wanted to expand the country 's slave territory and thus retain the South 's numerical and political advantage in regional disputes . He also wanted to force a slave issue confrontation within the country ... if that confrontation should split the Union , Texas would add luster and power to an independent South . '' Freehling , 2008 , pp. 409 -- 410 : `` Nothing would have made Northern Whigs tolerate the ( Packenham ) document , and Northern Democrats would have to be forced to swallow their distaste for the accord . Calhoun 's scenario of rallying enough slaveholders to push enough Northern Democrats to stop evading the issue was exactly the way the election of 1844 and annexation aftermath transpired . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 216 : `` ... the Tyler administration assumed that the Senate would consider annexation in executive session ... which meant the text of the treaty and accompanying documents would not be made public until after the vote on ratification . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 214 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , pp. 216 -- 217 : `` As opposition to the Texas treaty mounted , the two leading candidates for the Whig and Democratic presidential nominations came out against immediate annexation . '' Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 288 : Tyler moved the annexation issue `` into the presidential campaign of 1844 , which was underway . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 218 : `` In an attempt to salvage his presidential candidacy and to gain approval of his Texas annexation treaty ... Tyler sanctioned a third - party movement ... ( A ) band of Tyler followers , many of them postmasters and other recipients of his executive patronage ... '' and `` ... a tactical maneuver ( to ) pressure Democrats to adopt an expansionist platform favoring the annexation of Texas . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 218 : `` Tyler explained ... that the third - party ploy worked because it made Democrats realize that a ' ( Pro - ) Texas man or defeat was the only choice . ' '' May , 2008 , p. 114 : `` If Tyler stayed in the race , he threatened to draw enough votes from Polk to elect Clay , which handed Tyler an opportunity to secure his ( Texas ) legacy . '' Jump up ^ Finkelman , 2011 , p. 27 : `` This was a superb strategy , because while Polk was much more interested in Texas , asserting expansive claims in the Pacific Northwest made him palatable to many northerners . '' Crapol , 2006 , p. 218 : `` After bitter wrangling they denied Martin Van Buren the nomination and chose ... James K. Polk ... an outspoken expansionist , and his campaign platform called for the reannexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon . '' Jump up ^ May , 2008 , p. 119 : `` If Polk or his representative could give Tyler that guarantee ( to annex Texas ) , he promised to ' withdraw ' and support Polk enthusiastically . '' and p. 120 : `` Tyler 's supporters easily switched their allegiance to Polk ( because ) ' Polk would be the advocate of most of ( his ) measures . ' '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 219 : `` In November Polk narrowly defeated Henry Clay in the popular vote by just over 38,000 out of 2.7 million votes cast ... '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 12 : `` The Democrats ' triumph in the 1844 elections ( the Polk victory ) increased the odds of Texas annexation ... ( and with ) their heavy majority in the House , Democrats could easily pass the resolution containing the same terms as Tyler 's rejected treaty . '' Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 168 : `` Even Benton 's allies of the Wright - Van Buren persuasion had argued during the campaign for annexation in the proper manner , objecting only to ( the Tyler - Calhoun treaty , with emphasis on slavery expansion ) '' and p. 168 : Pro-annexation Northern Democrats `` came to Washington ( D.C. ) ' prepared to vote for admission ( of Texas ) as a state ... saying nothing about slavery . '' Jump up ^ Senate Journal , June 8 , 1844 , volume 430 , pp. 436 - 438 Jump up ^ May , 2008 , pp. 114 -- 115 Freehling , 1991 , p. 443 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 168 : `` The chain of events running back through the Baltimore convention to Calhoun 's Packenham letter had finally polarized the Democrats along North - South lines . '' Jump up ^ Merry , 2009 , pp. 72 -- 73 : Calhoun 's `` letter to British minister Richard Packenham ... contained language so incendiary and politically audacious that it would render Senate ratification nearly impossible ... '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , pp. 218 -- 219 : `` Untroubled by the initial failure , Tyler had carefully prepared for just such a contingency ... recommending ( Congress ) consider another path to annexation . '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 440 : `` ... the lame - duck Congress returned to Washington in December 1844 ... '' and p. 443 : `` The previous June , this same Senate had scuttled Tyler 's treaty of annexation , 35 -- 16 . '' Holt , 2005 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 575 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 575 Holt , 2005 , p. 12 : ' ... Lame - duck President Tyler ( asked Congress ) for a joint resolution that would require only a simple majority vote in the House and Senate . This tack would avoid the far - more - elusive two - thirds Senate majority required to ratify a treaty . '' Jump up ^ May , 2008 , pp. 121 -- 122 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 440 Wilentz , 2008 , p. 575 Holt , 2005 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 171 : `` ... Benton and others maintained that if Texas were admitted as a state , with any stipulation of terms , this would be a treaty requiring the assent of two thirds of the Senate . '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 12 : `` With their heavy majority in the House , Democrats could easily pass the ( Tyler ) resolution containing the same terms as Tyler 's rejected treaty . Anti-Texas Whigs controlled the Senate narrowly , 28 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 443 , Freehling , 1978 , p. 443 : `` The South - leaning Democratic Party controlled the House by almost a two - to - one majority . '' Jump up ^ Varon , 2008 , p. 173 : `` The joint resolution sparked nearly three months of acrimonious debate . '' Sellers , 1978 , p. 168 : `` But instead of welcoming the large body of ( northern Democrat ) converts ( to Texas annexation ) , who would have made annexation irresistible , the ( Tyler ) administration and Calhounites in Congress insisted on a vindication of the rejected treaty of the previous spring ( of 1844 ) , with all its Packenham associations . '' Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 170 : `` ( Texas ) agitation ... had shaken both northern Democrats and Southern Whigs '' during the 1844 elections . '' Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , pp. 170 -- 171 : `` Yet , apart from slavery , annexation was popular in much of the North ... '' with some politicians under `` heavy pressure '' to proceed with Texas annexation . Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 171 : `` One major problem was finding constitutional justification '' for Tyler 's request `` for annexation through ... a simple majority in both houses of Congress , rather than by treaty . Some thought that Congress could not annex Texas as a territory , but only as a state , under the constitutional provision that Congress could admit new states . On the contrary , ( Senator ) Benton and others maintained that if Texas were admitted as a state , without any stipulation of terms , this would be a treaty requiring the assent of two - thirds of the Senate . Yet the status of Texas as an independent nation made it necessary to stipulate terms with regard to her public property , lands , and debts , to say nothing of the extent of states that might be created from her territory and the status of slavery in them '' Crapol , 2006 , p. 220 : `` When Congress reconvened it acted upon Tyler 's request , but not before considerable debate on the issue of the legality and constitutionality of annexing Texas by joint resolution . '' Jump up ^ Sellers , 1978 , p. 168 : `` Particularly objectionable to the Benton -- Van Buren men was the provision that the US become responsible for the inflated Texas debt , speculators in which had been most active lobbyists for annexation . '' and `` Many opponents ( of the Texas bill ) resented the lobbying of Texas bondholders ... who hoped that the US would assume the Texas unpaid debt . '' Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 172 : `` With Democrats in hopeless disagreement , the equally beleaguered southern Whigs now took a hand . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 437 : `` ... Clay lost every state in the Deep South . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 437 , 440 : `` ... Southern Whigs suffered from being labeled soft on Texas . '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 12 : `` Aware ... that their party had been damaged in the South by the annexation issue in 1844 , a few southern Whigs were now eager to annex Texas . '' Jump up ^ Varon , 2008 , p. 175 : `` A small but aggressive cadre of Southern Whigs ... certain that annexation had decimated them in the recent election , broke ranks and joined the Democrats ( on the Texas annexation issue ) . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 441 : `` Both Whig Senator Ephraim Foster ... who wrote Brown 's amendment , and Whig Congressman Alexander Stephens ... who helped guide the measure through the House ... '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 440 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 575 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 455 : `` Mexican officials believed that Texas ended at the Nueces River . Texans claimed instead that their empire sprawled 100 miles further south , to the Rio Grande ; ( this ) would swell ( Texas ) thousands of square miles '' into Mexico . Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 205 : By extending the Missouri Compromise line , the amendment would `` guarantee slavery in most of Texas . '' Holt , 2005 , p. 13 : `` ... Brown stipulated that as many as four additional states could be carved from Texas and that future Congresses must admit as slave states if Texans so desired . '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 172 : `` But the great camouflaged issue was by now slavery '' with neither North nor South willing to compromise on the matter . Jump up ^ Sellers , 1978 , p. 173 : Democratic `` annexationists seiz ( ed ) upon the opportunity ( and ) took up the proposition of the surprised southern Whigs at the ' first hop ' and passed it January 25 with their support . '' Freehling , 1991 , pp. 442 -- 443 : `` Southern Democrats , as usual , would not allow Whigs to become more successfully aggressive on slavery - related issues ... Democrats saved ( Representative ) Milton Brown Whiggery , ( voting ) to add Brown 's amendment to the joint congressional resolution admitting slavery . Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 443 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 186 : `` Texas was still far more a party question than a sectional question . '' , May , 2008 , p. 123 , Holt , 2005 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 14 : `` The division over annexation remained more partisan than sectional . '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 443 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 186 : `` The situation in the Senate was extremely complex . '' Freehling , 1991 , p. 443 : `` the amended joint resolution now faced a harder test in the Senate . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 446 : `` ... the only Southern Democrat who had voted no on the annexation treaty ... '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 575 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 572 : `` In the Senate , Thomas Hart Benton offered his own plan which would split Texas into two equal districts , one slave and one free , and require Mexico 's consent . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 446 : `` ... Benton 's freeing of half a slave republic seemed too Yankee . '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 575 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 447 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Freeling , 1991 , p. 447 : `` The impasse paralyzed the Polk administration before the President - elect could take office . '' Sellers , 1966 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 220 : `` ... a number of the senators had voted for the compromise resolution with the expectation that President - elect Polk would be the one to choose between the options of immediate annexation or renewed negotiations . '' Freehling , 1991 , p. 447 : `` Polk supported a sleight of hand ( which would ) authorized the President to administer either the ... Benton ... or Brown versions of annexation . '' Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 447 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 447 : `` Neither Polk 's contemporaries nor late historians have appreciated the extent to which he was responsible for the narrow passage of the joint resolution ... four days before his inauguration . It was at his suggestion that the House resolution , providing for immediate annexation ... was combined with Benton 's bill , providing for a five - member commission to negotiate with Texas the terms of annexation . And it was his persuasion , convincing Bentonites that he would choose the Benton alternative , that procured the votes to pass the compromise measure . '' Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 15 Freehling , 1991 , pp. 447 -- 448 : `` All Democrats and three turncoat Whigs '' voted for the compromise treaty bill . Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 : The Benton - Van Burenite Senators `` expected Polk to pursue ( their ) option because Polk explicitly promised Benton that he would do so . Only that promise brought northern Democrats on board . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 220 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 215 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 215 : `` The Bentonian Senators had voted for the compromise relying on the assurance of Calhoun 's friend Senator George McDuffie that the Tyler administration '' would not ' meddle ' with the bill and `` that the choice between the alternative methods of annexation would be left to Polk . '' May , 2008 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 577 Jump up ^ Freehling , 1991 , p. 448 : `` ... under Calhoun 's urging , President Tyler , on the eve of departing the White House , dispatched a courier to Houston City , offering Texas admission to the Union under the Milton Brown formula for possible future division '' into several slave states . Crapol , 2006 , p. 220 : Tyler `` signed the joint resolution on March 1 ( 1844 ) and two days later , after first touching base with Polk , sent a dispatch to the Texans offering annexation and admission on the House plan . '' Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 216 : `` Tyler did insist that Calhoun get Polk 's reaction to the plan . But Polk cagily ' declined to express any opinion or to make any suggestion in reference to the subject ' , as Calhoun reported to Tyler ... '' Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 577 Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , pp. 215 -- 216 Jump up ^ Holt , 2004 , p. 15 : `` ( Tyler ) dispatched a courier to Texas offering annexation under the Brown - amended version of the House bill . Rather than recall this courier , Polk broke his promise to the Van Burenites and endorsed Tyler 's action . '' Jump up ^ Sellers , 1966 , p. 221 : United States envoy to Texas Donelson `` was now told ( by Polk ) to warn the Texans that the United States Congress might not accept ... amendments , and to urge that they accept the terms unconditionally . '' Wilentz , 2008 , p. 577 Jump up ^ Holt , 2004 , p. 15 : `` ... rather than seek new negotiations to settle the boundary dispute between Texas and Mexico , as even Brown 's amendment had called for , he declared the Rio Grande the recognized boundary and announced he would deploy American military forces to defend it . '' Sellers , 1966 , p. 221 : Polk in footnote : `` ... if negotiations had been opened by Commissioners great delay would necessarily have taken place , giving ample opportunity to British and French intrigues to have seriously embarrassed , if not defeated , annexation . '' ( emphasis in original ) Jump up ^ Wilentz , 2008 , p. 578 Jump up ^ Weeks 1846 . Jump up ^ Gammel , H.P.N. ( 1898 ) . The Laws of Texas , 1822 - 1897 . 2 . pp. 1225 -- 1227 . Jump up ^ Gammel 1898 , pp. 1228 - 1230 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Wm. F. ( 1846 ) . Debates of the Texas Convention . Jump up ^ Holt , 2005 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Merk , 1978 , p. 308 : `` In Texas , on February 14 , 1846 , ( Texas President ) Anson Jones presided over the ceremony of the transfer of his state 's sovereignty to the United States . '' Jump up ^ George Lockhart Rives ( 1913 ) . The United States and Mexico , 1821 - 48 . 2 . C. Scribner 's Sons . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Donald Fithian Stevens , Origins of Instability in Early Republican Mexico ( 1991 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ Miguel E. Soto , `` The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War '' in Essays on the Mexican War ed by Wayne Cutler ; Texas A&M University Press . 1986 . pp. 66 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , p. 279 : `` Tyler 's extralegal joint resolution ploy , which belied his pretensions to being a strict constructionist when it came to interpreting the Constitution , appealed to late - nineteenth century imperialists who sought ways to circumvent Senate opposition to a Hawaii annexation treaty . '' Jump up ^ Crapol , 2006 , pp. 279 -- 280 References ( edit ) Brown , Richard H. 1966 . The Missouri Crisis , Slavery , and the Politics of Jacksonianism . South Atlantic Quarterly . pp. 55 -- 72 in Essays on Jacksonian America , Ed . Frank Otto Gatell . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . New York . 1970 . Crapol , Edward P. 2006 . John Tyler : the accidental president . The University of North Carolina Press . Chapel Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 Finkelman , Paul . 2011 . Millard Fillmore . New York : Times Books Freehling , William W. 1991 . The Road to Disunion : Volume I : Secessionists at Bay , 1776 -- 1854 . Oxford University Press . 1991 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507259 - 4 . Holt , Michael F. 2005 . The fate of their country : politicians , slavery extension , and the coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 Malone , Dumas and Rauch , Basil. 1960 . Empire for Liberty : The Genesis and Growth of the United States of America . Appleton - Century Crofts , Inc . New York . May , Gary . 2008 . John Tyler . New York : Times Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 8238 - 8 Meacham , Jon . 2008 . American Lion : Andrew Jackson in the White House . Random House , New York . Merk , Frederick . 1978 . History of the Westward Movement . Alfred A. Knopf . New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 41175 - 0 Merry , Robert W. 2009 . A Country of Vast Designs : James K. Polk , the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent . Simon & Schuster . New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9743 - 1 Remini , Robert V. 2002 . John Quincy Adams . New York : Times Books Sellers , Charles . 1966 . James K. Polk , Continentalist . Princeton University Press . Princeton , New Jersey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 6051 - 1 Varon , Elizabeth R. Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 Wilentz , Sean . 2008 . The Rise of American Democracy : Jefferson to Lincoln . W.W. Horton and Company . New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32921 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : 1845 Ratification of Texas Annexation Texas from Independence to Annexation . Avalon Project at Yale Law School . Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States , Approved March 1 , 1845 . Jones , Anson . Letters , Relating to the History of Annexation . Galveston : Civilian Office , 1848 . Ordinance of Annexation , Approved by the Texas Convention on July 4 , 1845 . Dewey , Orville . Discourse on Slavery and the Annexation of Texas . New York : C.S. Francis & Co. , 1844 . Map of United States and Mexico at the time of the annexation of Texas ( omniatlas.com ) Secondary sources ( edit ) `` Annexation '' Handbook of Texas Online . Carefoot , Jean . `` Narrative History of Texas Annexation . '' Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Silbey , Joel H. Storm over Texas : The Annexation Controversy and the Road to Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Smith , Justin H. The Annexation of Texas . Unknown publisher , 1911 . History of Texas By period French Texas Spanish Texas Mexican Texas Republic of Texas Texas annexation Civil War era Reconstruction State of Texas By topic Annexation Border disputes Forests Indian Wars Jewish history Oil boom Revolution Slavery Texas Rangers Vice By city Amarillo Austin Brownsville Corpus Christi Dallas El Paso Fort Worth Galveston Houston Laredo Lubbock San Antonio Timelines of cities in Texas Government agency Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas Congress of the Republic of Texas Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas Texas Historical Commission Territorial expansion of the United States Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) Red River Cession ( 1818 ) Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) Concept : Manifest destiny Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_annexation&oldid=818518987 '' Categories : History of Texas History of United States expansionism 1845 in the Republic of Texas 1845 in the United States Presidency of John Tyler Presidency of James K. Polk United States federal territory and statehood legislation Annexation Hidden categories : Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Português Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 01 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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The Nutcracker
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The Nutcracker - wikipedia The Nutcracker Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the ballet and the music by Tchaikovsky . For other uses , see Nutcracker ( disambiguation ) . `` The Nutcracker Suite '' redirects here . For the albums , see The Nutcracker Suite ( Tim Sparks album ) and The Nutcracker Suite ( Duke Ellington album ) . Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Swan Lake ( 1876 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1889 ) The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) List of all compositions The Nutcracker ( Russian : Щелкунчик , Балет - феерия / Shchelkunchik , Balet - feyeriya listen ( help info ) ; French : Casse - Noisette , ballet - féerie ) is a two - act ballet , originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( op . 71 ) . The libretto is adapted from E.T.A. Hoffmann 's story `` The Nutcracker and the Mouse King '' , by way of Alexandre Dumas ' adapted story `` The Nutcracker '' . It was given its premiere at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg on Sunday , December 18 , 1892 , on a double - bill with Tchaikovsky 's opera Iolanta . Although the original production was not a success , the 20 - minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was . However , the complete Nutcracker has enjoyed enormous popularity since the late 1960s and is now performed by countless ballet companies , primarily during the Christmas season , especially in North America . Major American ballet companies generate around 40 % of their annual ticket revenues from performances of The Nutcracker . Tchaikovsky 's score has become one of his most famous compositions , in particular the pieces featured in the suite . Among other things , the score is noted for its use of the celesta , an instrument that the composer had already employed in his much lesser known symphonic ballad The Voyevoda . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 History 2.1 St. Petersburg premiere 2.2 Subsequent productions 3 Roles 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Synopsis 5 The music 5.1 From the Imperial Ballet 's 1892 program 5.2 Structure 5.3 Instrumentation 5.4 Tchaikovsky 's sources and influences 5.5 Concert excerpts and arrangements 5.5. 1 Tchaikovsky : The Nutcracker Suite , Op . 71a 5.5. 2 Grainger : Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky 's Flower Waltz , for solo piano 5.5. 3 Pletnev : Concert suite from The Nutcracker , for solo piano 5.6 Selected discography 5.7 Contemporary arrangements 6 In popular culture 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Video games 6.4 Children 's recordings 6.5 Journalism 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Composition ( edit ) After the success of The Sleeping Beauty in 1890 , Ivan Vsevolozhsky , the director of the Imperial Theatres , commissioned Tchaikovsky to compose a double - bill program featuring both an opera and a ballet . The opera would be Iolanta . For the ballet , Tchaikovsky would again join forces with Marius Petipa , with whom he had collaborated on The Sleeping Beauty . The material Petipa chose was an adaptation of E.T.A. Hoffmann 's story `` The Nutcracker and the Mouse King '' by Alexandre Dumas père called `` The Tale of the Nutcracker '' . The plot of Hoffmann 's story ( and Dumas ' adaptation ) was greatly simplified for the two - act ballet . Hoffmann 's tale contains a long flashback story within its main plot titled `` The Tale of the Hard Nut '' , which explains how the Prince was turned into the Nutcracker . This had to be excised for the ballet . Petipa gave Tchaikovsky extremely detailed instructions for the composition of each number , down to the tempo and number of bars . The completion of the work was interrupted for a short time when Tchaikovsky visited the United States for twenty - five days to conduct concerts for the opening of Carnegie Hall . Tchaikovsky composed parts of The Nutcracker in Rouen , France . History ( edit ) St. Petersburg premiere ( edit ) ( Left to right ) Lydia Rubtsova as Marianna , Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz , in the original production of The Nutcracker ( Imperial Mariinsky Theatre , St. Petersburg , 1892 ) The original production of The Nutcracker , 1892 Olga Preobrajenska as the Sugar Plum Fairy and Nikolai Legat as Prince Coqueluche in the Grand pas de deux in the original production of The Nutcracker . Imperial Mariinsky Theatre , St. Petersburg , c. 1900 The first performance of the ballet was held as a double premiere together with Tchaikovsky 's last opera , Iolanta , on 18 December ( O.S. 6 December ) 1892 , at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg , Russia . Although the libretto was by Marius Petipa , who exactly choreographed the first production has been debated . Petipa began work on the choreography in August 1892 ; however , illness removed him from its completion and his assistant of seven years , Lev Ivanov , was brought in . Although Ivanov is often credited as the choreographer , some contemporary accounts credit Petipa . The performance was conducted by Riccardo Drigo , with Antonietta Dell'Era as the Sugar Plum Fairy , Pavel Gerdt as Prince Coqueluche , Stanislava Belinskaya as Clara , Sergei Legat as the Nutcracker - Prince , and Timofey Stukolkin as Drosselmeyer . The children 's roles , unlike many later productions , were performed by real children rather than adults ( with Belinskaya as Clara , and Vassily Stukolkin as Fritz ) , students of Imperial Ballet School of St. Petersburg . The first performance of The Nutcracker was not deemed a success . The reaction to the dancers themselves was ambivalent . While some critics praised Dell'Era on her pointework as the Sugar Plum Fairy ( she allegedly received five curtain - calls ) , one critic called her `` corpulent '' and `` podgy '' . Olga Preobrajenskaya as the Columbine doll was panned by one critic as `` completely insipid '' and praised as `` charming '' by another . Alexandre Benois described the choreography of the battle scene as confusing : `` One can not understand anything . Disorderly pushing about from corner to corner and running backwards and forwards -- quite amateurish . '' The libretto was criticized as `` lopsided '' and for not being faithful to the Hoffmann tale . Much of the criticism focused on the featuring of children so prominently in the ballet , and many bemoaned the fact that the ballerina did not dance until the Grand Pas de Deux near the end of the second act ( which did not occur until nearly midnight during the program ) . Some found the transition between the mundane world of the first scene and the fantasy world of the second act too abrupt . Reception was better for Tchaikovsky 's score . Some critics called it `` astonishingly rich in detailed inspiration '' and `` from beginning to end , beautiful , melodious , original , and characteristic '' . But even this was not unanimous as some critics found the party scene `` ponderous '' and the Grand Pas de Deux `` insipid '' . Subsequent productions ( edit ) Main article : List of productions of The Nutcracker In 1919 , choreographer Alexander Gorsky staged a production which eliminated the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier and gave their dances to Clara and the Nutcracker Prince , who were played by adults instead of children . This was the first production to do so . An abridged version of the ballet was first performed outside Russia in Budapest ( Royal Opera House ) in 1927 , with choreography by Ede Brada . In 1934 , choreographer Vasili Vainonen staged a version of the work that addressed many of the criticisms of the original 1892 production by casting adult dancers in the roles of Clara and the Prince , as Gorsky had . The Vainonen version influenced several later productions . The first complete performance outside Russia took place in England in 1934 , staged by Nicholas Sergeyev after Petipa 's original choreography . Annual performances of the ballet have been staged there since 1952 . Another abridged version of the ballet , performed by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo , was staged in New York City in 1940 , Alexandra Fedorova -- again , after Petipa 's version . The ballet 's first complete United States performance was on 24 December 1944 , by the San Francisco Ballet , staged by its artistic director , Willam Christensen , and starring Gisella Caccialanza as the Sugar Plum Fairy . After the enormous success of this production , San Francisco Ballet has presented Nutcracker every Christmas Eve and throughout the winter season , debuting new productions in 1944 , 1954 , 1967 , and 2004 . The New York City Ballet gave its first annual performance of George Balanchine 's staging of The Nutcracker in 1954 . Beginning in the 1960s , the tradition of performing the complete ballet at Christmas eventually spread to the rest of the United States . Since Gorsky , Vainonen and Balanchine 's productions , many other choreographers have made their own versions . Some institute the changes made by Gorsky and Vainonen while others , like Balanchine , utilize the original libretto . Some notable productions include those by Rudolf Nureyev for the Royal Ballet , Yuri Grigorovich for the Bolshoi Ballet , Mikhail Baryshnikov for the American Ballet Theatre , Kent Stowell for Pacific Northwest Ballet starting in 1983 , and Peter Wright for the Royal Ballet and the Birmingham Royal Ballet . In recent years , revisionist productions , including those by Mark Morris , Matthew Bourne , and Mikhail Chemiakin have appeared ; these depart radically from both the original 1892 libretto and Vainonen 's revival , while Maurice Bejart 's version completely discards the original plot and characters . In addition to annual live stagings of the work , many productions have also been televised and / or released on home video . Roles ( edit ) The following extrapolation of the characters ( in order of appearance ) is drawn from an examination of the stage directions in the score . Act I ( edit ) Herr Stahlbaum His wife His children , including : Clara , his daughter , sometimes known as Marie or Masha Fritz , son Louise , his daughter Children Guests Parents dressed as incroyables Herr Drosselmeyer His nephew ( in some versions ) who resembles the Nutcracker Prince and is played by the same dancer Dolls ( spring - activated , sometimes all three dancers instead ) : Harlequin and Columbine , appearing out of a cabbage ( 1st gift ) Vivandière and a Soldier ( 2nd gift ) Nutcracker ( 3rd gift , at first a normal - sized toy , then full - sized and `` speaking '' , then a Prince ) Owl ( on clock , changing into Drosselmeyer ) Mice Sentinel ( speaking role ) The Bunny Soldiers ( of the Nutcracker ) Mouse King Snowflakes ( sometimes Snow Crystals , sometimes accompanying a Snow Queen & King ) Act II ( edit ) Angels Sugar Plum Fairy Clara Nutcracker Prince 12 Pages Eminent members of the court Spanish dancers ( Chocolate ) Arabian dancers ( Coffee ) Chinese dancers ( Tea ) Russian dancers ( Candy Canes ) Danish shepherdesses / French mirliton players ( Marzipan ) Mother Ginger Polichinelles ( Mother Ginger 's Children ) Dewdrop Flowers Sugar Plum Fairy 's Cavalier Synopsis ( edit ) Konstantin Ivanov 's original sketch for the set of The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) Below is a synopsis based on the original 1892 libretto by Marius Petipa . The story varies from production to production , though most follow the basic outline . The names of the characters also vary . In the original E.T.A. Hoffmann story , the young heroine is called Marie Stahlbaum and Clara ( Klärchen ) is her doll 's name . In the adaptation by Dumas on which Petipa based his libretto , her name is Marie Silberhaus . In still other productions , such as Baryshnikov 's , Clara is Clara Stahlbaum rather than Clara Silberhaus . Act I Scene 1 : The Stahlbaum Home It is Christmas Eve . Family and friends have gathered in the parlor to decorate the beautiful Christmas tree in preparation for the party . Once the tree is finished , the children are sent for . They stand in awe of the tree sparkling with candles and decorations . The party begins . A march is played . Presents are given out to the children . Suddenly , as the owl - topped grandmother clock strikes eight , a mysterious figure enters the room . It is Drosselmeyer , a local councilman , magician , and Clara 's godfather . He is also a talented toymaker who has brought with him gifts for the children , including four lifelike dolls who dance to the delight of all . He then has them put away for safekeeping . Clara and Fritz are sad to see the dolls being taken away , but Drosselmeyer has yet another toy for them : a wooden nutcracker carved in the shape of a little man , used for cracking nuts . The other children ignore it , but Clara immediately takes a liking to it . Fritz , however , breaks it . Clara is heartbroken . During the night , after everyone else has gone to bed , Clara returns to the parlor to check on her beloved nutcracker . As she reaches the little bed , the clock strikes midnight and she looks up to see Drosselmeyer perched atop it . Suddenly , mice begin to fill the room and the Christmas tree begins to grow to dizzying heights . The nutcracker also grows to life size . Clara finds herself in the midst of a battle between an army of gingerbread soldiers and the mice , led by their king . They begin to eat the soldiers . The nutcracker appears to lead the soldiers , who are joined by tin ones and dolls who serve as doctors to carry away the wounded . As the Mouse King advances on the still - wounded nutcracker , Clara throws her slipper at him , distracting him long enough for the nutcracker to stab him . Scene 2 : A Pine Forest The mice retreat and the nutcracker is transformed into a handsome Prince . He leads Clara through the moonlit night to a pine forest in which the snowflakes dance around them , beckoning them on to his kingdom as the first act ends . Act II Scene 1 : The Land of Sweets Clara and the Prince travel to the beautiful Land of Sweets , ruled by the Sugar Plum Fairy in the Prince 's place until his return . He recounts for her how he had been saved from the Mouse King by Clara and transformed back into himself . In honor of the young heroine , a celebration of sweets from around the world is produced : chocolate from Spain , coffee from Arabia , tea from China , and candy canes from Russia all dance for their amusement ; Danish shepherdesses perform on their flutes ; Mother Ginger has her children , the Polichinelles , emerge from under her enormous hoop skirt to dance ; a string of beautiful flowers perform a waltz . To conclude the night , the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier perform a dance . A final waltz is performed by all the sweets , after which the Sugar Plum Fairy ushers Clara and the Prince down from their throne . He bows to her , she kisses Clara goodbye , and leads them to a reindeer drawn sleigh . It takes off as they wave goodbye to all the subjects who wave back . In the original libretto , the ballet 's apotheosis `` represents a large beehive with flying bees , closely guarding their riches '' . Just like Swan Lake , there have been various alternative endings created in productions subsequent to the original . The music ( edit ) From the Imperial ballet 's 1892 program ( edit ) Titles of all of the numbers listed here come from Marius Petipa 's original scenario , as well as the original libretto and programs of the first production of 1892 . All libretti and programs of works performed on the stages of the Imperial Theatres were titled in French , which was the official language of the Imperial Court , as well as the language from which balletic terminology is derived . Casse - Noisette . Ballet - féerie in two acts and three tableaux with apotheosis . Act I 01 . Petite ouverture 02 . Scène : Une fête de Noël 03 . Marche et petit galop des enfants 04 . Danse des incroyables et merveilleuses 05 . Entrée de Drosselmeyer 06 . Danses des poupées mécaniques -- a . Le Soldat et la vivandière b . Arlequin et Colombine ( originally composed for a She - devil and a He - devil ) 07 . Le Casse - Noisette -- Polka et la berceuse 08 . Danse `` Großvater '' 09 . Grand scène fantastique : la métamorphose du salon 10 . La bataille de Casse - Noisette et du Roi des souris 11 . Le voyage 12 . Valse des flocons de neige Act II 13a . Entr'acte 13b . Grand scène de Confiturembürg Grand divertissement -- 14 . `` Chocolat '' -- Danse espagnole 15 . `` Café '' -- Danse arabe 16 . `` Thé '' -- Danse chinoise 17 . Danse des Bouffons 18 . Danse des mirlitons 19 . La mère Gigogne et les polichinelles 20 . Grand ballabile ( a.k.a. Waltz of the Flowers ) 21 . Pas de deux -- a . Adage b . Variation du Prince Coqueluche ( M. Pavel Gerdt ) c . Variation de la Fée - Dragée ( Mlle Antoinetta Dell'Era ) d . Coda 22 . Coda générale 23 . Apothéose : Une ruche Ivan Vsevolozhsky 's original costume designs for Mother Gigogne and her Polichinelle children , 1892 Variation of the Sugar Plum Fairy Problems playing this file ? See media help . Structure ( edit ) List of acts , scenes ( tableaux ) and musical numbers , along with tempo indications . Numbers are given according to the original Russian and French titles of the first edition score ( 1892 ) , the piano reduction score by Sergei Taneyev ( 1892 ) , both published by P. Jurgenson in Moscow , and the Soviet collected edition of the composer 's works , as reprinted Melville , New York : Belwin Mills ( n.d. ) Scene No . English title French title Russian title Tempo indication Notes Act I Miniature Overture Ouverture miniature Увертюра Allegro giusto Tableau I Scene ( The Christmas Tree ) Scène ( L'arbre de Noël ) Сцена ( Сцена украшения и зажигания ёлки ) Allegro non troppo -- Più moderato -- Allegro vivace scene of decorating and lighting the Christmas tree March ( also March of the Toy Soldiers ) Marche Марш Tempo di marcia viva Children 's Gallop and Dance of the Parents Petit galop des enfants et Entrée des parents Детский галоп и вход ( танец ) родителей Presto -- Andante -- Allegro Dance Scene ( Arrival of Drosselmeyer ) Scène dansante Сцена с танцами Andantino -- Allegro vivo -- Andantino sostenuto -- Più andante -- Allegro molto vivace -- Tempo di Valse -- Presto Drosselmeyer 's arrival and distribution of presents 5 Scene and Grandfather Waltz Scène et danse du Gross - Vater Сцена и танец Гросфатер Andante -- Andantino -- Moderato assai -- Andante -- L'istesso tempo -- Tempo di Gross - Vater -- Allegro vivacissimo 6 Scene ( Clara and the Nutcracker ) Scène Сцена Allegro semplice -- Moderato con moto -- Allegro giusto -- Più allegro -- Moderato assai departure of the guests 7 Scene ( The Battle ) Scène Сцена Allegro vivo Tableau II 8 Scene ( A Pine Forest in Winter ) Scène Сцена Andante a.k.a. `` Journey through the Snow '' 9 Waltz of the Snowflakes Valse des flocons de neige Вальс снежных хлопьев Tempo di Valse , ma con moto -- Presto Act II Tableau III 10 Scene ( The Magic Castle in the Land of Sweets ) Scène Сцена Andante introduction 11 Scene ( Clara and Nutcracker Prince ) Scène Сцена Andante con moto -- Moderato -- Allegro agitato -- Poco più allegro -- Tempo precedente arrival of Clara and the Prince 12 Divertissement a . Chocolate ( Spanish Dance ) b . Coffee ( Arabian Dance ) c . Tea ( Chinese Dance ) d . Candy Canes ( Russian Dance ) e . Marzipan ( Dance of the Reed Flutes ) f . Mother Ginger and the Polichinelles Divertissement a . Le chocolat ( Danse espagnole ) b . Le café ( Danse arabe ) c . Le thé ( Danse chinoise ) d . Trépak ( Danse russe ) e . Les Mirlitons ( Danse des Mirlitons ) f . La mère Gigogne et les polichinelles Дивертисмент a . Шоколад ( Испанский танец ) b . Кофе ( Арабский танец ) c . Чай ( Китайский танец ) d . Трепак ( Русский танец ) e . Танец пастушков f . Полишинели Allegro brillante Commodo Allegro moderato Tempo di trepak , molto vivace Andantino Allegro giocoso -- Andante -- Allegro vivo e.a.k.a. `` Dance of the Reed Pipes '' f.a.k.a. `` Mother Ginger and Her Children '' , `` Dance of the Clowns '' , or `` Polichinelles '' 13 Waltz of the Flowers Valse des fleurs Вальс цветов Tempo di Valse 14 Pas de Deux Intrada ( Sugar Plum Fairy and Her Cavalier ) Variation I : Tarantella Variation II : Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy Coda Pas de deux La Fée - Dragée et le Prince Orgeat Variation I : Tarantelle ( Pour le danseur ) Variation II : Danse de la Fée - Dragée ( Pour la danseuse ) Coda Па - де - дё Танец принца Оршада и Феи Драже Вариация I : Тарантелла Вариация II : Танец Феи Драже Кода Andante maestoso Tempo di Tarantella Andante ma non troppo -- Presto Vivace assai a.k.a. `` Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier '' for the male dancer for the female dancer 15 Final Waltz and Apotheosis Valse finale et Apothéose Финальный вальс и Апофеоз Tempo di Valse -- Molto meno Instrumentation ( edit ) Woodwinds 3 flutes ( 2nd & 3rd doubling on piccolo ) , 2 oboes , cor anglais , 2 clarinets in B ♭ and A , bass clarinet in B ♭ , and 2 bassoons Brass 4 French horns in F , 2 trumpets in A and B ♭ , 3 trombones ( 2 tenor , 1 bass ) , and tuba Percussion timpani , snare drum , cymbals , bass drum , triangle , tambourine , castanets , tam - tam , glockenspiel , and `` toy instruments '' ( rattle , trumpet , drum , cuckoo , quail , cymbals , and rifle ) Keyboard celesta Voice SA chorus Strings 2 harps , first and second violins , violas , violoncellos , and double basses Tchaikovsky 's sources and influences ( edit ) Ivan Vsevolozhsky 's original costume sketch for The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Nutcracker is one of the composer 's most popular compositions . The music belongs to the Romantic Period and contains some of his most memorable melodies , several of which are frequently used in television and film . ( They are often heard in TV commercials shown during the Christmas season . ) The Trepak , or Russian dance , is one of the most recognizable pieces in the ballet , along with the famous Waltz of the Flowers and March , as well as the ubiquitous Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy . The composer 's reverence for Rococo and late 18th - century music can be detected in passages such as the Overture , the `` Entrée des parents '' , and `` Tempo di Grossvater '' in act 1 . Tchaikovsky is said to have argued with a friend who wagered that the composer could not write a melody based on a one - octave scale in sequence . Tchaikovsky asked if it mattered whether the notes were in ascending or descending order , and was assured it did not . This resulted in the Adagio from the Grand pas de deux , which , in the ballet , nearly always immediately follows the Waltz of the Flowers . A story is also told that Tchaikovsky 's sister had died shortly before he began composition of the ballet , and that his sister 's death influenced him to compose a melancholy , descending scale melody for the adagio of the Grand Pas de Deux . One novelty in Tchaikovsky 's original score was the use of the celesta , a new instrument Tchaikovsky had discovered in Paris . He wanted it genuinely for the character of the Sugar Plum Fairy to characterize her because of its `` heavenly sweet sound '' . It appears not only in her `` Dance '' , but also in other passages in act 2 . ( However , he first wrote for the celesta in his symphonic ballad The Voyevoda the previous year . ) Tchaikovsky also uses toy instruments during the Christmas party scene . Tchaikovsky was proud of the celesta 's effect , and wanted its music performed quickly for the public , before he could be `` scooped . '' Although the original ballet is only about 85 minutes long if performed without applause or an intermission , and therefore much shorter than either Swan Lake or The Sleeping Beauty , some modern staged performances have omitted or re-ordered some of the music , or inserted selections from elsewhere , thus adding to the confusion over the suites . In fact , most of the very famous versions of the ballet have had the order of the dances slightly re-arranged , if they have not actually altered the music . For instance , the 1954 George Balanchine New York City Ballet version adds to Tchaikovsky 's score an entr'acte that the composer wrote for act 2 of The Sleeping Beauty , but which is now seldom played in productions of that ballet . It is used as a transition between the departure of the guests and the battle with the mice . Nearly all of the CD and LP recordings of the complete ballet present Tchaikovsky 's score exactly as he originally conceived it . Tchaikovsky was less satisfied with The Nutcracker than with The Sleeping Beauty . ( In the film Fantasia , commentator Deems Taylor observes that he `` really detested '' the score . ) Tchaikovsky accepted the commission from Vsevolozhsky but did not particularly want to write the ballet ( though he did write to a friend while composing it : `` I am daily becoming more and more attuned to my task '' ) . Concert excerpts and arrangements ( edit ) Tchaikovsky : the Nutcracker Suite , op . 71a ( edit ) Tchaikovsky made a selection of eight of the numbers from the ballet before the ballet 's December 1892 première , forming The Nutcracker Suite , Op . 71a , intended for concert performance . The suite was first performed , under the composer 's direction , on 19 March 1892 at an assembly of the St. Petersburg branch of the Musical Society . The suite became instantly popular , with almost every number encored at its premiere , while the complete ballet did not begin to achieve its great popularity until after the George Balanchine staging became a hit in New York City . The suite became very popular on the concert stage , and was featured in Disney 's Fantasia . The Nutcracker Suite should not be mistaken for the complete ballet . The outline below represents the selection and sequence of the Nutcracker Suite culled by the composer . II I. Miniature Overture III . Danses caractéristiques a . Marche b . Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy ( ending altered from ballet - version ) c . Russian Dance ( Trepak ) d . Arabian Dance e . Chinese Dance f . Reed Flutes III . Waltz of the Flowers Grainger : Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky 's Flower Waltz , for solo piano ( edit ) The Paraphrase on Tchaikovsky 's Flower Waltz is a successful piano arrangement from one of the movements from The Nutcracker by the pianist and composer Percy Grainger . Pletnev : concert Suite from the Nutcracker , for solo piano ( edit ) The pianist and conductor Mikhail Pletnev adapted some of the music into a virtuosic concert suite for piano solo : a . March b . Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy c . Tarantella d . Intermezzo ( Journey through the Snow ) e . Russian Trepak f . Chinese Dance g . Andante maestoso ( Pas de Deux ) Selected discography ( edit ) Many recordings have been made since 1909 of the Nutcracker Suite , which made its initial appearance on disc that year in what is now historically considered the first record album . This recording was conducted by Herman Finck and featured the London Palace Orchestra . But it was not until the LP album was developed that recordings of the complete ballet began to be made . Because of the ballet 's approximate hour and a half length when performed without intermission , applause , or interpolated numbers , it fits very comfortably onto two LPs . Most CD recordings take up two discs , often with fillers . An exception is the 81 - minute 1998 Philips recording by Valery Gergiev that fits onto one CD because of Gergiev 's somewhat brisker speeds . 1954 , the year in which Balanchine first staged his production of it , was also the year that the first complete recording of the ballet appeared -- a 2 - LP album set in mono sound released by Mercury Records . The cover design was by George Maas and featured illustrations by Dorothy Maas . The music was performed by the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Antal Doráti . Dorati later re-recorded the complete ballet in stereo , with the London Symphony Orchestra in 1962 for Mercury and with the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1975 for Philips Classics . According to Mercury Records , the 1962 recording was made on 35mm magnetic film rather than audio tape , and used album cover art identical to that of the 1954 recording . Dorati is the only conductor so far to have made three different recordings of the complete ballet . Some have hailed the 1975 recording as the finest ever made of the complete ballet . It is also faithful to the score in employing a boys ' choir in the Waltz of the Snowflakes . Many other recordings use an adult or mixed choir . In 1956 , the conductor Artur Rodziński and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra made a complete recording of the ballet on stereo master tapes for Westminster Records , but because stereo was not possible on the LP format in 1956 , the recording was issued in stereo on magnetic tape , and only a mono 2 - LP set was issued . ( Recently , the Rodziński performance was issued in stereo on CD . ) Rodziński had previously made a 78 - RPM mono recording of the Nutcracker Suite for Columbia Masterworks in 1946 , a recording which was reissued in 1948 as part of Columbia 's first collection of classical LP 's . According to some sources , Rodziński made two complete recordings of the ballet , one with the Royal Philharmonic and one with the London Philharmonic Orchestra . However , the conductor died only two years after making his 1956 Nutcracker recording , so it is possible that there may have been a mislabeling . In 1959 , the first stereo LP album set of the complete ballet , with Ernest Ansermet conducting the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande , appeared on Decca Records in the UK and London Records in the US . The first complete stereo Nutcracker with a Russian conductor and a Russian orchestra appeared in 1960 , when Gennady Rozhdestvensky 's recording of it , with the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra , was issued first in the Soviet Union on Melodiya , then imported to the U.S. on Columbia Masterworks . It was also Columbia Masterworks ' first complete Nutcracker . With the advent of the stereo LP coinciding with the growing popularity of the complete ballet , many other complete recordings of it have been made . Notable conductors who have done so include Maurice Abravanel , André Previn , Michael Tilson Thomas , Mariss Jansons , Seiji Ozawa , Richard Bonynge , Semyon Bychkov , Alexander Vedernikov , Ondrej Lenard , Mikhail Pletnev , and most recently , Simon Rattle . A CD of excerpts from the Tilson Thomas version had as its album cover art a painting of Mikhail Baryshnikov in his Nutcracker costume ; perhaps this was due to the fact that the Tilson Thomas recording was released by CBS Masterworks , and CBS had first telecast the Baryshnikov `` Nutcracker '' . The soundtrack of the 1977 television production with Mikhail Baryshnikov and Gelsey Kirkland , featuring the National Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Kenneth Schermerhorn , was issued in stereo on a CBS Masterworks 2 LP - set , but it has not appeared on CD . The LP soundtrack recording was , for a time , the only stereo version of the Baryshnikov Nutcracker available , since the show was originally telecast only in mono , and it was not until recently that it began to be telecast with stereo sound . The sound portion of the DVD is also in stereo . The first complete recording of the ballet in digital stereo was issued in 1985 , on a two - CD RCA set featuring Leonard Slatkin conducting the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra . This album originally had no `` filler '' , but it has recently been re-issued on a multi-CD set containing complete recordings of Tchaikovsky 's two other ballets , Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty . This three - ballet album has now gone out of print . There have been two major theatrical film versions of the ballet , made within seven years of each other , and both were given soundtrack albums . The first theatrical film adaptation , made in 1985 , is of the Pacific Northwest Ballet version , and was conducted by Sir Charles Mackerras . The music is played in this production by the London Symphony Orchestra . The film was directed by Carroll Ballard , who had never before directed a ballet film ( and has n't since ) . Patricia Barker played Clara in the fantasy sequences , and Vanessa Sharp played her in the Christmas party scene . Wade Walthall was the Nutcracker Prince . The second film adaptation was a 1993 film of the New York City Ballet version , titled George Balanchine 's The Nutcracker , with David Zinman conducting the New York City Ballet Orchestra . The director was Emile Ardolino , who had won the Emmy , Obie , and Academy Awards for filming dance , and was to die of AIDS later that year . Principal dancers included the Balanchine muse Darci Kistler , who played the Sugar Plum Fairy , Heather Watts , Damian Woetzel , and Kyra Nichols . Two well - known actors also took part : Macaulay Culkin appeared as the Nutcracker / Prince , and Kevin Kline served as the offscreen narrator . The soundtrack features the interpolated number from The Sleeping Beauty that Balanchine used in the production , and the music is heard on the album in the order that it appears in the film , not in the order that it appears in the original ballet . Notable albums of excerpts from the ballet , rather than just the usual Nutcracker Suite , were recorded by Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra for Columbia Masterworks , and Fritz Reiner and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for RCA Victor . Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra ( for RCA ) , as well as Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra ( for Telarc ) have also recorded albums of extended excerpts . The original edition of Michael Tilson Thomas 's version with the Philharmonia Orchestra on CBS Masterworks was complete , but is out of print ; the currently available edition is abridged . Neither Ormandy , Reiner , nor Fiedler ever recorded a complete version of the ballet ; however , Kunzel 's album of excerpts runs 73 minutes , containing more than two - thirds of the music . Conductor Neeme Järvi has recorded act 2 of the ballet complete , along with excerpts from Swan Lake . The music is played by the Royal Scottish National Orchestra . Very many famous conductors of the twentieth century made recordings of the suite , but not of the complete ballet . These include such luminaries as Arturo Toscanini , Sir Thomas Beecham , Claudio Abbado , Leonard Bernstein , Herbert von Karajan , James Levine , Sir Neville Marriner , Robert Shaw , Mstislav Rostropovich , Sir Georg Solti , Leopold Stokowski , Zubin Mehta , and John Williams , among many others . In 2007 , Josh Perschbacher recorded an organ transcription of the Nutcracker Suite . Contemporary arrangements ( edit ) In 1942 , Freddy Martin and his orchestra recorded The Nutcracker Suite for Dance Orchestra on a set of 4 10 - inch 78 - RPM records . An arrangement of the suite that lay between dance music and jazz , it was released by RCA Victor . In 1947 , Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians recorded `` The Nutcracker Suite '' on a two - part Decca Records 12 - inch 78 RPM record with one part on each side as Decca DU 90022 , packaged in a picture sleeve . This version had custom lyrics written for Waring 's chorus by among others , Waring himself . The arrangements were by Harry Simeone . In 1960 , Duke Ellington and Billy Strayhorn composed jazz interpretations of pieces from Tchaikovsky 's score , recorded and released on LP as The Nutcracker Suite . In 1999 , this suite was supplemented with additional arrangements from the score by David Berger for The Harlem Nutcracker , a production of the ballet by Donald Byrd set during the Harlem Renaissance . In 1960 , Shorty Rogers released The Swingin ' Nutcracker , featuring jazz interpretations of pieces from Tchaikovsky 's score . In 1962 , American poet and humorist Ogden Nash wrote verses inspired by the ballet , and these verses have sometimes been performed in concert versions of the Nutcracker Suite . It has been recorded with Peter Ustinov reciting the verses , and the music is unchanged from the original . In 1962 a novelty boogie piano arrangement of the `` Marche '' , titled `` Nut Rocker '' , was a No. 1 single in the UK , and No. 21 in the USA . Credited to B. Bumble and the Stingers , it was produced by Kim Fowley and featured studio musicians Al Hazan ( piano ) , Earl Palmer ( drums ) , Tommy Tedesco ( guitar ) and Red Callender ( bass ) . `` Nut Rocker '' has subsequently been covered by many others including The Shadows , Emerson , Lake & Palmer , The Ventures , Dropkick Murphys , The Brian Setzer Orchestra , and the Trans - Siberian Orchestra . The Ventures ' own instrumental rock cover of `` Nut Rocker '' , known as `` Nutty '' , is commonly connected to the NHL team , the Boston Bruins , from being used as the theme for the Bruins ' telecast games for over two decades , from the late 1960s . In 2004 , The Invincible Czars arranged , recorded , and now annually perform the entire suite for rock band . The Trans - Siberian Orchestra 's first album , Christmas Eve and Other Stories , includes an instrumental piece titled `` A Mad Russian 's Christmas '' , which is a rock version of music from The Nutcracker . On the other end of the scale is the humorous Spike Jones version released in December 1945 and again in 1971 as part of the long play record Spike Jones is Murdering the Classics , one of the rare comedic pop records to be issued on the prestigious RCA Red Seal label . The Disco Biscuits , a trance - fusion jam band from Philadelphia , have performed `` Waltz of the Flowers '' and `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' on multiple occasions . The Los Angeles Guitar Quartet ( LAGQ ) recorded the Suite arranged for four acoustic guitars on their CD recording Dances from Renaissance to Nutcracker ( 1992 , Delos ) . In 1993 , guitarist Tim Sparks recorded his arrangements for acoustic guitar on The Nutcracker Suite . The Shirim Klezmer Orchestra released a klezmer version , titled `` Klezmer Nutcracker , '' in 1998 on the Newport label . The album became the basis for a December 2008 production by Ellen Kushner , titled `` The Klezmer Nutcracker '' and staged off Broadway in New York City . In 2002 , The Constructus Corporation used the melody of Sugar Plum Fairy for their track Choose Your Own Adventure . In 2008 a progressive metal / instrumental rock version of The Nutcracker Suite was released by Christmas at the Devil 's House . It includes Overture Miniature , March , Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy , Russian Dance , Chinese Dance , Arabian Dance , Dance of the Reed Flutes , and Waltz of the Flowers . In 2009 , Pet Shop Boys used a melody from the Nutcracker Suite for their track `` All Over the World '' , taken from their album Yes . In 2010 , Belgian rapper Lunaman had a hit single `` Nutcracka '' , whose chorus quoted portions of the `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' . In 2012 , jazz pianist Eyran Katsenelenbogen released his renditions of Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy , Dance of the Reed Flutes , Russian Dance and Waltz of the Flowers from the Nutcracker Suite . In 2012 , Duo Symphonious recorded an extended version of the Suite arranged for two classical guitars on their debut album `` The Portable Nutcracker '' . Their version includes `` A Pine Forest in Winter '' as well as the entire `` Pas de Deux '' . In 2014 , Canadian electronic music producer Brado Popcorn released three versions of the song , titled `` The Distorted Dance of The Sugarplum Fairy '' on his `` A Tribute to the Music of Tetris '' album . In 2014 , Pentatonix released an a cappella arrangement of `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' on the holiday album That 's Christmas to Me and received a Grammy Award on 16 February 2016 for best arrangement . In 2016 , Jennifer Thomas included an instrumental version of `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' on her album Winter Symphony . In 2017 , Lindsey Stirling released her version of `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' on her holiday album Warmer in the Winter . In popular culture ( edit ) For a comprehensive list of stage , film and television adaptations of The Nutcracker , see : List of productions of The Nutcracker Film ( edit ) Several films having little or nothing to do with the ballet or the original Hoffmann tale have used its music : The 1940 Disney animated film Fantasia features a segment using The Nutcracker Suite . This version was also included both as part of the 3 - LP soundtrack album of Fantasia ( since released as a 2 - CD set ) , and as a single LP , with Dance of the Hours , another Fantasia segment , on the reverse side . The Spirit of Christmas , a 1950 marionette made - for - TV featurette in color narrated by Alexander Scourby , utilizes the poem A Visit from St. Nicholas , and this sequence also includes music from The Nutcracker . A 1951 thirty - minute short , Santa and the Fairy Snow Queen , issued on DVD by Something Weird Video , features several dances from The Nutcracker . A 1954 16mm short subject version of The Little Match Girl features a dream sequence in which music from The Nutcracker is played . The Nutcracker ( 1973 ) features a nameless girl ( slightly similar to Clara ) who works as a maid . She befriends and falls in love with a nutcracker ornament , who was a young prince cursed by the three headed Mouse King . Sanrio released a stop - motion adaptation of The Nutcracker entitled Nutcracker Fantasy in 1979 . A 1990 animated film titled The Nutcracker Prince uses cuts of the music throughout and its story is based heavily on that of the ballet . In 2001 , Barbie appeared in her first film , Barbie in the Nutcracker . It used excerpts by Tchaikovsky , which were performed by the London Symphony Orchestra . Though it heavily altered the story , it still made use of ballet sequences which had been rotoscoped using real ballet dancers . In the 2006 remake of Black Christmas , ' Dance of the sugar plum fairy ' appears numerous times throughout the movie including being the ringtone of the protagonist 's cellphone , a music box and playing during the end credits . In 2007 , Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale also used ' The Nutcracker ' excerpts , which were performed by The Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia . In 2010 , The Nutcracker in 3D ( Elle Fanning ) abandoned the ballet and most of the story , retaining much of Tchaikovsky 's music with lyrics by Tim Rice . The $90 million film became the year 's biggest box office bomb . In 2013 , Puella Magi Madoka Magica : The Movie the ending scene is a reference to the Nutcracker Witch . Disney is developing a live - action adaptation titled The Nutcracker and the Four Realms , Lasse Hallström would direct from a script by Ashleigh Powell . Television ( edit ) A 1954 Christmas episode of General Electric Theater featured Fred Waring and his choral group , the Pennsylvanians , singing excerpts from The Nutcracker with specially written lyrics . While the music was being sung , the audience saw ballet dancers performing . The episode was hosted by Ronald Reagan . A 1996 episode of The Magic School Bus ( `` Holiday Special '' , season 3 , episode 39 ) , Wanda is planning to see a performance of The Nutcracker . Some of the music for this episode was based on the score of the ballet . Princess Tutu , a 2002 anime series that uses elements from many ballets as both music and as part of the storyline , uses the music from The Nutcracker in many places throughout its run , including using an arranged version of the overture as the theme for the main character . Both the first and last episodes feature The Nutcracker as their ' theme ' , and one of the main characters is named Drosselmeyer . A 2002 episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog titled `` The Nutcracker '' , set in a junkyard , portrayed the title character using a broken nutcracker to defend his masters against two enormous rats intent on devouring them . A House of Mouse special , Snowed in at the House of Mouse , included an animated short , starring Mickey Mouse as the Nutcracker , Minnie Mouse as Maria , Ludwig von Drake as a character based on Herr Drosselmeyer , Goofy as the Sugar Plum Fairy and Donald Duck as the `` Duck - stroke - Mouse - stroke - King - type - person '' ( or the Mouse King ) , and portrayed a brief overview of the story , sarcastically narrated by John Cleese . The story ran with modern rock - style adaptations of Tchaikovsky 's music . The `` Toon TV '' episode of Tiny Toon Adventures and The Plucky Duck Show features a song called `` Video Game Blues '' , set to the melodies of `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' and the `` Russian Dance '' . A 2005 episode of The Simpsons called `` Simpsons Christmas Stories '' ( Season 17 , episode 9 ) , features a montage in which are seen residents of Springfield on Christmas , singing to the tune of pieces from The Nutcracker Suite . The Wonder Pets on Nick Jr. includes a Christmas themed episode called `` Save the Nutcracker '' , featuring the Nutcracker and Mouse King from the original ballet , as well as much of the music . An episode of the PBS Kids series Super Why features the Mouse King as a central character . In an episode of Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps , Angelina sees a performance of The Nutcracker . The Animaniacs cartoon Nutcracker Slappy featured Slappy and Skippy trying to crack open a walnut in various ways only to find it was empty , all to the music of The Nutcracker . A two part episode of the Care Bears cartoon series in the 1980s features the Care Bears as the main characters , with Beastley as the Rat King . During the Christmas music special of Beavis and Butt - head , one of the incidental bits of music they hear is the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy , at which Beavis is impressed ( saying it 's like Ozzy ) and he even chants along to the tune before humming Iron Man . The song also appears in the episode The Mystery Of Morning Wood while they sleep and the Morning Wood Fairy comes out of the TV . In the 2009 MythBusters Demolition Derby Special , Adam and Jamie are testing the `` Need for Speed '' myth . As Adam and Jamie are preparing the bus for testing , Adam is aggressively preparing the bus to the sound of heavy metal , while Jamie is gently preparing the roll cage to the tune of `` Dance of the Reed Flutes . '' Monty Python 's Flying Circus , episode 25 ( series 2 , episode 12 ) titled , `` Spam . '' Within this episode is the `` Hospital for Over-Actors '' sketch , which includes several patients acting as the Mouse King . In the early 1980s , a commercial for the breakfast cereal Smurfberry Crunch used a portion of The Nutcracker Suite as music for an advertising jingle sung by Smurfs . The season 1 episode of SpongeBob SquarePants , `` Suds '' , `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' is heard in its background music soundtrack a number of times . In episode 9 of Time Bokan 24 , `` Dance of the Reed Flutes '' plays when the Akudama Trio holds signs in Space to get Gagarin to say `` The Earth is Blue '' . Video games ( edit ) In the Game Boy version of Tetris , `` Russian Dance '' . In the NES version of Tetris , the `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' is available as background music ( referred to in the settings as `` Music 1 '' ) . In the NES game , Winter Games , `` Waltz of the Flowers '' is used as the music for the figure skating event . In the game BioShock , the main character Jack meets an insane musician named Sander Cohen who tasks Jack with killing and photographing four of Sander 's ex-disciples . When the third photograph is given to Sander , in a fit of pique he unleashes waves of splicer enemies to attack Jack while playing `` Waltz of the Flowers '' from speakers in the area . In the original Lemmings `` Dance of the Reed Flutes '' and `` Miniature Overture '' is used in several levels . In Weird Dreams , there is also a fat ballerina dancing to the `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' in the Hall of Tubes . In the Baby Bowser levels of Yoshi 's Story , a variation of the `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' is used as the background music . In Mega Man Legends , the `` Waltz of the Flowers '' can be heard in the Balloon Fantasy minigame . In the Wii Winter Olympics game , a piece from `` The Nutcracker '' is used as background music for a figure skating event . In Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance the `` Waltz of Flowers '' , `` The Arabian Dance '' , `` The Russian Dance '' , `` The Dance of the Reed Flutes '' and `` The Chinese Dance '' are the background themes that play when Riku is in the world based on Disney 's Fantasia . In Hatoful Boyfriend , the `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' is used as the character theme for Iwamine Shuu . In a TV advertisement for Army Men : Sarge 's Heroes 2 , the plastic army men work together using a train playset to move a firecracker under the Christmas tree and place it between the Nutcracker doll 's legs , while `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' plays . In Fantasia : Music Evolved , a medley of `` The Nutcracker '' is listed and consists of the `` Marche '' , `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' , and `` Trepak '' ; besides the original mix , there is also the `` D00 BAH D00 '' mix and the `` DC Breaks '' mix . In Dynamite Headdy , the `` March '' is used in the Mad Dog boss battle . In Grand Theft Auto V one of the classical horns , that can be bought for cars , plays the `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' . The `` Waltz of the Flowers '' appears during a baby 's death scene in What Remains of Edith Finch . In Rainbow Six : Siege , the piece : The Nutcracker , Miniature Overture , composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky can be overheard playing in the Cigar Lounge on the second floor of Kafe Dostoyevsky . Children 's recordings ( edit ) There have been several recorded children 's adaptations of the E.T.A. Hoffmann story ( the basis for the ballet ) using Tchaikovsky 's music , some quite faithful , some not . One that was not was a version titled The Nutcracker Suite for Children , narrated by Metropolitan Opera announcer Milton Cross , which used a two - piano arrangement of the music . It was released as a 78 - RPM album set in the 1940s . For the children 's label Peter Pan Records , actor Victor Jory narrated a condensed adaptation of the story with excerpts from the score . It was released on one side of a 45 - RPM disc . A later version , titled The Nutcracker Suite , starred Denise Bryer and a full cast , was released in the 1960s on LP and made use of Tchaikovsky 's music in the original orchestral arrangements . It was quite faithful to Hoffmann 's story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King , on which the ballet is based , even to the point of including the section in which Clara cuts her arm on the glass toy cabinet , and also mentioning that she married the Prince at the end . It also included a less gruesome version of `` The Tale of the Hard Nut '' , the tale - within - a-tale in Hoffmann 's story . It was released as part of the Tale Spinners for Children series . Another children 's LP , The Nutcracker Suite with Words , featured Captain Kangaroo 's Bob Keeshan narrating the story , and sung versions of the different movements , with special lyrics . Journalism ( edit ) In 2009 , Pulitzer Prize -- winning dance critic Sarah Kaufman wrote a series of articles for The Washington Post criticizing the primacy of The Nutcracker in the American repertory for stunting the creative evolution of ballet in the United States : That warm and welcoming veneer of domestic bliss in The Nutcracker gives the appearance that all is just plummy in the ballet world . But ballet is beset by serious ailments that threaten its future in this country ... companies are so cautious in their programming that they have effectively reduced an art form to a rotation of over-roasted chestnuts that no one can justifiably croon about ... The tyranny of The Nutcracker is emblematic of how dull and risk - averse American ballet has become . There were moments throughout the 20th century when ballet was brave . When it threw bold punches at its own conventions . First among these was the Ballets Russes period , when ballet -- ballet -- lassoed the avant - garde art movement and , with works such as Michel Fokine 's fashionably sexy Scheherazade ( 1910 ) and Léonide Massine 's Cubist - inspired Parade ( 1917 ) , made world capitals sit up and take notice . Afraid of scandal ? Not these free - thinkers ; Vaslav Nijinsky 's rough - hewn , aggressive Rite of Spring famously put Paris in an uproar in 1913 ... Where are this century 's provocations ? Has ballet become so entwined with its `` Nutcracker '' image , so fearfully wedded to unthreatening offerings , that it has forgotten how eye - opening and ultimately nourishing creative destruction can be ? -- Sarah Kaufman , dance critic for The Washington Post In 2010 , Alastair Macaulay , dance critic for The New York Times ( who had previously taken Sarah Kaufman to task for her criticism of The Nutcracker ) began The Nutcracker Chronicles , a series of blog articles documenting his travels across the United States to see different productions of the ballet . Act I of The Nutcracker ends with snow falling and snowflakes dancing . Yet The Nutcracker is now seasonal entertainment even in parts of America where snow seldom falls : Hawaii , the California coast , Florida . Over the last 70 years this ballet -- conceived in the Old World -- has become an American institution . Its amalgam of children , parents , toys , a Christmas tree , snow , sweets and Tchaikovsky 's astounding score is integral to the season of good will that runs from Thanksgiving to New Year ... I am a European who lives in America , and I never saw any Nutcracker until I was 21 . Since then I 've seen it many times . The importance of this ballet to America has become a phenomenon that surely says as much about this country as it does about this work of art . So this year I 'm running a Nutcracker marathon : taking in as many different American productions as I can reasonably manage in November and December , from coast to coast ( more than 20 , if all goes well ) . America is a country I 'm still discovering ; let The Nutcracker be part of my research . -- Alastair Macauley , dance critic for The New York Times See also ( edit ) Parade of the Wooden Soldiers References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anderson , J. ( 1958 ) . The Nutcracker Ballet , New York : Mayflower Books . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , J. ( 2003 ) . Nutcracker Nation : How an Old World Ballet Became a Christmas Tradition in the New World , New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Agovino , Theresa ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` The Nutcracker brings big backs to ballet companies '' . Crain 's New York Business . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wakin , Daniel J. ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Coming Next Year : Nutcracker Competition '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Morin , A. ( 2001 ) . The Third Ear Essential Listening Companion to Classical Music , Backbeat Books . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmann , E.T.A. , Dumas , A. , Neugroschel , J. ( 2007 ) . Nutcracker and Mouse King , and the Tale of the Nutcracker , New York Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Donald ( 22 November 2009 ) . `` Tchaikovsky 's ' Nutcracker ' a rite of winter thanks to its glorious music and breathtaking dances '' . Cleveland.com . Cleveland . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky '' . Balletalert.com . Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nutcracker History '' . Balletmet.org . Archived from the original on 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher ( 2003 ) : p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Fisher ( 2003 ) : p. 16 . Jump up ^ Fisher ( 2003 ) : p. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Fisher ( 2003 ) : p. 17 . Jump up ^ Wiley , Roland John . ( 1991 ) . Tchaikovsky 's Ballets : Swan Lake , The Sleeping Beauty , The Nutcracker , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Ballet Talk ( Powered by Invision Power Board ) '' . Ballettalk.invisionzone.com. 26 November 2008 . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Craine , Debra ( 8 December 2007 ) . `` Christmas cracker '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo . Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo records , 1935 -- 1968 ( MS Thr 463 ) : Guide '' . Jump up ^ Soviet ed. , where they are printed in the original French with added Russian translation in editorial footnotes ) Jump up ^ Wiley , 1991 : p. 220 . Jump up ^ Tchaikovsky , P. ( 2004 ) . The Nutcracker : Complete Score , Dover Publications . Jump up ^ Schwarm , Betsy . `` The Nutcrack , OP . 71 '' . Encyclopaedia Britannica . The Music Alliance . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Nutcracker Nation : How an Old World ... -- Google Books . Google Books . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Tchaikovsky By David Brown W.W. Norton & Company , 1992 page 332 Jump up ^ `` The KEZ Christmas Countdown : Day 19 -- The Nutcracker David Appleford '' . Kfyi.com. 2008 - 12 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Alexander Poznansky , Tchaikovsky : The Quest for the Inner Man , p. 544 Jump up ^ Brown , David . Tchaikovsky : The Final Years , 1885 - 1893 . London , 1991 ; corrected edition 1992 : p. 386 Jump up ^ `` The Nutcracker Profile : The History of The Nutcracker '' . Classicalmusic.about.com. 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Recording Technology History '' . History.sandiego.edu . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Alastair . `` ' The Nutcracker ' Chronicles : Listening to the Score '' . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky : The Nutcracker ( Complete Ballet ) ; Serenade for Strings -- Credits on MSN Music '' . Music.msn.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky , Antal Dorati , Harold Lawrence , London Symphony Orchestra , Philharmonia Hungarica , London Symphony Orchestra Chorus -- Tchaikovsky : The Nutcracker ( Complete Ballet ) ; Serenade in C Major -- Amazon.com Music '' . Jump up ^ Styrous ® . `` The Styrous ® Viewfinder '' . Jump up ^ `` Nutcracker '' . Classicalcdreview.com . Retrieved 18 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky / Artur Rodzinski , 1946 : Щелкунчик / Nutcracker Suite , Part 1 -- NYPO '' . YouTube . 2011 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Tchaikovsky : The Nutcracker Ballet ( 1991 - 08 - 24 ) . `` Tchaikovsky : The Nutcracker Ballet : Tchaikovsky , Rodzinski , Phil Symphony Orchestra : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky , Gennady Rozhdestvensky , Bolshoi Theater Orchestra -- Tchaikovsky : The Nutcracker ( Complete ) -- Amazon.com Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky : the Nutcracker : Sir Simon Rattle , Tchaikovsky , Berliner Philharmoniker : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky , Michael Tilson Thomas , The Philharmonia Orchestra , Ambrosian Singers -- Tchaikovsky : Music From The Nutcracker ( Highlights ) -- Amazon.com Music '' . Jump up ^ `` The Nutcracker ( 1993 Motion Picture Soundtrack ) : Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky , David Zinman , New York City Ballet Orchestra : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky : The Nutcracker ( Complete ) : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky : Nutcracker , Act II / Swan Lake '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Freddy Martin And His Orchestra -- Tschaikowsky 's Nutracker Suite In Dance Tempo '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Fred Waring & the Pennsylvanians -- Nutcracker Suite '' . Jump up ^ `` A Duke Ellington Panorama '' . Depanorama.net . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Harlem Nutcracker '' . Susan Kuklin . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New Nutcracker Suite and Other Innocent Verses : Ogden Nash , Ivan Chermayeff : Amazon.com : Books '' . Jump up ^ Ogden Nash . `` THE NEW NUTCRACKER SUITE & Other Innocent Verses '' . Kirkus Reviews . Jump up ^ `` blogcritics.org '' . blogcritics.org . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute to the Music of Tetris by Brado Popcorn on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Stirling Talks Joining ' Dancing With the Stars ' & Shares First Holiday Album Track : Premiere '' . Billboard . September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney ( All ) The Nutcracker Suite / Dance Of The Hours -- Sealed USA LP RECORD ( 284287 ) '' . Eil.com. 21 April 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tchaikovsky 's The Nutcracker Suite Also Ponchielli 's Dance Of The Hours Philadelphia Orchestra Leopold Stokowski Conducting : Leopold Stokowski : Music '' . Amazon.com. 9 September 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Santa and the Fairy Snow Queen : A Sid Davis Production : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Archive.org. 2001 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ daflauta ( 2 October 2001 ) . `` Barbie in the Nutcracker ( Video 2001 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lasse Hallstrom to Direct Live - Action ' Nutcracker ' for Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' General Electric Theater '' Music for Christmas ( TV Episode 1954 ) `` . IMDb. 19 December 1954 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Magic School Bus '' The Family Holiday Special ( TV Episode 1996 ) `` . IMDb. 25 December 1996 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons : Simpsons Christmas Stories Episode Summary on '' . Tv.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Smurf Berry Crunch Cereal '' . MrBreakfast.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Wiki / Figure Skating '' . Mariowiki.com. 2012 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` GTA5 Classical horn 3 '' . youtube.com. 2015 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Week 50 '' . Kiddierecords.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 11 The Nutcracker Suite : Victor Jory '' . SoundCloud . Jump up ^ `` Tale Spinners for Children '' . Artsreformation.com. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ronnie Falcao , LM MS . `` The Nutcracker Suite with Words '' . Gentlebirth.org . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Sarah ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` Here Come Those Sugar Plums and Chestnuts '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Sarah ( 22 November 2009 ) . `` Breaking pointe : ' The Nutcracker ' takes more than it gives to world of ballet '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 14 December 2009 ) . `` Sugar Plum Overdose : The Case Against ' The Nutcracker ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Macauley , Alastair ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` A ' Nutcracker ' Lover Explains Himself '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Macauley , Alastair ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` The ' Nutcracker ' Chronicles : The Marathon Begins '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Macauley , Alastair ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` The Sugarplum Diet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Nutcracker . The Nutcracker : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Tchaikovsky Research The Nutcracker ballet Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Swan Lake , Op. 20 Sleeping Beauty , Op. 66 The Nutcracker , Op. 71 List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky The ballets and * revivals of Marius Petipa in Russia 1847 -- 59 Paquita ( * 1847 , * 1881 ) Le Diable amoureux ( as `` Satanella '' ) ( * 1848 ) Leda , the Swiss Milkmaid ( 1849 ) Giselle ( * 1850 , * 1884 , * 1899 , * 1903 ) The Star of Granada ( 1855 ) The Rose , the Violet , and the Butterfly ( 1857 ) Le Corsaire ( * 1858 , * 1863 , * 1868 , * 1885 , * 1899 ) A Marriage During the Regency ( 1858 ) The Parisian Market ( 1859 , * 1861 ) 1860 -- 79 The Blue Dahlia ( 1860 , * 1875 ) Terpsichore ( 1861 ) The Pharaoh 's Daughter ( 1862 , * 1885 , * 1898 ) The Beauty of Lebanon ( 1863 ) The Traveling Dancer ( 1864 ) Florida ( 1866 ) Titania ( 1866 ) Faust ( * 1867 ) The Benevolent Cupid ( 1868 ) The Slave ( 1868 ) Le Roi Candaule ( 1868 , * 1891 , * 1903 ) Don Quixote ( 1869 , * 1871 ) Trilby ( 1870 ) Catarina ( * 1870 ) The Two Stars ( 1871 ) La Péri ( * 1872 ) Camargo ( 1872 ) Le Papillon ( * 1874 ) Ondine ( as `` The Naiad and the Fisherman '' ) ( * 1874 , * 1892 ) The Bandits ( 1875 ) The Adventures of Peleus ( 1876 , * 1897 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1876 ) La Bayadère ( 1877 , * 1900 ) Roxana ( 1878 ) Ariadne ( 1878 ) The Daughter of the Snows ( 1879 ) Frizak the Barber ( 1879 ) Mlada ( 1879 , * 1896 ) 1880 -- 99 La Fille du Danube ( * 1880 ) Zoraiya ( 1881 ) La Vivandière ( as `` Markitenka '' ) ( * 1881 ) Pâquerette ( * 1882 ) The Night and the Day ( 1883 ) Pygmalion ( 1883 ) Coppélia ( * 1884 ) Giselle ( * 1884 , 1899 , 1903 ) Le Diable à Quatre ( as `` The Willful Wife '' ) ( * 1885 ) La Fille Mal Gardée ( * 1885 ) The Magic Pills ( 1886 ) The King 's Command ( 1886 , * 1887 , * 1900 ) La Esmeralda ( * 1886 , * 1899 ) The Sacrifices to Cupid ( 1886 ) * Fiametta ( 1887 ) The Vestal ( 1888 ) The Talisman ( 1889 , * 1895 ) The Enchanted Forest ( * 1889 ) The Caprices of a Butterfly ( 1889 , * 1895 ) The Sleeping Beauty ( 1890 ) Nénuphar ( 1890 ) Kalkabrino ( 1891 ) A Fairy Tale ( 1891 ) La Sylphide ( * 1892 ) The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) Cinderella ( 1893 ) The Awakening of Flora ( 1894 ) Swan Lake ( * 1895 ) The Little Humpbacked Horse ( as `` The Tsar Maiden '' ) ( * 1895 ) The Calvary Halt ( 1896 ) The Pearl ( 1896 ) Bluebeard ( 1896 ) Raymonda ( 1898 ) 1900 -- 03 Les Ruses d'Amour or The Trial of Damis ( 1900 ) The Seasons ( 1900 ) Harlequinade ( 1900 ) The Heart of the Marquis ( 1902 ) The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) The Romance of the Rosebud and the Butterfly ( never presented ) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Operas The Voyevoda Undina The Oprichnik Vakula the Smith Eugene Onegin The Maid of Orleans Mazepa ( or Mazeppa ) Cherevichki The Enchantress The Queen of Spades Iolanta Ballets Swan Lake The Sleeping Beauty The Nutcracker Symphonies No. 1 in G minor ( `` Winter Daydreams '' ) No. 2 in C minor ( `` Little Russian '' ) No. 3 in D major ( `` Polish '' ) No. 4 in F minor Symphony in B minor ( `` Manfred '' ) No. 5 in E minor No. 6 in B minor ( `` Pathétique '' ) No. 7 in E ♭ major ( unfinished ) Concertante Piano Concerto No. 1 in B ♭ minor Piano Concerto No. 2 in G major Piano Concerto No. 3 in E ♭ major Concert Fantasia Andante and Finale Sérénade mélancolique Valse - Scherzo Violin Concerto in D major Variations on a Rococo Theme Pezzo capriccioso Cello Concerto Orchestral works Romeo and Juliet The Tempest Hamlet Capriccio Italien Francesca da Rimini The Storm Fatum The Voyevoda 1812 Overture Marche slave Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem Festival Coronation March Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major Orchestral Suite No. 3 in G major Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G major ( `` Mozartiana '' ) Serenade for Strings Vocal music Liturgy of St John Chrysostom All - Night Vigil Moscow Six Romances ( Op. 38 ) Chamber music Quartet Movement in B ♭ major String Quartet No. 1 in D major String Quartet No. 2 in F major String Quartet No. 3 in E ♭ minor Souvenir d'un lieu cher Piano Trio in A minor String Sextet in D minor ( Souvenir de Florence ) Piano music Scherzo à la russe Souvenir de Hapsal The Seasons ( Les saisons ) Piano Sonata No. 2 in C ♯ minor Grand Piano Sonata in G major Portrayals Tchaikovsky ( 1969 film ) Music competitions International Tchaikovsky Competition International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians Related articles Antonina Miliukova Belyayev circle Death Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky Musical style Nadezhda von Meck Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in popular media Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Tchaikovsky State House - Museum The Five Vladimir Davydov Book : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Category : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky E.T.A. Hoffmann 's The Nutcracker and the Mouse King ( 1816 ) Ballet The Nutcracker ( Tchaikovsky ) The Nutcracker ( Balanchine ) The Nutcracker ( Christensen ) Music The Nutcracker Suite ( Ellington ) The Nutcracker Suite ( Sparks ) `` Nut Rocker '' Animation The Nutcracker ( 1973 ) Nutcracker Fantasy ( 1979 ) Care Bears Nutcracker Suite ( 1988 ) The Nutcracker Prince ( 1990 ) The Nuttiest Nutcracker ( 1999 ) Barbie in the Nutcracker ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Live action Nutcracker : The Motion Picture ( 1986 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) The Nutcracker and the Four Realms ( 2018 ) Other The Hard Nut Indian nutcracker Trepak The Slutcracker Holiday for Shoestrings Fantasia List of productions Fantasia Fantasia ( 1940 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Conductors Leopold Stokowski ( Fantasia ) Irwin Kostal ( 1982 digital re-recording ) James Levine ( Fantasia 2000 ) Segments Fantasia Toccata and Fugue in D minor The Nutcracker Suite The Sorcerer 's Apprentice The Rite of Spring Symphony No. 6 Dance of the Hours Night on Bald Mountain / Ave Maria Fantasia 2000 Symphony No. 5 Pines of Rome Rhapsody in Blue Piano Concerto No. 2 The Carnival of the Animals The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Pomp and Circumstance Marches The Firebird Suite Characters Mickey Mouse Donald Duck Daisy Duck Chernabog Yen Sid Video games Fantasia ( 1991 ) Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) Disney Infinity ( 2013 ) Fantasia : Music Evolved ( 2014 ) Related A Corny Concerto ( 1943 film ) Gumbasia ( 1955 film ) Allegro Non Troppo ( 1977 film ) Destino ( 2003 ) Lorenzo ( 2004 ) Fantasia Gardens Fantasmic ! Fantasound The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Sorcerer 's Hat Disney Fantasia : Live in Concert Kingdom Hearts Epic Mickey Once Upon a Time Ten Pieces Deems Taylor See also : Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Nutcracker&oldid=817963059 '' Categories : The Nutcracker 1892 ballet premieres 1892 compositions Adaptations of works by E.T.A. Hoffmann Ballets by Lev Ivanov Ballets by Marius Petipa Germany in fiction Russian ballet Segments from Fantasia Sentient toys in fiction Suites by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Christmas onstage Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2009 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 17 : 00 . 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Educational assessment
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Educational assessment - wikipedia Educational assessment Jump to : navigation , search This article is about educational assessment , including the work of institutional researchers . For other uses of the term assessment , see Assessment ( disambiguation ) . Educational assessment is the systematic process of documenting and using empirical data on the knowledge , skill , attitudes , and beliefs to refine programs and improve student learning . Assessment data can be obtained from directly examining student work to assess the achievement of learning outcomes or can be based on data from which one can make inferences about learning . Assessment is often used interchangeably with test , but not limited to tests . Assessment can focus on the individual learner , the learning community ( class , workshop , or other organized group of learners ) , a course , an academic program , the institution , or the educational system as a whole ( also known as granularity ) . The word ' assessment ' came into use in an educational context after the Second World War . As a continuous process , assessment establishes measurable and clear student learning outcomes for learning , provisioning a sufficient amount of learning opportunities to achieve these outcomes , implementing a systematic way of gathering , analyzing and interpreting evidence to determine how well student learning matches expectations , and using the collected information to inform improvement in student learning . The final purpose of assessment practices in education depends on the theoretical framework of the practitioners and researchers , their assumptions and beliefs about the nature of human mind , the origin of knowledge , and the process of learning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Placement , formative , summative and diagnostic 1.2 Objective and subjective 1.3 Basis of comparison 1.4 Informal and formal 1.5 Internal and external 2 Standards of quality 2.1 Reliability 2.2 Validity 2.3 Evaluation standards 3 Summary table of the main theoretical frameworks 4 Controversy 4.1 No Child Left Behind 4.2 High - stakes testing 4.3 21st century assessment 4.4 Assessment in a democratic school 4.5 Assessing ELL students 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Types ( edit ) The term assessment is generally used to refer to all activities teachers use to help students learn and to gauge student progress . Assessment can be divided for the sake of convenience using the following categorizations : Initial , formative , summative and diagnostic assessment Objective and subjective Referencing ( criterion - referenced , norm - referenced , and ipsative ) Informal and formal Internal and external Placement , formative , summative and diagnostic ( edit ) Assessment is often divided into initial , formative , and summative categories for the purpose of considering different objectives for assessment practices . Placement assessment -- Placement evaluation is used to place students according to prior achievement or personal characteristics , at the most appropriate point in an instructional sequence , in a unique instructional strategy , or with a suitable teacher conducted through placement testing , i.e. the tests that colleges and universities use to assess college readiness and place students into their initial classes . Placement evaluation , also referred to as pre-assessment or initial assessment , is conducted prior to instruction or intervention to establish a baseline from which individual student growth can be measured . This type of an assessment is used to know what the student 's skill level is about the subject . It helps the teacher to explain the material more efficiently . These assessments are not graded . Formative assessment -- Formative assessment is generally carried out throughout a course or project . Formative assessment , also referred to as `` educative assessment , '' is used to aid learning . In an educational setting , formative assessment might be a teacher ( or peer ) or the learner , providing feedback on a student 's work and would not necessarily be used for grading purposes . Formative assessments can take the form of diagnostic , standardized tests , quizzes , oral question , or draft work . Formative assessments are carried out concurrently with instructions . The result may count . The formative assessments aim to see if the students understand the instruction before doing a summative assessment . Summative assessment -- Summative assessment is generally carried out at the end of a course or project . In an educational setting , summative assessments are typically used to assign students a course grade . Summative assessments are evaluative . Summative assessments are made to summarize what the students have learned , to determine whether they understand the subject matter well . This type of assessment is typically graded ( e.g. pass / fail , 0 - 100 ) and can take the form of tests , exams or projects . Summative assessments are often used to determine whether a student has passed or failed a class . A criticism of summative assessments is that they are reductive , and learners discover how well they have acquired knowledge too late for it to be of use . Diagnostic assessment -- Diagnostic assessment deals with the whole difficulties at the end that occurs during the learning process . Jay McTighe and Ken O'Connor proposed seven practices to effective learning . One of them is about showing the criteria of the evaluation before the test . Another is about the importance of pre-assessment to know what the skill levels of a student are before giving instructions . Giving a lot of feedback and encouraging are other practices . Educational researcher Robert Stake explains the difference between formative and summative assessment with the following analogy : When the cook tastes the soup , that 's formative . When the guests taste the soup , that 's summative . Summative and formative assessment are often referred to in a learning context as assessment of learning and assessment for learning respectively . Assessment of learning is generally summative in nature and intended to measure learning outcomes and report those outcomes to students , parents and administrators . Assessment of learning generally occurs at the conclusion of a class , course , semester or academic year . Assessment for learning is generally formative in nature and is used by teachers to consider approaches to teaching and next steps for individual learners and the class . A common form of formative assessment is diagnostic assessment . Diagnostic assessment measures a student 's current knowledge and skills for the purpose of identifying a suitable program of learning . Self - assessment is a form of diagnostic assessment which involves students assessing themselves . Forward - looking assessment asks those being assessed to consider themselves in hypothetical future situations . Performance - based assessment is similar to summative assessment , as it focuses on achievement . It is often aligned with the standards - based education reform and outcomes - based education movement . Though ideally they are significantly different from a traditional multiple choice test , they are most commonly associated with standards - based assessment which use free - form responses to standard questions scored by human scorers on a standards - based scale , meeting , falling below or exceeding a performance standard rather than being ranked on a curve . A well - defined task is identified and students are asked to create , produce or do something , often in settings that involve real - world application of knowledge and skills . Proficiency is demonstrated by providing an extended response . Performance formats are further differentiated into products and performances . The performance may result in a product , such as a painting , portfolio , paper or exhibition , or it may consist of a performance , such as a speech , athletic skill , musical recital or reading . Objective and subjective ( edit ) Assessment ( either summative or formative ) is often categorized as either objective or subjective . Objective assessment is a form of questioning which has a single correct answer . Subjective assessment is a form of questioning which may have more than one correct answer ( or more than one way of expressing the correct answer ) . There are various types of objective and subjective questions . Objective question types include true / false answers , multiple choice , multiple - response and matching questions . Subjective questions include extended - response questions and essays . Objective assessment is well suited to the increasingly popular computerized or online assessment format . Some have argued that the distinction between objective and subjective assessments is neither useful nor accurate because , in reality , there is no such thing as `` objective '' assessment . In fact , all assessments are created with inherent biases built into decisions about relevant subject matter and content , as well as cultural ( class , ethnic , and gender ) biases . Basis of comparison ( edit ) Test results can be compared against an established criterion , or against the performance of other students , or against previous performance : Criterion - referenced assessment , typically using a criterion - referenced test , as the name implies , occurs when candidates are measured against defined ( and objective ) criteria . Criterion - referenced assessment is often , but not always , used to establish a person 's competence ( whether s / he can do something ) . The best known example of criterion - referenced assessment is the driving test , when learner drivers are measured against a range of explicit criteria ( such as `` Not endangering other road users '' ) . Norm - referenced assessment ( colloquially known as `` grading on the curve '' ) , typically using a norm - referenced test , is not measured against defined criteria . This type of assessment is relative to the student body undertaking the assessment . It is effectively a way of comparing students . The IQ test is the best known example of norm - referenced assessment . Many entrance tests ( to prestigious schools or universities ) are norm - referenced , permitting a fixed proportion of students to pass ( `` passing '' in this context means being accepted into the school or university rather than an explicit level of ability ) . This means that standards may vary from year to year , depending on the quality of the cohort ; criterion - referenced assessment does not vary from year to year ( unless the criteria change ) . Ipsative assessment is self comparison either in the same domain over time , or comparative to other domains within the same student . Informal and formal ( edit ) Assessment can be either formal or informal . Formal assessment usually implies a written document , such as a test , quiz , or paper . A formal assessment is given a numerical score or grade based on student performance , whereas an informal assessment does not contribute to a student 's final grade . An informal assessment usually occurs in a more casual manner and may include observation , inventories , checklists , rating scales , rubrics , performance and portfolio assessments , participation , peer and self - evaluation , and discussion . Internal and external ( edit ) Internal assessment is set and marked by the school ( i.e. teachers ) . Students get the mark and feedback regarding the assessment . External assessment is set by the governing body , and is marked by non-biased personnel . Some external assessments give much more limited feedback in their marking . However , in tests such as Australia 's NAPLAN , the criterion addressed by students is given detailed feedback in order for their teachers to address and compare the student 's learning achievements and also to plan for the future . Standards of quality ( edit ) In general , high - quality assessments are considered those with a high level of reliability and validity . Approaches to reliability and validity vary , however . Reliability ( edit ) Reliability relates to the consistency of an assessment . A reliable assessment is one that consistently achieves the same results with the same ( or similar ) cohort of students . Various factors affect reliability -- including ambiguous questions , too many options within a question paper , vague marking instructions and poorly trained markers . Traditionally , the reliability of an assessment is based on the following : Temporal stability : Performance on a test is comparable on two or more separate occasions . Form equivalence : Performance among examinees is equivalent on different forms of a test based on the same content . Internal consistency : Responses on a test are consistent across questions . For example : In a survey that asks respondents to rate attitudes toward technology , consistency would be expected in responses to the following questions : `` I feel very negative about computers in general . '' `` I enjoy using computers . '' The reliability of a measurement x can also be defined quantitatively as : R x = V t / V x ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ text ( x ) ) = V_ ( \ text ( t ) ) / V_ ( \ text ( x ) ) ) where R x ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ text ( x ) ) ) is the reliability in the observed ( test ) score , x ; V t ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( t ) ) ) and V x ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( x ) ) ) are the variability in ' true ' ( i.e. , candidate 's innate performance ) and measured test scores respectively . R x ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ text ( x ) ) ) can range from 0 ( completely unreliable ) , to 1 ( completely reliable ) . Validity ( edit ) Main article : Test validity Valid assessment is one that measures what it is intended to measure . For example , it would not be valid to assess driving skills through a written test alone . A more valid way of assessing driving skills would be through a combination of tests that help determine what a driver knows , such as through a written test of driving knowledge , and what a driver is able to do , such as through a performance assessment of actual driving . Teachers frequently complain that some examinations do not properly assess the syllabus upon which the examination is based ; they are , effectively , questioning the validity of the exam . Validity of an assessment is generally gauged through examination of evidence in the following categories : Content -- Does the content of the test measure stated objectives ? Criterion -- Do scores correlate to an outside reference ? ( ex : Do high scores on a 4th grade reading test accurately predict reading skill in future grades ? ) Construct -- Does the assessment correspond to other significant variables ? ( ex : Do ESL students consistently perform differently on a writing exam than native English speakers ? ) A good assessment has both validity and reliability , plus the other quality attributes noted above for a specific context and purpose . In practice , an assessment is rarely totally valid or totally reliable . A ruler which is marked wrongly will always give the same ( wrong ) measurements . It is very reliable , but not very valid . Asking random individuals to tell the time without looking at a clock or watch is sometimes used as an example of an assessment which is valid , but not reliable . The answers will vary between individuals , but the average answer is probably close to the actual time . In many fields , such as medical research , educational testing , and psychology , there will often be a trade - off between reliability and validity . A history test written for high validity will have many essay and fill - in - the - blank questions . It will be a good measure of mastery of the subject , but difficult to score completely accurately . A history test written for high reliability will be entirely multiple choice . It is n't as good at measuring knowledge of history , but can easily be scored with great precision . We may generalize from this . The more reliable our estimate is of what we purport to measure , the less certain we are that we are actually measuring that aspect of attainment . It is well to distinguish between `` subject - matter '' validity and `` predictive '' validity . The former , used widely in education , predicts the score a student would get on a similar test but with different questions . The latter , used widely in the workplace , predicts performance . Thus , a subject - matter - valid test of knowledge of driving rules is appropriate while a predictively valid test would assess whether the potential driver could follow those rules . Evaluation standards ( edit ) In the field of evaluation , and in particular educational evaluation , the Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation has published three sets of standards for evaluations . `` The Personnel Evaluation Standards '' was published in 1988 , The Program Evaluation Standards ( 2nd edition ) was published in 1994 , and The Student Evaluation Standards was published in 2003 . Each publication presents and elaborates a set of standards for use in a variety of educational settings . The standards provide guidelines for designing , implementing , assessing and improving the identified form of evaluation . Each of the standards has been placed in one of four fundamental categories to promote educational evaluations that are proper , useful , feasible , and accurate . In these sets of standards , validity and reliability considerations are covered under the accuracy topic . For example , the student accuracy standards help ensure that student evaluations will provide sound , accurate , and credible information about student learning and performance . Summary table of the main theoretical frameworks ( edit ) The following table summarizes the main theoretical frameworks behind almost all the theoretical and research work , and the instructional practices in education ( one of them being , of course , the practice of assessment ) . These different frameworks have given rise to interesting debates among scholars . TOPICS EMPIRICISM RATIONALISM SOCIOCULTURALISM Philosophical orientation Hume : British empiricism Kant , Descartes : Continental rationalism Hegel , Marx : cultural dialectic Metaphorical orientation Mechanistic / Operation of a Machine or Computer Organismic / Growth of a Plant Contextualist / Examination of a Historical Event Leading theorists B.F. Skinner ( behaviorism ) / Herb Simon , John Anderson , Robert Gagné : ( cognitivism ) Jean Piaget / Robbie Case Lev Vygotsky , Luria , Bruner / Alan Collins , Jim Greeno , Ann Brown , John Bransford Nature of mind Initially blank device that detects patterns in the world and operates on them . Qualitatively identical to lower animals , but quantitatively superior . Organ that evolved to acquire knowledge by making sense of the world . Uniquely human , qualitatively different from lower animals . Unique among species for developing language , tools , and education . Nature of knowledge ( epistemology ) Hierarchically organized associations that present an accurate but incomplete representation of the world . Assumes that the sum of the components of knowledge is the same as the whole . Because knowledge is accurately represented by components , one who demonstrates those components is presumed to know General and / or specific cognitive and conceptual structures , constructed by the mind and according to rational criteria . Essentially these are the higher - level structures that are constructed to assimilate new info to existing structure and as the structures accommodate more new info . Knowledge is represented by ability to solve new problems . Distributed across people , communities , and physical environment . Represents culture of community that continues to create it . To know means to be attuned to the constraints and affordances of systems in which activity occurs . Knowledge is represented in the regularities of successful activity . Nature of learning ( the process by which knowledge is increased or modified ) Forming and strengthening cognitive or S-R associations . Generation of knowledge by ( 1 ) exposure to pattern , ( 2 ) efficiently recognizing and responding to pattern ( 3 ) recognizing patterns in other contexts . Engaging in active process of making sense of ( `` rationalizing '' ) the environment . Mind applying existing structure to new experience to rationalize it . You do n't really learn the components , only structures needed to deal with those components later . Increasing ability to participate in a particular community of practice . Initiation into the life of a group , strengthening ability to participate by becoming attuned to constraints and affordances . Features of authentic assessment Assess knowledge components . Focus on mastery of many components and fluency . Use psychometrics to standardize . Assess extended performance on new problems . Credit varieties of excellence . Assess participation in inquiry and social practices of learning ( e.g. portfolios , observations ) Students should participate in assessment process . Assessments should be integrated into larger environment . Controversy ( edit ) Concerns over how best to apply assessment practices across public school systems have largely focused on questions about the use of high - stakes testing and standardized tests , often used to gauge student progress , teacher quality , and school - , district - , or statewide educational success . No Child Left Behind ( edit ) For most researchers and practitioners , the question is not whether tests should be administered at all -- there is a general consensus that , when administered in useful ways , tests can offer useful information about student progress and curriculum implementation , as well as offering formative uses for learners . The real issue , then , is whether testing practices as currently implemented can provide these services for educators and students . In the U.S. , the No Child Left Behind Act mandates standardized testing nationwide . These tests align with state curriculum and link teacher , student , district , and state accountability to the results of these tests . Proponents of NCLB argue that it offers a tangible method of gauging educational success , holding teachers and schools accountable for failing scores , and closing the achievement gap across class and ethnicity . Opponents of standardized testing dispute these claims , arguing that holding educators accountable for test results leads to the practice of `` teaching to the test . '' Additionally , many argue that the focus on standardized testing encourages teachers to equip students with a narrow set of skills that enhance test performance without actually fostering a deeper understanding of subject matter or key principles within a knowledge domain . High - stakes testing ( edit ) Main article : High - stakes testing The assessments which have caused the most controversy in the U.S. are the use of high school graduation examinations , which are used to deny diplomas to students who have attended high school for four years , but can not demonstrate that they have learned the required material when writing exams . Opponents say that no student who has put in four years of seat time should be denied a high school diploma merely for repeatedly failing a test , or even for not knowing the required material . High - stakes tests have been blamed for causing sickness and test anxiety in students and teachers , and for teachers choosing to narrow the curriculum towards what the teacher believes will be tested . In an exercise designed to make children comfortable about testing , a Spokane , Washington newspaper published a picture of a monster that feeds on fear . The published image is purportedly the response of a student who was asked to draw a picture of what she thought of the state assessment . Other critics , such as Washington State University 's Don Orlich , question the use of test items far beyond standard cognitive levels for students ' age . Compared to portfolio assessments , simple multiple - choice tests are much less expensive , less prone to disagreement between scorers , and can be scored quickly enough to be returned before the end of the school year . Standardized tests ( all students take the same test under the same conditions ) often use multiple - choice tests for these reasons . Orlich criticizes the use of expensive , holistically graded tests , rather than inexpensive multiple - choice `` bubble tests '' , to measure the quality of both the system and individuals for very large numbers of students . Other prominent critics of high - stakes testing include Fairtest and Alfie Kohn . The use of IQ tests has been banned in some states for educational decisions , and norm - referenced tests , which rank students from `` best '' to `` worst '' , have been criticized for bias against minorities . Most education officials support criterion - referenced tests ( each individual student 's score depends solely on whether he answered the questions correctly , regardless of whether his neighbors did better or worse ) for making high - stakes decisions . 21st Century assessment ( edit ) It has been widely noted that with the emergence of social media and Web 2.0 technologies and mindsets , learning is increasingly collaborative and knowledge increasingly distributed across many members of a learning community . Traditional assessment practices , however , focus in large part on the individual and fail to account for knowledge - building and learning in context . As researchers in the field of assessment consider the cultural shifts that arise from the emergence of a more participatory culture , they will need to find new methods of applying assessments to learners . Assessment in a democratic school ( edit ) Sudbury model of democratic education schools do not perform and do not offer assessments , evaluations , transcripts , or recommendations , asserting that they do not rate people , and that school is not a judge ; comparing students to each other , or to some standard that has been set is for them a violation of the student 's right to privacy and to self - determination . Students decide for themselves how to measure their progress as self - starting learners as a process of self - evaluation : real lifelong learning and the proper educational assessment for the 21st century , they adduce . According to Sudbury schools , this policy does not cause harm to their students as they move on to life outside the school . However , they admit it makes the process more difficult , but that such hardship is part of the students learning to make their own way , set their own standards and meet their own goals . The no - grading and no - rating policy helps to create an atmosphere free of competition among students or battles for adult approval , and encourages a positive cooperative environment amongst the student body . The final stage of a Sudbury education , should the student choose to take it , is the graduation thesis . Each student writes on the topic of how they have prepared themselves for adulthood and entering the community at large . This thesis is submitted to the Assembly , who reviews it . The final stage of the thesis process is an oral defense given by the student in which they open the floor for questions , challenges and comments from all Assembly members . At the end , the Assembly votes by secret ballot on whether or not to award a diploma . Assessing ELL students ( edit ) A major concern with the use of educational assessments is the overall validity , accuracy , and fairness when it comes to assessing English language learners ( ELL ) . The majority of assessments within the United States have normative standards based on the English - speaking culture , which does not adequately represent ELL populations . Consequently , it would in many cases be inaccurate and inappropriate to draw conclusions from ELL students ' normative scores . Research shows that the majority of schools do not appropriately modify assessments in order to accommodate students from unique cultural backgrounds . This has resulted in the over-referral of ELL students to special education , causing them to be disproportionately represented in special education programs . Although some may see this inappropriate placement in special education as supportive and helpful , research has shown that inappropriately placed students actually regressed in progress . It is often necessary to utilize the services of a translator in order to administer the assessment in an ELL student 's native language ; however , there are several issues when translating assessment items . One issue is that translations can frequently suggest a correct or expected response , changing the difficulty of the assessment item . Additionally , the translation of assessment items can sometimes distort the original meaning of the item . Finally , many translators are not qualified or properly trained to work with ELL students in an assessment situation . All of these factors compromise the validity and fairness of assessments , making the results not reliable . Nonverbal assessments have shown to be less discriminatory for ELL students , however , some still present cultural biases within the assessment items . When considering an ELL student for special education the assessment team should integrate and interpret all of the information collected in order to ensure a non biased conclusion . The decision should be based on multidimensional sources of data including teacher and parent interviews , as well as classroom observations . Decisions should take the students unique cultural , linguistic , and experiential backgrounds into consideration , and should not be strictly based on assessment results . See also ( edit ) Computer aided assessment Concept inventory Confidence - based learning accurately measures a learner 's knowledge quality by measuring both the correctness of his or her knowledge and the person 's confidence in that knowledge . E-scape , a technology and approach that looks specifically at the assessment of creativity and collaboration . Educational aims and objectives Educational evaluation deals specifically with evaluation as it applies to an educational setting . As an example it may be used in the No Child Left Behind ( NCLB ) government program instituted by the government of the U.S. Electronic portfolio is a personal digital record containing information such as a collection of artifacts or evidence demonstrating what one knows and can do . Evaluation is the process of looking at what is being assessed to make sure the right areas are being considered . Grading is the process of assigning a ( possibly mutually exclusive ) ranking to learners . Health impact assessment looks at the potential health impacts of policies , programs and projects . Macabre constant is a theoretical bias in educational assessment Measurement is a process of assessment or an evaluation in which the objective is to quantify level of attainment or competence within a specified domain . See the Rasch model for measurement for elaboration on the conceptual requirements of such processes , including those pertaining to grading and use of raw scores from assessments . Program evaluation is essentially a set of philosophies and techniques to determine if a program `` works '' . Progress testing Psychometrics , the science of measuring psychological characteristics . Rubrics for assessment Science , technology , society and environment education Social impact assessment looks at the possible social impacts of proposed new infrastructure projects , natural resource projects , or development activities . Standardized testing is any test that is used across a variety of schools or other situations . Standards - based assessment Robert E. Stake is an educational researcher in the field of curriculum assessments . Writing assessment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allen , M.J. ( 2004 ) . Assessing Academic Programs in Higher Education . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . Jump up ^ Kuh , G.D. ; Jankowski , N. ; Ikenberry , S.O. ( 2014 ) . Knowing What Students Know and Can Do : The Current State of Learning Outcomes Assessment in U.S. Colleges and Universities ( PDF ) . Urbana : University of Illinois and Indiana University , National Institute for Learning Outcomes Assessment . Jump up ^ National council on Measurement in Education http://www.ncme.org/ncme/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary/NCME/Resource_Center/Glossary1.aspx?hkey=4bb87415-44dc-4088-9ed9-e8515326a061#anchorA Jump up ^ Nelson , Robert ; Dawson , Phillip ( 2014 ) . `` A contribution to the history of assessment : how a conversation simulator redeems Socratic method '' . Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education . 39 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 204 . doi : 10.1080 / 02602938.2013. 798394 . Jump up ^ Suskie , Linda ( 2004 ) . Assessing Student Learning . Bolton , MA : Anker . Jump up ^ Black , Paul , & William , Dylan ( October 1998 ) . `` Inside the Black Box : Raising Standards Through Classroom Assessment . '' Phi Beta Kappan . Available at PDKintl.org . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED041829 ^ Jump up to : Mctighe , Jay ; O'Connor , Ken ( November 2005 ) . `` Seven practices for effective learning '' . Educational Leadership. 63 ( 3 ) : 10 -- 17 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/circe/Robert_Stake.html Jump up ^ Scriven , M. ( 1991 ) . Evaluation thesaurus . 4th ed . Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 8039 - 4364 - 4 . Jump up ^ Earl , Lorna ( 2003 ) . Assessment as Learning : Using Classroom Assessment to Maximise Student Learning . Thousand Oaks , CA , Corwin Press . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 4626 - 8 Jump up ^ Reed , Daniel . `` Diagnostic Assessment in Language Teaching and Learning . '' Center for Language Education and Research , available at Google.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joint Information Systems Committee ( JISC ) . `` What Do We Mean by e-Assessment ? '' JISC InfoNet . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 from http://tools.jiscinfonet.ac.uk/downloads/vle/eassessment-printable.pdf Jump up ^ Educational Technologies at Virginia Tech . `` Assessment Purposes . '' VirginiaTech DesignShop : Lessons in Effective Teaching , available at Edtech.vt.edu Archived 2009 - 02 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Valencia , Sheila W. `` What Are the Different Forms of Authentic Assessment ? '' Understanding Authentic Classroom - Based Literacy Assessment ( 1997 ) , available at Eduplace.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yu , Chong Ho ( 2005 ) . `` Reliability and Validity . '' Educational Assessment . Available at Creative-wisdom.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moskal , Barbara M. , & Leydens , Jon A ( 2000 ) . `` Scoring Rubric Development : Validity and Reliability . '' Practical Assessment , Research & Evaluation , 7 ( 10 ) . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. ( 1988 ) . `` The Personnel Evaluation Standards : How to Assess Systems for Evaluating Educators '' . Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications . Jump up ^ Joint Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. ( 1994 ). The Program Evaluation Standards , 2nd Edition . Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications . Jump up ^ Committee on Standards for Educational Evaluation. ( 2003 ) . The Student Evaluation Standards : How to Improve Evaluations of Students . Newbury Park , CA : Corwin Press . Jump up ^ American Psychological Association . `` Appropriate Use of High - Stakes Testing in Our Nation 's Schools . '' APA Online , available at APA.org , Retrieved January 24 , 2010 Jump up ^ ( nd ) Reauthorization of NCLB . Department of Education . Retrieved 1 / 29 / 09 . Jump up ^ ( nd ) What 's Wrong With Standardized Testing ? FairTest.org . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dang , Nick ( 18 March 2003 ) . `` Reform education , not exit exams '' . Daily Bruin . One common complaint from failed test - takers is that they were n't taught the tested material in school . Here , inadequate schooling , not the test , is at fault . Blaming the test for one 's failure is like blaming the service station for a failed smog check ; it ignores the underlying problems within the ' schooling vehicle . ' Jump up ^ Weinkopf , Chris ( 2002 ) . `` Blame the test : LAUSD denies responsibility for low scores '' . Daily News . The blame belongs to ' high - stakes tests ' like the Stanford 9 and California 's High School Exit Exam . Reliance on such tests , the board grumbles , ' unfairly penalizes students that have not been provided with the academic tools to perform to their highest potential on these tests ' . Jump up ^ `` Blaming The Test '' . Investor 's Business Daily . 11 May 2006 . A judge in California is set to strike down that state 's high school exit exam . Why ? Because it 's working . It 's telling students they need to learn more . We call that useful information . To the plaintiffs who are suing to stop the use of the test as a graduation requirement , it 's something else : Evidence of unequal treatment ... the exit exam was deemed unfair because too many students who failed the test had too few credentialed teachers . Well , maybe they did , but granting them a diploma when they lack the required knowledge only compounds the injustice by leaving them with a worthless piece of paper . '' Jump up ^ ASD.wednet.edu ^ Jump up to : Bach , Deborah , & Blanchard , Jessica ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` WASL worries stress kids , schools . '' Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 from Seattlepi.nwsource.com . Jump up ^ Fadel , Charles , Honey , Margaret , & Pasnik , Shelley ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` Assessment in the Age of Innovation . '' Education Week . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 from http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2007/05/23/38fadel.h26.html Jump up ^ Greenberg , D. ( 2000 ) . 21st Century Schools , edited transcript of a talk delivered at the April 2000 International Conference on Learning in the 21st Century . Jump up ^ Greenberg , D. ( 1987 ) . Chapter 20 , Evaluation , Free at Last -- The Sudbury Valley School . Jump up ^ Graduation Thesis Procedure , Mountain Laurel Sudbury School . ^ Jump up to : http://ehis.ebscohost.com.libdata.lib.ua.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=221ae7c6-6895-4b02-bc69-759936218fba%40sessionmgr104&vid=12&hid=20 ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . Further reading ( edit ) Find more aboutAssessmentat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Carless , David . Excellence in University Assessment : Learning from Award - Winning Practice . London : Routledge , 2015 . Phelps , Richard P. , Ed . Correcting Fallacies about Educational and Psychological Testing . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association , 2008 . Phelps , Richard P. , Standardized Testing Primer . New York : Peter Lang , 2007 . 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List of English monarchs - wikipedia List of English monarchs This article is about English monarchs until 1707 . For British monarchs since the Union of England and Scotland in 1707 , see List of British monarchs . Royal coat of arms of the Kings of England , 1399 -- 1603 This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great , King of Wessex , one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England . Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo - Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English , his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England , the House of Wessex . The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Anne , who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707 . Family tree of monarchs of England and Great Britain since the Norman Conquest in 1066 Arguments are made for a few different kings deemed to control enough of the ancient kingdoms of the Anglo - Saxons to be deemed the first King of England . For example , Offa , king of Mercia , and Egbert , king of Wessex , are sometimes described as kings of England by popular writers , but not by all historians . In the late eighth century Offa achieved a dominance over southern England that did not survive his death in 796 . In 829 Egbert conquered Mercia , but he soon lost control of it . By the late ninth century Wessex was the dominant Anglo - Saxon kingdom . Its king , Alfred the Great , was overlord of western Mercia and used the title King of the Angles and Saxons , but he never ruled eastern and northern England , which was then known as the Danelaw , having earlier been conquered by the Danes from Scandinavia . His son Edward the Elder conquered the eastern Danelaw , but Edward 's son Æthelstan became the first king to rule the whole of England when he conquered Northumbria in 927 , and he is regarded by some modern historians as the first true king of England . The title `` King of the English '' or Rex Anglorum in Latin , was first used to describe Æthelstan by one of his charters in 928 . The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 , and in 1301 King Edward I invested his eldest son , the future King Edward II , as Prince of Wales . Since that time , except for King Edward III , the eldest sons of all English monarchs have borne this title . After the death of Queen Elizabeth I without issue , in 1603 , King James VI of Scotland also became James I of England , joining the crowns of England and Scotland in personal union . By royal proclamation , James styled himself `` King of Great Britain '' , but no such kingdom was actually created until 1707 , when England and Scotland united to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain , with a single British parliament sitting at Westminster , during the reign of Queen Anne . Contents 1 House of Wessex 2 House of Denmark 3 House of Wessex ( restored , first time ) 4 House of Denmark ( restored ) 5 House of Wessex ( restored , second time ) 6 House of Godwin 7 House of Normandy 8 House of Blois 9 House of Anjou 9.1 House of Plantagenet 9.2 House of Lancaster 9.3 House of York 9.4 House of Lancaster ( restored ) 9.5 House of York ( restored ) 10 House of Tudor 11 House of Stuart 11.1 Interregnum 11.2 House of Stuart ( restored ) 12 Acts of Union 13 Timeline of English monarchs 14 Titles 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links House of Wessex For earlier monarchs of Wessex , see List of monarchs of Wessex . Main article : House of Wessex Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Alfred the Great 23 April 871 -- 26 October 899 ( 28 years , 187 days ) 849 Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex and Osburh Ealhswith Gainsborough 868 5 children 26 October 899 Aged about 50 Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex Treaty of Wedmore Edward the Elder 26 October 899 -- 17 July 924 ( 24 years , 266 days ) c. 874 Son of Alfred and Ealhswith ( 1 ) Ecgwynn c. 893 2 children ( 2 ) Ælfflæd c. 900 8 children ( 3 ) Eadgifu c. 919 4 children 17 July 924 Aged about 50 Son of Alfred Disputed There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king for up to four weeks in 924 ( timing itself is unclear , as he died 16 days , not 28 days , after his father ) , between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Æthelstan , although he was not crowned . However , this is not accepted by all historians . Also , it is unclear whether -- if Ælfweard was declared king -- it was over the whole kingdom or of Wessex only : one interpretation of the ambiguous evidence is that when Edward died , Ælfweard was declared king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia . Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ælfweard c. 17 July 924 -- 2 August 924 ( 16 days ) Does not appear c. 901 Son of Edward the Elder and Ælfflæd Does not appear Unmarried ? No children 2 August 924 Aged about 23 Son of Edward the Elder Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Æthelstan 924 King of the Anglo - Saxons ( 924 -- 927 ) -- King of the English ( 927 -- 939 ) 27 October 939 ( 14 -- 15 years ) 894 Son of Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn Does not appear Unmarried 27 October 939 Aged about 45 Son of Edward the Elder Edmund I 27 October 939 -- 26 May 946 ( 6 years , 212 days ) c. 921 Son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent ( 1 ) Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 2 sons ( 2 ) Æthelflæd of Damerham 944 No children 26 May 946 Pucklechurch Killed in a brawl aged about 25 Son of Edward the Elder Eadred 26 May 946 -- 23 November 955 ( 9 years , 182 days ) c. 923 Son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent Does not appear Unmarried 23 November 955 Frome Aged about 32 Son of Edward the Elder Eadwig 23 November 955 -- 1 October 959 ( 3 years , 313 days ) c. 940 Son of Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury Ælfgifu No verified children 1 October 959 Aged about 19 Son of Edmund I Edgar the Peaceful 1 October 959 -- 8 July 975 ( 15 years , 281 days ) c. 943 Wessex Son of Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury ( 1 ) Æthelflæd c. 960 1 son ( 2 ) Ælfthryth c. 964 2 sons 8 July 975 Winchester Aged 31 Son of Edmund I Edward the Martyr 8 July 975 -- 18 March 978 ( 2 years , 254 days ) c. 962 Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Æthelflæd Does not appear Unmarried 18 March 978 Corfe Castle Murdered aged about 16 Son of Edgar the Peaceful ( 1st reign ) Æthelred Æthelred the Unready 18 March 978 -- 1013 ( 34 -- 35 years ) c. 968 Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Ælfthryth ( 1 ) Ælfgifu of York 991 9 children ( 2 ) Emma of Normandy 1002 3 children 23 April 1016 London Aged about 48 Son of Edgar the Peaceful House of denmark Main article : House of Knýtlinga England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard , a Danish king , after an invasion in 1013 , during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy . Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Sweyn Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 -- 3 February 1014 ( 41 days ) c. 960 Denmark Son of Harald Bluetooth and Gyrid Olafsdottir of Sweden ( 1 ) Gunhild of Wenden c. 990 7 children ( 2 ) Sigrid the Haughty c. 1000 1 daughter 3 February 1014 Gainsborough Aged about 54 Right of conquest House of Wessex ( restored , first time ) Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard , Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king on 3 February 1014 . His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan , despite ongoing Danish efforts in wresting the crown from the West Saxons . Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . ( 2nd reign ) Æthelred Æthelred the Unready 3 February 1014 -- 23 April 1016 ( 2 years , 81 days ) c. 968 Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Ælfthryth ( 1 ) Ælfgifu of York 991 9 children ( 2 ) Emma of Normandy 1002 3 children 23 April 1016 London Aged about 48 Son of Edgar the Peaceful Edmund Ironside 23 April 1016 -- 30 November 1016 ( 222 days ) c. 990 Son of Æthelred and Ælfgifu of York Edith of East Anglia 2 children 30 November 1016 Glastonbury Aged 26 Son of Æthelred House of denmark ( restored ) Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016 , King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut ( Canute ) in which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut . Upon Edmund 's death just over a month later on 30 November , Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for almost twenty years . Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Canute Cnut the Great 18 October 1016 -- 12 November 1035 ( 19 years , 26 days ) c. 995 Son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhilda of Poland ( 1 ) Ælfgifu of Northampton 2 sons ( 2 ) Emma of Normandy 1017 2 children 12 November 1035 Shaftesbury Aged about 40 Son of Sweyn Treaty of Deerhurst Harold Harefoot 12 November 1035 -- 17 March 1040 ( 4 years , 127 days ) c. 1016 Son of Canute and Ælfgifu of Northampton Ælfgifu ? 1 son ? 17 March 1040 Oxford Aged about 24 Son of Canute Harthacnut 17 March 1040 -- 8 June 1042 ( 2 years , 84 days ) 1018 Son of Canute and Emma of Normandy Does not appear Unmarried 8 June 1042 Lambeth Aged about 24 Son of Canute House of Wessex ( restored , second time ) After Harthacnut , there was a brief Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066 . Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 -- 5 January 1066 ( 23 years , 212 days ) c. 1003 Islip Son of Æthelred and Emma of Normandy Edith of Wessex 23 January 1045 No children 5 January 1066 Westminster Palace Aged about 63 Son of Æthelred House of Godwin Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Harold Godwinson 6 January 1066 -- 14 October 1066 ( 282 days ) c. 1022 Son of Godwin of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir ( 1 ) Edith Swannesha 5 children ( 2 ) Ealdgyth c. 1064 2 sons 14 October 1066 Hastings Died in battle aged 44 Supposedly named heir by Edward the Confessor Elected by the Witenagemot Disputed claimants ( House of Wessex ) Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . ( Title disputed ) Edgar Ætheling 15 October 1066 -- 17 December 1066 ( 64 days ) c. 1051 Son of Edward the Exile and Agatha Does not appear Unmarried c. 1126 Aged about 75 Grandson of Edmund Ironside Elected by the Witenagemot House of Normandy Main article : House of Normandy In 1066 , several rival claimants to the English throne emerged . Among them were Harold Godwinson , elected king by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor , as well as Harald Hardrada , King of Norway who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut , and Duke William II of Normandy , vassal to the King of France , and first cousin once - removed of Edward the Confessor . Harald and William both invaded separately in 1066 . Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Hardrada , but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England . After the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 , William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London . Following the death of Harold Godwinson at Hastings , the Anglo - Saxon Witenagemot elected as king Edgar the Ætheling , the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside , but the young monarch was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned . William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066 , in Westminster Abbey , and is today known as William the Conqueror , William the Bastard or William I . Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . William I William the Bastard / the Conqueror 25 December 1066 -- 9 September 1087 ( 20 years , 259 days ) c. 1028 Falaise Castle Son of Robert the Magnificent and Herleva Matilda of Flanders Normandy 1053 9 children 9 September 1087 Rouen Aged about 59 Supposedly named heir in 1052 by Edward the Confessor First cousin once removed of Edward the Confessor Right of conquest William II William Rufus 26 September 1087 -- 2 August 1100 ( 12 years , 311 days ) c. 1056 Normandy Son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders Does not appear Unmarried 2 August 1100 New Forest Shot with an arrow aged 44 Son of William I Granted the Kingdom of England over elder brother Robert Curthose Henry I Henry Beauclerc 5 August 1100 -- 1 December 1135 ( 35 years , 119 days ) September 1068 Selby Son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders ( 1 ) Matilda of Scotland Westminster Abbey 11 November 1100 2 children ( 2 ) Adeliza of Louvain Windsor Castle 29 January 1121 No children 1 December 1135 Saint - Denis - en - Lyons Aged 67 Son of William I Seizure of the Crown House of Blois Main article : House of Blois Henry I left no legitimate male heirs , his son William Adelin having died in the White Ship disaster . This ended the direct Norman line of kings in England . Henry named his eldest daughter , the dowager Empress Matilda as his heir . Before naming Matilda as heir , however , he had been in negotiations to name his nephew Stephen of Blois as his heir . When Henry died , Stephen invaded England , and in a coup d'etat had himself crowned instead of Matilda . The period which followed is known as The Anarchy , as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare on both Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades . Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Stephen Stephen of Blois 22 December 1135 -- 25 October 1154 ( 18 years , 308 days ) c. 1096 Blois Son of Stephen II of Blois and Adela of Normandy Matilda of Boulogne Westminster 1125 6 children 25 October 1154 Dover Castle Aged about 58 Grandson of William I Appointment / usurpation Disputed claimants Empress Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father , Henry I , after the death of her brother on the White Ship , and acknowledged as such by the barons . However , upon Henry I 's death , the throne was seized by Matilda 's cousin , Stephen of Blois . During the ensuing Anarchy , Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141 -- the first woman so to do -- but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England . Name Portrait Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . ( Title disputed ) Matilda Empress Matilda 7 April 1141 -- 1 November 1141 ( 209 days ) 7 February 1102 Sutton Courtenay Daughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland ( 1 ) Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire Mainz 6 January 1114 No children ( 2 ) Geoffrey Plantagenet Le Mans Cathedral 22 May 1128 3 sons 10 September 1167 Rouen Aged 65 Daughter of Henry I Seizure of the Crown Count Eustace IV of Boulogne ( c. 1130 -- 17 August 1153 ) was appointed co-king of England by his father , King Stephen , on 6 April 1152 , in order to guarantee his succession to the throne ( as was the custom in France , but not in England ) . However , the Pope and the Church would not agree to this , and Eustace was not crowned . Eustace died the next year aged 23 , during his father 's lifetime , and so never became king in his own right . House of Anjou Main article : Angevin kings of England King Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford , where Stephen recognised Henry , son of Matilda and her second husband Geoffrey Plantagenet , Count of Anjou , as the designated heir . The royal house descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names , the House of Anjou ( after Geoffrey 's title as Count of Anjou ) or the House of Plantagenet , after his sobriquet . Some historians prefer to group the subsequent kings into two groups , before and after the loss of the bulk of their French possessions , although they are not different royal houses . The Angevins ruled over the Angevin Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries , an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland . They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains were lost by John . Though the Angevin dynasty was short - lived , their male line descendants included the House of Plantagenet , the House of Lancaster and the House of York . The Angevins formulated England 's royal coat of arms , which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors , although without representation of Ireland for quite some time . Dieu et mon droit has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III , but it was first used as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors , when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France , after which , he made it his motto . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Henry II Henry Curtmantle 19 December 1154 -- 6 July 1189 ( 34 years , 200 days ) 5 March 1133 Le Mans Son of Geoffrey V of Anjou and Matilda Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 8 children 6 July 1189 Chinon Aged 56 Grandson of Henry I Treaty of Wallingford Richard I Richard the Lionheart 3 September 1189 -- 6 April 1199 ( 9 years , 216 days ) 8 September 1157 Beaumont Palace Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 No children 6 April 1199 Châlus Shot by an arrow aged 41 Son of Henry II Primogeniture John John Lackland 27 May 1199 -- 19 October 1216 ( 17 years , 146 days ) 24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine ( 1 ) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 No children ( 2 ) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 5 children 19 October 1216 Newark - on - Trent Aged 49 Son of Henry II Proximity of blood Henry II named his son , another Henry ( 1155 -- 1183 ) , as co-ruler with him . But this was a Norman custom of designating an heir , and the younger Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right , so he is not counted as a monarch on lists of kings . Disputed claimant Louis VIII of France briefly ruled about half of England from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons ' War against King John . On marching into London he was openly received by the rebel barons and citizens of London and proclaimed ( though not crowned ) king at St Paul 's cathedral . Many nobles , including Alexander II of Scotland for his English possessions , gathered to give homage to him . However , in signing the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217 , Louis conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim ( Title disputed ) Louis Louis VIII the Lion 1216 -- 22 September 1217 ( 1 year ) 5 September 1187 Paris Son of Philip II of France and Isabella of Hainault Blanche of Castile Port - Mort 23 May 1200 13 children 8 November 1226 Montpensier Aged 39 Right of conquest House of Plantagenet Main article : House of Plantagenet The House of Plantagenet takes its name from Geoffrey Plantagenet , Count of Anjou , husband of the Empress Matilda and father of Henry II . The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name per se until Richard of York adopted it as his family name in the 15th century . It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward . It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the `` Angevins '' due to their vast continental Empire , and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their continental possessions than in England . It is from the time of Henry III , after the loss of most of the family 's continental possessions , that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature . The Houses of Lancaster and York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Henry III Henry of Winchester 28 October 1216 -- 16 November 1272 ( 56 years , 20 days ) 1 October 1207 Winchester Castle Son of John and Isabella of Angoulême Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 5 children 16 November 1272 Westminster Palace Aged 65 Son of John Primogeniture Edward I Edward Longshanks 20 November 1272 -- 7 July 1307 ( 34 years , 230 days ) 17 June 1239 Palace of Westminster Son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence ( 1 ) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 18 October 1254 16 children ( 2 ) Margaret of France Canterbury 10 September 1299 3 children 7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands Aged 68 Son of Henry III Primogeniture Edward II Edward of Caernarfon 8 July 1307 -- 20 January 1327 ( 19 years , 197 days ) 25 April 1284 Caernarfon Castle Son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 24 January 1308 4 children 21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle Murdered aged 43 Son of Edward I Primogeniture Edward III 25 January 1327 -- 21 June 1377 ( 50 years , 148 days ) 13 November 1312 Windsor Castle Son of Edward II and Isabella of France Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children 21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64 Son of Edward II Primogeniture Richard II 22 June 1377 -- 29 September 1399 ( 22 years , 100 days ) 6 January 1367 Bordeaux Son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent ( 1 ) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 No children ( 2 ) Isabella of Valois Calais 4 November 1396 No children 14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle Aged 33 Grandson of Edward III Primogeniture House of Lancaster Main article : House of Lancaster This house descended from Edward III 's third surviving son , John of Gaunt . Henry IV seized power from Richard II ( and also displaced the next in line to the throne , Edmund Mortimer ( then aged 7 ) , a descendant of Edward III 's second son , Lionel of Antwerp ) . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Henry IV Henry of Bolingbroke 30 September 1399 -- 20 March 1413 ( 13 years , 172 days ) 3 April 1367 Bolingbroke Castle Son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster ( 1 ) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 7 children ( 2 ) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 No children 20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey Aged 45 Grandson / heir male of Edward III Usurpation / agnatic primogeniture Henry V 21 March 1413 -- 31 August 1422 ( 9 years , 164 days ) 16 September 1386 Monmouth Castle Son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 1 son 31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes Aged 36 Son of Henry IV Agnatic primogeniture ( 1st reign ) Henry VI 1 September 1422 -- 4 March 1461 ( 38 years , 185 days ) 6 December 1421 Windsor Castle Son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son 21 May 1471 Tower of London Allegedly murdered aged 49 Son of Henry V Agnatic primogeniture House of York Main article : House of York The House of York inherited its name from the fourth surviving son of Edward III , Edmund of Langley , first Duke of York , but claimed the right to the throne through Edward III 's second surviving son , Lionel of Antwerp . The Wars of the Roses ( 1455 -- 1485 ) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . ( 1st reign ) Edward IV 4 March 1461 -- 3 October 1470 ( 9 years , 214 days ) 28 April 1442 Rouen Son of Richard of York and Cecily Neville Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 10 children 9 April 1483 Westminster Palace Aged 40 Great - great - grandson / heir general of Edward III Seizure of the Crown Cognatic primogeniture House of Lancaster ( restored ) Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . ( 2nd reign ) Henry VI 3 October 1470 -- 11 April 1471 ( 191 days ) 6 December 1421 Windsor Castle Son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son 21 May 1471 Tower of London Allegedly murdered aged 49 Son of Henry V Seizure of the Crown House of York ( restored ) Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . ( 2nd reign ) Edward IV 11 April 1471 -- 9 April 1483 ( 11 years , 364 days ) 28 April 1442 Rouen Son of Richard of York and Cecily Neville Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 10 children 9 April 1483 Westminster Palace Aged 40 Great - great - grandson / heir general of Edward III Seizure of the Crown Cognatic primogeniture Edward V 9 April 1483 -- 25 June 1483 ( 78 days ) 2 November 1470 Westminster Son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville Does not appear Unmarried Disappeared mid-1483 London Allegedly murdered aged 12 Son of Edward IV Cognatic primogeniture Richard III 26 June 1483 -- 22 August 1485 ( 2 years , 58 days ) 2 October 1452 Fotheringhay Castle Son of Richard of York and Cecily Neville Anne Neville Westminster Abbey 12 July 1472 1 son 22 August 1485 Bosworth Field Killed in battle aged 32 Great - great - grandson of Edward III Titulus Regius House of Tudor Main articles : House of Tudor and Tudor period The Tudors descended in the female line from John Beaufort , one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt ( third surviving son of Edward III ) , by Gaunt 's long - term mistress Katherine Swynford . Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne , but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 ( 25 years after John Beaufort 's birth ) . In view of the marriage , the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year ( also enshrined in an Act of Parliament in 1397 ) . A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt 's legitimate son , King Henry IV , also recognised the Beauforts ' legitimacy , but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne . Nevertheless , the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt 's other descendants , the Royal House of Lancaster . John Beaufort 's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor . Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur ( anglicised to Owen Tudor ) and Catherine of Valois , the widow of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate , or the product of a secret marriage , and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half - brother King Henry VI . When the House of Lancaster fell from power , the Tudors followed . By the late 15th century , the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters . Edmund Tudor 's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 , winning the Wars of the Roses . King Henry married Elizabeth of York , daughter of Edward IV , thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages . With Henry VIII 's break from the Roman Catholic Church , the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England and of the Church of Ireland . Elizabeth I 's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Henry VII 22 August 1485 -- 21 April 1509 ( 23 years , 243 days ) 28 January 1457 Pembroke Castle Son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort Elizabeth of York Westminster Abbey 18 January 1486 8 children 21 April 1509 Richmond Palace Aged 52 Great - great - great - grandson of Edward III Right of conquest Henry VIII 22 April 1509 -- 28 January 1547 ( 37 years , 282 days ) 28 June 1491 Greenwich Palace Son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York ( 1 ) Catherine of Aragon Greenwich 11 June 1509 1 daughter ( 2 ) Anne Boleyn Westminster Palace 25 January 1533 1 daughter ( 3 ) Jane Seymour Whitehall Palace 30 May 1536 1 son 3 further marriages No more children 28 January 1547 Whitehall Palace Aged 55 Son of Henry VII Primogeniture Edward VI 28 January 1547 -- 6 July 1553 ( 6 years , 160 days ) 12 October 1537 Hampton Court Palace Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour Does not appear Unmarried 6 July 1553 Greenwich Palace Aged 15 Son of Henry VIII Primogeniture Disputed claimant Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir in his will , overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act . Four days after his death on 6 July 1553 , Jane was proclaimed queen -- the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant . Nine days after the proclamation , on 19 July , the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI 's Catholic half - sister Mary queen . Jane was executed for treason in 1554 , aged 16 . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . ( Title disputed ) Jane 10 July 1553 -- 19 July 1553 ( Overthrown after 9 days ) October 1537 Bradgate Park Daughter of the 1st Duke of Suffolk and Frances Brandon Guildford Dudley The Strand 21 May 1553 No children 12 February 1554 Tower of London Executed aged 16 Great - granddaughter of Henry VII Devise for the Succession Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Mary I Bloody Mary 19 July 1553 -- 17 November 1558 ( 5 years , 122 days ) 18 February 1516 Greenwich Palace Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Philip II of Spain Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 No children 17 November 1558 St James 's Palace Aged 42 Daughter of Henry VIII Third Succession Act ( Jure uxoris ) Philip 25 July 1554 -- 17 November 1558 ( 4 years , 116 days ) 21 May 1527 Valladolid Son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and Isabella of Portugal Mary I of England Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 No children 3 other marriages 7 children 13 September 1598 El Escorial Aged 71 Husband of Mary I Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain N / A Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples ( Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556 ) and Queen Mary I , Philip was to enjoy Mary 's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last . All official documents , including Acts of Parliament , were to be dated with both their names , and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple . An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he `` shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace 's realms and dominions '' ( although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be `` sole queen '' ) . Nonetheless , Philip was to co-reign with his wife . As the new King of England could not read English , it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish . Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip , and the coat of arms of England ( pictured right ) was impaled with Philip 's to denote their joint reign . Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip 's royal authority were passed in England ( see Treason Act 1554 ) and Ireland . In 1555 , Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland . Main article : Elizabethan era Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 -- 24 March 1603 ( 44 years , 128 days ) 7 September 1533 Greenwich Palace Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn Does not appear Unmarried 24 March 1603 Richmond Palace Aged 69 Daughter of Henry VIII Third Succession Act House of stuart Main articles : House of Stuart , Stuart period , Jacobean era , and Caroline era Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue , her first cousin twice removed , King James VI of Scotland , succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns . James was descended from the Tudors through his great - grandmother , Margaret Tudor , the eldest daughter of Henry VII . In 1604 , he adopted the title King of Great Britain . However , the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707 . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . James I 24 March 1603 -- 27 March 1625 ( 22 years , 4 days ) 19 June 1566 Edinburgh Castle Son of Lord Darnley and Mary I of Scotland Anne of Denmark Oslo 23 November 1589 7 children 27 March 1625 Theobalds House Aged 58 Great - great - grandson / heir general of Henry VII Charles I 27 March 1625 -- 30 January 1649 ( 23 years , 310 days ) 19 November 1600 Dunfermline Palace Son of James I and Anne of Denmark Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine 's Abbey 13 June 1625 9 children 30 January 1649 Whitehall Palace Executed aged 48 Son of James I Cognatic primogeniture Interregnum Main articles : Commonwealth of England and Interregnum ( 1649 -- 1660 ) No monarch reigned between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660 . Between 1649 and 1653 , there was no single English head of state , as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England . After a coup d'etat in 1653 , Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament . He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered a period known as The Protectorate , under the direct control of a single individual known as the Lord Protector . While not officially monarchs , the holder of the office of Lord Protector passed from Oliver Cromwell to his son Richard . Richard lacked both the ability to rule and confidence of the Army , and he was forcibly removed by the English Committee of Safety under the leadership of Charles Fleetwood in May 1659 . England again lacked any single head of state during several months of conflict between Fleetwood 's party and that of George Monck . Monck took control of the country in December 1659 , and after almost a year of anarchy , the monarchy was formally restored when Charles II returned from France to accept the throne of England following the Declaration of Breda and an invitation to reclaim the throne from the Convention Parliament of 1660 . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Lords Protector Oliver Cromwell 16 December 1653 -- 3 September 1658 ( 4 years , 262 days ) 25 April 1599 Huntingdon Son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward Elizabeth Bourchier St Giles 22 August 1620 9 children 3 September 1658 Whitehall Aged 59 Richard Cromwell 3 September 1658 -- 7 May 1659 ( 247 days ) 4 October 1626 Huntingdon Son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier Dorothy Maijor May 1649 9 children 12 July 1712 Cheshunt Aged 85 House of stuart ( restored ) Main article : Restoration ( England ) After the Monarchy was restored , England came under the rule of Charles II , whose reign was relatively peaceful domestically , given the tumultuous time of the Interregnum years . Tensions still existed between Catholics and Protestants , however , and with the ascension of Charles 's brother , the openly Catholic James II , England was again sent into a period of political turmoil . James II was ousted by Parliament less than three years after ascending to the throne , replaced by his daughter Mary II and her husband ( also his nephew ) William III during the Glorious Revolution . While James and his descendants would continue to claim the throne , all Catholics ( such as James and his son Charles ) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement 1701 , enacted by Anne , another of James 's Protestant daughters . After the Acts of Union 1707 , England as a sovereign state ceased to exist , replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Portrait Arms Birth Marriages Death Claim Ref . ( Recognised by Royalists in 1649 ) Charles II 29 May 1660 -- 6 February 1685 ( 24 years , 254 days ) 29 May 1630 St James 's Palace Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth 21 May 1662 No children 6 February 1685 Whitehall Palace Aged 54 Son of Charles I Cognatic primogeniture English Restoration James II 6 February 1685 -- 23 December 1688 ( Overthrown after 3 years , 321 days ) 14 October 1633 St James 's Palace Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France ( 1 ) Anne Hyde The Strand 3 September 1660 8 children ( 2 ) Mary of Modena Dover 21 November 1673 7 children 16 September 1701 Château de Saint - Germain - en - Laye Aged 67 Son of Charles I Cognatic primogeniture Mary II 13 February 1689 -- 28 December 1694 ( 5 years , 319 days ) 30 April 1662 St James 's Palace Daughter of James II and Anne Hyde William III of England St James 's Palace 4 November 1677 No children 28 December 1694 Kensington Palace Aged 32 Daughter of James II Offered the Crown by Parliament William III William of Orange 13 February 1689 -- 8 March 1702 ( 13 years , 24 days ) 4 November 1650 The Hague Son of William II of Orange and Mary of England Mary II of England St James 's Palace 4 November 1677 No children 8 March 1702 Kensington Palace Aged 51 Grandson of Charles I Offered the Crown by Parliament Anne 8 March 1702 -- 1 May 1707 ( 5 years , 55 days ) ( Queen of Great Britain until 1 August 1714 ) ( 12 years , 147 days ) 6 February 1665 St James 's Palace Daughter of James II and Anne Hyde George of Denmark St James 's Palace 28 July 1683 No surviving children 1 August 1714 Kensington Palace Aged 49 Daughter of James II Cognatic primogeniture Bill of Rights 1689 After the Acts of Union 1707 See List of British monarchs . Acts of Union The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706 . The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland ( previously separate sovereign states , with separate legislatures but with the same monarch ) into the Kingdom of Great Britain . England , Scotland , and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years , since the Union of the Crowns in 1603 , when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin twice removed , Queen Elizabeth I . Although described as a Union of Crowns , until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head . There had been attempts in 1606 , 1667 , and 1689 , to unite England and Scotland by Acts of Parliament , but it was not until the early eighteenth century that the idea had the support of both political establishments behind it , albeit for rather different reasons . Timeline of English monarchs Titles Main article : Style of the British sovereign The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum ( `` King of the English '' ) . In addition , many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles , as follows : Æthelstan : Rex totius Britanniae ( `` King of the Whole of Britain '' ) Edmund the Magnificent : Rex Britanniæ ( `` King of Britain '' ) and Rex Anglorum cæterarumque gentium gobernator et rector ( `` King of the English and of other peoples governor and director '' ) Eadred : Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna , Norþhymbra , Paganorum , Brettonumque ( `` Reigning over the governments of the kingdoms of the Anglo - Saxons , Northumbrians , Pagans , and British '' ) Eadwig the Fair : Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator ( `` King by the will of God , Emperor of the Anglo - Saxons and Northumbrians , governor of the pagans , commander of the British '' ) Edgar the Peaceful : Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus ( `` King of all Albion and its neighbouring realms '' ) Canute : Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector ( `` King of the English and of all the British sphere governor and ruler '' ) and Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus ( `` Monarch of all the English of Britain '' ) In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard , with occasional use of Rex Anglie ( `` King of England '' ) . The Empress Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ( `` Lady of the English '' ) . From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie . In 1604 James I , who had inherited the English throne the previous year , adopted the title ( now usually rendered in English rather than Latin ) King of Great Britain . The English and Scottish parliaments , however , did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne ( who was Queen of Great Britain rather than king ) . See also Alternative successions of the English crown Bretwalda Demise of the Crown English monarchs ' family tree Heptarchy List of English consorts List of British monarchs List of Irish monarchs List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death List of monarchs of Wessex , AD 519 to 927 Lists of monarchs in the British Isles List of rulers of the United Kingdom and predecessor states List of rulers of Wales List of Scottish monarchs Line of succession to the British throne , a list of people Mnemonic verse of monarchs in England Succession to the British throne , a historical overview and current rules Notes Jump up ^ Ælfweard is buried at Winchester . Jump up ^ Æthelred was forced to go into exile in mid-1013 , following Danish attacks , but was invited back following Sweyn Forkbeard 's death in 1014 . Jump up ^ Harold was only recognised as Regent until 1037 , when was recognised as king. . Jump up ^ After reigning for approximately 9 weeks , Edgar Atheling submitted to William the Conqueror , who had gained control of the area to the south and immediate west of London . Jump up ^ William I is buried at the Abbey of Saint - Étienne ( French : Abbaye aux Hommes ) in France . Jump up ^ Henry I is buried at Reading Abbey . Jump up ^ Matilda is not listed as a monarch of England in many genealogies within texts , including Carpenter , David ( 2003 ) . A Struggle for Mastery . p. 533 . ; Warren , W.L. ( 1973 ) . Henry II . p. 176 . ; and Gillingham , John ( 1984 ) . The Angevin Empire . p. x ... Jump up ^ Henry II is buried at Fontevraud Abbey . Jump up ^ Richard II was buried at Rouen Cathedral . His body currently lies at Fontevraud Abbey . Jump up ^ John is buried at Worcester Cathedral . Jump up ^ The date of Edward II 's death is disputed by historian Ian Mortimer , who argues that he may not have been murdered , but held imprisoned in Europe for several more years . Jump up ^ Edward V was deposed by Richard III , who usurped the throne on the grounds that Edward was illegitimate . He was never crowned . Jump up ^ The body of Richard III was exhumed and reburied in Leicester Cathedral in 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward Hall and Raphael Holinshed both record an earlier secret wedding between Henry and Anne , which was conducted in Dover on 15 November 1532 . Jump up ^ Philip was not meant to be a mere consort ; rather , the status of Mary I 's husband was envisioned as that of a co-monarch during her reign . ( See Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain . ) However the extent of his authority and his status are ambiguous . The Act says that Philip shall have the title of king and `` shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace 's realms and dominions '' , but elsewhere says that Mary shall be the sole Queen . Jump up ^ After the personal union of the crowns , James was the first to style himself King of Great Britain , but the title was rejected by the English Parliament and had no basis in law . The Parliament of Scotland also opposed it . ( See also Union Flag . ) Coronations Jump up ^ William II was crowned on 26 September 1087 . Jump up ^ Henry I was crowned on 5 August 1100 . Jump up ^ Stephen was crowned on 22 December 1135 . Jump up ^ Henry II was crowned on 19 December 1154 with his queen , Eleanor of Aquitaine . Jump up ^ Richard I was crowned on 3 September 1189 . Jump up ^ John was crowned on 27 May 1199 . Jump up ^ Henry III was crowned on 28 October 1216 . Jump up ^ Edward I was crowned on 19 August 1274 with Queen Eleanor . Jump up ^ Edward II was crowned on 25 February 1308 with Queen Isabella . Jump up ^ Edward III was crowned on 1 February 1327 . Jump up ^ Richard II was crowned on 16 July 1377 . Jump up ^ Henry IV was crowned on 13 October 1399 . Jump up ^ Henry V was crowned on 9 April 1413 . Jump up ^ Henry VI was crowned on 6 November 1429 . Jump up ^ Edward IV was crowned on 28 June 1461 . Jump up ^ Richard III was crowned on 6 July 1483 with Queen Anne . Jump up ^ Henry VII was crowned on 30 October 1485 . Jump up ^ Henry VIII was crowned on 24 June 1509 with Queen Catherine . Jump up ^ Edward VI was crowned on 20 February 1547 . Jump up ^ Mary I was crowned on 1 October 1553 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth I was crowned on 15 January 1559 . Jump up ^ James I was crowned on 25 July 1603 with Queen Anne . Jump up ^ Charles I was crowned on 2 February 1626 . Jump up ^ Charles II was crowned on 23 April 1661 . Jump up ^ James II was crowned on 23 April 1685 with Mary of Modena . ^ Jump up to : Mary II and William III were crowned on 11 April 1689 . Jump up ^ Anne was crowned on 23 April 1702 . References Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 2003 ) . A Brief History of British Kings and Queens : British Royal History from Alfred the Great to the Present . Running Press . Jump up ^ Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 1996 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd ed . ) . Royal Historical Society . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ Keynes , Simon ( 2001 ) . `` Rulers of the English , c. 450 -- 1066 '' . In Lapidge , Michael ; Blair , John ; Keynes , Simon ; Scragg , Donald . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo - Saxon England . Blackwell Publishing . p. 514 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22492 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pratt , David ( 2007 ) . `` The political thought of King Alfred the Great '' . Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought : Fourth Series . Cambridge University Press . 67 : 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80350 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Kings and Queens of England '' . britroyals.com . Jump up ^ `` Alfred ' The Great ' ( r . 871 -- 899 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edward ' The Elder ' ( r . 899 -- 924 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Yorke , Barbara ( 1988 ) . Bishop Æthelwold : His Career and Influence . Woodbridge . p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Keynes , Simon ( 2001 ) . `` Rulers of the English , c 450 -- 1066 '' . In Lapidge , Michael . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England . p. 514 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sean ( 2001 ) . `` Æthelstan '' . In Lapidge , Michael . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Keynes , Simon ( 2001 ) . `` Edward the Elder '' . In Higham , N.J. ; Hill , D.H. Edward , King of the Anglo - Saxons . Routledge . pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Thacker , Alan ( 2001 ) . `` Dynastic Monasteries and Family Cults '' . In Higham , N.J. ; Hill , D.H. Edward the Elder . Routledge . p. 253 . Jump up ^ `` Aethelstan '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 15 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Athelstan ( r. 924 -- 939 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eadmund ( Edmund ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edmund the Elder '' . englishmonarchs.co.uk . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edmund I ( r . 939 -- 946 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eadred ( Edred ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` King Edred '' . britroyals.com . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edred ( r . 946 -- 55 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eadwig ( Edwy ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edwy '' . newadvent.org . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edwy ( r. 955 -- 959 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eadgar ( Edgar the Peacemaker ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Family of Edgar + * and Aelfthryth + * of DEVON '' . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar ( r . 959 -- 975 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eadweard ( Edward the Martyr ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edward II ' The Martyr ' ( r . 975 -- 978 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aethelred ( the Unready ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethelred II , the Redeless '' . englishmonarchs.co.uk . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethelred II ' The Unready ' ( r . 978 -- 1013 and 1014 -- 1016 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweyn ( Forkbeard ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sweyn Forkbeard '' . englishmonarchs.co.uk . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sweyn ( r . 1013 -- 1014 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eadmund ( Edmund the Ironside ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edmund Ironside '' . englishmonarchs.co.uk . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edmund II ' Ironside ' ( r . Apr - Nov 1016 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edmund II ( king of England ) '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cnut ( Canute ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 21 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Canute ' The Great ' ( r . 1016 -- 1035 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harold ( Harefoot ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harold I '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12359 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Harold Harefoot ( r . 1035 -- 1040 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harthacnut '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12252 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Harthacnut '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hardicanute ( r . 1035 -- 1042 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edward III ' The Confessor ' ( r . 1042 -- 1066 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harold II ( r . Jan -- Oct 1066 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eadgar ( the Ætheling ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 26 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Atheling ( r. Oct -- Dec 1066 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` William I ' The Conqueror ' ( r . 1066 -- 1087 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ `` William II ( Known as William Rufus ) ( r . 1087 -- 1100 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ `` Henry I ' Beauclerc ' ( r . 1100 -- 1135 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen and Matilda ( r . 1135 -- 1154 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Matilda ( the Empress ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 1999 ) . The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens . London : Robinson Publishing Ltd. p. 516 . ISBN 1 - 84119 - 096 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pine , Leslie Gilbert ( 1983 ) . A Dictionary of mottoes . Routledge . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7100 - 9339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Norris , Herbert ( 1999 ) . Medieval Costume and Fashion ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . Courier Dover Publications . p. 312 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 40486 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Henry II ' Curtmantle ' ( r . 1154 -- 1189 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ `` Richard I Coeur de Lion ( ' The Lionheart ' ) ( r. 1189 -- 1199 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Lackland ( r . 1199 -- 1216 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ `` Henry III ( r . 1216 -- 1272 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edward I ' Longshanks ' ( r . 1272 -- 1307 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Ian . The Perfect King : The Life of Edward III , Father of the English Nation . ISBN 0 - 09 - 952709 - X . Jump up ^ `` Edward II ( r . 1307 -- 1327 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ `` Edward III ( r . 1327 -- 1377 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard II ( r . 1377 -- 1399 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Ian ( 2007 ) . `` Henry IV 's date of birth and the royal Maundy '' . Historical Research . University of London . 80 ( 210 ) : 567 -- 576 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 2281.2006. 00403. x . ISSN 0950 - 3471 . Jump up ^ `` Henry IV ( r. 1399 -- 1413 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Allmand , Christopher ( September 2010 ) . `` Henry V ( 1386 -- 1422 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford , England , UK : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12952 . Jump up ^ `` Henry V ( r . 1413 -- 1422 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Henry VI ( r. 1422 -- 1461 and 1470 -- 1471 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edward IV ( r . 1461 -- 1470 and 1471 -- 1483 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edward V '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Edward V ( Apr -- Jun 1483 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard III '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Richard III ( r . 1483 -- 1485 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Henry VII ( r . 1485 -- 1509 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Henry VIII ( r. 1509 -- 1547 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fryde , E.B. , ed. ( 2003 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( 3rd revised ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Jump up ^ `` Edward VI ( r. 1547 -- 1553 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Jane Grey : Marriage '' . britannia.com . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Jane Grey ( r . 10 -- 19 July 1553 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mary I ( r. 1553 -- 1558 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain ( 1554 ) '' . Document Discovery Project . ^ Jump up to : Montrose , Louis Adrian ( 2006 ) . The subject of Elizabeth : authority , gender , and representation . University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Pollard , A.F. ( 2007 ) . The History of England -- From the Accession of Edward VI to the Death of Elizabeth ( 1547 -- 1603 ) . Read Books . Jump up ^ Groot , Wim de ( 2005 ) . The Seventh Window : The King 's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda ( 1557 ) . Uitgeverij Verloren . Jump up ^ Marks , Richard ; Payne , Ann ; British Museum ; British Library , eds. ( 1978 ) . British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800 . British Museum Publications Ltd . Jump up ^ The Numismatist . American Numismatic Association . 1971 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Robert Dudley ( 1977 ) . Ireland in the age of the Tudors : the destruction of Hiberno - Norman civilisation . Taylor & Francis . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth I ( r. 1558 -- 1603 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Act of Union 1707 . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` James I ( r . 1603 -- 1625 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charles I ( r . 1625 -- 1649 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oliver Cromwell 1599 -- 1658 '' . british-civil-wars.co.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Cromwell -- Faq 1 '' . olivercromwell.org . Archived from the original on 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History of St Giles ' without Cripplegate '' . stgilescripplegate.org.uk . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Cromwell , Lord Protector , 1626 -- 1712 '' . british-civil-wars.co.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cromwell , Richard '' . archontology.org . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Charles II ( r . 1660 -- 1685 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Cromwell ( 1649 -- 1658 AD ) '' . britannia.com . Jump up ^ `` James II ( r. 1685 -- 1688 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` William III ( r . 1689 -- 1702 ) and Mary II ( r . 1689 -- 1694 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` William III '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Anne ( England ) '' . archontology.org . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Anne ( r . 1702 -- 1714 ) '' . royal.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . parliament.uk . Archived from the original on 15 October 2008 . Retrieved 7 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Croft , p. 67 ; Wilson , pp. 249 -- 252 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monarchs of England . `` Archontology -- English Kings / Queens from 871 to 1707 '' . archontology.org . `` Britannia : Monarchs of Britain '' . britannia.com . `` British Royal Family History -- Kings and Queens '' . britroyals.com . `` English Monarchs -- A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England '' . englishmonarchs.co.uk . English , Scottish and British monarchs Monarchs of England before 1603 Monarchs of Scotland before 1603 Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ælfweard Æthelstan Edmund I Eadred Eadwig Edgar the Peaceful Edward the Martyr Æthelred the Unready Sweyn Edmund II Cnut Harold I Harthacnut Edward the Confessor Harold II Edgar Ætheling William I William II Henry I Stephen Matilda Henry II Henry the Young King Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI Edward IV Edward V Richard III Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Jane Mary I and Philip Elizabeth I Kenneth I MacAlpin Donald I Constantine I Áed Giric Eochaid Donald II Constantine II Malcolm I Indulf Dub Cuilén Amlaíb Kenneth II Constantine III Kenneth III Malcolm II Duncan I Macbeth Lulach Malcolm III Donald III Duncan II Donald III Edgar Alexander I David I Malcolm IV William I Alexander II Alexander III Margaret of Norway John Balliol Robert I David II Edward Balliol Robert II Robert III James I James II James III James IV James V Mary I James VI Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns in 1603 James VI & I Charles I Charles II James II & VII William III & II and Mary II Anne British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 Anne George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria Edward VII George V Edward VIII George VI Elizabeth II Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . 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list of former kings and queens of england
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Gun laws in Texas
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Gun laws in Texas - wikipedia Gun laws in Texas Jump to : navigation , search Location of Texas in the United States Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Firearms possession 3 Firearms carry 3.1 License to Carry 3.2 Restrictions on licensed carry 3.2. 1 30.06 signage 3.3 Open Carry 3.3. 1 30.07 signage 4 Castle Doctrine 4.1 Stand Your Ground 4.2 Civil Immunity 5 Motorists Protection Act 6 National Firearms Act 7 See also 8 References Summary ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license will be permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas will also be allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . Firearms possession ( edit ) Texas has no laws regarding possession of `` long - barreled firearms '' or `` long guns '' ( shotguns , rifles and similar ) by persons 18 years or older with valid identification , or handguns by persons 21 years or older , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001 . Firearms carry ( edit ) There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . License to carry ( edit ) The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a CHL that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to CHL holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - CHL holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) 30.06 signage ( edit ) TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but CHL permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . Open carry ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . Exceptions to Open Carry Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform 30.07 signage ( edit ) This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' Castle Doctrine ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . Stand your Ground ( edit ) Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . Civil immunity ( edit ) In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . Motorists protection act ( edit ) Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . National firearms act ( edit ) Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . See also ( edit ) Gun violence and gun control in Texas Law of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=799151951 '' Categories : Texas law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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is it legal to carry a gun in a car in texas
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Uniform Monday Holiday Act
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Uniform Monday holiday Act - wikipedia Uniform Monday holiday Act U.S. stamp commemorating the quadricentennial of the landing of Christopher Columbus . The Uniform Monday Holiday Act ( Pub. L. 90 -- 363 ) is an Act of Congress that amended the federal holiday provisions of the United States Code to establish the observance of certain holidays on Mondays . The Act was signed into law on June 28 , 1968 , and took effect on January 1 , 1971 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Effects 2 Other holidays 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Effects ( edit ) The Act moved Washington 's Birthday ( February 22 ) , Memorial Day ( May 30 ) , and Veterans Day ( November 11 ) from fixed dates to designated Mondays , and established as a federal holiday Columbus Day -- which had previously been celebrated in some states on October 12 -- to a designated Monday . The Act was designed to increase the number of three - day weekends for federal employees , a favorite goal of the travel industry . Veterans Day was removed from this list of `` always - on - Monday '' holidays when it was moved back to its traditional date of November 11 , by act of Congress in 1975 , effective 1978 . The Act did not officially establish `` Presidents Day '' , nor did it combine the observance of Lincoln 's Birthday with Washington 's Birthday . The perception stems from the fact that the act placed federal observance of Washington 's `` birthday '' in the week of February 15 to 21 and , since that week always falls between Lincoln 's birthday ( February 12 ) and Washington 's ( February 22 ) , but never includes either date , popular references have given rise to the title , which recognizes both Presidents . As of 1998 , a dozen U.S. states officially refer to the holiday as `` Presidents ' Day . '' The Monday holiday dates this act established are : Washington 's Birthday : third Monday in February ( formerly February 22 ) Memorial Day : last Monday in May ( formerly May 30 ) Labor Day : first Monday in September Columbus Day : second Monday in October ( formerly observed in some states on October 12 ) Veterans Day : fourth Monday in October ( formerly November 11 ; subsequently returned to November 11 effective 1978 ) Other holidays ( edit ) Though the holiday was not in existence at the time , Martin Luther King Jr. 's Birthday ( established 1983 ) is celebrated on the third Monday in January , which falls on January 15 -- 21 , instead of King 's actual birth date , January 15 , for the same reasons , as well as to provide additional distance between it and the Christmas / New Years holidays . The law relocated the date of Columbus Day to the same date as Thanksgiving in Canada . Several Canadian provinces would later establish Family Day which coincides with Washington 's Birthday . See also ( edit ) Happy Monday System ( similar legislation in Japan ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Uniform Monday Holiday Act '' . National Archives and Records Administration . January 15 , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidents Day '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes.com . February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-89/pdf/STATUTE-89-Pg479.pdf ^ Jump up to : Hoyle , John Christian ( February 13 , 1998 ) . `` Presidents ' Day : Long - Standing Misnomer '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Law Section 6103 '' -- via Justia . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Public Law 90 - 363 Federal holiday provisions of the United States Code , 5 U.S.C. 6103 Holidays of United States Code , 5 U.S.C. 6103 Text of the Act from the U.S. National Archives Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act&oldid=845906130 '' Categories : 1968 in law United States federal legislation Monday Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1998 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 23 : 02 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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national holiday act of 1971 (p.l. 90 – 363)
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Marco Polo (game)
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Marco Polo ( game ) - wikipedia Marco Polo ( game ) Jump to : navigation , search Marco Polo Players 2 or more Setup time < 1 minute Playing time no limit Random chance Low Skill ( s ) required swimming , sound localization The game Marco Polo / ˈmɑːrkoʊ ˈpoʊloʊ / ( listen ) is a form of tag played in a swimming pool . The origin of the game is unknown . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 History 3 Analysis 4 References Rules ( edit ) One player is chosen as `` It '' . This player closes his or her eyes and tries to find and tag the other players without the use of vision . The player who is `` It '' shouts `` Marco '' and the other players must respond by shouting `` Polo '' , which `` It '' uses to try to find them . If a player is tagged , then that player becomes `` It . '' The game can also be played on land , with slightly modified rules , or played with the addition of rules from Fish out of Water and others . It is similar to blind man 's bluff , where one person is blindfolded while others choose hiding places around the room . History ( edit ) The game shares its name with the 13th - century Venetian trader and explorer Marco Polo . Some etymological sources say it was named after him , but there are no documented reasons why he would be seen as connected with it . According to one whimsical explanation , `` legend has it that the famed explorer did n't really have a clue as to where he was going , much like ( the `` It '' person ) `` . WiseGeek says , `` No one seems to know what the origins of the name are , although there are a number of apocryphal stories , '' adding `` There does not appear to be any real link between the game of Marco Polo and the explorer of the same name , despite the creative efforts by some people , and it is hard to determine when the first game of Marco Polo was played . '' The game has similar traits with blind man 's bluff ( essentially the same game played on dry land ) and can be considered an offshoot . Wisegeek notes , `` Blind man 's bluff dates back to at least the 1500s , and it was once a very popular parlor game , especially with ladies . '' Marco Polo was known as a water game in America by the 1960s . Between 1965 and 1970 , some respondents to a Dictionary of American Regional English survey , when asked to name a game played in the water , responded with `` Marco Polo . '' Although water polo was another popular pool game at the time , the name of the game ' Marco Polo ' is apparently unrelated . In modern times , Marco Polo has been played worldwide . Various regions have their own versions of the game , with names such as Mermaid on the Rocks and Alligator . The term `` marco polo game '' is sometimes used to describe an online game where a similar call - and - response system of gameplay is adopted . Analysis ( edit ) Marco Polo is an `` easily modifiable game '' , and is based on the notion of call - and - response . Marco Polo is not a location - based game because players are confined to a set space and because players must locate each other using auditory clues . Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society argues `` there is bipolarity in the reversal of roles ... there are repeated actions , a routine to be repeated , rules to be observed , and verbal signs to be used '' . Playing this game can allow children to experiment with different social roles , for example learning what it means to be an outcast in the role of `` It '' ( isolated , confined to a space , and unable to see others ) . According to the Nevada Regional Medical Center , `` Marco Polo is not only fun , it can be a good workout . It also puts less stress on your bones and joints because the water makes your body float . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bittarello , Maria Beatrice ( 2009 ) . `` Marco Polo '' . In Rodney P. Carlisle . Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society . SAGE . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 6670 - 1 . Jump up ^ editor , Rodney P. Carlisle , general ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society . Los Angeles : SAGE . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6670 - 2 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Phillip ; Mike Blackstock ; Matthias Finke ; Anthony Tang ; Rodger Lea ; Meghan Deutscher ; Kento Miyaoku . `` Chasing the Fugitive on Campus : Designing a Location - based Game for Collaborative Play '' . Proceedings of CGSA 2006 Symposium . Canadian Games Study Association . Jump up ^ `` Marco Polo '' . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Polo - Retroland '' . Retroland . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Is the Game Marco Polo ? '' . wiseGEEK . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Games Played In The Water Dictionary of American Regional English Survey . Jump up ^ `` Polo / Marco Polo '' . Word Detective . September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Encyclopedia of Play in Today 's Society - Google Books '' . Google Books . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Nevada Daily Mail - Google News Archive Search '' . Retrieved 10 September 2014 . ( hide ) Gym , outdoor and playground games Tag Ante Over British Bulldog Capture the flag Cooties Duck , duck , goose Four corners Kho kho Marco Polo Pie Steal the Flingsock Catch Chinese jump rope Dodgeball Four square Hide - and - seek Hopscotch Kick the can Leapfrog Marbles Playground songs list Red Rover Skipping rope Double Dutch Rhymes Skully Statues Tag The floor is lava Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marco_Polo_(game)&oldid=804716438 '' Categories : Hide - and - seek variants Swimming pool games Tag variants Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 18 : 16 . About Wikipedia
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what is the game marco polo named after
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Air on the G String
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Air on the G string - wikipedia Air on the G string Not to be confused with `` Air '' from Johann Sebastian Bach 's Orchestral Suite No. 3 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Air on the G String '' is August Wilhelmj 's arrangement of the second movement in Johann Sebastian Bach 's Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D major , BWV 1068 . The arrangement differs from the original in that the part of the first violins is transposed down so that it can be played entirely on a violin 's lowest string , i.e. , the G string . It is played by a single violin ( instead of by the first violins as a group ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bach 's original 2 Wilhelmj 's arrangement 3 References 4 External links 4.1 Video clips Bach 's original ( edit ) `` Air '' from Bach 's Orchestral Suite No. 3 String orchestra ( 2000 ) performed by the United States Air Force Band Strings ( not an historically informed performance , but no transpositions ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Further information : Orchestral Suite No. 3 ( Bach ) Bach 's third Orchestral Suite in D major , composed in the first half of the 18th century , has an `` Air '' as second movement , following its French overture opening movement . The suite is composed for three trumpets , timpani , two oboes , strings ( two violin parts and a viola part ) , and basso continuo . In the second movement of the suite however only the strings and the continuo play . This is the only movement of the suite where all other instruments are silent . The music of the `` Air '' is written on four staves , for first violins , second violins , violas , and continuo . The interweaving melody lines of the high strings contrasts with the pronounced rhythmic drive in the bass . Wilhelmj 's arrangement ( edit ) `` Air on the G String '' Violin and piano ( 1920 ) performed by Joel Belov ( violin ) and Robert Gayler ( piano ) Violin and string orchestra ( 1990 ) performed by Takako Nishizaki ( violin ) , Capella Istropolitana , Oliver von Dohnányi ( conductor ) ; courtesy of Naxos Records Saxophone and piano performed by David Hernando Vitores ( alto saxophone ) -- `` on the G String '' - like arrangement for a solo instrument without strings Problems playing these files ? See media help . In the late 19th century violinist August Wilhelmj arranged the second movement of Bach 's third Orchestral Suite for violin and an accompaniment of strings , piano or organ ( harmonium ) . On the score he had printed auf der G - Saite ( on the G string ) above the stave for the solo violin , which gave the arrangement its nickname . In Wilhelmj 's version the piece is transposed down from its original key ( D major ) to C major . Then the part of the first violins is transposed down a further octave and given to a solo violin that can play the entire melody on its lowest string , the G string . The dynamic markings added by Wilhelmj are more in line with a romantic interpretation than with the baroque original . As a violin ca n't play very loudly in its lowest register , all the other parts of Bach 's music were firmly reduced in Wilhelmj 's version : the keyboard part is to be played staccato and pianissimo , causing the effects of interweaving melodies and of drive in the bass part to go lost . In the strings accompaniment version the violins and violas play muted ( con sordino ) , and the bass part for cellos and double basses is to be played pizzicato and sempre pianissimo , with the same change in effect compared to Bach 's original . Later , a spurious story was put about that the melody was always intended to be played on the G string alone . The violin solo part of Wilhelmj 's arrangement is sometimes played on the counter-tenor violoncello . As a result of the popularity of the piece , on the G string remained in the name of various arrangements whether or not a string instrument playing on its G string was involved . Most of these versions have in common that the original melody of the first violins is played in the low register of a solo instrument , accompanied by a reduction of the material of the other parts of Bach 's piece , although occasionally versions that stay more in line with Bach 's original can go by the same name . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grove 's Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 5th edition , 1954 , Vol . IX , p. 298 , `` Wilhelmj , August '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air on the G string . `` Air on the G String '' ( Wilhelmj arrangement ) : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Free sheet music of `` Air on the G String '' from Cantorion.org `` Air on the G String '' sheet music on musescore.com Video clips ( edit ) `` Air on the G String '' on YouTube , performance by the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber hide Chamber music and orchestral works by , and transcriptions after , Johann Sebastian Bach Solo Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin , BWV 1001 -- 1006 Partita No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Cello Suites , BWV 1007 -- 1012 Partita for Solo Flute , BWV 1013 Ensemble Six Sonatas for Violin and Harpsichord , BWV 1014 -- 1019 Sonatas for viola da gamba and harpsichord , BWV 1027 -- 1029 Flute Sonatas in B minor , BWV 1030 in E ♭ major , BWV 1031 ( doubtful ) in A major , BWV 1032 in C major , BWV 1033 ( doubtful ) in E minor , BWV 1034 in E major , BWV 1035 for two flutes and continuo , BWV 1039 Canonic Trio Sonata , BWV 1040 Concertos Violin Concerto in A minor , BWV 1041 Violin Concerto in E major , BWV 1042 Concerto for Two Violins , BWV 1043 Triple Concerto , BWV 1044 Sinfonia for violin and orchestra , BWV 1045 Brandenburg Concertos , BWV 1046 -- 1051 No. 5 Keyboard concertos , BWV 1052 -- 1065 No. 1 in D minor , BWV 1052 No. 2 in E major , BWV 1053 No. 4 in A major , BWV 1055 For two harpsichords in C minor , BWV 1060 Suites Orchestral Suites , BWV 1066 -- 1069 Orchestral Suite in G minor , BWV 1070 ( doubtful ) Fugal The Musical Offering , BWV 1079 The Art of Fugue , BWV 1080 discography Adaptations `` Air on the G String '' `` Alphabet '' `` Ave Maria '' Bach - Busoni Editions `` Everything 's Gonna Be Alright '' `` Jesu , Joy of Man 's Desiring '' `` Lady Lynda '' `` They '' Albums Bach 's Greatest Hits Back to Bach Jazz Sebastian Bach Switched - On Bach Switched - On Bach II List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_on_the_G_String&oldid=837520010 '' Categories : Arrangements of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 עברית Magyar Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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why is it called air on a g string
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"The arrangement differs from the original in that the part of the first violins is transposed down so that it can be played entirely on a violin's lowest string, i.e., the G string. It is played by a single violin (instead of by the first violins as a group)."
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"transposed down so that it can be played entirely on a violin's lowest string, i.e., the G string"
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Nerve conduction velocity
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Nerve conduction velocity - wikipedia Nerve conduction velocity Jump to : navigation , search Nerve conduction velocity is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies . It is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway . Conduction velocities are affected by a wide array of factors , including age , sex , and various medical conditions . Studies allow for better diagnoses of various neuropathies , especially demyelinating conditions as these conditions result in reduced or non-existent conduction velocities . Saltatory Conduction Contents ( hide ) 1 Normal conduction velocities 2 Testing methods 2.1 Nerve conduction studies 2.1. 1 Micromachined 3D electrode arrays 3 Causes of conduction velocity deviations 3.1 Anthropometric and other individualized factors 3.1. 1 Age 3.1. 2 Sex 3.1. 3 Temperature 3.1. 4 Height 3.1. 5 Hand factors 3.2 Medical conditions 3.2. 1 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) 3.2. 2 Carpal tunnel syndrome 3.2. 3 Guillain -- Barré syndrome 3.2. 4 Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome 3.2. 5 Peripheral diabetic neuropathy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Normal conduction velocities ( edit ) Ultimately , conduction velocities are specific to each individual and depend largely on an axon 's diameter and the degree to which that axon is myelinated , but the majority of ' normal ' individuals fall within defined ranges . Nerve impulses are extremely slow compared to the speed of electrical impulses which are on the order of 50 -- 99 % of the speed of light , however , very fast compared to the speed of blood flow , with some myelinated neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m / s ( 432 km / h or 275 mph ) . Motor fiber types Type Erlanger - Gasser Classification Diameter Myelin Conduction velocity Associated muscle fibers α Aα 13 -- 20 μm Yes 80 -- 120 m / s Extrafusal muscle fibers γ Aγ 5 -- 8 μm Yes 4 -- 24 m / s Intrafusal muscle fibers Different sensory receptors are innervated by different types of nerve fibers . Proprioceptors are innervated by type Ia , Ib and II sensory fibers , mechanoreceptors by type II and III sensory fibers , and nociceptors and thermoreceptors by type III and IV sensory fibers . Sensory fiber types Type Erlanger - Gasser Classification Diameter Myelin Conduction velocity Associated sensory receptors Ia Aα 13 -- 20 μm Yes 80 -- 120 m / s Responsible for proprioception Ib Aα 13 -- 20 μm Yes 80 -- 120 m / s Golgi tendon organ II Aβ 6 -- 12 μm Yes 33 -- 75 m / s Secondary receptors of muscle spindle All cutaneous mechanoreceptors III Aδ 1 -- 5 μm Thin 3 -- 30 m / s Free nerve endings of touch and pressure Nociceptors of neospinothalamic tract Cold thermoreceptors IV 0.2 -- 1.5 μm No 0.5 -- 2.0 m / s Nociceptors of paleospinothalamic tract Warmth receptors Autonomic efferent fibre types Type Erlanger - Gasser Classification Diameter Myelin Conduction velocity preganglionic fibers 1 -- 5 μm Yes 3 -- 15 m / s postganglionic fibers 0.2 -- 1.5 μm No 0.5 -- 2.0 m / s Peripheral Nerves Nerve Conduction velocity Median Sensory 45 -- 70 m / s Median Motor 49 -- 64 m / s Ulnar Sensory 48 -- 74 m / s Ulnar Motor 49 + m / s Peroneal Motor 44 + m / s Tibial Motor 41 + m / s Sural Sensory 46 -- 64 m / s Normal impulses in peripheral nerves of the legs travel at 40 -- 45 m / s , and 50 -- 65 m / s in peripheral nerves of the arms . Largely generalized , normal conduction velocities for any given nerve will be in the range of 50 -- 60 m / s . Testing methods ( edit ) Nerve conduction studies ( edit ) Nerve Conduction Velocity is just one of many measurements commonly made during a nerve conduction study ( NCS ) . The purpose of these studies is to determine whether nerve damage is present and how severe that damage may be . Nerve conduction studies are performed as follows : Two electrodes are attached to the subject 's skin over the nerve being tested . Electrical impulses are sent through one electrode to stimulate the nerve . The second electrode records the impulse sent through the nerve as a result of stimulation . The time difference between stimulation from the first electrode and pick - up by the downstream electrode is known as the latency . Nerve conduction latencies are typically on the order of milliseconds . Although conduction velocity itself is not directly measured , calculating conduction velocities from NCS measurements is trivial . The distance between the stimulating and receiving electrodes is divided by the impulse latency , resulting in conduction velocity . Many times , Needle EMG is also performed on subjects at the same time as other NCS procedures because they aid in detecting whether muscles are functioning properly in response to stimuli sent via their connecting nerves . EMG is the most important component of electrodiagnosis of motor neuron diseases as it often leads to the identification of motor neuron involvement before clinical evidence can be seen . Micromachined 3d electrode arrays ( edit ) Typically , the electrodes used in an EMG are stuck to the skin over a thin layer of gel / paste . This allows for better conduction between electrode and skin . However , as these electrodes do not pierce the skin , there are impedances that result in erroneous readings , high noise levels , and low spatial resolution in readings . To address these problems , new devices are being developed , such as 3 - dimensional electrode arrays . These are MEMS devices that consist of arrays of metal micro-towers capable of penetrating the outer layers of skin , thus reducing impedance . Compared with traditional wet electrodes , multi-electrode arrays offer the following : Electrodes are about 1 / 10 the size of standard wet surface electrodes Arrays of electrodes can be created and scaled to cover areas of almost any size Reduced impedance Improved signal power Higher amplitude signals Allow better real - time nerve impulse tracking Causes of conduction velocity deviations ( edit ) Anthropometric and other individualized factors ( edit ) Baseline nerve conduction measurements are different for everyone , as they are dependent upon the individual 's age , sex , local temperatures , and other anthropometric factors such as hand size and height . It is important to understand the effect of these various factors on the normal values for nerve conduction measurements to aid in identifying abnormal nerve conduction study results . The ability to predict normal values in the context of an individual 's anthropometric characteristics increases the sensitivities and specificities of electrodiagnostic procedures . Age ( edit ) Normal ' adult ' values for conduction velocities are typically reached by age 4 . Conduction velocities in newborns and toddlers tend to be about half the adult values . Nerve conduction studies performed on healthy adults revealed that age is negatively associated with the sensory amplitude measures of the Median , Ulnar , and Sural nerves . Negative associations were also found between age and the conduction velocities and latencies in the Median sensory , Median motor , and Ulnar sensory nerves . However , conduction velocity of the Sural nerve is not associated with age . In general , conduction velocities in the upper extremities decrease by about 1 m / s for every 10 years of age . Sex ( edit ) Sural nerve conduction amplitude is significantly smaller in females than males , and the latency of impulses is longer in females , thus a slower conduction velocity . Other nerves have not been shown to exhibit any gender biases . Temperature ( edit ) In general , the conduction velocities of most motor and sensory nerves are positively and linearly associated with body temperature ( low temperatures slow nerve conduction velocity and higher temperatures increase conduction velocity ) . Conduction velocities in the Sural nerve seem to exhibit an especially strong correlation with the local temperature of the nerve . Height ( edit ) Conduction velocities in both the Median sensory and Ulnar sensory nerves are negatively related to an individual 's height , which likely accounts for the fact that , among most of the adult population , conduction velocities between the wrist and digits of an individual 's hand decrease by 0.5 m / s for each inch increase in height . As a direct consequence , impulse latencies within the Median , Ulnar , and Sural nerves increases with height . The correlation between height and the amplitude of impulses in the sensory nerves is negative . Hand factors ( edit ) Circumference of the index finger appears to be negatively associated with conduction amplitudes in the Median and Ulnar nerves . In addition , people with larger wrist ratios ( anterior - posterior diameter : medial - lateral diameter ) have lower Median nerve latencies and faster conduction velocities . Medical conditions ( edit ) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) ( edit ) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ( ALS ) aka ' Lou Gehrig 's disease ' is a progressive and inevitably fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting the motor neurons . Because ALS shares many symptoms with other neurodegenerative diseases , it can be difficult to diagnose properly . The best method of establishing a confident diagnosis is via electrodiagnostic evaluation . To be specific , motor nerve conduction studies of the Median , Ulnar , and peroneal muscles should be performed , as well as sensory nerve conduction studies of the Ulnar and Sural nerves . In patients with ALS , it has been shown that distal motor latencies and slowing of conduction velocity worsened as the severity of their muscle weakness increased . Both symptoms are consistent with the axonal degeneration occurring in ALS patients . Carpal tunnel syndrome ( edit ) Carpal tunnel syndrome ( CTS ) is a form of nerve compression syndrome caused by the compression of the median nerve at the wrist . Typical symptoms include numbness , tingling , burning pains , or weakness in the hand . CTS is another condition for which electrodiagnostic testing is valuable . However , before subjecting a patient to nerve conduction studies , both Tinel 's test and Phalen 's test should be performed . If both results are negative , it is very unlikely that the patient has CTS , and further testing is unnecessary . Carpal tunnel syndrome presents in each individual to different extents . Measurements of nerve conduction velocity are critical to determining the degree of severity . These levels of severity are categorized as : Mild CTS : Prolonged sensory latencies , very slight decrease in conduction velocity . No suspected axonal degeneration . Moderate CTS : Abnormal sensory conduction velocities and reduced motor conduction velocities . No suspected axonal degeneration . Severe CTS : Absence of sensory responses and prolonged motor latencies ( reduced motor conduction velocities ) . Extreme CTS : Absence of both sensory and motor responses . One common electrodiagnostic measurement includes the difference between sensory nerve conduction velocities in the pinkie finger and index finger . In most instances of CTS , symptoms will not present until this difference is greater than 8 m / s . Guillain -- Barré syndrome ( edit ) Guillain -- Barré syndrome ( GBS ) is a peripheral neuropathy involving the degeneration of myelin sheathing and / or nerves that innervate the head , body , and limbs . This degeneration is due to an autoimmune response typically initiated by various infections . Two primary classifications exist : demyelinating ( Schwann cell damage ) and axonal ( direct nerve fiber damage ) . Each of these then branches into additional sub-classifications depending on the exact manifestation . In all cases , however , the condition results in weakness or paralysis of limbs , the potentially fatal paralysis of respiratory muscles , or a combination of these effects . The disease can progress very rapidly once symptoms present ( severe damage can occur within as little as a day ) . Because electrodiagnosis is one of the fastest and most direct methods of determining the presence of the illness and its proper classification , nerve conduction studies are extremely important . Without proper electrodiagnostic assessment , GBS is commonly misdiagnosed as Polio , West Nile virus , Tick paralysis , various Toxic neuropathies , CIDP , Transverse myelitis , or Hysterical paralysis . Two sets of nerve conduction studies should allow for proper diagnosis of Guillain -- Barré syndrome . It is recommended that these be performed within the first 2 weeks of symptom presentation and again sometime between 3 and 8 weeks . Electrodiagnostic findings that may implicate GBS include : Complete conduction blocks Abnormal or absent F waves Attenuated compound muscle action potential amplitudes Prolonged motor neuron latencies Severely slowed conduction velocities ( sometimes below 20 m / s ) Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome ( edit ) Lambert -- Eaton myasthenic syndrome ( LEMS ) is an autoimmune disease in which auto - antibodies are directed against voltage - gated calcium channels at presynaptic nerve terminals . Here , the antibodies inhibit the release of neurotransmitters , resulting in muscle weakness and autonomic dysfunctions . Nerve conduction studies performed on the Ulnar motor and sensory , Median motor and sensory , Tibial motor , and Peroneal motor nerves in patients with LEMS have shown that the conduction velocity across these nerves is actually normal . However , the amplitudes of the compound motor action potentials may be reduced by up to 55 % , and the duration of these action potentials decreased by up to 47 % . Peripheral diabetic neuropathy ( edit ) At least half the population with diabetes mellitus is also affected with diabetic neuropathy , causing numbness and weakness in the peripheral limbs . Studies have shown that the Rho / Rho - kinase signaling pathway is more active in individuals with diabetes and that this signaling activity occurs mainly in the nodes of Ranvier and Schmidt - Lanterman incisures . Therefore , over-activity of the Rho / Rho - kinase signaling pathway may inhibit nerve conduction . Motor nerve conduction velocity studies revealed that conductance in diabetic rats was about 30 % lower than that of the non-diabetic control group . In addition , activity along the Schmidt - Lanterman incisures was non-continuous and non-linear in the diabetic group , but linear and continuous in the control . These deficiencies were eliminated after the administration of Fasudil to the diabetic group , implying that it may be a potential treatment . See also ( edit ) Nerve conduction study Electrodiagnosis Electromyography References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nerve conduction velocity '' . National Institutes of Health . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew BL , Part NJ ( 1972 ) Properties of fast and slow motor units in hind limb and tail muscles of the rat . QJ Exp Physiol Cogn Med Sci 57 : 213 - 225 . Jump up ^ Russell NJ ( 1980 ) . `` Axonal conduction velocity changes following muscle tenotomy or deafferentation during development in the rat '' . J Physiol. 298 : 347 -- 360 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Allan ; Sapru , Hreday ( 2005 ) . Essential Neuroscience . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0781750776 . ^ Jump up to : Stetson , PhD , Diana S. ; James W. Albers ; Barbara A. Silverstein ; Robert A. Wolfe ( October 1992 ) . `` Effects of Age , Sex , and Anthropometric Factors on Nerve Conduction Measures '' . Muscle & Nerve . 15 : 1095 -- 1104 . doi : 10.1002 / mus. 880151007 . ^ Jump up to : Sedano , Maria J. ; Canga , Ana ; Pablos , Carmen ; Polo , Jose M. ; Berciano , Jose ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` Muscle MRI in severe Guillain -- Barré syndrome with motor nerve inexcitability '' . Journal of Neurology . 260 ( 6 ) : 1624 -- 1630 . doi : 10.1007 / s00415 - 013 - 6845 - y . ^ Jump up to : Parry , Gareth J. ( 2007 ) . Guillain -- Barré Syndrome . New York , NY : Demos Medical Publishing . pp. 1 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932603 - 56 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nerve Conduction Study ( NCS ) '' . Johns Hopkins Medicine . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Joyce , Nanette C. ; Carter , Gregory T. ( May 2013 ) . `` Electrodiagnosis in Persons With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis '' . PM&R. 5 ( 5 , Supplement ) : S89 -- S95 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pmrj. 2013.03. 020 . ^ Jump up to : Rajaraman , Swaminathan ; Bragg , Julian A. ; Ross , James D. ; Allen , Mark G. ( 30 June 2011 ) . `` Micromachined three - dimensional electrode arrays for transcutaneous nerve tracking '' . Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 21 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1088 / 0960 - 1317 / 21 / 8 / 085014 . Jump up ^ Thanakiatpinyo , MD , Thanitta ; Gulapar Srisawasdi ( 2013 ) . `` Effect of Hand Size on the Stimulation Intensities Required for Median and Ulnar Sensory Nerve Conduction Studies '' . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation . 94 : 925 -- 929 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apmr. 2012.11. 029 . ^ Jump up to : Werner , Robert A. ; Andary , Michael ( October 2011 ) . `` Electrodiagnostic evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome '' . Muscle & Nerve . 44 ( 4 ) : 597 -- 607 . doi : 10.1002 / mus. 22208 . ^ Jump up to : Ntani , Georgia ; Palmer , Keith T. ; Linaker , Cathy ; Harris , E Clare ; Van der Star , Richard ; Cooper , Cyrus ; Coggon , David ( 15 August 2013 ) . `` Symptoms , signs and nerve conduction velocities in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome '' . BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 14 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2474 - 14 - 242 . ^ Jump up to : Inukai , Tomoo ; Uchida , Kenzo ; Kubota , Chikara ; Takamura , Takaharu ; Nakajima , Hideaki ; Baba , Hisatoshi ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Second lumbrical - interossei nerve test predicts clinical severity and surgical outcome of carpal tunnel syndrome '' . Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 20 ( 9 ) : 1224 -- 1227 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pmrj. 2013.04. 007 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Lawrence , R. ; Strakowski , Jeffrey ; Kennedy , David J. ( May 2013 ) . `` Is the Combined Sensory ( Robinson ) Index Routinely Indicated for All Cases of Suspected Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Undergoing Electrodiagnostic Evaluation ? '' . PM&R. 5 ( 5 ) : 433 -- 437 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pmrj. 2013.04. 007 . ^ Jump up to : Shahrizaila , Nortina ; Goh , Khean Jin ; Abdullah , Suhailah ; Kuppusamy , Rishikesan ; Yuki , Nobuhiro ( 8 February 2013 ) . `` Two sets of nerve conduction studies may suffice in reaching a reliable electrodiagnosis in Guillain -- Barré syndrome '' . Clinical Neurophysiology. 124 ( 7 ) : 1456 -- 1459 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clinph. 2012.12. 047 . ^ Jump up to : Crone , Clarissa ; Christiansen , Ingelise ; Vissing , John ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Myopathic EMG findings and type II muscle fiber atrophy in patients with Lambert - Eaton myasthenic syndrome '' . Clinical Neurophysiology. 124 ( 9 ) : 1889 -- 1892 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clinph. 2013.02. 115 . ^ Jump up to : Kanazawa , Yasushi ; Junko Takahashi - Fujigasaki ; Sho Ishizawa ; Naoko Takabayashi ; Kumiko Ishibashi ; Keiichiro Matoba ; Daiji Kawanami ; Tamotsu Yokota ; Naoko Tajima ; Kazunori Utsunomiya ( September 2013 ) . `` The Rho - kinase inhibitor fasudil restores normal motor nerve conduction velocity in diabetic rats by assuring the proper localization of adhesion - related molecules in myelinating Schwann cells '' . Experimental Neurology . 247 : 438 -- 446 . doi : 10.1016 / j. expneurol. 2013.01. 012 . External links ( edit ) Virtual NCS training and other educational tools Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerve_conduction_velocity&oldid=799508885 '' Categories : Velocity Neurophysiology Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 04 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the pathway for nerve impulse conduction
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Veronica Cartwright
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Veronica Cartwright - wikipedia Veronica Cartwright Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Veronica Cartwright Cartwright in May 2006 Veronica A. Cartwright ( 1949 - 04 - 20 ) 20 April 1949 ( age 69 ) Bristol , England Occupation Actress Years active 1958 -- present Spouse ( s ) Richard Gates ( 1968 -- 1972 ; divorced ) Stanley Goldstein ( 1976 -- 1980 ; divorced ) Richard Compton ( 1982 -- 2007 ; his death ) Veronica A. Cartwright ( born 20 April 1949 ) is an English - born American actress who has worked mainly in American film and television in a career spanning six decades . As a child actress she appeared in supporting roles in The Children 's Hour and The Birds . She is perhaps best known for her roles in the science fiction films Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1978 ) and Alien ( 1979 ) , for which she won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Mid-1960s to present 3 Family 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Cartwright was born in Bristol and grew up in Los Angeles , having emigrated to America shortly after the birth of her younger sister , actress Angela Cartwright . Her career as a child actress began in 1958 with a role in In Love and War . Among her early appearances were repeated roles in the television series Leave It to Beaver ( as Beaver 's classmates Violet Rutherford and , later , Peggy MacIntosh ) and episodes of One Step Beyond `` The Haunting '' ( 1960 ) and The Twilight Zone `` I Sing the Body Electric '' ( 1962 ) . She guest starred twice in 1963 in NBC 's medical drama about psychiatry , The Eleventh Hour , in the episodes `` The Silence of Good Men '' and `` My Name is Judith , I 'm Lost , You See . '' Cartwright appeared in the films The Children 's Hour ( 1961 ) and Alfred Hitchcock 's The Birds ( 1963 ) , which were both highly successful . In The Birds , she was cast along with her TV father from Leave It To Beaver , Richard Deacon , although the two were not on screen together . She played daughter Jemima Boone in the first two seasons of NBC 's Daniel Boone from 1964 until 1966 , with co-stars Fess Parker , Patricia Blair , Darby Hinton , Ed Ames , and Dallas McKennon . She won a regional Emmy for the 1964 TV movie Tell Me Not in Mournful Numbers . Mid-1960s to present ( edit ) Cartwright achieved successes with Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1978 ) and Alien ( 1979 ) , the latter performance winning her a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress . She was originally cast as Alien 's heroine Ellen Ripley , but director Ridley Scott switched her role with Sigourney Weaver 's just prior to shooting the film . Other film roles include : Spencer 's Mountain with Henry Fonda and Kym Karath ( 1963 ) , Inserts ( 1974 ) , Goin ' South ( 1978 ) , The Right Stuff ( 1983 ) , Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) , The Witches of Eastwick ( 1987 ) , Money Talks ( 1997 ) , Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) , Kinsey ( 2004 ) and Straight - Jacket ( 2004 ) . A frequent performer in television , she has played guest roles in such series as The Mod Squad , Miami Vice , Baywatch , L.A. Law , ER , The X-Files , Chicago Hope , Will & Grace , Touched by an Angel , Judging Amy , Six Feet Under , The Closer , and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Cartwright has received three Emmy Award nominations , one for her work in ER in 1997 , and two for her work on The X-Files in 1998 and 1999 . Veronica Cartwright also starred as Mrs. Olive Osmond in the made - for - TV film Inside the Osmonds . She co-starred in the fourth version of Invasion of the Body Snatchers , The Invasion ( 2007 ) . She appears on the cover art for the Scissor Sisters ' 2006 single `` I Do n't Feel Like Dancin ' '' as well as on their second album Ta - Dah . In 2014 , Cartwright reprised her role as Joan Lambert for DLC episodes in Alien : Isolation based on the original film , and appeared in the remake of The Town That Dreaded Sundown . Family ( edit ) Cartwright is the older sister of actress Angela Cartwright , who appeared in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) and as a regular in the television series Lost in Space and Make Room for Daddy . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1958 In Love and War Allie O'Neill ( uncredited ) 1961 Children 's Hour , The The Children 's Hour Rosalie Wells 1963 Birds , The The Birds Cathy Brenner 1963 Spencer 's Mountain Becky Spencer ( uncredited ) 1963 One Man 's Way Mary Inserts Harlene 1978 Kid from Not - So - Big , The The Kid from Not - So - Big Corinne 1978 Goin ' South Hermine 1978 Invasion of the Body Snatchers Nancy Bellicec 1979 Alien Joan Lambert Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress Nightmares Claire Houston Segment : `` Night of the Rat '' Right Stuff , The The Right Stuff Betty Grissom 1985 My Man Adam Elaine Swit 1986 Flight of the Navigator Helen Freeman Wisdom Samantha Wisdom Witches of Eastwick , The The Witches of Eastwick Felicia Alden Nominated - Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress 1989 Valentino Returns Patricia ' Pat ' Gibbs 1990 False Identity Vera Errickson 1991 Walking the Dog Short film 1992 Man Trouble Helen Dextra 1994 Two Over Easy Molly Short film 1994 Mirror , Mirror 2 : Raven Dance Sister Aja 1994 On Hope Woman in Grocery Short film 1995 Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh Octavia Tarrant Shoot the Moon Mrs. Thomas 1997 Money Talks Connie Cipriani 1997 Sparkler Dottie Delgato 1998 My Engagement Party Sarah Salsburg 1999 Slipping - Down Life , AA Slipping - Down Life Mrs. Casey 1999 Trash Principal Evans 2001 In the Bedroom Minister on Television 2001 Critic 's Choice Watkins Short film 2001 Scary Movie 2 Mother 2002 Mackenheim Eleanor Short film 2003 Just Married Mrs. ' Pussy ' McNerney ( uncredited ) Twisted Landlady ( uncredited ) Straight - Jacket Jerry Albrecht Kinsey Sara Kinsey 2005 Barry Dingle Eleanor Dingle 2007 Mommy 's House Mommy Short film 2007 Invasion , The The Invasion Wendy Lenk 2009 Call of the Wild Sheriff Taylor Neowolf Mrs. Belakov Video 2011 Montana Amazon Margaret 2011 InSight Patricia 2012 Yellow Wallpaper , The The Yellow Wallpaper Catherine Sayer 2012 Adventures of the Dunderheads Margaret 2013 The Odd Way Home Francine 2014 The Town That Dreaded Sundown Lillian Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1959 Zane Grey Theater Sarah Butler Episode : `` The Lone Woman '' 1959 Make Room for Daddy Girl in Play Episode : `` Bob Hope and Danny Become Directors '' 1959 -- 1960 Leave It to Beaver Violet Rutherford Episode : `` The Tooth '' Episode : `` Beaver and Violet '' 1960 Alcoa Presents : One Step Beyond Gillian Episode : `` The Haunting '' 1960 Betty Hutton Show , The The Betty Hutton Show Fake Foster Child ( uncredited ) Episode : `` Gullible Goldie '' 1960 -- 1961 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Judy Davidson Episode : `` The Schwartz - Metterklume Method '' Episode : `` Summer Shade '' 1961 Make Room for Daddy Veronica Episode : `` Teacher for a Day '' 1961 Leave It to Beaver Violet Rutherford Episode : `` Beaver 's Rat '' 1962 Route 66 Miriam ( age 9 ) Episode : `` Love Is a Skinny Kid '' 1962 Twilight Zone Anne Rogers - age 11 Episode : `` I Sing the Body Electric '' 1963 Dick Powell Theatre , The The Dick Powell Theatre Episode : `` The Third Side of a Coin '' 1963 Leave It to Beaver Peggy MacIntosh Episode : `` Don Juan Beaver '' 1963 Eleventh Hour , The The Eleventh Hour Judith Cameron Jan Ellendale Episode : `` My Name Is Judith , I 'm Lost , You See '' Episode : `` The Silence of Good Men '' 1964 Tell Me Not in Mournful Numbers TV film 1964 -- 1966 Daniel Boone Jemima Boone 36 episodes 1965 Dr. Kildare Nancy Hiller Episode : `` Take Care of My Little Girl '' 1965 Who Has Seen the Wind ? Kiri Radek TV film 1968 Mannix Mrs. Goldberg ( uncredited ) Episode : `` Edge of the Knife '' 1968 Name of the Game , The The Name of the Game Nancy Robins Episode : `` High on a Rainbow '' 1969 Family Affair Jo - Ann Episode : `` Flower Power '' 1969 Dragnet 1967 Melissa Stevens Episode : `` Personnel : The Shooting '' 1969 Mod Squad Gail Whitney Episode : `` The Girl in Chair Nine '' 1970 Death Valley Days Episode : `` Simple Question of Justice '' 1970 Bold Ones : The Lawyers , The The Bold Ones : The Lawyers Mary Episode : `` Point of Honor '' 1970 Then Came Bronson Petey Traine Episode : `` Still Waters '' 1970 My Three Sons Ruth Fletcher Episode : `` The Honeymoon '' 1973 Here We Go Again Nancy Episode : `` Sunday , Soggy Sunday '' 1976 Bernice Bobs Her Hair Marjorie TV film 1976 Serpico Lucy Episode : `` Dawn of the Furies '' 1980 Guyana Tragedy : The Story of Jim Jones Marceline ' Marcy ' Jones TV film 1981 Big Black Pill , The The Big Black Pill Sister Theresa TV film 1982 Prime Suspect Janice Staplin TV film 1985 New Leave It to Beaver , The The New Leave It to Beaver Violet Rutherford Episode : `` Violet Rutherford Returns '' 1985 Robert Kennedy & His Times Ethel Skakel Kennedy TV miniseries 1986 Intimate Encounters Emily TV film Miami Vice Society Dame Episode : `` By Hooker by Crook '' Tanner ' 88 Molly Hark 10 episodes 1989 Desperate for Love Betty Petrie TV film 1989 Baywatch Mrs. Harris ( uncredited ) Episode : `` Panic at Malibu Pier '' 1989 -- 1992 L.A. Law A.D.A. Margaret Flanagan 9 episodes 1990 Son 's Promise , AA Son 's Promise Dorothy Donaldson TV film 1990 Hitler 's Daughter Patricia Benedict TV film 1991 CBS Schoolbreak Special Caroline Morris Episode : `` Abby , My Love '' 1991 Dead in the Water Victoria Haines TV film 1992 Lincoln & Seward TV film 1992 Lincoln and the War Within TV film 1993 It 's Nothing Personal Barbara TV film 1993 Triumph Over Disaster : The Hurricane Andrew Story Carla Hulin TV film 1994 Dead Air The Caller TV film 1995 My Brother 's Keeper Pat TV film American Gothic Angela Episode : `` Dr. Death Takes a Holiday '' Lottery , The The Lottery Maggie Dunbar TV film Sliders The Flame ( voice ) Episode : `` The Fire Within '' 1997 ER Norma Houston Episode : `` Whose Appy Now ? '' Episode : `` Faith '' Nominated - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series 1997 Boston Common Betty Episode : `` Here 's to You , Mrs. Byrnes '' 1997 Quicksilver Highway Myra TV film 1997 George & Leo Anna Episode : `` The Wedding '' 1998 George & Leo Anna Episode : `` The Nine Wives of Leo Wagonman '' 1998 Rat Pack , The The Rat Pack Rocky Cooper TV film 1998 -- 1999 , 2018 X-Files , The The X-Files Cassandra Spender 4 episodes Nominated - Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series ( 1998 - 1999 ) 1999 Last Man on Earth , The The Last Man on Earth Director Elizabeth Riggs TV film 1999 Chicago Hope Karen Flanders Episode : `` Team Play '' 1999 Will & Grace Judith McFarland Episode : `` Homo for the Holidays '' 2001 Inside the Osmonds Olive Osmond TV film 2001 Touched by an Angel Shirlee Gibbons Episode : `` Famous Last Words '' 2002 Family Law Norma Benson Episode : `` Arlene 's Choice '' 2002 Judging Amy Dorothea Mitchell Episode : `` A Pretty Good Day '' 2003 Without a Trace Mrs. Beckworth Episode : `` There Goes the Bride '' Dr. Vegas Evelyn Episode : `` All In '' Six Feet Under Peg Kimmel Episode : `` Falling into Place '' Episode : `` The Black Forest '' 2005 Six Feet Under Peg Kimmel Episode : `` A Coat of White Primer '' 2005 Closer , The The Closer Vera Mathers Episode : `` Good Housekeeping '' 2005 Without a Trace Susan Episode : `` John Michaels '' 2005 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Virginia Kennison Episode : `` Starved '' 2005 Nip / Tuck Mother Mary Claire Episode : `` Quentin Costa '' 2005 -- 2006 Invasion Valerie Shenkman 5 episodes 2006 Boston Legal Judge Peggy Zeder Episode : `` Helping Hands '' 2006 Cold Case Mary Ryan Episode : `` Dog Day Afternoons '' 2006 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Diane Chase Episode : `` Rashomama '' 2006 7th Heaven Ms. Fitzhenry Episode : `` A Pain in the Neck '' 2006 Nine , The The Nine Barbara Dalton Episode : `` Brother 's Keeper '' 2007 Nine , The The Nine Barbara Dalton Episode : `` Confessions '' Episode : `` The Inside Man '' 2007 October Road Lynn Farmer Episode : `` Deck the Howls '' 2009 Eastwick Bun Waverly 11 episodes Drop Dead Diva Marian Porter Episode : `` Back from the Dead '' Memphis Beat Miranda Episode : `` I Shall Not Be Moved '' 2010 -- 2012 Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil Ms. Dominic ( voice ) 3 episodes 2012 Revenge Judge Elizabeth Blackwell Episode : `` Scandal '' Episode : `` Justice '' 2013 Non-Stop Rose TV Film 2014 Resurrection Helen Edgerton 6 episodes 2015 Bosch Irene Saxon 4 episodes 2016 The Loud House Sue Voice `` The Old and the Restless '' 2016 Criminal Minds Flora Martin Episode : `` The Bond '' 2017 Mommy , I Did n't Do It Judge Tannin TV film Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ClassicFilmTVCafe.com interview , February 2014 Jump up ^ IMDB.com page for Veronica Cartwright Jump up ^ The Town That Dreaded Sundown Jump up ^ `` Ben L Maden on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . References ( edit ) Alien ( The Director 's Cut ) : DVD 20th Century Fox 2006 . ASIN : B00011V8IQ UPC : 024543098508 . Interview with Veronica Cartwright External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veronica Cartwright . Official website Veronica Cartwright interview at Classic Film & TV Cafe Veronica Cartwright on IMDb Veronica Cartwright at the TCM Movie Database Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress Ida Lupino ( 1974 / 75 ) Bette Davis ( 1976 ) Susan Tyrrell ( 1977 ) Dyan Cannon ( 1978 ) Veronica Cartwright ( 1979 ) Eve Brent ( 1980 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1981 ) Zelda Rubinstein ( 1982 ) Candy Clark ( 1983 ) Polly Holliday ( 1984 ) Anne Ramsey ( 1985 ) Jenette Goldstein ( 1986 ) Anne Ramsey ( 1987 ) Sylvia Sidney ( 1988 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1989 / 90 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Isabella Rossellini ( 1992 ) Amanda Plummer ( 1993 ) Mia Sara ( 1994 ) Bonnie Hunt ( 1995 ) Alice Krige ( 1996 ) Gloria Stuart ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 1999 ) Rebecca Romijn - Stamos ( 2000 ) Fionnula Flanagan ( 2001 ) Samantha Morton ( 2002 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2003 ) Daryl Hannah ( 2004 ) Summer Glau ( 2005 ) Famke Janssen ( 2006 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2007 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2008 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 2009 ) Mila Kunis ( 2010 ) Emily Blunt ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2013 ) Rene Russo ( 2014 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2015 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2016 ) BNF : cb13892221t ( data ) GND : 141207051 ISNI : 0000 0001 1875 8723 LCCN : no95020373 SNAC : w6x47qwk SUDOC : 072284595 VIAF : 49407528 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veronica_Cartwright&oldid=838928229 '' Categories : 1949 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses English child actresses English emigrants to the United States Actresses from Bristol Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Use British English from March 2015 BLP articles lacking sources from December 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Čeština Corsu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played violet on leave it to beaver
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The Canterville Ghost
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The Canterville ghost - wikipedia The Canterville ghost Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Canterville Ghost ( disambiguation ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` He met with a severe fall '' -- Illustration by Wallace Goldsmith of the effects of a butter slide set up by the twins as part of their campaign of practical jokes against the ghost . The Canterville Ghost is a novella by Oscar Wilde . It was the first of Wilde 's stories to be published , appearing in two parts in The Court and Society Review , 23 February and 2 March 1887 . The story is about an American family who move to a castle haunted by the ghost of a dead nobleman , who killed his wife and was starved to death by his wife 's brothers . It has been adapted for the stage and screen several times . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Plot 3 Adaptations 3.1 In music 4 References 5 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The home of the Canterville Ghost was the ancient Canterville Chase , which has all the accoutrements of a traditional haunted house . Descriptions of the wainscoting , the library panelled in black oak , and the armour in the hallway characterise the setting . Wilde mixes the macabre with comedy , juxtaposing devices from traditional English ghost stories such as creaking floorboards , clanking chains , and ancient prophecies . Plot ( edit ) The story begins when the American Minister Mr Otis and his family move into Canterville Chase , despite warnings from Lord Canterville that the house is haunted . Mr Otis says that he will take the furniture as well as the ghost at valuation . The Otis family includes Mr and Mrs Otis , their eldest son Washington , their daughter Virginia , and the Otis twins . The other characters include the Canterville Ghost , the Duke of Cheshire ( who wants to marry Virginia ) , Mrs Umney ( the housekeeper ) , and Rev. Augustus Dampier . At first , none of the Otis family believe in ghosts , but shortly after they move in , none of them can deny the presence of Sir Simon de Canterville . The family hears clanking chains , they witness reappearing bloodstains `` on the floor just by the fireplace '' , which are removed every time they appear in various forms . But , humorously , none of these scare the Otis family in the least . In fact , upon hearing the clanking noises in the hallway , Mr Otis promptly gets out of bed and pragmatically offers the ghost Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator to oil his chains . Despite the ghost 's efforts to appear in the most gruesome guises , the family refuses to be frightened , and Sir Simon feels increasingly helpless and humiliated . When Mrs Otis notices a mysterious red mark on the floor , she simply replies that she does `` not at all care for blood stains in the sitting room '' . When Mrs Umney informs Mrs Otis that the blood stain is indeed evidence of the ghost and can not be removed , Washington Otis , the eldest son , suggests that the stain will be removed with Pinkerton 's Champion Stain Remover and Paragon Detergent : a quick fix , like the Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator , and a practical way of dealing with the problem . Wilde describes Mrs Otis as `` a very handsome middle - aged woman '' who has been `` a celebrated New York belle '' . Her expression of `` modern '' American culture surfaces when she immediately resorts to giving the ghost `` Doctor Dobell 's tincture '' , thinking he was screaming due to indigestion , at the family 's second encounter with the ghost , and when she expresses an interest in joining the Psychical Society to help her understand the ghost . Mrs Otis is given Wilde 's highest praise when he says : `` Indeed , in many respects , she was quite English ... '' The most colourful character in the story is undoubtedly the ghost himself , Sir Simon , who goes about his duties with theatrical panache and flair . He assumes a series of dramatic roles in his failed attempts to impress and terrify the Otises , making it easy to imagine him as a comical character in a stage play . The ghost has the ability to change forms , so he taps into his repertoire of tricks . He takes the role of ghostly apparitions such as a Headless Earl , a Strangled Babe , the Blood - Sucker of Bexley Moor , Suicide 's Skeleton , and the Corpse - Snatcher of Chertsey Barn , all having succeeded in horrifying previous castle residents over the centuries . But none of them works with these Americans . Sir Simon schemes , but even as his costumes become increasingly gruesome , his antics do nothing to scare his house guests , and the Otises beat him every time . He falls victim to tripwires , peashooters , butter - slides , and falling buckets of water . In a particularly comical scene , he is frightened by the sight of a `` ghost '' rigged up by the mischievous twins . During the course of the story , as narrated from Sir Simon 's viewpoint , he tells us the complexity of the ghost 's emotions : he sees himself brave , frightening , distressed , scared , and finally , depressed and weak . He exposes his vulnerability during an encounter with Virginia , the Otis 's fifteen - year - old daughter . Virginia is different from everyone else in the family , and Sir Simon recognises this . He tells her that he has not slept in three hundred years and wants desperately to do so . The ghost reveals to Virginia the tragic tale of his wife , Lady Eleanor de Canterville . Unlike the rest of her family , Virginia does not dismiss the ghost . She takes him seriously , she listens to him and learns an important lesson , as well as the true meaning behind a riddle . Sir Simon de Canterville says that she must weep for him , for he has no tears ; she must pray for him , for he has no faith ; and then she must accompany him to the angel of death and beg for Death 's mercy upon Sir Simon . She does weep for him and pray for him , and she disappears with Sir Simon through the wainscoting and goes with him to the Garden of Death and bids the ghost farewell . Then she reappears at midnight , through a panel in the wall , carrying jewels and news that Sir Simon has passed on to the next world and no longer resides in the house . Virginia 's ability to accept Sir Simon leads to her enlightenment : Sir Simon , she tells her husband several years later , helped her understand `` what Life is , what Death signifies , and why Love is stronger than both '' . The story ends with Virginia marrying the Duke of Cheshire after they both come of age . Adaptations ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Canterville Ghost , a 1944 Hollywood movie with Charles Laughton in the title role . The Canterville Ghost , a 1962 BBC television drama featuring Bernard Cribbins . The Canterville Ghost , a 1966 ABC television musical that aired 2 November and featured Douglas Fairbanks , Jr. , and Michael Redgrave . Featured songs by Fiddler on the Roof songwriters Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick . Кентервильское привидение , a 1970 Soviet cartoon The Canterville Ghost , a 1974 radio drama adapted by George Lowthar for the CBS Radio Mystery Theater series . The Canterville Ghost , a made - for - TV film aired on 10 March 1975 , in the United States , which also aired in West Germany and France . Starred David Niven . The Canterville Ghost , a 1985 film . The Canterville Ghost , a 1986 film . The Canterville Ghost , a 1988 animated television special . A radio dramatisation was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on New Year 's Eve 1992 . The Canterville Ghost , a 1996 film , starring Patrick Stewart . The Canterville Ghost , a 1997 TV film starring Ian Richardson , Celia Imrie The Canterville Ghost , a 2001 film by Burbank Films Australia . A reading of the story by Alistair McGowan was broadcast on BBC Radio 7 in December 2007 . Bhoothnath , a 2008 Bollywood movie adaptation A graphic novel version published by Classical Comics in 2010 adapted by Scottish writer Sean Michael Wilson , with art by Steve Bryant and Jason Millet The Canterville Ghost , a 2011 audiobook production by WF Howes narrated by Rupert Degas The Canterville Ghost , a 2016 film . The Canterville Ghost , an upcoming animated feature film with the voices of Stephen Fry , Hugh Laurie , and Miranda Hart , intended for release in 2016 In music ( edit ) The Canterville Ghost is an opera by the Russian composer Alexander Knaifel to a libretto by Tatiana Kramarova based on Wilde 's story . `` The Canterville Ghost '' is a song by the Austrian symphonic metal band Edenbridge about this ghost in the album Shine . The song is preceded by an intro track named `` The Canterville Prophecy '' . `` El Fantasma de Canterville '' is a song by the Argentinian musician Charly García Canterville -- The musical is a musical by Flavio Gargano , Robert Steiner and Valentina De Paolis -- Canterville -- The musical Bílý pán aneb Těžko se dnes duchům straší is an opera by Czech composer Jaroslav Křička based on Wilde 's story , libretto by J.L. Budín The Canterville Ghost opera by Gordon Getty . Debut performance at Leipzig Opera on 9 May 2015 . `` Dark Depth '' is a song by the Serbian thrash metal band Alister from the album Obscurity , heavily influenced by Oscar Wilde 's story . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sherard , Robert Harborough ( 1906 ) . The Life of Oscar Wilde . New York : Mitchell Kennerley . p. 454 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 28 July 2012 ) . `` Bock & Harnick TV Musical `` The Canterville Ghost '' Gets NYC Screening `` . Playbill . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sonia Chopra . `` Bhoothnath '' . Sify . Jump up ^ The Canterville Ghost ( Audiobook Review ) Booklover Book Reviews Jump up ^ Bettridge , Daniel ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Fry and Laurie to reunite for The Canterville Ghost '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) The full text of The Canterville Ghost at Wikisource Media related to The Canterville Ghost at Wikimedia Commons The Canterville Ghost public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Canterville Ghost at Project Gutenberg Oscar Wilde Novels The Picture of Dorian Gray Essays `` The Decay of Lying '' `` The Soul of Man under Socialism '' `` The Critic as Artist '' `` De Profundis '' Short stories and novellas The Canterville Ghost `` The Portrait of Mr. W.H. '' Collections Lord Arthur Savile 's Crime and Other Stories The Happy Prince and Other Stories A House of Pomegranates Poems The Ballad of Reading Gaol Poems in Prose Plays Vera ; or , The Nihilists The Duchess of Padua Lady Windermere 's Fan A Florentine Tragedy A Woman of No Importance Salome La Sainte Courtisane An Ideal Husband The Importance of Being Earnest Related Oscar Wilde bibliography The Letters of Oscar Wilde Music based on the works of Oscar Wilde Biographies of Oscar Wilde The Manuscripts of Oscar Wilde Oscar Wilde Memorial Sculpture Oscar Wilde ( 1936 play ) Oscar Wilde ( 1960 film ) The Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1960 film ) The Importance of Being Oscar ( 1960 play ) Oscar ( 1985 miniseries ) Wilde ( 1997 film ) Gross Indecency : The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1997 play ) The Judas Kiss ( 1998 play ) Oscar ( 2013 opera ) Life and family Oscar Wilde Centre , birthplace , and boyhood home Merrion Square home and statue William Wilde ( father ) Jane Elgee Wilde ( mother ) Willie Wilde ( brother ) Constance Lloyd ( wife ) Cyril Wilde Holland ( son ) Vyvyan Wilde Holland ( son ) Merlin Holland ( grandson ) Dorothy Wilde ( niece ) Tomb and gravesite Portal Oscar Wilde 's The Canterville Ghost Films The Canterville Ghost ( 1944 ) The Canterville Ghost ( 1985 ) The Canterville Ghost ( 1986 ) The Canterville Ghost ( 1996 ) Bhoothnath ( 2008 Hindi ) The Canterville Ghost ( 2016 ) Other The Canterville Ghost ( opera ) The Canterville Ghost ( 1995 musical ) Canterville ( 2012 musical ) Oscar Wilde portal Literature portal BNF : cb133338328 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Canterville_Ghost&oldid=821302203 '' Categories : 1887 British novels Works by Oscar Wilde British novellas Uxoricide in fiction Fictional ghosts British supernatural television programmes Ghost stories Works originally published in The Court and Society Review Ghost narrator British novels adapted into films Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles that may contain original research from August 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with trivia sections from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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main characters of canterville ghost by oscar wilde
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Commonwealth of Nations
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Commonwealth of Nations - wikipedia Commonwealth of Nations `` The Commonwealth '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Independent States . For other uses , see Commonwealth ( disambiguation ) . The Commonwealth Flag Logo Member states of the Commonwealth Headquarters Marlborough House London , SW1 United Kingdom Working language English Type Intergovernmental organisation Member states 53 states ( show ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji The Gambia Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Leaders Head Elizabeth II Secretary - General Patricia Scotland Chair - in - Office Theresa May Establishment Balfour Declaration 19 November 1926 Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931 London Declaration 28 April 1949 Area Total 29,958,050 km ( 11,566,870 sq mi ) Population 2016 estimate 2,418,964,000 Density 75 / km ( 194.2 / sq mi ) Website thecommonwealth.org The Commonwealth of Nations , normally known as the Commonwealth , is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire . The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat , which focuses on intergovernmental aspects , and the Commonwealth Foundation , which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states . The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self - governance of its territories . It was originally created as the British Commonwealth of Nations through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference , and formalised by the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931 . The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949 , which modernised the community , and established the member states as `` free and equal '' . The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II , who is the Head of the Commonwealth . The Queen is head of state of 16 member states , known as the Commonwealth realms , while 32 other members are republics and five others have different monarchs . Member states have no legal obligations to one another . Instead , they are united by language , history , culture and their shared values of democracy , human rights and the rule of law . These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games . The countries of the Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km ( 11,566,870 sq mi ) , equivalent to 20 % of the world 's land area and spans all six inhabited continents . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins of the concept and establishment of the term 1.2 Adoption and formalisation of the Commonwealth 1.3 Decolonisation and self - governance 1.4 Declining roles 1.5 Republics 1.6 New Commonwealth 1.7 Plan G and inviting Europe to join 2 Structure 2.1 Head of the Commonwealth 2.2 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2.3 Commonwealth Secretariat 2.4 Commonwealth citizenship and high commissioners 3 Membership 3.1 Criteria 3.2 Members 3.3 Applicants 3.4 Suspension 3.5 Termination 4 Politics 4.1 Objectives and activities 4.2 Competence 4.3 Proposed free movement policy 5 Economy 5.1 Economic data by member 5.2 Postwar 5.2. 1 UK joins the European Economic Community 5.3 Trade 6 Commonwealth Family 6.1 Commonwealth Foundation 6.2 Commonwealth Games 6.3 Commonwealth War Graves Commission 6.4 Commonwealth of Learning 6.5 The Commonwealth Local Government Forum 7 Culture 7.1 Sport 7.2 Literature 7.2. 1 English as official language 7.3 Political system 7.4 Symbols 7.5 Recognition 7.6 Commonwealth Anthem 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links History ( edit ) Origins of the concept and establishment of the term ( edit ) Main articles : British Empire and Historiography of the British Empire The prime ministers of five members at the 1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference . ( L-R ) Mackenzie King ( Canada ) , Jan Smuts ( South Africa ) , Winston Churchill ( United Kingdom ) , Peter Fraser ( New Zealand ) and John Curtin ( Australia ) Queen Elizabeth II , in her address to Canada on Dominion Day in 1959 , pointed out that the confederation of Canada on 1 July 1867 had been the birth of the `` first independent country within the British Empire '' . She declared : `` So , it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations . '' As long ago as 1884 Lord Rosebery had described , while visiting Australia , the changing British Empire , as some of its colonies became more independent , as a `` Commonwealth of Nations '' . Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from the first one in 1887 , leading to the creation of the Imperial Conferences in 1911 . The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences . A specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts in 1917 when he coined the term `` the British Commonwealth of Nations '' and envisioned the `` future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence '' at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 by delegates from the Dominions as well as Britain . The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo - Irish Treaty of 1921 , when the term British Commonwealth of Nations was substituted for British Empire in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the Irish Free State . Adoption and formalisation of the Commonwealth ( edit ) In the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference , Britain and its dominions agreed they were `` equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs , though united by common allegiance to the Crown , and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations . '' The term `` Commonwealth '' was officially adopted to describe the community . These aspects to the relationship were formalised by the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , which applied to Canada without the need for ratification , but Australia , New Zealand , and Newfoundland had to ratify the statute for it to take effect . Newfoundland never did , as on 16 February 1934 , with the consent of its parliament , the government of Newfoundland voluntarily ended and governance reverted to direct control from London . Newfoundland later joined Canada as its 10th province in 1949 . Australia and New Zealand ratified the Statute in 1942 and 1947 respectively . Although the Union of South Africa was not among the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect , two laws -- the Status of the Union Act , 1934 , and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act of 1934 -- were passed to confirm South Africa 's status as a sovereign state . Decolonisation and self - governance ( edit ) Main article : List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom After World War II ended , the British Empire was gradually dismantled . Most of its components have become independent countries , whether Commonwealth realms or republics , and members of the Commonwealth . There remain the 14 mainly self - governing British overseas territories which retain some political association with the United Kingdom . In April 1949 , following the London Declaration , the word `` British '' was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature . Burma ( also known as Myanmar , 1948 ) and Aden ( 1967 ) are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence . Former British protectorates and mandates that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt ( independent in 1922 ) , Iraq ( 1932 ) , Transjordan ( 1946 ) , British Palestine ( part of which became the state of Israel in 1948 ) , Sudan ( 1956 ) , British Somaliland ( which united with the former Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form the Somali Republic ) , Kuwait ( 1961 ) , Bahrain ( 1971 ) , Oman ( 1971 ) , Qatar ( 1971 ) , and the United Arab Emirates ( 1971 ) . Declining roles ( edit ) The postwar Commonwealth was given a fresh mission by Queen Elizabeth in her Christmas Day 1953 broadcast , where she envisioned the Commonwealth as `` an entirely new conception -- built on the highest qualities of the Spirit of Man : friendship , loyalty , and the desire for freedom and peace . '' Hoped for success was reinforced by such achievements as climbing Mount Everest in 1953 , breaking the four minute mile in 1954 , and in 1966 a solo circumnavigation of the globe . However , the humiliation of the Suez Crisis of 1956 badly hurt morale of Britain and the Commonwealth as a whole . More broadly , there was the loss of a central role of the British Empire : the defence of the Empire . That role was no longer militarily or financially feasible , as Britain 's withdrawal from Greece in 1947 had painfully demonstrated . Britain itself was now just one part of the NATO military alliance in which the Commonwealth had no role apart from Canada . The ANZUS treaty of 1955 linked Australia , New Zealand , and the United States in a defensive alliance , with Britain and the Commonwealth left out . The second major function of the Empire made London the financial centre of the system . After the Second World War , the British treasury was so weak that it could not operate independently of the United States . The loss of defence and financial roles , furthermore , undermined Joseph Chamberlain 's early 20th century vision of a world empire that could combine Imperial preference , mutual defence , and social growth arm . Furthermore , Britain 's cosmopolitan role in world affairs became increasingly limited , especially with the losses of India and Singapore . While British elites at first hoped the Commonwealth would preserve and project British influence , they gradually lost their enthusiasm , argues Krishnan Srinivasan . Early enthusiasm waned as British policies came under fire in Commonwealth meetings . Public opinion became troubled as immigration from non-white member states became large - scale . Republics ( edit ) On 18 April 1949 , Ireland formally became a republic in accordance with the Irish Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Because it did this , it was automatically excluded from the Commonwealth . While Ireland had not actively participated in the Commonwealth since the early 1930s and was content to leave the Commonwealth , other dominions wished to become republics without losing Commonwealth ties . The issue came to a head in April 1949 at a Commonwealth prime ministers ' meeting in London . Under the London Declaration , India agreed that , when it became a republic in January 1950 , it would accept the British Sovereign as a `` symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth '' . Upon hearing this , King George VI told the Indian politician Krishna Menon : `` So , I 've become ' as such ' '' . The other Commonwealth countries recognised India 's continuing membership of the association . At Pakistan 's insistence , India was not regarded as an exceptional case and it was assumed that other states would be accorded the same treatment as India . The London Declaration is often seen as marking the beginning of the modern Commonwealth . Following India 's precedent , other nations became republics , or constitutional monarchies with their own monarchs , while some countries retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom , but their monarchies developed differently and soon became fully independent of the British monarchy . The monarch is regarded as a separate legal personality in each realm , even though the same person is monarch of each realm . New Commonwealth ( edit ) Planners in the interwar period , like Lord Davies , who had also taken `` a prominent part in building up the League of Nations Union '' in the United Kingdom , in 1932 founded the New Commonwealth Society , of which British section Winston Churchill became the president . This new society was aimed at the creation of an international air force to be the arm of the League of Nations , to allow nations to disarm and safeguard the peace . The term New Commonwealth has been used in the UK ( especially in the 1960s and 1970s ) to refer to recently decolonised countries , predominantly non-white and developing . It was often used in debates about immigration from these countries . Britain and the pre-1945 dominions became informally known as the Old Commonwealth , or more pointedly as the white Commonwealth . Plan G and inviting Europe to join ( edit ) At a time when Germany and France , together with Belgium , Italy , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands , were planning for what later became the European Union , and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth , new ideas were floated to prevent Britain from becoming isolated in economic affairs . British trade with the Commonwealth was four times larger than trade with Europe . The British government under Prime Minister Anthony Eden considered in 1956 and 1957 a `` plan G '' to create a European free trade zone while also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth . Britain also considered inviting Scandinavian and other European countries to join the Commonwealth so it would become a major economic common market . At one point in October 1956 Eden and French Prime Minister Guy Mollet discussed having France join the Commonwealth . Nothing came of any of the proposals . Structure ( edit ) Head of the Commonwealth ( edit ) Main article : Head of the Commonwealth Queen Elizabeth II , Head of the Commonwealth Under the formula of the London Declaration , Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of the Commonwealth , a title that is by law a part of Elizabeth 's royal titles in each of the Commonwealth realms , the 16 members of the Commonwealth that recognise the Queen as their monarch . However , when the monarch dies , the successor to the crown does not automatically become Head of the Commonwealth . The position is symbolic , representing the free association of independent members , the majority of which ( 31 ) are republics , and five have monarchs of different royal houses ( Brunei , Lesotho , Malaysia , Swaziland , and Tonga ) . Commonwealth Heads of government meeting ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting The main decision - making forum of the organisation is the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting ( CHOGM ) , where Commonwealth heads of government , including ( amongst others ) prime ministers and presidents , assemble for several days to discuss matters of mutual interest . CHOGM is the successor to the Meetings of Commonwealth Prime Ministers and , earlier , the Imperial Conferences and Colonial Conferences , dating back to 1887 . There are also regular meetings of finance ministers , law ministers , health ministers , etc . Members in arrears , as special members before them , are not invited to send representatives to either ministerial meetings or CHOGMs . The head of government hosting the CHOGM is called the Commonwealth Chairperson - in - Office and retains the position until the following CHOGM . After the most recent CHOGM , in London , UK , from 18 to 20 April 2018 the UK 's prime minister , Theresa May , became the Chairperson - in - Office and will continue to hold the title until the next CHOGM , scheduled to take place in Rwanda in 2020 . Commonwealth Secretariat ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Secretariat Marlborough House , London , the headquarters of the Commonwealth Secretariat , the Commonwealth 's principal intergovernmental institution The Commonwealth Secretariat , established in 1965 , is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth , facilitating consultation and co-operation among member governments and countries . It is responsible to member governments collectively . The Commonwealth of Nations is represented in the United Nations General Assembly by the secretariat as an observer . The secretariat organises Commonwealth summits , meetings of ministers , consultative meetings and technical discussions ; it assists policy development and provides policy advice , and facilitates multilateral communication among the member governments . It also provides technical assistance to help governments in the social and economic development of their countries and in support of the Commonwealth 's fundamental political values . The secretariat is headed by the Commonwealth Secretary - General who is elected by Commonwealth heads of government for no more than two four - year terms . The secretary - general and two deputy secretaries - general direct the divisions of the Secretariat . The present secretary - general is Patricia Scotland , Baroness Scotland of Asthal , from Dominica , who took office on 1 April 2016 , succeeding Kamalesh Sharma of India ( 2008 -- 2016 ) . The first secretary - general was Arnold Smith of Canada ( 1965 -- 75 ) , followed by Sir Shridath Ramphal of Guyana ( 1975 -- 90 ) , Chief Emeka Anyaoku of Nigeria ( 1990 -- 99 ) , and Don McKinnon of New Zealand ( 2000 -- 2008 ) . Commonwealth citizenship and High commissioners ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth citizen In recognition of their shared heritage and culture , Commonwealth countries are not considered to be `` foreign '' to each other , although the technical extent of this concept varies in different countries . For example , in Australia , for the purpose of considering certain constitutional and legal provisions no distinction is made between Commonwealth and foreign countries : in the High Court case of Sue v Hill , other Commonwealth countries were held to be foreign powers ; similarly , in Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs , the nationals of other Commonwealth realms were held to be ' aliens ' . Nevertheless , the closer association amongst Commonwealth countries is reflected at least in the diplomatic protocols of the Commonwealth countries . For example , when engaging bilaterally with one another , Commonwealth governments exchange high commissioners instead of ambassadors . Between two Commonwealth realms , they represent the head of government rather than the head of state . In addition , some members treat resident citizens of other Commonwealth countries preferentially to citizens of non-Commonwealth countries . Britain and several others , mostly in the Caribbean , grant the right to vote to Commonwealth citizens who reside in those countries . In non-Commonwealth countries in which their own country is not represented , Commonwealth citizens may seek consular assistance at the British embassy . Other alternatives can also occur such as an emergency consular services agreement between Canada and Australia that began in 1986 . Membership ( edit ) Criteria ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria The criteria for membership of the Commonwealth of Nations have developed over time from a series of separate documents . The Statute of Westminster 1931 , as a fundamental founding document of the organisation , laid out that membership required dominionhood . The 1949 London Declaration ended this , allowing republican and indigenous monarchic members on the condition that they recognised the British monarch as the `` Head of the Commonwealth '' . In the wake of the wave of decolonisation in the 1960s , these constitutional principles were augmented by political , economic , and social principles . The first of these was set out in 1961 , when it was decided that respect for racial equality would be a requirement for membership , leading directly to the withdrawal of South Africa 's re-application ( which they were required to make under the formula of the London Declaration upon becoming a republic ) . The 14 points of the 1971 Singapore Declaration dedicated all members to the principles of world peace , liberty , human rights , equality , and free trade . These criteria were unenforceable for two decades , until , in 1991 , the Harare Declaration was issued , dedicating the leaders to applying the Singapore principles to the completion of decolonisation , the end of the Cold War , and the end of apartheid in South Africa . The mechanisms by which these principles would be applied were created , and the manner clarified , by the 1995 Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme , which created the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group ( CMAG ) , which has the power to rule on whether members meet the requirements for membership under the Harare Declaration . Also in 1995 , an Inter-Governmental Group was created to finalise and codify the full requirements for membership . Upon reporting in 1997 , as adopted under the Edinburgh Declaration , the Inter-Governmental Group ruled that any future members would have to have a direct constitutional link with an existing member . In addition to this new rule , the former rules were consolidated into a single document . These requirements are that members must accept and comply with the Harare principles , be fully sovereign states , recognise the monarch of the Commonwealth realms as the Head of the Commonwealth , accept the English language as the means of Commonwealth communication , and respect the wishes of the general population with regard to Commonwealth membership . These requirements had undergone review , and a report on potential amendments was presented by the Committee on Commonwealth Membership at the 2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting . New members were not admitted at this meeting , though applications for admission were considered at the 2009 CHOGM . New members must `` as a general rule '' have a direct constitutional link to an existing member . In most cases , this is due to being a former colony of the United Kingdom , but some have links to other countries , either exclusively or more directly ( e.g. Samoa to New Zealand , Papua New Guinea to Australia , and Namibia to South Africa ) . The first member to be admitted without having any constitutional link to the British Empire or a Commonwealth member was Mozambique , a former Portuguese colony , in 1995 following its first democratic elections and South Africa 's re-admission in 1994 . Mozambique 's controversial entry led to the Edinburgh Declaration and the current membership guidelines . In 2009 , Rwanda became the second Commonwealth member admitted not to have any such constitutional links . It was a Belgian trust territory that had been a German colony until World War I. Consideration for its admission was considered an `` exceptional circumstance '' by the Commonwealth Secretariat . Members ( edit ) Main article : Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Flags of the members of the Commonwealth in Parliament Square , London The Commonwealth flag flying at the Parliament of Canada in Ottawa The Commonwealth comprises 53 countries , across all continents . The members have a combined population of 2.3 billion people , almost a third of the world population , of which 1.26 billion live in India and 94 % live in Asia and Africa combined . After India , the next - largest Commonwealth countries by population are Pakistan ( 180 million ) , Nigeria ( 170 million ) , Bangladesh ( 156 million ) , the United Kingdom ( 65 million ) , South Africa ( 55 million ) Canada ( 36 million ) , Ghana ( 27 million ) and Australia ( 24 million ) . Tuvalu is the smallest member , with about 10,000 people . The land area of the Commonwealth nations is about 31,500,000 km ( 12,200,000 sq mi ) , or about 21 % of the total world land area . The three largest Commonwealth nations by area are Canada at 9,984,670 km ( 3,855,100 sq mi ) , Australia at 7,617,930 km ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) , and India at 3,287,263 km ( 1,269,219 sq mi ) . In 2016 , the Commonwealth members had a combined gross domestic product of over $9 trillion , 78 % of which is accounted for by the four largest economies : United Kingdom ( $2.629 trillion ) , India ( $2.256 trillion ) , Canada ( $1.529 trillion ) , and Australia ( $1.258 trillion ) . The status of `` Member in Arrears '' is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues . The status was originally known as `` special membership '' , but was renamed on the Committee on Commonwealth Membership 's recommendation . There are currently no Members in Arrears . The most recent Member in Arrears , Nauru , returned to full membership in June 2011 . Nauru has alternated between special and full membership since joining the Commonwealth , depending on its financial situation . Applicants ( edit ) See also : Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria § Prospective members In 1997 the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that , to become a member of the Commonwealth , an applicant country should , as a rule , have had a constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member ; that it should comply with Commonwealth values , principles and priorities as set out in the Harare Declaration ; and that it should accept Commonwealth norms and conventions . South Sudanese politicians have expressed interest in joining the Commonwealth . A senior Commonwealth source stated in 2006 that `` many people have assumed an interest from Israel , but there has been no formal approach '' . The State of Palestine is also a potential candidate for membership . President Yahya Jammeh unilaterally withdrew The Gambia from the Commonwealth in October 2013 . However , newly elected president Adama Barrow returned the country to the organisation in February 2018 . Other eligible applicants could be any of the remaining inhabited British overseas territories , Crown dependencies , Australian external territories and the Associated States of New Zealand if they become fully independent . Many such jurisdictions are already directly represented within the Commonwealth , particularly through the Commonwealth Family . There are also former British possessions that have not become independent , for example , Hong Kong , which still participates in some of the institutions within the Commonwealth Family . All three Crown dependencies regard the existing situation as unsatisfactory and have lobbied for change . The States of Jersey have called on the UK Foreign Secretary to request that the Commonwealth Heads of Government `` consider granting associate membership to Jersey and the other Crown Dependencies as well as any other territories at a similarly advanced stage of autonomy '' . Jersey has proposed that it be accorded `` self - representation in all Commonwealth meetings ; full participation in debates and procedures , with a right to speak where relevant and the opportunity to enter into discussions with those who are full members ; and no right to vote in the Ministerial or Heads of Government meetings , which is reserved for full members '' . The States of Guernsey and the Government of the Isle of Man have made calls of a similar nature for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth , including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings , including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings . The Chief Minister of the Isle of Man has said : `` A closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the Island 's international relationships '' . At the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956 , in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions , French Premier Guy Mollet proposed to British Prime Minister Anthony Eden that their two countries be joined in a `` union '' . When that proposal was turned down , Mollet suggested that France join the Commonwealth , possibly with `` a common citizenship arrangement on the Irish basis . '' Talks regarding a form of union faded away with the end of the Suez crisis . Suspension ( edit ) Main article : Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations In recent years , the Commonwealth has suspended several members `` from the Councils of the Commonwealth '' for `` serious or persistent violations '' of the Harare Declaration , particularly in abrogating their responsibility to have democratic government . This is done by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group ( CMAG ) , which meets regularly to address potential breaches of the Harare Declaration . Suspended members are not represented at meetings of Commonwealth leaders and ministers , although they remain members of the organisation . Currently , there are no suspended members . Nigeria was suspended between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999 , following its execution of Ken Saro - Wiwa on the eve of the 1995 CHOGM . Pakistan was the second country to be suspended , on 18 October 1999 , following the military coup by Pervez Musharraf . The Commonwealth 's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004 , when Pakistan 's suspension was lifted following the restoration of the country 's constitution . Pakistan was suspended for a second time , far more briefly , for six months from 22 November 2007 , when Musharraf called a state of emergency . Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land reform policies of Robert Mugabe 's ZANU - PF government , before it withdrew from the organisation in 2003 . On 15 May 2018 , Zimbabwe applied to rejoin the Commonwealth . The declaration of a Republic in Fiji in 1987 , after military coups designed to deny Indo - Fijians political power , was not accompanied by an application to remain . Commonwealth membership was held to have lapsed until 1997 , after discriminatory provisions in the republican constitution were repealed and reapplication for membership made . Fiji has since been suspended twice , with the first imposed from 6 June 2000 to 20 December 2001 after another coup . Fiji was suspended yet again in December 2006 , following the most recent coup . At first , the suspension applied only to membership on the Councils of the Commonwealth . After failing to meet a Commonwealth deadline for setting a date for national elections by 2010 , Fiji was `` fully suspended '' on 1 September 2009 . The Secretary - General of the Commonwealth , Kamalesh Sharma , confirmed that full suspension meant that Fiji would be excluded from Commonwealth meetings , sporting events and the technical assistance programme ( with an exception for assistance in re-establishing democracy ) . Sharma stated that Fiji would remain a member of the Commonwealth during its suspension , but would be excluded from emblematic representation by the secretariat . On 19 March 2014 Fiji 's full suspension was amended to a suspension from councils of the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group , permitting Fiji to join a number of Commonwealth activities , including the Commonwealth Games . Fiji 's suspension was lifted in September 2014 . The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group fully reinstated Fiji as a member following elections in September 2014 . Most recently , during 2013 and 2014 , international pressure mounted to suspend Sri Lanka from the Commonwealth , citing grave human rights violations by the government of President Mahinda Rajapaksa . There were also calls to change the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013 from Sri Lanka to another member country . Canadian prime minister Stephen Harper threatened to boycott the event , but was instead represented at the meeting by Deepak Obhrai . UK Prime Minister David Cameron also chose to attend . These concerns were rendered moot by the election of opposition leader Maithripala Sirisena as President in 2015 . Termination ( edit ) As membership is purely voluntary , member governments can choose at any time to leave the Commonwealth . Pakistan left on 30 January 1972 in protest at the Commonwealth 's recognition of breakaway Bangladesh , but rejoined on 2 August 1989 . Zimbabwe 's membership was suspended in 2002 on the grounds of alleged human rights violations and deliberate misgovernment , and Zimbabwe 's government terminated its membership in 2003 . The Gambia left the Commonwealth on 3 October 2013 , and rejoined on 8 February 2018 . The Maldives withdrew from the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016 . The Maldivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that `` the Commonwealth has not recognised ( ... ) the progress and achievements that the Maldives accomplished in cultivating a culture of democracy in the country and in building and strengthening democratic institutions '' . The Ministry also cited the Commonwealth 's `` punitive actions against the Maldives since 2012 '' after the allegedly forced resignation of Maldivian President Mohamed Nasheed among the reasons for withdrawal . The Ministry characterized the decision to withdraw as `` difficult , but inevitable '' . Although heads of government have the power to suspend member states from active participation , the Commonwealth has no provision for the expulsion of members . Until 2007 , Commonwealth realms that became republics automatically ceased to be members , until ( like India in 1950 ) they obtained the permission of other members to remain in the organisation . This policy has been changed , so if any current Commonwealth realms were to become republics , they would not have to go through this process . Ireland had withdrawn its participation in the Commonwealth in the 1930s , attending its last Commonwealth governmental heads ' meeting in 1932 . However it continued to be regarded by the Commonwealth as a Commonwealth member until it declared itself a republic , on 18 April 1949 . It is the only country whose membership terminated without any declaration withdrawing from the organisation . Instead , it was ( with its own tacit support ) excluded from the organisation under the rules then applicable . South Africa was barred from continuing as a member after it became a republic in 1961 , due to hostility from many members , particularly those in Africa and Asia as well as Canada , to its policy of racial apartheid . The South African government withdrew its application to remain in the organisation as a republic when it became clear at the 1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers ' Conference that any such application would be rejected . South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth in 1994 , following its first multiracial elections that year . The transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 ended the colony 's ties to the Commonwealth through the United Kingdom . The government of Hong Kong , as a special administrative region of China , did not pursue membership . Hong Kong has nevertheless continued to participate in some of the organisations of the Commonwealth family , such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association ( hosted the Commonwealth Lawyers Conference in 1983 and 2009 ) , the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association ( and the Westminster Seminar on Parliamentary Practice and Procedures ) , the Association of Commonwealth Universities and the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel . Politics ( edit ) Objectives and activities ( edit ) The Commonwealth 's objectives were first outlined in the 1971 Singapore Declaration , which committed the Commonwealth to the institution of world peace ; promotion of representative democracy and individual liberty ; the pursuit of equality and opposition to racism ; the fight against poverty , ignorance , and disease ; and free trade . To these were added opposition to discrimination on the basis of gender by the Lusaka Declaration of 1979 , and environmental sustainability by the Langkawi Declaration of 1989 . These objectives were reinforced by the Harare Declaration in 1991 . The Commonwealth 's current highest - priority aims are on the promotion of democracy and development , as outlined in the 2003 Aso Rock Declaration , which built on those in Singapore and Harare and clarified their terms of reference , stating , `` We are committed to democracy , good governance , human rights , gender equality , and a more equitable sharing of the benefits of globalisation . '' The Commonwealth website lists its areas of work as : democracy , economics , education , gender , governance , human rights , law , small states , sport , sustainability , and youth . Through a separate voluntary fund , Commonwealth governments support the Commonwealth Youth Programme , a division of the Secretariat with offices in Gulu ( Uganda ) , Lusaka ( Zambia ) , Chandigarh ( India ) , Georgetown ( Guyana ) and Honiara ( Solomon Islands ) . Competence ( edit ) In recent years , the Commonwealth has been accused of not being vocal enough on its core values . Allegations of a leaked memo from the Secretary General instructing staff not to speak out on human rights were published in October 2010 . The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 considered a report by a Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group ( EPG ) panel which asserted that the organisation had lost its relevance and was decaying due to the lack of a mechanism to censure member countries when they violated human rights or democratic norms . The panel made 106 `` urgent '' recommendations including the adoption of a Charter of the Commonwealth , the creation of a new commissioner on the rule of law , democracy and human rights to track persistent human rights abuses and allegations of political repression by Commonwealth member states , recommendations for the repeal of laws against homosexuality in 41 Commonwealth states and a ban on forced marriage . The failure to release the report , or accept its recommendations for reforms in the area of human rights , democracy and the rule of law , was decried as a `` disgrace '' by former British Foreign Secretary Sir Malcolm Rifkind , a member of the EPG , who told a press conference : `` The Commonwealth faces a very significant problem . It 's not a problem of hostility or antagonism , it 's more of a problem of indifference . Its purpose is being questioned , its relevance is being questioned and part of that is because its commitment to enforce the values for which it stands is becoming ambiguous in the eyes of many member states . The Commonwealth is not a private club of the governments or the secretariat . It belongs to the people of the Commonwealth . '' In the end , two - thirds of the EPG 's 106 urgently recommended reforms were referred to study groups , an act described by one EPG member as having them `` kicked into the long grass '' . There was no agreement to create the recommended position of human rights commissioner , instead a ministerial management group was empowered with enforcement : the group includes alleged human rights offenders . It was agreed to develop a charter of values for the Commonwealth without any decision on how compliance with its principles would be enforced . The result of the effort was that a new Charter of the Commonwealth was signed by Queen Elizabeth on 11 March 2013 at Marlborough House , which opposes `` all forms of discrimination , whether rooted in gender , race , colour , creed , political belief or other grounds '' . Proposed free movement policy ( edit ) In March 2015 , the Commonwealth Freedom of Movement Organisation proposed that the national governments of the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand and Canada should advocate for freedom of movement between citizens of their countries , similar to the current arrangement existing between Australia and New Zealand through the Trans - Tasman Travel Arrangement . In May 2016 , Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom Alexander Downer expressed support for `` freer movement '' between Australia and the United Kingdom , stating : `` Over time we would like to continue to talk to the British government about arrangements we could make to liberalise movement between Australia and the UK , if not have completely free movement ... '' . Economy ( edit ) Economic data by member ( edit ) show Economies of the Commonwealth of Nations 2012 Member states Population ( 2016 ) GDP ( nominal ) ( millions ) GDP ( nominal ) per capita GDP ( PPP ) ( millions ) GDP ( PPP ) per capita Realm Antigua and Barbuda 100,963 1,176 12,480 1,778 18,492 Yes Australia 24,125,848 1,520,608 61,789 1,008,547 41,974 Yes Bahamas , The 391,232 8,149 22,431 11,765 31,978 Yes Bangladesh 162,951,560 115,610 743 291,299 1,777 No Barbados 284,996 3,685 13,453 -- -- Yes Belize 366,954 1,448 4,059 2,381 6,672 Yes Botswana 2,250,260 14,411 8,533 34,038 14,746 No Brunei 423,196 16,954 40,301 21,992 51,760 No Cameroon 23,439,189 24,984 1,260 50,820 2,359 No Canada 36,289,822 1,821,424 50,344 1,489,165 40,420 Yes Cyprus 1,170,125 22,981 30,670 26,720 32,254 No Dominica 73,543 480 7,154 906 13,288 No Ghana 28,206,728 40,710 1,570 51,943 1,871 No Grenada 107,317 790 7,780 1,142 10,837 Yes Guyana 773,303 2,851 3,408 2,704 -- No India 1,324,171,354 2,281,717 1,509 8,027,000 6,209 No Jamaica 2,881,355 14,840 5,335 -- -- Yes Kenya 48,461,567 37,229 808 76,016 1,710 No Kiribati 114,395 176 1,649 248 2,337 No Lesotho 2,203,821 2,448 1,106 4,027 1,691 No Malawi 18,091,575 4,264 365 14,344 893 No Malaysia 31,187,265 303,526 9,977 501,249 16,051 No Maldives 427,756 2,222 6,405 3,070 8,871 No Malta 429,362 8,722 21,380 12,138 27,504 No Mauritius 1,262,132 10,492 8,755 20,210 14,420 No Mozambique 28,829,476 14,588 533 25,805 975 No Namibia 2,479,713 12,807 5,383 16,918 6,801 No Nauru 11,347 -- -- -- -- No New Zealand 4,660,833 139,768 36,254 139,640 31,082 Yes Nigeria 185,989,640 262,606 1,502 449,289 2,533 No Pakistan 193,203,476 231,182 1,189 517,873 2,745 No Papua New Guinea 8,084,991 15,654 1,845 20,771 2,676 Yes Rwanda 11,917,508 7,103 8,874 15,517 1,282 No Saint Kitts and Nevis 54,821 748 13,144 966 17,226 Yes Saint Lucia 178,015 1,186 7,154 2,016 11,597 Yes Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 109,643 713 6,291 1,202 10,715 Yes Samoa 195,125 677 3,485 853 4,475 No Seychelles 94,228 1,032 12,321 2,371 25,788 No Sierra Leone 7,396,190 3,796 496 8,125 1,131 No Singapore 5,622,455 274,701 46,241 328,323 60,688 No Solomon Islands 599,419 1,008 1,517 1,718 2,923 Yes South Africa 56,015,473 384,313 8,070 585,625 10,960 No Sri Lanka 20,798,492 59,421 2,835 126,993 5,582 No Swaziland 1,343,098 3,747 3,831 6,458 6,053 No Tanzania 55,572,201 28,249 532 74,269 1,512 No Tonga 107,122 472 4,152 527 4,886 No Trinidad and Tobago 1,364,962 23,986 16,699 35,638 25,074 No Tuvalu 11,097 37 3,636 -- -- Yes Uganda 41,487,965 19,881 487 49,130 1,345 No United Kingdom 65,788,574 2,835,174 38,974 2,264,751 35,598 Yes Vanuatu 270,402 785 3,094 1,139 4,379 No Zambia 16,591,390 20,678 1,425 24,096 1,621 No Commonwealth 2,418,964,000 9,766,209 3,844 13,119,929 4,035 -- Commonwealth ( realms ) 144,033,000 5,966,408 43,493 4,945,842 36,053 -- Note : Figures are in US dollars . Postwar ( edit ) During the Second World War , the Commonwealth played a major role in helping British finances . Foreign exchange reserves were pooled in London , to be used to fight the war . In effect Britain borrowed £ 2.3 billion , of which £ 1.3 billion was from India . The debt was held in the form of British government securities and became known as `` sterling balances . '' By 1950 , India , Pakistan and Ceylon had spent much of their sterling , while other countries accumulated more . The sterling area that included all of the Commonwealth except for Canada , together with some smaller countries especially in the Persian Gulf . They held their foreign - exchange in sterling , protecting that currency from runs , and facilitating trade and investment inside the Commonwealth . It was a formal relationship with fixed exchange rates , and periodic meetings at Commonwealth summits to coordinate trade policy , and domestic economic policies . Britain ran a trade surplus , and the other countries were mostly producers of raw materials sold to Britain . However the British economy was sluggish , compared to Western Europe , by the 1960s , and the commercial rationale was gradually less attractive to the Commonwealth . Access to the growing London capital market , however , remained an important advantage to the newly independent nations . As Britain moved increasingly close to Europe , however , the long - term ties began to be in doubt . UK Joins the European economic community ( edit ) Britain had focused on the Commonwealth after the war , and largely ignored links with Europe . By the 1960s with a sluggish economy Britain tried repeatedly to join the European Economic Community , but this was repeatedly vetoed by Charles de Gaulle . After his death , entry was finally achieved in 1972 . Queen Elizabeth was one of the few remaining links between the UK and the Commonwealth . She tried to reassure the other countries that the Commonwealth family was joining forces with the Europeans , and that the new links would not replace the old Commonwealth ties based on historical attachments , which were too sacred to break . Historian Ben Pimlott argues that she was mistaken , for joining Europe , `` constituted the most decisive step yet in the progress of severance of familial ties between Britain and its former Empire ... It reduced the remaining links to sentimental and cultural ones , and legal niceties . '' The newly independent countries of Africa and Asia concentrated on their own internal political and economic development , and sometimes with their role in the Cold War . The United States , international agencies , and the Soviet Union became important players , and the British role receded . Indeed , the British considered them burdensome and were themselves alienated from traditional imperialism . The former colonies would rather have a prosperous Britain linked to a prosperous Europe , rather than a declining loner . The dominions saw that their historic ties with Britain were rapidly fraying . The Canadian economy was increasingly integrated with the United States , and had less and less to do with Britain or other Commonwealth nations . Internal Canadian disputes revolved around the growing American cultural economic presence , and the strong force of Québec nationalism and even independence . In 1964 the Maple Leaf flag replaced the old Union Jack to the sorrow of many Anglophiles -- it was `` the last gasp of empire . '' Australia and New Zealand were in deep shock but kept a low profile not wanting to alienate London . Nevertheless , the implications of British entry into Europe : seemed shattering to most Australians , particularly to older people and conservatives . In fact the United Kingdom , as Australia 's chief trading partner , was being very rapidly replaced just at this time by the United States and an economically resurgent Japan , but most people were scarcely aware of this ... It was feared that British entry into the Common Market was bound to mean abolition , or at least scaling down , of preferential tariff arrangements for Australians goods . Trade ( edit ) Further information : Commonwealth free trade Although the Commonwealth does not have a multilateral trade agreement , research by the Royal Commonwealth Society has shown that trade with another Commonwealth member is up to 50 % more than with a non-member on average , with smaller and less wealthy states having a higher propensity to trade within the Commonwealth . At the 2005 Summit in Malta , the heads of government endorsed pursuing free trade among Commonwealth members on a bilateral basis . There have been various proposals for a Commonwealth free trade zone , however none have so far come to pass . Following its vote in June 2016 to leave the EU , some politicians in the United Kingdom have suggested the idea as an alternative to its membership in the European Union , however it is far from clear that this would either offer sufficient economic benefit to replace the impact of leaving the EU or be acceptable to other member states Although the EU is already in the process of negotiating free trade agreements with many Commonwealth countries such as India and Canada , it took the EU almost ten years to come to an agreement with Canada , due to the challenge associated with achieving the necessary EU - wide approvals . Commonwealth family ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Family Commonwealth countries share many links outside government , with over a hundred Commonwealth - wide non-governmental organisations , notably for sport , culture , education , law and charity . The Association of Commonwealth Universities is an important vehicle for academic links , particularly through scholarships , principally the Commonwealth Scholarship , for students to study in universities in other Commonwealth countries . There are also many non-official associations that bring together individuals who work within the spheres of law and government , such as the Commonwealth Lawyers Association and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association . Commonwealth Foundation ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Foundation The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organisation , resourced by and reporting to Commonwealth governments , and guided by Commonwealth values and priorities . Its mandate is to strengthen civil society in the achievement of Commonwealth priorities : democracy and good governance , respect for human rights and gender equality , poverty eradication , people - centred and sustainable development , and to promote arts and culture . The Foundation was established in 1965 by the Heads of Government . Admittance is open to all members of the Commonwealth , and in December 2008 , stood at 46 out of the 53 member countries . Associate Membership , which is open to associated states or overseas territories of member governments , has been granted to Gibraltar. 2005 saw celebrations for the Foundation 's 40th Anniversary . The Foundation is headquartered in Marlborough House , Pall Mall , London . Regular liaison and co-operation between the Secretariat and the Foundation is in place . The Foundation continues to serve the broad purposes for which it was established as written in the Memorandum of Understanding . Commonwealth Games ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Games The Commonwealth Games are the third - largest multi-sport event in the world , bringing together globally popular sports and peculiarly `` Commonwealth '' sports , such as rugby sevens , shown here at the 2006 Games . The Commonwealth Games , a multi-sport event , is held every four years ; the 2014 Commonwealth Games were held in Glasgow , Scotland , and the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast , Australia . Birmingham is set to be the host for 2022 Commonwealth Games . As well as the usual athletic disciplines , as at the Summer Olympic Games , the games include sports particularly popular in the Commonwealth , such as bowls , netball , and rugby sevens . Started in 1930 as the Empire Games , the games were founded on the Olympic model of amateurism , but were deliberately designed to be `` the Friendly Games '' , with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage . The games are the Commonwealth 's most visible activity and interest in the operation of the Commonwealth increases greatly when the Games are held . There is controversy over whether the games -- and sport generally -- should be involved in the Commonwealth 's wider political concerns . The 1977 Gleneagles Agreement was signed to commit Commonwealth countries to combat apartheid through discouraging sporting contact with South Africa ( which was not then a member ) , whilst the 1986 games were boycotted by most African , Asian , and Caribbean countries for the failure of other countries to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement . Commonwealth War graves Commission ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth War Graves Commission The Commonwealth War Graves Commission serves to commemorate 1.7 million Commonwealth war dead and maintains 2,500 war cemeteries around the world , including this one in Gallipoli . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) is responsible for maintaining the war graves of 1.7 million service personnel that died in the First and Second World Wars fighting for Commonwealth member states . Founded in 1917 ( as the Imperial War Graves Commission ) , the Commission has constructed 2,500 war cemeteries , and maintains individual graves at another 20,000 sites around the world . The vast majority of the latter are civilian cemeteries in Great Britain . In 1998 , the CWGC made the records of its buried online to facilitate easier searching . Commonwealth war cemeteries often feature similar horticulture and architecture , with larger cemeteries being home to a Cross of Sacrifice and Stone of Remembrance . The CWGC is notable for marking the graves identically , regardless of the rank , country of origin , race , or religion of the buried . It is funded by voluntary agreement by six Commonwealth members , in proportion to the nationality of the casualties in the graves maintained , with 75 % of the funding coming from Britain . Commonwealth of learning ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of Learning The Commonwealth of Learning ( COL ) is an intergovernmental organisation created by the Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning / distance education knowledge , resources and technologies . COL is helping developing nations improve access to quality education and training . The Commonwealth local government Forum ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth Local Government Forum The Commonwealth Local Government Forum ( CLGF ) is a global local government organisation , bringing together local authorities , their national associations and the ministries responsible for local government in the member countries of the Commonwealth . CLGF works with national and local governments to support the development of democratic values and good local governance and is the associated organisation officially recognised by Commonwealth Heads of Government as the representative body for local government in the Commonwealth . CLGF is unique in bringing together central , provincial and local spheres of government involved in local government policy and decision - making . CLGF members include local government associations , individual local authorities , ministries dealing with local government , and research and professional organisations who work with local government . Practitioner to practitioner support is at the core of CLGF 's work across the Commonwealth and within the region , using CLGF 's own members to support others both within and between regions . CLGF is a member of the Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments , the formal partner of the UN Major Group of Local Authorities . Culture ( edit ) Many Commonwealth nations possess traditions and customs that are elements of a shared Commonwealth culture . Examples include common sports such as cricket and rugby , driving on the left , the Westminster system of parliamentary democracy , common law , widespread use of the English language , designation of English as an official language , military and naval ranks , and the use of British rather than American spelling conventions ( see English in the Commonwealth of Nations ) . Sport ( edit ) Many Commonwealth nations play similar sports that are considered quintessentially British in character , rooted in and developed under British rule or hegemony , including football , cricket , rugby , and netball . This has led to the development of friendly national rivalries between the main sporting nations that have often defined their relations with each another . Indeed , said rivalries preserved close ties by providing a constant in international relationships , even as the Empire transformed into the Commonwealth . Externally , playing these sports is seen to be a sign of sharing a certain Commonwealth culture ; the adoption of cricket at schools in Rwanda is seen as symbolic of the country 's move towards Commonwealth membership . Besides the Commonwealth Games , other sporting competitions are organised on a Commonwealth basis , through championship tournaments such as the Commonwealth Taekwondo Championships , Commonwealth Fencing Championships , Commonwealth Judo Championships , Commonwealth Rowing Championships , Commonwealth Sailing Championships , Commonwealth Shooting Championships and Commonwealth Pool Lifesaving Championships . The Commonwealth Boxing Council has long maintained Commonwealth titles for the best boxers in the Commonwealth . Literature ( edit ) See also : Postcolonial literature and Migrant literature The shared history of British presence has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages , known as Commonwealth literature . The Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies , with nine chapters worldwide and an international conference is held every three years . English as official language ( edit ) In 1987 , the Commonwealth Foundation established the annual Commonwealth Writers ' Prize `` to encourage and reward the upsurge of new Commonwealth fiction and ensure that works of merit reach a wider audience outside their country of origin '' . Prizes are awarded for the best book and best first book in the Commonwealth , as well as regional prizes for the best book and best first book from each of four regions . Although not officially affiliated with the Commonwealth , the prestigious annual Man Booker Prize , one of the highest honours in literature , used to be awarded only to authors from Commonwealth countries or former members such as Ireland and Zimbabwe . Since 2014 , however , writers of any nationality have been eligible for the prize providing that they write originally in English and their novels are published by established publishers in the United Kingdom From 1950 on a significant number of writers from the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations began gaining international recognition , including some who migrated to the United Kingdom . There had been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then British Empire . The South African writer Olive Schreiner 's famous novel The Story of an African Farm was published in 1883 and New Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories , In a German Pension , in 1911 . The first major novelist , writing in English , from the Indian sub-continent , R.K. Narayan , began publishing in England in the 1930s , thanks to the encouragement of English novelist Graham Greene . Caribbean writer Jean Rhys 's writing career began as early as 1928 , though her most famous work , Wide Sargasso Sea , was not published until 1966 . South Africa 's Alan Paton 's famous Cry , the Beloved Country dates from 1948 . Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia , now Zimbabwe , was a dominant presence in the English literary scene , frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century . She won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2007 . Salman Rushdie is another post Second World War writer from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain . Rushdie achieved fame with Midnight 's Children 1981 . His most controversial novel The Satanic Verses 1989 , was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad . V.S. Naipaul ( born 1932 ) , born in Trinidad , was another immigrant , who wrote among other things A Bend in the River ( 1979 ) . Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature . Many other Commonwealth writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English , including Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe , and playwright Wole Soyinka . Soyinka won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986 , as did South African novelist Nadine Gordimer in 1995 . Other South African writers in English are novelist J.M. Coetzee ( Nobel Prize 2003 ) and playwright Athol Fugard . Kenya 's most internationally renowned author is Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o who has written novels , plays and short stories in English . Poet Derek Walcott , from Saint Lucia in the Caribbean , was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992 . An Australian Patrick White , a major novelist in this period , whose first work was published in 1939 , won in 1973 . Other noteworthy Australian writers at the end of this period are poet Les Murray , and novelist Peter Carey , who is one of only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice . Political system ( edit ) Due to their shared constitutional histories , several countries in the Commonwealth have similar legal and political systems . The Commonwealth requires its members to be functioning democracies that respect human rights and the rule of law . Most Commonwealth countries have the bicameral Westminster system of parliamentary democracy . The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association facilitates co-operation between legislatures across the Commonwealth , and the Commonwealth Local Government Forum promotes good governance amongst local government officials . Most Commonwealth members use common law , modelled on English law . The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the supreme court of 14 Commonwealth members . Symbols ( edit ) The Commonwealth has adopted a number of symbols that represent the association of its members . The English language is recognised as a symbol of the members ' heritage ; as well as being considered a symbol of the Commonwealth , recognition of it as `` the means of Commonwealth communication '' is a prerequisite for Commonwealth membership . The flag of the Commonwealth consists of the symbol of the Commonwealth Secretariat , a gold globe surrounded by emanating rays , on a dark blue field ; it was designed for the second CHOGM in 1973 , and officially adopted on 26 March 1976 . 1976 also saw the organisation agree to a common date on which to commemorate Commonwealth Day , the second Monday in March , having developed separately on different dates from Empire Day celebrations . Recognition ( edit ) In 2009 , to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Commonwealth , the Royal Commonwealth Society commissioned a poll of public opinion in seven of the member states : Australia , Canada , India , Jamaica , Malaysia , South Africa and the United Kingdom . It found that most people in these countries were largely ignorant of the Commonwealth 's activities , aside from the Commonwealth Games , and indifferent toward its future . Support for the Commonwealth was twice as high in developing countries as in developed countries ; it was lowest in Great Britain . Commonwealth Anthem ( edit ) Also to mark the 60th anniversary ( Diamond Jubilee ) of the Commonwealth in 2009 , the Commonwealth Secretariat commissioned Paul Carroll to compose `` The Commonwealth Anthem '' . The lyrics of the Anthem are taken from the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The Commonwealth has published the Anthem , performed by the Commonwealth Youth Orchestra , with and without an introductory narrative . See also ( edit ) Commonwealth realms portal Anglosphere Commonwealth Special Relationship , the common name for the relations between the United Kingdom and the United States Commonwealth of Independent States , a grouping of Post-Soviet states outside the European Union Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an equivalent grouping of Portuguese - speaking countries and territories English - speaking world List of country groupings List of multilateral free - trade agreements List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP Representatives of the Commonwealth of Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Annex B -- Territories Forming Part of the Commonwealth '' ( PDF ) . Her Majesty 's Civil Service . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe `` terminated '' its membership with effect from 7 December 2003 Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Commonwealth Secretariat '' . 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Maldives decides to leave the Commonwealth ; commits to continue with its international engagement '' . Maldivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 13 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Membership of the Commonwealth : Report of the Committee on Commonwealth Membership '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 2007 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 2 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Observer Group ( 1999 ) . The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa , 2 June 1999 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Parliamentary Counsel -- CALC -- Constitution & Membership '' . 11 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` OPC.gov.au '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 11 March 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 1971 '' ( PDF ) . thecommonwealth.org . Commonwealth Secretariat. 22 January 1971 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Langkawi Declaration on the Environment '' . USM Regional Center of Expertise in Education for Sustainable Development . 21 October 1989 . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Hasu Patel , `` Southern Africa and democracy , in the light of the Harare declaration . '' The Round Table 89.357 ( 2000 ) : 585 -- 592 . Jump up ^ `` Our Work '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 3 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aso Rock Commonwealth Declaration '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Secretariat. 8 December 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 June 2006 . 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Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth charter to focus on gay rights '' . The Times of India . 11 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Skinner , James ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` Free movement proposed between Canada , U.K , Australia , New Zealand '' . CBC News . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bourke , Latika ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` Alexander Downer flags ' freer movement ' for Australians emigrating to Britain '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product 2012 '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita ( current US $ ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product 2012 , PPP '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ Hill , Douglas ( 1 October 1988 ) . `` A report on stories from the outposts of Commonwealth literature '' . The Globe and Mail . p. 21 . Jump up ^ McCrum , Robert ( 13 October 2003 ) . `` English Is a World Language -- and That 's to Be Prized '' . The Los Angeles Times . p . B15 . Jump up ^ Iyer , Pico ( 12 February 1993 ) . `` The Empire Writes Back '' . The Straits Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges '' . The Man Booker Prizes. 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Drabble , Margaret , ed. ( 1996 ) , The Oxford Companion to English Literature , Oxford : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007 '' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Laureates '' . Literature . The Nobel prize . Jump up ^ Man Booker official site : J.G. Farrell ; Hilary Mantel : J.M. Coetzee Archived 17 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ The Statesman 's Yearbook 2017 : The Politics , Cultures and Economies of the World . Palgrave Macmillan UK . 2017 . p. 46 . Jump up ^ Flags of All Nations : Flags of the British Commonwealth of Nations ( Brown , Son & Ferguson , 1952 ) Jump up ^ Royal Commonwealth Society , An Uncommon Association , a Wealth of Potential : Final Report of the Commonwealth Conversation ( London , Royal Commonwealth Society , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah . `` Canada , Commonwealth and the key to relevance '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Renzetti . `` Commonwealth : quaint historical relic or meaningful bloc ? '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Queen marks Commonwealth launch '' . BBC News . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Celebration of Her Majesty 's Sapphire Jubilee '' . Commonwealth Music Council . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Anthem ( with introductory narrative ) '' . 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Suite Commonwealth Anthem '' . 20 March 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Ashton , Sarah R. `` British government perspectives on the Commonwealth , 1964 -- 71 : An asset or a liability ? . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 35.1 ( 2007 ) : 73 -- 94 . Bloomfield , Valerie . Commonwealth Elections 1945 -- 1970 ( 1976 ) . Cook , Chris and John Paxton . Commonwealth Political Facts ( Macmillan , 1978 ) . Lloyd , Lorna . Diplomacy with a difference : the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner , 1880 -- 2006 ( Brill , 2007 ) . McIntyre , W. David . The commonwealth of nations : Origins and impact , 1869 -- 1971 ( U of Minnesota Press , 1977 ) ; Comprehensive coverage giving London 's perspective on political and constitutional relations with each possession . McIntyre , W. David . A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth , Palgrave , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 96310 - 5 . McIntyre , W. David . `` The Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences , 1933 -- 59 : Precursors of the Tri-sector Commonwealth . '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 36.4 ( 2008 ) : 591 -- 614 . Madden , Frederick and John Darwin , eds . The Dependent Empire , 1900 -- 1948 : Colonies , Protectorates , and the Mandates ( 1994 ) 908 pp online Maitland , Donald . ed . Britain , the Commonwealth and Europe ( Palgrave Macmillan UK , 2001 ) online Mansergh , Nicholas The Commonwealth in the World , University of Toronto Press , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2492 - 0 . Moore , R.J. Making the New Commonwealth , Clarendon Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820112 - 5 . Murphy , Philip . Monarchy and the End of Empire : The House of Windsor , the British Government , and the Postwar Commonwealth ( Oxford UP 2013 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199214235.001. 0001 Perkin , Harold . `` Teaching the nations how to play : sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth . '' International Journal of the History of Sport 6.2 ( 1989 ) : 145 -- 155 . Shaw , Timothy M. Commonwealth : Inter - and Non-State Contributions to Global Governance , Routledge , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35120 - 1 Srinivasan , Krishnan . The rise , decline and future of the British Commonwealth . ( Springer , 2005 ) . Wheare , K.C. The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth , Clarendon Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 23624 - 0 . Williams , Paul D. `` Blair 's Britain and the Commonwealth . '' The Round Table 94.380 ( 2005 ) : 381 -- 391 . Winks , Robin , ed . The Historiography of the British Empire - Commonwealth : Trends , Interpretations and Resources ( 1966 ) online Primary sources ( edit ) Madden , Frederick , ed . The End of Empire : Dependencies since 1948 : Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth : The West Indies , British Honduras , Hong Kong , Fiji , Cyprus , Gibraltar , and the Falklands ( 2000 ) online 596pp Madden , Frederick , and John Darwin , ed . The Dependent Empire : 1900 -- 1948 : Colonies , Protectorates , and Mandates ( 1963 ) 908pp online Mansergh , Nicholas , ed . Documents and Speeches on Commonwealth Affairs , 1952 -- 1962 ( 1963 ) 804pp online External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : British Nationality Act ( 1981 c 61 ) Annex B -- The territories forming part of the Commonwealth Wikinews has related news : Fiji fully suspended from the Commonwealth after failure to call election Media related to Commonwealth of Nations at Wikimedia Commons Commonwealth of Nations travel guide from Wikivoyage Commonwealth Secretariat The Commonwealth of Nations Network Commonwealth Foundation Key documents of the Commonwealth of Nations Balfour Declaration ( 1926 ) Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 ( 1927 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) London Declaration ( 1949 ) Singapore Declaration ( 1971 ) Lusaka Declaration ( 1979 ) Langkawi Declaration ( 1989 ) Harare Declaration ( 1991 ) Millbrook Action Programme ( 1995 ) Edinburgh Declaration ( 1997 ) Perth Agreement ( 2011 ) Charter of the Commonwealth ( 2013 ) Commonwealth of Nations topics History British Empire Key documents Timeline Governance Head of the Commonwealth ( Elizabeth II ) Secretariat Secretary - General ( Patricia Scotland ) Deputy Secretaries - General Marlborough House Commonwealth Youth Programme Heads of government Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Chair - in - Office ( Theresa May ) Ministerial Action Group Commonwealth Family Association of Commonwealth Universities Commonwealth Business Council Commonwealth Foundation Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Commonwealth War Graves Commission BECM CAP CBA CET CHRI CJIA CoL CLA CLGF CPSU CPU CSFP ESU ICS RCEL RCS ROSL SSI Members Membership criteria Special membership Suspension Commonwealth realm Commonwealth republic High Commissioner Culture English language Commonwealth Games Symbols Commonwealth Flag Commonwealth Day Commonwealth Writers ' Prize Round Table movement The Round Table Journal Commonwealth citizenship LGBT rights Queen 's Baton Relay Lists Extreme points Prime ministers Tallest structures Visits by Queen Elizabeth II Articles related to the Commonwealth of Nations Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Sovereign states ( Members ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania The Gambia Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Dependencies of Members Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Source : Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . 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how many countries are still in the british commonwealth
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"The Commonwealth of Nations, normally known as the Commonwealth,[2] is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.[3] The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states.[4]\n"
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Radical (chemistry)
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Radical ( chemistry ) - wikipedia Radical ( chemistry ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Free radical '' redirects here . For other uses , see Free radical ( disambiguation ) . This article is about free radicals . For radicals within larger molecules , see Moiety ( chemistry ) . The hydroxyl radical , Lewis structure shown , contains one unpaired electron In chemistry , a radical ( more precisely , a free radical ) is an atom , molecule , or ion that has an unpaired valence electron . With some exceptions , these unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances , or even towards themselves : their molecules will often spontaneously dimerize or polymerize if they come in contact with each other . Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum . A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical ( HO ) , a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom . Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene ( : CH 2 ) which have two unpaired electrons . In contrast , the hydroxyl anion ( HO − ) is not a radical , since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron ; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired . Free radicals may be created in a number of ways , including synthesis with very dilute or rarefied reagents , reactions at very low temperatures , or breakup of larger molecules . The latter can be affected by any process that puts enough energy into the parent molecule , such as ionizing radiation , heat , electrical discharges , electrolysis , and chemical reactions . Radicals are intermediate stages in many chemical reactions . Free radicals play an important role in combustion , atmospheric chemistry , polymerization , plasma chemistry , biochemistry , and many other chemical processes . In living organisms , the free radicals superoxide and nitric oxide and their reaction products regulate many processes , such as control of vascular tone and thus blood pressure . They also play a key role in the intermediary metabolism of various biological compounds . Such radicals can even be messengers in a process dubbed redox signaling . A radical may be trapped within a solvent cage or be otherwise bound . Until late in the 20th century the word `` radical '' was used in chemistry to indicate any connected group of atoms , such as a methyl group or a carboxyl , whether it was part of a larger molecule or a molecule on its own . The qualifier `` free '' was then needed to specify the unbound case . Following recent nomenclature revisions , a part of a larger molecule is now called a functional group or substituent , and `` radical '' now implies `` free '' . However , the old nomenclature may still appear in some books . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Depiction in chemical reactions 3 Formation 4 Persistence and stability 4.1 Stable radicals 4.2 Persistent radicals 4.3 Diradicals 5 Reactivity 6 Combustion 7 Polymerization 8 Atmospheric radicals 9 In biology 9.1 Reactive oxygen species 10 Loose definition of radicals 11 Diagnostics 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Moses Gomberg ( 1866 -- 1947 ) , the founder of radical chemistry The term radical was already in use when the now obsolete radical theory was developed . Louis - Bernard Guyton de Morveau introduced the phrase `` radical '' in 1785 and the phrase was employed by Antoine Lavoisier in 1789 in his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie . A radical was then identified as the root base of certain acids ( the Latin word `` radix '' meaning `` root '' ) . Historically , the term radical in radical theory was also used for bound parts of the molecule , especially when they remain unchanged in reactions . These are now called functional groups . For example , methyl alcohol was described as consisting of a methyl `` radical '' and a hydroxyl `` radical '' . Neither are radicals in the modern chemical sense , as they are permanently bound to each other , and have no unpaired , reactive electrons ; however , they can be observed as radicals in mass spectrometry when broken apart by irradiation with energetic electrons . In a modern context the first organic ( carbon -- containing ) free radical identified was triphenylmethyl radical , ( C H ) C . This species was discovered by Moses Gomberg in 1900 at the University of Michigan USA . In 1933 Morris Kharash and Frank Mayo proposed that free radicals were responsible for anti-Markovnikov addition of hydrogen bromide to allyl bromide . Depiction in chemical reactions ( edit ) In chemical equations , free radicals are frequently denoted by a dot placed immediately to the right of the atomic symbol or molecular formula as follows : C l 2 → U V C l ⋅ + C l ⋅ ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Cl ) _ ( 2 ) \ ; ( \ xrightarrow ( UV ) ) \ ; ( \ mathrm ( Cl ) \ cdot ) + ( \ mathrm ( Cl ) \ cdot ) ) Chlorine gas can be broken down by ultraviolet light to form atomic chlorine radicals . Radical reaction mechanisms use single - headed arrows to depict the movement of single electrons : The homolytic cleavage of the breaking bond is drawn with a ' fish - hook ' arrow to distinguish from the usual movement of two electrons depicted by a standard curly arrow . It should be noted that the second electron of the breaking bond also moves to pair up with the attacking radical electron ; this is not explicitly indicated in this case . Free radicals also take part in radical addition and radical substitution as reactive intermediates . Chain reactions involving free radicals can usually be divided into three distinct processes . These are initiation , propagation , and termination . Initiation reactions are those that result in a net increase in the number of free radicals . They may involve the formation of free radicals from stable species as in Reaction 1 above or they may involve reactions of free radicals with stable species to form more free radicals . Propagation reactions are those reactions involving free radicals in which the total number of free radicals remains the same . Termination reactions are those reactions resulting in a net decrease in the number of free radicals . Typically two free radicals combine to form a more stable species , for example : 2Cl → Cl Formation ( edit ) The formation of radicals may involve the breaking of covalent bonds by homolysis , a process that requires significant amounts of energy . Such energies are known as homolytic bond dissociation energies , usually abbreviated as `` ΔH ° '' . Splitting H into 2H , for example , requires a ΔH ° of + 435 k J mol , while splitting Cl into 2Cl requires a ΔH ° of + 243 kJ mol . The energy needed to break a specific bond ( generally covalent ) between two atoms known as bond energy is a result of all the relative attractions and repulsions between the atoms of the molecule , however the most relevant are the bond 's atoms and the immediate neighbors . As an approximation the most important parameters that influence the bonding between two atoms in a molecule are the mutual energy match and overlap of covalent orbitals and the repulsion between nonbonding orbitals . Likewise , radicals requiring more energy to form are less stable than those requiring less energy . An additional barrier can be the selection rule . Propagation , however , is very exothermic . Radical formation through homolytic bond cleavage most often happens between two atoms of similar electronegativity ; in organic chemistry , this is often between the O -- O bond in peroxide species or between O -- N bonds . Radicals may also be formed by single - electron oxidation or reduction of an atom or molecule : an example is the production of superoxide by the electron transport chain . Early studies in organometallic chemistry -- especially F.A. Paneth and K. Hahnfeld 's studies of tetra - alkyl lead species during the 1930s -- supported the heterolytic fission of bonds and a radical - based mechanism . Although radical ions do exist , most species are electrically neutral . Persistence and stability ( edit ) The radical derived from α - tocopherol Although radicals are generally short - lived due to their reactivity , there are long - lived radicals . These are categorized as follows : Stable radicals ( edit ) The prime example of a stable radical is molecular dioxygen ( O ) . Another common example is nitric oxide ( NO ) . Organic radicals can be long lived if they occur in a conjugated π system , such as the radical derived from α - tocopherol ( vitamin E ) . There are also hundreds of examples of thiazyl radicals , which show low reactivity and remarkable thermodynamic stability with only a very limited extent of π resonance stabilization . Persistent radicals ( edit ) Persistent radical compounds are those whose longevity is due to steric crowding around the radical center , which makes it physically difficult for the radical to react with another molecule . Examples of these include Gomberg 's triphenylmethyl radical , Fremy 's salt ( Potassium nitrosodisulfonate , ( KSO ) NO ) , aminoxyls , ( general formula R NO ) such as TEMPO , TEMPOL , nitronyl nitroxides , and azephenylenyls and radicals derived from PTM ( perchlorophenylmethyl radical ) and TTM ( tris ( 2 , 4 , 6 - trichlorophenyl ) methyl radical ) . Persistent radicals are generated in great quantity during combustion , and `` may be responsible for the oxidative stress resulting in cardiopulmonary disease and probably cancer that has been attributed to exposure to airborne fine particles . '' Diradicals ( edit ) Diradicals are molecules containing two radical centers . Multiple radical centers can exist in a molecule . Atmospheric oxygen naturally exists as a diradical in its ground state as triplet oxygen . The low reactivity of atmospheric oxygen is due to its diradical state . Non-radical states of dioxygen are actually less stable than the diradical . The relative stability of the oxygen diradical is primarily due to the spin - forbidden nature of the triplet - singlet transition required for it to grab electrons , i.e. , `` oxidize '' . The diradical state of oxygen also results in its paramagnetic character , which is demonstrated by its attraction to an external magnet . Diradicals can also occur in metal - oxo complexes , lending themselves for studies of spin forbidden reactions in transition metal chemistry . Reactivity ( edit ) Main article : Free radical reaction Radical alkyl intermediates are stabilized by similar physical processes to carbocations : as a general rule , the more substituted the radical center is , the more stable it is . This directs their reactions . Thus , formation of a tertiary radical ( R C ) is favored over secondary ( R HC ) , which is favored over primary ( RH C ) . Likewise , radicals next to functional groups such as carbonyl , nitrile , and ether are more stable than tertiary alkyl radicals . Radicals attack double bonds . However , unlike similar ions , such radical reactions are not as much directed by electrostatic interactions . For example , the reactivity of nucleophilic ions with α , β - unsaturated compounds ( C = C -- C = O ) is directed by the electron - withdrawing effect of the oxygen , resulting in a partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon . There are two reactions that are observed in the ionic case : the carbonyl is attacked in a direct addition to carbonyl , or the vinyl is attacked in conjugate addition , and in either case , the charge on the nucleophile is taken by the oxygen . Radicals add rapidly to the double bond , and the resulting α - radical carbonyl is relatively stable ; it can couple with another molecule or be oxidized . Nonetheless , the electrophilic / neutrophilic character of radicals has been shown in a variety of instances . One example is the alternating tendency of the copolymerization of maleic anhydride ( electrophilic ) and styrene ( slightly nucleophilic ) . In intramolecular reactions , precise control can be achieved despite the extreme reactivity of radicals . In general , radicals attack the closest reactive site the most readily . Therefore , when there is a choice , a preference for five - membered rings is observed : four - membered rings are too strained , and collisions with carbons six or more atoms away in the chain are infrequent . Triplet carbenes and nitrenes , which are diradicals , have distinctive chemistry . Combustion ( edit ) Spectrum of the blue flame from a butane torch showing excited molecular radical band emission and Swan bands Main article : Combustion § Reaction mechanism A familiar free - radical reaction is combustion . The oxygen molecule is a stable diradical , best represented by O-O . Because spins of the electrons are parallel , this molecule is stable . While the ground state of oxygen is this unreactive spin - unpaired ( triplet ) diradical , an extremely reactive spin - paired ( singlet ) state is available . For combustion to occur , the energy barrier between these must be overcome . This barrier can be overcome by heat , requiring high temperatures . The triplet - singlet transition is also `` forbidden '' . This presents an additional barrier to the reaction . It also means molecular oxygen is relatively unreactive at room temperature except in the presence of a catalytic heavy atom such as iron or copper . Combustion consists of various radical chain reactions that the singlet radical can initiate . The flammability of a given material strongly depends on the concentration of free radicals that must be obtained before initiation and propagation reactions dominate leading to combustion of the material . Once the combustible material has been consumed , termination reactions again dominate and the flame dies out . As indicated , promotion of propagation or termination reactions alters flammability . For example , because lead itself deactivates free radicals in the gasoline - air mixture , tetraethyl lead was once commonly added to gasoline . This prevents the combustion from initiating in an uncontrolled manner or in unburnt residues ( engine knocking ) or premature ignition ( preignition ) . When a hydrocarbon is burned , a large number of different oxygen radicals are involved . Initially , hydroperoxyl radical ( HOO ) are formed . These then react further to give organic hydroperoxides that break up into hydroxyl radicals ( HO ) . Polymerization ( edit ) In addition to combustion , many polymerization reactions involve free radicals . As a result , many plastics , enamels , and other polymers are formed through radical polymerization . For instance , drying oils and alkyd paints harden due to radical crosslinking by oxygen from the atmosphere . Recent advances in radical polymerization methods , known as living radical polymerization , include : Reversible addition - fragmentation chain transfer ( RAFT ) Atom transfer radical polymerization ( ATRP ) Nitroxide mediated polymerization ( NMP ) These methods produce polymers with a much narrower distribution of molecular weights . Atmospheric radicals ( edit ) See also : Oxygen cycle and Ozone - oxygen cycle The most common radical in the lower atmosphere is molecular dioxygen . Photodissociation of source molecules produces other free radicals . In the lower atmosphere , the most important examples of free radical production are the photodissociation of nitrogen dioxide to give an oxygen atom and nitric oxide ( see eq. 1 . 1 below ) , which plays a key role in smog formation -- and the photodissociation of ozone to give the excited oxygen atom O ( 1D ) ( see eq. 1 . 2 below ) . The net and return reactions are also shown ( eq. 1 . 3 and eq. 1 . 4 , respectively ) . NO 2 → h ν NO + O ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( NO2 ) - > ( h \ nu ) ( NO ) + ( O ) ) ) ) ( eq. 1 . 1 ) O + O 2 ⟶ O 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( O ) + ( O2 ) - > ( O3 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 1 . 2 ) NO 2 + O 2 → h ν NO + O 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( NO2 ) + ( O2 ) - > ( h \ nu ) ( NO ) + ( O3 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 1 . 3 ) NO + O 3 ⟶ NO 2 + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( NO ) + ( O3 ) - > ( NO2 ) + ( O2 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 1 . 4 ) In the upper atmosphere , a particularly important source of radicals is the photodissociation of normally unreactive chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) by solar ultraviolet radiation , or by reactions with other stratospheric constituents ( see eq. 1 below ) . These reactions give off the chlorine radical , Cl , which reacts with ozone in a catalytic chain reaction ending in Ozone depletion and regeneration of the chlorine radical , allowing it to reparticipate in the reaction ( see eq. 2 . 2 -- eq. 2 . 4 below ) . Such reactions are believed to be the primary cause of depletion of the ozone layer ( the net result is shown in eq. 2 . 5 below ) , and this is why the use of chlorofluorocarbons as refrigerants has been restricted . CFCS → h ν Cl ⋅ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( CFCS ) - > ( h \ nu ) ( Cl . ) ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 1 ) Cl ⋅ + O 3 ⟶ ClO ⋅ + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( Cl . ) + ( O3 ) - > ( ClO . ) + ( O2 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 2 ) O 3 → h ν O + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( O3 ) - > ( h \ nu ) ( O ) + ( O2 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 3 ) O + ClO ⋅ ⟶ Cl ⋅ + O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( O ) + ( ClO . ) - > ( Cl . ) + ( O2 ) ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 4 ) 2 O 3 → h ν 3 O 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ( 2O3 ) - > ( h \ nu ) 3O2 ) ) ) ( eq. 2 . 5 ) In biology ( edit ) See also : Dioxygen in biological reactions Free radicals play an important role in a number of biological processes . Many of these are necessary for life , such as the intracellular killing of bacteria by phagocytic cells such as granulocytes and macrophages . Researchers have also implicated free radicals in certain cell signalling processes , known as redox signaling . Some of these signaling molecules involve the free radical - induce peroxidation of tissue stores of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid , arachidonic acid , and docosahexaenoic acid . For example , free radical attack of linoleic acid produces a series of 13 - Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids and 9 - Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids which may act to regulate localized tissue inflammatory and / or healing responses , pain perception , and the proliferation of malignant cells . Free radical attacks on arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid produce a similar but broader array of signaling products . By a DPPH method on free radical inhibitor abilities of the methanolic extracts of plant sample of Cannabis sativa , were found to be 52.98 % , where those of ascorbic acid is 80.76 % and quercetin 72.13 % , respectively . Cannabis sativa showed that extracts have the proton donating ability and could serve as free radical inhibitor or scavengers , acting possibly as primary antioxidants . The two most important oxygen - centered free radicals are superoxide and hydroxyl radical . They derive from molecular oxygen under reducing conditions . However , because of their reactivity , these same free radicals can participate in unwanted side reactions resulting in cell damage . Excessive amounts of these free radicals can lead to cell injury and death , which may contribute to many diseases such as cancer , stroke , myocardial infarction , diabetes and major disorders . Many forms of cancer are thought to be the result of reactions between free radicals and DNA , potentially resulting in mutations that can adversely affect the cell cycle and potentially lead to malignancy . Some of the symptoms of aging such as atherosclerosis are also attributed to free - radical induced oxidation of cholesterol to 7 - ketocholesterol . In addition free radicals contribute to alcohol - induced liver damage , perhaps more than alcohol itself . Free radicals produced by cigarette smoke are implicated in inactivation of alpha 1 - antitrypsin in the lung . This process promotes the development of emphysema . Free radicals may also be involved in Parkinson 's disease , senile and drug - induced deafness , schizophrenia , and Alzheimer 's . The classic free - radical syndrome , the iron - storage disease hemochromatosis , is typically associated with a constellation of free - radical - related symptoms including movement disorder , psychosis , skin pigmentary melanin abnormalities , deafness , arthritis , and diabetes mellitus . The free - radical theory of aging proposes that free radicals underlie the aging process itself . Similarly , the process of mito hormesis suggests that repeated exposure to free radicals may extend life span . Because free radicals are necessary for life , the body has a number of mechanisms to minimize free - radical - induced damage and to repair damage that occurs , such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase , catalase , glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase . In addition , antioxidants play a key role in these defense mechanisms . These are often the three vitamins , vitamin A , vitamin C and vitamin E and polyphenol antioxidants . Furthermore , there is good evidence indicating that bilirubin and uric acid can act as antioxidants to help neutralize certain free radicals . Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of red blood cells ' contents , while uric acid is a breakdown product of purines . Too much bilirubin , though , can lead to jaundice , which could eventually damage the central nervous system , while too much uric acid causes gout . Reactive oxygen species ( edit ) Play media An explanation of cellular injury caused by reactive oxygen species . Reactive oxygen species or ROS are species such as superoxide , hydrogen peroxide , and hydroxyl radical , commonly associated with cell damage . ROS form as a natural by - product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling . Oxybenzone has been found to form free radicals in sunlight , and therefore may be associated with cell damage as well . This only occurred when it was combined with other ingredients commonly found in sunscreens , like titanium oxide and octyl methoxycinnamate . ROS attack the polyunsaturated fatty acid , linoleic acid , to form a series of 13 - Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 9 - Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid products that serve as signaling molecules that may trigger responses that counter the tissue injury which caused their formation . ROS attacks other polyunsaturated fatty acids , e.g. arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid , to produce a similar series of signaling products . Loose definition of radicals ( edit ) In most fields of chemistry , the historical definition of radicals contends that the molecules have nonzero spin . However , in fields including spectroscopy , chemical reaction , and astrochemistry , the definition is slightly different . Gerhard Herzberg , who won the Nobel prize for his research into the electron structure and geometry of radicals , suggested a looser definition of free radicals : `` any transient ( chemically unstable ) species ( atom , molecule , or ion ) '' . The main point of his suggestion is that there are many chemically unstable molecules that have zero spin , such as C , C , CH and so on . This definition is more convenient for discussions of transient chemical processes and astrochemistry ; therefore researchers in these fields prefer to use this loose definition . Diagnostics ( edit ) Free radical diagnostic techniques include : Electron spin resonance A widely used technique for studying free radicals , and other paramagnetic species , is electron spin resonance spectroscopy ( ESR ) . This is alternately referred to as `` electron paramagnetic resonance '' ( EPR ) spectroscopy . It is conceptually related to nuclear magnetic resonance , though electrons resonate with higher - frequency fields at a given fixed magnetic field than do most nuclei . Nuclear magnetic resonance using a phenomenon called CIDNP Chemical labeling Chemical labeling by quenching with free radicals , e.g. with nitric oxide ( NO ) or DPPH ( 2 , 2 - diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl ) , followed by spectroscopic methods like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS ) or absorption spectroscopy , respectively . Use of free radical markers Stable , specific or non-specific derivates of physiological substances can be measured e.g. lipid peroxidation products ( isoprostanes , TBARS ) , amino acid oxidation products ( meta - tyrosine , ortho - tyrosine , hydroxy - Leu , di tyrosine etc . ) , peptide oxidation products ( oxidized glutathione -- GSSG ) 2 , 2 ' - Azobis ( 2 - amidinopropane ) dihydrochloride ( AAPH ) is a chemical compound used to study the chemistry of the oxidation of drugs . It is a free radical - generating azo compound . It is gaining prominence as a model oxidant in small molecule and protein therapeutics for its ability to initiate oxidation reactions via both nucleophilic and free radical mechanisms . Indirect method Measurement of the decrease in the amount of antioxidants ( e.g. TAS , reduced glutathione -- GSH ) Trapping agents Using a chemical species that reacts with free radicals to form a stable product that can then be readily measured ( Hydroxyl radical and salicylic acid ) See also ( edit ) - yl Electron pair Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals Hofmann -- Löffler reaction Free radical research ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book radical ( free radical ) PDF Jump up ^ Hayyan , M. ; Hashim , M.A. ; AlNashef , I.M. ( 2016 ) . `` Superoxide Ion : Generation and Chemical Implications '' . Chem. Rev. 116 ( 5 ) : 3029 -- 3085 . doi : 10.1021 / acs. chemrev. 5b00407 . Jump up ^ The Peroxide Effect in the Addition of Reagents to Unsaturated Compounds . I . The Addition of Hydrogen Bromide to Allyl Bromide M.S. Kharasch , Frank R. Mayo J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1933 , 55 ( 6 ) , pp 2468 -- 2496 doi : 10.1021 / ja01333a041 Jump up ^ Radicals : Reactive Intermediates with Translational Potential Ming Yan , Julian C. Lo , Jacob T. Edwards , and Phil S. Baran J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2016 , 138 ( 39 ) , pp 12692 -- 12714 doi : 10.1021 / jacs. 6b08856 Jump up ^ Oakley , Richard T. ( 1988 ) . `` Progress in Inorganic Chemistry '' ( PDF ) . Cyclic and Heterocyclic Thiazenes ( section ) . Progress in Inorganic Chemistry . 36 : 299 -- 391 . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470166376. ch4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 16637 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rawson , J ; Banister , A ; Lavender , I ( 1995 ) . `` Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry '' . The Chemistry of Dithiadiazolylium and Dithiadiazolyl Rings ( section ) = . Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry . 62 : 137 -- 247 . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 2725 ( 08 ) 60422 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 020762 - 6 . Jump up ^ Griller , David ; Ingold , Keith U. ( 1976 ) . `` Persistent carbon - centered radicals '' . Accounts of Chemical Research . 9 : 13 -- 19 . doi : 10.1021 / ar50097a003 . Jump up ^ Lomnicki S. ; Truong H. ; Vejerano E. ; Dellinger B. ( 2008 ) . `` Copper oxide - based model of persistent free radical formation on combustion - derived particulate matter '' . Environ . Sci. Technol. 42 ( 13 ) : 4982 -- 4988 . Bibcode : 2008EnST ... 42.4982 L . doi : 10.1021 / es071708h . PMID 18678037 . Jump up ^ However , paramagnetism does not necessarily imply radical character . Jump up ^ Svensson , Mats ( 1999 ) . `` Timing is Critical : Effect of Spin Changes on the Diastereoselectivity in Mn ( Salen ) - Catalyzed Epoxidation '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 121 : 5083 -- 4 . doi : 10.1021 / ja9809915 . Jump up ^ Pacher P , Beckman JS , Liaudet L ( 2007 ) . `` Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease '' . Physiol. Rev. 87 ( 1 ) : 315 -- 424 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00029.2006 . PMC 2248324 . PMID 17237348 . Jump up ^ `` Lipid peroxidation : pathophysiological and pharmacological implications in the eye '' . Frontiers in Physiology. 4 . doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2013.00366 . Jump up ^ JOURNAL , PHARMANEST . `` PHYTOCHEMICAL STANDARDIZATION , HEAVY METALS ESTIMATION AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION ON CANNABIS SATIVA '' . Jump up ^ Rajamani Karthikeyan ; Manivasagam T ; Anantharaman P ; Balasubramanian T ; Somasundaram ST ( 2011 ) . `` Chemopreventive effect of Padina boergesenii extracts on ferric nitrilotriacetate ( Fe - NTA ) - induced oxidative damage in Wistar rats '' . J. Appl . Phycol. 23 , Issue 2 , Page 257 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 263 . doi : 10.1007 / s10811 - 010 - 9564 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , P.K. ; Marcheselli , V.L. ; Serhan , C.N. ; Bazan , N.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Neuroprotecin D1 : A docosahexanoic acid - derived docosatriene protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA . 101 ( 22 ) : 8491 -- 8496 . Bibcode : 2004PNAS ... 101.8491 M . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0402531101 . PMC 420421 . PMID 15152078 . Jump up ^ Lyons , MA ; Brown , AJ ( 1999 ) . `` 7 - Ketocholesterol '' . Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 31 : 369 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / s1357 - 2725 ( 98 ) 00123 - x . PMID 10224662 . Jump up ^ Floyd , R.A. ( 1999 ) . `` Neuroinflammatory processes are important in neurodegenerative diseases : An hypothesis to explain the increased formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as major factors involved in neurodegenerative disease development '' . Free Radical Biology and Medicine . 26 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 1346 -- 1355 . doi : 10.1016 / S0891 - 5849 ( 98 ) 002937 . Jump up ^ An overview of the role of free radicals in biology and of the use of electron spin resonance in their detection may be found in Rhodes C.J. ( 2000 ) . Toxicology of the Human Environment -- the critical role of free radicals . London : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 0 - 7484 - 0916 - 5 . Jump up ^ Serpone , N ; Salinaro , A ; Emeline , AV ; Horikoshi , S ; Hidaka , H ; Zhao , JC ( 2002 ) . `` An in vitro systematic spectroscopic examination of the photostabilities of a random set of commercial sunscreen lotions and their chemical UVB / UVA active agents '' . Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences . 1 ( 12 ) : 970 -- 981 . doi : 10.1039 / b206338g . Jump up ^ `` Lipid peroxidation : pathophysiological and pharmacological implications in the eye '' . Frontiers in Physiology. 4 . doi : 10.3389 / fphys. 2013.00366 . Jump up ^ G. Herzberg ( 1971 ) , `` The spectra and structures of simple free radicals '' , ISBN 0 - 486 - 65821 - X . Jump up ^ 28th International Symposium on Free Radicals . Jump up ^ Betigeri , Seema ; Thakur , Ajit ; Raghavan , Krishnaswamy ( 2005 ) . `` Use of 2 , 2 ? - Azobis ( 2 - Amidinopropane ) Dihydrochloride as a Reagent Tool for Evaluation of Oxidative Stability of Drugs '' . Pharmaceutical Research . 22 ( 2 ) : 310 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s11095 - 004 - 1199 - x . PMID 15783080 . Jump up ^ Werber , Jay ; Wang , Y. John ; Milligan , Michael ; Li , Xiaohua ; Ji , Junyan A. ( 2011 ) . `` Analysis of 2 , 2 ′ - azobis ( 2 - amidinopropane ) dihydrochloride degradation and hydrolysis in aqueous solutions '' . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences . 100 ( 8 ) : 3307 -- 15 . doi : 10.1002 / jps. 22578 . PMID 21560126 . External links ( edit ) `` Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants '' . Washington , D.C. : Department of Health and Human Services GND : 4076475 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radical_(chemistry)&oldid=814243938 '' Categories : Free radicals Biological processes Biomolecules Chemical bonding Environmental chemistry Senescence Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 17 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is an example of a radical in chemistry
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[
"A notable example of a free radical is the hydroxyl radical (HO•), a molecule that has one unpaired electron on the oxygen atom. Two other examples are triplet oxygen and triplet carbene (:CH\n2) which have two unpaired electrons. In contrast, the hydroxyl anion (HO−) is not a radical, since the unpaired electron is resolved by the addition of an electron; singlet oxygen and singlet carbene are not radicals as the two electrons are paired."
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[
"hydroxyl radical (HO•)"
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5097585796616659193
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Anderson family
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Anderson family - wikipedia Anderson family This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Anderson family is a group of professional wrestlers , a fictional extended family largely consisting of brothers and cousins . It started in the Minnesota area in the late 1960s with a tag team called The Minnesota Wrecking Crew , consisting of `` brothers '' Lars Anderson and Gene Anderson ( the only actual ' Anderson ' of the original group ) . Later versions of the Crew included `` brother '' Ole Anderson and `` cousin '' Arn Anderson ( Arn at other times was a nephew and a brother ) in various combinations with the original two . In total , the four original Andersons won over 11 different tag team championships together across the country . Several modern tag teams have taken names similar to the Minnesota Wrecking Crew as an homage to the group . In the 1980s , Ole and Arn allied themselves with Ric Flair , a Minnesota native who they claimed was another cousin of the family , and formed the famous wrestling stable The Four Horsemen . The stable was a major influence on professional wrestling in North America , creating the blueprint for future groups such as the New World Order , Triple Threat , and Evolution . Flair 's sons David and Reid ( the latter now deceased ) , as well as his daughter Ashley who wrestles in WWE as Charlotte Flair , can be counted as part of the family by extension . Ole and Gene ran tryout camps for prospective wrestlers in the late 1970s and early 1980s , `` stretching '' several future stars , including Al Snow . Other wrestlers claiming the Anderson heritage popped up on the independent circuit in the 1990s . These include Pat Anderson , Rocky Anderson , Extreme Championship Wrestling alumnus C.W. Anderson , and former New Japan Pro Wrestling star Karl Anderson . Gene Anderson had a son , Brad , who began wrestling in 1988 . Ole Anderson had a son who wrestles under the name Bryant Anderson . When wrestler Ken Anderson joined WWE he used the last name Kennedy to avoid confusion with the Anderson family ( as well as the former Cincinnati Bengals quarterback of the same name ) , despite Anderson being his actual last name . He subsequently wrestled under his real name or `` Mr. Anderson '' for other promotions , though he remained unrelated to any member of the Anderson family in either reality or kayfabe . Another WWE star was born Steven James Anderson , but his family name changed to Williams when he was adopted by his stepfather in early childhood ; he would achieve fame as Stone Cold Steve Austin . He also is not related to any member of the kayfabe Anderson family . Anderson family members ( edit ) Brothers : Gene Anderson Ole Anderson ( Al Rogowski ) Lars Anderson ( Larry Heiniemi ) Arn Anderson ( Marty Lunde ) Cousins : Ric Flair ( Richard Fliehr ) Children : Brad Anderson ( son of Gene Anderson ) Bryant Anderson ( Brian Rogowski ) ( son of Ole Anderson ) David Flair ( David Fliehr ) ( son of Ric Flair ) Reid Flair ( Reid Fliehr ) ( son of Ric Flair , deceased ) Charlotte Flair ( Ashley Fliehr ) ( daughter of Ric Flair ) Others : Rocky Anderson Pat Anderson ( Pat Conner ) C.W. Anderson ( Chris Wright ) Karl Anderson ( Chad Allegra ) TC Anderson Ed Anderson See also ( edit ) Four Horsemen Minnesota Wrecking Crew External links ( edit ) Glory Days - Classic Anderson Brothers page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_family&oldid=824044969 '' Categories : Anderson family Professional wrestling families American families Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2007 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 00 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was portrayed as the anderson brothers cousin
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[
"In the 1980s, Ole and Arn allied themselves with Ric Flair, a Minnesota native who they claimed was another cousin of the family, and formed the famous wrestling stable The Four Horsemen. The stable was a major influence on professional wrestling in North America, creating the blueprint for future groups such as the New World Order, Triple Threat, and Evolution. Flair's sons David and Reid (the latter now deceased), as well as his daughter Ashley who wrestles in WWE as Charlotte Flair, can be counted as part of the family by extension.\n"
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[
"Ric Flair"
] |
5112902645089792609
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Hemostasis
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Hemostasis - wikipedia Hemostasis Not to be confused with homeostasis . Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop , meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel ( the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage ) . It is the first stage of wound healing . This involves coagulation , blood changing from a liquid to a gel . Intact blood vessels are central to moderating blood 's tendency to form clots . The endothelial cells of intact vessels prevent blood clotting with a heparin - like molecule and thrombomodulin and prevent platelet aggregation with nitric oxide and prostacyclin . When endothelial injury occurs , the endothelial cells stop secretion of coagulation and aggregation inhibitors and instead secrete von Willebrand factor which initiate the maintenance of hemostasis after injury . Hemostasis has three major steps : 1 ) vasoconstriction , 2 ) temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug , and 3 ) blood coagulation , or formation of a fibrin clot . These processes seal the hole until tissues are repaired . Contents 1 Etymology and pronunciation 2 Steps of mechanism 3 Types 4 In emergency medicine 5 Disorders 6 History of artificial hemostasis 7 Research 8 References 9 External links Etymology and pronunciation ( edit ) The word hemostasis ( / ˌhiːmoʊˈsteɪsɪs / , sometimes / ˌhiːˈmɒstəsɪs / ) uses the combining forms hemo - and - stasis , New Latin from Ancient Greek αἱμο - haimo - ( akin to αἷμα haîma ) , `` blood '' , and στάσις stásis , `` stasis '' , yielding `` motionlessness or stopping of blood '' . Steps of mechanism ( edit ) Further information : Coagulation Aggregation of thrombocytes ( platelets ) . Platelet - rich human blood plasma ( left vial ) is a turbid liquid . Upon addition of ADP , platelets are activated and start to aggregate , forming white flakes ( right vial ) Hemostasis occurs when blood is present outside of the body or blood vessels . It is the innate response for the body to stop bleeding and loss of blood . During hemostasis three steps occur in a rapid sequence . Vascular spasm is the first response as the blood vessels constrict to allow less blood to be lost . In the second step , platelet plug formation , platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall . The third and last step is called coagulation or blood clotting . Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a `` molecular glue '' . Platelets are a large factor in the hemostatic process . They allow for the creation of the `` platelet plug '' that forms almost directly after a blood vessel has been ruptured . Within seconds of a blood vessel 's epithelial wall being disrupted platelets begin to adhere to the sub-endothelium surface . It takes approximately sixty seconds until the first fibrin strands begin to intersperse among the wound . After several minutes the platelet plug is completely formed by fibrin . Hemostasis is maintained in the body via three mechanisms : Vascular spasm ( Vasoconstriction ) - Vasoconstriction is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells , and is the blood vessel 's first response to injury . The smooth muscle cells are controlled by vascular endothelium , which releases intravascular signals to control the contracting properties . When a blood vessel is damaged , there is an immediate reflex , initiated by local sympathetic pain receptors , which helps promote vasoconstriction . The damaged vessels will constrict ( vasoconstrict ) which reduces the amount of blood flow through the area and limits the amount of blood loss . Collagen is exposed at the site of injury , the collagen promotes platelets to adhere to the injury site . Platelets release cytoplasmic granules which contain serotonin , ADP and thromboxane A2 , all of which increase the effect of vasoconstriction . The spasm response becomes more effective as the amount of damage is increased . Vascular spasm is much more effective in smaller blood vessels . Platelet plug formation - Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a platelet plug ( primary hemostasis ) and then degranulate . This process is regulated through thromboregulation . Plug formation is activated by a glycoprotein called Von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) , which is found in plasma . Platelets play one of major roles in the hemostatic process . When platelets come across the injured endothelium cells , they change shape , release granules and ultimately become ' sticky ' . Platelets express certain receptors , some of which are used for the adhesion of platelets to collagen . When platelets are activated , they express glycoprotein receptors that interact with other platelets , producing aggregation and adhesion . Platelets release cytoplasmic granules such as adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , serotonin and thromboxane A2 . Adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) attracts more platelets to the affected area , serotonin is a vasoconstrictor and thromboxane A2 assists in platelet aggregation , vasoconstriction and degranulation . As more chemicals are released more platelets stick and release their chemicals ; creating a platelet plug and continuing the process in a positive feedback loop . Platelets alone are responsible for stopping the bleeding of unnoticed wear and tear of our skin on a daily basis . This is referred to as primary hemostasis . Clot formation - Once the platelet plug has been formed by the platelets , the clotting factors ( a dozen proteins that travel along the blood plasma in an inactive state ) are activated in a sequence of events known as ' coagulation cascade ' which leads to the formation of Fibrin from inactive fibrinogen plasma protein . Thus , a Fibrin mesh is produced all around the platelet plug to hold it in place ; this step is called `` Secondary Hemostasis '' . During this process some red and white blood cells are trapped in the mesh which causes the primary hemostasis plug to become harder : the resultant plug is called as ' thrombus ' or ' Clot ' . Therefore ' blood clot ' contains secondary hemostasis plug with blood cells trapped in it . Though this is often a good step for wound healing , it has the ability to cause severe health problems if the thrombus becomes detached from the vessel wall and travels through the circulatory system ; If it reaches the brain , heart or lungs it could lead to stroke , heart attack , or pulmonary embolism respectively . However , without this process the healing of a wound would not be possible . Types ( edit ) Hemostasis can be achieved in various other ways if the body can not do it naturally ( or needs help ) during surgery or medical treatment . When the body is under shock and stress , hemostasis is harder to achieve . Though natural hemostasis is most desired , having other means of achieving this is vital for survival in many emergency settings . Without the ability to stimulate hemostasis the risk of hemorrhaging is great . During surgical procedures the types of hemostasis listed below can be used to control bleeding while avoiding and reducing the risk of tissue destruction . Hemostasis can be achieved by chemical agent as well as mechanical or physical agents . Which hemostasis type used is determined based on the situation . Developmental Haemostasis refers to the differences in the haemostatic system between children and adults . In emergency Medicine ( edit ) Debates by physicians and medical practitioners still continue to arise on the subject of hemostasis and how to handle situations with large injuries . If an individual acquires a large injury resulting in extreme blood loss , then a hemostatic agent alone would not be very effective . Medical professionals continue to debate on what the best ways are to assist a patient in a chronic state ; however , it is universally accepted that hemostatic agents are the primary tool for smaller bleeding injuries . Some main types of hemostasis used in emergency medicine include : Chemical / topical - This is a topical agent often used in surgery settings to stop bleeding . Microfibrillar collagen is the most popular choice among surgeons ( recent source ? ) because it attracts the patient 's natural platelets and starts the blood clotting process when it comes in contact with the platelets . This topical agent requires the normal hemostatic pathway to be properly functional . Direct pressure or pressure dressing - This type of hemostasis approach is most commonly used in situations where proper medical attention is not available . Putting pressure and / or dressing to a bleeding wound slows the process of blood loss , allowing for more time to get to an emergency medical setting . Soldiers use this skill during combat when someone has been injured because this process allows for blood loss to be decreased , giving the system time to start coagulation . Sutures and ties - Sutures are often used to close an open wound , allowing for the injured area to stay free of pathogens and other unwanted debris to enter the site ; however , it is also essential to the process of hemostasis . Sutures and ties allow for skin to be joined back together allowing for platelets to start the process of hemostasis at a quicker pace . Using sutures results in a quicker recovery period because the surface area of the wound has been decreased . Physical agents ( gelatin sponge ) - Gelatin sponges have been indicated as great hemostatic devices . Once applied to a bleeding area , a gelatin sponge quickly stops or reduces the amount of bleeding present . These physical agents are mostly used in surgical settings as well as after surgery treatments . These sponges absorb blood , allow for coagulation to occur faster , and give off chemical responses that decrease the time it takes for the hemostasis pathway to start . Disorders ( edit ) The body 's hemostasis system requires careful regulation in order to work properly . If the blood does not clot sufficiently , it may be due to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or immune thrombocytopenia ; this requires careful investigation . Over-active clotting can also cause problems ; thrombosis , where blood clots form abnormally , can potentially cause embolisms , where blood clots break off and subsequently become lodged in a vein or artery . Hemostasis disorders can develop for many different reasons . They may be congenital , due to a deficiency or defect in an individual 's platelets or clotting factors . A number of disorders can be acquired as well , such as in HELLP syndrome , which is due to pregnancy , or Hemolytic - uremic syndrome ( HUS ) , which is due to E. coli toxins . History of artificial hemostasis ( edit ) The process of preventing blood loss from a vessel or organ of the body is referred to as hemostasis . The term comes from the Ancient Greek roots `` heme '' meaning blood , and `` stasis '' meaning halting ; Put together means the `` halting of the blood '' . The origin of hemostasis dates back as far as ancient Greece ; first referenced to being used in the Battle of Troy . It started with the realization that excessive bleeding inevitably equaled death . Vegetable and mineral styptics were used on large wounds by the Greeks and Romans until the takeover of Egypt around 332BC by Greece . At this time many more advances in the general medical field were developed based off the study of Egyptian mummification practice , which led to greater knowledge of the hemostatic process . It was during this time that many of the veins and arteries running throughout the human body were found and the directions in which they traveled . Doctors of this time realized if these were plugged , blood could not continue to flow out of the body . Nevertheless , it took until the invention of the printing press during the fifteenth century for medical notes and ideas to travel westward , allowing for the idea and practice of hemostasis to be expanded . Research ( edit ) There is currently a great deal of research being conducted on hemostasis . The most current research is based on genetic factors of hemostasis and how it can be altered to reduce the cause of genetic disorders that alter the natural process hemostasis . Von Willebrand disease is associated with a defect in the ability of the body to create the platelet plug and the fibrin mesh that ultimately stops the bleeding . New research is concluding that the von Willebrand disease is much more common in adolescence . This disease negatively hinders the natural process of Hemostasis causing excessive bleeding to be a concern in patients with this disease . There are complex treatments that can be done including a combination of therapies , estrogen - progesterone preparations , desmopressin , and Von Willebrand factor concentrates . Current research is trying to find better ways to deal with this disease ; however , much more research is needed in order to find out the effectiveness of the current treatments and if there are more operative ways to treat this disease . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hemostasis '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` hemostasis '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine Nicpon ; Hoehn , Katja ( 2010 ) . Human Anatomy & Physiology ( 8th ed . ) . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . pp. 649 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Boon , G.D. `` An Overview of Hemostasis . '' Toxicologic Pathology 21.2 ( 1993 ) : 170 - 79 . ^ Jump up to : Alturi , Pavan ( 2005 ) . The Surgical Review : An Integrated Basic and Clinical Science Study Guide . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Zdanowicz , M ( 2003 ) . Essentials of pathophysiology for pharmacy . Florida : CRC Press . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Li , Zhenyu ( 11 Nov 2010 ) . `` Signaling during platelet adhesion and activation '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . 30 : 2341 -- 2349 . doi : 10.1161 / ATVBAHA. 110.207522 . PMC 3085271 . ^ Jump up to : Kulkarni Roshni ( 2004 ) . `` Alternative and Topical Approaches to Treating the Massicely Bleeding Patient '' ( PDF ) . Advances in Hematology. 2 ( 7 ) : 428 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Aldo Moraci , et al . `` The Use Of Local Agents : Bone Wax , Gelatin , Collagen , Oxidized Cellulose . '' European Spine Journal 2004 ; 13. : S89 - S96 . Jump up ^ Smith Shondra L. ; Belmont John M. ; Casparian J. Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Analysis Of Pressure Achieved By Various Materials Used For Pressure Dressings '' . Dermatologic Surgery . 25 ( 12 ) : 931 -- 934 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1524 - 4725.1999. 99151. x . Jump up ^ Kozak Orhan ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` A New Method For Hepatic Resection And Hemostasis : Absorbable Plaque And Suture '' . Eurasian Journal of Medicine . 41 : 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Tahriri Mohammadreza ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Preparation And Characterization Of Absorbable Hemostat Crosslinked Gelatin Sponges For Surgical Applications '' . Current Applied Physics. 11 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 461 . Jump up ^ `` Wies , C.H. `` The History of Hemostasis . '' Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 2 `` . 1929 : 167 -- 68 . PMC 2606227 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Elliot D. ; Xuei , Xiaoling ; Suckow , Mark ; Edenberg , Howard ( 2006 ) . `` Searching for hemostatic modifier genes affecting the phenotype of mice with very low levels of FVII '' . Blood Cells , Molecules and Diseases . 36 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 134 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bcmd. 2005.12. 037 . Jump up ^ Mikhail , Sameh ; Kouides , Peter ( December 2010 ) . `` von Willebrand Disease in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population '' . Journal of Pediatric & Adolescent Gynecology. 23 ( 6 ) : S3 -- S10 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2010.08. 005 . External links ( edit ) Hemostasis at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Myeloid physiology Hematopoiesis Myelopoiesis ( CFU - GEMM ) CFU - GM Granulopoiesis Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band cell Monocytopoiesis Monoblast Promonocyte MEP Thrombopoiesis Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Erythropoiesis Proerythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte General Extramedullary hematopoiesis Hemostasis Coagulation Fibrinolysis Clot retraction Platelet adhesiveness Other Erythrocyte aggregation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemostasis&oldid=860284613 '' Categories : Hematology Coagulation system Healing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 16 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the stimulus for the formation of a platelet plug or a blood clot is
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[
"Hemostasis or haemostasis is a process which causes bleeding to stop, meaning to keep blood within a damaged blood vessel (the opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage). It is the first stage of wound healing. This involves coagulation, blood changing from a liquid to a gel. Intact blood vessels are central to moderating blood's tendency to form clots. The endothelial cells of intact vessels prevent blood clotting with a heparin-like molecule and thrombomodulin and prevent platelet aggregation with nitric oxide and prostacyclin. When endothelial injury occurs, the endothelial cells stop secretion of coagulation and aggregation inhibitors and instead secrete von Willebrand factor which initiate the maintenance of hemostasis after injury. Hemostasis has three major steps: 1) vasoconstriction, 2) temporary blockage of a break by a platelet plug, and 3) blood coagulation, or formation of a fibrin clot. These processes seal the hole until tissues are repaired.\n"
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[
"endothelial injury"
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-494248488256606747
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California Gold Rush
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California gold Rush - wikipedia California gold Rush Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see California Gold Rush ( film ) . California Gold Rush Prospectors working California gold placer deposits in 1850 Date January 24 , 1848 ( 1848 - 01 - 24 ) -- 1855 Location Sierra Nevada and Northern California goldfields Coordinates 38 ° 48 ′ 09 '' N 120 ° 53 ′ 41 '' W / 38.80250 ° N 120.89472 ° W / 38.80250 ; - 120.89472 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 09 '' N 120 ° 53 ′ 41 '' W / 38.80250 ° N 120.89472 ° W / 38.80250 ; - 120.89472 Participants 300,000 prospectors Outcome California becomes a U.S. state and California Genocide Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial era 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War Era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1877 -- 1897 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar Era 1945 -- 1981 Vietnam Era 1961 -- 1975 Reagan Era 1981 -- present Timeline The California Gold Rush ( 1848 -- 1855 ) began on January 24 , 1848 , when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter 's Mill in Coloma , California . The news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . The sudden influx of immigration and gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy , and California became one of the few American states to go directly to statehood without first being a territory , in the Compromise of 1850 . The Gold Rush had severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease , genocide and starvation . By the time it ended , California had gone from a thinly populated ex-Mexican territory , to the home state of the first presidential nominee for the new Republican Party , in 1856 . The effects of the Gold Rush were substantial . Whole indigenous societies were attacked and pushed off their lands by the gold - seekers , called `` forty - niners '' ( referring to 1849 ) . The first to hear confirmed information of the gold rush were the people in Oregon , the Sandwich Islands ( Hawaii ) , and Latin America , and they were the first to start flocking to the state in late 1848 . Of the 300,000 people who came to America during the Gold Rush , approximately half arrived by sea and half came overland on the California Trail and the Gila River trail ; forty - niners often faced substantial hardships on the trip . While most of the newly arrived were Americans , the gold rush attracted tens of thousands from Latin America , Europe , Australia , and China . Agriculture and ranching expanded throughout the state to meet the needs of the settlers . San Francisco grew from a small settlement of about 200 residents in 1846 to a boomtown of about 36,000 by 1852 . Roads , churches , schools and other towns were built throughout California . In 1849 a state constitution was written . The new constitution was adopted by referendum vote , and the future state 's interim first governor and legislature were chosen . In September , 1850 , California became a state . At the beginning of the Gold Rush , there was no law regarding property rights in the goldfields and a system of `` staking claims '' was developed . Prospectors retrieved the gold from streams and riverbeds using simple techniques , such as panning . Although the mining caused environmental harm , more sophisticated methods of gold recovery were developed and later adopted around the world . New methods of transportation developed as steamships came into regular service . By 1869 railroads were built across the country from California to the eastern United States . At its peak , technological advances reached a point where significant financing was required , increasing the proportion of gold companies to individual miners . Gold worth tens of billions of today 's dollars was recovered , which led to great wealth for a few . However , many returned home with little more than they had started with . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Discovery announced 1.2 Transportation to California 1.3 Supplies and goods needed 1.4 Northern California strikes 1.5 Indigenous driven out 1.6 Earlier discoveries of gold 2 Forty - niners 2.1 Homosexuality 3 Legal rights 4 Development of gold - recovery techniques 5 Profits 5.1 Path of the gold 6 Near - term effects 6.1 Development of government and commerce 6.2 Impact on Native Americans 6.3 World - wide economic stimulation 7 Longer - term effects 8 Cultural references 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History California goldfields ( red ) in the Sierra Nevada and northern California Advertisement about sailing to California , circa 1850 The Mexican -- American War ended on February 3 , 1848 , although California was firmly in American hands before that . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for , among other things , the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States . The California Gold Rush began at Sutter 's Mill , near Coloma . On January 24 , 1848 , James W. Marshall , a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter , found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River . Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter , and the two privately tested the metal . After the tests showed that it was gold , Sutter expressed dismay : he wanted to keep the news quiet because he feared what would happen to his plans for an agricultural empire if there were a mass search for gold . Discovery announced However , rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan . The most famous quote of the California Gold Rush was by Brannan ; after he had hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies , Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco , holding aloft a vial of gold , shouting `` Gold ! Gold ! Gold from the American River ! '' On August 19 , 1848 , the New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold . On December 5 , 1848 , President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress . Soon , waves of immigrants from around the world , later called the `` forty - niners , '' invaded the Gold Country of California or `` Mother Lode '' . As Sutter had feared , he was ruined ; his workers left in search of gold , and squatters took over his land and stole his crops and cattle . San Francisco had been a tiny settlement before the rush began . When residents learned about the discovery , it at first became a ghost town of abandoned ships and businesses , but then boomed as merchants and new people arrived . The population of San Francisco exploded from perhaps about 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 full - time residents by 1850 . Miners lived in tents , wood shanties , or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships . Transportation to California In what has been referred to as the `` first world - class gold rush , '' there was no easy way to get to California ; forty - niners faced hardship and often death on the way . At first , most Argonauts , as they were also known , traveled by sea . From the East Coast , a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months , and cover some 18,000 nautical miles ( 33,000 kilometres ) . An alternative was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama , take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle , and then on the Pacific side , wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco . There was also a route across Mexico starting at Veracruz . Many gold - seekers took the overland route across the continental United States , particularly along the California Trail . Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards , from shipwreck to typhoid fever and cholera . Supplies and goods needed To meet the demands of the arrivals , ships bearing goods from around the world came to San Francisco as well . Ships ' captains found that their crews deserted to go to the goldfields . The wharves and docks of San Francisco became a forest of masts , as hundreds of ships were abandoned . Enterprising San Franciscans turned the abandoned ships into warehouses , stores , taverns , hotels , and one into a jail . Many of these ships were later destroyed and used for landfill to create more buildable land in the boomtown . Northern California strikes Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor , 1850 -- 51 Within a few years , there was an important but lesser - known surge of prospectors into far Northern California , specifically into present - day Siskiyou , Shasta and Trinity Counties . Discovery of gold nuggets at the site of present - day Yreka in 1851 brought thousands of gold - seekers up the Siskiyou Trail and throughout California 's northern counties . Settlements of the Gold Rush era , such as Portuguese Flat on the Sacramento River , sprang into existence and then faded . The Gold Rush town of Weaverville on the Trinity River today retains the oldest continuously used Taoist temple in California , a legacy of Chinese miners who came . While there are not many Gold Rush era ghost towns still in existence , the remains of the once - bustling town of Shasta have been preserved in a California State Historic Park in Northern California . Gold was also discovered in Southern California but on a much smaller scale . The first discovery of gold , at Rancho San Francisco in the mountains north of present - day Los Angeles , had been in 1842 , six years before Marshall 's discovery , while California was still part of Mexico . However , these first deposits , and later discoveries in Southern California mountains , attracted little notice and were of limited consequence economically . Indigenous driven out By 1850 , most of the easily accessible gold had been collected , and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations . Faced with gold increasingly difficult to retrieve , Americans began to drive out foreigners to get at the most accessible gold that remained . The new California State Legislature passed a foreign miners tax of twenty dollars per month ( $590 per month as of 2018 ) , and American prospectors began organized attacks on foreign miners , particularly Latin Americans and Chinese . In addition , the huge numbers of newcomers were driving Native Americans out of their traditional hunting , fishing and food - gathering areas . To protect their homes and livelihood , some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners . This provoked counter-attacks on native villages . The Native Americans , out - gunned , were often slaughtered . Those who escaped massacres were many times unable to survive without access to their food - gathering areas , and they starved to death . Novelist and poet Joaquin Miller vividly captured one such attack in his semi-autobiographical work , Life Amongst the Modocs . Earlier discoveries of gold The first gold found in California was made on March 9 , 1842 . Francisco Lopez , a native California , was searching for stray horses . He stopped on the bank of a small creek in what later was known as Placerita Canyon , about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of the present - day Newhall , California , and about 35 miles ( 56 km ) northwest of Los Angeles . While the horses grazed , Lopez dug up some wild onions and found a small gold nugget in the roots among the onion bulbs . He looked further and found more gold . Lopez took the gold to authorities who confirmed its worth . Lopez and others began to search for other steambeds with gold deposits in the area . They found several in the northeastern section of the forest , within present - day Ventura County . In 1843 he found gold in San Feliciano Canyon near his first discovery . Mexican miners from Sonora worked the placer deposits until 1846 , when the Californios began to agitate for independence from Mexico , and the Bear Flag Revolt caused many Mexicans to leave California . Forty - niners Panning for gold on the Mokelumne River The first people to rush to the goldfields , beginning in the spring of 1848 , were the residents of California themselves -- primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in Northern California , along with Native Americans and some Californios ( Spanish - speaking Californians ) . These first miners tended to be families in which everyone helped in the effort . Women and children of all ethnicities were often found panning next to the men . Some enterprising families set up boarding houses to accommodate the influx of men ; in such cases , the women often brought in steady income while their husbands searched for gold . Word of the Gold Rush spread slowly at first . The earliest gold - seekers were people who lived near California or people who heard the news from ships on the fastest sailing routes from California . The first large group of Americans to arrive were several thousand Oregonians who came down the Siskiyou Trail . Next came people from the Sandwich Islands , and several thousand Latin Americans , including people from Mexico , from Peru and from as far away as Chile , both by ship and overland . By the end of 1848 , some 6,000 Argonauts had come to California . Only a small number ( probably fewer than 500 ) traveled overland from the United States that year . Some of these `` forty - eighters '' , as the earliest gold - seekers were sometimes called , were able to collect large amounts of easily accessible gold -- in some cases , thousands of dollars worth each day . Even ordinary prospectors averaged daily gold finds worth 10 to 15 times the daily wage of a laborer on the East Coast . A person could work for six months in the goldfields and find the equivalent of six years ' wages back home . Some hoped to get rich quick and return home , and others wished to start businesses in California . `` Independent Gold Hunter on His Way to California '' , circa 1850 . The gold hunter is loaded down with every conceivable appliance , much of which would be useless in California . The prospector says : `` I am sorry I did not follow the advice of Granny and go around the Horn , through the Straights , or by Chagres ( Panama ) . '' By the beginning of 1849 , word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world , and an overwhelming number of gold - seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent . The largest group of forty - niners in 1849 were Americans , arriving by the tens of thousands overland across the continent and along various sailing routes ( the name `` forty - niner '' was derived from the year 1849 ) . Many from the East Coast negotiated a crossing of the Appalachian Mountains , taking to riverboats in Pennsylvania , poling the keelboats to Missouri River wagon train assembly ports , and then travelling in a wagon train along the California Trail . Many others came by way of the Isthmus of Panama and the steamships of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company . Australians and New Zealanders picked up the news from ships carrying Hawaiian newspapers , and thousands , infected with `` gold fever '' , boarded ships for California . Forty - niners came from Latin America , particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile . Gold - seekers and merchants from Asia , primarily from China , began arriving in 1849 , at first in modest numbers to Gum San ( `` Gold Mountain '' ) , the name given to California in Chinese . The first immigrants from Europe , reeling from the effects of the Revolutions of 1848 and with a longer distance to travel , began arriving in late 1849 , mostly from France , with some Germans , Italians , and Britons . It is estimated that approximately 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849 -- about half by land and half by sea . Of these , perhaps 50,000 to 60,000 were Americans , and the rest were from other countries . By 1855 , it is estimated at least 300,000 gold - seekers , merchants , and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world . The largest group continued to be Americans , but there were tens of thousands each of Mexicans , Chinese , Britons , Australians , French , and Latin Americans , together with many smaller groups of miners , such as African Americans , Filipinos , Basques and Turks . People from small villages in the hills near Genova , Italy were among the first to settle permanently in the Sierra Nevada foothills ; they brought with them traditional agricultural skills , developed to survive cold winters . A modest number of miners of African ancestry ( probably less than 4,000 ) had come from the Southern States , the Caribbean and Brazil . Chinese gold miners in California A number of immigrants were from China . Several hundred Chinese arrived in California in 1849 and 1850 , and in 1852 more than 20,000 landed in San Francisco . Their distinctive dress and appearance was highly recognizable in the goldfields . Chinese miners suffered enormously , enduring violent racism from white miners who aimed their frustrations at foreigners . To this day , there has been no justice for known victims . Further animosity toward the Chinese led to legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and Foreign Miners Tax . There were also women in the Gold Rush . However , their numbers were small . Of the 40,000 people who arrived by ship in the San Francisco harbor in 1849 , only 700 were women . They held various roles including prostitutes , single entrepreneurs , married women , poor and wealthy women . They were of various ethnicities including Anglo - American , African - American , Hispanic , Native , European , Chinese , and Jewish . The reasons they came varied : some came with their husbands , refusing to be left behind to fend for themselves , some came because their husbands sent for them , and others came ( singles and widows ) for the adventure and economic opportunities . On the trail many people died from accidents , cholera , fever , and myriad other causes , and many women became widows before even setting eyes on California . While in California , women became widows quite frequently due to mining accidents , disease , or mining disputes of their husbands . Life in the goldfields offered opportunities for women to break from their traditional work . Homosexuality The disproportionate number of men to women in San Francisco created an environment for homosexuality and gay cultures to flourish . The Barbary Coast was a district where men went to gamble and pay for sex from female impersonators and women alike . Described as the `` city of bachelors '' men often went to the Barbary Coast district to pay for prostitution and pleasure with other men . Legal rights When the Gold Rush began , the California goldfields were peculiarly lawless places . When gold was discovered at Sutter 's Mill , California was still technically part of Mexico , under American military occupation as the result of the Mexican -- American War . With the signing of the treaty ending the war on February 2 , 1848 , California became a possession of the United States , but it was not a formal `` territory '' and did not become a state until September 9 , 1850 . California existed in the unusual condition of a region under military control . There was no civil legislature , executive or judicial body for the entire region . Local residents operated under a confusing and changing mixture of Mexican rules , American principles , and personal dictates . Lax enforcement of federal laws , such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , encouraged the arrival of free blacks and escaped slaves . While the treaty ending the Mexican -- American War obliged the United States to honor Mexican land grants , almost all the goldfields were outside those grants . Instead , the goldfields were primarily on `` public land '' , meaning land formally owned by the United States government . However , there were no legal rules yet in place , and no practical enforcement mechanisms . The benefit to the forty - niners was that the gold was simply `` free for the taking '' at first . In the goldfields at the beginning , there was no private property , no licensing fees , and no taxes . The miners informally adapted Mexican mining law that had existed in California . For example , the rules attempted to balance the rights of early arrivers at a site with later arrivers ; a `` claim '' could be `` staked '' by a prospector , but that claim was valid only as long as it was being actively worked . Miners worked at a claim only long enough to determine its potential . If a claim was deemed as low - value -- as most were -- miners would abandon the site in search for a better one . In the case where a claim was abandoned or not worked upon , other miners would `` claim - jump '' the land . `` Claim - jumping '' meant that a miner began work on a previously claimed site . Disputes were often handled personally and violently , and were sometimes addressed by groups of prospectors acting as arbitrators . This often led to heightened ethnic tensions . In some areas the influx of many prospectors could lead to a reduction of the existing claim size by simple pressure . Development of gold - recovery techniques Four hundred million years ago , California lay at the bottom of a large sea ; underwater volcanoes deposited lava and minerals ( including gold ) onto the sea floor . By tectonic forces these minerals and rocks came to the surface of the Sierra Nevada , and eroded . Water carried the exposed gold downstream and deposited it in quiet gravel beds along the sides of old rivers and streams . The forty - niners first focused their efforts on these deposits of gold . Because the gold in the California gravel beds was so richly concentrated , early forty - niners were able to retrieve loose gold flakes and nuggets with their hands , or simply `` pan '' for gold in rivers and streams . However , panning can not take place on a large scale , and industrious miners and groups of miners graduated to placer mining , using `` cradles '' and `` rockers '' or `` long - toms '' to process larger volumes of gravel . Miners would also engage in `` coyoteing '' , a method that involved digging a shaft 6 to 13 meters ( 20 to 43 ft ) deep into placer deposits along a stream . Tunnels were then dug in all directions to reach the richest veins of pay dirt . In the most complex placer mining , groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river , and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom . Modern estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey are that some 12 million ounces ( 370 t ) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush ( worth over US $ 16 billion at December 2010 prices ) . In the next stage , by 1853 , hydraulic mining was used on ancient gold - bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the goldfields . In a modern style of hydraulic mining first developed in California , and later used around the world , a high - pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold - bearing gravel beds . The loosened gravel and gold would then pass over sluices , with the gold settling to the bottom where it was collected . By the mid-1880s , it is estimated that 11 million ounces ( 340 t ) of gold ( worth approximately US $15 billion at December 2010 prices ) had been recovered by `` hydraulicking '' . A byproduct of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel , silt , heavy metals , and other pollutants went into streams and rivers . As of 1999 many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining , since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life . After the Gold Rush had concluded , gold recovery operations continued . The final stage to recover loose gold was to prospect for gold that had slowly washed down into the flat river bottoms and sandbars of California 's Central Valley and other gold - bearing areas of California ( such as Scott Valley in Siskiyou County ) . By the late 1890s , dredging technology ( also invented in California ) had become economical , and it is estimated that more than 20 million ounces ( 620 t ) were recovered by dredging ( worth approximately US $28 billion at December 2010 prices ) . Both during the Gold Rush and in the decades that followed , gold - seekers also engaged in `` hard - rock '' mining , that is , extracting the gold directly from the rock that contained it ( typically quartz ) , usually by digging and blasting to follow and remove veins of the gold - bearing quartz . By 1851 , quartz mining had become the major industry of Coloma . Once the gold - bearing rocks were brought to surface , the rocks were crushed and the gold separated , either using separation in water , using its density difference from quartz sand , or by washing the sand over copper plates coated with mercury ( with which gold forms an amalgam ) . Loss of mercury in the amalgamation process was a source of environmental contamination . Eventually , hard - rock mining wound up becoming the single largest source of gold produced in the Gold Country . The total production of gold in California from then till now is estimated at 118 million ounces ( 3700 t ) . Forty - niner panning for gold Sluice for separation of gold from dirt with water Excavating a river bed after the water has been diverted Crushing quartz ore prior to washing out gold Excavating a gravel bed with jets , circa 1863 Profits Recent scholarship confirms that merchants made far more money than miners during the Gold Rush . The wealthiest man in California during the early years of the rush was Samuel Brannan , a tireless self - promoter , shopkeeper and newspaper publisher . Brannan opened the first supply stores in Sacramento , Coloma , and other spots in the goldfields . Just as the rush began he purchased all the prospecting supplies available in San Francisco and re-sold them at a substantial profit . Some gold - seekers made a significant amount of money . On average , half the gold - seekers made a modest profit , after taking all expenses into account ; economic historians have suggested that white miners were more successful than black , Indian , or Chinese miners . However , taxes such as the California foreign miners tax passed in 1851 , targeted mainly Latino miners and kept them from making as much money as whites , who did n't have any taxes imposed on them . In California most late arrivals made little or wound up losing money . Similarly , many unlucky merchants set up in settlements which disappeared , or which succumbed to one of the calamitous fires that swept the towns that sprang up . By contrast , a businessman who went on to great success was Levi Strauss , who first began selling denim overalls in San Francisco in 1853 . Other businessmen reaped great rewards in retail , shipping , entertainment , lodging , or transportation . Boardinghouses , food preparation , sewing , and laundry were highly profitable businesses often run by women ( married , single , or widowed ) who realized men would pay well for a service done by a woman . Brothels also brought in large profits , especially when combined with saloons and gaming houses . By 1855 , the economic climate had changed dramatically . Gold could be retrieved profitably from the goldfields only by medium to large groups of workers , either in partnerships or as employees . By the mid-1850s , it was the owners of these gold - mining companies who made the money . Also , the population and economy of California had become large and diverse enough that money could be made in a wide variety of conventional businesses . Path of the gold Portsmouth Square , San Francisco , during the Gold Rush , 1851 Once extracted , the gold itself took many paths . First , much of the gold was used locally to purchase food , supplies and lodging for the miners . It also went towards entertainment , which consisted of anything from a traveling theater to alcohol , gambling , and prostitutes . These transactions often took place using the recently recovered gold , carefully weighed out . These merchants and vendors in turn used the gold to purchase supplies from ship captains or packers bringing goods to California . The gold then left California aboard ships or mules to go to the makers of the goods from around the world . A second path was the Argonauts themselves who , having personally acquired a sufficient amount , sent the gold home , or returned home taking with them their hard - earned `` diggings '' . For example , one estimate is that some US $ 80 million worth of California gold was sent to France by French prospectors and merchants . As the Gold Rush progressed , local banks and gold dealers issued `` banknotes '' or `` drafts '' -- locally accepted paper currency -- in exchange for gold , and private mints created private gold coins . With the building of the San Francisco Mint in 1854 , gold bullion was turned into official United States gold coins for circulation . The gold was also later sent by California banks to U.S. national banks in exchange for national paper currency to be used in the booming California economy . Near - term effects The arrival of hundreds of thousands of new people in California within a few years , compared to a population of some 15,000 Europeans and Californios beforehand , had many dramatic effects . A 2017 study attributes the record - long economic expansion of the United States in the recession - free period of 1841 -- 1856 primarily to `` a boom in transportation - goods investment following the discovery of gold in California . '' Development of government and commerce The Gold Rush propelled California from a sleepy , little - known backwater to a center of the global imagination and the destination of hundreds of thousands of people . The new immigrants often showed remarkable inventiveness and civic - mindedness . For example , in the midst of the Gold Rush , towns and cities were chartered , a state constitutional convention was convened , a state constitution written , elections held , and representatives sent to Washington , D.C. to negotiate the admission of California as a state . Large - scale agriculture ( California 's second `` Gold Rush '' ) began during this time . Roads , schools , churches , and civic organizations quickly came into existence . The vast majority of the immigrants were Americans . Pressure grew for better communications and political connections to the rest of the United States , leading to statehood for California on September 9 , 1850 , in the Compromise of 1850 as the 31st state of the United States . Between 1847 and 1870 , the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000 . The Gold Rush wealth and population increase led to significantly improved transportation between California and the East Coast . The Panama Railway , spanning the Isthmus of Panama , was finished in 1855 . Steamships , including those owned by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company , began regular service from San Francisco to Panama , where passengers , goods and mail would take the train across the Isthmus and board steamships headed to the East Coast . One ill - fated journey , that of the S.S. Central America , ended in disaster as the ship sank in a hurricane off the coast of the Carolinas in 1857 , with approximately three tons of California gold aboard . Impact on Native Americans Protecting The Settlers illustration by JR Browne for his work The Indians Of California 1864 The human and environmental costs of the Gold Rush were substantial . Native Americans , dependent on traditional hunting , gathering and agriculture , became the victims of starvation and disease , as gravel , silt and toxic chemicals from prospecting operations killed fish and destroyed habitats . The surge in the mining population also resulted in the disappearance of game and food gathering locales as gold camps and other settlements were built amidst them . Later farming spread to supply the settlers ' camps , taking more land away from the Native Americans . In some areas , systematic attacks against tribespeople in or near mining districts occurred . Various conflicts were fought between natives and settlers . Miners often saw Native Americans as impediments to their mining activities . Ed Allen , interpretive lead for Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park , reported that there were times when miners would kill up to 50 or more Natives in one day . Retribution attacks on solitary miners could result in larger scale attacks against Native populations , at times tribes or villages not involved in the original act . During the 1852 Bridge Gulch Massacre , a group of settlers attacked a band of Wintu Indians in response to the killing of a citizen named J.R. Anderson . After his killing , the sheriff led a group of men to track down the Indians , whom the men then attacked . Only three children survived the massacre that was against a different band of Wintu than the one that had killed Anderson . Photo caption , `` The Heathen Chinee Prospecting '' indicates early prejudice against Chinese gold miners . California , 1852 Historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873 and estimated that during this period at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians , mostly occurring in more than 370 massacres ( defined as the `` intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants , including women , children , and prisoners , whether in the context of a battle or otherwise '' ) . According to demographer Russell Thornton , between 1849 and 1890 , the Indigenous population of California fell below 20,000 -- primarily because of the killings . According to the government of California , some 4,500 Native Americans suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870 . Furthermore , California stood in opposition of ratifying the eighteen treaties signed between tribal leaders and federal agents in 1851 . The state government , in support of miner activities funded and supported death squads , appropriating over 1 million dollars towards the funding and operation of the paramilitary organizations . Peter Burnett , California 's first governor declared that California was a battleground between the races and that there were only two options towards California Indians , extermination or removal . `` That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct , must be expected . While we can not anticipate the result with but painful regret , the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert . '' For Burnett , like many of his contemporaries , the genocide was part of God 's plan , and it was necessary for Burnett 's constituency to move forward in California . The Act for the Government and Protection of Indians , passed on April 22 , 1850 by the California Legislature , allowed settlers to capture and use Native people as bonded workers , prohibited Native peoples ' testimony against settlers , and allowed the adoption of Native children by settlers , often for labor purposes . After the initial boom had ended , explicitly anti-foreign and racist attacks , laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners -- not just Native Americans -- from the mines , especially the Chinese and Latin American immigrants mostly from Sonora , Mexico and Chile . The toll on the American immigrants was severe as well : one in twelve forty - niners perished , as the death and crime rates during the Gold Rush were extraordinarily high , and the resulting vigilantism also took its toll . World - wide economic stimulation Chilean wheat exports to California from 1848 to 1854 ( in qqm ) Year Grains Flour 1848 3000 n / a 1849 87,000 69,000 1850 277,000 221,000 1854 63,000 50,000 The Gold Rush stimulated economies around the world as well . Farmers in Chile , Australia , and Hawaii found a huge new market for their food ; British manufactured goods were in high demand ; clothing and even prefabricated houses arrived from China . The return of large amounts of California gold to pay for these goods raised prices and stimulated investment and the creation of jobs around the world . Australian prospector Edward Hargraves , noting similarities between the geography of California and his home country , returned to Australia to discover gold and spark the Australian gold rushes . Preceding the Gold Rush , the United States was on a bi-metallic standard , but the sudden increase in physical gold supply increased the relative value of physical silver and drove silver money from circulation . The increase in gold supply also created a monetary supply shock . Within a few years after the end of the Gold Rush , in 1863 , the groundbreaking ceremony for the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad was held in Sacramento . The line 's completion , some six years later , financed in part with Gold Rush money , united California with the central and eastern United States . Travel that had taken weeks or even months could now be accomplished in days . Longer - term effects California 's name became indelibly connected with the Gold Rush , and fast success in a new world became known as the `` California Dream . '' California was perceived as a place of new beginnings , where great wealth could reward hard work and good luck . Historian H.W. Brands noted that in the years after the Gold Rush , the California Dream spread across the nation : The old American Dream ... was the dream of the Puritans , of Benjamin Franklin 's `` Poor Richard '' ... of men and women content to accumulate their modest fortunes a little at a time , year by year by year . The new dream was the dream of instant wealth , won in a twinkling by audacity and good luck . ( This ) golden dream ... became a prominent part of the American psyche only after Sutter 's Mill . Legacy ( 1 ) State motto , `` Eureka '' on the Seal of California . ( 2 ) California state route shield , with the number 49 and shaped like a miner 's spade. ( 3 ) Commemorative coin from 1925 . Overnight California gained the international reputation as the `` golden state '' . Generations of immigrants have been attracted by the California Dream . California farmers , oil drillers , movie makers , airplane builders , and `` dot - com '' entrepreneurs have each had their boom times in the decades after the Gold Rush . Included among the modern legacies of the California Gold Rush are the California state motto , `` Eureka '' ( `` I have found it '' ) , Gold Rush images on the California State Seal , and the state nickname , `` The Golden State '' , as well as place names , such as Placer County , Rough and Ready , Placerville ( formerly named `` Dry Diggings '' and then `` Hangtown '' during rush time ) , Whiskeytown , Drytown , Angels Camp , Happy Camp , and Sawyers Bar . The San Francisco 49ers National Football League team , and the similarly named athletic teams of California State University , Long Beach , are named for the prospectors of the California Gold Rush . In addition , the standard route shield of state highways in California is in the shape of a miner 's spade to honor the California Gold Rush . Today , aptly named State Route 49 travels through the Sierra Nevada foothills , connecting many Gold Rush - era towns such as Placerville , Auburn , Grass Valley , Nevada City , Coloma , Jackson , and Sonora . This state highway also passes very near Columbia State Historic Park , a protected area encompassing the historic business district of the town of Columbia ; the park has preserved many Gold Rush - era buildings , which are presently occupied by tourist - oriented businesses . Cultural references The literary history of the Gold Rush is reflected in the works of Mark Twain ( The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County ) , Bret Harte ( A Millionaire of Rough - and - Ready ) , Joaquin Miller ( Life Amongst the Modocs ) , and many others . See also San Francisco Bay Area portal California portal Barbary Coast California Mining and Mineral Museum Gold in California Mercury contamination in California waterways Women in the California Gold Rush Notes Jump up ^ `` ( E ) vents from January 1848 through December 1855 ( are ) generally acknowledged as the ' Gold Rush ' . After 1855 , California gold mining changed and is outside the ' rush ' era . '' `` The Gold Rush of California : A Bibliography of Periodical Articles '' . California State University , Stanislaus. 2002 . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` California Gold Rush , 1848 -- 1864 '' . Learn California.org , a site designed for the Secretary of State of California . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ For a detailed map , see California Historic Gold Mines Archived December 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , published by the State of California . Retrieved December 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1889 ) . History of California , Volume 23 : 1848 -- 1859 . San Francisco : The History Company . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . pp. 39 to 41 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) . Rush for riches ; gold fever and the making of California . Oakland , California , Berkeley and Los Angeles : Oakland Museum of California and University of California Press . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 55 to 56 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) . California : a history . New York : The Modern Library . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California . 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 103 to 105 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 59 to 60 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 51 ( `` 800 residents '' ) Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) . A golden state : mining and economic development in Gold Rush California ( California History Sesquicentennial Series , 2 ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 187 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) . Gold : the California story . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) . The age of gold : the California Gold Rush and the new American dream . New York : Anchor ( reprint ed . ) . pp. 103 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 75 -- 85 . Another route across Nicaragua was developed in 1851 ; it was not as popular as the Panama option . Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 252 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 101 , 107 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 80 ; `` Shipping is the Foundation of San Francisco -- Literally '' . Oakland Museum of California . 1998 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 363 to 366 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Richard ( 1975 ) . Siskiyou Trail . New York : McGraw Hill . pp. 361 -- 362 . Jump up ^ Wells , Harry L. ( 1881 ) . History of Siskiyou County , California . Oakland , California : D.J. Stewart & Co. pp. 60 -- 64 . Jump up ^ The buildings of Bodie , the best - known ghost town in California , date from the 1870s and later , well after the end of the Gold Rush . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Joaquin ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history . Berkeley : Heyday Books ; reprint edition ( January 1996 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blakely , Jim ; Barnette , Karen ( July 1985 ) . Historical Overview : Los Padres National Forest ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 43 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Ruth B. , Armitage , Susan , and Dichamp , Christiane Fischer ( eds . ) ( 1990 ) . So Much to Be Done . Lincoln : U Nebraska , p. 3 Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Rooted in barbarous soil : people , culture , and community in Gold Rush California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : Univ. of California Press . pp. 50 -- 54 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 48 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 50 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Caughey , John Walton ( 1975 ) . The California Gold Rush . University of California Press . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02763 - 9 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 197 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) p. 63 . Holliday notes these luckiest prospectors were recovering , in short amounts of time , gold worth in excess of $1 million when valued at the dollars of today . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 57 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 53 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 53 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Susan Lee ( 2001 ) . Roaring camp : the social world of the California Gold Rush ( 1st ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32099 - 5 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Magagnini , Stephen ( January 18 , 1998 ) `` Chinese transformed ' Gold Mountain ' '' , The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 93 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 57 -- 61 . Other estimates range from 70,000 to 90,000 arrivals during 1849 ( ibid . p. 57 ) . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Exploration and Settlement -- John Bull and Uncle Sam : Four Centuries of British - American Relations -- Exhibitions ( Library of Congress ) '' . loc.gov . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 62 . Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail '' . isu.edu . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neary , J. , & Robbins , H. ( 2015 ) . African American Literature of the Gold Rush . Mapping Region in Early American Writing , 226 Jump up ^ Freguli , Carolyn . ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Another estimate is 2,500 forty - niners of African ancestry . Rawls , James , J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ African Americans who were slaves and came to California during the Gold Rush could gain their freedom . One of the miners was African American Edmond Edward Wysinger ( 1816 -- 1891 ) , see also Moses Rodgers ( 1835 -- 1900 ) Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 67 -- 69 . ^ Jump up to : Out of Many , 5th Edition Volume 1 , Faragher 2006 ( p. 411 ) Jump up ^ The Gold Rush American Experience , KQED 2006 Jump up ^ `` Men : Women in Early San Francisco '' . FoundSF. 2016 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Key Points in Black History and the Gold Rush -- Instructional Materials ( CA Dept of Education ) '' . Cde.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Ruth B. , Armitage , Susan , and Dichamp , Christiane Fischer ( eds . ) ( 1990 ) , pp. 3 -- 8 Jump up ^ Levy , Joann ( 1992 ) . They saw the elephant : Women in the California Gold Rush . Archon : N.p. , pp. xxii , 92 Jump up ^ By one account , in late 1850 , the population of California was over 110,000 , not including the Californios or the California Indians . The surviving U.S. census counts in California add up to 92,600 , not including the lost censuses of San Francisco ( the largest city in California at that time ) , Contra Costa county and Santa Clara County . The women who came to California in the early years were a distinct minority , consisting of less than 10 % of the population . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2003 ) . Wide - Open Town . University of California Press . p. 27 -- via Project MUSE . As early gay cultures developed inside San Francisco 's many bars and taverns , they were bolstered by the disproportionate number of men in the city . Jump up ^ Boyd , Nan Alamilla ( 2003 ) . Wide - Open Town . University of California Press . p. 26 -- via Project MUSE . Here , the rough - and - tumble saloons of the Gold Rush developed into dance halls , honky - tonks , and bawdy houses that provided a space for men to gamble , dance , and satisfy their sexual desires . ^ Jump up to : Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 115 -- 123 . Jump up ^ Neary , J. , & Robbins , H. ( 2015 ) . African American Literature of the Gold Rush . Mapping Region in Early American Writing , 226 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 123 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 127 . There were fewer than 1,000 U.S. soldiers in California at the beginning of the Gold Rush . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ The federal law in place at the time of the California Gold Rush was the Preemption Act of 1841 , which allowed `` squatters '' to improve federal land , then buy it from the government after 14 months . Jump up ^ Paul , Rodman W. ( 1947 ) California Gold , Lincoln : Univ . Nebraska Press , p. 211 -- 213 . ^ Jump up to : Clay , Karen and Wright , Gavin . ( 2005 ) , pp. 155 -- 183 . ^ Jump up to : Clappe , Louise Amelia Knapp Smith ( 2001 ) ( 1922 ) . The Shirley Letters from the California Mines , 1851 -- 1852 . Heyday Books , Berkeley , California . p. 109 . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 00 - 7 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . `` Dame Shirley '' was the name adopted by Louise Amelia Knapp Smith Clappe as she wrote a series of letters to her family describing in detail her life in the Feather River goldfields . The letters were originally published in 1854 -- 1855 by The Pioneer magazine . Jump up ^ The rules of mining claims adopted by the forty - niners spread with each new mining rush throughout the western United States . The U.S. Congress finally legalized the practice in the `` Chaffee laws '' of 1866 and the `` placer law '' of 1870 . Lindley , Curtis H. ( 1914 ) A Treatise on the American Law Relating to Mines and Mineral Lands , San Francisco : Bancroft - Whitney , p. 89 -- 92 . Karen Clay and Gavin Wright , `` Order Without Law ? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush . '' Explorations in Economic History 2005 42 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 183 . See also John F. Burns , and Richard J. Orsi , eds ; Taming the Elephant : Politics , Government , and Law in Pioneer California University of California Press , 2003 Jump up ^ Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush , p. 13 -- 14 . Douglas W. Allen , Simon Fraser University Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 169 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 94 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 106 -- 108 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 105 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 108 -- 110 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , pp. 198 -- 200 . Jump up ^ `` goldrushtrail.net '' . goldrushtrail.net . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bancroft ( 1888 ) . History of California , 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . pp. 87 to 88 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 90 . Jump up ^ The Troy weight system is traditionally used to measure precious metals , not the more familiar avoirdupois weight system . The term `` ounces '' used in this article to refer to gold typically refers to troy ounces . There are some historical uses where , because of the age of the use , the intention is ambiguous . ^ Jump up to : Mining History and Geology of the Mother Lode ( accessed October 16 , 2006 ) . Archived June 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Use of volumes of water in large - scale gold - mining dates at least to the time of the Roman Empire . ( See Roman - era gold mines in Spain . ) Roman engineers built extensive aqueducts and reservoirs above gold - bearing areas , and released the stored water in a flood so as to remove over-burden and expose gold - bearing bedrock , a process known as hushing . The bedrock was then attacked using fire and mechanical means , and volumes of water were used again to remove debris , and to process the resulting ore . Examples of this Roman mining technology may be found at Las Médulas in Spain and Dolaucothi in South Wales . The gold recovered using these methods was used to finance the expansion of the Roman Empire . Hushing was also used in lead and tin mining in Northern Britain and Cornwall . There is , however , no evidence of the earlier use of hoses , nozzles and continuous jets of water in the manner developed in California during the Gold Rush . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 32 -- 36 . ^ Jump up to : Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 116 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 36 -- 39 . Jump up ^ `` Amador City , California -- Historic Gold Mining Town . ( full text ) ( book links ) '' . readme-ebooks.org , The Pierian Press , 8 August 1999 . Online . Internet . May 18 , 1743 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 39 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Charles N. Alpers ; Michael P. Hunerlach ; Jason T. May ; Roger L. Hothem. `` Mercury Contamination from Historical Gold Mining in California '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hausel , Dan . `` California -- Gold , Geology & Prospecting '' . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Karen Clay and Randall Jones , `` Migrating to Riches ? Evidence from the California Gold Rush , '' Journal of Economic History , December 2008 , Vol. 68 Issue 4 , pp 997 -- 1027 Jump up ^ Rohrbough , Malcolm J. ( 1998 ) . Days of Gold : The California Gold Rush and the American Nation . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21659 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Zerbe , R.O. , & Anderson , C.L. ( 2001 ) . Culture and fairness in the development of institutions in the California gold fields . The Journal of Economic History , 61 ( 01 ) , 114 -- 143 Jump up ^ Sears , Clare ( 2014 ) . Arresting Dress : Cross-Dressing , Law , and Fascination in Nineteenth - Century San Francisco . Duke University Press Books . p. 68 . In 1852 the California state legislature targeted Chinese residents for a `` foreign miners '' tax ( ... ) Jump up ^ Clay and Jones , `` Migrating to Riches ? Evidence from the California Gold Rush , '' Journal of Economic History , 2008 . Jump up ^ Levi 's jeans were not invented until the 1870s . Lynn Downey , Levi Strauss & Co. ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ James Lick made a fortune running a hotel and engaging in land speculation in San Francisco . Lick 's fortune was used to build Lick Observatory . Jump up ^ Four particularly successful Gold Rush era merchants were Leland Stanford , Collis P. Huntington , Mark Hopkins and Charles Crocker , Sacramento area businessmen ( later known as the Big Four ) who financed the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad , and became very wealthy as a result . Jump up ^ Susan Lee Johnson , Roaring Camp : The social world of the California Gold Rush . ( 2000 ) , pp. 164 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 52 -- 68 , 193 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 212 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Young , Otis E. ( 1970 ) . Western Mining . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . p. 109 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1352 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 256 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) p. 90 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 193 -- 197 ; 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 226 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , p. 50 . Other estimates are that there were 7,000 -- 13,000 non-Native Americans in California before January 1848 . See Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) , pp. 26 , 51 . Jump up ^ Historians have reflected on the Gold Rush and its effect on California . Historian Kevin Starr stated that for all its problems and benefits , the Gold Rush established the `` founding patterns , the DNA code , of American California '' , and quotes from The Annals of San Francisco in 1855 that the Gold Rush advanced California into a `` rapid , monstrous maturity '' . See Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 80 and Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph ; Weidenmier , Marc D. ( 2017 ) . `` America 's First Great Moderation '' . The Journal of Economic History . 77 ( 4 ) : 1116 -- 1143 . doi : 10.1017 / S002205071700081X . ISSN 0022 - 0507 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 243 -- 248 . By 1860 , California had over 200 flour mills , and was exporting wheat and flour around the world . Ibid . at 278 -- 280 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) . Americans and the California dream : 1850 -- 1915 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 69 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Caughey , 1975 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places : 1870 , U.S. Bureau of the Census Jump up ^ Harper 's New Monthly Magazine March 1855 , Volume 10 , Issue 58 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ S.S. Central America information ; Final voyage of the S.S. Central America . Retrieved April 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) , pp. 192 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Another notable ship wreck was the steamship Winfield Scott , bound to Panama from San Francisco , which crashed into Anacapa Island off the Southern California coast in December 1853 . All hands and passengers were saved , along with the cargo of gold , but the ship was a total loss . Jump up ^ `` Focus On the West '' . Jump up ^ Castillo , Edward D. ( 1998 ) . `` California Indian History '' . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Native History : California Gold Rush Begins , Devastates Native Population '' . Indian Country Today Media Network.com . January 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Native History : California Gold Rush Begins , Devastates Native Population '' . Indian Country Today Media Network.com . Jump up ^ While the Bloody Island Massacre occurred during this time period , it did not occur in the Gold Rush era mining districts . Jump up ^ `` Trinity County California '' . visittrinity.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madley , Benjamin , An American Genocide , The United States and the California Catastrophe , 1846 -- 1873 , Yale University Press , 2016 , 692 pages , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 18136 - 4 , p. 11 , p. 351 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , pp. 107 -- 109 . Jump up ^ `` Minorities During the Gold Rush '' . California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Norton , Jack ( 1979 ) . Genocide in northwestern California : when our worlds cried . San Francisco : Indian Historian Press . ISBN 0 - 913436 - 26 - 7 . pp. 70 -- 73 Jump up ^ `` Indians of California -- American Period '' . www.cabrillo.edu . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Brenden C ( 2012 ) . `` Murder State : California 's Native American Genocide , 1846 -- 1873 . '' University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln and London . p. 231 Jump up ^ Lindsay , Brenden C ( 2012 ) . `` Murder State : California 's Native American Genocide , 1846 -- 1873 . '' University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln and London . p. 148 Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin and Orsi , Richard J. ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) , pp. 56 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , pp. 84 -- 87 . Joaquin Murrieta was a famous Mexican bandit during the Gold Rush of the 1850s. The Last of the California Rangers ( 1928 ) , `` 16 . California Banditti , '' by Jill L. Cossley - Batt Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Villalobos , Sergio ; Silva , Osvaldo ; Silva , Fernando and Estelle , Patricio. 1974 . Historia De Chile . Editorial Universitaria , Chile . p 481 - 485 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 285 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 287 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Younger , R.M. ' Wondrous Gold ' in Australia and the Australians : A New Concise History , Rigby , Sydney , 1970 Jump up ^ Narron , James ; Morgan , Don ( 7 Aug 2015 ) . `` Crisis Chronicles -- The California Gold Rush and the Gold Standard '' . New York Fed . Liberty Street Economics . New York , NY : Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved 8 Aug 2015 . The gold rush constituted a positive monetary supply shock because the United States was on the gold standard at the time . The nation had switched from a bimetallic ( gold and silver ) standard to a de facto gold standard in 1834 . Under the latter , the U.S. government stood ready to buy gold for $20.67 per ounce , a parity that prevailed until 1933 . That commitment anchored prices , but the large gold discovery functioned like a monetary easing by a central bank , with more gold chasing the same amount of goods and services . The increase in spending ultimately led to higher prices because nothing real had changed except the availability of a shiny yellow metal . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. and Orsi , Richard ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Historians James Rawls and Walton Bean have postulated that were it not for the discovery of gold , Oregon might have been granted statehood ahead of California , and therefore the first `` Pacific Railroad might have been built to that state . '' See Rawls , James , J. , and Walton Bean ( 2003 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Kevin Starr , Americans and the California Dream , 1850 -- 1915 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) , p. 442 . Jump up ^ A perception of lawlessness also was connected with California . See , Robert A. Burchell , `` The Loss of a Reputation ; or , The Image of California in Britain before 1875 , '' California Historical Quarterly 53 ( Summer I974 ) : 115 - 30 ( stories about Gold Rush lawlessness deterred some immigration for two decades ) . Jump up ^ `` ( A ) griculture dominated the post-Gold Rush sequence of development , employing more people than mining by 1869 ... and surpassing mining in 1879 as the leading element of the California economy . '' Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Signal Hill , California , Bakersfield , California ; Los Angeles , California Jump up ^ 20th Century - Fox , MGM , Paramount , RKO , Warner Bros. , Universal Pictures , Columbia Pictures , and United Artists are among the most recognized entertainment industry names centered in California ; see also Film studio Jump up ^ Hughes Aircraft , Douglas Aircraft , North American Aviation , Northrop , Lockheed Aircraft were among the complex of companies in the aerospace industry which flourished in California during and after World War II Jump up ^ Gaither , Chris ; Chmielewski , Dawn C ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Google Bets Big on Videos '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2006 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gold Rush images on the state seal include a forty - niner digging with a pick and shovel , a pan for panning gold , and a `` long - tom . '' In addition , the ships on the water suggest the sailing ships filling the Sacramento River and San Francisco Bay during the Gold Rush era . Jump up ^ `` Economic Development History of State Route 99 in California '' . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . In the 1960s , green and white CA - 99 signs that resemble miners ' spades replaced the black and white U.S. 99 shields Jump up ^ Papoulias , Alexander ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` Car Sales Curbed Along El Camino '' . Palo Alto Weekly . Office of California State Senator Leland Yee . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . State routes can be identified by the green State Highway Route shield , which is in the shape of a spade in honor of the California Gold Rush , and bears the route 's number Jump up ^ `` Your guide to the Mother Lode : Complete map of historic Hwy 49 '' . historichwy49.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Watson ( 2005 ) looks at Bret Harte 's notion of Western partnership in such California gold rush stories as `` The Luck of Roaring Camp ' ( 1868 ) , `` Tennessee 's Partner '' ( 1869 ) , and `` Miggles '' ( 1869 ) . While critics have long recognized Harte 's interest in gender constructs , Harte 's depictions of Western partnerships also explore changing dynamics of economic relationships and gendered relationships through terms of contract , mutual support , and the bonds of labor . Matthew A. Watson , `` The Argonauts of ' 49 : Class , Gender , and Partnership in Bret Harte 's West . '' Western American Literature 2005 40 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . References Bancroft , Hubert Howe ( 1888 ) . History of California : 1848 -- 1859 . History Company . Brands , H.W. ( 2003 ) . The age of gold : the California Gold Rush and the new American dream . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 72088 - 5 . Clappe , Louise Amelia Knapp Smith ( 2001 ) ( 1922 ) . The Shirley Letters from the California Mines , 1851 -- 1852 . Heyday Books , Berkeley , California . p. 109 . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 00 - 7 . Clay , Karen ; Gavin Wright ( April 2005 ) . `` Order Without Law ? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush '' ( PDF ) . Explorations in Economic History . 42 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 183 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2004.05. 003 . Dillon , Richard ( 1975 ) . Siskiyou Trail : the Hudson 's Bay Company route to California . New York : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 016980 - 2 . Gaither , Chris ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( October 10 , 2006 ) . `` Google Bets Big on Videos '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Harper 's New Monthly Magazine March 1855 , volume 10 , issue 58 , p. 543 , complete text online . Heizer , Robert F. ( 1974 ) . The destruction of California Indians . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7262 - 6 . Hill , Mary ( 1999 ) . Gold : the California story . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21547 - 8 . Holliday , J.S. ( 1999 ) . Rush for riches : Gold fever and the making of California . Oakland , California , Berkeley and Los Angeles : Oakland Museum of California and University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21401 - 3 . Johnson , Susan Lee ( 2001 ) . Roaring Camp : the social world of the California Gold Rush . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32099 - 5 . Levy , JoAnn ( 1992 ) ( 1990 ) . They saw the elephant : women in the California Gold Rush . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2473 - 3 . Miller , Joaquin ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history . Berkeley : Heyday Books ; reprint edition ( January 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 930588 - 79 - 7 . Moynihan , Ruth B. ; Armitage , Susan ; Dichamp , Christiane Fischer , eds. ( 1990 ) . So much to be done : Women settlers on the mining and ranching frontier , 2d ed . ( Women in the West ) . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8248 - 6 . Rawls , James , J. ; Bean , Walton ( 2003 ) . California : An interpretive history . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 255255 - 7 . Rawls , James , J. and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) . A golden state : mining and economic development in Gold Rush California . California History Sesquicentennial , 2 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Starr , Kevin ( 1973 ) . Americans and the California dream : 1850 -- 1915 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504233 - 6 . Starr , Kevin ( 2005 ) . California : a history . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 679 - 64240 - 4 . Starr , Kevin and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 2000 ) . Rooted in barbarous soil : people , culture , and community in Gold Rush California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22496 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Thornton , Russel ( 1987 ) . American Indian Holocaust and Survival : A Population History Since 1492 . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2074 - 4 . Wells , Harry L. ( 1971 ) ( 1881 ) . History of Siskiyou County , California . Siskiyou Historical Society . OCLC 6150902 . ASIN B0006YP8IE , . Further reading Burchell , Robert A. ( Summer 1974 ) . `` The Loss of a Reputation ; or , The Image of California in Britain before 1875 '' . California Historical Quarterly . 53 ( 3 ) : 115 -- 130 . doi : 10.2307 / 25157500 . ISSN 0097 - 6059 . Burns , John F. and Richard J. Orsi ( eds . ) ( 2003 ) . Taming the Elephant : Politics , Government , and Law in Pioneer California . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23413 - 8 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Drager , K. ; C. Fracchia ( 1997 ) . The Golden Dream : California from Gold Rush to Statehood . Portland , Oregon : Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company . ISBN 1 - 55868 - 312 - 7 . Durham , Walter T. ( 1997 ) . Volunteer Forty - Niners : Tennesseans and the California Gold Rush . Nashville , Tennessee : Vanderbilt University Press . ISBN 9780585170930 . OCLC 44959444 . Dwyer , Richard A. ; Richard E. Lingenfelter ; David Cohen ( 1964 ) . The Songs of the Gold Rush . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Eifler , Mark A. ( 2002 ) . Gold Rush Capitalists : Greed and Growth in Sacramento . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2822 - 9 . Hart , Eugene ( 2003 ) . A Guide to the California Gold Rush . Merced : Freewheel Publications . ISBN 0 - 9634197 - 2 - 2 . Helper , Hinton Rowan ( 1855 ) . The Land of Gold : Reality Versus Fiction . Baltimore : H. Taylor . Holliday , J.S. ; William Swain ( 2002 ) ( 1981 ) . The World Rushed in : The California Gold Rush Experience . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3464 - X . Hurtado , Albert L. ( 2006 ) . John Sutter : A Life on the North American Frontier . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3772 - X . Klare , Normand E. ( 2005 ) . The Final Voyage of the SS Central America 1857 . Ashland , Oregon : Klare Taylor Publishers . ISBN 0 - 9764403 - 0 - X . Knorr , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . A Pennsylvania Mennonite and the California Gold Rush . Camp Hill : Sunbury Press . ISBN 0 - 9760925 - 8 - 1 . Lienhard , Heinrich . `` Wenn Du absolut nach Amerika willst , so gehe in Gottesnamen ! '' , Erinnerungen an den California Trail , John A. Sutter und den Goldrausch 1846 -- 1849 . Herausgegeben von ( edited by ) Christa Landert , mit einem Vorwort von ( foreword by ) Leo Schelbert . Zürich : Limmat Verlag , 2010 , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 85791 - 504 - 8 Owens , Kenneth N. ( ed . ) ( 2002 ) . Riches for All : The California Gold Rush and the World . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8617 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) `` Haun Collection Archive '' . Roberts , Brian ( 2000 ) . American Alchemy : The California Gold Rush and Middle - class Culture . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4856 - 5 . Rohrbough , Malcolm J. ( 1998 ) . Days of Gold : The California Gold Rush and the American Nation . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21659 - 8 . online edition Watson , Matthew A. ( 2005 ) . `` The Argonauts of ' 49 : Class , Gender , and Partnership in Bret Harte 's West '' . Western American Literature. 40 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . ISSN 0043 - 3462 . Witschi , N.S. ( 2004 ) . `` Bret Harte . '' Oxford Encyclopedia of American Literature . Ed . Jay Parini . New York : Oxford University Press . 154 -- 157 . Witschi , N.S. ( 2002 ) . Traces of Gold : California 's Natural Resources and the Claim to Realism in Western American Literature . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 1117 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to California Gold Rush . Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` California Gold Rush '' dated 2009 - 04 - 09 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles California Gold Rush at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) California Gold Rush chronology at The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco Gold at the website of United States Geological Survey Gold Country Museum in Placer County , California `` California as I Saw It : '' First - Person Narratives of California 's Early Years , 1849 -- 1900 Library of Congress American Memory Project University of California , Berkeley , Bancroft Library The University of California , Calisphere , 1848 -- 1865 : The Gold Rush Era California State Library , `` California As We Saw It '' : Exploring the California Gold Rush , online exhibit Map of North America during the California Gold Rush at omniatlas.com Lewis B. Rush diary , diary of a gold rush miner , MSS SC 161 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Harold B. Lee Library , Brigham Young University California Gold rush Geology Gold in California People List of people associated with the California Gold Rush Women in the California Gold Rush Culture Oh , California Oh My Darling , Clementine De Hamborger Veermaster Mursheen Durkin Early US mining Comstock Lode Copper mining in Michigan Part of a series on Gold mining History of California Before 1900 Native Californian Precontact First explorations Later explorations Spanish colonization Mexican rule California Trail Mexican -- American War Californio California Republic United States rule Gold Rush Civil War Since 1900 Labor Engineering Water wars Industrial growth Postwar culture Development Legal revolution Tech boom Present day By topic Highways Maritime Missions Ranchos Slavery Railroads Etymology By region San Fernando Valley By county Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Benito San Bernardino San Diego San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba By city Los Angeles San Diego San Jose San Francisco Fresno Sacramento Long Beach Oakland Bakersfield Anaheim Santa Ana Riverside Stockton Chula Vista Fremont Irvine San Bernardino Modesto Oxnard Fontana Moreno Valley Glendale Huntington Beach Santa Clarita Garden Grove Santa Rosa Oceanside Rancho Cucamonga Ontario Lancaster Elk Grove Palmdale Corona Salinas Pomona Torrance Hayward Escondido Sunnyvale Pasadena Fullerton Orange Thousand Oaks Visalia Simi Valley Concord Roseville Santa Clara Vallejo Victorville El Monte Berkeley Downey Costa Mesa Inglewood Ventura Fairfield Santa Maria Redding Santa Monica Santa Barbara Chico Merced Napa Redwood City Yuba City Madera Santa Cruz San Rafael Woodland Hanford San Luis Obispo El Centro Lompoc Martinez Hollister Eureka Susanville Ukiah Oroville Red Bluff Auburn Marysville Piedmont Placerville Yreka Crescent City Willows Colusa Sonora Lakeport Jackson Nevada City Alturas Gold rushes of the 18th , 19th and 20th centuries United States Carolina ( 1800s ) Georgia ( 1829 ) California ( 1848 ) Pike 's Peak ( 1858 ) Black Hills ( 1876 ) Nome ( 1899 ) Fairbanks ( 1902 ) Canada Queen Charlottes ( 1851 ) Fraser Canyon ( 1858 -- 60 ) Blackfoot ( 1860 ) Rock Creek ( 1860 ) Similkameen ( 1860 ) Stikine ( 1861 -- 62 ) Cariboo ( 1861 -- 66 ) Nova Scotia ( 1861 -- 74 , 1896 -- 1903 , 1932 -- 42 ) Wild Horse Creek ( 1863 -- 65 ) Goldstream ( 1863 ) Leechtown ( 1864 -- 65 ) Big Bend ( 1865 ) Peace River Omineca ( 1869 ) Cassiar ( 1871 -- ? ) Cayoosh ( 1884 ) Tulameen ( 1885 -- 86 ) Bridge River ( 1890s -- 1950s ) Klondike ( 1897 -- 1903 ) Golden Cache ( 1898 -- 1900 ) Porcupine ( 1911 ) Australia Victorian ( 1851 ) New South Wales ( 1851 ) Western Australian ( 1880s -- 1890s ) New Zealand Otago ( 1861 -- 63 ) West Coast ( 1864 -- 67 ) Coromandel ( 1860s -- 1870s ) Latin America Ouro Preto , Brazil ( 1750 ) Tierra del Fuego , Argentina ( 1884 ) Serra Pelada , Brazil ( 1980 ) Europe Kildonan , Scotland ( 1869 ) Lapland , Finland ( 1870 ) Africa Witwatersrand , South Africa ( 1886 ) Kakamega , Kenya ( 1930s ) Part of a series on Gold mining History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America , Charlie Brown Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Gold_Rush&oldid=837061959 '' Categories : California Gold Rush Pre-statehood history of California 1848 in California 1849 in California 1850 in California History of mining in the United States History of United States expansionism Maritime history of California Hydraulic engineering 1840s economic history 1850s economic history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2015 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Spanish - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1999 All articles containing potentially dated statements Spoken articles Articles with Curlie links Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 14 : 01 . 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List of popes
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List of popes - wikipedia List of popes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Catholic Church . For popes of the Coptic Orthodox Church , see List of Coptic Orthodox Popes of Alexandria . For popes of the Legio Maria , see List of Legio Maria Popes . For Palmarian popes , see Palmarian Catholic Church § Popes . For a graphical representation of this list , see List of Popes ( graphical ) . Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St Peter 's ( their names in Latin and the year of their burial ) This chronological list of popes corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading `` I Sommi Pontefici Romani '' ( The Supreme Pontiffs of Rome ) , excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes . Published every year by the Roman Curia , the Annuario Pontificio attaches no consecutive numbers to the popes , stating that it is impossible to decide which side represented at various times the legitimate succession , in particular regarding Pope Leo VIII , Pope Benedict V and some mid-11th - century popes . The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced `` almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes , from St Peter to John Paul II '' . The corrections concerned dates , especially in the first two centuries , birthplaces and the family name of one pope . The term pope ( Latin : papa `` father '' ) is used in several Churches to denote their high spiritual leaders ( for example Coptic Pope ) . This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church . The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition , including Summus Pontifex , Pontifex Maximus , and Servus servorum Dei . Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives , is not incapable of modification . Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously . His list ends in 1049 with Pope Leo IX as number 154 . Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century . Antipope Christopher was considered legitimate for a long time . Pope - elect Stephen was considered legitimate under the name Stephen II until the 1961 edition , when his name was erased . Although these changes are no longer controversial , a number of modern lists still include this `` first Pope Stephen II '' . It is probable that this is because they are based on the 1913 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia , which is in the public domain . A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints , including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes , and others are in the sainthood process . Of the first 31 popes , 28 died as martyrs ( see List of murdered popes ) . Contents 1 Chronological list 1.1 1st millennium 1.1. 1 1st century 1.1. 2 2nd century 1.1. 3 3rd century 1.1. 4 4th century 1.1. 5 5th century 1.1. 6 6th century 1.1. 7 7th century 1.1. 8 8th century 1.1. 9 9th century 1.1. 10 10th century 1.2 2nd millennium 1.2. 1 11th century 1.2. 2 12th century 1.2. 3 13th century 1.2. 4 14th century 1.2. 5 15th century 1.2. 6 16th century 1.2. 7 17th century 1.2. 8 18th century 1.2. 9 19th century 1.2. 10 20th century 1.3 3rd millennium 1.3. 1 21st century 1.4 Notes 1.5 Religious orders 2 Notes on numbering of popes 3 See also 3.1 Lists 3.2 Related topics 4 References 4.1 Specific 4.2 General 5 External links Chronological list 1st Millennium 1st century Popes of the 1st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 30 / 33 - 64 / 68 St Peter PETRUS Šimon Kêpâ ( Simon Peter ) AD 1 Bethsaida , Galilea , Roman Empire ( Now Bethsaida , Galilee , Israel ) 29 - 32 / 63 - 67 Converted Jew . Apostle of Jesus . According to Catholic tradition he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven ( Matthew 16 : 18 -- 19 ) . Feast day ( Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ) 29 June , ( Chair of Saint Peter ) 22 February . He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ . Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 29 June . The St. Peter 's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him . 64 / 68 - 76 / 79 St Linus Papa LINUS Linus ( Lin ) 10 AD Volterra , Italia , Roman Empire ( Now Volterra , Italy ) 54 - 58 / 66 - 69 First Roman pope . Feast day 23 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 76 / 79 - 88 / 91 St Anacletus ( Cletus ) Papa ANACLETUS ( Cletus ) Anáklētos ( Klḗtos ) ( Anaclet or Clet ) 25 AD Athens , Achaea , Roman Empire 51 - 54 / 63 - 66 Historicity not proven . First Greek pope . Feast day 26 April . Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus . 26 April 88 -- 23 Nov 99 ( 11 years , 211 days ) ( 4228 ) St Clement I Papa CLEMENS Clemens ( Clement ) c. 35 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 64 ( † 66 ) Roman . Feast day 23 November . Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 November . First Pope to abdicate 5 23 Nov 99 -- 27 Oct 105 ( 5 years , 338 days ) ( 2164 ) St Evaristus Papa EVARISTUS Eváristos ( Evarist ) c. 30 AD Bethlehem , Judea , Roman Empire ( now Bethlehem , West Bank , Palestine ) 69 / 75 Converted Jew . Said to have divided Rome into parishes , assigning a priest to each . Feast day of 26 October . 2nd century Popes of the 2nd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 6 27 Oct 105 -- 3 May 115 ( 9 years , 188 days ) ( 3475 ) St Alexander I Papa ALEXANDER Alexander c. 75 AD Rome , Roman Empire 30 / 40 Roman . Inaugurated the custom of blessing houses with holy water . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 March . 7 3 May 115 -- 3 April 125 ( 9 years , 335 days ) ( 3623 ) St Sixtus I Papa XYSTUS Xystus ( Sixt ) 42 AD Rome , Roman Empire 73 / 83 Roman . Feast day of 6 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 8 3 April 125 -- 5 Jan 136 ( 10 years , 277 days ) ( 3929 ) St Telesphorus Papa TELESPHORUS Telesfóros ( Telespher ) c. 67 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 58 / 69 Greek . Feast day of 5 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 22 February . Church Father St. Irenaeus called him a great martyr . 9 5 Jan 136 -- 11 Jan 140 ( 4 years , 6 days ) ( 1467 ) St Hyginus Papa HYGINUS Ygínos ( Hygin ) c. 74 Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 58 / 62 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 11 January . 10 11 Jan 140 -- 11 July 155 ( 15 years , 181 days ) ( 5660 ) St Pius I Papa PIUS Pius ( Pie ) c. 81 AD Aquileia , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 74 Roman . Martyred by sword ; feast day 11 July . Decreed that Easter should only be celebrated on a Sunday . 11 11 July 155 -- 20 April 166 ( 10 years , 283 days ) ( 3936 ) St Anicetus Papa ANICETUS Aníkētos ( Anicet ) c. 92 AD Emesa , Syria , Roman Empire ( now Homs , Syria ) 63 / 74 Greek . First pope from Syria . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 17 April . Decreed that priests are not allowed to have long hair . 12 20 April 166 -- 22 April 174 ( 8 years , 2 days ) ( 2924 ) St Soter Papa SOTERIUS Soterius ( Soter ) c. 119 AD Fondi , Aquileia , Roman Empire 46 / 55 Roman . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 22 April . Declared that marriage was valid as a sacrament blessed by a priest ; formally inaugurated Easter as an annual festival in Rome . 13 22 April 174 -- 26 May 189 ( 15 years , 34 days ) ( 5513 ) St Eleuterus Papa ELEUTHERIUS Eleútheros ( Eleuter ) c. 130 AD Nicopolis , Epirus , Roman Empire 45 / 59 Greek . Tradition holds he was martyred ; feast day 6 May . 14 26 May 189 -- 28 July 199 ( 10 years , 63 days ) ( 3715 ) St Victor I Papa VICTOR Victor Africa , Roman Empire Roman . Known for excommunicating Theodotus of Byzantium . Quartodecimanism controversy . 15 28 July 199 -- 20 Dec 217 ( 18 years , 145 days ) ( 6719 ) St Zephyrinus Papa ZEPHYRINUS Zephyrinus ( Zephyrin ) c. 160 AD Rome , Roman Empire 39 / 57 Roman . Combated against the adoptionist heresies of the followers of Theodotus the Byzantium who were ruled by Theodotus , the Money Changer and Asclepiodotus . Although not physically martyred ( murdered ) , he is called a martyr for the suffering he endured . - c. 199 -- c. 200 ( 1 year , 0 days ) ( 365 ) Natalius Antipapa NATALIUS Natalius ( Natal ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to pope Zephyrinus . Later reconciled ( see above ) . 3rd century Popes of the 3rd century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 16 20 Dec 217 -- 14 Oct 222 ( 4 years , 298 days ) ( 1759 ) St Callixtus I Papa CALLIXTUS Callixtus ( Callixt ) c. 155 AD Rome , Roman Empire 62 / 67 Roman . Martyred ; feast day 14 October . - 217 -- 235 ( 18 years , 0 days ) ( 6574 ) St Hippolytus Antipapa HIPPOLYTUS Ippólytos ( Hippolyt ) c. 170 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 65 Greek Roman . In opposition to Pope Callistus I , Urban I and Pontian . Later reconciled with Pope Pontian ( see above ) . 17 14 Oct 222 -- 23 May 230 ( 7 years , 221 days ) St Urban I Papa URBANUS Urbanus ( Urban ) c. 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 47 / 55 Roman . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 25 May . 18 21 Aug 230 -- 28 Sept 235 ( 5 years , 38 days ) St Pontian Papa PONTIANUS Pontianus ( Pontian ) c. 175 AD Rome , Roman Empire 55 / 60 Roman . First to abdicate after exile to Sardinia by Emperor Maximinus Thrax . The Liberian Catalogue records his death on 28 Sept 235 , the earliest exact date in papal history . 19 21 Nov 235 -- 3 Jan 236 ( 43 days ) ( 43 ) St Anterus Papa ANTERUS Anthērós ( Anter ) c. 180 AD Petilia , Italia , Roman Empire 55 / 56 Greek . Feast day 3 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 20 10 Jan 236 -- 20 Jan 250 ( 14 years , 10 days ) ( 5124 ) St Fabian Papa FABIANUS Fabianus ( Fabian ) c. 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 36 / 50 Roman . Divided the communities of Rome into seven districts , each supervised by a deacon . Feast day 20 January . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 5 August . 21 6 March 251 -- 25 June 253 ( 2 years , 111 days ) ( 842 ) St Cornelius Papa CORNELIUS Cornelius ( Cornel ) c. 180 AD Rome , Roman Empire 71 / 73 Roman . Died as a martyr through extreme hardship ; feast day 16 September . - March 251 -- 258 ( 7 years , 0 days ) ( 2557 ) Novatian Antipapa NOVATIANUS Novatianus ( Novatian ) c. 200 / 20 AD Rome , Roman Empire 31 ( 51 ) / 38 ( 58 ) Roman . Founder of Novatianism . In opposition to Pope Cornelius , Lucius I , Stephen I and Sixtus II . 22 25 June 253 -- 5 March 254 ( 253 days ) ( 253 ) St Lucius I Papa LUCIUS Lucius ( Luce ) c. 200 AD Rome , Roman Empire 48 / 49 Roman . Feast day 5 March . 23 12 March 254 -- 2 Aug 257 ( 3 years , 143 days ) ( 1239 ) St Stephen I Papa STEPHANUS Stéfanos ( Stephen ) c. 205 AD Rome , Roman Empire 54 / 57 Greek Roman . Martyred by beheading ; feast day 2 August . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with the same feast day . 24 30 Aug 257 -- 6 Aug 258 ( 341 days ) ( 341 ) St Sixtus II Papa XYSTUS Secundus Síxtos ( Sixt ) c. 215 AD Athens , Greece , Roman Empire 42 / 43 Greek . Martyred by beheading . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 10 August . 25 22 July 259 -- 26 Dec 268 ( 9 years , 157 days ) ( 3445 ) St Dionysius Papa DIONYSIUS Dionýsios ( Denis ) c. 200 AD Terranova da Sibari , Italia , Roman Empire 59 / 68 Greek . Feast day 26 December . 26 5 Jan 269 -- 30 Dec 274 ( 5 years , 359 days ) ( 2185 ) St Felix I Papa FELIX Felix c. 206 AD Rome , Roman Empire 63 / 68 Roman . 27 4 Jan 275 -- 7 Dec 283 ( 8 years , 337 days ) ( 3259 ) St Eutychian Papa EUTYCHIANUS Eutychianus ( Eutychian ) c. 240 AD Luni , Italia , Roman Empire ( Now Luni , Italy ) 35 / 43 Roman . 28 17 Dec 283 -- 22 April 296 ( 12 years , 127 days ) ( 4510 ) St Caius Papa CAIUS Gáios ( Cay or Gay ) c. 245 AD Salona , Dalmatia , Roman Empire 38 / 51 Greek . First pope from Croatia . Martyred by beheading ( according to legend ) . Feast day 22 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 11 August . 29 30 June 296 -- 26 April 304 ( 7 years , 301 days ) ( 2856 ) St Marcellinus Papa MARCELLINUS Marcellinus ( Marcellin ) c. 250 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 54 Roman . Feast day 26 April . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 7 June . 4th century Popes of the 4th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 30 27 May 308 -- 16 Jan 309 ( 234 days ) ( 234 days ) St Marcellus I Papa MARCELLUS Marcellus ( Marcel ) c. 255 AD Rome , Roman Empire 53 / 54 Roman . Banished from Rome under Maxentius ( 309 ) . 31 18 April 309 -- 17 Aug 310 ( 1 year , 121 days ) ( 486 ) St Eusebius Papa EUSEBIUS Eusébios ( Eusebe ) c. 255 AD Sardinia , Roman Empire 54 / 54 ( † 55 ) Greek . Banished by the emperor Maxentius , and died in exile . 32 2 July 311 -- 10 Jan 314 ( 2 years , 192 days ) ( 923 ) St Miltiades ( Melchiades ) Papa MILTIADES Miltiades ( or Melchiades ) ( Miltiade or Melchiade ) c. 270 AD Africa , Roman Empire 41 / 44 Roman . First pope after the end of the persecution of Christians through the Edict of Milan ( 313 AD ) issued by Constantine the Great . Presided over the Lateran council of 313 . 33 31 Jan 314 -- 31 Dec 335 ( 21 years , 334 days ) ( 8004 ) St Sylvester I Papa SILVESTER Silvester ( Sylvester ) c. 285 AD Sant'Angelo a Scala , Apulia et Calabria , Roman Empire 29 / 50 Roman . Feast day 31 December . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 2 January . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) . Under him was built : the Basilica of St. John Lateran , Santa Croce in Gerusalemme and Old St. Peter 's Basilica . Stated to be the recipient of the Donation of Constantine , which was later shown to be a forgery . 34 18 Jan 336 -- 7 Oct 336 ( 263 days ) ( 263 ) St Mark Papa MARCUS Marcus ( Mark ) c. 290 AD Rome , Roman Empire 46 / 46 Roman . One of Mark 's undertakings was to compile stories of the lives of martyrs and bishops before his time . There is some reason to believe he founded two churches in the area of Rome . One of them is still known to this day as the Church of San Marco , although it is greatly changed since his time . The other church was at the Catacomb of Balbina , a cemetery . Emperor Constantine gave gifts of land and furnishing for both buildings . Feast day 7 October . 35 6 Feb 337 -- 12 April 352 ( 15 years , 66 days ) ( 5544 ) St Julius I Papa IULIUS Iulius ( Jules ) c. 280 AD Rome , Roman Empire 57 / 72 Roman . Arian controversy . Credited with splitting the birth of Christ into two distinct celebrations : The Epiphany stayed on the traditional date , and the Nativity was added on 25 December . 36 17 May 352 -- 24 Sept 366 ( 14 years , 130 days ) ( 5243 ) Liberius Papa LIBERIUS Liberius ( Liber ) c. 310 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 56 Roman . Earliest pope not canonized by the Roman Catholic Church . Revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 27 August . - 355 -- 22 Nov 365 ( 10 years , 0 days ) ( 3653 ) St Felix II Antipapa FELIX secundus Felix Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Liberius . Installed by Roman Emperor Constantius II . 37 1 Oct 366 -- 11 Dec 384 ( 18 years , 71 days ) ( 6646 ) St Damasus I Papa DAMASUS Damasus ( Damase ) c. 305 AD Egitania , Lusitania , Roman Empire 60 / 78 Roman . And the first pope from Portugal . Patron of Jerome , commissioned the Vulgate translation of the Bible . Council of Rome ( 382 ) . First pope to be the official head of the church after the Emperor Gratian abdicates the title of `` Pontifex Maximus '' . - 1 Oct 366 -- 16 Nov 367 ( 1 year , 46 days ) ( 411 ) Ursicinus Antipapa URSICINUS Ursinus ( or Ursicinus ) ( Ursin or Ursicin ) Rome , Roman Empire - Roman . In opposition to Pope Damasus I. Banished to Gallia by the emperor Valentinian II after a war between two sects and died after 384 . 38 17 Dec 384 -- 26 Nov 399 ( 14 years , 344 days ) ( 5457 ) St Siricius Papa SIRICIUS Sicirius ( Sirice ) c. 334 AD Rome , Roman Empire 50 / 65 Roman . His famous letters -- the earliest surviving texts of papal decretals -- focus particularly on religious discipline and include decisions on baptism , consecration , ordination , penance , and continence . Siricius ' important decretal of 386 ( written to Bishop Himerius of Tarragona ) , commanding celibacy for priests , was the first decree on this subject . 39 27 Nov 399 -- 19 Dec 401 ( 2 years , 22 days ) ( 753 ) St Anastasius I Papa ANASTASIUS Anastasius Maximus ( Anastase Maxime ) c. 340 AD Rome , Roman Empire 59 / 61 Roman . Instructed priests to stand and bow their heads as they read from the Gospels . 5th century Popes of the 5th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 40 21 Dec 401 -- 12 March 417 ( 15 years , 81 days ) ( 5560 ) St Innocent I Papa INNOCENTIUS Innocentius ( Innocent ) c. 378 AD Albano , Latium et Campania , Roman Empire 41 / 57 Roman . Visigoth Sack of Rome ( 410 ) under Alaric . 41 18 March 417 -- 26 Dec 418 ( 1 year , 283 days ) ( 648 ) St Zosimus Papa ZOSIMUS Zṓsimos ( Zosime ) c. 370 AD Mesoraca , Lucania et Bruttii , Roman Empire 47 / 48 Greek . - 27 Dec 418 -- 3 April 419 ( 97 days ) ( 97 ) Eulalius Antipapa EULALIUS Eulalius ( Eulal ) c. 380 AD Rome , Roman Empire 38 / 39 ( † 42 ) Roman . In opposition to Pope Boniface I. Elected on the eve of the election of Boniface , first benefited from the support of the emperor Honorius , but lost it quickly . Exiled in Campania , and died in 423 . 42 28 Dec 418 -- 4 Sept 422 ( 3 years , 250 days ) St Boniface I Papa BONIFACIUS Bonifacius ( Boniface ) c. 377 AD Rome , Roman Empire 43 / 47 Roman . 43 10 Sept 422 -- 27 July 432 ( 9 years , 321 days ) ( 3608 ) St Celestine I Papa CAELESTINUS Caelestinus ( Celestine ) c. 380 AD Campania , Roman Empire 42 / 52 Roman . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 8 April . 44 31 July 432 -- 18 Aug 440 ( 8 years , 18 days ) ( 2940 ) St Sixtus III Papa XYXTUS Tertius Xystus ( Sixt ) c. 390 AD Rome , Roman Empire 42 / 50 Roman . 45 29 Sept 440 -- 10 Nov 461 ( 21 years , 42 days ) ( 7712 ) St Leo I ( Leo the Great ) Papa LEO MAGNUS Leo ( Leon ) c. 390 AD Etruria , Roman Empire 50 / 71 Roman . Convinced Attila the Hun to turn back his invasion of Italy . Wrote the Tome which was instrumental in the Council of Chalcedon and in defining the hypostatic union . Feast day 10 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 18 February . 46 19 Nov 461 -- 29 Feb 468 ( 6 years , 102 days ) ( 2293 ) St Hilarius Papa HILARIUS Ilários ( Hilar ) c. 400 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 46 / 53 Greek . 47 3 March 468 -- 10 March 483 ( 15 years , 7 days ) ( 5485 ) St Simplicius Papa SIMPLICIUS Simplicius ( Simplice ) c. 430 AD Tivoli , Western Roman Empire 38 / 53 Roman . Papacy during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent overtaking of Rome and Italy in general by Odoacer . 48 13 March 483 -- 1 March 492 ( 8 years , 354 days ) ( 3276 ) St Felix III ( Felix II ) Papa FELIX Tertius ( Secundus ) Anicius Felix ( Anice Felix ) c. 440 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 43 / 52 Imperial Roman pope . Sometimes called Felix II . Great - great - grandfather of pope Gregory I . 49 1 March 492 -- 21 Nov 496 ( 4 years , 265 days ) ( 1726 ) St Gelasius I Papa GELASIUS Gelasius ( Gelase ) c. 410 AD Kabylie , Africa , Western Roman Empire 82 / 86 Roman . The last pope to have been born on the continent of Africa . The first pope called the `` Vicar of Christ '' . 50 24 Nov 496 -- 19 Nov 498 ( 1 year , 360 days ) ( 725 ) Anastasius II Papa ANASTASIUS Secundus Anastasius ( Anastase ) c. 445 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 51 / 53 Roman . Tried to end the Acacian schism but it resulted in the Laurentian schism . 51 22 Nov 498 -- 19 July 514 ( 15 years , 239 days ) St Symmachus Papa SYMMACHUS Sýmmakhos ( Symmach ) c. 460 AD Sardinia , Western Roman Empire 38 / 54 Greek . - 22 Nov 498 -- Aug 506 / 8 ( 7 years , 252 days ) ( 2808 ) Laurence Antipapa LAURENTIUS Lauréntios ( Laurence ) c. 460 AD Eastern Roman Empire 38 / 46 ( † 48 ) Greek . In opposition to Pope Symmachus . Elected on the same day as Symachus , King Theodoric settled in favor of his adversary . Took control of Rome in 501 and remained pope in fact until 506 / 08 , year of his death . 6th century Popes of the 6th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 52 20 July 514 -- 6 Aug 523 ( 9 years , 17 days ) ( 3304 ) St Hormisdas Papa HORMISDAS Hormisdas ( Hormisde ) c. 450 AD Frosinone , Latium et Campania , Western Roman Empire 64 / 73 Roman . Father of Pope Silverius . Acacian schism . 53 13 Aug 523 -- 18 May 526 ( 2 years , 278 days ) ( 1009 ) St John I Papa IOANNES Ioannes ( John ) c. 470 AD Siena , Etruria , Western Roman Empire 53 / 56 Roman . 54 12 July 526 -- 22 Sept 530 ( 4 years , 72 days ) ( 1533 ) St Felix IV ( Felix III ) Papa FELIX Quartus ( Tertius ) Felix c. 490 AD Samnium , Kingdom of Odoacer 36 / 40 Roman . Sometimes called Felix III . Built Santi Cosma e Damiano . 55 22 Sept 530 -- 17 Oct 532 ( 2 years , 25 days ) ( 756 ) Boniface II Papa BONIFACIUS Secundus Bonifacius ( Boniface ) c. 490 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 40 / 42 First Germanic pope . Changed the numbering of the years in the Julian Calendar from Ab Urbe Condita to Anno Domini . - 22 Sept 530 -- 14 Oct 530 ( 22 days ) ( 22 ) Dioscore Antipapa DIOSCORUS Dióskoros ( Dioscore ) Alexandria , Aegyptus , Eastern Roman Empire - Greek . In opposition to Pope Boniface II . Candidate of the Byzantine party , elected by the majority of the cardinals and recognized by Constantinople , he died less than a month after his election . 56 2 Jan 533 -- 8 May 535 ( 2 years , 126 days ) ( 856 ) John II Papa IOANNES Secundus Mercurius ( Mercury ) c. 473 AD Rome , Western Roman Empire 63 / 65 Roman . First pope not to use his personal name . This was because of the Roman god , Mercury . 57 13 May 535 -- 22 April 536 ( 356 days ) ( 356 ) St Agapetus I Papa AGAPETUS Agapetus ( Agapet ) c. 570 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 45 / 46 Roman . Feast days 22 April and 20 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 17 April . 58 8 June 536 -- 11 March 537 ( 276 days ) ( 276 ) St Silverius Papa SILVERIUS Silverius ( Silvery ) c. 480 AD Ceccano , Ostrogothic Kingdom 56 / 57 Roman . Exiled ; feast day 20 June , son of Pope Hormisdas . 59 29 March 537 -- 7 June 555 ( 18 years , 70 days ) ( 6644 ) Vigilius Papa VIGILIUS Vigilius ( Vigil ) c. 500 AD Rome , Kingdom of Odoacer 37 / 55 Roman . 60 16 April 556 -- 4 March 561 ( 4 years , 322 days ) ( 1783 ) Pelagius I Papa PELAGIUS Pelagius ( Pelage ) c. 505 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 51 / 56 Roman . Credited with the construction of the basilica of Santi Apostoli . 61 17 July 561 -- 13 July 574 ( 12 years , 361 days ) ( 4744 ) John III Papa IOANNES Tertius Ioannes Catelinus ( John Catelin ) c. 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 41 / 54 Roman . 62 2 June 575 -- 30 July 579 ( 4 years , 58 days ) ( 1519 ) Benedict I Papa BENEDICTUS Benedictus ( Benedict ) c. 525 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 50 / 54 Roman . 63 26 Nov 579 -- 7 Feb 590 ( 10 years , 73 days ) ( 3726 ) Pelagius II Papa PELAGIUS Secundus Pelagius ( Pelage ) c. 520 AD Rome , Ostrogothic Kingdom 59 / 70 Roman ( probably of Ostrogothic descent ) . Ordered the construction of the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura . 64 3 Sept 590 -- 12 March 604 ( 13 years , 191 days ) ( 4938 ) St Gregory I ( Gregory the Great ) Papa GREGORIUS MAGNUS Anicius Gregorius ( Anice Gregory ) O.S.B. c. 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 64 Last imperial Roman Pope . Great - great - grandson of pope Felix III . The first formally to employ the titles Servus servorum Dei and Pontifex Maximus . Established the Gregorian chant . Feast day 3 September . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 12 March . Known as `` the Father of Christian Worship '' . Known as `` St. Gregory the Dialogist '' in Eastern Orthodoxy . 7th century Popes of the 7th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 65 13 Sept 604 -- 22 Feb 606 ( 1 year , 162 days ) ( 527 ) Sabinian Papa SABINIANUS Sabinianós ( Sabinian ) c. 530 AD Blera , Eastern Roman Empire 74 / 76 Greek . For the next two centuries the Roman popes were all controlled by the Eastern Roman Empire . 66 19 Feb 607 -- 12 Nov 607 ( 266 days ) ( 266 ) Boniface III Papa BONIFACIUS Tertius Bonifátios Kataadiókēs ( Boniface Cataadioce ) c. 540 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 67 / 67 Greek Roman . 67 15 Sept 608 -- 8 May 615 ( 6 years , 235 days ) ( 2426 ) St Boniface IV Papa BONIFACIUS Quartus Bonifacius ( Boniface ) O.S.B. c. 550 AD Marsica , Eastern Roman Empire 58 / 65 Roman . First pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 68 13 Nov 615 -- 8 Nov 618 ( 2 years , 360 days ) ( 1091 ) St Adeodatus I ( Deusdedit ) Papa ADEODATUS sive DEUSDEDIT Adeodatus ( or Deusdedit ) ( Adeodat or Deusdedit ) c. 570 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 58 Roman . Sometimes called Deusdedit , as a result Pope Adeodatus II is sometimes called Pope Adeodatus without a number . The first pope to use lead seals on papal documents , which in time came to be called Papal bulls . 69 23 Dec 619 -- 25 Oct 625 ( 5 years , 306 days ) ( 2133 ) Boniface V Papa BONIFACIUS Quintus Bonifátios Foummínēs ( Boniface Fummin ) c. 575 AD Neapolis , Eastern Roman Empire 44 / 50 Greek . 70 27 Oct 625 -- 12 Oct 638 ( 12 years , 350 days ) ( 4733 ) Honorius I Papa HONORIUS Honorius ( Honore ) c. 585 AD Campania , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 53 Roman . Named a heretic and anathematized by the Third Council of Constantinople. ( 680 ) 71 28 May 640 -- 2 Aug 640 ( 66 days ) ( 66 ) Severinus Papa SEVERINUS Severinus ( Severin ) c. 585 AD Rome , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 55 Roman . 72 24 Dec 640 -- 12 Oct 642 ( 1 year , 292 days ) ( 657 ) John IV Papa IOANNES Quartus Iōánnēs ( John ) c. 587 AD Iadera , Dalmatia , Eastern Roman Empire 40 / 42 Greek . Second pope from Croatia . 73 24 Nov 642 -- 14 May 649 ( 6 years , 171 days ) ( 2363 ) Theodore I Papa THEODORUS Theódōros ( Theodore ) c. 610 AD Hierosolyma , Eastern Roman Empire 32 / 39 Greek . The last pope from Palestine . Planned the Lateran Council of 649 , but died before it could open . 74 5 July 649 -- 12 Nov 655 ( 6 years , 130 days ) ( 2321 ) St Martin I Papa MARTINUS Martinus ( Martin ) c. 590 AD Near Todi , Umbria , Eastern Roman Empire 59 / 65 Roman . Last pope recognized as a martyr . Feast day of 12 November . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 14 April . 75 10 Aug 654 -- 2 June 657 ( 2 years , 296 days ) ( 1027 ) St Eugene I Papa EUGENIUS Eugenius ( Eugene ) c. 615 AD Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 39 / 42 Roman . 76 30 July 657 -- 27 Jan 672 ( 14 years , 181 days ) ( 5294 ) St Vitalian Papa VITALIANUS Vitalianus ( Vitalian ) c. 600 Segni , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 72 Roman . 77 11 April 672 -- 17 June 676 ( 4 years , 67 days ) ( 1528 ) Adeodatus II Papa ADEODATUS Secundus Adeodatus ( Adeodat ) O.S.B. c. 621 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 51 / 55 Roman . Sometimes called Pope Adeodatus ( without a number ) in reference to Pope Adeodatus I sometimes being called Pope Deusdedit . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 78 2 Nov 676 -- 11 April 678 ( 1 year , 160 days ) ( 525 ) Donus Papa DONUS Donus ( Don ) c. 610 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 66 / 68 Roman . 79 27 June 678 -- 10 Jan 681 ( 2 years , 197 days ) ( 928 ) St Agatho Papa AGATHO Agáthōn ( Agaton ) c. 577 Panormus , Sicilia , Eastern Roman Empire 101 / 104 Greek . The oldest pope in history . Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity , with a feast day of 20 February . 80 17 Aug 682 -- 3 July 683 ( 320 days ) ( 320 ) St Leo II Papa LEO Secundus Léōn ( Leon ) c. 611 Aidone , Sicilia ( Sicily ) , Eastern Roman Empire 71 / 72 Greek . Feast day 3 July . 81 26 June 684 -- 8 May 685 ( 316 days ) ( 316 ) St Benedict II Papa BENEDICTUS Secundus Benedictus Sabellus ( Benedict Savel ) c. 635 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 49 / 50 Roman . Feast day 7 May . 82 23 July 685 -- 2 Aug 686 ( 1 year , 10 days ) ( 375 ) John V Papa IOANNES Quintus Iōánnēs ( John ) c. 635 Antiochia , Syria , Eastern Roman Empire 50 / 51 Greek . 83 21 Oct 686 -- 21 Sept 687 ( 335 days ) ( 335 ) Conon Papa CONON Kónōn ( Conon ) c. 630 Thracia , Eastern Roman Empire 56 / 57 Greek . 84 15 Dec 687 -- 8 Sept 701 ( 13 years , 267 days ) ( 5015 ) St Sergius I Papa SERGIUS Sérgios ( Serge ) c. 650 Panormus ( Palermo ) , Sicilia , Eastern Roman Empire 37 / 51 Greek . Introduced the singing of the Lamb of God at mass . 8th century Popes of the 8th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 85 30 Oct 701 -- 11 Jan 705 ( 3 years , 73 days ) ( 1169 ) John VI Papa IOANNES Sextus Iōánnēs ( John ) c. 650 Ephesus , Eastern Roman Empire 46 / 50 Greek . The only pope came from Asia Minor . 86 1 March 705 -- 18 Oct 707 ( 2 years , 231 days ) ( 961 ) John VII Papa IOANNES Septimus Iōánnēs ( John ) c. 655 Rossano , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 57 Greek . The second pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . 87 15 Jan 708 -- 4 Feb 708 ( 20 days ) ( 20 ) Sisinnius Papa SISINNIUS Sisínios ( Sisinny ) c. 650 Syria , Rashidun Caliphate 58 / 58 Greco - Syrian . 88 25 March 708 -- 9 April 715 ( 7 years , 15 days ) ( 2571 ) Constantine Papa COSTANTINUS sive CONSTANTINUS Kōnstantínos ( Constantine ) c. 664 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 44 / 51 Greco - Syrian . Last pope to visit Greece while in office , until John Paul II in 2001 . 89 19 May 715 -- 11 Feb 731 ( 15 years , 268 days ) ( 5747 ) St Gregory II Papa GREGORIUS Secundus Gregorius Sabellus ( Gregory Savel ) c. 669 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 46 / 62 Roman . Feast day 11 February . Held the Synod of Rome ( 721 ) . 90 18 March 731 -- 28 Nov 741 ( 10 years , 255 days ) ( 3908 ) St Gregory III Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Grēgórios ( Gregory ) c. 669 Syria , Umayyad Caliphate 41 / 51 Greco - Syrian . The last pope from Syria . The third pope to bear the same name as his immediate predecessor . Was previously the last pope to have been born outside Europe until the election of Francis in 2013 . 91 3 Dec 741 -- 22 March 752 ( 10 years , 110 days ) ( 3762 ) St Zachary Papa ZACHARIAS Zakharías ( Zachary ) c. 679 Santa Severina , Calabria , Eastern Roman Empire 62 / 73 Greek . Feast day 15 March . Built the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva . ( never consecrated ) 22 March 752 -- 25 March 752 ( 3 ) ( Never took office as pope ) Pope - elect Stephen ( Stephen II ) Papa Electus STEPHANUS ( STEPHANUS Secundus ) Stephanus ( Stephen ) c. 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 52 / 52 Roman . Sometimes known as Stephen II . Died three days after his election ; never receiving episcopal consecration . Some lists still include him . The Vatican sanctioned his addition in the sixteenth century ; removed in 1961 . He is no longer considered a pope by the Catholic Church . 92 26 March 752 -- 26 April 757 ( 5 years , 31 days ) ( 1857 ) Stephen II ( Stephen III ) Papa STEPHANUS Secundus ( Tertius ) Stephanus ( Stephen ) c. 714 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 38 / 43 Roman . Sometimes called Stephen III . The Donation of Pepin . Brother of Paul I . 93 29 May 757 -- 28 June 767 ( 10 years , 30 days ) ( 3682 ) St Paul I Papa PAULUS Paulus ( Paul ) c. 700 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 57 / 67 Roman . Brother of Stephen II . 94 7 Aug 768 -- 24 Jan 772 ( 3 years , 170 days ) ( 1265 ) Stephen III ( Stephen IV ) Papa STEPHANUS Tertius ( Quartus ) Stéfanos ( Stephen ) c. 723 Syracuse , Thema Sicelias , Eastern Roman Empire 45 / 49 Greek . Sometimes called Stephen IV . The Lateran Council ( 769 ) . 95 1 Feb 772 -- 26 Dec 795 ( 23 years , 328 days ) ( 8729 ) Adrian I Papa HADRIANUS Hadrianus ( Adrian ) a . 700 / 12 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 60 ( 72 ) / 83 ( 95 ) Roman . 96 26 Dec 795 -- 12 June 816 ( 20 years , 169 days ) ( 7474 ) St Leo III Papa LEO Tertius Léōn ( Leon ) c. 750 Rome , Duchy of Rome ( formally Eastern Roman Empire ) 45 / 66 Greek ( From a modest family from southern Italy ) . Crowned Charlemagne Imperator Augus on Christmas Day , 800 , thereby initiating what would become the office of Holy Roman Emperor requiring the imprimatur of the pope for its legitimacy . 9th century Popes of the 9th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 97 22 June 816 -- 24 Jan 817 ( 216 days ) ( 216 ) Stephen IV ( Stephen V ) Papa STEPHANUS Quartus ( Quintus ) Stefano ( Stephen ) c. 770 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Early Italian . Sometimes called Stephen V . 98 25 Jan 817 -- 11 Feb 824 ( 7 years , 17 days ) ( 2573 ) St Paschal I Papa PASCHALIS Pasquale dei Massimi ( Paschal Maxime ) c. 775 Rome , Papal States 42 / 49 Italian . Credited with finding the body of Saint Cecilia in the Catacomb of Callixtus , building the basilica of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere and the church of Santa Maria in Domnica . 99 8 May 824 -- 27 Aug 827 ( 3 years , 111 days ) ( 1206 ) Eugene II Papa EUGENIUS Secundus Eugenio Savelli ( Eugene Savel ) c. 780 Rome , Papal States 44 / 47 Italian . 100 31 Aug 827 -- 10 Oct 827 ( 40 days ) ( 40 ) Valentine Papa VALENTINUS Valentino Leone ( Valentine Leon ) c. 780 Rome , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 101 20 Dec 827 -- 25 Jan 844 ( 16 years , 36 days ) ( 5880 ) Gregory IV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Gregorio ( Gregory ) c. 790 Rome , Papal States 37 / 54 Italian . Rebuilt the atrium of St. Peter 's Basilica and in the newly decorated chapel transferred the body of Gregory I . 102 25 Jan 844 -- 27 Jan 847 ( 3 years , 2 days ) ( 1098 ) Sergius II Papa SERGIUS Secundus Sergio ( Serge ) c. 790 Rome , Papal States 54 / 57 Italian . 103 10 April 847 -- 17 July 855 ( 8 years , 98 days ) ( 3020 ) St Leo IV Papa LEO Quartus Leone ( Leon ) O.S.B. c. 790 Rome , Papal States 57 / 65 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 104 29 Sept 855 -- 7 April 858 ( 2 years , 190 days ) ( 921 ) Benedict III Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Benedetto ( Benedict ) c. 810 Rome , Papal States 45 / 48 Italian . 105 24 April 858 -- 13 Nov 867 ( 9 years , 203 days ) ( 3490 ) St Nicholas I ( Nicholas the Great ) Papa NICOLAUS MAGNUS Niccolò ( Nicholas ) c. 800 Rome , Papal States 39 / 48 Italian . Encouraged missionary activity . 106 14 Dec 867 -- 14 Dec 872 ( 5 years , 0 days ) ( 1827 ) Adrian II Papa HADRIANUS Secundus Adriano ( Adrian ) c. 792 Rome , Papal States 75 / 80 Italian . 107 14 Dec 872 -- 16 Dec 882 ( 10 years , 2 days ) ( 3654 ) John VIII Papa IOANNES Octavus Giovanni ( John ) c. 820 Rome , Papal States 52 / 62 Italian . First pope to be assassinated . 108 16 Dec 882 -- 15 May 884 ( 1 year , 151 days ) ( 516 ) Marinus I Papa MARINUS Marino ( Marin ) c. 830 Gallese , Papal States 52 / 54 Italian . Sometimes also known as and called `` Martin II . '' 109 17 May 884 -- 15 Sept 885 ( 1 year , 121 days ) ( 486 ) St Adrian III Papa HADRIANUS Tertius Adriano ( Adrian ) c. 830 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Feast day 8 July . Maybe the pope Adrian I was his ancestor . 110 14 Sept 885 -- 4 Sept 891 ( 5 years , 355 days ) ( 2181 ) Stephen V ( Stephen VI ) Papa STEPHANUS Quintus ( Sextus ) Stefano ( Stephen ) c. 840 Rome , Papal States 45 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VI . 111 6 Oct 891 -- 4 April 896 ( 4 years , 181 days ) ( 1642 ) Formosus Papa FORMOSUS Formoso ( Formose ) c. 805 / 16 Ostia , Papal States 75 ( 85 ) / 80 ( 91 ) Italian . Posthumously ritually executed following the Cadaver Synod . 112 11 April 896 -- 26 April 896 ( 15 days ) ( 15 ) Boniface VI Papa BONIFATIUS Sextus Bonifacio ( Boniface ) c. 806 Rome , Papal States 90 / 90 Italian . 113 22 May 896 -- 14 Aug 897 ( 1 year , 84 days ) ( 449 ) Stephen VI ( Stephen VII ) Papa STEPHANUS Sextus ( Septimus ) Stefano ( Stephen ) c. 850 Rome , Papal States 46 / 47 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VII . Held the infamous Cadaver Synod . 114 14 Aug 897 -- Nov 897 ( 92 days ) 7 ( 92 ) Romanus Papa ROMANUS Romano Marino ( Roman Marin ) c. 850 Gallese , Papal States 47 / 47 Italian . 115 Dec 897 -- 20 Dec 897 ( 19 days ) ( 19 ) Theodore II Papa THEODORUS Secundus Teodoro ( Theodore ) c. 840 Rome , Papal States 57 / 57 Italian . 116 18 Jan 898 -- 5 Jan 900 ( 1 year , 352 days ) ( 717 ) John IX Papa IOANNES Nonus Giovanni ( John ) O.S.B. c. 840 Tivoli , Papal States 58 / 60 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 117 1 Feb 900 -- 30 July 903 ( 3 years , 179 days ) ( 1274 ) Benedict IV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Benedetto c. 840 Rome , Papal States 60 / 63 Italian . 10th century Popes of the 10th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 118 30 July 903 -- Dec 903 ( 124 days ) ( 124 ) Leo V Papa LEO Quintus Leone ( Leon ) c. 845 Ardea , Papal States 58 / 58 ( † 59 ) Italian . Deposed and murdered . - Oct 903 -- Jan. 904 ( 92 days ) ( 92 ) Christopher Antipapa CHRISTOFORO Cristoforo ( Christopher ) Rome , Papal States Italian . In opposition to Pope Leo V and Pope Sergius III 119 29 Jan 904 -- 14 April 911 ( 7 years , 75 days ) ( 2632 ) Sergius III Papa SERGIUS Tertius Sergio di Tuscolo ( Serge Tuscul ) c. 860 Rome , Papal States 44 / 51 Italian . `` Saeculum obscurum '' begins . The first pope to be depicted with the Papal Tiara . 120 14 April 911 -- June 913 ( 2 years , 48 days ) ( 779 ) Anastasius III Papa ANASTASIUS Tertius Anastasio ( Anastase ) c. 865 Rome , Papal States 46 / 48 Italian . 121 7 July 913 -- 5 Feb 914 ( 213 days ) ( 213 ) Lando Papa LANDO Lando ( Landon ) c. 865 Sabina , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . 122 March 914 -- 28 May 928 ( 14 years , 88 days ) ( 5202 ) John X Papa IOANNES Decimus Giovanni Cenci ( John Cence ) c. 860 Tossignano , Romagna ( formally part of the Papal States ) 54 / 68 Italian . 123 28 May 928 -- Dec 928 ( 187 days ) ( 187 ) Leo VI Papa LEO Sextus Leone Sanguini ( Leon Sanguin ) c. 880 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 124 3 Feb 929 -- 13 Feb 931 ( 2 years , 10 days ) ( 740 ) Stephen VII ( Stephen VIII ) Papa STEPHANUS Septimus ( Octavus ) Stefano Gabrielli ( Stephen Gabriel ) c. 880 Rome , Papal States 49 / 51 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen VIII . 125 15 March 931 -- Dec 935 ( 4 years , 261 days ) ( 1722 ) John XI Papa IOANNES Undecimus Giovanni di Tuscolo ( John Tuscul ) c. 910 Rome , Papal States 21 / 25 Italian . Probably , according to the Liber Pontificalis and Liutprand of Cremona , the son of Pope Sergius III , and not of Alberic I of Spoleto , who was Marozia 's husband . 126 3 Jan 936 -- 13 July 939 ( 3 years , 191 days ) ( 1287 ) Leo VII Papa LEO Septimus Leone ( Leon ) O.S.B. c. 885 Rome , Papal States 41 / 44 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 127 14 July 939 -- 30 Oct 942 ( 3 years , 108 days ) ( 1204 ) Stephen VIII ( Stephen IX ) Papa STEPHANUS Octavus ( Nonus ) Stefano ( Stephen ) c. 900 Rome , Papal States 39 / 42 Italian . Sometimes called Stephen IX . 128 30 Oct 942 -- 1 May 946 ( 3 years , 183 days ) ( 1279 ) Marinus II Papa MARINUS Secundus Marino ( Marin ) c. 900 Rome , Papal States 42 / 46 Italian . 129 10 May 946 -- 8 Nov 955 ( 9 years , 182 days ) ( 3469 ) Agapetus II Papa AGAPETUS Secundus Agapito ( Agapet ) c. 905 Rome , Papal States 41 / 50 Italian . 130 16 Dec 955 -- 6 Dec 963 ( 8 years , 356 days ) ( 3278 ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano di Tuscolo ( Octavian Tuscul ) Rome , Papal States 18 / 26 Italian . Third Pope not to use his personal name , after John II and John III . Deposed in 963 by Emperor Otto invalidly ; end of the `` Saeculum obscurum '' . - 6 Dec 963 -- 26 Feb 964 ( 82 days ) ( 82 ) Leo VIII Antipapa LEO Octavus Leone ( Leon ) c. 915 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 Italian . Appointed antipope by Emperor Otto in 963 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V. He became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed . 130 26 Feb 964 -- 14 May 964 ( 78 days ) ( 78 ) John XII Papa IOANNES Duodecimus Ottaviano di Tuscolo ( Octavian Tuscul ) c. 937 Rome , Papal States 27 / 27 Italian . Murdered in 964 . 131 22 May 964 -- 23 June 964 ( 32 days ) ( 32 ) Benedict V Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Benedetto ( Benedict ) c. 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 49 ( † 50 ) Italian . Elected by the people of Rome , in opposition to the Antipope Leo VIII who was appointed by Emperor Otto ; he accepted his own deposition in 964 leaving Leo VIII as the sole pope . 132 23 June 964 -- 1 March 965 ( 251 days ) ( 251 ) Leo VIII Papa LEO Octavus Leone ( Leon ) c. 915 Rome , Papal States 49 / 50 Italian . Became the true pope after Benedict V was deposed , after being antipope from 963 to 964 , in opposition to Pope John XII and Pope Benedict V. An appointee of the Holy Roman Emperor , Otto I , his pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum . 133 1 Oct 965 -- 6 Sept 972 ( 6 years , 341 days ) ( 2532 ) John XIII Papa IOANNES Tertius Decimus Giovanni dei Crescenzi ( John of Crescence ) c. 930 Rome , Papal States 45 / 52 Italian . Chronicled after his death as `` the Good '' . 134 19 Jan 973 -- 8 June 974 ( 1 year , 140 days ) ( 505 ) Benedict VI Papa BENEDICTUS Sextus Benedikt ( Benedict ) c. 925 Rome , Papal States 48 / 49 German Italian . Deposed and murdered . - July 974 -- July 974 ( 30 days ) ( 30 ) Boniface VII Antipapa BONFATIUS Septinus Francone Ferucci ( Francon Feruce ) Rome , Roman Empire Italian . In opposition to Pope Benedict VI and Pope Benedict VII 135 Oct 974 -- 10 July 983 ( 8 years , 282 days ) ( 3204 ) Benedict VII Papa BENEDICTUS Septimus Benedetto di Spoleto ( Benedict of Spolet ) c. 930 Rome , Papal States 44 / 53 Italian . . 136 Dec 983 -- 20 Aug 984 ( 263 days ) ( 263 ) John XIV Papa IOANNES Quartus Decimus Pietro Canepanora ( Peter Canepanore ) c. 940 Pavia , Kingdom of Italy , Holy Roman Empire 43 / 44 Italian . Fourth Pope not to use his personal name , after John II , John III and John XII . - 20 Aug. 984 -- 20 July 985 ( 334 days ) ( 334 ) Boniface VII Antipapa BONFATIUS Septinus Francone Ferucci ( Francon Feruce ) Rome , Roman Empire Italian . In opposition to Pope John XIV and Pope John XV 137 20 Aug 985 -- 1 April 996 ( 10 years , 225 days ) ( 3877 ) John XV Papa IOANNES Quintus Decimus Giovanni di Gallina Alba ( John of Great Gallina ) c. 950 Rome , Papal States 35 / 46 Italian . The first pope to formally canonize a saint . 138 3 May 996 -- 18 Feb 999 ( 2 years , 291 days ) ( 2 years , 291 days ) Gregory V Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Bruno von Kärnten ( Brune of Carinthia ) c. 972 Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 24 / 27 The first German Pope and fifth not to use his personal name . Henceforth , this decision became tradition among future popes . - April 997 -- Feb 985 ( 306 days ) ( 306 ) John XVI Antipapa IOANNES Sextus Decimus Iōánnēs Filágathos ( John Philagath ) O.S.B. ca . 941 Rossano , Calabria , Italy , Eastern Roman Empire 55 / 56 ( † 60 ) Greek . In opposition to Pope Gregory V 139 2 April 999 -- 12 May 1003 ( 4 years , 40 days ) ( 1500 ) Sylvester II Papa SILVESTER Secundus Gerbert d'Aurillac ( Gerbert Daurillac ) O.S.B. c. 940 / 42 Belliac , France 52 ( 54 ) / 56 ( 58 ) The first French pope . 2nd Millennium 11th century Popes of the 11th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 140 16 May 1003 -- 6 Nov 1003 ( 174 days ) ( 174 ) John XVII Papa IOANNES Septimus Decimus Siccone Secchi ( Siccon Secch ) c. 955 Rome , Papal States 48 / 48 Italian . 141 25 Dec 1003 -- 18 July 1009 ( 5 years , 205 days ) ( 2032 ) John XVIII Papa IOANNES Duodevi - cesimus Giovanni Fasano ( John Fasan ) c. 965 Rapagnano , Papal States 43 / 49 Italian . 142 31 July 1009 -- 12 May 1012 ( 2 years , 286 days ) ( 1016 ) Sergius IV Papa SERGIUS Quartus Pietro Martino Boccadiporco ( Peter Martin Bucca Porca ) O.S.B. c. 970 Rome , Papal States 39 / 42 Italian . - 12 June 1012 -- 31 Dec. 1012 ( 202 days ) ( 202 ) Gregory VI Antipapa GREGORIUS Sextus Gregorio ( Gregory ) Rome , Papal States Italian . In opposition to Pope Benedict VIII , 143 18 May 1012 -- 9 April 1024 ( 11 years , 327 days ) ( 4344 ) Benedict VIII Papa BENEDICTUS Octavus Teofilatto di Tuscolo ( Theophylact Tuscul ) c. 980 Rome , Papal States 32 / 44 Italian . 144 14 May 1024 -- 6 Oct 1032 ( 8 years , 145 days ) ( 3067 ) John XIX Papa IOANNES Undevices - imus Romano di Tuscolo ( Roman Tuscul ) c. 975 Rome , Papal States 49 / 57 Italian . Brother of Benedict VIII . 145 21 Oct 1032 -- 31 Dec 1044 ( 12 years , 71 days ) ( 4454 ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto di Tuscolo ( Theophylact Tuscul ) Rome , Papal States 20 / 32 ( † 43 ) Italian ; 1st Term . 146 13 Jan 1045 -- 10 March 1045 ( 56 days ) ( 56 ) Sylvester III Papa SILVESTER Tertius Giovanni dei Crescenzi Ottaviani ( John of Crecence Octavian ) c. 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 45 ( † 63 ) Italian . Validity of election questioned ; considered Anti-Pope ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 147 10 March 1045 -- 1 May 1045 ( 52 days ) ( 52 ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto di Tuscolo ( Theophylact Tuscul ) Rome , Papal States 33 / 33 ( † 43 ) Italian . 2nd Term ; deposed at the Council of Sutri . 148 5 May 1045 -- 20 Dec 1046 ( 1 year , 229 days ) ( 594 ) Gregory VI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Giovanni Graziano Pierleoni ( John Gratian Perleon ) c. 1000 Rome , Papal States 45 / 46 ( † 48 ) Italian . Deposed at the Council of Sutri . 149 24 Dec 1046 -- 9 Oct 1047 ( 289 days ) ( 289 ) Clement II Papa CLEMENS Secundus Suidger von Morsleben - Hornburg ( Suidger Morsleben - Hornbourg ) c. 967 Hornburg , Duchy of Saxony , Holy Roman Empire 79 / 80 German . Appointed by Henry III at the Council of Sutri ; crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor . 150 8 Nov 1047 -- 17 July 1048 ( 252 days ) ( 252 ) Benedict IX Papa BENEDICTUS Nonus Teofilatto di Tuscolo ( Theophylact Tuscul ) 1012 Rome , Papal States 35 / 36 ( † 43 ) Italian . 3rd Term ; deposed and excommunicated . 151 16 July 1048 -- 9 Aug 1048 ( 24 days ) ( 24 ) Damasus II Papa DAMASUS Secundus Poppo de Curagnoni ( Popp Curanon ) c. 1000 Pildenau , Duchy of Bavaria , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 48 German . 152 12 Feb 1049 -- 19 April 1054 ( 5 years , 66 days ) ( 1892 ) St Leo IX Papa LEO Nonus Bruno von Egisheim - Dagsburg ( Brune Egishine - Dagsbourg ) 21 July 1002 Eguisheim , Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 47 / 51 German . In 1054 , mutual excommunications of Leo IX and Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius began the East -- West Schism . The anathematizations were rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras in 1965 . 153 13 April 1055 -- 28 July 1057 ( 2 years , 106 days ) ( 837 ) Victor II Papa VICTOR Secundus Gebhard II von Calw - Dollnstein - Hirschberg ( Gebhard II Calw - Dollnstein - Hirsberg ) c. 1018 Duchy of Swabia , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 39 German . 154 2 Aug 1057 -- 29 March 1058 ( 239 days ) ( 239 ) Stephen IX ( Stephen X ) Papa STEPHANUS Nonus ( Decimus ) Frederich , Herzog von Lothringen ( Frederick of Lorraine ) O.S.B. c. 1020 Duchy of Lorraine , Holy Roman Empire 37 / 38 German . Sometimes called Stephen X . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . - 4 April 1058 -- 24 Jan 1059 ( 295 days ) ( 295 ) Benedict X Antipapa BENEDICTUS Decimus Giovanni Mincio di Tuscolo ( John Mince Tuscul ) Rome , Papal States Italian . In opposition to Pope Paschal II , 155 6 Dec 1058 -- 27 July 1061 ( 2 years , 233 days ) ( 964 ) Nicholas II Papa NICOLAUS Secundus Gerald de Bourgogne ( Gerald Bourgon ) c. 980 Château de Chevron , County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 78 / 81 French . In 1059 the College of Cardinals was designated the sole body of pope electors in the document In nomine Domini . ( Papal conclave ) . - 30 Sept 1061 -- 1072 ( 1,010 years , 185 days ) ( 369079 ) Honorius II Antipapa HONORIUS Secundus Pietro Cadalus ( Peter Candal ) 1010 Verona , Holy Roman Empire 61 / 72 Italian . In opposition to Pope Alexander II 156 30 Sept 1061 -- 21 April 1073 ( 11 years , 203 days ) ( 4221 ) Alexander II Papa ALEXANDER Secundus Anselmo da Baggio ( Anselm of Bagge ) c. 1018 Baggio , Milan , Holy Roman Empire 46 / 58 Italian . Authorised the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . 157 22 April 1073 -- 25 May 1085 ( 12 years , 33 days ) ( 4416 ) St Gregory VII Papa GREGORIUS Septimus Ildebrando Aldobrandeschi di Soana ( Hildebrand Aldobrandeschi of Soana ) O.S.B. c. 1015 Sovana , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Initiated the Gregorian Reforms . Restricted the use of the title `` Papa '' to the Bishop of Rome . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Political struggle with German Emperor Henry IV , who had to go to Canossa ( 1077 ) . - 25 Jun. 1080 -- 8 Sept. 1100 ( 20 years , 75 days ) ( 7379 ) Clement III Antipapa CLEMENS Tertius Pietro Cadalus ( Peter Candal ) 1010 Verona , Holy Roman Empire 61 / 72 Italian . In opposition to Pope Gregory VII , Pope Victor III , Pope Urban II and Pope Paschal II 158 24 May 1086 -- 16 Sept 1087 ( 1 year , 115 days ) ( 480 ) Bl . Victor III Papa VICTOR Tertius Dauferio Epifanio ( Dauphery Epiphen ) O.S.B. c. 1026 Benevento , Duchy of Benevento 60 / 61 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Called the Synod of Benevento ( 1087 ) condemning lay investiture . 159 12 March 1088 -- 29 July 1099 ( 11 years , 139 days ) ( 4156 ) Bl . Urban II Papa URBANUS Secundus Odon de Lagery ( Oton of Lagery ) O.S.B. c. 1042 Châtillon - sur - Marne , County of Champagne , France 46 / 57 French . Preached and started the First Crusade . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . 160 13 Aug 1099 -- 21 Jan 1118 ( 18 years , 161 days ) ( 6735 ) Paschal II Papa PASCHALIS Secundus Rainero Ranieri ( Rainer Raniery ) O.S.B. c. 1050 Bleda , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 68 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Ordered the building of the basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati . 12th century Popes of the 12th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes - Jan 1101 -- Feb 1102 ( 1 year , 31 days ) ( 396 ) Adalbert Antipapa ADALBERTUS Adalbert O.S.B. Rome , Papal States Roman Greek . In opposition to Pope Paschal II - 08 Nov 1105 -- 11 April 1111 ( 5 years , 154 days ) ( 1980 ) Sylvester IV Antipapa SILVESTER quartus Maguinulf 1050 Rome , Papal States 49 / 55 ( † 56 ) Italian . In Opposition to Pope Paschal II 161 24 Jan 1118 -- 29 Jan 1119 ( 1 year , 5 days ) ( 370 ) Gelasius II Papa GELASIUS Secundus Giovanni dei Caetani , O.S.B. c. 1061 Gaeta , Duchy of Gaeta 57 / 58 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . - 10 Mar 1118 -- 20 April 1121 ( 3 years , 41 days ) ( 1980 ) Gregory VIII Antipapa GREGORIUS octavus Maurice Baurdain France French . In Opposition to Pope Gelasius II and Pope Callixtus II 162 2 Feb 1119 -- 13 Dec 1124 ( 5 years , 315 days ) ( 2141 ) Callixtus II Papa CALLISTUS Secundus Gui de Bourgogne , Comte de Bourgogne c. 1060 Quingey , Franche - Comté 59 / 64 French . Opened the First Council of the Lateran in 1123 - 16 Dec. 1124 -- 16 Dec. 1124 ( 0 days ) ( 0 ) Celestine II Antipapa COELESTINUS secundus Teobaldo Boccapecci 1050 Rome , Papal States 74 / 74 ( † 76 ) French . In Opposition to Pope Honorius II 163 21 Dec 1124 -- 13 Feb 1130 ( 5 years , 54 days ) ( 1880 ) Honorius II Papa HONORIUS Secundus Lamberto Scannabecchi da Fiagnano , Can. Reg . 9 Feb 1060 Fiagnano , Romagna , Holy Roman Empire 64 / 70 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Maria di San Reno . Approved the new military order of the Knights Templar in 1128 . 164 14 Feb 1130 -- 24 Sept 1143 ( 13 years , 222 days ) ( 4970 ) Innocent II Antipapa INNOCENTIUS Secundus Gregorio Papareschi , Can. Reg . c. 1082 Rome , Papal States 48 / 61 Italian . Canon Regular of Lateran ; Convened the Second Council of the Lateran , 1139 - 14 Feb. 1130 -- 25 Jan. 1138 ( 7 years , 345 days ) ( 2902 ) Anacletus II Antipapa ANACLETUS secundus Pietro Pierleoni O.S.B. 1090 Rome , Papal States 40 / 48 Italian . In Opposition to Pope Innocent II - 23 Mar. 1138 -- 25 Mar. 1138 ( 2 days ) ( 2 ) Victor IV Antipapa VICTOR Quartus Gregorio Conti Rome , Papal States Italian . In Opposition to Pope Innocent II 165 26 Sept 1143 -- 8 March 1144 ( 164 days ) ( 164 ) Celestine II Papa COELESTINUS Secundus Guido Guelfuccio de Castello c. 1085 Città di Castello , Papal States 58 / 59 Italian . 166 12 March 1144 -- 15 Feb 1145 ( 340 days ) ( 340 ) Lucius II Papa LUCIUS Secundus Gherardo Caccianemici dall'Orso , Can. Reg . c. 1095 Bologna , Holy Roman Empire 49 / 50 Italian . Canon Regular of S. Frediano di Lucca . 167 15 Feb 1145 -- 8 July 1153 ( 8 years , 143 days ) ( 3065 ) Bl . Eugene III Papa EUGENIUS Tertius Pietro dei Paganelli di Montemagno , O. Cist . c. 1080 Montemagno , Republic of Pisa 44 / 52 Italian . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Announced the Second Crusade . 168 12 July 1153 -- 3 Dec 1154 ( 1 year , 144 days ) ( 509 ) Anastasius IV Papa ANASTASIUS Quartus Corrado Demitri della Suburra c. 1073 Rome , Papal States 80 / 81 Italian . 169 4 Dec 1154 -- 1 Sept 1159 ( 4 years , 271 days ) ( 1732 ) Adrian IV Papa HADRIANUS Quartus Nicholas Breakspear , Can. Reg . c. 1100 Abbots Langley , Hertfordshire , Kingdom of England 54 / 59 First and only English pope ; purportedly granted Ireland to Henry II , King of England . Canon Regular of St. Rufus Monastery . 170 7 Sept 1159 -- 30 Aug 1181 ( 21 years , 357 days ) ( 8028 ) Alexander III Papa ALEXANDER Tertius Rolando Bandinelli c. 1100 Siena , Republic of Siena 59 / 81 Italian . Convened the Third Council of the Lateran , 1179 . - 7 Sept. 1159 -- 20 Apr. 1164 ( 4 years , 226 days ) ( 1687 ) Victor IV Antipapa VICTOR Quartus Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviabi di Monticelli 1095 Rome , Papal States 64 / 69 Italian . In Opposition to Pope Alexander III - 28 Apr 1164 -- 22 Sept. 1168 ( 4 years , 147 days ) ( 1608 ) Paschal III Antipapa PASCALIS Tertius Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviabi di Monticelli 1110 Rome , Papal States 54 / 58 Italian . In Opposition to Pope Alexander III - 30 Sept. 1168 -- 29 Aug. 1178 ( 9 years , 333 days ) ( 3620 ) ) Callixtus III Antipapa CALLIXTUS Tertius Giovanni of Struma O.S.B. 1090 Rome , Papal States 78 / 88 ( † 90 ) Italian . In Opposition to Pope Alexander III - 29 Sept. 1179 -- Jan. 1180 ( 124 days ) ( 124 ) ) Innocent III Antipapa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Lanzo ( Lando ) of Sezze 1120 Sezze , Papal States 59 / 60 ( † 63 ) Italian . In Opposition to Pope Alexander III 171 1 Sept 1181 -- 25 Nov 1185 ( 4 years , 85 days ) ( 1546 ) Lucius III Papa LUCIUS Tertius Ubaldo Allucignoli c. 1097 Lucca , March of Tuscany , Holy Roman Empire 84 / 88 Italian . 172 25 Nov 1185 -- 20 Oct 1187 ( 1 year , 329 days ) ( 694 ) Urban III Papa URBANUS Tertius Uberto Crivelli c. 1100 / 05 Cuggiono , Holy Roman Empire 67 / 67 Italian . 173 21 Oct 1187 -- 17 Dec 1187 ( 57 days ) ( 57 ) Gregory VIII Papa GREGORIUS Octavus Alberto de Morra , Can. Reg . c. 1105 / 08 Benevento , Papal States 79 ( 82 ) / 79 ( 82 ) Italian . Canon Regular Premostratense . Proposed the Third Crusade . 174 19 Dec 1187 -- 20 March 1191 ( 3 years , 91 days ) ( 1187 ) Clement III Papa CLEMENS Tertius Paolo Scolari c. 1130 Rome , Papal States 57 / 61 Italian . 175 30 March 1191 -- 8 Jan 1198 ( 6 years , 284 days ) ( 2476 ) Celestine III Papa COELESTINUS Tertius Giacinto Bobone Orsini c. 1106 Rome , Papal States 85 / 92 Motto : Perfice gressus meos in semitis tuis ( `` Going in Thy path '' ) Italian . 176 8 Jan 1198 -- 16 July 1216 ( 18 years , 190 days ) ( 6764 ) Innocent III Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Lotario dei Conti di Segni 1161 Gavignano , Papal States 37 / 55 Italian . Convened the Fourth Council of the Lateran , 1215 . Initiated the Fourth Crusade but later distanced himself from it and threatened participants with excommunication when it became clear that the leadership abandoned a focus on conquest of the Holy Land and instead intended to sack Christian cities. Endorsed the Franciscan Order . 13th century Popes of the 13th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 177 18 July 1216 -- 18 March 1227 ( 10 years , 243 days ) ( 3895 ) Honorius III Papa HONORIUS Tertius Cencio Savelli c. 1148 / 50 Rome , Papal States 66 ( 68 ) / 77 ( 79 ) Italian . Initiated the Fifth Crusade . Approved several religious and tertiary orders . 178 19 March 1227 -- 22 Aug 1241 ( 14 years , 156 days ) ( 5270 ) Gregory IX Papa GREGORIUS Nonus Ugolino dei Conti di Segni , O.F.S c. 1145 / 70 Anagni , Papal States 57 ( 82 ) / 71 ( 96 ) Italian . Canonized Elisabeth of Hungary ( 1235 ) . Initiated the Inquisition in France and endorsed the Northern Crusades . 179 25 Oct 1241 -- 10 Nov 1241 ( 16 days ) ( 16 ) Celestine IV Papa COELESTINUS Quartus Goffredo Castiglioni c. 1180 / 87 Milan , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 54 ( 61 ) / 54 ( 61 ) Italian . Died before coronation . 180 25 June 1243 -- 7 Dec 1254 ( 11 years , 165 days ) ( 4183 ) Innocent IV Papa INNOCENTIUS Quartus Sinibaldo Fieschi c. 1195 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 48 / 60 Italian . Convened the First Council of Lyons ( 1245 ) . Issued the bull Ad extirpanda that permitted the torture of heretics ( 1252 ) . 181 12 Dec 1254 -- 25 May 1261 ( 6 years , 164 days ) ( 2356 ) Alexander IV Papa ALEXANDER Quartus Rinaldo dei Conti di Jenne c. 1199 Jenne , Papal States 55 / 62 Italian . Established an Inquisition in France . 182 29 Aug 1261 -- 2 Oct 1264 ( 3 years , 34 days ) ( 1130 ) Urban IV Papa URBANUS Quartus Jacques Pantaléon c. 1195 Troyes , County of Champagne , France 66 / 69 French . Instituted the feast of Corpus Christi ( 1264 ) . 183 5 Feb 1265 -- 29 Nov 1268 ( 3 years , 298 days ) ( 1393 ) Clement IV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Gui Faucoi 23 Nov 1190 Saint - Gilles , Languedoc , France 62 / 66 French . -- 29 Nov 1268 -- 1 Sept 1271 ( 2 years , 275 days ) Interregnum Almost three - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 184 1 Sept 1271 -- 10 Jan 1276 ( 4 years , 131 days ) ( 1592 ) Bl . Gregory X Papa GREGORIUS Decimus Tebaldo Visconti , O.F.S c. 1210 Piacenza , Italy , Holy Roman Empire 51 / 66 Italian . Convened the Second Council of Lyons ( 1274 ) . Responsible for regulation all papal conclaves until the 20th century . 185 21 Jan 1276 -- 22 June 1276 ( 153 days ) ( 153 ) Bl . Innocent V Papa INNOCENTIUS Quintus Pierre de Tarentaise , O.P. c. 1224 / 5 County of Savoy , Holy Roman Empire 52 / 52 French . Member of the Dominican Order . 186 11 July 1276 -- 18 Aug 1276 ( 38 days ) ( 38 days ) Adrian V Papa HADRIANUS Quintus Ottobuono Fieschi c. 1216 Genoa , Republic of Genoa , Holy Roman Empire 60 / 60 Italian . Annulled Gregory X 's papal bull on the regulations of papal conclaves . 187 8 Sept 1276 -- 20 May 1277 ( 254 days ) ( 254 ) John XXI Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Primus Pedro Julião ( a.k.a. Petrus Hispanus and Pedro Hispano ) c. 1215 Lisbon , Portugal 60 / 70 Portuguese . Due to a confusion over the numbering of popes named John in the 13th century , there was no John XX . There has never been a John XX , because the 20th pope of this name formerly when elected , decided to skip the number XX and be counted as John XXI instead . He wanted to correct what in his time was believed to be an error in the counting of his predecessors John XV to XIX 188 25 Nov 1277 -- 22 Aug 1280 ( 2 years , 271 days ) ( 1001 ) Nicholas III Papa NICOLAUS Tertius Giovanni Gaetano Orsini c. 1216 Rome , Papal States 61 / 64 Italian . Planned the Sicilian Vespers . 189 22 Feb 1281 -- 28 March 1285 ( 4 years , 34 days ) ( 1495 ) Martin IV Papa MARTINUS Quartus Simon de Brion c. 1210 Meinpicien , Touraine , France 71 / 75 French . 190 2 April 1285 -- 3 April 1287 ( 2 years , 1 day ) ( 731 ) Honorius IV Papa HONORIUS Quartus Giacomo Savelli c. 1210 Rome , Papal States 75 / 77 Italian . 191 22 Feb 1288 -- 4 April 1292 ( 4 years , 42 days ) ( 1503 ) Nicholas IV Papa NICOLAUS Quartus Girolamo Masci , O.F.M. 30 Sept 1227 Lisciano , Papal States 60 / 64 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . -- 4 April 1292 -- 5 July 1294 ( 2 years , 94 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 192 5 July 1294 -- 13 Dec 1294 ( 161 days ) St Celestine V Papa COELESTINUS Quintus Pietro Angelerio , O.S.B. c. 1207 / 09 Sant'Angelo Limosano , Kingdom of Sicily 85 ( 87 ) / ( 85 ) 87 ( † 87 / 9 ) Italian . One of the few popes who resigned voluntarily . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Founded the Celestines . Resigned from office and rumored to have been murdered in prison by Boniface VIII . 193 24 Dec 1294 -- 11 Oct 1303 ( 8 years , 291 days ) Boniface VIII Papa BONIFATIUS Octavus Benedetto Caetani c. 1230 / 36 Anagni , Papal States 59 ( 64 ) / 68 ( 73 ) Italian . Formalized the Jubilee in 1300 . Issued Unam Sanctam ( 1302 ) which proclaimed papal supremacy and pushing it to its historical extreme . 14th century Popes of the 14th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 194 22 Oct 1303 -- 7 July 1304 ( 259 days ) ( 259 ) Bl . Benedict XI Papa BENEDICTUS Undecimus Niccolò Boccasini , O.P. c. 1240 Treviso , Papal States 63 / 64 Motto : Illustra faciem Tuam super servum Tuum ( `` Let Your Face shine upon Your servant '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Reverted Boniface VIII 's Unam Sanctam . 195 5 June 1305 -- 20 April 1314 ( 8 years , 319 days ) ( 3241 ) Clement V Papa CLEMENS Quintus Raymond Bertrand de Gouth / de Goth / de Got c. 1264 Villandraut , Gascony , France 41 / 50 French . Pope at Avignon . Convened the Council of Vienne ( 1311 -- 1312 ) . Initiated the persecution of the Knights Templar with the bull Pastoralis Praeeminentiae under pressure from King Philip IV of France . -- 20 April 1314 -- 7 Aug 1316 ( 2 years , 111 days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . This was due to a deadlock among cardinals voting for the pope . 196 7 Aug 1316 -- 4 Dec 1334 ( 18 years , 119 days ) ( 6693 ) John XXII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Secundus Jacques d'Euse ; Jacques Duèse c. 1244 / 49 Cahors , Quercy , France 67 ( 72 ) / 85 ( 90 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Controversial for his views on the Beatific Vision . - 12 May 1328 -- 25 July 1330 ( 2 years , 74 days ) ( 804 ) `` Nicholas V '' Papa Nicolaus Quintus Pietro Rainalducci , O.F.M. 1260 Corvaro , Papal States 68 / 70 ( † 73 ) Italian . In Opposition to John XXII 197 20 Dec 1334 -- 25 April 1342 ( 7 years , 126 days ) ( 2683 ) Benedict XII Papa BENEDICTUS Duodecimus Jacques Fournier , O. Cist . c. 1280 / 85 Saverdun , County of Foix , France 49 ( 54 ) / 57 ( 62 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Cistercians . Known for issuing the Apostolic constitution Benedictus Deus ( 1336 ) . 198 7 May 1342 -- 6 Dec 1352 ( 10 years , 213 days ) ( 3866 ) Clement VI Papa CLEMENS Sextus Pierre Roger , O.S.B. c. 1291 Maumont , Limousin , France 51 / 61 French . Pope at Avignon . Reigned during the Black Death and absolved those who died of it of their sins . 199 18 Dec 1352 -- 12 Sept 1362 ( 9 years , 268 days ) ( 3555 ) Innocent VI Papa INNOCENTIUS Sextus Étienne Aubert c. 1282 Les Monts , Limousin , France 70 / 80 French . Pope at Avignon . Through his exertions the Treaty of Brétigny ( 1360 ) was brought about . 200 28 Sept 1362 -- 19 Dec 1370 ( 8 years , 82 days ) ( 3004 ) Bl . Urban V Papa URBANUS Quintus Guillaume ( de ) Grimoard , O.S.B. c. 1309 / 10 Grizac , Languedoc , France 52 ( 53 ) / 60 ( 61 ) French . Pope at Avignon . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Reformed areas of education and sent missionary movements across Europe and Asia . His pontificate witnessed the Alexandrian and Savoyard crusades . 201 30 Dec 1370 -- 27 March 1378 ( 7 years , 87 days ) 8 ( 2644 ) Gregory XI Papa GREGORIUS Undecimus Pierre Roger de Beaufort c. 1329 Maumont , Limousin , France 41 / 49 French . Pope at Avignon ; returns to Rome . The last French pope . 202 8 April 1378 -- 15 Oct 1389 ( 11 years , 190 days ) ( 4208 ) Urban VI Papa URBANUS Sextus Bartolomeo Prignano c. 1318 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 60 / 71 Italian . Western Schism . Last pontiff to be elected outside the College of Cardinals . - 20 September 1378 -- 16 September 1394 ( 15 years , 353 days ) ( 5832 days ) Clement VII Papa CLEMENS Septinus Robert of Geneva 1342 Chateau d'Annecy , County of Savoy , H.R.E. 36 / 52 French . In Opposition to Urban VI ( 1378 - 89 ) and Boniface IX ( 1389 - 1404 ) - 28 September 1394 -- 23 May 1423 ( 28 years , 237 days ) ( 10463 days ) Benedict XIII Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Decimus Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor 25 November 1328 Chateau d'Annecy , County of Savoy , H.R.E. 66 / 94 French . In Opposition to Popes Boniface IX ( 1389 - 1404 ) , Innocent VII ( 1404 - 06 ) , Gregory XII ( 1406 - 15 ) , Martin V ( 1417 - 31 ) and Pisan Antipopes Alexander V ( 1409 - 10 ) and John XXIII ( 1410 - 15 ) 203 2 Nov 1389 -- 1 Oct 1404 ( 14 years , 334 days ) ( 5446 days ) Boniface IX Papa BONIFATIUS Nonus Pietro Tomacelli Cybo c. 1348 / 50 Naples , Kingdom of Naples 33 ( 35 ) / 48 ( 50 ) Italian . Western Schism . 15th century This pope resigned his office . The exact birth date of Innocent VIII and almost all popes prior to Eugene IV is unknown , therefore the lowest probable age has been assumed for this table . Popes of the 15th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 204 17 Oct 1404 -- 6 Nov 1406 ( 2 years , 20 days ) ( 750 ) Innocent VII Papa INNOCENTIUS Septimus Cosimo Gentile Migliorati 1336 / 39 Sulmona , Kingdom of Naples 65 ( 68 ) / 67 ( 71 ) Italian . Western Schism . 205 30 Nov 1406 -- 4 July 1415 ( 8 years , 216 days ) ( 3138 ) Gregory XII Papa Gregorius Duodecimus Angelo Correr 14 May 1324 Venice , Republic of Venice 82 / 91 ( † 91 ) Italian . Western Schism . Last Pope to abdicate during the Second Millennium CE . Died 18 October 1417 . - 30 June 1409 -- 3 May 1410 ( 307 days ) ( 307 ) Alexander V Antipapa Alexandaer Quintus Petros Philargos , O.F.M. 1339 Candia Lomellina , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 70 / 71 Greek . Western Schism ; In Opposition to Gregory XII considered a legitimate Pope until 1963 and is numbered as such to this day . - 25 May 1410 -- 30 May 1415 ( 5 years , 5 days ) ( 1831 ) John XXIII Antipapa Alexandaer Quintus Baldassarre Cossa 1365 Procida , Naples 45 / 50 ( † 54 ) Italian . Western Schism ; In Opposition to Gregory XII , Abdicated , later Became The Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1417 . Was considered a legitimate Pope until 1963 . Convened Council of Constance . -- 4 July 1415 -- 11 Nov 1417 ( 2 years , 136 days ) ( 867days ) Interregnum Two - year period without a valid pope elected . Council of Constance collectively exercised Papal power until all popes were dead . 206 11 Nov 1417 -- 20 Feb 1431 ( 13 years , 101 days ) ( 4849 ) Martin V Papa MARTINUS Quintus Oddone Colonna , O.F.S Jan / Feb 1369 Genazzano , Papal States 48 / 62 Italian . Convened the Council of Basel ( 1431 ) . Initiated the Hussite Wars . - 12 November 1425 -- 26 July 1429 ( 6 years , 49 days ) ( 2241 ) Clement VIII Antipapa Clemens Octavus Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón 1369 Teruel , Aragon 54 / 60 ( † 77 ) Italian . Western Schism ; In Opposition to Martin V - 5 November 1439 -- 7 April 1449 ( 9 years , 153 days ) ( 3441 ) Felix V Antipapa Felix Quintus Amadeus VIII of Savoy 4 September 1383 Chambéry , France 56 / 65 ( † 67 ) French . In Opposition to Martin V and Eugene IV ' 207 3 March 1431 -- 23 Feb 1447 ( 15 years , 357 days ) ( 5836 ) Eugene IV Papa EUGENIUS Quartus Gabriele Condulmer , O.S.A. 1383 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 63 Italian . Member of the Augustinian Order . Nephew of Martin V. Crowned Sigismund emperor at Rome in 1433 . Transferred the Council of Basel to Ferrara . It was later transferred again , to Florence , because of the Bubonic plague . 208 6 March 1447 -- 24 March 1455 ( 8 years , 18 days ) ( 2940 ) Nicholas V Papa NICOLAUS Quintus Tommaso Parentucelli , O.P. 13 Nov 1397 Sarzana , Republic of Genoa 49 / 57 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Held the Jubilee of 1450 . Crowned Frederick III emperor at Rome ( 1452 ) . Issued the Papal Bull Dum Diversas allowing Portugal 's right to conquer and subjugate Saracens and pagans ( 1452 ) . Created a library in the Vatican which would eventually become the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana . 209 8 April 1455 -- 6 Aug 1458 ( 3 years , 120 days ) ( 1216 ) Callixtus III Papa CALLISTUS Tertius Alfonso de Borja 31 Dec 1378 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 76 / 79 The first Spanish pope . Ordered the Feast of the Transfiguration to be celebrated on 6 August . Ordered the retrial of Joan of Arc , in which she was vindicated . 210 19 Aug 1458 -- 15 Aug 1464 ( 5 years , 362 days ) ( 5 years , 362 days ) Pius II Papa PIUS Secundus Enea Silvio Piccolomini 18 Oct 1405 Corsignano , Republic of Siena 52 / 58 Italian . Displayed a great interest in urban planning . Founded Pienza near Siena as the ideal city in 1462 . Known for his work on the Commentaries . 211 30 Aug 1464 -- 26 July 1471 ( 6 years , 330 days ) ( 2521 ) Paul II Papa PAULUS Secundus Pietro Barbo 23 Feb 1417 Venice , Republic of Venice 47 / 54 Italian . The nephew of Eugene IV . Built the Palazzo San Marco ( now Palazzo Venezia ) . Approved the introduction of printing in the Papal States . 212 9 Aug 1471 -- 12 Aug 1484 ( 13 years , 3 days ) Sixtus IV Papa XYSTUS Quartus Francesco della Rovere , O.F.M. 21 July 1414 Celle Ligure , Republic of Genoa 57 / 70 Italian . Member of the Franciscan Order . Commissioned the Sistine Chapel . Authorized an Inquisition targeting converted Jewish Christians in Spain at the request of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand . 213 29 Aug 1484 -- 25 July 1492 ( 7 years , 331 days ) ( 2887 ) Innocent VIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Octavus Giovanni Battista Cybo 1432 Genoa , Republic of Genoa 51 / 59 Italian . Appointed Tomás de Torquemada . Endorsed the prosecution of witchcraft in the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus ( 1484 ) . 214 11 Aug 1492 -- 18 Aug 1503 ( 11 years , 7 days ) ( 4023 ) Alexander VI Papa ALEXANDER Sextus Roderic Llançol i de Borja 1 Jan 1431 Xàtiva , Kingdom of Valencia , Crown of Aragon 61 / 72 Spanish ; Nephew of Callixtus III ; father to Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia . Divided the extra-European world between Spain and Portugal in the bull Inter caetera ( 1493 ) . No Alexander V due to the antipope . 16th century Popes of the 16th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 215 22 Sept 1503 -- 18 Oct 1503 ( 26 days ) ( 26 ) Pius III Papa PIUS Tertius Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini 29 May 1439 Siena , Republic of Siena 64 / 64 Italian . Nephew of Pius II . Founded the Piccolomini Library adjoining the Siena Cathedral . 216 31 Oct 1503 -- 21 Feb 1513 ( 9 years , 113 days ) ( 3401 ) Julius II Papa IULIUS Secundus Giuliano della Rovere , O.F.M. 5 Dec 1443 Albisola , Republic of Genoa 59 / 69 Italian . Nephew of Sixtus IV ; convened the Fifth Council of the Lateran ( 1512 ) . Took control of all the Papal States for the first time . Commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling . Proposed plans for rebuilding St Peter 's Basilica . 217 9 March 1513 -- 1 Dec 1521 ( 8 years , 267 days ) ( 3189 ) Leo X Papa LEO Decimus Giovanni di Lorenzo de ' Medici 11 Dec 1475 Florence , Republic of Florence 37 / 45 Italian . Son of Lorenzo the Magnificent . Closed the Fifth Council of the Lateran . Remembered for granting indulgences to those who donated to rebuild St. Peter 's Basilica ; excommunicated Martin Luther ( 1521 ) . Extended the Spanish Inquisition into Portugal . 218 9 Jan 1522 -- 14 Sept 1523 ( 1 year , 248 days ) ( 613 ) Adrian VI Papa HADRIANUS Sextus Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens 2 March 1459 Utrecht , Bishopric of Utrecht , Holy Roman Empire ( now Netherlands ) 62 / 64 Motto : Patere et sustine ( `` Respect and wait '' ) The only Dutch pope ; last non-Italian to be elected pope until John Paul II in 1978 . Tutor of Emperor Charles V. Retained his baptismal name as his regnal name . 219 26 Nov 1523 -- 25 Sept 1534 ( 10 years , 303 days ) ( 3956 ) Clement VII Papa CLEMENS Septimus Giulio di Giuliano de ' Medici 26 May 1478 Florence , Republic of Florence 45 / 56 Motto : Candor illæsus ( `` Unharmed candor '' ) Italian ; Cousin of Leo X . Rome plundered by imperial troops ( 1527 ) . Forbade the divorce of Henry VIII ; crowned Charles V as emperor at Bologna ( 1530 ) . His niece was married to the future Henry II of France . Ordered Michelangelo 's painting of The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel . 220 13 Oct 1534 -- 10 Nov 1549 ( 15 years , 28 days ) ( 5507 ) Paul III Papa PAULUS Tertius Alessandro Farnese 29 Feb 1468 Canino , Lazio , Papal States 66 / 81 Italian . Opened the Council of Trent ( 1545 ) . His illegitimate son became the first Duke of Parma . Decreed the second and final excommunication of Henry VIII . Appointed Michelangelo to supervise construction of St. Peter 's Basilica ( 1546 ) . 221 7 Feb 1550 -- 29 March 1555 ( 5 years , 50 days ) ( 1876 ) Julius III Papa IULIUS Tertius Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte 10 Sept 1487 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 62 / 67 Italian . Established the Collegium Germanicum ( 1552 ) . Reconvened the Council of Trent . The Innocenzo Scandal . 222 9 April 1555 -- 1 May 1555 ( 22 days ) ( 22 days ) Marcellus II Papa MARCELLUS Secundus Marcello Cervini degli Spannochi 6 May 1501 Montefano , Marche , Papal States 53 / 53 Italian . The last to use his birth name as the regnal name . Instituted immediate economies in Vatican expenditures . The Missa Papae Marcelli composed in his honour . 223 23 May 1555 -- 18 Aug 1559 ( 4 years , 87 days ) ( 1548 ) Paul IV Papa PAULUS Quartus Giovanni Pietro Carafa , C.R. 28 Jun 1476 Capriglia Irpina , Campania , Kingdom of Naples 78 / 83 Motto : Dominus mihi adjutor ( `` The Lord is my helper '' ) Italian . Member of the Theatines . Established the Roman Ghetto in Cum Nimis Absurdum ( 1555 ) and established the Index of Forbidden Books . Ordered Michelangelo to repaint the nudes of The Last Judgment modestly . 224 26 Dec 1559 -- 9 Dec 1565 ( 5 years , 348 days ) ( 2175 ) Pius IV Papa PIUS Quartus Giovanni Angelo Medici 31 Mar 1499 Milan , Duchy of Milan 60 / 66 Italian . Reopened and closed the Council of Trent . Ordered public construction to improve the water supply of Rome . Instituted the Tridentine Creed . 225 7 Jan 1566 -- 1 May 1572 ( 6 years , 115 days ) ( 2306 ) St Pius V Papa PIUS Quintus Antonio Ghislieri , O.P. 17 Jan 1504 Bosco , Piedmont , Duchy of Milan 61 / 68 Motto : Utinam dirigantur viæ meæ ad custodiendas ( `` It binds us to keep '' ) Italian . Member of the Dominican Order . Excommunicated Elizabeth I ( 1570 ) . Battle of Lepanto ( 1571 ) ; instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory . Issued the 1570 Roman Missal . 226 13 May 1572 -- 10 April 1585 ( 12 years , 332 days ) ( 4715 ) Gregory XIII Papa GREGORIUS Tertius Decimus Ugo Boncompagni 7 Jan 1502 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 70 / 83 Motto : Aperuit et clausit ( `` Opened and closed '' ) Italian . Reformed the calendar ( 1582 ) ; built the Gregorian Chapel in the Vatican . The first pope to bestow the Immaculate Conception as Patroness to the Philippine Islands through the bull Ilius Fulti Præsido ( 1579 ) . Strengthened diplomatic ties with Asian nations . 227 24 April 1585 -- 27 Aug 1590 ( 5 years , 125 days ) ( 1951 ) Sixtus V Papa XYSTUS Quintus Felice Peretti di Montalto , O.F.M. Conv . 13 Dec 1521 Grottammare , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Known for fixing and completing building works to major basilicas in Rome . Limited the College of Cardinals to 70 in number ; doubled the number of curial congregations . 228 15 Sept 1590 -- 27 Sept 1590 ( 12 days ) Urban VII Papa URBANUS Septimus Giovanni Battista Castagna 4 Aug 1521 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 69 / 69 Italian ; Supported by the Spanish . Shortest - reigning pope ; died before coronation . Set the first known worldwide smoking ban , banning smoking in and near all churches . 229 5 Dec 1590 -- 16 Oct 1591 ( 315 days ) ( 315 ) Gregory XIV Papa GREGORIUS Quartus Decimus Niccolò Sfondrati 11 Feb 1535 Somma Lombardo , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 55 / 56 Italian . Modified the constitution Effraenatam of Sixtus V so that the penalty for abortion did not apply until the foetus became animated ( 1591 ) . Made gambling on papal elections punishable by excommunication . 230 29 Oct 1591 -- 30 Dec 1591 ( 62 days ) ( 62 ) Innocent IX Papa INNOCENTIUS Nonus Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti 20 July 1519 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 72 / 72 Italian . Supported the cause of Philip II and the Catholic League against Henry IV in the French Wars of Religion . Prohibited the alienation of church property . 231 30 Jan 1592 -- 3 March 1605 ( 13 years , 32 days ) ( 4781 ) Clement VIII Papa CLEMENS Octavus Ippolito Aldobrandini 24 Feb 1536 Fano , Marche , Papal States 55 / 69 Italian . Initiated an alliance of European Christian powers to partake in the war with the Ottoman Empire known as The Long War ( 1595 ) . Convened the Congregatio de Auxiliis which addressed doctrinal disputes between the Dominicans and Jesuits regarding free will and divine grace . 17th century Popes of the 17th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 232 1 April 1605 -- 27 April 1605 ( 26 days ) ( 26 ) Leo XI Papa LEO Undecimus Alessandro Ottaviano de ' Medici 2 June 1535 Florence , Duchy of Florence 69 / 69 Italian . The nephew of Leo X . Called `` Papa Lampo '' ( Lightning Pope ) for his brief pontificate . 233 16 May 1605 -- 28 Jan 1621 ( 15 years , 257 days ) ( 5736 ) Paul V Papa PAULUS Quintus Camillo Borghese 17 Sept 1550 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 52 / 68 Motto : Absit nisi in te gloriari ( `` May it be absent , except to glory in you '' ) Italian . Known for various building projects which included the facade of St Peter 's Basilica . Established the Bank of the Holy Spirit ( 1605 ) ; restored the Aqua Traiana . 234 9 Feb 1621 -- 8 July 1623 ( 2 years , 149 days ) ( 879 ) Gregory XV Papa GREGORIUS Quintus Decimus Alessandro Ludovisi 9 Jan 1554 Bologna , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Established the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ( 1622 ) . Issued the bull Aeterni Patris ( 1621 ) which imposed conclaves to be by secret ballot . Issued the constitution Omnipotentis Dei against magicians and witches ( 1623 ) . 235 6 Aug 1623 -- 29 July 1644 ( 20 years , 358 days ) ( 7663 ) Urban VIII Papa URBANUS Octavus Maffeo Barberini 5 April 1568 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 55 / 76 Italian . Trial against Galileo Galilei . The last pope to expand papal territory by force of arms . Issued a 1624 bull that made the use of tobacco in holy places punishable by excommunication . 236 15 Sept 1644 -- 7 Jan 1655 ( 10 years , 114 days ) ( 3766 ) Innocent X Papa INNOCENTIUS Decimus Giovanni Battista Pamphilj 6 May 1574 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 70 / 80 Motto : Alleviatæ sunt aquæ super terram ( `` Water on earth '' ) Italian . The great - great - great - grandson of Alexander VI . Erected the Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi in Piazza Navona . Promulgated the apostolic constitution Cum occasione ( 1653 ) which condemned five doctrines of Jansenism as heresy . 237 7 April 1655 -- 22 May 1667 ( 12 years , 45 days ) ( 4428 ) Alexander VII Papa ALEXANDER Septimus Fabio Chigi 13 Feb 1599 Siena , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 56 / 68 Italian . Great - nephew of Paul V. Commissioned St. Peter 's Square . Issued the constitution Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum that set the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception almost identical to that of Pius IX centuries later . 238 20 June 1667 -- 9 Dec 1669 ( 2 years , 172 days ) ( 903 ) Clement IX Papa CLEMENS Nonus Giulio Rospigliosi 28 Jan 1600 Pistoia , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 67 / 69 Motto : Aliis non sibi Clemens ( `` Clement to others , not to himself '' ) Italian . Commissioned the colonnade of St. Peter 's Square . Mediated in the peace of Aachen ( 1668 ) . 239 29 April 1670 -- 22 July 1676 ( 6 years , 84 days ) ( 2276 ) Clement X Papa CLEMENS Decimus Emilio Bonaventura Altieri 13 July 1590 Rome , Lazio , Papal States 79 / 86 Bonum auget malum minuit ( `` He increases good and diminishes evil '' ) Italian . Canonized the first saint from the Americas : St. Rose of Lima ( 1671 ) . Decorated the bridge of Sant ' Angelo with the ten statues of angels and the two fountains that adorn the piazza of St. Peter 's . Established regulations for the removal of relics of saints from cemeteries . 240 21 Sept 1676 -- 12 Aug 1689 ( 12 years , 325 days ) ( 4708 ) ) Bl . Innocent XI Papa INNOCENTIUS Undecimus Benedetto Odescalchi 16 May 1611 Como , Lombardy , Duchy of Milan 65 / 78 Motto : Avarus non Implebitur ( `` The covetous man is not satisfied '' ) Italian . Condemned the doctrine of mental reservation ( 1679 ) and initiated the Holy League . Extended the Holy Name of Mary as a universal feast ( 1684 ) . Admired for positive contributions to catechesis . 241 6 Oct 1689 -- 1 Feb 1691 ( 1 year , 118 days ) ( 483 ) Alexander VIII Papa ALEXANDER Octavus Pietro Vito Ottoboni 22 April 1610 Venice , Republic of Venice 79 / 80 Italian . Condemned the so - called philosophical sin ( 1690 ) . 242 12 July 1691 -- 27 Sept 1700 ( 9 years , 77 days ) ( 3364 ) Innocent XII Papa INNOCENTIUS Duodecimus Antonio Pignatelli , O.F.S 13 March 1615 Spinazzola , Apulia , Kingdom of Naples 76 / 85 Italian . Issued the bull Romanum decet Pontificem to stop nepotism ( 1692 ) . Erected various charitable and educational institutions . 18th century Popes of the 18th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 243 23 Nov 1700 -- 19 March 1721 ( 20 years , 116 days ) ( 7421 ) Clement XI Papa CLEMENS Undecimus Giovanni Francesco Albani 23 July 1649 Urbino , Marche , Papal States 51 / 71 Italian . The `` Chinese Rites '' controversy . Patronized the first archaeological excavations in the Roman catacombs and made the feast of the Immaculate Conception universal . 244 8 May 1721 -- 7 March 1724 ( 2 years , 304 days ) ( 1034 ) Innocent XIII Papa INNOCENTIUS Tertius Decimus Michelangelo dei Conti 13 May 1655 Poli , Lazio , Papal States 65 / 68 Italian . Prohibited the Jesuits from prosecuting their mission in China ordering that no new members should be received into the order . 245 29 May 1724 -- 21 Feb 1730 ( 5 years , 268 days ) ( 2094 ) S.D. Benedict XIII Papa BENEDICTUS Tertius Decimus Pietro Francesco Orsini , O.P. 2 Feb 1649 Gravina in Puglia , Bari , Kingdom of Naples 75 / 81 Italian . Member of the Dominican Order ; third and last member of the Orsini family to be pope . Originally called Benedict XIV due to the antipope but reverted to XIII . Repealed the worldwide tobacco smoking ban set by Urban VII and Urban VIII . 246 12 July 1730 -- 6 Feb 1740 ( 9 years , 209 days ) ( 3496 ) Clement XII Papa CLEMENS Duodecimus Lorenzo Corsini , O.F.S 7 April 1652 Florence , Grand Duchy of Tuscany 78 / 87 Motto : Dabis discernere inter malum et bonum ( `` You shall deign to distinguish between good and evil '' ) Italian . ( Completed the new façade of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran ( 1735 ) . Commissioned the Trevi Fountain in Rome ( 1732 ) . Condemned Freemasonry in In eminenti apostolatus ( 1738 ) . Last pope to be elected at an old age until Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 . 247 17 Aug 1740 -- 3 May 1758 ( 17 years , 259 days ) ( 6468 ) Benedict XIV Papa BENEDICTUS Quartus Decimus Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini 31 March 1675 Bologna , Papal States 65 / 83 Motto : Curabuntur omnes ( `` All will be healed '' ) Italian . Reformed the education of priests and the calendar of feasts . Completed the Trevi Fountain and affirmed the teachings of Thomas Aquinas ; founded academies of art , religion and science . 248 6 July 1758 -- 2 Feb 1769 ( 10 years , 211 days ) ( 3864 ) Clement XIII Papa CLEMENS Tertius Decimus Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico 7 March 1693 Venice , Republic of Venice 65 / 75 Italian . Provided the famous fig leaves on nude male statues in the Vatican . Defended the Society of Jesus in `` Apostolicum pascendi '' ( 1765 ) . 249 19 May 1769 -- 22 Sept 1774 ( 5 years , 126 days ) ( 1952 ) Clement XIV Papa CLEMENS Quartus Decimus Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli , O.F.M. Conv . 31 Oct 1705 Sant ' Arcangelo di Romagna , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Member of the Conventual Franciscan Order . Suppressed the Society of Jesus in the brief `` Dominus ac Redemptor '' ( 1773 ) . 250 15 Feb 1775 -- 29 Aug 1799 ( 24 years , 195 days ) ( 8961 ) Pius VI Papa PIUS Sextus Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi 25 Dec 1717 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Motto : Floret in domo domini ( `` It blossoms in the house of God '' ) Italian . Condemned the French Revolution ; expelled from the Papal States by French troops from 1798 until his death . The last pope to be a patron of Renaissance art . -- 29 Aug 1799 -- 14 March 1800 ( 228 days ) Interregnum Six - month period without a valid pope elected . This was due to unique logistical problems ( the old pope died a prisoner and the conclave was in Venice ) and a deadlock among cardinals voting . 19th century Popes of the 19th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 251 14 March 1800 -- 20 Aug 1823 ( 23 years , 159 days ) ( 8559 ) S.D. Pius VII Papa PIUS Septimus Count Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti , O.S.B. 14 Aug 1742 Cesena , Emilia - Romagna , Papal States 57 / 81 Italian . Member of the Order of Saint Benedict . Present at Napoleon 's coronation as Emperor of the French . Expelled from the Papal States by the French between 1809 and 1814 . 252 28 Sept 1823 -- 10 Feb 1829 ( 5 years , 135 days ) ( 1962 ) Leo XII Papa LEO Duodecimus Count Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga 22 Aug 1760 Genga , Marche , Papal States 63 / 68 Italian . Placed the Catholic educational system under the control of the Jesuits through Quod divina sapientia ( 1824 ) . Condemned the Bible societies . 253 31 March 1829 -- 30 Nov 1830 ( 1 year , 244 days ) ( 609 ) Pius VIII Papa PIUS Octavus Francesco Saverio Castiglioni 20 Nov 1761 Cingoli , Marche , Papal States 67 / 69 Italian . Accepted Louis Philippe I as King of the French . Condemned the masonic secret societies and modernist biblical translations in the brief Litteris altero ( 1830 ) . 254 2 Feb 1831 -- 1 June 1846 ( 15 years , 119 days ) ( 5598 ) Gregory XVI Papa GREGORIUS Sextus Decimus Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari , O.S.B. Cam . 18 Sept 1765 Belluno , Veneto , Republic of Venice 65 / 80 Italian . Member of the Camaldolese Order ; last non-bishop to be elected to the papacy . Opposed democratic and modernising reforms in the Papal States . 255 16 June 1846 -- 7 Feb 1878 ( 31 years , 236 days ) ( 11559 ) Bl . Pius IX Papa PIUS Nonus Count Giovanni Maria Mastai - Ferretti , O.F.S. 13 May 1792 Senigallia , Marche , Papal States 54 / 85 Italian . Opened the First Vatican Council ; lost the Papal States to Italy . Defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception and defined papal infallibility . Issued the controversial Syllabus of Errors . Second longest serving pope in history after Saint Peter . 256 20 Feb 1878 -- 20 July 1903 ( 25 years , 150 days ) ( 9280 ) Leo XIII Papa LEO Tertius Decimus Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci , O.F.S. 2 March 1810 Carpineto Romano , Lazio , Italy 67 / 93 Italian . Issued the encyclical Rerum novarum ; supported Christian democracy against Communism . Had the fourth - longest reign after Pius IX , Saint Peter and John Paul II . Promoted the rosary and the scapular and approved two new Marian scapulars ; first pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix . 20th century Popes of the 20th century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 257 4 Aug 1903 -- 20 Aug 1914 ( 11 years , 16 days ) ( 4034 ) St Pius X Papa PIUS Decimus Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto , O.F.S. 2 June 1835 Riese , Treviso , Kingdom of Lombardy -- Venetia 68 / 79 Motto : Instaurare Omnia in Christo ( `` Restore all things in Christ '' ) Italian . Encouraged and expanded reception of the Eucharist . Combatted Modernism ; issued the oath against it . Advocated the Gregorian Chant and reformed the Roman Breviary . 258 3 Sept 1914 -- 22 Jan 1922 ( 7 years , 141 days ) ( 2698 ) Benedict XV Papa BENEDICTUS Quintus Decimus Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista Della Chiesa , O.F.S. 21 Nov 1854 Pegli , Genoa , Kingdom of Sardinia 59 / 67 Motto : In te , Domine , speravi : non confundar in aeternum . ( `` In thee , o Lord , have I trusted : let me not be confounded for evermore . '' ) Italian . Credited for intervening for peace during World War I. Issued the 1917 Code of Canon Law ; supported the missionaries in Maximum Illud . Remembered by Benedict XVI as a `` prophet of peace '' . 259 6 Feb 1922 -- 10 Feb 1939 ( 17 years , 4 days ) ( 6213 ) Pius XI Papa PIUS Undecimus Achille Ambrogio Damiano Ratti , O.F.S. 31 May 1857 Desio , Milan , Kingdom of Lombardy -- Venetia 64 / 81 Motto : Pax Christi in Regno Christi ( `` The Peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ '' ) Italian . Signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy ( 1929 ) establishing Vatican City as a sovereign state . Inaugurated Vatican Radio ( 1931 ) . Re-founded the Pontifical Academy of Sciences ( 1936 ) . Created the feast of Christ the King . Opposed Communism and Nazism . 260 2 March 1939 -- 9 Oct 1958 ( 19 years , 221 days ) ( 7161 ) Ven . Pius XII Papa PIUS Duodecimus Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli , O.F.S. 2 March 1876 Rome , Italy 63 / 82 Motto : Opus Justitiae Pax ( `` The work of justice ( shall be ) peace '' ) Italian . Invoked papal infallibility in the encyclical Munificentissimus Deus ; defined the dogma of the Assumption . Eliminated the Italian majority of cardinals . Credited with intervening for peace during World War II ; controversial for his reactions to the Holocaust . 261 28 Oct 1958 -- 3 June 1963 ( 4 years , 218 days ) ( 1679 ) St John XXIII Papa IOANNES Vicesimus Tertius Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli , O.F.S. 25 Nov 1881 Sotto il Monte , Bergamo , Italy 76 / 81 Motto : Obedientia et Pax ( `` Obedience and peace '' ) Italian . Opened the Second Vatican Council ; called `` Good Pope John '' . Issued the encyclical Pacem in terris ( 1963 ) on peace and nuclear disarmament ; intervened for peace during the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) . 262 21 June 1963 -- 6 Aug 1978 ( 15 years , 46 days ) ( 5525 ) Bl . Paul VI Papa PAULUS Sextus Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini 26 Sept 1897 Concesio , Brescia , Italy 65 / 80 Motto : Cum Ipso in Monte ( `` With Him on the mount '' ) Italian . Last pope to be crowned in a coronation with the tiara . First pope to travel to the United States and Australia ; first pope since 1809 to travel outside Italy . Closed the Second Vatican Council . Issued the encyclical Humanae vitae ( 1968 ) condemning artificial contraception . 263 26 Aug 1978 -- 28 Sept 1978 ( 33 days ) ( 33 ) Ven . John Paul I Papa IOANNES PAULUS Primus Albino Luciani 17 Oct 1912 Forno di Canale , Belluno , Italy 65 / 65 Motto : Humilitas ( `` Humility '' ) Italian . Abolished the coronation opting for the Papal Inauguration . First pope to use ' the First ' in papal name ; first with two names for two immediate predecessors . Last pope to use the Sedia Gestatoria . 264 16 Oct 1978 -- 2 April 2005 ( 26 years , 168 days ) ( 9665 ) St John Paul II ( John Paul the Great ) Papa IOANNES PAULUS Secundus Karol Józef Wojtyła 20 May 1920 Wadowice , Poland 58 / 84 Motto : Totus Tuus ( `` Totally yours '' ) First Polish pope and first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI ( 1522 -- 1523 ) . Traveled extensively , visiting 129 countries during his pontificate . Third longest reign after Pius IX and Saint Peter . Founded World Youth Day ( 1984 ) and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ( 1994 ) . Canonized more saints than all his predecessors . Youngest individual to start his papacy since Pius IX ( 1846 ) . 3rd Millennium 21st century Popes of the 21st century Pontiff number Pontificate Portrait Name : English Latin Personal name Place of birth Age at start / end of papacy Notes 265 19 April 2005 -- 28 Feb 2013 ( 7 years , 315 days ) ( 2872 ) Benedict XVI Papa BENEDICTUS Decimus Sextus Joseph Aloisius Ratzinger 16 April 1927 ( age 90 ) Marktl am Inn , Bavaria , Germany 78 / 85 Motto : Cooperatores Veritatis ( `` Cooperators of the truth '' ) German . Oldest to become pope since Clement XII ( 1730 ) . Elevated the Tridentine Mass to a more prominent position and promoted the use of Latin ; re-introduced several disused papal garments . Established the Anglican Ordinariate ( 2009 ) . First pope to renounce the papacy on his own initiative since Celestine V ( 1294 ) , retaining regnal name with title of Pope Emeritus . 266 13 March 2013 -- present ( 5 years , 78 days ) ( 1904 ) Francis Papa FRANCISCUS Jorge Mario Bergoglio , S.J. 17 Dec 1936 ( age 81 ) Flores , Buenos Aires , Argentina 76 / - Motto : Miserando atque Eligendo ( `` Lowly but chosen '' , literally ' by having mercy , by choosing him ' ) Argentinian . First pope to be born outside Europe since Gregory III ( 731 -- 741 ) and the first from the Americas ; first pope from the Southern Hemisphere . First pope from a religious institute since Gregory XVI ( 1831 -- 1846 ) ; first Jesuit pope . First to use a new and non-composed regnal name since Lando ( 913 -- 914 ) . Notes ^ Now Athens , Greece ^ Now Rome , Italy ^ Now Aquileia , Italy ^ Nicopolis is now a Roman ruin near the city of Preveza , Greece ^ It is not clear when Pope Victor I was born , and where he was born , although some suggest he was born in Leptis Magna , now a part of Libya . Religious orders 51 popes and 6 Antipopes have been members of religious orders , including 12 members of third orders . They are listed by order as follows : Family Order Number Popes Total Augustinians Order of Saint Augustine Eugene IV 6 Canons Regular Honorius II , Innocent II , Lucius II , Adrian IV Premonstratense Gregory VIII Benedictines Order of Saint Benedict 22 Gregory I , Boniface IV , Adeodatus II , Leo IV , John IX , Leo VII , John XVI , Sylvester II , Sergius IV , Stephen IX , Gregory VII , Victor III , Urban II , Paschal II , Adalbert , Gelasius II , Anacletus II , Callixtus III , Celestine V , Clement VI , Urban V , Pius VII 23 Camaldolese Gregory XVI Cistercians Eugene III , Benedict XII Dominicans 5 Innocent V , Benedict XI , Nicholas V , Pius V , Benedict XIII 5 Franciscans Order of Friars Minor 5 Nicholas IV , Nicholas V , Alexander V , Sixtus IV , Julius II 19 Order of Friars Minor Conventual Sixtus V , Clement XIV Secular Franciscan Order 12 Gregory IX , Gregory X , Martin V , Innocent XII , Clement XII , Pius IX , Leo XIII , Pius X , Benedict XV , Pius XI , Pius XII , John XXIII Theatines Paul IV Jesuits Francis Notes on numbering of popes A number of anomalies in the list given above need further explanation : Felix II ( 356 -- 357 ) , Boniface VII ( 974 , 984 -- 985 ) , John XVI ( 997 -- 998 ) , Benedict X ( 1058 -- 1059 ) and Alexander V ( 1409 -- 1410 ) are not listed because they are all considered antipopes . The numbering of popes named Felix has been amended to omit antipope Felix II ; however , most lists still call the last two Felixes Felix III and Felix IV . Additionally , there was an antipope Felix V . There has never been a pope John XX as a result of confusion of the numbering system in the 11th century . Pope - elect Stephen , who died before being consecrated , has not been on the Vatican 's official list of popes since 1961 , but appears on lists dating from before 1960 . The numbering of following popes called Stephen are nowadays given as Pope Stephen II ( 752 -- 757 ) to Pope Stephen IX ( 1057 -- 1058 ) , rather than Stephen III to Stephen X . When Simon de Brion became pope in 1281 , he chose to be called Martin . At that time , Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and Martin III respectively , and so , erroneously , Simon de Brion became Pope Martin IV . Pope Donus II , said to have reigned about 974 , never existed . The belief resulted from the confusion of the title dominus ( lord ) with a proper name . Pope Joan also never existed ; however , legends about her may have originated from stories about the pornocracy . The status of Antipope John XXIII was uncertain for hundreds of years , and was finally settled in 1958 when Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli announced his own name as John XXIII . Baldassare Cossa , who was Antipope John XXIII , served as a Cardinal of the reunited church before his death in 1419 and his remains are found in the Florence Baptistery . Those who believe in Sedevacantism say that there have been no legitimate popes since Pius XII or John XXIII . This is because they consider all popes since the Second Vatican Council to be heretics . See also Lists List of canonised popes List of murdered popes List of popes by length of reign List of popes by nationality List of popes from the Borgia family List of popes from the Conti family List of popes from the Medici family List of popes sorted alphabetically List of sexually active popes List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State Related topics Annuario Pontificio History of the papacy Index of Vatican City - related articles Legends surrounding the papacy Liber Pontificalis Oldest popes Papal name Pope John ( numbering ) Prophecy of the Popes References Specific ^ Annuario Pontificio 2012 ( Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 ) , p. 12 * ^ `` Corrections Made to Official List of Popes '' . ZENIT. 5 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 21 October 2008 . ^ `` Papal Primacy of honour : titles and insignia '' . Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ( et al . ) ; Bromiley ( English translation ) , Geoffrey William , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Pope , Papacy '' . Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon ( The encyclopedia of Christianity ) . 4 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 272 -- 282 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2416 - 1 . Retrieved 7 Sep 2011 . ^ Against Heresies 3 : 3.3 ^ The fourth pope Discussed in the article on Clement I ^ Fisher , Max ( 13 March 2013 ) . `` WorldViews Sorry , Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 Nov 2017 . ^ Mcbrien , Richard P. ( 31 Oct 2006 ) . The Pocket Guide to the Popes . HarperCollins . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 113773 - 0 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` The Chronography of 354 AD . Part 13 : Bishops of Rome '' . pp. from Theosodr Mommsen , MGH Chronica Minora I ( 1892 ) , pp. 73 -- 6 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ `` OCA - St Liberius the Pope of Rome '' . Ocafs.oca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . ^ `` Saint Siricius '' . ^ Member of Massimo family . ^ `` Papal Timeline '' . 2005 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Member of Savelli family . ^ Member of Savelli family . ^ Member of Massimo family . ^ Mamber of Savelli family . ^ Probably a member of Garbielli family . ^ Deno John Geanakoplos ( 15 Sep 1989 ) . Constantinople and the West : essays on the late Byzantine ( Palaeologan ) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches . Univ of Wisconsin Press . pp. 263 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11884 - 6 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . ^ `` Blessed Eugene III '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . ^ For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken : Zu Wahl , Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III . Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985 , pp. 203 -- 211 ^ Philip Hughes , `` Innocent III & the Latin East , '' History of the Church , vol. 2 , p. 371 , Sheed & Ward , 1948 . ^ `` Pope Adrian VI ( 1522 - 1523 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement VII ( 1523 - 1534 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Paul IV ( 1555 - 1559 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Pius V ( 1566 - 1572 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Gregory XIII ( 1572 - 1585 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ John Henry Blunt ( 1874 ) . `` Jansenists '' . Dictionary of Sects , Heresies , Ecclesiastical Parties , and Schools of Religious Thought . Rivingtons . pp. 234 -- 240 . Retrieved 11 Aug 2012 . ^ `` Pope Alexander VII ( 1655 - 1667 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . ^ `` Pope Innocent X ( 1644 - 1655 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement IX ( 1667 - 1669 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement X ( 1670 - 1676 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Innocent XI ( 1676 - 1689 ) '' . Retrieved 3 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Clement XII ( 1730 - 1740 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 14 Aug 2014 . ^ `` Pope Benedict XIV ( 1740 - 1758 ) '' . GCatholic . Retrieved 14 Aug 2014 . ^ `` The Wind was too Strong '' . Rome Art Lover . Retrieved 12 Feb 2014 . ^ Bottum , Joseph ( 18 April 2005 ) . `` John Paul the Great '' . The Weekly Standard . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved 1 Jan 2009 . ^ Brown , Andrew ( 11 Feb 2013 ) . `` Benedict , the placeholder pope who leaves a battered , weakened church '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 Feb 2013 . ^ Pianigiani , Gaia ; Povoledo , Elisabetta ( 27 Feb 2013 ) . `` Benedict XVI to Keep His Name and Become Pope Emeritus '' . The New York Times . ^ Scarisbrick , Veronica ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` Pope Francis : `` Miserando atque eligendo '' ... '' Vatican Radio . The Holy See . Vatican Radio . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Antipope '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Chronological Lists of Popes '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Pope Martin IV '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Paschal Robinson ( 1913 ) . `` Popess Joan '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . ^ Weaver , MJ. , and Appleby , RS. , Being Right : Conservative Catholics in America , Indiana University Press , 1 Jan 1995 , p. 257 . ^ Flinn , FK. , Encyclopedia of Catholicism , 2007 , p. 566 . General The Early Papacy : To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451 , Adrian Fortescue , Ignatius Press , 2008 . The Oxford Dictionary of Popes , John N.D. Kelly , Oxford University Press , 1986 . Catholicism , Henri de Lubac , Ignatius Press , 1988 . Rome and the Eastern Churches , Aidan Nichols , Ignatius Press , 2010 . I Papi . Venti secoli di storia , Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo , Libreria Editrice Vaticana , 2002 . Rome Sweet Home , Scott Hahn , Ignatius Press , 1993 . Enciclopedia dei Papi , AA. VV. , Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana , 2000 . External links Catholic Encyclopedia GCatholic.org Popes & Anti-Popes Orthodox Church in America , The Lives of Saints ( Eastern Christian ) Popes of the Catholic Church List of popes graphical canonised Papal names Tombs extant non-extant Antipope Pope emeritus Papal resignation Pope - elect 1st -- 4th centuries During the Roman Empire ( until 493 ) including under Constantine ( 312 -- 337 ) Peter Linus Anacletus Clement I Evaristus Alexander I Sixtus I Telesphorus Hyginus Pius I Anicetus Soter Eleutherius Victor I Zephyrinus Callixtus I Urban I Pontian Anterus Fabian Cornelius Lucius I Stephen I Sixtus II Dionysius Felix I Eutychian Caius Marcellinus Marcellus I Eusebius Miltiades Sylvester I Mark Julius I Liberius Damasus I Siricius Anastasius I 5th -- 8th centuries Ostrogothic Papacy ( 493 -- 537 ) Byzantine Papacy ( 537 -- 752 ) Frankish Papacy ( 756 -- 857 ) Innocent I Zosimus Boniface I Celestine I Sixtus III Leo I Hilarius Simplicius Felix III Gelasius I Anastasius II Symmachus Hormisdas John I Felix IV Boniface II John II Agapetus I Silverius Vigilius Pelagius I John III Benedict I Pelagius II Gregory I Sabinian Boniface III Boniface IV Adeodatus I Boniface V Honorius I Severinus John IV Theodore I Martin I Eugene I Vitalian Adeodatus II Donus Agatho Leo II Benedict II John V Conon Sergius I John VI John VII Sisinnius Constantine Gregory II Gregory III Zachary Stephen II Paul I Stephen III Adrian I Leo III 9th -- 12th centuries Papal selection before 1059 Saeculum obscurum ( 904 -- 964 ) Crescentii era ( 974 -- 1012 ) Tusculan Papacy ( 1012 -- 1044 / 1048 ) Imperial Papacy ( 1048 -- 1257 ) Stephen IV Paschal I Eugene II Valentine Gregory IV Sergius II Leo IV Benedict III Nicholas I Adrian II John VIII Marinus I Adrian III Stephen V Formosus Boniface VI Stephen VI Romanus Theodore II John IX Benedict IV Leo V Sergius III Anastasius III Lando John X Leo VI Stephen VII John XI Leo VII Stephen VIII Marinus II Agapetus II John XII Benedict V Leo VIII John XIII Benedict VI Benedict VII John XIV John XV Gregory V Sylvester II John XVII John XVIII Sergius IV Benedict VIII John XIX Benedict IX Sylvester III Benedict IX Gregory VI Clement II Benedict IX Damasus II Leo IX Victor II Stephen IX Nicholas II Alexander II Gregory VII Victor III Urban II Paschal II Gelasius II Callixtus II Honorius II Innocent II Celestine II Lucius II Eugene III Anastasius IV Adrian IV Alexander III Lucius III Urban III Gregory VIII Clement III Celestine III Innocent III 13th -- 16th centuries Viterbo ( 1257 -- 1281 ) Orvieto ( 1262 -- 1297 ) Perugia ( 1228 -- 1304 ) Avignon Papacy ( 1309 -- 1378 ) Western Schism ( 1378 -- 1417 ) Renaissance Papacy ( 1417 -- 1534 ) Reformation Papacy ( 1534 -- 1585 ) Baroque Papacy ( 1585 -- 1689 ) Honorius III Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Gregory X Innocent V Adrian V John XXI Nicholas III Martin IV Honorius IV Nicholas IV Celestine V Boniface VIII Benedict XI Clement V John XXII Benedict XII Clement VI Innocent VI Urban V Gregory XI Urban VI Boniface IX Innocent VII Gregory XII Martin V Eugene IV Nicholas V Callixtus III Pius II Paul II Sixtus IV Innocent VIII Alexander VI Pius III Julius II Leo X Adrian VI Clement VII Paul III Julius III Marcellus II Paul IV Pius IV Pius V Gregory XIII Sixtus V Urban VII Gregory XIV Innocent IX Clement VIII 17th -- 20th centuries Revolutionary Papacy ( 1775 -- 1848 ) Roman Question ( 1870 -- 1929 ) Vatican City ( 1929 -- present ) World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) Leo XI Paul V Gregory XV Urban VIII Innocent X Alexander VII Clement IX Clement X Innocent XI Alexander VIII Innocent XII Clement XI Innocent XIII Benedict XIII Clement XII Benedict XIV Clement XIII Clement XIV Pius VI Pius VII Leo XII Pius VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI John Paul I John Paul II 21st century Benedict XVI Francis History of the papacy Antiquity and Early Middle Ages During the Roman 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reference Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles containing Latin - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 02 : 01 . 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who became the first pope of the roman catholic church
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"\nPopes of the 1st century\n\nPontiff\nnumber\nPontificate\nPortrait\nName: English\n· Latin\nPersonal name\nPlace of birth\nAge at start/\nend of papacy\nNotes\n\n\n1\n30/33 - 64/68\n\nSt Peter\nPETRUS\nŠimon Kêpâ\n(Simon Peter)\nAD 1 Bethsaida, Galilea, Roman Empire (Now Bethsaida, Galilee, Israel)\n29-32 / 63-67\nConverted Jew. Apostle of Jesus. According to Catholic tradition he received the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven (Matthew 16:18–19). Feast day (Feast of Saints Peter and Paul) 29 June, (Chair of Saint Peter) 22 February. He is recognized by the Catholic Church as the first Bishop of Rome appointed by Christ. Also revered as saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 29 June.[4] The St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City is named after him.\n\n\n2\n64/68 - 76/79\n\nSt Linus\nPapa LINUS\nLinus\n(Lin)\n10 AD Volterra, Italia, Roman Empire (Now Volterra, Italy)\n54-58 / 66-69\nFirst Roman pope.[5] Feast day 23 September. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 7 June.\n\n\n3\n76/79 - 88/91\n\nSt Anacletus\n(Cletus)\nPapa ANACLETUS (Cletus)\nAnáklētos\n(Klḗtos)\n(Anaclet or Clet)\n25 AD Athens, Achaea, Roman Empire[birth 1]\n51-54 / 63-66\nHistoricity not proven. First Greek pope. Feast day 26 April. Once erroneously split into Cletus and Anacletus.[6]\n\n\n4\n26 April 88 –\n23 Nov 99\n(11 years, 211 days)\n(4228)\n\nSt Clement I\nPapa CLEMENS\nClemens\n(Clement)\nc.35 AD Rome, Roman Empire[birth 2]\n53 / 64 (†66)\nRoman. Feast day 23 November. Issued 1 Clement which is said to be the basis of apostolic authority for the clergy. Also revered as a saint in Eastern Christianity, with a feast day of 25 November. First Pope to abdicate\n\n\n5\n23 Nov 99 –\n27 Oct 105\n(5 years, 338 days)\n(2164)\n\nSt Evaristus\nPapa EVARISTUS\nEváristos\n(Evarist)\nc.30 AD Bethlehem, Judea, Roman Empire (now Bethlehem, West Bank, Palestine)\n69 / 75\nConverted Jew. Said to have divided Rome into parishes, assigning a priest to each. Feast day of 26 October.\n\n"
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Governor-General of India
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Governor - General of India - Wikipedia Governor - General of India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the position of Governor - General of India . For individual Governor - Generals , see List of governors - general of India . Viceroy and Governor - General of India Standard of the Governor - General Louis Mountbatten , the last Viceroy of India & the first Governor - General during the dominion period Style His Excellency Residence Viceroy 's House Appointer East India Company ( to 1858 ) Monarch of India ( from 1858 ) Formation 20 October 1774 First holder Warren Hastings Final holder Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari Abolished 26 January 1950 The Governor - General of India ( or , from 1858 to 1947 , officially the Viceroy and Governor - General of India , commonly shortened to Viceroy of India ) was originally the head of the British administration in India and , later , after Indian independence in 1947 , the representative of the Indian head of state . The office was created in 1773 , with the title of Governor - General of the Presidency of Fort William . The officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India . Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833 , and the official came to be known as the `` Governor - General of India '' . In 1858 , the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government ; see British Raj . The governor - general ( now also the viceroy ) headed the central government of India , which administered the provinces of British India , including the Punjab , Bengal , Bombay , Madras , the United Provinces , and others . However , much of India was not ruled directly by the British government ; outside the provinces of British India , there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or `` native states '' , whose relationship was not with the British government , but directly with the monarch . To reflect the governor - general 's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states , from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor - General of India ( known in short as the Viceroy of India ) was applied to him . The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan , but the office of governor - general continued to exist in each country separately -- until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 , respectively . Until 1858 , the governor - general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company , to whom he was responsible . Thereafter , he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government ; the Secretary of State for India , a member of the UK Cabinet , was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers . After 1947 , the sovereign continued to appoint the governor - general , but did so on the advice of the Indian government . Governors - General served at the pleasure of the sovereign , though the practice was to have them serve five - year terms . Governors - General could have their commission rescinded ; and if one was removed , or left , a provisional governor - general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen . The first Governor - General of British India was Warren Hastings , and the first Governor - General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions 3 Council 4 Style and title 5 Flag 6 Residence 7 Insignia 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) Warren Hastings , the first Governor - General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785 . Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company , which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor . In 1773 , motivated by corruption in the Company , the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773 . A Governor - General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The first Governor - General and Council were named in the Act . The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor - General and Council of Fort William with the Governor - General and Council of India . The power to elect the Governor - General was retained by the Court of Directors , but the choice became subject to the Sovereign 's approval . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the East India Company 's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign . The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor - General in the Sovereign . The Governor - General , in turn , had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India , subject to the Sovereign 's approval . India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947 , but Governors - General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor - General of India for some time after independence , but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors - General . India became a secular republic in 1950 ; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956 . Functions ( edit ) Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India , a post he held from 1899 to 1905 . Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s The Governor - General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The Regulating Act , however , granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence . The other Presidencies of the East India Company ( Madras , Bombay and Bencoolen ) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor - General and Council of Fort William . The powers of the Governor - General , in respect of foreign affairs , were increased by the India Act 1784 . The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war , make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor - General or by the Company 's Court of Directors . While the Governor - General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India , he was not the explicit head of British India . That status came only with the Charter Act 1833 , which granted him `` superintendence , direction and control of the whole civil and military Government '' of all of British India . The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor - General and Council . After 1858 , the Governor - General ( now usually known as the Viceroy ) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign 's representative . India was divided into numerous provinces , each under the head of a Governor , Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator . Governors were appointed by the British Government , to whom they were directly responsible ; Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners , and Administrators , however , were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy . The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers : the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja ( Scindia ) of Gwalior , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad ( Gaekwar ) Maharaja of Baroda . The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency , which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy , or by provincial authorities . The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King - Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . The chamber usually met only once a year , with the Viceroy presiding , but it appointed a Standing Committee , which met more often . Upon independence in August 1947 , the title of Viceroy was abolished . The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor - General . C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor - General . However , once India acquired independence , the Governor - General 's role became almost entirely ceremonial , with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the Indian cabinet . After the nation became a republic in 1950 , the President of India continued to perform the same functions . Council ( edit ) Main articles : Council of India and Viceroy 's Executive Council The Viceregal Lodge in Simla , built in 1888 , was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India Viceregal Lodge , Delhi , where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed ( 1912 -- 31 ) , now the main building of the University of Delhi The Governor - General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers . The Governor - General , while exercising many functions , was referred to as the `` Governor - General in Council . '' The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . The Governor - General had a vote along with the counsellors , but he also had an additional vote to break ties . The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor - General . In 1784 , the Council was reduced to three members ; the Governor - General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote . In 1786 , the power of the Governor - General was increased even further , as Council decisions ceased to be binding . The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council . The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor - General . As provided under the Act , there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors . The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions , but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated . In 1858 , the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council . Instead , the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign , and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India . The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council 's composition . Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India , and two by the Sovereign . ( The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869 ) . The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members ( changed to ten to sixteen in 1892 , and to sixty in 1909 ) . The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments , while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation . In 1919 , an Indian legislature , consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly , took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy 's Council . The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation . He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature 's consent for `` ecclesiastical , political ( and ) defense '' purposes , and for any purpose during `` emergencies . '' He was permitted to veto , or even stop debate on , any bill . If he recommended the passage of a bill , but only one chamber cooperated , he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber . The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence . The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy ; the Legislative Assembly elected its President , but the election required the Viceroy 's approval . Style and title ( edit ) Until 1833 , the title of the position was `` Governor - General of Bengal '' . The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into `` Governor - General of India . '' The title `` Viceroy and Governor - General '' was first used in the queen 's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858 . It was never conferred by an act of parliament , but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders . In usage , `` viceroy '' is employed where the governor - general 's position as the monarch 's representative is in view . The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India . It was meant to indicate new responsibilities , especially ritualistic ones , but it conferred no new statutory authority . The governor - general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council , but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor - General - in - Council ( or the Government of India ) . The Governor - General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India . He was referred to as ' His Excellency ' and addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . From 1858 to 1947 , the Governor - General was known as the Viceroy of India ( from the French roi , meaning ' king ' ) , and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines ( from the French reine , meaning ' queen ' ) . The Vicereine was referred to as ' Her Excellency ' and was also addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India . However , the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V , who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911 . When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861 , the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio . The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877 . Most Governors - General and Viceroys were peers . Frequently , a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank , as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman - Thomas . Of those Viceroys who were not peers , Sir John Shore was a baronet , and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title ' Lord ' because he was the son of a Duke . Only the first and last Governors - General -- Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari -- as well as some provisional Governors - General , had no honorific titles at all . Flag ( edit ) Flag of the Governor General of India ( 1947 -- 50 ) From around 1885 , the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the ' Star of India ' surmounted by a Crown . This flag was not the Viceroy 's personal flag ; it was also used by Governors , Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India . When at sea , only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast , while other officials flew it from the foremast . From 1947 to 1950 , the Governor - General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest ( a lion standing on the Crown ) , beneath which was the word ' India ' in gold majuscules . The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors - General . This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor - General only . Residence ( edit ) Government House served as the Governor - General 's residence during most of the nineteenth century . The Governor - General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House , Calcutta , until the early nineteenth century , when Government House was constructed . In 1854 , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there . Now , the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India . Lord Wellesley , who is reputed to have said that ' India should be governed from a palace , not from a country house ' , constructed a grand mansion , known as Government House , between 1799 and 1803 . The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912 . Thereafter , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal , who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House , was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House . Now , it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal , and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan . After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi , the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy 's House , designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . Though construction began in 1912 , it did not conclude until 1929 ; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931 . The final cost exceeded £ 877,000 ( over £ 35,000,000 in modern terms ) -- more than twice the figure originally allocated . Today the residence , now known by the Hindi name of ' Rashtrapati Bhavan ' , is used by the President of India . Throughout the British administration , Governors - General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge ( Rashtrapati Niwas ) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat , and the government of India moved with them . The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study . Insignia ( edit ) See also : Star of India ( flag ) Badge of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1947 -- 50 ) See also ( edit ) India portal Pakistan portal United Kingdom portal Politics portal List of governors - general of India Commander - in - Chief , India British Empire Emperor of India Indian independence movement Council of India British Raj Secretary of State for India India Office Indian Civil Service Partition of India History of Bangladesh History of India History of Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire , which included both the provinces and the Native States . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Impressions '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria 's Proclamation Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett , `` The Indian Governments , 1858 -- 1918 '' , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , Volume V : The Indian Empire , 1858 -- 1918 ( Cambridge University Press , 1932 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky , The India Office , 1880 -- 1910 ( Greenwood Press , 1986 ) , p. 126 . Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers ( 1999 ) `` Government Buildings -- India '' Forrest , G.W. , CIE , ( editor ) ( 1910 ) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors - General of India ; Warren Hastings ( 2 vols ) , Oxford : Blackwell 's Encyclopædia Britannica ( `` British Empire '' and `` Viceroy '' ) , London : Cambridge University Press , 1911 , 11th edition , James , Lawrence ( 1997 ) Raj : the Making and Unmaking of British India London : Little , Brown & Company ISBN 0 - 316 - 64072 - 7 Keith , A.B. ( editor ) ( 1922 ) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy , 1750 -- 1921 , London : Oxford University Press Oldenburg , P. ( 2004 ) . `` India . '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) mountbattenofburma.com -- Tribute & Memorial website to Louis , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma Further Reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors - General of India . Arnold , Sir Edwin ( 1865 ) . The Marquis of Dalhousie 's Administration of British India : Annexation of Pegu , Nagpor , and Oudh , and a general review of Lord Dalhousie 's rule in India . Dodwell H.H. , ed . The Cambridge History of India . Volume 6 : The Indian Empire 1858 - 1918 . With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818 - 1858 ( 1932 ) 660pp online edition ; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire Moon , Penderel . The British Conquest and Dominion of India ( 2 vol. 1989 ) 1235pp ; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top - down perspective ; Rudhra , A.B. ( 1940 ) The Viceroy and Governor - General of India . London : H. Milford , Oxford University Press Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books . Pp. 298 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . Governors - General of India Governors of the Presidency of Fort William ( 1774 -- 1833 ) Hastings Macpherson Cornwallis Shore Clarke Mornington Cornwallis Barlow Minto Moira Adam Amherst Bayley Bentinck ... Governors - General of India ( 1833 -- 1858 ) Bentinck Metcalfe Auckland Ellenborough Bird Hardinge Dalhousie Canning Governors - General and Viceroys of India ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Canning Elgin Napier Denison Lawrence Mayo Strachey Napier Northbrook Lytton Ripon Dufferin Lansdowne Elgin Curzon Minto Penshurst Chelmsford Reading Irwin Willingdon Wavell Mountbatten Governors - General of the Union of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Mountbatten Rajagopalachari Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Administrator Northern Territory Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_India&oldid=833230854 '' Categories : Governors - General of India India and the Commonwealth of Nations Westminster system Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული मैथिली മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 11 : 09 . 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We Belong Together
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We Belong Together - wikipedia We Belong Together For other uses , see We Belong Together ( disambiguation ) . `` We Belong Together '' Single by Mariah Carey from the album The Emancipation of Mimi B - side `` It 's Like That '' Released March 29 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 29 ) Format CD digital download Recorded Studio Right Track Studios ( New York City , New York ) Southside Studios ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Genre R&B Length 3 : 21 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Mariah Carey Jermaine Dupri Manuel Seal Johntá Austin Darnell Bristol Kenneth Edmonds Sidney DeWayne Bobby Womack Patrick Moten Sandra Sully Producer ( s ) Jermaine Dupri Mariah Carey Manuel Seal Mariah Carey singles chronology `` It 's Like That '' ( 2005 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2005 ) `` Shake It Off '' ( 2005 ) `` We Belong Together '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey . It was released on March 29 , 2005 , by Island Records as the second single from her tenth studio album The Emancipation of Mimi ( 2005 ) . The song was written by Carey , Jermaine Dupri , Manuel Seal and Johntá Austin , and produced by the former three . As the song samples lyrics from `` If You Think You 're Lonely Now '' by Bobby Womack and `` Two Occasions '' by The Deele , several other songwriters are credited . `` We Belong Together '' is built on a simple piano arrangement with an understated backbeat . The lyrics chronicle a woman 's desperation for her former lover to return . Following her decline in popularity between 2001 and 2004 , critics dubbed the song her musical comeback , as many had considered her career over . `` We Belong Together '' earned her several music industry awards and nominations throughout 2005 and 2006 . The song broke chart records in the United States and became Carey 's sixteenth topper on the US Billboard Hot 100 . After staying at number one for fourteen non-consecutive weeks , it joined four other songs in a tie as the second longest running number - one song in US chart history , behind Carey 's own `` One Sweet Day '' . Billboard listed it as the `` song of the decade '' and the ninth most popular song of all - time . Additionally , it broke several airplay records , gathering both the largest one - day and one - week audiences in history . `` We Belong Together '' also topped the charts in Australia and the top - five in Canada , Denmark , Hungary , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Scotland , Spain , and the United Kingdom . The accompanying music video for `` We Belong Together '' was filmed as a two - part story with `` It 's Like That '' , which featured Carey at her bachelorette party . The video for `` We Belong Together '' is a continuation focusing on Carey 's wedding to an older and powerful man and ends with the singer eloping with her ex-lover . Rumors arose of the video 's connection to her 1993 marriage to Tommy Mottola . Carey performed the song on several award shows and television appearances around the world , namely MTV Movie Awards , MTV Video Music Awards , Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , The Oprah Winfrey Show , and the 48th Grammy Awards . In Europe the song was performed at the Live 8 charity concert , the Fashion Rocks in Monaco , and the German Bambi Awards . Carey performed the song on both her Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours . Contents 1 Background 2 Music and structure 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Awards and nominations 6 Remixes 7 Music video 7.1 Background 7.2 Synopsis 8 Live performances 9 Formats and track listings 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 11.4 All - time charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) Carey had produced back - to - back commercially and critically unsuccessful albums , Glitter ( 2001 ) and Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) . Though fueled by strong media attention regarding Carey 's return to music , as well as her new deal with Island Records , the albums failed to deliver the type of success she had been accustomed to throughout the 1990s , and only managed sales of 3 million copies globally . After the album 's release , and its succeeding tour , Carey began conceptualizing and working on a new project , eventually titled The Emancipation of Mimi , her tenth studio effort . `` We Belong Together '' became a song that critics considered Carey 's `` return to form '' and `` the return of The Voice '' , after several questioned her vocal abilities following the release of Charmbracelet . By November 2004 , Carey had already recorded several songs for The Emancipation of Mimi . Island Records chairman L.A. Reid suggested Carey that she compose a few more strong singles to ensure the project 's commercial success . Noting that she had written some of her best work with Jermaine Dupri , Reid recommended her to meet with Dupri for a brief studio session . Carey headed to Atlanta to collaborate with Dupri where the duo wrote and produced `` Shake It Off '' and `` Get Your Number '' , which were eventually released as the album 's third and fourth singles . ( Following this recording session , `` Shake It Off '' was briefly selected as the album 's lead single , replacing the originally planned `` Say Somethin ' '' . ) Carey returned to Atlanta for a second meeting with Dupri ; during this trip , Carey and Dupri penned the last two songs to be included on the album , `` We Belong Together '' and `` It 's Like That '' . In an interview with Billboard , Carey described her sentiments regarding the song during the production stage : I had the chills . I had a great feeling about it when we finished writing the song , and I was flying back from Atlanta at some crazy hour of the morning ... But we were listening to it on the plane ride on the way home , and even from the demo version , I really felt something very special . Carey and her management then decided to release `` It 's Like That '' , which Carey called `` the right fire - starter '' , as the album 's lead single . She later reminisced about her experience with Dupri : `` I am so grateful I went to Atlanta , '' she said . `` And I have to say , we wrote some of my favorite songs on the album . I 'm so proud of Jermaine -- he 's so focused , and he knew what had to be done . '' Music and structure ( edit ) `` We Belong Together '' is an R&B ballad . Rolling Stone called it `` soulful . '' The song is propelled by a programmed Roland TR - 808 - styled kick and hi - hat , which is prominently utilized in hip hop music . Reviewer Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News commented that Carey 's spare and understated singing approach gave the song more power , which would not have been achieved if she had belted . The song also incorporates 1980s retro - soul music by `` cleverly '' referencing Bobby Womack 's `` If You Think You 're Lonely Now '' ( 1981 ) and the Deele 's `` Two Occasions '' ( 1987 ) , with Babyface . In the second verse of `` We Belong Together '' , Carey sings : `` Bobby Womack 's on the radio / Singing to me , ' If you think you 're lonely now ' . '' She then flips across a radio dial : `` So I turn the dial , tryin ' to catch a break / And then I hear Babyface / ' I only think of you ... ' . '' The line `` If you think you 're lonely now '' is from the song of the same name and `` I only think of you '' is from the chorus of `` Two Occasions . '' In the remix she also says `` I only think of you / On two occasions / That 's day and night ... '' Due to the inclusion of the lyrics from both songs , the songwriters were given co-writing credits on the song . `` We Belong Together '' follows the common verse - chorus form and is structured into three distinct sections , with each section presenting the protagonist in different emotions . The first section chronicles the break - up of the couple , and a sorrowful tone is established as she laments her former mistakes . In the second section , the narrative switches to the present , and the protagonist becomes increasingly agitated and feels `` all out of her element '' when she attempts to distract herself by listening to the radio , but fails . `` We Belong Together '' does not have a bridge ; instead , Carey transitions into the third section by raising the pitch an octave , which emphasizes the sheer frustration and desperation of the protagonist . Metro Times writer Johnny Loftus described the song 's production , lyrics and vocals in detail : It 's straightforward , heartfelt and classy . Mariah pleads with her departed lover -- ' When you left I lost a part of me / It 's still so hard to believe ' -- and the song 's gentle R&B roll is perfectly understated , built from a few piano chords and a slowed - down So So Def rhythm . It has a homebody quality , almost like an autumn song would -- you can imagine a split - up couple singing it quietly , separately , as the world goes on around them . She 's on a porch with tea ; he 's stuck in traffic when he finds Mariah on the radio . It even cleverly references that feel , with Mariah finding the Bobby Womack and Babyface songs on her radio just too tough to hear . There 's no tired ' I tried to 2 - way you ' retorts , no trash - technology love affair ' I was at the grocery store and this guy had the same ring tone as you , and I cried . ' No , there 's a classic sensibility to the lyrics and sound of ' We Belong Together ' that makes for perfect -- and perfectly universal -- pop / R&B songwriting . In other words , it 's the jam . And there 's probably a happy ending , too : Mariah 's triumphant octave shift finale makes the song 's title an emphatic . `` We Belong Together '' is a simple , understated musical arrangement set in F lydian and composed in 4 / 4 time . Similarly , within the song , Carey 's voice spans from G to the high note of A. Carey 's vocal range is demonstrated with a greater emphasis in the ending chorus , where the chorus is raised an octave higher , lying from G to A. As such , Carey ends with an anticipated coda , completing both the chorus and the song with a potent , belted note of C for approximately four semibreves ( around 17 seconds ) . It follows the common verse - chorus form and is structured into three sections that portray the protagonist in a range of emotions ; from doleful and resigned in the first section , to desperate and agitated in the second . In the last section the song climaxes with an octave raise , which not only emphasizes the protagonist 's heightened desperation , but her determination to be with her lover . The song is written in the key of C major with a slow tempo of 70 beats per minute . Carey 's vocals span from G to A , and the song follows a chord progression of Am -- G -- Em -- F . Critical reception ( edit ) `` We Belong Together '' became a `` career re-defining '' song for Carey , at a point when many critics had considered her career over . Unlike most of Carey 's recent singles at that time , `` We Belong Together '' received generally positive reviews from critics , most of whom hailed the song as her `` return to form '' , following reviews for Charmbracelet ( 2002 ) , that suggested Carey had lost her signature vocal range and power . Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote `` the ... diva ( keeps ) cool with breathy , rapid - fire verses until the final full strong - voiced climax that ... proves that ' The Voice ' has indeed returned . '' Additionally , he said that `` The song is as ' innovative ' as Mariah has been in years . '' Other critics commended Carey on her novel singing style which , according to Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times , gave the song its propulsion , writing `` This style is part of the reason why she has been able to turn a ballad into a summer smash . ' We Belong Together ' does n't have a guest rapper , or a hard - hitting beat , but Ms. Carey 's tricky vocal lines give the song more propulsion than you 'd expect , with tightly coiled counter-rhythms that tug against the beat . '' Johnny Loftus from Metro Times called it a `` summer hit '' and wrote `` We all know it 's the intangibles that make a summer single anyway , those untraceable currents that grab the heart and feet , and despite not being an anthem , ' We Belong Together ' is that rousing . '' Writing for Vibe , Michael Ehrlich claimed the song would `` cut across generations '' , while Cinquemani felt it would revive `` faith in Mariah the balladeer '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic chose `` We Belong Together '' as a `` top Pick '' from the album , while Todd Burns from Stylus Magazine described it as `` beautifully cadenced '' . Echoing Cinquemani 's comments about the song and Carey 's past as a balladeer , Jozen Cummings from PopMatters wrote `` Carey makes the song her own , reminding fans of her ' Hero ' days with full , throaty vocals and a crashing climax at the end . The dichotomy between ' The Emancipation of Mimi 's ' first two tracks is the album 's bread and butter . '' Since first hearing the song on the radio , Sherri Winston from South Florida Sun - Sentinel claimed she `` knew it would be a smash '' , complimenting its understated beat and Carey 's vocals . Billboard 's Michael Paoletta described `` We Belong Together '' as one of the album 's strongest cuts , claiming that it highlighted the strongest focal point on the song : Carey 's voice . Slant Magazine ranked it 2nd on their best songs of 2005 list . Chart performance ( edit ) Carey performing `` We Belong Together '' on Good Morning America Between 2001 and 2004 , Carey 's popularity had substantially declined and many had considered her career as over . The song spent fourteen non-consecutive weeks at number one on both the US Billboard Hot 100 -- after making its debut at number 81 -- and on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . It had major cross-over success , becoming the first song to simultaneously occupy the number one position on nine Billboard charts on the week ending August 6 , 2005 : the Hot 100 , Billboard Hot 100 Airplay , Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs , Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay , Pop 100 Airplay , Top 40 Mainstream , Rhythmic Airplay Chart , Hot Dance Club Songs , and the Hot Ringtones charts . Spending fourteen weeks atop the Hot 100 , `` We Belong Together '' became the one of the second longest running number one songs in US chart history , behind only Carey 's 1995 collaboration with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' , which spent sixteen weeks at number one . Aside from its chart success , the song broke several airplay records , and according to Mediabase and Nielsen BDS , gathered both the largest one - day and one - week audiences in BDS history , reaching 32.8 million and 223 million impressions respectively . This record was held until it was broken by Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' in 2013 , with 234.65 million listeners on July 28 . During the week of September 25 , 2005 , Carey set another record , becoming the first female to occupy the first two spots atop the Hot 100 , as `` We Belong Together '' remained at number one , and her next single , `` Shake It Off '' , held the number two spot . Additionally , the song held the top position on the official Hot 100 Airplay chart for sixteen weeks , tying for the second all time spot with No Doubt 's `` Do n't Speak '' ( 1996 ) . `` We Belong Together '' was certified 3хPlatinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of a 3 million copies throughout the United States . On the Billboard Hot 100 Year - end Chart of 2005 , the song was declared the number one song , a career first for Carey . Billboard listed `` We Belong Together '' ninth on The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs and second on Top Billboard Hot 100 R&B / Hip - Hop Songs . The song was also declared the most popular song of the 2000s decade by Billboard , which makes Carey the first artist to have more than one song being the most popular of a decade , as `` One Sweet Day '' was the most popular song of the 1990s . Besides its success in the United States , `` We Belong Together '' achieved strong charting throughout Europe and Australia . On the ARIA Charts , the song debuted atop the singles chart in Australia during the week dated July 3 , 2005 . The following week , it held the number one spot for a second week , and stayed on the chart for a total of eleven weeks . To date , `` We Belong Together '' was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 70,000 units . The song finished at number seventeen on the 2005 Australian Year - End Chart . In both Flemish and Wallonian territories in Belgium , `` We Belong Together '' peaked at numbers twelve and twenty - four , spending a total of fifteen and fourteen weeks fluctuating in the singles chart , respectively . The song finished at number forty - seven on the Flemish Year - End Chart of 2005 . `` We Belong Together '' made its debut at number fifteen on the Danish Tracklisten chart during the week of August 7 , 2005 , eventually peaking at number three . In France , the song peaked at number twelve , and spent nineteen weeks fluctuating within the French singles chart . On the Dutch Top 40 chart , `` We Belong Together '' reached number one in its fourth week , and spent a total of sixteen weeks in the chart , four of which were at the number two position . The song finished at number forty - one on the Dutch Year - End Chart of 2005 . In New Zealand , the song spend three weeks at number two on the singles chart , and a total of twelve before making its exit on October 3 , 2005 . At the end of 2005 , `` We Belong Together '' finished at number thirty - six , and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . In both Norway and Spain , the song peaked at number nine and three , and spent nine and seven weeks within the charts . In Switzerland , the song peaked at number four on the official singles chart , and charted for thirteen weeks . During mid-week predictions in the United Kingdom , `` We Belong Together '' was positioned to become Carey 's third UK number one single . However , it wound up debuting at number two on the UK Singles Chart . In its second week , the song dropped to number three , before re-surfacing to number two in its third week , this time blocked by James Blunt 's `` You 're Beautiful '' . The song spent a total of eighteen weeks within the singles chart , and has estimated sales of over 240,000 units in the United Kingdom . Awards and Nominations ( edit ) `` We Belong Together '' was awarded several prestigious music industry awards throughout 2005 and 2006 . At the 2005 Billboard Music Awards ceremony , Carey won five awards , with the song receiving awards in the `` Rhythmic Top 40 Title of the Year '' , `` Hot 100 song of the Year '' and `` Hot 100 Airplay of the Year '' categories . On November 6 , 2005 , Carey earned two awards for `` We Belong Together '' at the Radio Music Awards ceremony , in the `` Song of the Year / Mainstream Hit Radio '' and `` Song of the Year / Urban and Rhythmic Radio '' categories . Similarly , `` We Belong Together '' won the `` Best R&B / Soul Single '' and `` Best R&B / Soul Single , Female '' awards at the 20th annual Soul Train Music Awards , `` Choice Love Song '' at the Teen Choice Awards , `` Best R&B Song '' at the Vibe Awards , and `` World 's Most - Played Single '' at the 2005 World Music Awards . At the 48th annual Grammy Awards , held at the Shrine Auditorium on February 8 , 2006 , Carey was nominated for eight awards , the most she had received in one night throughout her career . `` We Belong Together '' was nominated for Song of the Year and Record of the Year ; however , it won two awards : `` Best R&B Song '' and `` Best Female R&B Vocal Performance '' . The song was named `` Song of the Year '' at the ASCAP Awards , and `` Song of the Year '' , `` Most Performed Song '' and `` Number - one Billboard Song '' at the BMI Awards . Towards the summer of 2006 , Carey took home `` Song of the Year '' , `` Best Pop Female Song Performance '' and `` Best R&B / Soul Female Song Performance '' at the GrooveVolt Music & Fashion Awards . Remixes ( edit ) Carey recorded an official remix version for `` We Belong Together '' , which she produced with DJ Clue . The remix features vocals from rappers Jadakiss and Styles P , two - thirds of the hip - hop trio the LOX . The remix is fundamentally different from the original , described as having `` a faster , springier backbeat '' by Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times . Lyrically , the song is similar to the album version of the song , in which both rappers ' verses contemplate on past memories . Styles P raps `` Past is the past , just let it be bygones / Matter of fact I know a fly song that we could vibe on '' , which Sanneh writes `` Cheerfully out of place , he sounds like a man who has wandered into the wrong summertime party , but so what ? He figures he might as well stick around and enjoy it . '' In two separate reviews of The Emancipation of Mimi , Sanneh referred to the song as both `` great '' and `` excellent '' , in regards to the remix . Aside from the album version 's main remix , several others were commissioned and released , although none contained new vocals from Carey . Peter Rauhofer created the `` Reconstruction Mix / Atlantic Soul Vocal Mix '' and `` Atlantic Soul Vocal Mix '' , which both feature a synthetic bass line , a piano and guitar line , and distinctive hi - hats that produce a more up - tempo , hard - hitting beat . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The song 's music video premiered worldwide on April 11 , 2005 , although MSN offered an exclusive look at the music video on April 9 . Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' is Yahoo ! Music 's most watched video of 2005 with 7.5 million streamed performances . The video was shot by film director Brett Ratner in Los Angeles alongside the video for Carey 's previous single , `` It 's Like That '' . Carey had collaborated with Ratner several times in the past , having worked on the video for `` Heartbreaker '' , which became one of the most expensive of all time , costing an estimated $2.5 million . The video was filmed through February 9 to February 10 , 2005 , in conjunction with `` It 's Like That '' and serves as the second half to the two - part story . The music video for `` It 's Like That '' features Carey at her bachelorette party set to wed an older and powerful man , played by Eric Roberts . Towards the end of the video , her ex-lover and past flame , played by Wentworth Miller , arrives at the event , and the video concludes with them staring into each other 's eyes as Carey 's soon - to - be husband watches from a balcony . The video for `` We Belong Together '' finishes their tale of love , and features Carey on her wedding day . For the scenes of Carey 's wedding to the older man , she wore her Vera Wang gown she originally wore during her nuptials to Tommy Mottola in 1993 . In an interview with MSNBC , when asked if there was a connection to the use of the dress in the video and reality , Carey responded : The wedding dress was a Vera Wang original dress from a while ago that I actually wore on a certain occasion and had it in storage and when we came up with the concept for the video that had the element of a wedding in it , I said , ' well , I do have my old wedding dress , ' . ' It 's still worth ( sic ) for me ' cause I ca n't believe I was ever married but whatever , end of story . And I knew that we would n't be able to get a fabulous dress like in two days so I just took that dress out of the storage -- it has a 27 - foot train and it was just all hand - beaded and stuff and so I figured we might as well get a use out of it . ' Synopsis ( edit ) In the music video , Carey wore her wedding dress from her nuptials to Tommy Mottola in 1993 . She is seen running from the altar , alongside her lover ( Wentworth Miller ) , in the video 's climactic scene . The video features Carey readying for her wedding , and follows her to the altar , as well as her escape from the reception . Many of the actors featured in Carey 's `` It 's Like That '' video were in that of `` We Belong Together '' , which was shot as a continuation from the `` It 's Like That '' video . It begins with a scene of a large mansion , apparently owned by the older man who she is to marry . Carey is seen walking barefoot in a room , shedding a black sheer robe and laying down on a bed draped with white linens . Dressed in lingerie , Carey 's face is shown close - up , as scenes of her tossing in the bed are shown . As the song begins , Carey is seen sitting in front of a large mirror , preparing for her wedding by putting on earrings and shoes , and staring at the ring on her finger . Additional scenes of Carey sitting on a small blue sofa , wearing a purple dress , and Carey staring at the camera during a shower moment are interspersed . The wedding is then shown , with Miller approaching the reception through a stairwell in the back . Small children as seen throwing flowers on the white carpet , followed by Roberts and Carey walking down the aisle . As Carey , now dry and clothed , is shown in another scenario following the dressing scene , a still of Carey and Miller in the video for `` It 's like That '' is shown , during the lyrics `` I ca n't sleep at night / When you are on my mind '' . After several other scenes of Carey dressed in the purple gown and white shirt are interspersed , the altar is displayed , where before being ordained by the minister , Carey looks into her ex-lover's eyes once more . She turns to Roberts , and begins running towards Miller , leaving the reception . As the song 's climax is reached , Carey and Miller are shown running from the reception , as the guests stand up in awe , and watch the pair leave . Carey , dressed in the white shirt , is shown with growing anticipation , crying to the camera and moving her hands and hair . Back at the wedding scene , Carey and her lover get into his vehicle , and drive away as her 27 - foot train hangs behind the car . The video was nominated for `` Best R&B Video '' and `` Best Female Video '' at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards . Live performances ( edit ) Due to its continued chart success , Carey performed `` We Belong Together '' on several live televised performances and included it on the set - lists of all of her tours following its release . In the United Kingdom , Carey filmed a two - part appearance on the British music program Top of the Pops , performing `` It 's Like That '' , `` We Belong Together '' , and `` Shake It Off '' . Additional European and Asian appearances included an interview on the French talk show Le Grand Journal , and a performance of `` We Belong Together '' on both Music Station and Riponggi Hills in Japan . After returning to the United States for a string of televised performances , Carey launched the release of the album on Good Morning America , in the form of a five - piece outdoor concert . The concert , taking place in Times Square and featuring the largest crowd in the plaza since the 2004 New Year 's Eve celebration , featured the first three singles from the album , as well as `` Fly Like a Bird '' and `` Make It Happen '' ( 1991 ) . The following week , she performed `` We Belong Together '' at the 2005 BET Awards , with an additional appearance at the annual VH1 Save the Music special , filmed live on April 17 from the Beacon Theatre . Throughout May , Carey appeared on several US television programs , performing `` We Belong Together '' on the Late Show with David Letterman ( May 5 ) , The Tonight Show with Jay Leno ( May 11 ) , and The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( May 13 ) , which included a performance of `` It 's Like That '' . As June approached , Carey made an appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show ( May 24 ) , featuring a live rendition of `` We Belong Together '' . She appeared on stage wearing a long blue evening gown , and featured a four piece band , as well as three background vocalists . Eleven days later on June 4 , she performed at the annual Macy 's Fourth of July Parade , singing `` America the Beautiful '' and `` We Belong Together '' . Carey performing `` We Belong Together '' on her Angels Advocate Tour The following week , Carey made a live appearance at the 2005 MTV Movie Awards . The recital aired on television in black and white format , with Carey wearing a red Armani Privé and sporting a retro curled hairstyle , appearing in color . She performed `` We Belong Together '' on a white runway - styled stage with four male and female dancers . Following the stateside promotion of the album , Carey traveled to the United Kingdom on July 2 , 2005 for a benefit concert held in Hyde Park , London titled Live 8 . The televised event was watched by over 9.6 million British citizens and held a live audience of over 200,000 . Carey performed a three song set - list , opening with `` Make It Happen '' and `` Hero '' , which featured a live choir of African children , and followed by `` We Belong Together '' . On August 3 , USA Today announced that Carey would be added to the roster of performers at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards , held on the 28th of the month . The ceremony was held at the American Airlines Arena in downtown Miami Beach Florida , with Carey 's performance taking place at the National Hotel in South Beach . Apart from the Killers , she was the only performer to tape their appearance from an undisclosed location in Miami . After being introduced by Eva Longoria , Carey appeared on a long stage in the hotel 's courtyard , with Dupri opening the song in a nearby cabana . After performing `` Shake It Off '' and the official remix version of `` We Belong Together '' , Carey made her way into the shallow pool , followed by Dupri and the back - up dancers . Following the awards ceremony , Carey once again took to Europe , being featured as a head - lining performer at the 2005 Fashion Rocks , held in Monaco . Following her introduction by Donatella Versace , Carey performed the Peter Rauhofer Remix for `` We Belong Together '' on a suspended rafter , while wearing a metallic Versace gown . Carey played a similarly - choreographed performance of the song 's Peter Rauhofer Remix at the German Bambi Awards , held in October 2005 . Two months later , she celebrated the new year on television , placing as the featured performer at the Times Square Ball drop on New Year 's Eve in New York . The special , titled Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve with Ryan Seacrest , aired on ABC at 10 pm on December 31 , and featured Carey on stage wearing a short sparkling dress , and performing a selection of the album 's singles . At the 48th Grammy Awards , held on February 8 , 2006 , Carey was nominated for eight awards -- the most she had ever received in one night . That night , Carey returned to the Grammy stage for the first time since 1996 . Her performance opened with a pre-taped video in which she discussed the importance of God and religion in her life . Carey then came to the stage , dressed in a white Chanel gown , and sang a shortened version of `` We Belong Together '' . Next , Carey 's pastor Clarence Keaton read a Bible passage to open Carey 's performance of `` Fly Like a Bird '' , as he did in the studio recording of the song . Midway through the song , a black temporary wall was removed , revealing a large choir who joined Carey for the song 's gospel climax . The performance earned the night 's only standing ovation , prompting Teri Hatcher , who was presenting the next award , to exclaim , `` It 's like we 've all just been saved ! '' Carey 's performance earned rave reviews from critics . Gary Susman from Entertainment Weekly called Carey the `` comeback queen '' , noting that her voice `` soar ( ed ) into the rafters like only Carey 's can . '' Carey included `` We Belong Together '' on both succeeding tours following its release , the Adventures of Mimi and Angels Advocate Tours . On the former , the song was featured as the encore number , with Carey re-entering the arenas in a form fitting beige evening gown . Backed by three background vocalists , Trey Lorenz , Sherry Tatum , and MaryAnn Tatum , Carey began the song as confetti dropped the arena rafters . According to Jennifer Vineyard from MTV News , the performance was `` a major accomplishment '' , and the highlight of the show , and found Carey re-connect with the audience in ways that she was unable throughout most of the show . Similarly , during her Angel 's Advocate Tour , the song was placed as one of the final numbers on the set - list . Dressed in a black Herve Leger gown , Carey introduced the song as the Billboard 's `` song of the decade '' , and thanked the audience for making it her 16th number - one single in the United States . Following the song 's completion , Carey exited the arena for a few moments , before returning to perform `` Hero '' as the encore . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian CD single `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 `` We Belong Together '' ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 05 `` It 's Like That ( Remix ) '' ( feat . Fat Joe ) -- 3 : 32 `` We Belong Together '' ( Video ) Danish maxi - single ( Promo ) `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' -- 4 : 30 `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Club Mix ) '' -- 9 : 25 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Radio Edit ) '' -- 4 : 22 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Vocal ) '' -- 7 : 23 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Instrumental ) '' -- 7 : 22 European CD single `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' ( feat . Jadakiss and Styles P ) -- 4 : 30 Japanese CD single `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 22 `` We Belong Together '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 22 UK CD single `` We Belong Together '' -- 3 : 23 `` We Belong Together '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 06 UK CD maxi - single `` We Belong Together ( Remix ) '' -- 4 : 30 `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Radio Mix ) '' -- 4 : 04 `` We Belong Together ( Reconstruction Club Mix ) '' -- 9 : 25 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Radio Edit ) '' -- 4 : 22 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Vocal ) '' -- 7 : 23 `` We Belong Together ( Atlantic Soul Instrumental ) '' -- 7 : 22 US CD single ( Promo ) `` We Belong Together '' -- 4 : 27 `` We Belong Together ( Instrumental ) '' -- 4 : 28 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits for The Emancipation of Mimi adapted from the album 's liner notes . Mariah Carey -- songwriting , producer , lead vocals , background vocals Jermaine Dupri -- songwriting , producer Manuel Seal -- songwriting , producer Johntá Austin -- songwriting Bobby Womack -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Patrick Moten -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Kenneth Edmonds -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Darnell Bristol -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Sandra Sully -- songwriting ( interpolation ) Brian Frye -- engineer Herb Power -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 24 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 11 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 11 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 50 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) 34 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 47 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 45 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 92 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 41 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 41 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 36 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 57 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 20 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Pop 100 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2013 ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 ( 2018 ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,700,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2005 ( Australia ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2005 List of number - one R&B singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance singles of 2005 ( U.S. ) List of number - one dance airplay hits of 2005 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Joan ( February 6 , 2006 ) . `` Carey , On ! 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Jump up ^ `` Live Performances From The Grammys '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . June 6 , 2006 . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Mariah : She Was Almost On Fire ( Fi - ah ) '' . Fox News . News Corporation . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 23 , 2006 ) . `` Mariah Carey Connects In Diva - licious Concert '' . The Sun . MediaNews Group . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2006 ) . `` Mariah Carey Tour Kickoff : The Voice Outshines Costume Changes , Video Clips '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Vineyard , Jennifer ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Mariah Carey Wows Crowd , Pokes Fun At Herself At L.A. Show '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( Australian CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 988 342 - 8 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( European CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 0602498833209 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( Japanese CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . UICL - 5019 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( Japanese CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 9883481 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( UK CD maxi - single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . 988 348 - 3 . Jump up ^ We Belong Together ( US CD Single liner notes ) . Mariah Carey . Island Records . 2005 . B0005162 - 11 . Jump up ^ Carey , Mariah ( 2005 ) . The Emancipation of Mimi ( Liner Notes ) ( Compact Disc ) . Mariah Carey . New York City , New York : Island Records . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the world '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . July 30 , 2005 . p. 57 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- We Belong Together '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 31 , 2005 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Year End European Hot 100 Singles Chart 2005 01 -- 2005 52 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2005 '' ( in Dutch ) . GfK Dutch Charts . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 2005 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official UK Singles Chart 2005 '' ( PDF ) . OCC . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 All Time Top Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 All Time Top Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2005 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2013 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Enter We Belong Together in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Mariah Carey -- We Belong Together '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry Regains No. 1 Momentum '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Works cited Scapolo , Dean ( 2006 ) , The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 , St. Martin 's Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Mariah Carey songs Singles discography 1990s songs `` Vision of Love '' `` Love Takes Time '' `` Someday '' `` I Do n't Wanna Cry '' `` There 's Got to Be a Way '' `` Emotions '' `` Ca n't Let Go '' `` Make It Happen '' `` If It 's Over '' `` I 'll Be There '' `` Dreamlover '' `` Hero '' `` Anytime You Need a Friend '' `` Without You '' `` Never Forget You '' `` Endless Love '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` O Holy Night '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Fantasy '' `` Underneath the Stars '' `` One Sweet Day '' `` Open Arms '' `` Always Be My Baby '' `` Forever '' `` Honey '' `` My All '' `` Butterfly '' `` The Roof '' `` Breakdown '' `` Close My Eyes '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Sweetheart '' `` When You Believe '' `` I Still Believe '' `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Thank God I Found You '' `` Ca n't Take That Away ( Mariah 's Theme ) '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` Crybaby '' 2000s songs `` Loverboy '' `` Do n't Stop ( Funkin ' 4 Jamaica ) '' `` Reflections ( Care Enough ) '' `` Last Night a DJ Saved My Life '' `` Never Too Far '' `` Never Too Far / Hero Medley '' `` Through the Rain '' `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' `` Bringin ' On the Heartbreak '' `` I Know What You Want '' `` It 's Like That '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Mine Again '' `` Say Somethin ' '' `` Get Your Number '' `` Fly Like a Bird '' `` Do n't Forget About Us '' `` So Lonely '' `` Migrate '' `` Touch My Body '' `` I Stay in Love '' `` Side Effects '' `` I 'm That Chick '' `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Bye Bye '' `` Hero '' ( 2008 version ) `` Betcha Gon ' Know ( The Prologue ) '' `` Obsessed '' `` I Want to Know What Love Is '' `` H.A.T.E.U. '' 2010s songs `` Up Out My Face '' `` Angels Cry '' `` Oh Santa ! '' `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again '' `` When Christmas Comes '' `` One Child '' `` Auld Lang Syne ( The New Year 's Anthem ) '' `` # Beautiful '' `` Thirsty '' `` You 're Mine ( Eternal ) '' `` You Do n't Know What to Do '' `` Meteorite '' `` The Art of Letting Go '' `` Infinity '' `` I Do n't '' Other releases `` 100 % '' `` Almost Home '' `` Every Time I Close My Eyes '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` My Love '' `` Right to Dream '' `` So Lonely '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Triumphant ( Get ' Em ) '' `` U Make Me Wanna '' `` What More Can I Give '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Belong_Together&oldid=854759455 '' Categories : 2005 singles Mariah Carey songs Contemporary R&B ballads Pop ballads 2005 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Music videos directed by Brett Ratner Songs written by Jermaine Dupri Songs written by Mariah Carey Songs written by Johntá Austin Songs written by Manuel Seal Songs written by Babyface ( musician ) Songs written by Bobby Womack Song recordings produced by Jermaine Dupri Songs written by Sandra Sully ( songwriter ) Songs written by Patrick Moten Songs written by Darnell Bristol Songs about betrayal UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles 2000s ballads Island Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 errors : dates Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardlatintropical Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 15 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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who is the song we belong together about
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"\"We Belong Together\" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on March 29, 2005, by Island Records as the second single from her tenth studio album The Emancipation of Mimi (2005). The song was written by Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Manuel Seal and Johntá Austin, and produced by the former three. As the song samples lyrics from \"If You Think You're Lonely Now\" by Bobby Womack and \"Two Occasions\" by The Deele, several other songwriters are credited. \"We Belong Together\" is built on a simple piano arrangement with an understated backbeat. The lyrics chronicle a woman's desperation for her former lover to return.\n"
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"a woman's desperation for her former lover to return"
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Scramble for Africa
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Scramble for Africa - wikipedia Scramble for Africa Jump to : navigation , search For information on the colonisation of Africa prior to the 1880s , including Carthaginian and early European colonisation , see Colonisation of Africa . For the book by Thomas Pakenham , see The Scramble for Africa . Areas of Africa controlled by European colonial powers in 1913 , shown along with current national boundaries Belgian Italian British Portuguese French Spanish German Independent Part of a series on the New Imperialism History Western imperialism in Asia `` The Great Game '' The `` Scramble for Africa '' Historiography of the British Empire Theory The Expansion of England Gentlemanly capitalism The Imperialism of Free Trade Imperialism : A Study Imperialism , the Highest Stage of Capitalism Porter -- MacKenzie debate See also Imperialism Colonialism Decolonization Scramble for Africa Boer War ( 1880 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Sudan ( 1881 ) Egypt ( 1882 ) Wassoulou ( 1883 ) Eritrea ( 1887 ) Dahomey ( 1890 ) Mashonaland ( 1890 ) Dahomey ( 1892 ) Matabeleland ( 1893 ) Wassoulou ( 1894 ) Ashanti ( 1895 ) Ethiopia ( 1895 ) Matabeleland ( 1896 ) Zanzibar ( 1896 ) Benin ( 1897 ) Wassoulou ( 1898 ) Chad ( 1898 ) ( Kousséri ) Fashoda ( 1898 ) South Africa ( 1899 ) Namibia ( 1904 ) Tanganyika ( 1905 ) Morocco ( 1905 ) South Africa ( 1906 ) Ouaddai ( 1909 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Tripolitania ( 1911 ) South Africa ( 1914 ) Exploration of Africa Nero expedition Roman expeditions The search for the source of the Nile First Zambesi expedition Second Zambesi expedition First trans - Africa exploration Scramble for Africa Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 The Scramble for Africa was the occupation , division , and colonisation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism , between 1881 and 1914 . It is also called the Partition of Africa and by some the Conquest of Africa . In 1870 , only 10 percent of Africa was under European control ; by 1914 it had increased to almost 90 percent of the continent , with only Ethiopia ( Abyssinia ) , the Dervish state ( a portion of present - day Somalia ) and Liberia still being independent . The Berlin Conference of 1884 , which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa , is usually referred to as the starting point of the scramble for Africa . Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century , the partitioning , or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa . The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from `` informal imperialism '' ( hegemony ) , by military influence and economic dominance , to direct rule , bringing about colonial imperialism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Causes 2.1 Africa and global markets 2.2 Strategic rivalry 2.2. 1 Germany 's Weltpolitik 2.2. 2 Italy 's expansion 3 Crises prior to World War I 3.1 Colonisation of the Congo 3.2 Suez Canal 3.3 Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) 3.4 Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa 3.5 Moroccan Crisis 3.6 Dervish resistance 3.7 Herero Wars and the Maji - Maji Rebellion 4 Colonial encounter 4.1 Colonial consciousness and exhibitions 4.1. 1 Colonial lobby 4.1. 2 Colonial propaganda and jingoism 4.1. 2.1 Colonial exhibitions 4.2 Countering disease 5 Colonialism leading to World War I 6 African colonies listed by colonising power 6.1 Belgium 6.2 France 6.3 Germany 6.4 Italy 6.5 Portugal 6.6 Spain 6.7 United Kingdom 6.8 Independent states 6.9 Modern Scramble for Africa 6.10 Petro - states 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Livingstone , early explorer of the interior of Africa and fighter against the slave trade The Portuguese established the first firm post-Middle Ages European settlements , trade posts , permanent fortifications and ports of call along the coast of the African continent , from the beginning of the Age of Discovery during the 15th century . But Europeans showed comparatively little interest in ( and less knowledge of ) the interior for some two centuries thereafter . European exploration of the African interior began in earnest at the end of the 18th century . By 1835 , Europeans had mapped most of northwestern Africa . In the middle decades of the 19th century , famous European explorers included David Livingstone and H.M. Stanley , each of whom mapped vast areas of Southern Africa and Central Africa . Arduous expeditions in the 1850s and 1860s by Richard Burton , John Speke and James Grant located the great central lakes and the source of the Nile . By the end of the 19th century Europeans had charted the Nile from its source , traced the courses of the Niger , Congo and Zambezi Rivers , and realised the vast resources of Africa . Even as late as the 1870s , European states still controlled only ten percent of the African continent , with all their territories located near the coast . The most important holdings were Angola and Mozambique , held by Portugal ; the Cape Colony , held by the United Kingdom ; and Algeria , held by France . By 1914 , only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent of European control . Technological advances facilitated European expansion overseas . Industrialisation brought about rapid advancements in transportation and communication , especially in the forms of steam navigation , railways and telegraphs . Medical advances also played an important role , especially medicines for tropical diseases . The development of quinine , an effective treatment for malaria , made vast expanses of the tropics more accessible for Europeans . Causes ( edit ) Africa and global markets ( edit ) Sub-Saharan Africa , one of the last regions of the world largely untouched by `` informal imperialism '' , was also attractive to Europe 's ruling elites for economic , political and social reasons . During a time when Britain 's balance of trade showed a growing deficit , with shrinking and increasingly protectionist continental markets due to the Long Depression ( 1873 -- 96 ) , Africa offered Britain , Germany , France , and other countries an open market that would garner them a trade surplus : a market that bought more from the colonial power than it sold overall . In addition , surplus capital was often more profitably invested overseas , where cheap materials , limited competition , and abundant raw materials made a greater premium possible . Another inducement for imperialism arose from the demand for raw materials unavailable in Europe , especially copper , cotton , rubber , palm oil , cocoa , diamonds , tea , and tin , to which European consumers had grown accustomed and upon which European industry had grown dependent . Additionally , Britain wanted the southern and eastern coasts of Africa for stopover ports on the route to Asia and its empire in India . However , in Africa -- excluding the area which became the Union of South Africa in 1910 -- the amount of capital investment by Europeans was relatively small , compared to other continents . Consequently , the companies involved in tropical African commerce were relatively small , apart from Cecil Rhodes 's De Beers Mining Company . Rhodes had carved out Rhodesia for himself ; Léopold II of Belgium later , and with considerable brutality , exploited the Congo Free State . These events might detract from the pro-imperialist arguments of colonial lobbyists such as the Alldeutscher Verband , Francesco Crispi and Jules Ferry , who argued that sheltered overseas markets in Africa would solve the problems of low prices and over-production caused by shrinking continental markets . John A. Hobson argued in Imperialism that this shrinking of continental markets was a key factor of the global `` New Imperialism '' period . William Easterly of New York University , however , disagrees with the link made between capitalism and imperialism , arguing that colonialism is used mostly to promote state - led development rather than `` corporate '' development . He has stated that `` imperialism is not so clearly linked to capitalism and the free markets ... historically there has been a closer link between colonialism / imperialism and state - led approaches to development . '' Strategic rivalry ( edit ) Contemporary illustration of Major Marchand 's trek across Africa in 1898 The rivalry between Britain , France , Germany , and the other European powers accounts for a large part of the colonization . While tropical Africa was not a large zone of investment , other overseas regions were . The vast interior between Egypt and the gold and diamond - rich southern Africa had strategic value in securing the flow of overseas trade . Britain was under political pressure to secure lucrative markets against encroaching rivals in China and its eastern colonies , most notably India , Malaya , Australia and New Zealand . Thus , it was crucial to secure the key waterway between East and West -- the Suez Canal . However , a theory that Britain sought to annex East Africa during the 1880 onwards , out of geostrategic concerns connected to Egypt ( especially the Suez Canal ) , has been challenged by historians such as John Darwin ( 1997 ) and Jonas F. Gjersø ( 2015 ) . The scramble for African territory also reflected concern for the acquisition of military and naval bases , for strategic purposes and the exercise of power . The growing navies , and new ships driven by steam power , required coaling stations and ports for maintenance . Defense bases were also needed for the protection of sea routes and communication lines , particularly of expensive and vital international waterways such as the Suez Canal . Colonies were also seen as assets in `` balance of power '' negotiations , useful as items of exchange at times of international bargaining . Colonies with large native populations were also a source of military power ; Britain and France used large numbers of British Indian and North African soldiers , respectively , in many of their colonial wars ( and would again be utilised in the coming World Wars ) . In the age of nationalism there was pressure for a nation to acquire an empire as a status symbol ; the idea of `` greatness '' became linked with the sense of duty underlying many nations ' strategies . In the early 1880s , Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was exploring the Kingdom of Kongo for France , at the same time Henry Morton Stanley explored it on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , who would have it as his personal Congo Free State ( see section below ) . France occupied Tunisia in May 1881 , which may have convinced Italy to join the German - Austrian Dual Alliance in 1882 , thus forming the Triple Alliance . The same year , Britain occupied Egypt ( hitherto an autonomous state owing nominal fealty to the Ottoman Empire ) , which ruled over Sudan and parts of Chad , Eritrea , and Somalia . In 1884 , Germany declared Togoland , the Cameroons and South West Africa to be under its protection ; and France occupied Guinea . French West Africa ( AOF ) was founded in 1895 , and French Equatorial Africa in 1910 . Germany 's weltpolitik ( edit ) The Askari colonial troops in German East Africa , circa 1906 Germany was hardly a colonial power before the New Imperialism period , but would eagerly participate in this race . Fragmented in various states , Germany was only unified under Prussia 's rule after the 1866 Battle of Königgrätz and the 1870 Franco - Prussian War . A rising industrial power close on the heels of Britain , Germany began its world expansion in the 1880s . After isolating France by the Dual Alliance with Austria - Hungary and then the 1882 Triple Alliance with Italy , Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proposed the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference , which set the rules of effective control of a foreign territory . Weltpolitik ( world policy ) was the foreign policy adopted by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1890 , with the aim of transforming Germany into a global power through aggressive diplomacy , the acquisition of overseas colonies , and the development of a large navy . Some Germans , claiming themselves of Friedrich List 's thought , advocated expansion in the Philippines and Timor ; others proposed to set themselves up in Formosa ( modern Taiwan ) , etc . At the end of the 1870s , these isolated voices began to be relayed by a real imperialist policy , backed by mercantilist thesis . In 1881 , Hübbe - Schleiden , a lawyer , published Deutsche Kolonisation , according to which the `` development of national consciousness demanded an independent overseas policy '' . Pan-Germanism was thus linked to the young nation 's imperialist drives . In the beginning of the 1880s , the Deutscher Kolonialverein was created , and got its own magazine in 1884 , the Kolonialzeitung . This colonial lobby was also relayed by the nationalist Alldeutscher Verband . Generally , Bismarck was opposed to widespread German colonialism , but he had to resign at the insistence of the new German Emperor Wilhelm II on 18 March 1890 . Wilhelm II instead adopted a very aggressive policy of colonisation and colonial expansion . Germany 's expansionism would lead to the Tirpitz Plan , implemented by Admiral von Tirpitz , who would also champion the various Fleet Acts starting in 1898 , thus engaging in an arms race with Britain . By 1914 , they had given Germany the second - largest naval force in the world ( roughly three - fifths the size of the Royal Navy ) . According to von Tirpitz , this aggressive naval policy was supported by the National Liberal Party rather than by the conservatives , implying that imperialism was supported by the rising middle classes . Germany became the third - largest colonial power in Africa . Nearly all of its overall empire of 2.6 million square kilometres and 14 million colonial subjects in 1914 was found in its African possessions of Southwest Africa , Togoland , the Cameroons , and Tanganyika . Following the 1904 Entente cordiale between France and the British Empire , Germany tried to isolate France in 1905 with the First Moroccan Crisis . This led to the 1905 Algeciras Conference , in which France 's influence on Morocco was compensated by the exchange of other territories , and then to the Agadir Crisis in 1911 . Along with the 1898 Fashoda Incident between France and Britain , this succession of international crises reveals the bitterness of the struggle between the various imperialist nations , which ultimately led to World War I . Italy 's expansion ( edit ) Tapestry depicting the Battle of Adwa between Ethiopian and Italian forces . Italy took possession of parts of Eritrea in 1870 and 1882 . Following its defeat in the First Italo -- Ethiopian War ( 1895 -- 1896 ) , it acquired Italian Somaliland in 1889 -- 90 and the whole of Eritrea ( 1899 ) . In 1911 , it engaged in a war with the Ottoman Empire , in which it acquired Tripolitania and Cyrenaica ( modern Libya ) . In 1919 Enrico Corradini -- who fully supported the war , and later merged his group in the early fascist party ( PNF ) -- developed the concept of Proletarian Nationalism , supposed to legitimise Italy 's imperialism by a mixture of socialism with nationalism : We must start by recognizing the fact that there are proletarian nations as well as proletarian classes ; that is to say , there are nations whose living conditions are subject ... to the way of life of other nations , just as classes are . Once this is realised , nationalism must insist firmly on this truth : Italy is , materially and morally , a proletarian nation . The Second Italo - Abyssinian War ( 1935 -- 36 ) , ordered by the Fascist Benito Mussolini , would actually be one of the last colonial wars ( that is , intended to colonise a foreign country , as opposed to wars of national liberation ) , occupying Ethiopia -- which had remained the last independent African territory , apart from Liberia . Crises prior to World War I ( edit ) Colonisation of the Congo ( edit ) Henry Morton Stanley David Livingstone 's explorations , carried on by Henry Morton Stanley , excited imaginations with Stanley 's grandiose ideas for colonisation ; but these found little support owing to the problems and scale of action required , except from Léopold II of Belgium , who in 1876 had organised the International African Association ( the Congo Society ) . From 1869 to 1874 , Stanley was secretly sent by Léopold II to the Congo region , where he made treaties with several African chiefs along the Congo River and by 1882 had sufficient territory to form the basis of the Congo Free State . Léopold II personally owned the colony from 1885 and used it as a source of ivory and rubber . Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza in his version of `` native '' dress , photographed by Félix Nadar While Stanley was exploring Congo on behalf of Léopold II of Belgium , the Franco - Italian marine officer Pierre de Brazza travelled into the western Congo basin and raised the French flag over the newly founded Brazzaville in 1881 , thus occupying today 's Republic of the Congo . Portugal , which also claimed the area due to old treaties with the native Kongo Empire , made a treaty with Britain on 26 February 1884 to block off the Congo Society 's access to the Atlantic . By 1890 the Congo Free State had consolidated its control of its territory between Leopoldville and Stanleyville , and was looking to push south down the Lualaba River from Stanleyville . At the same time , the British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes was expanding north from the Limpopo River , sending the Pioneer Column ( guided by Frederick Selous ) through Matabeleland , and starting a colony in Mashonaland . To the west , in the land where their expansions would meet , was Katanga , site of the Yeke Kingdom of Msiri . Msiri was the most militarily powerful ruler in the area , and traded large quantities of copper , ivory and slaves -- and rumors of gold reached European ears . The scramble for Katanga was a prime example of the period . Rhodes and the BSAC sent two expeditions to Msiri in 1890 led by Alfred Sharpe , who was rebuffed , and Joseph Thomson , who failed to reach Katanga . Leopold sent four CFS expeditions . First , the Le Marinel Expedition could only extract a vaguely worded letter . The Delcommune Expedition was rebuffed . The well - armed Stairs Expedition was given orders to take Katanga with or without Msiri 's consent . Msiri refused , was shot , and the expedition cut off his head and stuck it on a pole as a `` barbaric lesson '' to the people . The Bia Expedition finished the job of establishing an administration of sorts and a `` police presence '' in Katanga . Native Congo Free State laborers who failed to meet rubber collection quotas were often punished by having their hands cut off Thus , the half million square kilometers of Katanga came into Leopold 's possession and brought his African realm up to 2,300,000 square kilometres ( 890,000 sq mi ) , about 75 times larger than Belgium . The Congo Free State imposed such a terror regime on the colonised people , including mass killings and forced labour , that Belgium , under pressure from the Congo Reform Association , ended Leopold II 's rule and annexed it in 1908 as a colony of Belgium , known as the Belgian Congo . The brutality of King Leopold II of Belgium in his former colony of the Congo Free State , now the Democratic Republic of the Congo , was well documented ; up to 8 million of the estimated 16 million native inhabitants died between 1885 and 1908 . According to the former British diplomat Roger Casement , this depopulation had four main causes : `` indiscriminate war '' , starvation , reduction of births and diseases . Sleeping sickness ravaged the country and must also be taken into account for the dramatic decrease in population ; it has been estimated that sleeping sickness and smallpox killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River . Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably . As the first census did not take place until 1924 , it is difficult to quantify the population loss of the period . Casement 's report set it at three million . William Rubinstein wrote : `` More basically , it appears almost certain that the population figures given by Hochschild are inaccurate . There is , of course , no way of ascertaining the population of the Congo before the twentieth century , and estimates like 20 million are purely guesses . Most of the interior of the Congo was literally unexplored if not inaccessible . '' See Congo Free State for further details including numbers of victims . A similar situation occurred in the neighbouring French Congo . Most of the resource extraction was run by concession companies , whose brutal methods , along with the introduction of disease , resulted in the loss of up to 50 percent of the indigenous population . The French government appointed a commission , headed by de Brazza , in 1905 to investigate the rumoured abuses in the colony . However , de Brazza died on the return trip , and his `` searingly critical '' report was neither acted upon nor released to the public . In the 1920s , about 20,000 forced labourers died building a railroad through the French territory . Suez Canal ( edit ) Main article : Suez Canal Port Said entrance to Suez Canal , showing De Lesseps ' statue French diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps had obtained many concessions from Isma'il Pasha , the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan , in 1854 -- 56 , to build the Suez Canal . Some sources estimate the workforce at 30,000 , but others estimate that 120,000 workers died over the ten years of construction due to malnutrition , fatigue and disease , especially cholera . Shortly before its completion in 1869 , Khedive Isma'il borrowed enormous sums from British and French bankers at high rates of interest . By 1875 , he was facing financial difficulties and was forced to sell his block of shares in the Suez Canal . The shares were snapped up by Britain , under its Prime Minister , Benjamin Disraeli , who sought to give his country practical control in the management of this strategic waterway . When Isma'il repudiated Egypt 's foreign debt in 1879 , Britain and France seized joint financial control over the country , forcing the Egyptian ruler to abdicate , and installing his eldest son Tewfik Pasha in his place . The Egyptian and Sudanese ruling classes did not relish foreign intervention . During the 1870s , European initiatives against the slave trade caused an economic crisis in northern Sudan , precipitating the rise of Mahdist forces . In 1881 , the Mahdist revolt erupted in Sudan under Muhammad Ahmad , severing Tewfik 's authority in Sudan . The same year , Tewfik suffered an even more perilous rebellion by his own Egyptian army in the form of the Urabi Revolt . In 1882 , Tewfik appealed for direct British military assistance , commencing Britain 's administration of Egypt . A joint British - Egyptian military force ultimately defeated the Mahdist forces in Sudan in 1898 . Thereafter , Britain ( rather than Egypt ) seized effective control of Sudan . Berlin Conference ( 1884 -- 85 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Berlin Conference Otto von Bismarck at the Berlin Conference , 1884 The occupation of Egypt , and the acquisition of the Congo were the first major moves in what came to be a precipitous scramble for African territory . In 1884 , Otto von Bismarck convened the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference to discuss the African problem . The diplomats put on a humanitarian façade by condemning the slave trade , prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages and firearms in certain regions , and by expressing concern for missionary activities . More importantly , the diplomats in Berlin laid down the rules of competition by which the great powers were to be guided in seeking colonies . They also agreed that the area along the Congo River was to be administered by Léopold II of Belgium as a neutral area , known as the Congo Free State , in which trade and navigation were to be free . No nation was to stake claims in Africa without notifying other powers of its intentions . No territory could be formally claimed prior to being effectively occupied . However , the competitors ignored the rules when convenient and on several occasions war was only narrowly avoided . Britain 's administration of Egypt and South Africa ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Boer child in a British concentration camp during the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Britain 's administration of Egypt and the Cape Colony contributed to a preoccupation over securing the source of the Nile River . Egypt was overrun by British forces in 1882 ( although not formally declared a protectorate until 1914 , and never an actual colony ) ; Sudan , Nigeria , Kenya and Uganda were subjugated in the 1890s and early 20th century ; and in the south , the Cape Colony ( first acquired in 1795 ) provided a base for the subjugation of neighboring African states and the Dutch Afrikaner settlers who had left the Cape to avoid the British and then founded their own republics . Theophilus Shepstone annexed the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) in 1877 for the British Empire , after it had been independent for twenty years . In 1879 , after the Anglo - Zulu War , Britain consolidated its control of most of the territories of South Africa . The Boers protested , and in December 1880 they revolted , leading to the First Boer War ( 1880 -- 81 ) . British Prime Minister William Gladstone signed a peace treaty on 23 March 1881 , giving self - government to the Boers in the Transvaal . The Jameson Raid of 1895 was a failed attempt by the British South Africa Company and the Johannesburg Reform Committee to overthrow the Boer government in the Transvaal . The Second Boer War , fought between 1899 and 1902 , was about control of the gold and diamond industries ; the independent Boer republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Republic ( or Transvaal ) were this time defeated and absorbed into the British Empire . The French thrust into the African interior was mainly from the coasts of West Africa ( modern day Senegal ) eastward , through the Sahel along the southern border of the Sahara , a huge desert covering most of present - day Senegal , Mali , Niger , and Chad . Their ultimate aim was to have an uninterrupted colonial empire from the Niger River to the Nile , thus controlling all trade to and from the Sahel region , by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara . The British , on the other hand , wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa ( modern South Africa , Botswana , Zimbabwe , Lesotho , Swaziland , and Zambia ) , with their territories in East Africa ( modern Kenya ) , and these two areas with the Nile basin . Muhammad Ahmad , leader of the Mahdists . This fundamentalist group of Muslim dervishes over-ran much of Sudan and fought British forces . The Sudan ( which in those days included most of present - day Uganda ) was the key to the fulfillment of these ambitions , especially since Egypt was already under British control . This `` red line '' through Africa is made most famous by Cecil Rhodes . Along with Lord Milner , the British colonial minister in South Africa , Rhodes advocated such a `` Cape to Cairo '' empire , linking the Suez Canal to the mineral - rich Southern part of the continent by rail . Though hampered by German occupation of Tanganyika until the end of World War I , Rhodes successfully lobbied on behalf of such a sprawling African empire . If one draws a line from Cape Town to Cairo ( Rhodes 's dream ) , and one from Dakar to the Horn of Africa ( now Ethiopia , Eritrea , Djibouti and Somalia ) , ( the French ambition ) , these two lines intersect somewhere in eastern Sudan near Fashoda , explaining its strategic importance . In short , Britain had sought to extend its East African empire contiguously from Cairo to the Cape of Good Hope , while France had sought to extend its own holdings from Dakar to the Sudan , which would enable its empire to span the entire continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea . A French force under Jean - Baptiste Marchand arrived first at the strategically located fort at Fashoda , soon followed by a British force under Lord Kitchener , commander in chief of the British Army since 1892 . The French withdrew after a standoff and continued to press claims to other posts in the region . In March 1899 , the French and British agreed that the source of the Nile and Congo Rivers should mark the frontier between their spheres of influence . Moroccan Crisis ( edit ) Main articles : First Moroccan Crisis and Second Moroccan Crisis The Moroccan Sultan Abdelhafid , who led the resistance to French expansionism during the Agadir Crisis Although the 1884 -- 85 Berlin Conference had set the rules for the Scramble for Africa , it had not weakened the rival imperialists . The 1898 Fashoda Incident , which had seen France and the British Empire on the brink of war , ultimately led to the signature of the Entente Cordiale of 1904 , which countered the influence of the European powers of the Triple Alliance . As a result , the new German Empire decided to test the solidity of such influence , using the contested territory of Morocco as a battlefield . Thus , Kaiser Wilhelm II visited Tangiers on 31 March 1905 and made a speech in favor of Moroccan independence , challenging French influence in Morocco . France 's influence in Morocco had been reaffirmed by Britain and Spain in 1904 . The Kaiser 's speech bolstered French nationalism , and with British support the French foreign minister , Théophile Delcassé , took a defiant line . The crisis peaked in mid-June 1905 , when Delcassé was forced out of the ministry by the more conciliation - minded premier Maurice Rouvier . But by July 1905 Germany was becoming isolated and the French agreed to a conference to solve the crisis . Both France and Germany continued to posture up until the conference , with Germany mobilizing reserve army units in late December and France actually moving troops to the border in January 1906 . The 1906 Algeciras Conference was called to settle the dispute . Of the thirteen nations present , the German representatives found their only supporter was Austria - Hungary . France had firm support from Britain , the US , Russia , Italy and Spain . The Germans eventually accepted an agreement , signed on 31 May 1906 , whereby France yielded certain domestic changes in Morocco but retained control of key areas . However , five years later the Second Moroccan Crisis ( or Agadir Crisis ) was sparked by the deployment of the German gunboat Panther to the port of Agadir on 1 July 1911 . Germany had started to attempt to surpass Britain 's naval supremacy -- the British navy had a policy of remaining larger than the next two naval fleets in the world combined . When the British heard of the Panther 's arrival in Morocco , they wrongly believed that the Germans meant to turn Agadir into a naval base on the Atlantic . The German move was aimed at reinforcing claims for compensation for acceptance of effective French control of the North African kingdom , where France 's pre-eminence had been upheld by the 1906 Algeciras Conference . In November 1911 a convention was signed under which Germany accepted France 's position in Morocco in return for territory in the French Equatorial African colony of Middle Congo ( now the Republic of the Congo ) . France and Spain subsequently established a full protectorate over Morocco ( 30 March 1912 ) , ending what remained of the country 's formal independence . Furthermore , British backing for France during the two Moroccan crises reinforced the Entente between the two countries and added to Anglo - German estrangement , deepening the divisions that would culminate in the First World War . Dervish resistance ( edit ) Statue of Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ( the `` Mad Mullah '' ) , leader of the Dervish State . Following the Berlin Conference at the end of the 19th century , the British , Italians , and Ethiopians sought to claim lands owned by the Somalis such as the Warsangali Sultanate , the Ajuran Sultanate and the Gobroon Dynasty . The Dervish State was a state established by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , a Somali religious leader who gathered Muslim soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and united them into a loyal army known as the Dervishes . This Dervish army enabled Hassan to carve out a powerful state through conquest of lands sought after by the Ethiopians and the European powers . The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region . Due to these successful expeditions , the Dervish State was recognised as an ally by the Ottoman and German empires . The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation , and the Germans promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire . After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay , the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 as a direct consequence of Britain 's use of aircraft . Herero wars and the Maji - Maji rebellion ( edit ) Main articles : Herero Wars and Maji - Maji Rebellion Between 1904 and 1908 , Germany 's colonies in German South - West Africa and German East Africa were rocked by separate , contemporaneous native revolts against their rule . In both territories the threat to German rule was quickly defeated once large - scale reinforcements from Germany arrived , with the Herero rebels in German South - West Africa being defeated at the Battle of Waterberg and the Maji - Maji rebels in German East Africa being steadily crushed by German forces slowly advancing through the countryside , with the natives resorting to guerrilla warfare . German efforts to clear the bush of civilians in German South - West Africa then resulted in a genocide of the population . Surviving Herero , emaciated , after their escape through the Omaheke desert . In total , as many as 65,000 Herero ( 80 % of the total Herero population ) , and 10,000 Namaqua ( 50 % of the total Namaqua population ) either starved , died of thirst , or were worked to death in camps such as Shark Island Concentration Camp between 1904 and 1908 . Characteristic of this genocide was death by starvation and the poisoning of the population 's wells whilst they were trapped in the Namib Desert . Colonial encounter ( edit ) Colonial consciousness and exhibitions ( edit ) Pygmies and a European . Some pygmies would be exposed in human zoos , such as Ota Benga displayed by eugenicist Madison Grant in the Bronx Zoo . Colonial lobby ( edit ) In its earlier stages , imperialism was generally the act of individual explorers as well as some adventurous merchantmen . The colonial powers were a long way from approving without any dissent the expensive adventures carried out abroad . Various important political leaders , such as Gladstone , opposed colonisation in its first years . However , during his second premiership between 1880 and 1885 he could not resist the colonial lobby in his cabinet , and thus did not execute his electoral promise to disengage from Egypt . Although Gladstone was personally opposed to imperialism , the social tensions caused by the Long Depression pushed him to favor jingoism : the imperialists had become the `` parasites of patriotism '' ( John A. Hobson ) . In France , then Radical politician Georges Clemenceau also adamantly opposed himself to it : he thought colonisation was a diversion from the `` blue line of the Vosges '' mountains , that is revanchism and the patriotic urge to reclaim the Alsace - Lorraine region which had been annexed by the German Empire with the 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt . Clemenceau actually made Jules Ferry 's cabinet fall after the 1885 Tonkin disaster . According to Hannah Arendt in The Origins of Totalitarianism ( 1951 ) , this expansion of national sovereignty on overseas territories contradicted the unity of the nation state which provided citizenship to its population . Thus , a tension between the universalist will to respect human rights of the colonised people , as they may be considered as `` citizens '' of the nation state , and the imperialist drive to cynically exploit populations deemed inferior began to surface . Some , in colonising countries , opposed what they saw as unnecessary evils of the colonial administration when left to itself ; as described in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) -- published around the same time as Kipling 's The White Man 's Burden -- or in Louis - Ferdinand Céline 's Journey to the End of the Night ( 1932 ) . Colonial lobbies emerged to legitimise the Scramble for Africa and other expensive overseas adventures . In Germany , France , and Britain , the middle class often sought strong overseas policies to ensure the market 's growth . Even in lesser powers , voices like Enrico Corradini claimed a `` place in the sun '' for so - called `` proletarian nations '' , bolstering nationalism and militarism in an early prototype of fascism . Colonial propaganda and jingoism ( edit ) Colonial exhibitions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Poster for the 1906 Colonial Exhibition in Marseilles ( France ) However , by the end of World War I the colonial empires had become very popular almost everywhere in Europe : public opinion had been convinced of the needs of a colonial empire , although most of the metropolitans would never see a piece of it . Colonial exhibitions had been instrumental in this change of popular mentalities brought about by the colonial propaganda , supported by the colonial lobby and by various scientists . Thus , the conquest of territories were inevitably followed by public displays of the indigenous people for scientific and leisure purposes . Karl Hagenbeck , a German merchant in wild animals and a future entrepreneur of most Europeans zoos , thus decided in 1874 to exhibit Samoa and Sami people as `` purely natural '' populations . In 1876 , he sent one of his collaborators to the newly conquered Egyptian Sudan to bring back some wild beasts and Nubians . Presented in Paris , London , and Berlin these Nubians were very successful . Such `` human zoos '' could be found in Hamburg , Antwerp , Barcelona , London , Milan , New York City , Paris , etc. , with 200,000 to 300,000 visitors attending each exhibition . Tuaregs were exhibited after the French conquest of Timbuktu ( visited by René Caillié , disguised as a Muslim , in 1828 , thereby winning the prize offered by the French Société de Géographie ) ; Malagasy after the occupation of Madagascar ; Amazons of Abomey after Behanzin 's mediatic defeat against the French in 1894 . Not used to the climatic conditions , some of the indigenous exposed died , such as some Galibis in Paris in 1892 . Geoffroy de Saint - Hilaire , director of the Parisian Jardin d'acclimatation , decided in 1877 to organise two `` ethnological spectacles '' , presenting Nubians and Inuit . The public of the Jardin d'acclimatation doubled , with a million paying entrances that year , a huge success for these times . Between 1877 and 1912 , approximately thirty `` ethnological exhibitions '' were presented at the Jardin zoologique d'acclimatation . `` Negro villages '' would be presented in Paris ' 1878 and 1879 World 's Fair ; the 1900 World 's Fair presented the famous diorama `` living '' in Madagascar , while the Colonial Exhibitions in Marseilles ( 1906 and 1922 ) and in Paris ( 1907 and 1931 ) would also display human beings in cages , often nudes or quasi-nudes . Nomadic `` Senegalese villages '' were also created , thus displaying the power of the colonial empire to all the population . In the US , Madison Grant , head of the New York Zoological Society , exposed Pygmy Ota Benga in the Bronx Zoo alongside the apes and others in 1906 . At the behest of Grant , a prominent scientific racist and eugenicist , zoo director Hornaday placed Ota Benga in a cage with an orangutan and labeled him `` The Missing Link '' in an attempt to illustrate Darwinism , and in particular that Africans like Ota Benga are closer to apes than were Europeans . Other colonial exhibitions included the 1924 British Empire Exhibition and the successful 1931 Paris `` Exposition coloniale '' . Countering disease ( edit ) From the beginning of the 20th century onward , the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers . The sleeping sickness epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk . In the 20th century , Africa saw the biggest increase in its population due to lessening of the mortality rate in many countries due to peace , famine relief , medicine , and above all , the end or decline of the slave trade . Africa 's population has grown from 120 million in 1900 to over 1 billion today . Colonialism leading to World War I ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) German Cameroon , painting by R. Hellgrewe , 1908 During the New Imperialism period , by the end of the 19th century , Europe added almost 9,000,000 square miles ( 23,000,000 km ) -- one - fifth of the land area of the globe -- to its overseas colonial possessions . Europe 's formal holdings now included the entire African continent except Ethiopia , Liberia , and Saguia el - Hamra , the latter of which would be integrated into Spanish Sahara . Between 1885 and 1914 , Britain took nearly 30 % of Africa 's population under its control ; 15 % for France , 11 % for Portugal , 9 % for Germany , 7 % for Belgium and 1 % for Italy . Nigeria alone contributed 15 million subjects , more than in the whole of French West Africa or the entire German colonial empire . It was paradoxical that Britain , the staunch advocate of free trade , emerged in 1914 with not only the largest overseas empire thanks to its long - standing presence in India , but also the greatest gains in the `` scramble for Africa '' , reflecting its advantageous position at its inception . In terms of surface area occupied , the French were the marginal victors but much of their territory consisted of the sparsely populated Sahara . The political imperialism followed the economic expansion , with the `` colonial lobbies '' bolstering chauvinism and jingoism at each crisis in order to legitimise the colonial enterprise . The tensions between the imperial powers led to a succession of crises , which finally exploded in August 1914 , when previous rivalries and alliances created a domino situation that drew the major European nations into World War I. Austria - Hungary attacked Serbia to avenge the murder by Serbian agents of Austrian crown prince Francis Ferdinand , Russia would mobilise to assist allied Serbia , Germany would intervene to support Austria - Hungary against Russia . Since Russia had a military alliance with France against Germany , the German General Staff , led by General von Moltke decided to realise the well prepared Schlieffen Plan to invade and quickly knock France out of the war before turning against Russia in what was expected to be a long campaign . This required an invasion of Belgium which brought Britain into the war against Germany , Austria - Hungary and their allies . German U-Boat campaigns against ships bound for Britain eventually drew the United States into what had become World War I . Moreover , using the Anglo - Japanese Alliance as an excuse , Japan leaped onto this opportunity to conquer German interests in China and the Pacific to become the dominating power in the Western Pacific , setting the stage for the Second Sino - Japanese War ( starting in 1937 ) and eventually World War II . African colonies listed by colonising power ( edit ) Belgium ( edit ) Congo Free State and Belgian Congo ( today 's Democratic Republic of the Congo ) Ruanda - Urundi ( comprising modern Rwanda and Burundi , 1922 -- 62 ) France ( edit ) Further information : List of French possessions and colonies § In Africa French West Africa : Mauritania Senegal Albreda ( 1681 -- 1857 , now part of Gambia ) French Sudan ( now Mali ) French Guinea ( now Guinea ) Ivory Coast Niger French Upper Volta ( now Burkina Faso ) French Dahomey ( now Benin ) French Togoland ( 1916 -- 60 , now Togo ) Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo ( in modern Nigeria ) French Equatorial Africa : Gabon French Cameroun ( 1922 -- 60 ) French Congo ( now Republic of the Congo ) Oubangui - Chari ( now Central African Republic ) Chad French North Africa : French Algeria French Protectorate of Tunisia French Morocco Fezzan - Ghadames ( 1943 -- 1951 ) ( administration given by the UNO after its conquest by Charles de Gaulle ) Egypt ( ownership ( 1798 -- 1801 ) ) ( Condominium of France and the United Kingdom ) ( 1876 -- 1882 ) French East Africa : French Madagascar Comoros Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean French Somaliland ( now Djibouti ) Isle de France ( 1715 - 1810 ) ( now Mauritius ) The Senegalese Tirailleurs , led by Colonel Alfred - Amédée Dodds , conquered Dahomey ( present - day Benin ) in 1892 Germany ( edit ) German Kamerun ( now Cameroon and part of Nigeria , 1884 -- 1916 ) German East Africa ( now Rwanda , Burundi and most of Tanzania , 1885 -- 1919 ) German South - West Africa ( now Namibia , 1884 -- 1915 ) German Togoland ( now Togo and eastern part of Ghana , 1884 -- 1914 ) After the First World War , Germany 's possessions were partitioned among Britain ( which took a sliver of western Cameroon , Tanzania , western Togo , and Namibia ) , France ( which took most of Cameroon and eastern Togo ) and Belgium ( which took Rwanda and Burundi ) . Italy ( edit ) Italian Libya Italian Eritrea Italian Somaliland Later , during the Interwar period , with the Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italy would annex Ethiopia , which formed together with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland the Italian East Africa ( A.O.I. , `` Africa Orientale Italiana '' , also defined by the fascist government as L'Impero ) . Portugal ( edit ) Marracuene in Portuguese Mozambique was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese and Gaza king Gungunhana in 1895 Portuguese West Africa ( now Angola ) Mainland Angola Portuguese Congo ( now Cabinda Province of Angola ) Portuguese East Africa ( now Mozambique ) Portuguese Guinea ( now Guinea - Bissau ) Portuguese Cape Verde Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Island Príncipe Island Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá ( now Ouidah , in Benin ) Spain ( edit ) Spanish North Africa Northern Spanish Morocco Chefchaouen ( Chauen ) Jebala ( Yebala ) Kert Loukkos ( Lucus ) Rif Spanish West Africa Southern Spanish Morocco Cape Juby Ifni Spanish Sahara ( now Western Sahara ) Río de Oro Saguia el - Hamra Spanish Guinea ( now Equatorial Guinea ) Fernando Pó Río Muni Annobón United Kingdom ( edit ) Opening of the railway in Rhodesia , 1899 Following the Fourth Anglo - Ashanti War in 1896 , the British proclaimed a protectorate over the Ashanti Kingdom . The British were primarily interested in maintaining secure communication lines to India , which led to initial interest in Egypt and South Africa . Once these two areas were secure , it was the intent of British colonialists such as Cecil Rhodes to establish a Cape - Cairo railway and to exploit mineral and agricultural resources . Control of the Nile was viewed as a strategic and commercial advantage . Egypt Anglo - Egyptian Sudan ( 1899 -- 1956 ) British Somaliland ( now part of Somalia ) British East Africa : Kenya Colony Uganda Protectorate Tanzania : Tanganyika Territory ( 1919 -- 61 ) Zanzibar British Mauritius Bechuanaland ( now Botswana ) Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) British Seychelles British South Africa South Africa : Transvaal Colony Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony South - West Africa ( from 1915 , now Namibia ) British West Africa Gambia Colony and Protectorate Sierra Leone Nigeria British Togoland ( 1916 -- 56 , today part of Ghana ) Cameroons ( 1922 -- 61 , now parts of Cameroon and Nigeria ) Gold Coast ( British colony ) ( now Ghana ) Nyasaland ( now Malawi ) Basutoland ( now Lesotho ) Swaziland Independent states ( edit ) Liberia was the only nation in Africa that was a colony and a protectorate of the United States . Liberia was founded , colonised , established and controlled by the American Colonization Society , a private organisation established in order to relocate freed African - American and Caribbean slaves from the United States and the Caribbean islands in 1821 . Liberia declared its independence from the American Colonization Society on July 26 , 1847 . Liberia is Africa 's oldest democratic republic , and the second - oldest black republic in the world ( after Haiti ) . Ethiopia maintained its independence from Italy after the Battle of Adwa which resulted in the Treaty of Addis Ababa . With the exception of the occupation between 1936 and 1941 by Benito Mussolini 's military forces , Ethiopia is Africa 's oldest independent nation . Modern Scramble for Africa ( edit ) Oil and gas concessions in Sudan -- 2004 The new scramble for Africa began with the emergence of the Afro - Neo-Liberal capitalist movement in Post-Colonial Africa . When African nations began to gain independence during the Post World War II Era , their post colonial economic structures remained undiversified and linear . In most cases , the bulk of a nation 's economy relied on cash crops or natural resources . The decolonisation process kept independent African nations at the mercy of colonial powers due to structurally - dependent economic relations . Structural Adjustment Programs led to the privatization and liberalization of many African political and economic systems , forcefully pushing Africa into the global capitalist market . The economic decline in the 1990s fostered democratization by the World Bank intervening in the political and economic affairs of Africa once again . All of these factors led to Africa 's forced development under Western ideological systems of economics and politics . Petro - states ( edit ) In the era of globalization , many African countries have emerged as petro - states ( for example Sudan , Cameroon , Nigeria , Angola ) . These are nations with an economic and political partnership between transnational oil companies and the ruling elite class in oil - rich African nations . Numerous countries have entered into a neo-imperial relationship with Africa during this time period . Mary Gilmartin notes that `` material and symbolic appropriation of space ( is ) central to imperial expansion and control '' ; nations in the globalization era who invest in controlling land internationally are engaging in neo-imperialism . Chinese ( and other Asian countries ) state oil companies have entered Africa 's highly competitive oil sector . China National Petroleum Corporation purchased 40 % of Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company . Furthermore , Sudan exports 50 -- 60 % of its domestically produced oil to China , making up 7 % of China 's imports . China has also been purchasing equity shares in African oil fields , invested in industry related infrastructure development and acquired continental oil concessions throughout Africa . See also ( edit ) Chronology of colonialism Civilizing mission Decolonisation of Africa Economic history of Africa French colonial empire Historiography of the British Empire Impact and evaluation of colonialism and colonisation International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) List of French possessions and colonies List of former sovereign states # Pre-colonial Africa Scientific racism White African References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jihad in the Arabian Sea 2011 , Camille Pecastaing , In the land of the Mad Mullah : Somalia Jump up ^ Brantlinger , Patrick ( 1985 ) . `` Victorians and Africans : The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent '' . Critical Inquiry. 12 ( 1 ) : 166 -- 203 . doi : 10.1086 / 448326 . JSTOR 1343467 . Jump up ^ R. Robinson , J. Gallagher and A. Denny , Africa and the Victorians , London , 1965 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Shillington , History of Africa . Revised second edition ( New York : Macmillian Publishers Limited , 2005 ) , 301 . Jump up ^ Compare : Killingray , David ( 1998 ) . `` 7 : The War in Africa '' . In Strachan , Hew . The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War : New Edition ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford : Oxfors University Press ( published 2014 ) . p. 101 . ISBN 9780191640407 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . In 1914 the only independent states in Africa were Liberia and Abyssinia . Jump up ^ Lynn Hunt , The Making of the West : volume C , Bedford : St. Martin , 2009 . Jump up ^ Easterly , William ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Imperial Origins of State - Led Development '' . New York University Blogs . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Langer , William A ; Bureau of International Research of Harvard University and Radcliffe College ( 1935 ) . The Diplomacy of Imperialism , 1890 - 1902 . 1 . New York and London : Alfred A Knopf . Jump up ^ Robinson , Ronald ; Gallagher , John ; Denny , Alice ( 1961 ) . Africa and the Victorians : The Official Mind of Imperialism . The University of California : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 . http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html Jump up ^ Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : H.R. Cowie , Imperialism and Race Relations . Revised edition , Nelson Publishing , Vol. 5 , 1982 . Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , The Scramble for Africa : White Man 's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Aldrich , Greater France : A history of French overseas expansion ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ German colonial imperialism : a late and short - term phenomenon ( PDF ) by Bernard Poloni , in `` Imperialism , hegemony , leadership '' , 26 March 2004 Conference in the Sorbonne University , Paris ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Alfred von Tirpitz , Erinnerungen ( 1919 ) , quoted by Hannah Arendt , The Origins of Totalitarianism , section on Imperialism , chapter I , part 3 . Jump up ^ Ullendorff , Edward . The Ethiopians : An Introduction to Country and People 2nd ed. , p. 90 . Oxford University Press ( London ) , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285061 - X . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Eritrea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 747 . Jump up ^ Enrico Corradini , Report to the First Nationalist Congress , Florence , 3 December 1919 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Henry Richard Fox ( 1903 ) . Civilisation in Congoland : A Story of International Wrong - doing . London : P.S. King & Son . p. 253 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Forbath , Peter ( 1977 ) . The River Congo : The Discovery , Exploration and Exploitation of the World 's Most Dramatic Rivers. ( Harper & Row ) . p. 374 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 122490 - 1 . Jump up ^ Michiko Kakutani ( 30 August 1998 ) . `` '' King Leopold 's Ghost `` : Genocide With Spin Control '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 226 -- 32 . Jump up ^ John D. Fage , The Cambridge History of Africa : From the earliest times to c. 500 BC , Cambridge University Press , 1982 , p. 748 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22803 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Report of the British Consul , Roger Casement , on the Administration of the Congo Free State '' . Jump up ^ Rubinstein , W.D. ( 2004 ) . Genocide : a history . Pearson Education . pp. 98 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 50601 - 8 Jump up ^ Vansina , Jan ( 1966 ) . Paths in the Rainforest . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hochschild 2006 , pp. 280 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Coquéry - Vidrovitch , Catherine ( 1971 ) . Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires 1898 -- 1930 . Paris : Mouton . p. 195 . Jump up ^ L'Aventure Humaine : Le canal de Suez , Article de l'historien Uwe Oster Archived 2011 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ BBC News website : The Suez Crisis -- Key maps . Jump up ^ Domke , D. Michelle ( November 1997 ) . `` ICE Case Studies ; Case Number : 3 ; Case Identifier : Sudan ; Case Name : Civil War in the Sudan : Resources or Religion ? '' . Inventory of Conflict and Environment ( via the School of International Service at the American University ) . Retrieved 8 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ch. 18 : Colonial Encounters , Indian Responses & the Scramble for Africa '' . Reflections on World History . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kevin Shillington , Encyclopedia of African History ( CRC Press , 2005 ) , p. 1406 . Jump up ^ I.M. Lewis , The Modern History of Somaliland : from nation to state ( Weidenfeld & Nicolson : 1965 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Ofcansky , Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia ( The Scarecrow Press , Inc. : 2004 ) , p. 405 . Jump up ^ Samatar , Said Sheikh ( 1982 ) . Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 131 & 135 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23833 - 1 . Jump up ^ John A. Hobson , Imperialism , 1902 , p. 61 ( quoted by Arendt ) . Jump up ^ Pascal Blanchard , Nicolas Bancel , and Sandrine Lemaire , `` From human zoos to colonial apotheoses : the era of exhibiting the Other '' . Jump up ^ `` These human zoos of the Colonial Republic '' , Le Monde diplomatique , August 2000 ( in French ) . ( Translation ( in English ) ) Jump up ^ `` February 2003 , the end of an era '' . Discoverparis.net . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health ? Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Gresham College Lectures and Events . Jump up ^ WHO Media centre ( 2001 ) . `` Fact sheet N ° 259 : African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness '' . Jump up ^ John Iliffe , `` The Origins of African Population Growth '' , The Journal of African History , Vol. 30 , No. 1 ( 1989 ) , pp. 165 -- 169 . Jump up ^ R. Cameron , Concise Economic History of the World ( New York : OUP , 1993 ) , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` Africa 's population now 1 billion '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... AfricaNews . August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 40 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 41 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 42 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 43 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 45 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 46 / 47 Jump up ^ Gallaher , Carolyn et al. `` Key Concepts in Political Geography , '' London : Sage Printing Press , 2009 : 123 Jump up ^ Southall , Roger and Melber , Henning . `` A New Scramble For Africa ? : Imperialism , Investment and Development , '' South Africa : University of KwaZulu - Natal Press , 2009 : 192 Further reading ( edit ) Aldrich , Robert . Greater France : A History of French Overseas Expansion ( 1996 ) Atkinson , David . `` Constructing Italian Africa : Geography and Geopolitics . '' Italian colonialism ( 2005 ) : 15 -- 26 . Axelson , Eric . Portugal and the Scramble for Africa : 1875 -- 1891 ( Johannesburg , Witwatersrand UP , 1967 ) Boddy - Evans , Alistair . `` What Caused the Scramble for Africa ? '' African History ( 2012 ) . online Brantlinger , Patrick . `` Victorians and Africans : The genealogy of the myth of the dark continent . '' Critical Inquiry ( 1985 ) : 166 -- 203 . online Chamberlain , Muriel Evelyn . The scramble for Africa ( 4th ed . Routledge , 2014 ) excerpt and text search Curtin , Philip D. Disease and empire : The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Darwin , John . `` Imperialism and the Victorians : The dynamics of territorial expansion . '' English Historical Review ( 1997 ) 112 # 447 pp : 614 -- 642 . Finaldi , Giuseppe . Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa : Italy 's African Wars in the Era of Nation - building , 1870 -- 1900 ( Peter Lang , 2009 ) Gjersø , Jonas Fossli ( 2015 ) . `` The Scramble for East Africa : British Motives Reconsidered , 1884 - 95 '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . Taylor & Francis . 43 ( 5 ) : 831 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086534.2015. 1026131 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Hammond , Richard James . Portugal and Africa , 1815 -- 1910 : a study in uneconomic imperialism ( Stanford University Press , 1966 ) Henderson , W.O. The German Colonial Empire , 1884 -- 1919 ( London : Frank Cass , 1993 ) Hinsley , F.H. ed . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 11 : Material Progress and World - Wide Problems , 1870 - 98 ( 1962 ) contents pp 593 - 40 . Hochschild , Adam ( 2006 ) ( 1998 ) . King Leopold 's Ghost : A Story of Greed , Terror , and Heroism in Colonial Africa . London : Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 44198 - 8 . Klein , Martin A. Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) Lovejoy , Paul E. Transformations in slavery : a history of slavery in Africa ( Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) Lloyd , Trevor Owen . Empire : the history of the British Empire ( 2001 ) . Mackenzie J.M. The Partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1900 , and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century ( London 1983 ) . Oliver , Roland , Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa ( 1959 ) online Pakenham , Thomas ( 1992 ) ( 1991 ) . The Scramble for Africa . London : Abacus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10449 - 2 . Penrose E.F. , ed . European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa ( London 1975 ) . Perraudin , Michael , and Jürgen Zimmerer , eds . German colonialism and national identity ( London : Taylor & Francis , 2010 ) Robinson R ,. and J. Gallagher , `` The partition of Africa '' , in The New Cambridge Modern History vol XI , pp 593 -- 640 ( Cambridge , 1962 ) . Rotberg , Robert I . The Founder : Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power ( 1988 ) excerpt and text search ; online Sanderson G.N. , `` The European partition of Africa : Coincidence or conjuncture ? '' Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History ( 1974 ) 3 # 1 pp 1 -- 54 . Sparrow - Niang , J. , Bath and the Nile Explorers : In commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Burton and Speke 's encounter in Bath , September 1864 , and their ' Nile Duel ' which never happened ( Bath : Bath Royal Literary & Scientific Institution , 2014 ) Stoecker , Helmut . German imperialism in Africa : From the beginnings until the Second World War ( Hurst & Co. , 1986 . ) Thomas , Antony . Rhodes : The Race for Africa ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Thompson , Virginia , and Richard Adloff . French West Africa ( Stanford University Press , 1958 ) Wesseling , H.L. and Arnold J. Pomerans . Divide and rule : The partition of Africa , 1880 -- 1914 ( Praeger , 1996 . ) online External links ( edit ) `` Belgium exhumes its colonial demons '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2002 . Gülstorff , Torben ( 2016 ) . `` Trade follows Hallstein ? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble '' . Berlin . Africa articles History Chronology Antiquity North Africa Archaeology Pre-colonial kingdoms Bantu expansion Arab conquest Exploration European colonisation Slavery Atlantic Arab Scramble for Africa Decolonisation By topic Economy Empires Historiography Military conflicts By region Central East North South West Geography Countries and territories Highest points Impact craters Islands Natural history Regions Central East North South West Rivers Politics African Union Elections Heads of government Heads of state Human rights LGBT rights Linguistic rights Religious rights Women 's rights International organisations Pan-African Parliament Pan-Africanism Politics parties United States of Africa Economy Central banks and currencies Countries by GDP ( nominal ) Countries by GDP ( PPP ) Countries by HDI Education Internet Millionaires Natural resources Poverty Renewable energy Stock exchanges Society Caste systems Etiquette Health Circumcision Infrastructure Languages Philosophy Culture Architecture Art contemporary Cinema films film festivals Cuisine Literature writers by country Media Newspapers Radio TV Music musicians guitarists Religion Irreligion World Heritage Sites Sport African Cricket Association African Games Afro - Asian Games Australian - rules football Confederation of African Football Africa Cup of Nations FIBA Africa Rugby Africa Africa Cup Stadiums by capacity Tour d'Afrique Demographics Countries by population density Emigration Ethnic groups HIV / AIDS Urbanization cities metropolitan areas By year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Outline Index Book Category Portal Diplomacy of the Great Powers 1871 -- 1913 Great powers Austria -- Hungary France Germany Italy Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Alliances Triple Alliance Dual Alliance Triple Entente Franco - Russian Alliance Entente Cordiale Anglo - Russian Entente Anglo - Japanese Alliance Trends Ottoman Decline Eastern Question Revanchism New Imperialism Scramble for Africa Pan-Slavism The Great Game The Great Rapprochement Treaties and agreements Treaty of Frankfurt League of the Three Emperors Treaty of Berlin Reinsurance Treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Björkö Taft -- Katsura Agreement Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1905 Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty Racconigi agreement Events Congress of Berlin Berlin Conference Weltpolitik German Naval Laws Anglo - German naval arms race Dreadnought Fashoda Incident Annexation of Hawaii First Moroccan Crisis Algeciras Conference Agadir Crisis Bosnian crisis Wars Russo - Turkish First Sino - Japanese Spanish -- American Banana Wars Philippine -- American Boxer Rebellion Second Boer Russo - Japanese Italo - Turkish Balkan Wars World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scramble_for_Africa&oldid=824726264 '' Categories : 19th century in Africa 19th century in international relations 20th century in international relations European colonisation in Africa Geopolitical rivalry Partition ( politics ) Political geography History of Africa History of international relations New Imperialism David Livingstone 20th century in Africa Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Ladino Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Xitsonga Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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dividing up africa among european countries was the goal of the
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"The Berlin Conference of 1884, which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa, is usually referred to as the starting point of the scramble for Africa.[2] Consequent to the political and economic rivalries among the European empires in the last quarter of the 19th century, the partitioning, or splitting up of Africa was how the Europeans avoided warring amongst themselves over Africa.[3] The later years of the 19th century saw the transition from \"informal imperialism\" (hegemony), by military influence and economic dominance, to direct rule, bringing about colonial imperialism.[4]"
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"Berlin Conference of 1884"
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Model–view–controller
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Model -- view -- controller - wikipedia Model -- view -- controller Diagram of interactions within the MVC pattern . Model -- view -- controller is an architectural pattern commonly used for developing user interfaces that divides an application into three interconnected parts . This is done to separate internal representations of information from the ways information is presented to and accepted from the user . The MVC design pattern decouples these major components allowing for efficient code reuse and parallel development . Traditionally used for desktop graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) , this architecture has become popular for designing web applications and even mobile , desktop and other clients . Popular programming languages like Java , C# , Ruby , PHP have MVC frameworks that are used in web application development straight out of the box . Contents 1 Descriptions 1.1 Components 1.2 Interactions 2 History 3 Use in web applications 4 Goals of MVC 4.1 Simultaneous development 4.2 Code reuse 5 Advantages & disadvantages 5.1 Advantages 5.2 Disadvantages 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Descriptions ( edit ) As with other software patterns , MVC expresses the `` core of the solution '' to a problem while allowing it to be adapted for each system . Particular MVC architectures can vary significantly from the traditional description here . Components ( edit ) The model is the central component of the pattern . It is the application 's dynamic data structure , independent of the user interface . It directly manages the data , logic and rules of the application . A view can be any output representation of information , such as a chart or a diagram . Multiple views of the same information are possible , such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for accountants . The third part or section , the controller , accepts input and converts it to commands for the model or view . Interactions ( edit ) In addition to dividing the application into three kinds of components , the model -- view -- controller design defines the interactions between them . The model is responsible for managing the data of the application . It receives user input from the controller . The view means presentation of the model in a particular format . The controller responds to the user input and performs interactions on the data model objects . The controller receives the input , optionally validates it and then passes the input to the model . History ( edit ) One of the seminal insights in the early development of graphical user interfaces , MVC became one of the first approaches to describe and implement software constructs in terms of their responsibilities . Trygve Reenskaug introduced MVC into Smalltalk - 76 while visiting the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ) in the 1970s . In the 1980s , Jim Althoff and others implemented a version of MVC for the Smalltalk - 80 class library . Only later did a 1988 article in The Journal of Object Technology ( JOT ) express MVC as a general concept . The MVC pattern has subsequently evolved , giving rise to variants such as hierarchical model -- view -- controller ( HMVC ) , model -- view -- adapter ( MVA ) , model -- view -- presenter ( MVP ) , model -- view -- viewmodel ( MVVM ) , and others that adapted MVC to different contexts . The use of the MVC pattern in web applications exploded in popularity after the introduction of NeXT 's WebObjects in 1996 , which was originally written in Objective - C ( that borrowed heavily from Smalltalk ) and helped enforce MVC principles . Later , the MVC pattern became popular with Java developers when WebObjects was ported to Java . Later frameworks for Java , such as Spring ( released in October 2002 ) , continued the strong bond between Java and MVC . The introduction of the frameworks Django ( July 2005 , for Python ) and Rails ( December 2005 , for Ruby ) , both of which had a strong emphasis on rapid deployment , increased MVC 's popularity outside the traditional enterprise environment in which it has long been popular . MVC web frameworks now hold large market - shares relative to non-MVC web toolkits . Use in web applications ( edit ) Although originally developed for desktop computing , MVC has been widely adopted as an architecture for World Wide Web applications in major programming languages . Several web frameworks have been created that enforce the pattern . These software frameworks vary in their interpretations , mainly in the way that the MVC responsibilities are divided between the client and server . Some web MVC frameworks take a thin client approach that places almost the entire model , view and controller logic on the server . This is reflected in frameworks such as Django , Rails and ASP.NET MVC . In this approach , the client sends either hyperlink requests or form submissions to the controller and then receives a complete and updated web page ( or other document ) from the view ; the model exists entirely on the server . Other frameworks such as AngularJS , EmberJS , JavaScriptMVC and Backbone allow the MVC components to execute partly on the client ( also see Ajax ) . Goals of MVC ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Simultaneous development ( edit ) Because MVC decouples the various components of an application , developers are able to work in parallel on different components without impacting or blocking one another . For example , a team might divide their developers between the front - end and the back - end . The back - end developers can design the structure of the data and how the user interacts with it without requiring the user interface to be completed . Conversely , the front - end developers are able to design and test the layout of the application prior to the data structure being available . Code reuse ( edit ) By creating components that are independent of each other , developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications . The same ( or similar ) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user . Advantages & disadvantages ( edit ) Advantages ( edit ) Simultaneous development -- Multiple developers can work simultaneously on the model , controller and views . High cohesion -- MVC enables logical grouping of related actions on a controller together . The views for a specific model are also grouped together . Low coupling -- The very nature of the MVC framework is such that there is low coupling among models , views or controllers Ease of modification -- Because of the separation of responsibilities , future development or modification is easier Multiple views for a model -- Models can have multiple views Disadvantages ( edit ) Code navigability -- The framework navigation can be complex because it introduces new layers of abstraction and requires users to adapt to the decomposition criteria of MVC . Multi-artifact consistency -- Decomposing a feature into three artifacts causes scattering . Thus , requiring developers to maintain the consistency of multiple representations at once . Pronounced learning curve -- Knowledge on multiple technologies becomes the norm . Developers using MVC need to be skilled in multiple technologies . See also ( edit ) Hierarchical model -- view -- controller Model -- view -- adapter Model -- view -- presenter Model -- view -- viewmodel Presentation -- abstraction -- control Action -- domain -- responder Observer pattern Strategy pattern Naked objects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` More deeply , the framework exists to separate the representation of information from user interaction . '' The DCI Architecture : A New Vision of Object - Oriented Programming -- Trygve Reenskaug and James Coplien -- March 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burbeck ( 1992 ) : `` ... the user input , the modeling of the external world , and the visual feedback to the user are explicitly separated and handled by three types of object . '' Jump up ^ Davis , Ian . `` What Are The Benefits of MVC ? '' . Internet Alchemy . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gamma , Erich et al. ( 1994 ) Design Patterns Jump up ^ Moore , Dana et al. ( 2007 ) Professional Rich Internet Applications : Ajax and Beyond : `` Since the origin of MVC , there have been many interpretations of the pattern . The concept has been adapted and applied in very different ways to a wide variety of systems and architectures . '' Jump up ^ Burbeck , Steve ( 1992 ) Applications Programming in Smalltalk - 80 : How to use Model -- View -- Controller ( MVC ) Jump up ^ Simple Example of MVC ( Model -- View -- Controller ) Design Pattern for Abstraction Jump up ^ Buschmann , Frank ( 1996 ) Pattern - Oriented Software Architecture . Jump up ^ Model -- View -- Controller History . C2.com ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Notes and Historical documents from Trygve Reenskaug , inventor of MVC . Jump up ^ `` A note on DynaBook requirements '' , Trygve Reenskaug , 22 March 1979 , SysReq. pdf . Jump up ^ Krasner , Glenn E. ; Pope , Stephen T. ( Aug -- Sep 1988 ) . `` A cookbook for using the model -- view controller user interface paradigm in Smalltalk - 80 '' . The Journal of Object Technology . SIGS Publications . Also published as `` A Description of the Model -- View -- Controller User Interface Paradigm in the Smalltalk - 80 System '' ( Report ) , ParcPlace Systems ; Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ The evolution of MVC and other UI architectures from Martin Fowler . Jump up ^ Hot Frameworks ^ Jump up to : Leff , Avraham ; Rayfield , James T. ( September 2001 ) . Web - Application Development Using the Model / View / Controller Design Pattern . IEEE Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference . pp. 118 -- 127 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Computer Science Design Patterns / Model -- view -- controller Software design patterns Gang of Four patterns Creational Abstract factory Builder Factory method Prototype Singleton Structural Adapter Bridge Composite Decorator Facade Flyweight Proxy Behavioral Chain of responsibility Command Interpreter Iterator Mediator Memento Observer State Strategy Template method Visitor Concurrency patterns Active object Balking Binding properties Double - checked locking Event - based asynchronous Guarded suspension Join Lock Monitor Proactor Reactor Read write lock Scheduler Thread pool Thread - local storage Architectural patterns Front controller Interceptor MVC ADR ECS n - tier Specification Publish -- subscribe Naked objects Service locator Active record Identity map Data access object Data transfer object Inversion of control Model 2 Other patterns Blackboard Business delegate Composite entity Dependency injection Intercepting filter Lazy loading Mock object Null object Object pool Servant Twin Type tunnel Method chaining Delegation Books Design Patterns Enterprise Integration Patterns Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture Analysis patterns People Christopher Alexander Erich Gamma Ralph Johnson John Vlissides Grady Booch Kent Beck Ward Cunningham Martin Fowler Robert Martin Jim Coplien Douglas Schmidt Linda Rising Communities The Hillside Group The Portland Pattern Repository Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model -- view -- controller&oldid = 852604623 '' Categories : Software design patterns Architectural pattern ( computer science ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles that may contain original research from February 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 03 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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list mvc type. explain mvc architecture with diagram
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Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar?
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Who stole the cookie from the cookie jar ? - Wikipedia Who stole the cookie from the cookie jar ? Jump to : navigation , search `` Cookie Jar Song '' redirects here . For the Gym Class Heroes song , see Cookie Jar ( song ) . `` Who Stole the Cookie from the Cookie Jar ? '' or the Cookie Jar Song is a sing along and game of children 's music . The song is an infinite - loop motif , where each verse directly feeds into the next . The game begins with the children sitting or standing , arranged in an inward - facing circle . The song usually begins with the group leader asking who stole a cookie from an apocryphal ( or sometimes real ) cookie jar , followed by the name of one of the children in the circle . The child questions the `` accusation , '' answered by an affirmation from the `` accuser , '' followed by continued denial from the `` accused . '' The accuser asks who stole the cookie , followed by the name of another child in the circle . The call - and - answer is potentially infinitely recursive , limited only by the number of participants or the amount of time the participants wish to spend on it . Sometimes , a clapping or snapping beat is used by the children in the circle . Sometimes , the other children in the group sing along with the `` accuser '' after the `` accused '' has been identified . Some variations on the theme include the use by teachers of the song as a lesson in keeping with a beat and improvisation . As with many children 's songs , there can be many variations on the execution of the performance . The song 's lyrics are usually : Accuser : Who stole / took the cookie / cookies from the cookie jar ? ( name of a child in the circle ) stole / took the cookie / cookies from the cookie jar . Accused : Who , me ? Accuser / Group : Yes , you ! / Yeah , you ! Accused : Could n't be ! / Not me ! / Was n't me ! Accuser / Group : Then who ? This is followed by the `` accused '' saying the name of someone else , as `` ( name of a child in the circle ) stole the cookie from the cookie jar , '' and the subsequent back - and - forth lines are repeated . The song may be repeated ad infinitum or it may end - if it is being performed as part of a game , where members of the group are eliminated by failing to keep up with the prescribed beat or eliminated as a result of being chosen as one of the accused . The song , and game , is featured as one of the sequences in Grandpa 's Magical Toys ; the only accusation that is missing is that of the Dutch Girl , and she reveals that she got all the toys and the last cookie . The song was also done on three episodes of Barney & Friends . A variation of the song has been used in Smart4life commercials in the US beginning in 2009 . The song was also used in the Family Guy episode `` When You Wish Upon a Weinstein . '' The song was used in The Simpsons episode `` Kamp Krustier '' where Chief Wiggum arrests two kids after they sing it in a group activity . See also ( edit ) The Priest of the Parish External links ( edit ) Example of a lesson plan used by teachers , with lyrics , and appropriate grade level . A variation on the performance of the piece , noting the importance of keeping to a rhythm . Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Stole_the_Cookie_from_the_Cookie_Jar%3F&oldid=778906704 '' Categories : Children 's songs Music education Year of song unknown Nursery rhymes Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 May 2017 , at 22 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who eat the cookie from the cookie jar
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Salary cap
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Salary cap - wikipedia Salary cap Jump to : navigation , search In professional sports , a salary cap ( or wage cap ) is an agreement or rule that places a limit on the amount of money that a team can spend on players ' salaries . It exists as a per - player limit or a total limit for the team 's roster , or both . Several sports leagues have implemented salary caps , using it to keep overall costs down , and also to maintain a competitive balance by restricting richer clubs from entrenching dominance by signing many more top players than their rivals . Salary caps can be a major issue in negotiations between league management and players ' unions , and have been the focal point of several strikes by players and lockouts by owners and administrators . Contents ( hide ) 1 Adoption 2 Benefits 3 Hard cap , soft cap and salary floor 4 Reserve clause 5 In North American leagues 5.1 National Football League 5.2 National Hockey League 5.2. 1 Pre-salary cap 5.2. 2 Negotiations 5.2. 3 Current salary cap 5.3 National Basketball Association ( soft cap + luxury tax ) 5.4 Major League Baseball ( luxury tax ) 5.4. 1 Criticism 5.5 Major League Soccer 5.6 Canadian Football League 5.7 Other North American leagues 6 In Europe 6.1 Rugby union 6.1. 1 English Premiership 6.1. 2 French Top 14 6.1. 3 Welsh rugby union 6.2 Kontinental Hockey League 6.3 In European football 7 In Australia and New Zealand 7.1 Australian rules football 7.1. 1 Breaches 7.1. 2 Success of the cap 7.1. 3 Criticism of the cap 7.1. 4 State and regional leagues 7.1. 5 AFL Women 's 7.2 Rugby league 7.3 Rugby union 7.3. 1 Australia : Super Rugby 7.3. 2 New Zealand : Mitre 10 Cup 7.4 Association football 7.4. 1 A-League 7.5 National Basketball League 7.6 Netball 8 In rugby union 9 In cricket 10 2018 season 11 References 12 External links Adoption ( edit ) Salary caps are used by the following major sports leagues around the world : North America The National Football League , National Hockey League , Major League Soccer , Canadian Football League , National Lacrosse League , National Women 's Soccer League and minor leagues in various sports . The National Basketball Association uses soft cap + luxury tax system , while the Major League Baseball does n't have any salary cap and instead implements a luxury tax only ( see below ) . United Kingdom : In England , the top - level leagues in both rugby codes -- the Aviva Premiership in rugby union and the Super League in rugby league -- have salary caps . The four Welsh regional sides in rugby union 's Pro12 , now known as Pro14 , unilaterally adopted a salary cap effective with the 2012 -- 13 season . Australia and New Zealand : Most major leagues operating in the two countries have salary cap provisions : The Australian Football League ( Australian rules football ) , which operates only in Australia . The AFL Women 's league , operated by the ( men 's ) AFL , is also capped . The National Rugby League ( rugby league ) , A-League ( association football ) and National Basketball League , each of which is based in Australia but has one team in New Zealand . The countries ' national netball leagues -- Suncorp Super Netball in Australia and the ANZ Premiership in New Zealand -- are capped . The trans - Tasman predecessor to both leagues , the ANZ Championship , was also capped . In rugby union , New Zealand 's top domestic competition , now known as the Mitre 10 Cup , is capped . In addition , the Australian teams in the Super Rugby competition operate under a unilaterally adopted cap ( teams from the other four countries participating in Super Rugby -- Argentina , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa -- are not subject to any cap at present , although both New Zealand and South Africa impose a cap and floor on individual player salaries ) . Eurasia : The Kontinental Hockey League , based in Russia and also including teams in Belarus , China , Finland , Kazakhstan , Latvia and Slovakia , has operated with a salary cap since its creation in 2008 . France : The country 's top - level rugby union league , Top 14 , instituted a salary cap effective with the 2010 -- 11 season . Recently , several European association football leagues have also discussed introducing salary caps . The Union of European Football Associations introduced a set of Financial Fair Play Regulations in 2011 , which limits football clubs ' spending relative to their income . Benefits ( edit ) In theory , there are two main benefits derived from salary caps -- promotion of parity between teams , and control of costs . Primarily , an effective salary cap prevents wealthy teams from certain destructive behaviours , such as signing a multitude of high - paid star players to prevent their rivals from accessing these players , and ensuring victory through superior economic power . With a salary cap , each club has roughly the same economic power to attract players , which contributes to parity by producing roughly equal playing talent in each team in the league , and in turn brings economic benefits to the league and to its individual teams . Leagues need to ensure a degree of parity between teams so that games are exciting for the fans and not a foregone conclusion . The leagues that have adopted salary caps generally do so because they believe letting richer teams accumulate talent affects the quality of the sporting product they want to sell . If only one or a handful of dominant teams are able to win consistently and challenge for the championship , many of the contests will be blowouts by the superior team , reducing the sport 's attractiveness for fans at the stadium and viewers on television . Television revenue is an important part of the income of many sports around the world , and the more evenly matched and exciting the contests , the more interesting the television product , and the higher the value of the television broadcast rights . An unbalanced league also threatens the financial viability of the weaker teams , because if there is no long - term hope of their team winning , fans of the weaker clubs will gravitate to other sports and leagues . One famous example of this occurring was in the Union Association , which operated in 1884 . The league was dominated by the St. Louis Maroons , whose owner , Henry Lucas , was also league president in an obvious conflict - of - interest situation which is now banned . Lucas bought all the best players for his own franchise , and the Maroons easily won the pennant with a record of 94 -- 19 (. 832 winning percentage ) , 21 games ahead of their nearest rivals . The league folded at the end of the season . Another famous example is the All - America Football Conference , which operated between 1946 and 1949 . Despite starring many top players and innovative coaches , the AAFC was dominated by one team , the Cleveland Browns , who lost only three games in four years and won every championship in the league 's four - year existence , being unbeaten in 1948 , and winning three of the championships in blowouts . Attendances and profits consistently fell after the league 's second season , and the league folded at the end of 1949 . The need for parity is more pronounced in leagues that use the franchise system rather than the promotion and relegation system , which is used in European football . The structure of a promotion and relegation system means weaker teams struggle against the threat of relegation , adding importance and excitement to the matches of weaker teams . International club competitions such as the UEFA Champions League also means that the top clubs always have something to play for , even in the most unbalanced of national leagues . A salary cap can also help to control the costs of teams , and prevent situations in which a club will sign high - cost contracts for star players in order to reap the benefits of immediate popularity and success , only to later find themselves in financial difficulty because of these costs . Without caps , there is a risk that teams will overspend in order to win now at the expense of long term stability . Team owners who use the same risk - benefit analysis used in business may risk not just the fortunes of their own team , but the reputation and viability of the whole league . Sports fans are generally looking to support a team for life , not just a product to purchase for the short term . If teams regularly go bankrupt or change markets the same way businesses do , then the whole sport looks unstable to the fans , who may lose interest and switch their support to a more stable sport where their team and their rivals are more likely to be playing in the long term . Hard cap , soft cap and salary floor ( edit ) A salary cap can be defined as a hard cap or a soft cap . A hard cap represents a maximum amount that may not be exceeded for any reason . Contracts which cause a team to violate a hard cap are subject to major sanctions , including the voiding of violating contracts , and the stripping of championships won while breaching salary cap rules , which happened to the Melbourne Storm in the NRL . Hard caps are designed so that penalties deter breaking the cap , but there are numerous examples of clubs who have occasionally and / or systematically cheated the cap . A soft cap represents an amount which may be exceeded in limited circumstances , but otherwise exceeding the cap will trigger a penalty which is known in advance . Typically these penalties are financial in nature ; fines or a luxury tax are common penalties used by leagues . A salary floor is a minimum amount that must be spent on the team as a whole , and this is separate from the minimum player salary that is agreed to by the league . Some leagues , in particular the NFL , have a hard salary floor that requires teams to meet the salary floor every year , which helps prevent teams from using the salary cap to minimize costs . When the salary cap and floor are the same , the result is a standard form contract model of payment , in which each player is paid the same amount , sometimes varying by position . The standard form contract model is used extensively in North American minor leagues . Reserve clause ( edit ) Before the implementation of salary caps , the economic influence of clubs on player markets was controlled by the reserve clause , which was long a standard clause in professional sports player contracts in the United States . The clause forbade a player from negotiations with another team without the permission of the team holding that player 's rights even after the contract 's term was completed . This system began to unravel in the 1970s due largely to the activism of players ' unions , and the threat of anti-trust legal actions . St. Louis Cardinal star Curt Flood started the ball rolling when he refused a trade to the Philadelphia Phillies . He had been a player for 12 years and felt he should have a voice in where he played baseball . Even though he lost his case in the Supreme Court he was the first baseball player to try to end the reserve clause . Although anti-trust actions were not a threat to baseball , which has long been exempt from anti-trust laws , that sport 's reserve clause was struck down by a United States arbitrator as a violation of labor laws . By the 1990s most players with several years ' professional experience became free agents upon the expiry of their contracts and were free to negotiate a new contract with their previous team or with any other team . This situation , called Restricted Free Agency , led to `` bidding wars '' for the best players -- a situation which inherently gave an advantage in landing such players to more affluent teams in larger media markets . In North American leagues ( edit ) National football league ( edit ) The new Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) formulated in 2011 had an initial salary cap of $120 million . While the previous CBA had a salary floor , the new CBA did not have one until 2013 . Starting with that season , each team is required to spend a minimum of 88.8 % of the cap in cash on player compensation , and 90 % in future years . However , the floor is based on total cash spent over each of two four - year periods , the first running from 2013 -- 2016 and the second from 2017 -- 2020 . A team can be under the floor in one or more seasons in a cycle without violating the CBA , as long as its total spending during the four - year period reaches the required percentage of the cap . This allows for unforeseen circumstances such as career ending injuries or unexpected player retirements leading to immediate penalty . As a result , teams are not forced to immediately take on a replacement for missing players which allows them to use more organic approaches such as a trade , free agency acquisition or the draft . The NFL 's cap is a hard cap that the teams have to stay under at all times , and the salary floor is also a hard floor ; penalties for violating or circumventing the cap and floor regulations include fines of up to $5 million for each violation , cancellation of contracts and / or loss of draft picks . The cap was first introduced for the 1994 season and was initially $34.6 million . Both the cap and the floor are adjusted annually based on the league 's revenues , and they have increased each year . In 2009 , the final capped year under that agreement , the cap was $128 million per team , while the floor was 87.6 % of the cap . Using the formula provided in the league 's collective bargaining agreement , the floor in 2009 was $112.1 million . Under the NFL 's agreement with the NFLPA , the effects on the salary cap of guaranteed payments ( such as signing bonuses ) are , with a few rare exceptions , prorated evenly over the term of the contract . In transitions , if a player retires , is traded , or is cut before June 1 , all remaining bonus is applied to the salary cap for the current season . If the payroll change occurs after June 1 , the current season 's bonus proration is unchanged , and the next year 's cap must absorb the entire remaining bonus . When a player is franchise tagged the salary cap will be affected . When the salary cap ca n't be met for a tagged player the National Football League will fund the remainder of the contract . Only a single player may be tagged per year . Because of this setup , NFL contracts almost always include the right to cut a player before the beginning of a season . If a player is cut , his salary for the remainder of his contract is neither paid nor counted against the salary cap for that team . A highly sought - after player signing a long - term contract will usually receive a signing bonus , thus providing him with financial security even if he is cut before the end of his contract . Incentive bonuses require a team to pay a player additional money if he achieves a certain goal . For the purposes of the salary cap , bonuses are classified as either `` likely to be earned '' , which requires the amount of the bonus to count against the team 's salary cap , or `` not likely to be earned '' , which is not counted . A team 's salary cap is adjusted downward for NLTBE bonuses that were earned in the previous year but not counted against that year 's cap . It is adjusted upward for LTBE bonuses that were not earned in the previous year but were counted against that year 's cap . One effect of the salary cap was the release of many higher - salaried veteran players to other teams once their production started to decline from the elite level . On the other hand , many teams have made a practice of using free agents to restock with better personnel more suited to the team . The salary cap prevented teams with superior finances from engaging in the formerly widespread practice of stocking as much talent on the roster as possible by placing younger players on reserve lists with false injuries while they develop into NFL - capable players . In this respect , the cap functions as a supplement to the 53 - man roster limit and practice squad limits . Generally , the practice of retaining veteran players who had contributed to the team in the past , but whose abilities have declined , became less common in the era of the salary cap . A veteran 's minimum salary was required to be higher than a player with lesser experience , which means teams tended to favor cheaper , less experienced prospects with growth potential , with an aim to having a group of players who quickly develop into their prime while still being on cheaper contracts than their peers . To offset this tendency which pushed out veteran players , including those who became fan favorites , the players ' association accepted an arrangement where a veteran player who receives no bonuses in his contract may be paid the veteran minimum of up to $810,000 , while accounting for only $425,000 in salary - cap space ( a 47.5 % discount ) . The salary cap also served to limit the rate of increase of the cost of operating a team . This has accrued to the owners ' benefit , and while the initial cap of $34.6 million has increased to $123 million ( maximum in 2009 ) , this is due to large growths of revenue , including merchandising revenues and web enterprises , which ownership is sharing with players as well . The owners opted out of the CBA in 2008 , leading to an uncapped season in 2010 . During the season , most NFL teams spent as if there was a cap in place anyway , with the league warning against teams front - loading contracts during the season . The Dallas Cowboys , New Orleans Saints , Oakland Raiders , and Washington Redskins chose to spend money in the spirit of an uncapped year , and in 2012 the Cowboys and Redskins ( the top two NFL teams by revenue in 2011 ) were docked $10 million and $36 million respectively from their salary caps , to be spread over the next two seasons . This $46 million was subsequently divided up among the remaining 26 NFL teams ( $1.77 million each ) as added cap space ( this excludes the Raiders and Saints , the latter of which was also dealing with their ongoing bounty scandal , as both teams were over the cap , though to a lesser degree than the Cowboys and Redskins ) . The actions of the league to punish those teams that were acting within their legal bounds during the uncapped year led to a lawsuit against them by the NFLPA . The case argued that the rest of the league colluded to keep average player salaries from rising in a year they expected them to skyrocket and unfairly punished teams that did not collude . The NFL settled the lawsuit with the NFLPA . Year Maximum team salary 2018 $177.2 million 2017 $167.00 million 2016 $155.27 million 2015 $143.28 million 2014 $133 million 2013 $123 million 2012 $120.6 million 2011 $120 million Uncapped 2009 $123 million 2008 $116 million 2007 $109 million 2006 $102 million 2005 $85.5 million $80.582 million 2003 $75.007 million 2002 $71.101 million $67.405 million 2000 $62.172 million 1999 $57.288 million 1998 $52.388 million $41.454 million $40.753 million 1995 $37.1 million $34.608 million Year by Year Salary Cap National Hockey league ( edit ) For a more detailed discussion , see the article NHL salary cap . A salary cap existed in the early days of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . During the Great Depression , the league was under financial pressure to lower its salary cap to $62,500 per team and $7,000 per player , forcing some teams to trade away well - paid star players in order to fit the cap . Pre-salary cap ( edit ) Prior to the resolution of the 2004 -- 05 lockout , the NHL was the only major North American professional sports league that had no luxury tax , very limited revenue sharing and no salary cap . During the Original Six era through to the early years of the expansion era , the NHL 's strict reserve clause negated the need for a salary cap . Player salaries first became an issue in the 1970s , when Alan Eagleson founded the NHL Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) and the upstart World Hockey Association began competing with the NHL for players . Not all NHL owners were willing to engage in a bidding war , in particular , Harold Ballard of the Toronto Maple Leafs spent as close to the league minimum on rosters as he could . Since Maple Leaf Gardens was consistently sold out no matter how poorly the Maple Leafs played , Ballard 's team was by far the most profitable . The 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout was fought over the issue of the salary cap . The 1994 -- 95 season was only partially cancelled , with 48 games and the playoffs eventually being played . Eight NHL franchises were based in Canada at the time of the lockout . Until the 1990s , the Canadian teams usually paid player salaries in Canadian dollars , but with the rise of free agency and a decline in the value of Canadian dollar , players and their agents increasingly demanded to be paid in U.S. dollars . Canadian teams ' revenues were , then as now , mostly in Canadian dollars , and the effects of the discrepancy were particularly acute for the small market franchises . The financial difficulties and uncertainties of competing in smaller Canadian markets led to two clubs moving to the U.S. ; the Quebec Nordiques to Denver , and the Winnipeg Jets to Phoenix . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman successfully persuaded the US - based teams to donate towards a pool to mitigate the adverse effects of the exchange rate . Negotiations ( edit ) The negotiations for the 2004 -- 05 NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement revolved primarily around players ' salaries . The league contended that its clubs spent about 75 % of revenues on salaries , a percentage far higher than existed in other North American sports ; NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman demanded `` cost certainty '' and presented the NHLPA with several concepts that the Players ' Association considered nothing more than euphemisms for a salary cap , which it had vowed it would never accept . The previous CBA had expired on September 15 , 2004 , and a lockout ensued , leading to the cancellation of the entire 2004 -- 05 NHL season , the first time a major sports league in North America had lost an entire season to a labor dispute . Current salary cap ( edit ) The lockout was resolved when the NHLPA agreed to a hard salary cap based on league revenues , with the NHL implementing revenue sharing to allow for a higher cap figure . The NHL salary cap is formally titled the `` Upper Limit of the Payroll Range '' in the new CBA . For the 2005 -- 06 NHL season , the salary cap was set at US $ 39 million per team , with a maximum of $7.8 million ( 20 % of the team 's cap ) for a player . The CBA also mandated the payment of salaries in U.S. dollars , codifying what had been a universal practice for more than a decade . Revenues for the six Canadian teams that were in the league at the time of the lockout have all increased significantly since then , and because the US dollar fell to relative parity with its Canadian counterpart in the early 2010s , league - wide revenues measured in U.S. dollars were inflated accordingly . As a result of these factors , the cap was raised each year of the 2005 -- 12 CBA to $64.3 million for the 2011 -- 12 season , with a cap of $12.86 million for a player . The CBA also contains a salary floor which is formally titled the `` Lower Limit of the Payroll Range '' , the minimum that each team must pay in player salaries . The lower limit was originally set at 55 % of the cap , but is now defined to be $16 million below the cap , therefore the 2011 -- 12 minimum was $48.3 million . Since the current CBA was approved after a later lockout in 2012 -- 13 , league revenues have stagnated due to a significant fall in the value of the Canadian dollar against the U.S. dollar . The cap was $69 million for the 2014 -- 15 season and will be $74 million for 2016 -- 17 . The difference between the salary cap and a team 's actual payroll is referred to as the team 's `` payroll room '' or `` cap room '' . Each year of an NHL player contract , the salary earned contributes to the team 's `` cap hit '' . The basic cap hit of a contract for each year it is effective is the total money a player will earn in regular salary over the life of the contract divided by the number of years it is effective . This , in theory , prevents a team from paying a player different amounts each year in order to load his cap hit in years in which the team has more cap room . Teams still use this practice , however , for other reasons . Performance bonuses also count towards the cap , but there is a percentage a team is allowed to go over the cap in order to pay bonuses . A team must still factor in possible bonus payments , however , which could go over that percentage . Salaries for players sent to the minors , under most circumstances , do not count towards the cap while they are there . If a player has a legitimate long - term injury , his cap hit is still counted ; however , the team is permitted to replace him with one or more players whose combined salary is equal to ( or less than ) that of the injured player , even if the additional players would put the team over the salary cap . If the team 's cap room is larger than the injured player 's cap hit , they may take on as much as their cap room ; however , the injured player may not return to play until the team is again compliant with the original cap . The NHL has become the first of the major North American leagues to implement a hard cap while retaining guaranteed player contracts . Guaranteed player contracts in the NHL differ from other sports , notably the NFL , where teams may opt out of a contract by waiving or cutting a player . NHL teams may buy out players ' contracts , but must still pay a portion of the money still owed which is spread out over twice the remaining duration of the contract . This does not apply for players over 35 at the time of signing ; in this case a team can not buy out the player 's contract to reduce salary . Any other player can be bought out for 1⁄3 of the remaining salary if the player is younger than 28 at the time of termination , or 2⁄3 of the remaining salary if the player is 28 or older . Trading cash for players or paying a player 's remaining salary after trading him have been banned outright in order to prevent wealthier teams from evading the restrictions of the cap . Players , agents or employees found to have violated the cap face fines of $250,000 -- $1 million and / or suspension . Teams found to have violated the cap face fines of up to $5 million , cancellation of contracts , forfeiture of draft picks , deduction of points and / or forfeiture of game ( s ) determined to have been affected by the violation of the cap . National Basketball Association ( soft cap + luxury tax ) ( edit ) For a more detailed discussion , see the article NBA salary cap . The NBA had salary cap in the mid-1940s , but it was abolished after only one season . The league continued to operate without such a cap until 1984 -- 85 season , when one was instituted in an attempt to level the playing field among all of the NBA 's teams and ensure competitive balance for the Association in the future . Before the cap was reinstated , teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players , but in the first season under the new cap , they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll . Under the 2005 CBA , salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball - related income ( BRI ) and lasted for six years until June 30 , 2011 . The next CBA , which took effect in 2011 -- 12 , set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011 -- 12 , with a 49 - to - 51 band in subsequent years . The salary cap for 2016 -- 17 was set at $94.14 million , with the salary floor at 84.73 million and the luxury tax limit at $113.29 million . The current CBA took effect with the 2017 -- 18 season . The NBA uses a `` soft '' cap , meaning that teams were allowed to exceed the cap in order to retain the rights to a player who was already on the team . This provision was known as the `` Larry Bird '' exception , named after the former Boston Celtics great who was retained by that team until his retirement under the provisions of this rule . The purpose of this rule was to address fan unease over the frequent changing of teams by players under the free agency system , as fans became displeased over their favorite player on their favorite team suddenly bolting to another team . The `` Larry Bird '' provision of the salary cap gave the player 's current team an advantage over other teams in free agent negotiations , thus increasing the chances that a player would stay with his current team . The provision tended to result in most teams being over the cap at any given time . Teams that violated the cap rules faced fines of up to $5 million , cancellation of contracts and / or loss of draft picks , and are prohibited from signing free agents for more than the league minimum . The NBA also has a salary floor , but teams are not penalized as long as their total payroll exceeds the floor at the end of the season . The NBA also uses a `` luxury tax '' which is triggered if the average team payroll exceeds a certain amount higher than the cap . In this case , the teams with payrolls exceeding a certain threshold had to pay a tax to the league which is divided amongst the teams with lower payrolls . However , this penalty was levied against teams in violation only if the league average also breached a separate threshold . The NBA implemented a maximum salary for individual players . This was done following a dramatic increase in player salaries , in spite of the salary cap , in the mid-1990s . Under the CBA , a player 's maximum possible salary increased along with his time of service in the league . For a player of five years ' experience , the maximum salary threshold began at 25 % of the salary cap , with annual increases of up to 10.5 % possible beyond that for players re-signed by their original team , or 8 % annual increases for free agents that signed with new teams . For players of greater experience , the salary limit was higher -- but the 10.5 % limit on annual increases remained the same . The 2011 CBA resulted in several major changes to the salary cap scheme . Most of these changes were retained in the 2017 CBA . The cap remains a soft cap ; the Bird exception remains in place , but teams have less financial room to retain a player with Bird rights than under the previous agreement . The 2011 CBA also reduced the maximum length of a contract by a year , and reduced allowable annual raises . Bird free agents are entitled to 5 - year contracts with 7.5 % raises ; all other players ( including sign - and - trade acquisitions ) are limited to 4 - year deals with 4.5 % raises . Maximum salaries remain at 25 , 30 , or 35 % of the cap , depending on years of service . A player coming off his rookie scale contract , who would normally be eligible to receive a salary of 25 % of the cap , is eligible to receive 30 % if he is named MVP , makes an All - NBA Team twice , or is selected as a starter in two All - Star Games . Effective with the end of the 2017 -- 18 season , the criteria for a 30 % contract will change ; to qualify , the player must have been named MVP in any of the previous three seasons , named the Defensive Player of the Year in the immediately preceding season or two of the three most recent seasons ; or named to an All - NBA team in the immediately preceding season or two of the three most recent seasons . These new criteria are the same that determine eligibility for a new type of contract introduced with the 2017 CBA -- the Designated Veteran Player Extension ( DVPE ) , popularly known as a `` supermax '' contract . Players entering their eighth or ninth season in the league who meet the aforementioned criteria may be eligible to sign an extension of up to 5 years at 35 % of the cap , a salary normally allowed only for players with 10 or more years in the league . Such an extension can only be offered by the team that had the player under contract in the immediately preceding season . A team can use this extension on either a player under contract or its own free agent , but only if the signing team had originally drafted the player or obtained him in a trade during his rookie contract . Substantial changes were made in 2011 to the luxury tax regime . The dollar - for - dollar tax provisions of the 2005 CBA remained in effect through the 2012 -- 13 season . Starting in 2013 -- 14 , the tax changed to an incremental system . Tax is now assessed at different levels based on the amount that a team is over the tax threshold , which remains at a level above the actual cap . The scheme is not cumulative -- each level of tax applies only to amounts over that level 's threshold . For example , a team that is $8 million over the tax threshold pays $1.50 for each of its first $5 million over the tax threshold , and $1.75 per dollar for the remaining $3 million . In addition , `` repeat offenders '' , subject to additional tax penalties , are defined as teams that paid tax in four of the five previous seasons . As in the previous CBA , the tax revenue is divided among teams with lower payrolls . However , under the new scheme , no more than 50 % of the total tax revenue can go exclusively to teams that did not go over the cap ; the use of the remaining 50 % was not specified in the new agreement . Amount over tax threshold Standard tax per excess dollar Repeat offender tax per excess dollar $5 million or less $1.50 $2.50 $5 million to $10 million $1.75 $2.75 $10 million to $15 million $2.50 $3.50 $15 million to $25 million $3.25 $4.25 Each additional $5 million $3.25 + $0.50 per $5 million $4.25 + $0.50 per $5 million Taxpaying teams have additional spending limits under the new agreement . They have a smaller `` midlevel exception '' ( another cap provision that allows teams to go over the cap to sign at least one player per season ) , and can acquire less salary in a trade . Also , since 2013 -- 14 , teams that exceed the tax threshold by $4 million or more can not receive a player in a sign - and - trade deal . The midlevel exception itself also changed with the 2011 CBA . The maximum duration of midlevel contracts was reduced from 5 years to 4 for non-taxpaying teams and 3 for taxpaying teams , and maximum allowable raises were also reduced . In addition , the midlevel exception was extended to teams under the salary cap for the first time ; these teams received a 2 - year exception . This exception was retained in the 2017 CBA . Under the 2011 CBA , teams were allowed to `` amnesty '' one player before the start of any season , as long as his current contract was signed during the 2005 CBA . The amnestied player was waived from the team ; although the player 's former team remained obligated to pay his salary under the old contract ( with a credit for any salary paid by a future team ) , that salary was no longer counted for purposes of the cap or luxury tax calculations . This provision could be used only once per team during the duration of the CBA , which was originally a 10 - year deal but allowed either side to opt out in 2017 . The `` amnesty '' provision was eliminated in the 2017 CBA , which was agreed to by the owners and players shortly before the opt - out date . The salary floor , previously 75 % of the cap , increased to 85 % in 2011 -- 12 and 2012 -- 13 , and 90 % in future years . Major league baseball ( luxury tax ) ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball Luxury Tax Instead of a salary cap , Major League Baseball implements a luxury tax ( also called a competitive balance tax ) , an arrangement in which teams whose total payroll exceeds a certain figure ( determined annually ) are taxed on the excess amount in order to discourage large market teams from having a substantially higher payroll than the rest of the league . The tax is paid to the league , which then puts the money into its industry - growth fund . A team that goes over the luxury tax threshold for the first time in a five - year period pays a penalty of 22.5 % of the amount they were over the threshold , second - time violators pay a 30 % penalty , and teams that exceed the limit three or more times pay a 50 % penalty from 2013 onwards . There is also an incentive to lower payroll ; if in any year a team goes under the threshold , the penalty rate decreases to 17.5 % , 25 % or 40 % ( depending on prior record over the previous five years ) for the next time the tax is paid , which will apply from 2013 . The threshold for 2017 is $195 million . The following teams have been subject to luxury tax as of 2015 : Luxury tax paid per year by team ( in millions of $ ) Team 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total Luxury tax threshold 117 120.5 128 136.5 148 155 162 170 178 178 178 189 189 - Yankees 11.80 25.96 34.05 26.01 23.88 26.86 25.69 18.03 13.90 18.92 28.11 18.33 26.1 297.64 Dodgers -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 11.42 26.62 43.6 81.64 Red Sox -- 3.15 4.15 0.50 6.06 -- -- 1.49 3.43 -- -- -- 1.8 20.58 Tigers -- -- -- -- -- 1.31 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.31 Giants -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.3 1.3 Angels -- 0.93 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.93 The New York Yankees have paid 73.78 % of all luxury tax collected by MLB . Money collected under the MLB luxury tax are apportioned as follows : The first $2,375,400 and 50 % of the remaining total are used to fund player benefits , 25 % goes to the Industry Growth Fund , and the remaining 25 % is used to defray team 's funding obligations from player benefits . Criticism ( edit ) Measuring the success of the luxury tax in bringing the benefits of parity has brought mixed results . A team with a $100 million plus payroll has won the World Series 11 times ( the 2009 Yankees , the 2004 , 2007 and 2013 Red Sox , the 2011 St. Louis Cardinals , the 2010 , 2012 and 2014 San Francisco Giants , the 2015 Kansas City Royals , the 2016 Chicago Cubs , and the 2017 Houston Astros ) ; however , while $100 million plus payrolls have only existed since 2001 , the last team to win the World Series with a payroll less than $100 million was the 2008 Philadelphia Phillies ( payroll $98.26 million ) . However , this can be explained by the fact that the majority of elite players require high salaries when they hit free agency ( unless their team extends them beforehand ) and teams with those players generally perform better . While a top tier payroll increases a team 's chances of making the playoffs , it does not guarantee they will consistently win championships . On the other hand , the New York Yankees have consistently had the highest total payroll in MLB , and they have appeared in 40 of the 113 World Series for 27 wins as of 2017 ( 35.5 % of all World Series for a 23.9 % success rate ) . In the past 30 years , 19 different teams have won the World Series . In comparison , only 14 different teams won the NFL Super Bowl , 13 won the NHL Stanley Cup and 10 won the NBA championship in that same time frame . Other pundits , such as Michael Lewis , the author of the bestseller Moneyball , have argued that using World Series championships as an example of parity may be misleading , and playoff appearances may be a better indicator of relative team strength . The playoff system used in baseball comprises a small number of games compared to success over a long season , and has been described as a `` crapshoot '' by Oakland A 's General Manager Billy Beane ( the central figure of Moneyball ) . In fact , teams with consistently high payrolls , including the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox , have secured high numbers of playoff berths ( the two teams have combined to win the AL East 17 out of 21 seasons from 1994 -- 2014 ) . In contrast , teams with low payrolls are far less likely to make the playoffs : for example , the Pittsburgh Pirates went 20 years without a winning season before making the 2013 playoffs . A number of the small market teams , notably the Milwaukee Brewers , have called for the introduction of a salary cap , but any introduction is opposed by the MLB players ' union and the Yankees ' ownership group ; the latter have threatened legal action if such a cap is implemented . Although some saw the success of NHL owners in their 2004 -- 05 lockout as an opportunity for MLB to reform its collective bargaining agreement , baseball owners agreed to a new five - year deal in October 2006 that did not include a salary cap . Unlike the other three major North American sports , MLB also has no team salary floor : the only minimum limits for team payrolls are based on the minimum salaries for individual players of various levels of experience that are written into MLB 's collective bargaining agreement . Major league Soccer ( edit ) See also : Designated Player Rule Here are some major points of the MLS rules and regulations for the 2017 season . A team 's roster can be made up of up to 30 players . They are eligible to be selected to the 18 - player team for each game . The salary cap is $3.845 million per team ( will increase to $4.035 million per team in 2018 ) , not counting the extra salary of designated players . Players in the first 20 roster spots will count against the cap . Roster spots 19 and 20 are not required to be filled , and teams may spread their salary budget across only 18 players . A minimum salary budget charge ( $65,000 in 2017 -- will increase to $67,500 in 2018 ) will be imputed against a team 's salary budget for each unfilled senior roster spot below 18 . The maximum salary for any non-designated player is $480,625 ( will increase to $504,375 in 2018 ) . A designated player counts $480,625 ( will increase to $504,375 in 2018 ) against a team 's cap . However , if a player joins his team in the middle of the season , the charge against the budget will be $240,312 ( will increase to $252,187 in 2018 ) . Players who are in the roster spots from 21 -- 30 will not count against a team 's cap . They will be known as off - budget players . Those in roster slots 21 -- 24 must be a senior minimum salary player ( $65,000 base salary -- will increase to $67,500 in 2018 ) or Generation adidas player . Those in slots 25 -- 30 must be a reserve minimum salary player ( $53,000 base salary -- will increase to $54,500 in 2018 ) . Additionally , those who earn the lowest possible league salary must be 24 or younger during the 2017 calendar year . Those in slots 29 -- 30 must also be homegrown players . In addition to the salary cap , each MLS team can also spend additional funds on player in the form of allocation money and homegrown player subsidy . Since the 2012 season , the cap number for designated players has depended on the players ' ages . Since the 2013 season , players 20 or younger have counted $150,000 against the cap and those age 21 to 23 have counted $200,000 , with older players remaining at the standard cap number ( $368,750 for 2013 , $387,500 for 2014 , $436,250 for 2015 , $457,500 for 2016 , $480,625 for 2017 , and $504,375 for 2018 ) . For the purpose of determining a cap number , the player 's age is determined solely by his year of birth . Canadian football league ( edit ) On June 13 , 2006 , a proposed salary management system featuring a Maximum Salary Expenditure Cap ( SEC ) was ratified at the Canadian Football League board of governors meeting in Winnipeg , Manitoba . The CFL began enforcing strict salary cap regulation for the 2007 season , which was set at $4.05 million with a salary floor of $3,746,250 . The cap will be set at $5.2 million for the 2018 season or an average salary of $113,043 per active roster player . However , most clubs spend between $7,000,000 to $8,000,000 per season on salaries due to injury exemptions allowed under the cap . Penalties for teams found to have breached the salary cap or salary floor regulations are : Amount involved in breach Penalty for each $1 Draft picks forfeited First $100,000 $1 None $100,000 to $300,000 $2 First Round More than $300,000 $3 First and Second Round The following breaches of the salary cap have occurred ( no team has yet been penalized for violating salary floor regulations ) : In 2007 , the Montreal Alouettes were fined $116,570 and forfeited a first - round draft pick after a CFL investigation found that they had exceeded the salary cap by $108,285 during the season . The Saskatchewan Roughriders were also fined in 2007 ( $76,552 ) for a string of minor breaches in relation to benefit payments to injured players . In 2008 , the Saskatchewan Roughriders were fined $87,147 for exceeding the salary cap by that amount . In 2009 , the Winnipeg Blue Bombers were fined $44,687 for minor breaches in relation to player bonuses . In 2010 , the Saskatchewan Roughriders were fined $26,677 for exceeding the salary cap by that amount . In 2013 , the Saskatchewan Roughriders were fined $17,975 for exceeding the salary cap by that amount . Other North American leagues ( edit ) Salary caps are common in other leagues . The salary cap of the first Arena Football League was $1.82 million per team in its final season in 2008 . In 2005 , the Tampa Bay Storm were fined $125,000 for salary cap violations and their head coach Tim Marcum was suspended for four games ( last two of the 2005 season and first two of the 2006 season ) and fined $25,250 ; Marcum was suspended for a fifth game the next day for criticizing the decision at a press conference . When the Arena Football League returned in 2010 , it instituted a standard salary of $400 per game and a salary cap of $1.5 million , considerably lower than that paid by teams in the previous AFL ; given that the new AFL had a 16 - game season in 2010 , this effectively means that its players are semi-professional . The National Women 's Soccer League , launched in 2013 , was initially planned to have a team cap of $500,000 , but that was later lowered to $200,000 . However , the sport 's three North American national federations -- the United States Soccer Federation , which runs the league ; the Canadian Soccer Association ; and the Mexican Football Federation -- committed to paying the league salaries of many national team players . For the league 's first season , 23 US players , plus 16 players each from Canada and Mexico , had their salaries paid by their respective federations ; these players ' salaries do not count against the team cap . In a player allocation held before the inaugural season , each of the eight charter teams received two Canadian and two Mexican internationals ; seven of the eight teams received three US internationals and the Western New York Flash received two . In Europe ( edit ) Salary caps are rarely used in Europe . However , several European rugby competitions , as well as ice hockey leagues have successfully instituted salary caps . Rugby league 's Super League , mainly in England with a team also in France ( and formerly one in Wales ) , is capped . The league has used promotion and relegation for most of its history , though from 2009 through 2014 it operated on a licensing system with some similarities to the North American franchising model . Promotion and relegation returned to Super League in the 2015 season . In rugby union , two of the continent 's three main domestic / regional leagues -- the English Premiership and the French Top 14 -- instituted caps despite both being at the top of extensive pyramid structures with promotion and relegation throughout . The most notable European ice hockey league with a salary cap is the Kontinental Hockey League ( which uses the franchising model ) , and that league implemented a cap despite currency issues . Rugby union ( edit ) English Premiership ( edit ) The Premiership 's salary cap has been in place since the late 1990s . By 2007 -- 08 , the cap reached £ 2.2 million . In the following season , it nearly doubled to £ 4 million , and remained at that amount through the 2011 -- 12 season . A provision applicable only in seasons that run up against the quadrennial Rugby World Cup , such as 2015 -- 16 , gives teams a credit for each player in the squad participating in the competition , helping them to manage their reduced squads in the season 's early weeks . This credit was £ 30,000 in the 2011 -- 12 season , and rose to £ 35,000 for 2015 -- 16 . In addition , each club has a separate salary cap for its academy players ( £ 200,000 prior to 2015 -- 16 , reduced to £ 100,000 thereafter , but with home - grown players no longer counting under this cap ) , and is allowed to provide an unlimited educational fund to enable its players to pursue university or vocational training . Finally , each club has a separate cap of £ 400,000 for use in signing replacements for players lost to long - term injuries ( 12 weeks or more ) . Through 2011 -- 12 , the cap remained at £ 4 million . However , academy credits were introduced that season . Teams received a £ 30,000 credit for each home - grown player in their senior squads who was under age 24 at the start of the season and earned more than £ 30,000 , with a maximum of eight such credits . This increased the effective cap to a maximum of £ 4.24 million ( not counting World Cup roster credits ) . Two substantial changes took effect for 2012 -- 13 . First , the cap increased to £ 4.26 million before academy credits and up to £ 4.5 million with credits . The most significant change was that each team could now sign one player whose salary did not count against the cap , similar to the Designated Player Rule in MLS . The player so designated , which the Premiership calls an `` excluded player '' , had to meet one of the following three criteria : Played at least two full seasons with his current club before his designation . Played outside the Premiership in the season before his designation . Included in the official squad of any participant in the 2011 Rugby World Cup final tournament . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the cap increased to £ 4.76 million before academy credits and up to £ 5 million with credits . Other features of the cap remained unchanged . Several significant changes were introduced for the 2015 -- 16 season : The base cap increased to £ 5.1 million . The maximum possible number of academy credits per club remained at eight , but the per - player credit increased to £ 50,000 . In turn , this means that the effective cap for a club that uses all of its academy credits was increased by £ 400,000 ( instead of £ 240,000 in past seasons ) . Clubs may now have two excluded players instead of one . Unlike the first slot , which can be used for a player on a team 's current roster , the new slot can only be filled by a player who had not been in the Premiership in the 12 months preceding the start of his initial contract with his Premiership club . A player 's inclusion in , or exclusion from , a Rugby World Cup roster is no longer relevant to his status as an excluded player . The cap later increased to a base of £ 6.5 million with maximum academy credits of £ 600,000 for the 2016 -- 17 season , and is now at a base of £ 7 million with the same maximum for academy credits . Additionally , each team receives a credit of £ 80,000 for each member of the England national team on the roster , and a luxury tax ( which the Premiership calls an `` overrun tax '' ) is imposed on clubs that exceed the salary cap by more than 5 % . The base value of the cap will remain at £ 7 million through the end of the 2019 -- 20 season . French top 14 ( edit ) In December 2009 , Ligue Nationale de Rugby ( LNR ) , operator of the Top 14 , announced it would impose a cap of € 8 million , effective with the 2010 -- 11 season . Previously , the only restrictions on team salaries were that wage bills were limited to 50 % of turnover and that 10 % of the salary budget had to be held in reserve . Along with the announcement of the cap , LNR also declared that the reserve requirement would be raised to 20 % , with the previous limitation of 50 % of turnover remaining in effect . The new cap was slightly higher than the highest official wage bill in the 2009 -- 10 season . Also , due to the complex nature of French club administration , clubs were seen as likely to find creative ways to skirt the cap . This was publicly admitted in 2014 by Mourad Boudjellal , owner of current Top 14 power Toulon . Boudjellal found a loophole that allowed him to set up a separate company to supplement the salary of star Jonny Wilkinson by a six - figure amount while staying under the cap . The Top 14 salary cap was set at € 9.5 million for 2012 -- 13 . For 2013 -- 14 , the cap was increased to € 10 million , and in addition youth players are excluded from the cap unless their salaries are more than € 50,000 . The € 10 million total cap remained in place for three seasons ( through 2015 -- 16 ) ; the agreement allowed for the threshold for exclusion of youth players to be adjusted before any of those seasons , but no such adjustment was made . The € 10 million cap was later extended through the 2018 -- 19 season . Additionally , each club that has a member of the France national team on its roster ( more specifically , one of the 30 players named by the French Rugby Federation to the so - called `` elite squad '' ) is allowed to exceed the cap by a set amount per national team member . This amount was fixed at € 100,000 through the 2015 -- 16 season , and increased to € 200,000 starting in 2016 -- 17 . The cap rules were further tweaked for the 2015 -- 16 season . Player bonus payments that amount to more than 10 % of a player 's salary are now counted against the cap . Welsh Rugby union ( edit ) On 20 December 2011 , the four Welsh regional sides that participate in the competition then known as Pro12 and now as Pro14 announced that they would impose a salary cap of £ 3.5 million , effective with the 2012 -- 13 season . The cap covers only the registered squad for European competitions -- at the time of announcement , the Heineken Cup and European Challenge Cup , and from 2014 -- 15 the European Rugby Champions Cup and European Rugby Challenge Cup . It does not cover players in the regions ' academies . This cap was unilaterally instituted only on the Welsh teams . The Pro14 league is uncapped , and none of the other three European countries involved in the Pro12 ( Ireland , Italy , and Scotland ) are known to have formally instituted such a system . South Africa maintains a cap and floor on individual player salaries but does not impose a separate team cap . The operation of the cap was modified for select Wales national team players in 2014 by agreement between the Welsh Rugby Union and the Welsh professional players ' trade union . This agreement introduced `` National Dual Contracts '' , which make signatories available for all Wales national team matches regardless of whether they fall within an official World Rugby window for Test matches . The WRU funds 60 % of the salary of NDC players , with the region covering the other 40 % , with only the latter amount included in the salary cap . Kontinental Hockey league ( edit ) When the Russian Superleague was dissolved to make way to the modern - day KHL , the Kontinental Hockey League Players ' Trade Union ( KHLPTU ) agreed to the implementation of a salary cap . When first implemented there was a salary cap , as well as a salary floor . For the 2009 - 10 KHL season , the salary cap was 620 million rubles ( $ US18. 3 million ) and the salary floor was 200 million rubles ( $ US5. 9 million ) . The KHL 's cap operates despite the KHL 's multinational nature , with teams in Belarus , China , Finland , Kazakhstan , Latvia , and Slovakia , in addition to its primary base of Russia . The six non-Russian countries use four different currencies ( three countries use the euro ) , with most floating against the ruble . From 2011 -- 12 , each team can sign up to two `` designated players '' whose salaries are not counted against the cap . Up until 2011 , the KHL salary cap was a soft cap , with a luxury tax amounting to 30 % of the payroll that is over the cap paid to the special stabilization account , which helps KHL teams facing financial hardship . From the 2012 - 13 KHL season onward , the KHL uses a hard cap , set at 1.25 billion rubles ( $ US36. 5 million ) . In European football ( edit ) Several European association football leagues have considered introducing salary caps in the early 21st century . In 2002 , the BBC reported that the G14 group of 18 leading European football teams would cap their payrolls at 70 % of team 's income , starting from the 2005 / 2006 season , however this did not occur . Serie A , the leading Italian football league and The Football League in England have also considered salary caps . These measures would be implemented to ensure clubs spend responsibly rather than as a tool to create parity . Top executives in European football have acknowledged that a number of challenges not present in North America would confront anyone who tried to implement an effective cap across European football or even across a single league with a view to creating competitive balance : The various national leagues are in competition with each other for the best players because there is free movement of players between the leagues . Football leagues in European Union countries have been forbidden from prohibiting the signing of EU players from other nations , or even from limiting their numbers . Therefore , if one league imposed a strict cap on its teams , the best players from the country in question would still be free to move to uncapped rival leagues . The existence of lucrative and prestigious international club competitions encourage clubs to ensure dominance of their national leagues in order to play in the higher - level European leagues . For many top clubs , the domestic league is little more than a stepping stone to the European league . Success in European club competitions is not only a matter of national pride , as the number of places allocated to each country for these competitions is determined by that country 's teams ' past performances in Europe . Salary capped clubs in a franchise structure do not have to compete with teams in rival leagues where there is no salary cap . Different governing bodies have authority over domestic and international competitions . For example , UEFA governs European football and organizes the prestigious Champions League and Europa League , but its authority over the domestic leagues is very limited . Although UEFA could , in theory , impose a salary cap , it would only apply to UEFA 's club competitions and to the portion of each team 's payroll paid to players registered with UEFA . A wealthy Champions League team could then sign players who would play exclusively in domestic competitions . In other sports that have a single governing body which oversees a single premier competition , the power to enforce salary cap rules is much greater . The pyramid structure of European leagues means the number of small clubs in the various lower divisions can run into the thousands . The promotion and relegation system which allows transfers between these divisions presents challenges to a cap system . A club that is relegated to a lower league after a poor season may find themselves significantly over the lower division cap . Similarly , a promoted club might have to face the challenge of hastily finding players who it could then pay under a higher cap . A salary cap exacerbates the problem of players switching clubs along with the clubs ' movement between tiers . European tax systems and rates vary greatly from country to country . One prominent club , AS Monaco , plays in Monaco , a principality with no income tax at all . A flat payroll limit would therefore equate to aggregate take home pay that varied greatly from one club to the next , which would make it difficult for teams in countries with higher taxation to attract the best players . By comparison , the differences between the tax systems and tax rates of Canada , the US and between their respective provinces and states are not nearly as great . Europeans use multiple currencies and football wages are usually paid in the local currency . Although the countries hosting all but one of the most prominent European leagues now use the Euro , the one exception , England , has the richest league . Even if a hypothetical UEFA - wide cap were denominated in Euros , fluctuating exchange rates would make it difficult for the cap to be fairly administered in the United Kingdom since its salaries are paid in pounds sterling . By comparison , most player salaries paid to players on Canadian major sports teams are paid in U.S. dollars ; in fact this is now mandated in the NHL to ensure that payrolls do not fluctuate with exchange rates . On the other hand , trying to force British clubs to pay wages in Euros so that their payrolls could not exceed a cap would meet with opposition from clubs since their revenues are collected in pounds , and might even provoke political opposition from Britons determined to prevent the Euro from replacing the pound . In Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Australian rules football ( edit ) Main article : AFL salary cap The Australian Football League has implemented a salary cap on its clubs since 1987 , when Brisbane and West Coast were admitted , as part of its equalization policy designed to neutralize the ability of the richest and most successful clubs , Carlton , Collingwood and Essendon , to perennially dominate the competition . The cap was set at A $1.25 million for 1987 -- 1989 as per VFL agreement , with the salary floor set at 90 % of the cap or $1.125 million ; the salary floor was increased to 92.5 % of the cap in 2001 , and to 95 % of the cap for 2013 onwards due to increased revenues . The salary cap , known officially as Total Player Payments , is A $12,450,000 for the 2017 season with a salary floor of $11,827,500 . Both the salary cap and salary floor has increased substantially since the competition was re-branded as the AFL in 1990 to assist in stemming the dominance of other high membership clubs , such as Adelaide , Hawthorn and the West Coast Eagles . Certain payments are excluded from the cap , and concessions are available for some players , in particular `` veteran '' players ( those who have completed 10 seasons with their current club ) and `` nominated '' rookie list players , who are discounted by 30 % or 50 % for purposes of the cap , depending on the number of these players at each club . The AFL Players Association negotiates for players with the AFL on the topic of average salary . Breaches ( edit ) The breaches of the salary cap and salary floor regulations are exceeding the TPP , falling below the salary floor , not informing the AFL of payments , late or incorrect lodgement or loss of documents relating to player financial and contract details , or engaging in draft tampering . Trading cash for players and playing coaches , formerly common practices , are also prohibited to prevent wealthier clubs from circumventing the restrictions of the salary cap and salary floor . Penalties for players , club officials or agents include fines of up to one and one half times the amount involved and / or suspension . Penalties for clubs include fines of up to triple the amount involved , forfeiture of draft picks and / or deduction of premiership points . As of 2017 , no club has been penalised for breaches of the salary floor regulations , and no punishment has included the deduction of premiership points . Success of the cap ( edit ) The VFL / AFL 's salary cap has been quite successful in terms of parity : since the cap was introduced in 1987 , each of the 17 teams have played in a Preliminary Final , 16 teams have played in a Grand Final , and 13 teams have won the premiership . Another major statistic in regards to the success of the VFL / AFL 's cap is that the three richest and most successful clubs , Carlton , Collingwood and Essendon , who won 41 of the premierships between them from 75 Grand Finals in the 90 seasons between 1897 and 1986 ( 83.3 % of all Grand Finals for a 45.6 % premiership success rate ) , have only won six of the premierships between them from eleven Grand Finals since ( 32.3 % of all Grand Finals for a 19.4 % premiership success rate ) . Criticism of the cap ( edit ) The AFL salary cap is occasionally controversial , as it is a soft salary cap and can sometimes be slightly different for each club . Clubs in poor financial circumstances have not always used their full cap , in some circumstances not even reaching the salary floor . The cap is only for the Total Player Payments of each club and not the club 's football department . This has caused concern in recent years ; for instance , three of the four top - spending clubs in played in the Preliminary Finals in 2012 , and the last team to win the premiership outside the top eight spending teams was North Melbourne in 1999 . There have been calls for a separate cap for the football department , or to reform the salary cap to include football department spending , but this has been opposed by the wealthier clubs . The AFL has also used the cap to pursue its policy of supporting clubs in non-traditional markets such as Sydney and Brisbane . State and regional leagues ( edit ) Apart from the AFL , several regional leagues also have salary caps which although widening between them and the AFL and overall less than national competitions , are substantial enough to dictate the movement of semi-professional and professional players between states and the overall playing quality and spectator attendance of the state leagues . AFL Women 's ( edit ) In 2017 , the AFL launched a semi-professional women 's national league , known as AFL Women 's . All of its current and announced future teams are fielded by AFL clubs . In the league 's inaugural season of 2017 , a three - tiered salary structure was employed . Marquee players received A $27,000 for the season , with second - tier players earning $12,000 and other listed players $8,500 . All three amounts were scheduled to rise for the league 's second season of 2018 . Rugby league ( edit ) Main article : NRL salary cap The National Rugby League has a salary cap of A $6.4 million in 2014 , with a salary floor of A $5.92 million ( 92.5 % of the cap ) . The salary cap keeps average annual player salaries at around A $256,000 . The National Rugby League adopted a hard salary cap model in its first season in 1998 . The NRL 's stated purposes for having a salary cap are `` to assist in spreading the playing talent '' and `` ensure that clubs are not put into positions where they are forced to spend more money than they can afford in terms of player payments , just to be competitive . '' Before the 2012 season , the NRL 's then Chief executive David Gallop said `` The cap 's there to make sure that pure purchasing power can not dominate the sport ... It means we can genuinely say that all 16 teams ... have a chance . For the fan every week , every game is a contest . That 's at the core of why rugby league is so successful . '' The breaches of the salary cap and salary floor regulations outlined by the NRL are exceeding the salary cap , falling below the salary floor , not informing the NRL of payments , late or incorrect lodgement or loss of documents relating to player financial and contract details or engaging in contract tampering . Trading cash for players is also prohibited to prevent wealthier clubs from evading the salary cap and salary floor regulations . Penalties for players , club officials and agents include fines of the lesser of 10 % of the amount involved or $100,000 and / or suspension . Penalties for clubs include fines of the lesser of half the amount involved or $500,000 ( $2,500 for each document that is late or incorrectly lodged or lost ) and / or deduction of premiership points . The NRL is one of the few major leagues to implement a salary cap in a sport that has competing leagues in other countries where there is either no salary cap or a much higher cap per club . As a result , there has developed a tradition of players from Australia moving to Europe where salaries for the elite , and even for average players , were considerably higher . The NRL chooses to continue with the cap , believing that any reduction in quality of the sporting product due to the loss of these players is less than allowing richer clubs to dominate . In practice , the goal of parity has been quite successful , with twelve different clubs winning the premiership in the 20 seasons between 1998 and 2016 . Rugby union ( edit ) Australia : Super Rugby ( edit ) Through the 2017 southern hemisphere season , the five Australian teams then playing in rugby union 's Super Rugby competition were subjected to an A $5 million salary cap for a squad of 30 full - time players per Australian team . The Australian Rugby Union , now known as Rugby Australia , decided in 2011 to introduce the salary cap because of financial pressures . Originally starting in 2012 as a cap of A $4.1 million , it was later was raised to $4.5 million for the 2013 and 2014 seasons to take pressure off the teams ' ability to recruit and retain players . The salary cap has been key component of negotiations between Rugby Australia and the Rugby Union Players ' Association ( RUPA ) over the collective bargaining agreement . The fact that the Australian teams in Super Rugby face a salary cap has been attributed as a factor that makes it more difficult for Australian teams to win the title . The cap regulations had some small concessions : Five players on each team could be paid $30,000 each per season by team sponsors ; this amount was not included in the team cap . The maximum cap charge for a non-Australian player was $137,000 , regardless of his actual wages . Rugby Australia and RUPA later negotiated a new bargaining agreement , running from 2018 -- 2020 , that made significant changes to previous cap schemes . The 2018 season , coinciding with the transition from five Australian Super Rugby sides to four , is uncapped , but the salary cap will return for 2019 and 2020 , at A $5.5 million . Prior concessions for sponsor payments and non-Australian players were removed , while a salary floor was added at 90 % of the cap . New Zealand : Mitre 10 Cup ( edit ) The 14 teams participating in New Zealand 's top domestic competition , now known as the Mitre 10 Cup , faced a salary cap in 2013 that was the lesser of $ NZ 1.35 million or 36 % of the union 's commercial revenue . Maximum player salaries are $55,000 , and minimum salaries are $18,000 . In August 2013 , it was announced that the cap would be further reduced , with the team cap for the 2015 season set to $1.025 million . New Zealand first implemented the salary cap in the 2006 season . The purpose of the salary cap was to ensure an even spread of players to produce competitive matches and higher television audiences for the new , fully professional competition . The salary cap had been as high as $2 million in 2008 . However , the competition had generated losses of approximately $9.6 m in 2007 , and salary payments had increased by 75 % in the previous four years . Some teams were reported to be in dire financial position , with four teams having payrolls of $1.75 million or more . The salary cap was cut in 2008 , converting what was then known as the ITM Cup into a semi-professional competition , with players not under national team or Super Rugby contracts needing to find other part - time jobs . Association football ( edit ) A-League ( edit ) The A-League national association football ( soccer ) competition has set a salary cap of A $2.55 million ( excluding Marquee , guest and replacement players ) for the 2014 / 2015 season , with a salary floor of $2.294 million . Each team can sign one `` marquee player '' and one `` guest player '' , whose salaries are excluded from the team 's salary cap . The A-League has also introduced a `` junior marquee '' for eligible under 23 year old players with the aim of keeping young talented players in Australia ( or New Zealand for the Wellington Phoenix ) for a longer period , similar to the Designated Player Rule in Major League Soccer in North America . The breaches of the salary cap and salary floor regulations outlined by the A-League are exceeding the salary cap , falling below the salary floor , not informing the A-League of payments , late or incorrect lodgement or loss of documents relating to player financial and contract details or engaging in contract tampering . Penalties for players , club officials or agents include fines of up to one and one half times the amount involved and / or suspension . Penalties for clubs include fines of up to triple the amount involved ( $7,500 for each document that is late or incorrectly lodged or lost ) and / or deduction of competition points . In the 2006 -- 07 season , Sydney FC were fined $174,000 and deducted three competition points after it was found that they had exceeded the salary cap by $110,000 and failed to declare third - party payments during the 2005 -- 06 season in which they were premiers . In 2014 - 15 , Perth Glory were fined $269,000 , deducted nine points and ruled ineligible to compete in the finals series after it was found that they had exceeded the salary cap by $400,000 during the season . National Basketball league ( edit ) The National Basketball League has a salary cap of A $ 1.1 million for each of its eight teams as of the 2016 -- 17 season . In addition , since 2003 -- 04 , the NBL has used a `` points cap '' to encourage spread of talent : players are assigned points on a 1 -- 10 basis each season `` based on their performance in the NBL or based on the league they have participated in for the season just concluded '' , and each team 's player roster ( of between 10 and 12 players ) must fall within a `` Total Team Points '' limit . On May 9 , 2014 , in order to help attract high - calibre imports or offer financial incentive for local stars considering overseas opportunities , the NBL introduced a marquee player rule . It originally allowed a team to nominate one player whose salary was paid outside the cap , with a 25 % Marquee Player levy applied to any payment made above the salary cap . The levy still applies to non-local marquee players ( i.e. , players who are neither Australians nor New Zealanders ) . Effective with the 2016 -- 17 season , two significant changes were made to the cap scheme . First , the cap was changed from a hard cap of A $1 million to a soft cap of $1.1 million . Teams exceeding the cap are required to pay `` salary equalisation '' ( effectively a luxury tax ) equal to the amount above the cap . Second , the Marquee Player rule was modified with regard to local players ; the cap charge for an Australian or New Zealander who fills a team 's marquee player slot is now $150,000 , regardless of his actual salary . The 2018 -- 19 season will see another significant change to the cap scheme with the introduction of the NBL 's `` Next Stars '' initiative , targeted mainly at young American players seeking an alternative to U.S. college basketball , plus Australians and New Zealanders considering U.S. college basketball . The league will identify young prospects preparing to graduate from secondary school and offer them NBL contracts at a first - year salary of A $100,000 , plus housing and transport allowances . Players who sign `` Next Stars '' contracts will then be allocated among the league 's teams , with each team receiving an extra import roster slot intended to be filled by a `` Next Star '' . As these slots are funded by the NBL , at least for the scheme 's first season , these will not count against the salary cap . Netball ( edit ) In netball 's now - defunct ANZ Championship , which featured five teams each from Australia and New Zealand , each franchise was restricted to a NZ $ 380,000 salary cap ( as of 2013 ) from which player salaries were paid . Salary amounts varied among players , but each player received a retainer of at least NZ $ 12,000 per season ; high - profile players were expected to earn up to NZ $ 50,000 . Following the 2016 season , Australia 's national governing body of Netball Australia broke away from the trans - Tasman championship and launched its own national league , Suncorp Super Netball . The initial team salary cap in the new league was A $ 675,000 , with minimum player salaries of A $27,375 . This latter figure was more than double the minimum wage of A $13,250 in the final season of the ANZ Championship . New Zealand rebranded its now - domestic league as the ANZ Premiership , presumably retaining its prior salary cap provisions . In Rugby union ( edit ) Salary caps and currency conversions accurate as of August 2017 . Comparison of Salary Caps Country Competition Cap ( in euros ) Cap ( local currency ) Cap Introduced Exclusions from cap France Top 14 10.0 m 10.0 m 2010 -- 11 Youth players earning no more than € 50,000 England Premiership 8.7 m 7.6 m 1999 -- 2000 Two players per club Wales Pro14 3.9 m 3.5 m 2012 -- 13 Academy players Cap charge for National Dual Contract players is 40 % of total salary Australia Super Rugby 3.6 m 5.5 m ( from 2019 ) 2011 None New Zealand NPC 0.6 m 1.0 m 2006 None Notes : Jump up ^ Does not include € 200,000 `` bonus '' per France national team member on the roster . Jump up ^ Maximum possible cap after academy credits . Base value of cap in local currency , before credits , is 7.0 m . Does not include separate caps for academy players and injury replacements , credits for Rugby World Cup squad members in World Cup seasons , or £ 80,000 `` bonus '' per England national team member on the roster . Jump up ^ The other European countries in the Pro14 -- Ireland , Scotland , and Italy -- do not impose a salary cap . South Africa , which joined the league in 2017 -- 18 , imposes a cap on individual player salaries , but does not impose a separate team cap . Jump up ^ The other countries in Super Rugby are Argentina , Japan , New Zealand and South Africa . New Zealand and South Africa impose caps on individual player salaries , but do not impose a separate team cap . Argentina and Japan are not known to impose a cap of either type . In cricket ( edit ) Salary caps and currency conversions accurate as of January 2018 . Comparison of Salary Caps Country Competition Cap ( in local currency ) Cap ( adjusted to USD ) Cap Introduced Exclusions from cap Australia Big Bash League $1.05 m $0.8 m 2011 -- 2012 Bangladesh Bangladesh Premier League ৳ 125,182,771 $1.5 m 2012 India Indian Premier League ₹ 80 Crore $12 m 2008 West Indies Caribbean Premier League US $ 350,000 $350,000 2013 2018 season ( edit ) Competition Sport Country Hard cap ( US $ ) Hard cap ( original currency ) Soft cap ( US $ ) Soft cap ( original currency ) Ref Major League Baseball Baseball United States Canada - - 197.0 m - National Football League American football United States 177.2 m - - - National Basketball Association Basketball United States Canada 119.0 m - 99.0 m - National Hockey League Ice hockey United States Canada 75.0 m - - - Kontinental Hockey League Ice hockey Russia - - 15.7 m ₽ 900m Indian Premier League Cricket India 12.4 m ₹ 800m - - Top 14 Rugby union France - - 12.4 m € 10.0 m Premiership Rugby Rugby union England - - 11.0 m £ 7.8 m Australian Football League Australian football Australia - - 9.7 m AU $ 12.45 m National Rugby League Rugby league Australia New Zealand 7.4 m AU $ 9.4 m - - Canadian Football League Canadian football Canada - - 4.0 m CA $ 5.2 m Major League Soccer Association football United States Canada - - 4.0 m - References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Look Back at Professional Sports Labor Disputes -- AMOG '' . amog.com . 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( 2010 ) : `` The Combined Effect of Salary Restrictions and Revenue Sharing in Sports Leagues '' , forthcoming in Economic Inquiry . ^ Jump up to : Florio , Mike ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Per - team spending minimum does n't apply until 2013 '' . Profootballtalk.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Holly ( 2004 ) . Patriots Reign ( 1st ed . HC ed . ) . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Owners opt out of CBA '' . NFL . Jump up ^ `` NFL on Yahoo ! Sports -- News , Scores , Standings , Rumors , Fantasy Games '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated '' . Si.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Wants End To Claims Of 2010 Salary Cap Collusion -- Law360 '' . www.law360.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Overthecap.com . `` NFL Salary Cap Space Over The Cap '' . Over the Cap . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Players Association -- 2016 ADJUSTED TEAM SALARY CAPS '' . www.nflpa.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL salary cap will be $143.28 million in 2015 '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL salary cap makes nearly $10 M jump to $133 million '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL sets 2013 salary cap at $123 M , up from $120.6 M '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salary cap rise to $133 million shows how new CBA is working '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Dan ( 1991 ) . The Official National Hockey League 75th Anniversary Commemorative Book . McClelland & Stewart . p. 69 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 6727 - 5 . Jump up ^ Article 11 , Section 11.17 , `` Currency '' . Collective Bargaining Agreement Between the National Hockey League and the National Hockey League Players ' Association . July 22 , 2005 . Downloadable from the NHL Players ' Association official site here ( 1 ) . 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Jump up ^ Four - Year Deal Includes Luxury Tax , No Contraction , '' ESPN.com , August 30 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Dietl , H. , Lang , M. and Werner , S. ( 2010 ) : `` The Effect of Luxury Taxes on Competitive Balance , Club Profits , and Social Welfare in Sports Leagues '' , forthcoming in International Journal of Sport Finance . Jump up ^ CHART OF THE DAY : The MLB Luxury Tax Should Really Be Called `` The Yankees Tax '' . '' Business Insiders April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yankees Assessed Luxury Tax . '' mlb.com 12 / 29 / 2009 . Jump up ^ MLB players , owners announce 5 - year deal . '' ESPN.com October 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ New York Yankees cut the amount they spend on Major League Baseball luxury tax by over $7 million . '' NY Daily News December 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Breaking Down MLB 's Luxury Tax : 2003 -- 2007 . '' The Biz of Baseball December 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Baseball Luxury Tax . '' Steve the Ump . Jump up ^ Report : Yanks hit with luxury tax : '' ESPN December 14 , 2012 Jump up ^ Yankees , Dodgers hit with luxury tax penalties '' sbnation.com September 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Dodgers lead MLB with record $43.6 million paid in luxury tax '' ESPN December 18 2015 Jump up ^ `` MLB CBA '' ( PDF ) . pp. 132 -- 133 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MLS Roster Rules and Regulations '' . MLSsoccer.com. 2017 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Roster Rules and Regulations '' . Major League Soccer . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CFL launches new era with player partners '' . Cfl.ca. 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New five - year CBA ratified by CFL and CFLPA '' . Cfl.ca. 13 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 404 : Page Not Found -- Sportsnet.ca '' . www.sportsnet.ca . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` Salary Cap changes confirmed '' ( Press release ) . Premiership Rugby Limited . 16 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Salary Cap '' . Premiership Rugby Limited . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Premiership salary cap to remain at £ 7m in 2018 - 19 and 2019 - 20 '' . BBC Sport. 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 14 set for salary cap '' . ESPN Scrum. 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moriarty , Ian ( 18 December 2009 ) . `` Salary cap just sleight of hand '' . ESPN Scrum . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Eddison , Paul ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` The building of Europe 's new rugby dynasty '' . ESPN Scrum . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Règlements de la DNACG , Annexe No. 3 , Article 1.1 , Principe général et montant du Plafond '' ( PDF ) . Statuts et Règlements Générauux de la LNR -- Saison 2012 / 2013 ( in French ) . Ligue nationale de rugby . p. 54 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` French rugby chiefs agree salary cap rise '' . ESPN Scrum. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Règlements de la DNACG , Annexe No. 3 , Article 1.1 , Principe général et montant du Plafond '' ( PDF ) . Statuts et Règlements Générauux de la LNR -- Saison 2016 / 2017 ( in French ) . Ligue nationale de rugby . p. 79 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annexe 3 , Article 1 : Principe général et montant du Plafond '' ( PDF ) . Statuts et Règlements Généraux de la LNR -- Saison 2014 / 2015 ( in French ) . Ligue nationale de rugby . p. 67 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` French giants Toulon make their pitch to join the Aviva Premiership '' . ESPN ( UK ) . PA Sport. 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh rugby introduces salary cap at regions '' . BBC Sport. 20 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top clubs agree salary cap '' . BBC News . 5 November 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Players -- AFL.com.au '' . afl.com.au . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ This excludes the Gold Coast , who have not yet qualified for a finals series . Jump up ^ This figure includes the drawn and replayed 1948 and 1977 Grand Finals , while in 1897 and 1924 Essendon won both the round - robin series outright , meaning that no Grand Final was required Jump up ^ This figure includes the drawn and replayed 2010 Grand Final Jump up ^ `` Women 's AFL pay deal gets tick of approval from players association '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . 9 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reference Centre Navigation '' . www.nrl.com.au . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , Thursday March 1 , 2012 , page 1 Jump up ^ Payten , Ian . `` Rugby union : Club structure in Australia ca n't match Europe , but savings can be spent wisely '' . Daily Telegraph . News Corporation . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Chris . `` ACT Brumbies wait on Super Rugby clarity as they continue search for new coach '' . The Canberra Times . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Beth . `` RUPA to push for salary cap change '' . Rugby.com.au . Australian Rugby Union . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Union salary cap Australian ARU seeks big paycuts '' . Brisbanetimes.com.au. 2011 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tip of the cap nudges Pocock '' . Smh.com.au. 2012 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Harris , Bret ( 2012 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Salary cap could derail Genia deal '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Australian Times , Salary cap makes Super Rugby harder in Australia , 15 February 2012 , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Payten , Iain ( 30 March 2011 ) . `` Australian Super 15 clubs will soon enter into new salary cap era '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Welcomes New Collective Bargaining Agreement '' ( Press release ) . Rugby Australia . 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Wayne ( 10 January 2018 ) . `` Pay rise for rugby players , but only until 2020 '' . The Australian . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Rugby Contracting , 2018 - 2020 '' . Rugby Union Players ' Association . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` All Blacks to get $150 thousand bonus if they win 2015 world cup '' . Radio New Zealand . 21 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Stulchbury , Greg ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` All Blacks to get bigger bonus for retaining World Cup '' . Reuters . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Air NZ Cup overhaul - how it 's likely to happen '' . Stuff.co.nz. 2009 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby salary cap cut coming '' . Stuff.co.nz. 2009 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Slow Start For Marquee Scheme '' . FourFourTwo . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Salary Cap / Player Points '' . National Basketball League . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NBL -- The National Basketball League - '' . NBL -- The National Basketball League . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBL -- The National Basketball League - '' . NBL -- The National Basketball League . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBL announces changes to player contract & salary rules -- NBL -- The National Basketball League '' . Nbl.com.au. 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Givony , Jonathan ( 1 March 2018 ) . `` How Australian basketball is targeting one - and - dones '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Uluc , Olgun ( 2 March 2018 ) . `` NBL launches ' Next Stars ' program , targeting potential one - and - done athletes '' . Fox Sports ( Australia ) . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New netball venture steps forward '' . Sportal. 21 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2013 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Johannsen , Dana ( 29 March 2008 ) . `` Glitz and hype turn netball into money game '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Brittany ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Why Netball Australia had to separate from New Zealand to secure dominant future '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lulham , Amanda ( 24 September 2016 ) . `` Netball payday : How it will work for players and clubs '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Jesse ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Big Bash tweaks player rules '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 27 June 2017 -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` currency of bangladesh -- Google Search '' . www.google.com.au . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IPL player policies declared for 2018 season '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Teale , Chris . `` Caribbean Premier League 2014 : Who Went Where in the Player Draft ? '' . Bleacherreport.com . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean Premier League ( 2014 ) '' . www.pakpassion.net . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Overthecap.com . `` NFL Salary Cap Space Over The Cap '' . Over the Cap . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wearing a Hard Salary Cap . On the League 's Long - term Strategy - Kontinental Hockey League , 31 May 2017 Jump up ^ IPL 2018 : 5 potential players who can be sold upwards of Rs. 20 crore - Vipul Gupta , Sportskeeda , 7 January 2018 Jump up ^ NRL clubs find middle ground , agree to $9.4 million salary cap for 2018 season - Chris Barrett , The Sydney Morning Herald , 17 August 2017 External links ( edit ) salary caps 101 CapGeek.com -- NHL salary cap calculator , buyout calculator , org charts , free agents , and more The Hockey GM -- Up to date salary cap information for NHL teams Overview of salary caps in US professional leagues Ask the Commish NFL Salary Cap FAQ , up to date with current ( 2006 ) labor deal NBA salary cap FAQ Salary Cap Spreadsheets for the Washington Redskins from TheWarpath.net 49ers Salary Cap site NRL salary cap page Sports ' salary cap discussed in detail 2010 / 2011 Toronto Maple Leafs Salary Cap Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full - time Part - time Self - employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae ( CV ) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality - 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Pittsburgh Steelers
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Pittsburgh Steelers - wikipedia Pittsburgh Steelers Jump to : navigation , search `` Steelers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Steelers ( disambiguation ) . Pittsburgh Steelers Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Heinz Field Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Headquartered in UPMC Sports Performance Complex Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Training camp in Latrobe , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1943 , 1945 -- 1949 ) Western Division ( 1944 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC Central ( 1970 -- 2001 ) AFC North ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Gold Mascot Steely McBeam Personnel Owner ( s ) Rooney family President Art Rooney II General manager Kevin Colbert Head coach Mike Tomlin Team history Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 1939 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1940 -- 1942 ; 1945 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Card - Pitt ( 1944 ) Championships League championships ( 6 ) Super Bowl championships ( 6 ) 1974 ( IX ) , 1975 ( X ) , 1978 ( XIII ) , 1979 ( XIV ) , 2005 ( XL ) , 2008 ( XLIII ) Conference championships ( 8 ) AFC : 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 Division championships ( 23 ) AFC Central : 1972 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 AFC North : 2002 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 31 ) NFL : 1947 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Home fields Forbes Field ( 1933 -- 1963 ) Shibe Park ( 1943 ) Comiskey Park ( 1944 ) Pitt Stadium ( 1958 -- 1969 ) Three Rivers Stadium ( 1970 -- 2000 ) Heinz Field ( 2001 -- present ) Team owner ( s ) Rooney family ( 1933 -- present ) Team president ( s ) Art Rooney ( 1933 -- 1975 ) Dan Rooney ( 1975 -- 2002 ) Art Rooney II ( 2002 -- present ) The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The Steelers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) North division . Founded in 1933 , the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC . In contrast with their status as perennial also - rans in the pre-merger NFL , where they were the oldest team never to win a league championship , the Steelers of the post-merger ( modern ) era are one of the most successful NFL franchises . Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles ( 6 ) and both played in ( 16 ) and hosted more conference championship games ( 11 ) than any other NFL team . The Steelers have won 8 AFC championships , tied with the Denver Broncos , but behind the New England Patriots ' record 10 AFC championships . The Steelers share the record for second most Super Bowl appearances with the Broncos , and Dallas Cowboys ( 8 ) . The Steelers lost their most recent championship appearance , Super Bowl XLV , on February 6 , 2011 . The Steelers , whose history traces to a regional pro team that was established in the early 1920s , joined the NFL as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8 , 1933 , owned by Art Rooney and taking its original name from the baseball team of the same name , as was common practice for NFL teams at the time . To distinguish them from the baseball team , local media took to calling the football team the Rooneymen , an unofficial nickname which persisted for decades after the team adopted its current nickname . The ownership of the Steelers has remained within the Rooney family since its founding . Art 's son , Dan Rooney owned the team from 1988 until his death in 2017 . Much control of the franchise has been given to Dan 's son Art Rooney II . The Steelers enjoy a large , widespread fanbase nicknamed Steeler Nation . The Steelers currently play their home games at Heinz Field on Pittsburgh 's North Side in the North Shore neighborhood , which also hosts the University of Pittsburgh Panthers . Built in 2001 , the stadium replaced Three Rivers Stadium which hosted the Steelers for 31 seasons . Prior to Three Rivers , the Steelers had played their games in Pitt Stadium and Forbes Field . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 The Chuck Noll era 1.2 The Bill Cowher era 1.3 The Mike Tomlin era 1.4 Summary 1.5 Ownership 1.6 Season - by - season records 1.7 Civil rights advocacy 2 Logo and uniforms 3 Rivals 3.1 Divisional rivals 3.2 Historic rivals 4 Culture 4.1 Mascot 4.2 Fanbase 4.3 Fight songs 4.4 Basketball 5 Facilities 5.1 Stadiums 5.2 Training camp 5.3 Historical facilities 6 Statistics 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired uniform numbers 7.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3. 1 `` Primary '' inductees 7.3. 1.1 Award recipients 7.3. 2 Steelers in the Hall for contributions elsewhere 7.4 Pro Bowl players 7.5 NFL MVPs 7.6 Defensive Player of the Year Awards winners 7.7 Rookie of the Year Award winners 7.8 Super Bowl MVPs 7.9 NFL All - Decade Teams 7.10 All - time team 7.11 Dapper Dan Sportsman of the Year 8 Hall of Honor 9 Coaches 9.1 Current staff 9.2 Offensive coordinator history 9.3 Defensive coordinator history 10 Media 10.1 Figures with broadcasting résumés 10.2 Newspaper 10.3 Usage in popular culture 11 The Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Franchise history For more details on this topic , see History of the Pittsburgh Steelers . See also : American football in Western Pennsylvania The Pittsburgh Steelers of the NFL first took to the field as the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 20 , 1933 , losing 23 -- 2 to the New York Giants . Through the 1930s , the Pirates never finished higher than second place in their division , or with a record better than . 500 ( 1936 ) . Pittsburgh did make history in 1938 by signing Byron White , a future Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court , to what was at the time the biggest contract in NFL history , but he played only one year with the Pirates before signing with the Detroit Lions . Prior to the 1940 season , the Pirates renamed themselves the Steelers . During World War II , the Steelers experienced player shortages . They twice merged with other NFL franchises to field a team . During the 1943 season , they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles '' . This team went 5 -- 4 -- 1 . In 1944 , they merged with the Chicago Cardinals and were known as Card - Pitt ( or , mockingly , as the `` Carpets '' ) . This team finished 0 -- 10 , marking the only winless team in franchise history . The Steelers made the playoffs for the first time in 1947 , tying for first place in the division at 8 -- 4 with the Philadelphia Eagles . This forced a tie - breaking playoff game at Forbes Field , which the Steelers lost 21 -- 0 . That would be Pittsburgh 's only playoff game for the next 25 years ; they did qualify for a `` Playoff Bowl '' in 1962 as the second - best team in their conference , but this was not considered an official playoff . In 1970 , the year they moved into Three Rivers Stadium and the year of the AFL -- NFL merger , the Pittsburgh Steelers were one of three old - guard NFL teams to switch to the newly formed American Football Conference ( the others being the Cleveland Browns and the Baltimore Colts ) , in order to equalize the number of teams in the two conferences of the newly merged league . The Steelers also received a $3 million ( $18.9 million today ) relocation fee , which was a windfall for them ; for years they rarely had enough to build a true contending team . The Chuck Noll era For more details on this topic , see Chuck Noll . The Steelers ' history of bad luck changed with the hiring of coach Chuck Noll for the 1969 season . Noll 's most remarkable talent was in his draft selections , taking Hall of Famers `` Mean '' Joe Greene in 1969 , Terry Bradshaw and Mel Blount in 1970 , Jack Ham in 1971 , Franco Harris in 1972 , and finally , in 1974 , pulling off the incredible feat of selecting four Hall of Famers in one draft year , Lynn Swann , Jack Lambert , John Stallworth , and Mike Webster . The Pittsburgh Steelers ' 1974 draft was their best ever ; no other team has ever drafted four future Hall of Famers in one year , and only very few ( including the 1970 Steelers ) have drafted two or more in one year . The players drafted in the early 1970s formed the base of an NFL dynasty , making the playoffs in eight seasons and becoming the only team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls in six years , as well as the first to win more than two . They also enjoyed a regular season streak of 49 consecutive wins ( 1971 -- 1979 ) against teams that would finish with a losing record that year . The Steelers suffered a rash of injuries in the 1980 season and missed the playoffs with a 9 -- 7 record . The 1981 season was no better , with an 8 -- 8 showing . The team was then hit with the retirements of all their key players from the Super Bowl years . `` Mean '' Joe Greene retired after the 1981 season , Lynn Swann and Jack Ham after 1982 's playoff berth , Terry Bradshaw and Mel Blount after 1983 's divisional championship , and Jack Lambert after 1984 's AFC Championship Game appearance . After those retirements , the franchise skidded to its first losing seasons since 1971 . Though still competitive , the Steelers would not finish above . 500 in 1985 , 1986 , and 1988 . In 1987 , the year of the players ' strike , the Steelers finished with a record of 8 -- 7 , but missed the playoffs . In 1989 , they would reach the second round of the playoffs on the strength of Merrill Hoge and Rod Woodson before narrowly missing the playoffs in each of the next two seasons . Noll 's career record with Pittsburgh was 209 -- 156 -- 1 . The Bill Cowher era For more details on this topic , see Bill Cowher . In 1992 , Chuck Noll retired and was succeeded by Kansas City Chiefs defensive coordinator Bill Cowher , a native of the Pittsburgh suburb of Crafton . Steelers ' five Super Bowl rings before 2009 Cowher led the Steelers to the playoffs in each of his first six seasons , a feat that had been accomplished only by legendary coach Paul Brown of the Cleveland Browns . In those first six seasons , Cowher coached them as deep as the AFC Championship Game three times and following the 1995 season an appearance in Super Bowl XXX on the strength of the `` Blitzburgh '' defense . However , the Steelers lost to the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXX , two weeks after a thrilling AFC Championship victory over the Indianapolis Colts . Cowher produced the franchise 's record - tying fifth Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XL over the National Football Conference champion Seattle Seahawks ten years later . With that victory , the Steelers became the third team to win five Super Bowls , and the first sixth - seeded playoff team to reach and win the Super Bowl since the NFL expanded to a 12 - team post-season tournament in 1990 . He coached through the 2006 season which ended with an 8 -- 8 record , just short of the playoffs . Overall Cowher 's teams reached the playoffs 10 of 15 seasons with six AFC Championship Games , two Super Bowl berths and a championship . Cowher 's career record with Pittsburgh was 149 -- 90 -- 1 in the regular season and 161 -- 99 -- 1 overall , including playoff games . The Mike Tomlin era For more details on this topic , see Mike Tomlin . Roethlisberger in a Steelers ' throwback jersey during 500th franchise win On January 7 , 2007 , Cowher resigned from coaching the Steelers , citing a need to spend more time with his family . He did not use the term `` retire '' , leaving open a possible return to the NFL as coach of another team . A three - man committee consisting of Art Rooney II , Dan Rooney , and Kevin Colbert was set up to conduct interviews for the head coaching vacancy . The candidates interviewed included : offensive coordinator Ken Whisenhunt , offensive line coach Russ Grimm , former offensive coordinator Chan Gailey , Minnesota Vikings defensive coordinator Mike Tomlin , and Chicago Bears defensive coordinator Ron Rivera . On January 22 , 2007 , Mike Tomlin was announced as Cowher 's successor as head coach . Tomlin is the first African - American to be named head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers in its 75 - year history . Tomlin became the third consecutive Steelers Head Coach to go to the Super Bowl , equaling the Dallas Cowboys ( Tom Landry , Jimmy Johnson and Barry Switzer ) in this achievement . He was named the Motorola 2008 Coach of the Year . On February 1 , 2009 , Tomlin led the Steelers to their second Super Bowl of this decade , and went on to win 27 -- 23 against the Arizona Cardinals . At age 36 , he was the youngest head coach to ever win the Super Bowl , and he is only the second African - American coach to ever win the Super Bowl ( Tony Dungy was the first ) . The 2010 season made Tomlin the only coach to reach the Super Bowl twice before the age of 40 . Tomlin led the team to his second Super Bowl ( Super Bowl XLV ) on Feb. 6 , 2011 . However , the Steelers were defeated in their eighth Super Bowl appearance by the Green Bay Packers by the score of 31 -- 25 . The Steelers recorded their 400th victory in 2012 after defeating the Washington Redskins . Through the 2016 season , Tomlin 's record is 111 -- 63 , including playoffs . He is the first Pittsburgh coach without a losing season . The 2013 -- 2017 seasons were noted for record performances from the `` killer B 's '' . This trio consisted of Antonio Brown , Ben Roethlisberger and Le'Veon Bell . Occasionally , the `` Killer B 's '' has also included kicker Chris Boswell due to his ability to hit game - winning field goals . Summary Since the NFL merger in 1970 , the Pittsburgh Steelers have compiled a regular season record of 444 -- 282 -- 2 (. 635 ) and an overall record of 480 - 305 - 2 (. 635 ) including the playoffs , reached the playoffs 30 times , won their division 22 times , played in 16 AFC championship games , and won six of eight Super Bowls . They are also the only NFL team not to have a season with twelve or more losses since the league expanded to a 16 - game schedule in 1978 . Ownership Heinz Field , current home of the Pittsburgh Steelers Since 2008 , the Rooney family has brought in several investors for the team while retaining control of the team itself . This came about so that the team could comply with NFL ownership regulations . Dan Rooney , and his son , Art Rooney II , president of the franchise , wanted to stay involved with the franchise , while two of the brothers -- Timothy and Patrick -- wanted to further pursue racetracks that they own in Florida and New York . Since 2006 , many of the racetracks have added video slot machines , causing them to violate `` NFL policy that prohibits involvement with racetrack and gambling interests '' . Upon Dan Rooney 's death in 2017 , he and Art Rooney II retained control of the team with the league - minimum 30 % , the following make up the other investors : Several other members of the Rooney family , including Art Rooney Jr. , John Rooney , and the McGinley family , who are cousins to the Rooneys . Legendary Pictures president and CEO Thomas Tull . The Robert A. Paul family of Pittsburgh and Los Angeles , which is primarily involved with Pittsburgh - based Ampco Pittsburgh Corporation as well as Morton 's Restaurant Group , Urban Active Fitness , Meyer Products and Harley Marine Services . Additionally , family members serve on numerous boards , including Cornell University , UPMC , University of Pittsburgh , the American Red Cross , Harvard Medical School and the Loomis Chaffee School . Former Steelers wide receiver John Stallworth , a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame . GTCR chairman Bruce V. Rauner . President Obama poses with the Steelers in 2009 . Left to right : Ben Roethlisberger , Hines Ward , Obama , and Dan Rooney . The Peter Varischetti family of Brockway , Pennsylvania , which owns several nursing homes and a commercial real estate business . Paul Evanson , chairman , president , and CEO of Allegheny Energy . Russ and Scott Swank of Lower Burrell , Pennsylvania . Season - by - season records For more details on this topic , see List of Pittsburgh Steelers seasons . Through the end of the 2015 season , the Steelers have an all - time record of 624 -- 552 -- 21 , including playoffs . In recent seasons the Steelers have generally performed well , qualifying for the playoffs six times in the past ten seasons and winning the Super Bowl twice since 2005 . In the NFL 's `` modern era '' ( since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 ) the Steelers have posted the best record in the league . The franchise has won the most regular season games , the most playoff games ( 33 playoff wins ; the Dallas Cowboys are second with 32 ) , won the most divisional titles ( 20 ) , has played in the most conference championship games ( 15 ) , hosted the most conference championship games ( 11 ) , and is tied with the Dallas Cowboys , the Denver Broncos and the New England Patriots for the most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 ) . The Steelers have the best winning percentage ( including every expansion team ) , earned the most All - Pro nominations , and have accumulated the most Super Bowl wins ( 6 ) since the modern game started in 1970 . Since the merger , the team 's playoff record is 33 -- 19 (. 635 ) , which is second best in terms of playoff winning percentage behind the Green Bay Packers ' playoff record of 28 -- 16 (. 636 ) , through January 23 , 2011 . Civil rights advocacy The franchise , along with the Rooney family have for generations been strong advocates for equality of opportunity for both minorities and women . Among these achievements of the Steelers was the first to hire an African - American Assistant Coach ( September 29 , 1957 with Lowell Perry ) , the first to start an African - American quarterback ( December 3 , 1973 with Joe Gilliam ) , the first team to boast of an African - American Super Bowl MVP ( January 12 , 1975 with Franco Harris ) , the first to hire an African - American Coordinator ( September 2 , 1984 with Tony Dungy ) , the first owner to push for passage of an `` equal opportunity '' mandating that at least one minority candidate is given an interview in all head coach hiring decisions throughout the league ( the Rooney Rule in the early 2000s ) , and the first to hire a female as full - time athletic trainer ( Ariko Iso on July 24 , 2002 ) . Note : Although Marlin Briscoe is sometimes erroneously cited as the first African - American starting quarterback in 1968 , this was not for an NFL team and not in an NFL game , additionally the vast majority of Briscoe 's career was not as quarterback . Logo and uniforms For more details on this topic , see Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers . US Airways logo jet featuring the colors of the Pittsburgh Steelers The script logo . The Steelers have used black and gold as their colors since the club 's inception , the lone exception being the 1943 season when they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles and formed the `` Steagles '' ; the team 's colors at that time were green and white as a result of wearing Eagles uniforms . Originally , the team wore solid gold - colored helmets and black jerseys . The Steelers ' black and gold colors are now shared by all major professional teams in the city , including the Pittsburgh Pirates in baseball and the Pittsburgh Penguins in ice hockey , and also the Pittsburgh Power of the re-formed Arena Football League , and the Pittsburgh Passion of the Independent Women 's Football League . The shade of gold differs slightly among teams : the Penguins have previously used `` Vegas Gold '' , a color similar to metallic gold , and the Pirates ' gold is a darker mustard yellow - gold , while the Steelers `` gold '' is more of a bright canary yellow . Black and gold are also the colors of the city 's official flag . The Steelers logo was introduced in 1962 and is based on the `` Steelmark '' , originally designed by Pittsburgh 's U.S. Steel and now owned by the American Iron and Steel Institute ( AISI ) . In fact , it was Cleveland - based Republic Steel that suggested the Steelers adopt the industry logo . It consists of the word `` Steelers '' surrounded by three astroids ( hypocycloids of four cusps ) . The original meanings behind the astroids were , `` Steel lightens your work , brightens your leisure , and widens your world . '' Later , the colors came to represent the ingredients used in the steel - making process : yellow for coal , red for iron ore , and blue for scrap steel . While the formal Steelmark logo contains only the word `` Steel '' , the team was given permission to add `` ers '' in 1963 after a petition to AISI . The Steelers are the only NFL team that puts its logo on only one side of the helmet ( the right side ) . Longtime field and equipment manager Jack Hart was instructed to do this by Art Rooney as a test to see how the logo appeared on the gold helmets ; however , its popularity led the team to leave it that way permanently . A year after introducing the logo , they switched to black helmets to make it stand out more . The Steelers , along with the New York Giants , are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players ' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets . The current uniform designs were introduced in 1968 . The design consists of gold pants and either black jerseys or white jerseys , except for the 1970 and 1971 seasons when the Steelers wore white pants with their white jerseys . In 1997 , the team switched to rounded numbers on the jersey to match the number font ( Futura Condensed ) on the helmets , and a Steelers logo was added to the left side of the jersey . The 2007 -- 2011 third uniform , consisting of a black jersey with gold lettering , white pants with black and gold stripes , and a gold helmet were first used during the Steelers ' 75th anniversary season in 2007 . They were meant to evoke the memory of the 1963 -- 1964 era uniforms . The uniforms were so popular among fans that the Steelers ' organization decided to keep them and use them as a third option during home games only . In 2012 , the Steelers introduced a new third uniform , consisting of a yellow jersey with black horizontal lines ( making a bumble bee like pattern ) with black lettering and black numbers placed inside a white box , to represent the jerseys worn by the Steelers in their 1934 season . The rest of the uniform consists of beige pants , yellow with black horizontal stripped socks , and the Steelers regular black helmet . The uniforms were used for the Steelers ' 80th anniversary season . Much like the previous alternate these jerseys were so popular that they were used up through the 2016 season . The jerseys were nicknamed the `` bumblebee jerseys '' due to looking like the pattern of a bumble bee . The jerseys were retired after the 2016 season . In 2008 -- 2009 , the Steelers became the first team in NFL history to defeat an opponent three times in a single season using three different uniforms . They defeated the Baltimore Ravens in Pittsburgh in Week 4 in their third jerseys , again Week 15 in Baltimore in their road whites , and a final time in the AFC Championship in Pittsburgh in their home black jerseys . In 1979 , the team owners were approached by then - Iowa Hawkeyes Head Coach Hayden Fry about designing his fading college team 's uniforms in the image of the Steelers . Three days later , the owners sent Fry the reproduction jerseys ( home and away versions ) of then quarterback Terry Bradshaw . Today , the Hawkeyes still retain the 1979 Steelers uniforms as their home , and away colors . Rivals This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Pittsburgh Steelers have three primary rivals , all within their division : ( Cleveland Browns , Baltimore Ravens , and Cincinnati Bengals ) . They also have rivalries with other teams that arose from post-season battles in the past , most notably the New England Patriots , Oakland Raiders , Tennessee Titans and Dallas Cowboys . They also have an intrastate rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles , but under the current scheduling the teams play each other only once every four years . Divisional rivals The Cleveland Browns and the Steelers have been divisional rivals since the two cities ' teams began playing against each other in 1950 . After posting a 9 -- 31 record in the first 40 games of the series between the two cities , the Steelers recently took over the all - time series lead for the first time ever ( 64 -- 56 ) ; partly due to their dominance over the post-1999 Cleveland Browns franchise and won twelve straight before the Browns snapped their losing skid against them by beating them 13 -- 6 on December 10 , 2009 . Additionally , the Browns lost 16 straight years in Pittsburgh from 1970 -- 1985 and posted an abysmal 5 -- 24 record at Three Rivers Stadium overall . Former Steelers head coach Bill Cowher coached the Browns special teams and secondary before following Marty Schottenheimer for a brief tenure as Kansas City Defensive Coordinator , and then hired by Pittsburgh . This has only intensified the rivalry . The Baltimore Ravens and the Steelers have had several memorable match - ups and have a bitter divisional rivalry . Both teams handed the other their first losses at their current home fields . The Steelers won the inaugural game played at Baltimore 's M&T Bank Stadium in 1998 , 20 -- 13 , and three years later the Ravens handed the Steelers their first - ever loss at Heinz Field , 13 -- 10 . Later that season ( 2001 ) Pittsburgh won a divisional playoff game 27 -- 10 against Baltimore , who was the defending Super Bowl champion . During their NFL championship season in 2000 , the Ravens defeated the Steelers in Pittsburgh , 16 -- 0 , in the season opener with the Steelers later exacting revenge , 9 -- 6 , in Baltimore ( the Ravens ' final loss of the season ) . During the Steelers 2008 Championship run , they beat the Ravens three times , including a win in the AFC Championship game . The Steelers lead the series ( begun in 1996 ) , 16 -- 10 . The two teams complement each other by consistently fielding strong defenses in their division . The Cincinnati Bengals -- Steelers rivalry dates from the 1970 season , when the AFL -- NFL merger was completed . In 1976 , the Steelers kept their playoff hopes alive ( they later won the division ) with a late - season 7 -- 3 win in snowy Cincinnati . One of the most memorable games was the 2005 AFC Wildcard playoff game , in which the Steelers , en route to a Super Bowl title , won a 31 -- 17 come - from - behind victory after Bengals QB Carson Palmer was forced to leave the game with a knee injury . The injury happened when nose tackle Kimo von Oelhoffen contacted Palmer 's knee during a passing play . The Bengals players called this a dirty play ; the NFL ruled that it was accidental and did not fine von Oelhoffen for the hit . This incident has led to an intensifying of the rivalry since this game . The Bengals beat the Steelers in week 13 of the 2005 season 38 -- 31 , and wide receiver T.J. Houshmandzadeh used a Terrible Towel to polish his cleats while walking up the tunnel after the game , fueling the rivalry . The Steelers and Bengals finished 2005 and 2006 with identical records ( 11 -- 5 and 8 -- 8 respectively ) , splitting both regular - season series , the Bengals winning the tiebreaker both years due to having a superior division record . The Steelers also are responsible for ending the Bengals ' season in Cincinnati two years in a row , eliminating them from the playoffs in 2005 and taking them out of contention in 2006 . The Steelers lead the all - time series , 52 -- 32 . Historic rivals The Raiders -- Steelers rivalry was one of the most heated of the 1970s and early to mid-1980s . The Steelers ' first playoff win was a 13 -- 7 victory over the Raiders by way of Franco Harris 's Immaculate Reception on December 23 , 1972 . The wild card Pittsburgh football team was knocked out of the playoffs the following year by the Raiders in the 1973 AFC Divisional round 33 -- 14 , but fired back with two straight AFC Championships in 1974 24 -- 13 and 1975 16 -- 10 over Oakland . Oakland responded with a victory over Pittsburgh in the 1976 AFC Championship game 24 -- 7 ( the third consecutive AFC title game between the two teams ) , but not before Chuck Noll referred to Oakland 's George Atkinson as part of the NFL 's `` criminal element '' after his alleged cheap - shot on Lynn Swann during a regular - season matchup . Atkinson and the Raiders later filed a defamation of character lawsuit against Noll , but lost . Following the 1983 regular season , the Los Angeles Raiders defeated the Steelers 38 -- 10 in the AFC Divisional round which turned out to be the last NFL game for Steeler Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Terry Bradshaw who did not play due to injury . While the rivalry has dissipated over the years ( mostly due to Oakland 's decline after 2002 ) , the teams have had notable games against each other including an upset Steelers victory towards the end of the 2000 season to prevent the Raiders from obtaining homefield advantage in the playoffs , and an upset Raiders victory in week 8 of the 2006 NFL season ( 20 -- 13 ) , which helped cost the Steelers a playoff berth ; three years later another Raiders upset took place . In Week 13 , the game lead changed five times on five touchdowns in the fourth quarter ; Bruce Gradkowski 's third touchdown of the quarter won it with nine seconds to go , and the 27 -- 24 loss cost the Steelers another playoff run . The teams met at Pittsburgh in 2010 , where the Steelers blew out the Raiders 35 -- 3 , and ended their 3 - game winning streak ; the game was further notable for a punch thrown by Richard Seymour of the Raiders against Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger . The Raiders then hosted the Steelers in 2012 and erased a 31 -- 21 gap to win 34 -- 31 . The two clubs met again in 2013 and the Raiders won again , 21 -- 18 . The Steelers trail the all - time series 14 -- 12 ( 11 -- 9 in regular season ) . The Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry started with the Cowboys ' first game as a franchise in 1960 ( against the Steelers ) at the Cotton Bowl with the Steelers coming away with a 35 -- 28 victory . These teams hold a record for the most times ( three ) that two teams have met in a Super Bowl . The first two times the favored Steelers and Cowboys met came with Pittsburgh victories in the Orange Bowl Super Bowl X 21 -- 17 and Super Bowl XIII 35 -- 31 . The Cowboys never won a regular season game in the Orange Bowl and lost three Super Bowl games ( once to the Baltimore Colts and twice to the Steelers ) . Between the Cowboys and Steelers , Super Bowl XIII had the greatest number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players participating , which as of 2010 numbered 20 -- 14 players and six coaches / front office , including Ernie Stautner , defensive coordinator for the Cowboys who was a HoF defensive tackle for the Steelers . The teams featured an all - star matchup at quarterback between the Steelers ' Terry Bradshaw and the Cowboys ' Roger Staubach , both of whom are in the Hall of Fame . In 1977 , Staubach and the Cowboys won Super Bowl XII , their second and last loss of their season being inflicted by Bradshaw and the Steelers , 28 -- 13 at Three Rivers Stadium in November . In 1979 , Staubach 's final season , the two defending conference champs met again at Three Rivers , the Steelers winning 14 -- 3 en route to winning their fourth Super Bowl title . The Steelers won six of eight meetings during the 1970s and 80s , before the Cowboys won all four meetings during the 1990s , including the teams ' record third Super Bowl meeting in 1996 , as this time the heavily favored Cowboys beat the Steelers 27 -- 17 . Dallas cornerback Larry Brown intercepted Pittsburgh quarterback Neil O'Donnell twice and was named the game 's MVP . The teams ' first two meetings of the 21st century ( 2004 and 2008 ) were won by the Steelers , including a come from behind victory December 7 , 2008 in Pittsburgh , when the Steelers drove the length of the field to tie the game 13 -- 13 , then cornerback Deshea Townsend returned an intercepted pass from Tony Romo for the game 's final score , Steelers 20 , Cowboys 13 . The Cowboys won on December 16 , 2012 , at Cowboys Stadium by a 27 -- 24 margin in overtime and won 35 - 30 at Heinz Field on November 13 , 2016 . The all - time series is led by the Dallas Cowboys , 17 -- 15 . The Pittsburgh / Dallas rivalry served as a backdrop to the 1977 film Black Sunday , parts of which were filmed during Super Bowl X . The Denver Broncos in 2011 broke a tie with the Oakland Raiders for the most playoff meetings versus the Steelers and added yet another meeting in 2015 ( the Broncos have met Pittsburgh eight times to Oakland 's six ) . The rivalry dates from 1970 , but the first notable contest came in 1973 , when Denver dealt Pittsburgh its first regular - season defeat at Three Rivers Stadium , 23 -- 13 . The following year , they met in the NFL 's first regular - season overtime game , which ended in a 35 -- 35 tie . Denver 's first playoff game had them hosting the Steelers in the 1977 divisional round ; the Broncos won 34 -- 21 . The following year , the Steelers hosted and defeated Denver 33 -- 10 in the divisional round . Their next playoff matchup was the 1984 divisional round in Mile High Stadium ; the Steelers pulled the upset 24 -- 17 . They nearly pulled the upset again 5 years later in Denver , but the Broncos prevailed in the divisional playoff , 24 -- 23 . In 1997 , they met in Pittsburgh for the AFC Championship Game , where Denver squeaked out at 24 -- 21 win . Eight years later , the Steelers went to the Super Bowl by beating Denver 34 -- 17 in Colorado , only to have their campaign to repeat as AFC Champions dashed in Denver after a stunning overtime upset by the Tim Tebow lead Broncos in January 2012 . The following September the Steelers were defeated in Denver 31 -- 19 in Peyton Manning 's debut as Broncos quarterback . The two clubs met twice in 2015 , as the Steelers defeated the Broncos in the regular season but fell in the Divisional Round of the AFC playoffs ; Denver presently leads the series 19 -- 11 -- 1 , including 5 -- 3 in the playoffs . Neither team has beaten the other more than three times in a row . The New England Patriots emerged as a prominent rivalry in league circles when the Patriots upset the Steelers in the 2001 AFC Championship Game at Heinz Field , though the two teams had met in the postseason twice before -- the Patriots defeated the Steelers in 1996 28 - 3 while the Steelers won 7 - 6 in 1997 ; both times the Patriots fielded players in Ty Law and Curtis Martin with Pittsburgh - area roots ; Martin 's final game with the Patriots was in the 1997 playoffs before he departed to the rival New York Jets . Following the 2001 AFC title upset the Patriots defeated the Steelers 30 - 14 at the start of the 2002 season . Pittsburgh did not exact revenge for the two losses until ending the Patriots record - setting 21 - game winning streak in week 6 of the 2004 NFL season . Later that season , the Steelers lost to the eventual champion Patriots in the AFC Championship game after a 15 -- 1 season . The Patriots won six of seven meetings over a ten - year period ( 1998 -- 2007 ) before the Steelers broke through with a 33 -- 10 victory at Foxborough in 2008 , after Matt Cassel had turned the ball over five times . The Steelers lead the all - time regular season series , 13 -- 8 . The Patriots in 2013 then made history by becoming the first opponent to score 55 points on the Steelers , winning 55 -- 31 . The Patriots won again in 2015 ( 28 - 21 ) and 2016 's regular season ( 27 - 16 ) and then won 36 - 17 in the 2016 AFC Championship Game . In the postseason , the Patriots have outscored the Steelers 135 points to 75 , with the Patriots maintaining a 4 -- 1 record . The only other franchises with winning AFC playoff records against Steelers include the Miami Dolphins ( 2 -- 1 , both wins in the AFC Championship ) , the San Diego Chargers ( 2 -- 1 , all games played in Pittsburgh ) , the Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1 -- 0 , game at Heinz Field ) , and the Broncos ( 5 -- 3 ) . The Steelers have an all - time regular - season record of 14 -- 11 against the Patriots . Less well known is Pittsburgh 's rivalry with the Houston Oilers / Tennessee Titans franchise . The Oilers were aligned into the AFC Central with the Steelers in 1970 and were division rivals for 32 seasons . The Steelers dominated the rivalry during the Houston era and defeated the Oilers in three playoff matchups . But since the franchise moved to Tennessee the rivalry shifted , with the Titans winning 13 of 20 meetings ( including a bitter 34 -- 31 playoff showdown in 2002 ) post-Houston ; the Titans won seven in a row in the 1997 -- 2001 period , the longest win streak by either team in the series . The Steelers have won 45 of 77 career meetings following 2014 's 27 -- 24 win at LP Field . Culture Mascot Steely McBeam signing autographs for fans at Steelers training camp on August 2 , 2007 Prior to the 2007 season , the Steelers introduced Steely McBeam as their official mascot . As part of the 75th anniversary celebrations of the team , his name was selected from a pool of 70,000 suggestions submitted by fans of the team . Diane Roles of Middlesex Township , Butler County , Pennsylvania submitted the winning name which was `` meant to represent steel for Pittsburgh 's industrial heritage , `` Mc '' for the Rooney family 's Irish roots , and Beam for the steel beams produced in Pittsburgh , as well as for Jim Beam , her husband 's favorite alcoholic beverage . '' Steely McBeam is visible at all home games and participates in the team 's charitable programs and other club - sponsored events . Steely 's autograph is known to be drawn with an oversized ' S ' and the `` L '' is drawn to look like a beam of steel . Fanbase Main article : Steeler Nation The Steelers have a tradition of having a large fanbase , which has spread from Pittsburgh . In August 2008 , ESPN.com ranked the Steelers ' fans as the best in the NFL , citing their `` unbelievable '' sellout streak of 299 consecutive games . The team gained a large fan base nationally based on its success in the 1970s , but many consider the collapse of the city 's steel industry at the end of the 1970s dynasty into the 1980s ( and the resulting diaspora ) to be a large catalyst for the size of the fan base in other cities . The Steelers have sold out every home game since the 1972 season . The Pittsburgh Steelers have numerous unofficial fan clubs in many cities throughout the country , that typically meet in bars or taverns on game days . This phenomenon is known to occur for other NFL teams as well , but `` Steeler bars '' are more visible than most , including representative establishments even in cities that field their own NFL teams . Sailors and Marines aboard the USS Essex react as the Pittsburgh Steelers score against the Arizona Cardinals . The Terrible Towel has been described by the Associated Press as `` arguably the best - known fan symbol of any major pro sports team '' . Conceived of by broadcaster Myron Cope in 1975 , the towel 's rights have since been given to the Allegheny Valley School in Coraopolis , Pennsylvania , which cares for over 900 people with intellectual disability and physical disabilities , including Cope 's autistic son . Since 1996 , proceeds from the Terrible Towel have helped raise more than $2.5 million for the school . Fight songs This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers have no official fight song , but many fan versions of Here we go Steelers and the Steelers Polka ( the latter a parody of Pennsylvania Polka ) by ethnic singer Jimmy Pol , both originating in the 1970s , have been recorded . Since 1994 , the song Here We Go by local singer Roger Wood has been popular among fans . During Steelers games , Styx 's Renegade is often used to rally the crowd . Basketball During the offseason , the Steelers have long participated in charity basketball games throughout Western Pennsylvania and neighboring areas . The games usually feature six active players as well as their player - coach playing against a group of local civic leaders . The players , whose participants are n't announced until the day the game , sign free autographs for fans during halftime . Facilities Stadiums This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2001 , the Steelers moved into Heinz Field . The franchise dating back to 1933 has had several homes . For thirty - one seasons , the Steelers shared Forbes Field with the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1933 to 1963 . In 1958 , though they started splitting their home games at Pitt Stadium three blocks away at the University of Pittsburgh . From 1964 to 1969 , the Steelers played exclusively at the on campus facility before moving with the Pirates to Three Rivers Stadium on the city 's Northside . Three Rivers is remembered fondly by the Steeler Nation as where Chuck Noll and Dan Rooney turned the franchise into a powerhouse , winning four Super Bowls in just six seasons and making the playoffs 11 times in 13 seasons from 1972 to 1984 , the AFC title game seven times . Since 2001 however a new generation of Steeler greats has made Heinz Field legendary with multiple AFC Championship Games being hosted and two Super Bowl championships . Training camp Steelers at training camp in Latrobe The Steelers hold training camp east of the city at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe , Pennsylvania . The site is one of the most storied in the league with Peter King of SI.com describing it as : `` ... I love the place . It 's the perfect training - camp setting , looking out over the rolling hills of the Laurel Highlands in west - central Pennsylvania , an hour east of Pittsburgh . On a misty or foggy morning , standing atop the hill at the college , you feel like you 're in Scotland . Classic , wonderful slice of Americana . If you can visit one training camp , this is the one to see . The team has its headquarters and practice facilities at the state - of - the - art University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Sportsplex on Pittsburgh 's Southside . Constructed in 2000 , the facility combines the vast expertise of sports medical professionals and researchers as well as hosting the University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team . Historical facilities The Rooney family has long had a close relationship with Duquesne University in the city and from the teams founding in the 1930s to the late 1990s used Art Rooney Field and other facilities on campus as either its primary or secondary in - season training site as well as Greenlee Field during the 1930s . In the 1970s and 1980s , the team had season scrimmages at South Park in the suburban south hills of Pittsburgh . During various seasons including the strike season of 1987 , the Steelers used Point Stadium in nearby Johnstown , Pennsylvania for game week practices . During the 1950s St. Bonaventure University and suburban Ligonier also served as a pre-season training camp sites . Statistics Further information : Pittsburgh Steelers statistics Players of note Main article : List of Pittsburgh Steelers players Current roster Pittsburgh Steelers roster view talk Quarterbacks 5 Joshua Dobbs 3 Landry Jones 7 Ben Roethlisberger Running backs 30 James Conner Wide receivers 84 Antonio Brown 10 Martavis Bryant 88 Darrius Heyward - Bey 19 JuJu Smith - Schuster Tight ends 85 Xavier Grimble 81 Jesse James 89 Vance McDonald Offensive linemen 66 David DeCastro G 73 Ramon Foster G 77 Marcus Gilbert T 65 Jerald Hawkins T 53 Maurkice Pouncey C 78 Alejandro Villanueva T Defensive linemen 94 Tyson Alualu DE 79 Javon Hargrave NT 97 Cameron Heyward DE 91 Stephon Tuitt DE 96 L.T. Walton DE Linebackers 99 Keion Adams OLB 48 Bud Dupree OLB 54 L.J. Fort ILB 44 Tyler Matakevich ILB 50 Ryan Shazier ILB 90 T.J. Watt OLB 98 Vince Williams ILB Defensive backs 29 Brian Allen CB 25 Artie Burns CB 34 Antonio Crawford CB 28 Sean Davis SS 22 William Gay CB 20 Robert Golden SS 21 Joe Haden CB 31 Mike Hilton CB 23 Mike Mitchell FS 24 Coty Sensabaugh CB 34 Cameron Sutton CB 27 J.J. Wilcox FS Special teams 57 Kameron Canaday LS Reserve lists 37 Jordan Dangerfield SS ( Future ) 46 Matt Galambos ILB ( Future ) 30 Malik Golden S ( Future ) 95 Lavon Hooks DE ( Future ) 41 Farrington Huguenin OLB ( Future ) -- Darnell Leslie DE ( Future ) 46 Keith Kelsey ILB ( Future ) 80 Jake McGee TE ( Future ) 35 Dashaun Phillips CB ( Future ) -- Casey Sayles DE ( Future ) 13 Justin Thomas WR ( Future ) 16 Marcus Tucker WR ( Future ) -- Matt Wile P ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 26 Le'Veon Bell RB 74 Chris Hubbard T 11 Justin Hunter WR 93 Daniel McCullers NT 55 Arthur Moats OLB 38 Stevan Ridley RB 51 Sean Spence ILB 30 Daimion Stafford FS Restricted FAs 4 Jordan Berry P 9 Chris Boswell K 56 Anthony Chickillo OLB 38 Greg Ducre CB 45 Roosevelt Nix FB 17 Eli Rogers WR 33 Fitzgerald Toussaint RB Exclusive - Rights FAs 71 Matt Feiler T 67 B.J. Finney C 62 Mike Matthews C Rookies in italics Roster updated January 19 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 42 Active , 13 Inactive , 18 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired uniform numbers Pittsburgh Steelers retired numbers No . Player Position Seasons Ref . 70 Ernie Stautner DT 1950 -- 1963 75 Joe Greene DT 1969 -- 1981 The Steelers retired Stautner 's # 70 in 1964 before creating a 50 - year tradition of not retiring numbers . The team retired Greene 's # 75 in 2014 and left the possibility open that they would retire other players ' jersey numbers at later dates . Other numbers are no longer issued since the retirement of the players who wore them , including : 1 Gary Anderson 12 Terry Bradshaw 32 Franco Harris 36 Jerome Bettis 43 Troy Polamalu 52 Mike Webster 58 Jack Lambert 59 Jack Ham 63 Dermontti Dawson 86 Hines Ward Pro Football Hall of Famers `` Primary '' inductees The Steelers boast the third most `` primary '' inductees into the Pro Football Hall of Fame , i.e. inductees that spent most or all of their NFL careers in Pittsburgh . They also can claim the most honorees of any franchise founded on or after 1933 and the only franchise with three members of ownership in the Hall . Pittsburgh Steelers Hall of Famers No . Name Inducted Position ( s ) Years w / Steelers Ref . -- Bell , Bert Bert Bell 1963 Co-owner Head coach 1941 -- 1946 1941 36 Bettis , Jerome Jerome Bettis 2015 RB 1996 -- 2005 47 Blount , Mel Mel Blount 1989 CB 1970 -- 1983 12 Bradshaw , Terry Terry Bradshaw 1989 QB 1970 -- 1983 80 Butler , Jack Jack Butler 2012 CB 1951 -- 1959 63 Dawson , Dermontti Dermontti Dawson 2012 1988 -- 2000 35 Dudley , Bill Bill Dudley 1966 RB 1942 , 1945 -- 1946 75 Greene , Joe `` Mean '' Joe Greene DT 1969 -- 1981 59 Ham , Jack Jack Ham 1988 LB 1971 -- 1982 32 Harris , Franco Franco Harris 1990 RB 1972 -- 1983 35 Johnson , John Henry John Henry Johnson RB 1960 -- 1965 35 Kiesling , Walt Walt Kiesling 1966 Head coach 1936 -- 1938 1939 -- 1944 , 1954 -- 1956 58 Lambert , Jack Jack Lambert 1990 LB 1974 -- 1984 22 Layne , Bobby Bobby Layne 1967 QB 1958 -- 1962 -- Noll , Chuck Chuck Noll 1993 Head coach 1969 -- 1991 -- Rooney , Art Art Rooney 1964 Founder , Owner 1933 -- 1988 -- Rooney , Dan Dan Rooney 2000 Executive , Owner 1975 -- 2017 82 Stallworth , John John Stallworth 2002 WR 1974 -- 1987 70 Stautner , Ernie Ernie Stautner 1969 DT 1950 -- 1963 88 Swann , Lynn Lynn Swann 2001 WR 1974 -- 1982 52 Webster , Mike Mike Webster 1997 1974 -- 1988 26 Woodson , Rod Rod Woodson 2009 DB 1987 -- 1996 Award recipients Rocky Bleier , former Steeler running back received the Purple Heart , Bronze Star and the Combat Infantryman Badge while serving in the Army in Vietnam . Pat Livingston , Steelers beat writer for the Pittsburgh Press , awarded the 1979 Dick McCann Memorial Award Vito Stellino , Steelers beat writer in the 1970s for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , awarded the 1989 Dick McCann Memorial Award Myron Cope , Announcer ( 1970 -- 2005 ) , awarded the 2005 Pro Football Hall of Fame 's Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award John Clayton , Steelers beat writer for the Pittsburgh Press ( 1976 -- 1986 ) , awarded the 2007 Dick McCann Memorial Award Steelers in the Hall for contributions elsewhere Steelers in the Hall for contributions elsewhere No . Name Inducted Steeler Position ( s ) Years w / Steelers Primary Team Impact Position ( s ) Ref . 36 Cal Hubbard 1963 OT 1936 Green Bay Packers OT 15 Johnny `` Blood '' McNally 1963 FB Head Coach 1934 , 1937 -- 1939 1937 -- 1939 Green Bay Packers FB 36 Motley , Marion Marion Motley 1968 FB 1955 Cleveland Browns FB 14 Johnny Unitas 1979 QB 1955 Baltimore Colts QB 16 Dawson , Len Len Dawson QB 1957 -- 1959 Kansas City Chiefs QB 7 Jim Finks 1995 QB 1949 -- 1955 Minnesota Vikings GM -- Mike Munchak 2001 Offensive Line Coach 2014 -- present Houston Oilers -- Russ Grimm Offensive Line Coach 2001 -- 2006 Washington Redskins -- Dick LeBeau Defensive Coordinator 1992 -- 1996 2004 -- 2014 Detroit Lions CB 21 Tony Dungy 2016 Defensive Coordinator 1977 -- 1978 1981 -- 1988 Indianapolis Colts Head coach 91 Kevin Greene 2016 LB 1993 -- 1995 Los Angeles Rams LB Pro Bowl players The following Steelers players have been named to the Pro Bowl : QB Ben Roethlisberger ( 6 ) , Kordell Stewart , Neil O'Donnell , Terry Bradshaw ( 3 ) , Bobby Layne ( 2 ) , Earl Morrall , Jim Finks FB Earnest Jackson , Franco Harris ( 9 ) , John Henry Johnson ( 3 ) , Fran Rogel , Dick Riffle , John Karcis , Stu Smith HB Le'Veon Bell ( 3 ) , Willie Parker ( 2 ) , Jerome Bettis ( 4 ) , Barry Foster ( 2 ) , Dick Hoak , Clendon Thomas , Tom Tracy ( 2 ) , Ray Mathews ( 2 ) , Johnny Lattner , Lynn Chandnois ( 2 ) , Joe Geri ( 2 ) , Bill Dudley , Merl Condit , Whizzer White LT Alejandro Villanueva , Marvel Smith , Charlie Bradshaw ( 2 ) , Joe Coomer LG Alan Faneca ( 7 ) , Duval Love , Mike Sandusky , Byron Gentry ( 2 ) C Maurkice Pouncey ( 6 ) , Jeff Hartings ( 2 ) , Dermontti Dawson ( 7 ) , Mike Webster ( 9 ) , Buzz Nutter , Bill Walsh ( 2 ) , Chuck Cherundolo ( 2 ) , Mike Basrak RG David DeCastro ( 3 ) , Carlton Haselrig , Bruce Van Dyke , John Nisby ( 2 ) , Milt Simington RT Tunch Ilkin ( 2 ) , Larry Brown , Frank Varrichione ( 4 ) , George Hughes ( 2 ) , John Woudenberg TE Heath Miller ( 2 ) , Eric Green ( 2 ) , Preston Carpenter , Jack McClairen , Elbie Nickel ( 3 ) WR Antonio Brown ( 5 ) , Mike Wallace , Hines Ward ( 4 ) , Yancey Thigpen ( 2 ) , Louis Lipps ( 2 ) , John Stallworth ( 4 ) , Lynn Swann ( 3 ) , Ron Shanklin , Roy Jefferson ( 2 ) , Gary Ballman ( 2 ) , Buddy Dial ( 2 ) , Jimmy Orr DE Brett Keisel , Aaron Smith , L.C. Greenwood ( 6 ) , Dwight White ( 2 ) , Ben McGee ( 2 ) , Lou Michaels ( 2 ) , Bill McPeak ( 3 ) DT Casey Hampton ( 5 ) , Joel Steed , Joe Greene ( 10 ) , Joe Krupa , Gene Lipscomb , Ernie Stautner ( 9 ) LB Ryan Shazier ( 2 ) , James Harrison ( 5 ) , LaMarr Woodley , James Farrior ( 2 ) , Joey Porter ( 3 ) , Jason Gildon ( 3 ) , Kendrell Bell , Levon Kirkland ( 2 ) , Chad Brown , Kevin Greene ( 2 ) , Greg Lloyd ( 5 ) , David Little , Mike Merriweather ( 3 ) , Robin Cole , Jack Lambert ( 9 ) , Jack Ham ( 8 ) , Andy Russell ( 7 ) , Myron Pottios ( 3 ) , John Reger ( 3 ) , Dale Dodrill ( 4 ) , Marv Matuszak , Jerry Shipkey ( 3 ) , Ryan Shazier , Lawrence Timmons CB Rod Woodson ( 7 ) , Mel Blount ( 5 ) , J.T. Thomas , Marv Woodson , Brady Keys , Dean Derby , Jack Butler ( 4 ) , Art Jones SS Troy Polamalu ( 8 ) , Carnell Lake ( 4 ) , Donnie Shell ( 5 ) , Mike Wagner ( 2 ) FS Ryan Clark , Glen Edwards ( 2 ) PK Chris Boswell , Gary Anderson ( 3 ) , Roy Gerela ( 2 ) , Mike Clark P Bobby Walden RS Antonio Brown , Rod Woodson NFL MVPs NFL MVP Winners Season Player Position 1946 Bill Dudley HB 1978 Terry Bradshaw QB Defensive Player of the Year Awards winners This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NFL Defensive Player of the Year Season Player Position 1972 Joe Greene DT Joe Greene DT Mel Blount CB 1976 Jack Lambert LB 1993 Rod Woodson DB 2008 James Harrison LB Troy Polamalu Rookie of the Year Award winners This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1972 Franco Harris RB 1984 Louis Lipps WR / RS Ben Roethlisberger QB NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Season Player Position 1969 Joe Greene DT Jack Lambert LB 2001 Kendrell Bell LB Super Bowl MVPs This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Super Bowl MVP winners Game Player Position IX Franco Harris RB X Lynn Swann WR XIII Terry Bradshaw QB XIV Terry Bradshaw QB XL Hines Ward WR XLIII Santonio Holmes WR NFL all - decade teams This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following Steelers were named to NFL All - Decade Teams ( and 75th Anniversary All - Time Team selected in 1994 ) . Only those who spent time with Pittsburgh during the respective decades are listed . NFL 1930s All - Decade Team Johnny `` Blood '' McNally , HB ( 1934 , 1937 -- 38 ) NFL 1940s All - Decade Team Bill Dudley , HB ( 1942 , 1945 -- 46 ) Bucko Kilroy , T ( 1943 ) Vic Sears , T ( 1943 ) Al Wistert , T ( 1943 ) NFL 1950s All - Decade Team Bobby Layne , QB ( 1958 -- 62 ) Ernie Stautner , DT ( 1950 -- 63 ) Jack Butler , DB ( 1951 -- 59 ) NFL 1960s All - Decade Team No players selected NFL 1970s All - Decade Team Terry Bradshaw , QB ( 1970 -- 83 ) Franco Harris , RB ( 1972 -- 83 ) Lynn Swann , WR ( 1974 -- 82 ) Mike Webster , C ( 1974 -- 88 ) L.C. Greenwood , DE ( 1969 -- 81 ) Joe Greene , DT ( 1969 -- 81 ) Jack Lambert , MLB ( 1974 -- 84 ) Jack Ham , OLB ( 1971 -- 82 ) Chuck Noll , Coach ( 1969 -- 91 ) NFL 1980s All - Decade Team Mike Webster , C ( 1974 -- 88 ) Jack Lambert , MLB ( 1974 -- 84 ) Mel Blount , CB ( 1970 -- 83 ) Gary Anderson , K ( 1982 -- 94 ) Chuck Noll , Coach ( 1969 -- 91 ) NFL 1990s All - Decade Team Dermontti Dawson , C ( 1988 -- 2000 ) Kevin Greene , LB ( 1993 -- 95 ) Hardy Nickerson , LB ( 1987 -- 92 ) Levon Kirkland , LB ( 1992 -- 2000 ) Rod Woodson , CB ( 1987 -- 96 ) Carnell Lake , S ( 1989 -- 98 ) Gary Anderson , K ( 1982 -- 94 ) NFL 75th Anniversary All - Time Team Johnny Unitas , QB ( 1955 ) Marion Motley , FB ( 1955 ) Mike Webster , C ( 1974 -- 88 ) Joe Greene , DT ( 1969 -- 81 ) Jack Lambert , LB ( 1974 -- 84 ) Jack Ham , LB ( 1971 -- 82 ) Mel Blount , CB ( 1970 -- 83 ) Rod Woodson , CB ( 1987 -- 96 ) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team Alan Faneca , G ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Joey Porter , LB ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Troy Polamalu , S ( 2003 -- 14 ) All - time team In 2007 , in celebration of the franchise 's 75th season , the team announced an updated All - Time team of the 33 best players who have ever played for the Steelers . This team supplanted the previous All - Time team of 24 players named as part of the 50th anniversary commemoration in 1982 . A `` Legends team '' consisting of the club 's best pre-1970s players was released concurrently with the latest All - Time team . Further information : Pittsburgh Steelers All - Time Team Dapper Dan Sportsman of the year This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The regional Dapper Dan Charities has since 1939 named the `` Sportsman of the Year '' in the Pittsburgh region . 18 Steelers have won the award in 22 events : 1941 Aldo Donelli 1942 Bill Dudley 1946 Bill Dudley 1950 Joe Geri 1952 Red Dawson 1955 John Michelosen 1962 Lou Michaels 1962 John Michelosen 1968 Dick Hoak 1972 Chuck Noll 1974 Joe Greene 1975 Terry Bradshaw 1977 Franco Harris 1984 John Stallworth 1985 Louis Lipps 1992 Bill Cowher 1994 Bill Cowher 1997 Jerome Bettis 2001 Kordell Stewart 2004 Ben Roethlisberger 2005 Jerome Bettis 2008 Mike Tomlin Hall of Honor The Pittsburgh Steelers Hall of Honor was established on August 1 , 2017 . There have been 27 inductees . Pittsburgh Steelers Hall of Honor N ° Name Position Years With Club Inducted 36 Jerome Bettis RB 1996 -- 2005 2017 47 Mel Blount CB 1970 -- 1983 2017 12 Terry Bradshaw QB 1970 -- 1983 2017 80 Jack Butler CB 1951 -- 59 2017 63 Dermontti Dawson 1988 -- 2000 2017 35 Bill Dudley HB 1942 , 1945 -- 46 2017 75 Joe Greene DT 1969 -- 81 2017 91 Kevin Greene LB 1993 -- 95 2017 68 L.C. Greenwood DE 1969 -- 81 2017 59 Jack Ham LB 1971 -- 82 2017 32 Franco Harris RB 1972 -- 83 2017 42 Dick Hoak RB Coach 1961 -- 70 1972 -- 2006 2017 35 John Henry Johnson FB 1960 -- 65 2017 35 Walt Kiesling Coach 1937 -- 39 1939 -- 44 , 1954 -- 56 2017 58 Jack Lambert LB 1974 -- 84 2017 22 Bobby Layne QB 1958 -- 62 2017 15 Johnny `` Blood '' McNally FB Coach 1934 , 1937 -- 39 1937 -- 39 2017 -- Chuck Noll Coach 1969 -- 91 2017 -- Art Rooney , Sr . Founder President Chairman of the Board 1933 -- 88 2017 -- Dan Rooney , Sr . President Chairman 1955 -- 2017 2017 34 Andy Russell LB 1963 , 1966 -- 76 2017 31 Donnie Shell 1974 -- 87 2017 82 John Stallworth WR 1974 -- 87 2017 70 Ernie Stautner DT 1950 -- 63 2017 88 Lynn Swann WR 1974 -- 82 2017 52 Mike Webster 1974 -- 88 2017 26 Rod Woodson CB 1987 -- 96 2017 Coaches Main article : List of Pittsburgh Steelers head coaches The Steelers have had 16 coaches through their history . They have cycled through the least amount of head coaches in the modern NFL history . Their first coach was Forrest Douds , who coached them to a 3 -- 6 -- 2 record in 1933 . Chuck Noll had the longest term as head coach with the Steelers ; he is one of only four coaches to coach a single NFL team for 23 years . Hired prior to the 2007 season , the Steelers current coach is Mike Tomlin . Current staff Pittsburgh Steelers staff Front Office President -- Art Rooney II Vice President -- Art Rooney Jr . Vice President & General Manager -- Kevin Colbert Vice President of Football and Business Administration -- Omar Khan Football Administration Coordinator -- Samir Suleiman Player Personnel Coordinator -- Dan Rooney Jr . College Scouting Coordinator -- Phil Kreidler Pro Scouting Coordinator -- Brandon Hunt Analytics and Football Research Coordinator -- Karim Kassam Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike Tomlin Assistant Head Coach / Defensive Line -- John Mitchell Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Randy Fichtner Running Backs -- James Saxon Wide Receivers -- Darryl Drake Tight Ends -- James Daniel Offensive Line -- Mike Munchak Offensive Assistant -- Shaun Sarrett Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Keith Butler Inside Linebackers -- Jerry Olsavsky Outside Linebackers -- Joey Porter Defensive Backs -- Carnell Lake Coaching Assistant -- Steve Meyer Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Danny Smith Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Garrett Giemont → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Offensive coordinator history Source : Years Name 2018 - present Randy Fichtner 2012 -- 2017 Todd Haley 2007 -- 2011 Bruce Arians 2004 -- 2006 Ken Whisenhunt 2001 -- 2003 Mike Mularkey 1999 -- 2000 Kevin Gilbride 1998 Ray Sherman 1996 -- 1997 Chan Gailey 1992 -- 1995 Ron Erhardt 1990 -- 1991 Joe Walton 1983 -- 1989 Tom Moore Defensive coordinator history Source : Years Name 2015 -- present Keith Butler 2004 -- 2014 Dick LeBeau 2000 -- 2003 Tim Lewis 1997 -- 1999 Jim Haslett 1995 -- 1996 Dick LeBeau 1992 -- 1994 Dom Capers 1990 -- 1991 Dave Brazil 1989 Rod Rust 1984 -- 1988 Tony Dungy 1979 -- 1983 Woody Widenhofer 1978 George Perles 1973 -- 1977 Bud Carson Media Map of radio affiliates . Further information : Pittsburgh Steelers Radio Network As of 2006 , the Steelers ' flagship radio stations were WDVE 102.5 FM and WBGG 970 AM . Both stations are owned by iHeartMedia . Games are also available on 51 radio stations in Pennsylvania , Western Maryland , Ohio , and Northern West Virginia . The announcers are Bill Hillgrove and Tunch Ilkin . Craig Wolfley is the sideline reporter . Myron Cope , the longtime color analyst and inventor of the `` Terrible Towel '' , retired after the 2004 season , and died in 2008 . Pre-season games not shown on one of the national broadcasters are seen on CBS O&O KDKA - TV , channel 2 ; sister CW O&O WPCW , channel 19 ; and AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh . KDKA - TV 's Bob Pompeani and former Steelers quarterback Charlie Batch do the announcing for the pre-season games , as well as the two hosting the pre-game program Steelers Kickoff during the regular season prior to the national airing of The NFL Today . Pompeani and former Steelers lineman Chris Hoke also host the Xfinity Xtra Point following the game on days when CBS does not have that week 's NFL doubleheader . When CBS has a week 's doubleheader , the show airs on WPCW . Coach Mike Tomlin 's weekly press conference is shown live on AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh . Both Batch and Hoke replaced former Steelers lineman Edmund Nelson , who retired from broadcasting in 2015 . Thursday Night Football broadcasts are shown locally on KDKA , while national ESPN broadcasts are shown locally on WTAE - TV , channel 4 . ( WTAE - TV is owned by the Hearst Corporation , which owns a 20 % stake in ESPN . ) By virtue of being members of the AFC , most of the Steelers ' games air on CBS except for home games against NFC opponents , which air locally on WPGH - TV , which is a Fox affiliate . NBC Sunday Night Football games are carried by WPXI , channel 11 , in the market . The Steelers hold a national contract with Grupo Imagen for radio rights to their games in Mexico ; Imagen broadcasts the Steelers on their stations in 17 Mexican cities . Figures with broadcasting résumés Main article : List of Pittsburgh Steelers figures in broadcasting The Steelers franchise has a rich history of producing well - known sportscasters over the years . The most famous of these is probably Myron Cope , who served as a Steelers radio color commentator for 35 seasons ( 1970 -- 2004 ) . Several former Steelers players have gone on to careers in media after completing their playing careers . Newspaper The Steelers Digest is the only official newspaper for the Pittsburgh Steelers . It has been published for 22 years and is currently published by Dolphin / Curtis Publishing in Miami , Florida , which also handles several other publications . The newspaper is very widely acknowledged by Steelers fans . Issues are mailed out to paying subscribers weekly through the season after every regular season game and continues through playoffs as long as the Steelers do . After a Super Bowl victory , a bonus issue is published , which is followed by a draft preview , draft recap , and training camp edition every other month , then leading into the pre-season . There are typically 24 issues of the paper within a publishing year . The newspaper is listed on the official Steelers.com page . Usage in popular culture The Steelers success over several decades has permeated film and literature . The Steelers are portrayed in the following big - budget Hollywood films : The January 11 , 1975 episode of the Mary Tyler Moore Show used the team 's first Super Bowl as the plot device . Black Sunday in 1977 Heaven Can Wait in 1978 Smokey and the Bandit II in 1980 Fighting Back in 1980 Hey Kid , Catch ! in 1980 ... All the Marbles in 1981 Evening Shade ( TV series ) 1990 -- 1994 The Waterboy cameo by Bill Cowher in 1998 The Longest Yard in 2005 The Chief a theater production . Black and Yellow in 2010 . The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 features several Steelers players as the fictional Gotham Rogues , which was filmed in Heinz Field Mad Men 's April 14 , 2013 episode has Don Draper , Pete Campbell and Roger Sterling meeting with two HJ Heinz executives . The executives are told that not only would the ad firm have given them tickets to the Steelers ' November 19 , 1967 game at the Giants , the firm would have worked it so that the Steelers would have won ( they lost 20 -- 28 ) . Concussion in 2015 features players from the team suffering from CTE . The protagonist of John Grisham 's novel `` The Associate '' is a staunch Steelers fan . The Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain injury Research The Steelers helped launch the Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research in November 2016 by donating $1 million . The Foundation , started by Steelers president Art Rooney II , focuses on education and research regarding brain injuries and sports - related concussions . In June 2017 , the Steelers announced an inaugural charity walk to raise money for the foundation . See also Pittsburgh portal Pittsburgh Pro Football Hall of Fame Active NFL playoff appearance streaks References Jump up ^ `` A Tradition of Excellence '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Steelers new Nike uniform unveiled '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pittsburgh Steelers Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com ( 2007 - 06 - 08 ) . `` ESPN.com -- The Best : Owner '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers ( barely ) '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Team History -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` PDF File : NFL Past Standings '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers -- Team History Archived May 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` : The U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals : '' . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Steagles to be honored at tonight 's game -- Pittsburgh Tribune - Review '' . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Unconfigured Site '' . www.mmbolding.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sherrington , Kevin ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` Dallas meeting in ' 66 saved Steelers from stinking '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Steelers Draft History , Stats and more on databaseFootball.com Archived February 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Detail -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Bill Cowher Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers -- Article Jump up ^ `` Steelers ' 400th Win In The NFL Comes Against The Redskins '' . CBS Local . 2012 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers vs. Denver Broncos -- Recap -- January 02 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com. 2011 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Ownership Transition '' . PittsburghSteelers.com . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rooneys look to restructure Steelers ownership '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dulac , Gerry ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` Steelers ownership in turmoil '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL owners approve altered Steelers ownership '' . ESPN.com . December 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Steelers Add Partner To Ownership Group '' . Jump up ^ Browns owner Haslam sells stock in Steelers -- Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Post-gazette.com ( 2013 - 04 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Story Behind the Symbol on the Headgear of the Pittsburgh Steelers ? '' . American Iron and Steel Institute . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Steelers Logo '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys , Steelers rivalry has been one for the ages '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Dvorchak , Robert ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Catching up with their competitors , the Steelers christen a mascot '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Byko , Maureen ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` Middlesex grandmother won Steelers ' Name the Mascot ' contest '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN ranks Steelers fans No. 1 '' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steelers ' former radio announcer Myron Cope dies at 79 '' . USA Today . Associated Press . February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allegheny Valley School Mourns the Loss of Myron Cope '' . Allegheny Valley School . February 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Youngstown News , Steelers to play basketball in Poland '' . Vindy.com. 2012 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers to play basketball game April 22 at Behrend GoErie.com/Erie Times - News '' . Goerie.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Postcard from camp : Steelers '' ; accessed 08 - 20 - 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southside Sports Complex ( UPMC Sports Performance Complex ) Campus Tour '' . www.tour.pitt.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette via Google News Archive Search Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Pittsburgh Press 09 - 24 - 1987 Jump up ^ `` Butler recalls when Steelers cut Unitas at St. Bona -- Press Coverage The Buffalo News '' . Blogs.buffalonews.com. 2012 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ The Washington Reporter via Google News Archive Search Jump up ^ `` Only One Retired Number '' , Time.com , 4 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers to Retire Joe Greene 's Number ' 75 ' '' . Jump up ^ Grdnic , Dale . Pittsburgh Steelers Glory Days . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61321 - 329 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teams -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Bert Bell -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Bettis -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Mel Blount -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Terry Bradshaw -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Jack Butler -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Dermontti Dawson -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Bill Dudley -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Joe Greene -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Jack Ham -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Franco Harris -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` John Henry Johnson -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Walt Kiesling -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Jack Lambert -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Layne -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Chuck Noll -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Art Rooney -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Dan Rooney -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` John Stallworth -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Ernie Stautner -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Lynn Swann -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Mike Webster -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Rod Woodson -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . ^ Jump up to : Bouchette , Ed ( August 6 , 2007 ) . `` Steelers Notebook : Players pushing LeBeau for Canton '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Robert ( Cal ) Hubbard -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` John ( Blood ) McNally -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Marion Motley -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Unitas -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Finks -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ Pro Football Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` Russ Grimm -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Dick LeBeau -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Pro Football Hall of Fame 's Class of 2016 Announced -- General -- News -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Jump up ^ `` Joe F. Carr Trophy ( MVP ) winners '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Football League MVPs '' . ESPN . January 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Announce All - Time Team as Part of Club 's 75th Season Celebration '' . Steelers.com . October 2007 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` 1970s stars dominate Steelers all - time team '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Announce Legends Team as Part of 75th Season Celebration Twenty - Four Honored as Best Pre-1970s Players in Club History '' . Steelers.com . October 2007 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers announce plans for Hall of Honord '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Varley , Teresa ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Inaugural Hall of Honor class announced '' . Pittsburgh Steelers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fischer - Baum , Reuben . `` How Fast Has Your NFL Team Cycled Through Coaches ? '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dulac , Gerry ( January 18 , 2007 ) . `` Tomlin , 34 , is NFL 's rising coaching star '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Assistant Coaches '' ( PDF ) . 2015 Official Pittsburgh Steelers Media Guide . Pittsburgh Steelers . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Official site of the Pittsburgh Steelers -- Broadcasts Archived March 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Former Steelers Charlie Batch and Chris Hoke join KDKA - TV broadcasts Steelers.com ( 05 / 05 / 2015 ) Jump up ^ http://www.superbowlconcierge.com/Super_Bowl_IX.html Jump up ^ `` Steelers help launch Chuck Noll Foundation for Brain Injury Research with $1 million contribution '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers announce inaugural charity walk '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 14 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pittsburgh Steelers . Official website Pittsburgh Steelers Founded in 1933 Formerly the Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1933 -- 39 ) Based and headquartered in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Franchise History All - Time Team Seasons Logos and uniforms Coaches Players Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Statistics Stadiums Home fields : Forbes Field Pitt Stadium Three Rivers Stadium Heinz Field Training facilities : Rooney Field Point Stadium UPMC Sportsplex Chuck Noll Field Culture Football in Western PA Rooney family Myron Cope Steeler Nation Terrible Towel Steel Curtain Evening Shade `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` Renegade '' `` Here We Go '' `` Black and Yellow '' YinzCam This Is Us Lore Steelers lore J.P. Rooneys Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles Card - Pitt Steelerettes Immaculate Reception Black Sunday Fighting Back : The Rocky Bleier Story 1995 AFC Championship Game The Chief Rivalries Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Tennessee Titans Oakland Raiders Dallas Cowboys Philadelphia Eagles Media Broadcasters KDKA - TV WPCW - TV Root Sports Pittsburgh Charlie Batch Chris Hoke Bob Pompeani Radio Network WDVE - FM WBGG - AM Bill Hillgrove Tunch Ilkin Craig Wolfley Steelers figures in broadcasting Division championships ( 23 ) 1972 1976 1977 1978 1979 1984 1992 1994 1995 1997 2001 2002 2007 2008 2014 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1978 1979 1995 2005 2008 League championships ( 6 ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 2005 ( XL ) 2008 ( XLIII ) Retired numbers 70 75 Hall of Fame members Players : Bettis Blount Bradshaw Butler Dawson Dudley Greene Ham Harris Johnson Lambert Layne Stallworth Stautner Swann Webster Woodson Coaches and administration : Bell Kiesling Noll Art Rooney Dan Rooney Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : North Division Seasons ( 85 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Pittsburgh History Timeline Culture Dialect Media Neighborhoods Notable people Skyscrapers Government Airport Conventions City Hall Courthouse Mayor Council Events InterGov Police D.A. 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Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States
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Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United states - wikipedia Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United states Cell phone use is regulated by local ordinance during certain hours in Southside Place , Texas , in Greater Houston Various laws in the United States regulate the use of mobile phones and other electronics by motorists . Different states take different approaches . Some laws affect only novice drivers or commercial drivers , while some laws affect all drivers . Some laws target handheld devices only , while other laws affect both handheld and handsfree devices . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulatory laws 2 Laws by state 3 Preemption Laws 4 Cost of distracted driving 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Regulatory laws ( edit ) The laws regulating driving ( or distracted driving ) may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement by state , county or local authorities . All State - level cell phone use laws in the United States are of the primary enforcement type -- meaning an officer may cite a driver for using a hand - held cell phone without any other traffic offense having taken place -- except in some cases involving newer ( or `` novice '' ) , drivers . In the case of secondary enforcement , a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a cell phone use violation if the driver has committed another primary violation ( such as speeding , failure to stop , etc . ) at the same time . Map of laws for cell - phone use and text messaging while driving A federal transportation funding law passed in July 2012 , known as the Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act ( MAP - 21 ) , provided $17.5 million in grants during fiscal year 2013 for states with primary enforcement laws against distracted driving , including laws prohibiting cell phone use while driving . States with secondary enforcement laws or no laws at all are ineligible to receive this grant funding . Laws by state ( edit ) No state bans all cell phone use for all drivers . However , California , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Hawaii , Illinois , Maryland , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , Oregon , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia ( plus Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico , Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands ) prohibit all drivers from using hand - held cell phones while driving . 36 states and Washington , D.C. ban all cell phone use by newer drivers , while 19 states and Washington , D.C. prohibit any cell phone use by school bus drivers if children are present . Table : Cell Phone Restrictions While Driving in the US and Territories State Total handheld device ban applied to : Any cell phone use by driver prohibited if : Bus driver use restriction ( s ) Texting & Internet Access Alabama 16 and under , and 17 w / temporary license or if licensed under six months ( primary violation ) texting prohibited ( primary ) Alaska totally prohibited No restrictions on cell phone use Arizona texting prohibited none Arkansas 18 -- 20 years old ( primary violation ) under 18 ( secondary violation ) totally prohibited texting prohibited ( primary ) Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones ( secondary violation ) . California All ( primary violation ) under 18 ( secondary violation ) totally prohibited ( primary ) texting prohibited Colorado on learner 's permit or under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited ( primary ) Connecticut All ( primary violation ) under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Delaware All ( primary violation ) on learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Florida Cell phone use allowed while operating a car as long as the sound goes through only one ear . Georgia All Drivers ( primary violation ) Under 18 ( primary violation ) Driver totally prohibited unless used for routing communication Driver totally prohibited , includes video Driver Allowed to use hands free devices ( specific ones ) and voice to text with hands free devices and allowed to use permanent mounted GPS , Drivers are allowed to make emergency calls and report hazardous road conditions . Commercial Vehicle Drivers have limited use directly related to their work ( GPS or Routing Communication ) effective date 1 July 2018 . Guam All ( primary violation ) Hawaii All ( primary violation ) under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Statewide law entered into force July 2013 ; all counties had existing bans on cell phone use . Drivers 18 and older may use hands - free devices . Idaho No statewide laws enacted ; authorities track `` distractions '' on accident reports . Illinois All ( primary violation ) any driver under 19 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Any cell phone use prohibited in school or construction zones or within 500 feet of an emergency scene ( primary violation ) . Indiana under 21 ( primary violation ) Iowa on restricted or intermediate license ( primary violation ) totally prohibited ( primary ) July 1 , 2017 updated the texting law to be enforced as a primary reason an officer can stop you . `` Texting '' is defined as : texting , internet browsing , playing games , and reading social media applications . If proven you were `` texting '' during a traffic fatality , it is deemed a Class C felony , and you can be put into prison for up to 10 years . Kansas on learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) Kentucky under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Louisiana learner or intermediate license holder ( regardless of age ) ( primary violation ) 1st year of license ( primary violation if under 18 ) totally prohibited Maine under 18 ( primary violation ) under 18 w / learner or provisional license ( secondary violation ) Maryland all ( primary violation ) under 18 w / restricted learner or intermediate license Massachusetts under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Cell phone use allowed as long as one hand is on the wheel at all times . Michigan level - 1 or level - 2 license ( primary violation ) Minnesota under 18 w / learner or provisional license ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Mississippi totally prohibited Missouri Montana None . Nebraska under 18 w / learner or intermediate license ( secondary violation ) Nevada all ( primary violation ) New Hampshire all ( primary violation ) totally prohibited # ( 1st Offense ) $100 Fine ( 2nd Offense ) $250 Fine . ( 3rd Offense ) $500 Fine , + a 2 - year suspension of drivers license . New Jersey all ( primary violation ) on permit or provisional license ( primary violation ) . totally prohibited New Mexico Local Option by Jurisdiction on learner or provisional license ( primary violation ) New York all ( primary violation ) North Carolina under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited texting prohibited ( Primary ) Internet access okay North Dakota under 18 ( primary violation ) Ohio under 18 ( primary violation ) Oklahoma learner or intermediate license holder ( primary violation ) totally prohibited Oregon all ( primary violation ) under 18 ( primary violation ) Pennsylvania $50 fine for texting while driving . Puerto Rico all ( primary violation ) Rhode Island all ( primary violation ) 06 / 01 / 2018 under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited South Carolina Totally prohibited , but officers must ascertain that a driver is texting rather than using the phone for another purpose . Authorities can impose fines and track `` distractions '' on accident reports under Contributing Factors . South Dakota on learner or intermediate license ( secondary violation ) Tennessee on learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) totally prohibited texting prohibited Texas Driving through school zones under 18 ( primary violation ) totally prohibited texting prohibited Utah under 18 ( primary violation ) Regulated under distracted driving laws . Vermont all ( primary violation ) under 18 ( primary violation ) Virgin Islands all ( primary violation ) Virginia under 18 ( primary violation ) under 18 ( secondary violation ) totally prohibited texting prohibited Use of phone for text or email by the driver whilst vehicle is operational on state roads is prohibited . An exception exists for using GPS , dialing a number to make a call , or reporting an emergency . Washington all ( primary violation ) on learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) Texting prohibited Washington , D.C. all ( primary violation ) on learner permit ( primary violation ) totally prohibited West Virginia all ( primary violation ) under 18 w / learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) Wisconsin Driving through construction zones on learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) Wyoming on learner or intermediate license ( primary violation ) Preemption laws ( edit ) Often , local authorities pass their own distracted driving bans -- most include the use of cell phones while driving . Several states ( Florida , Kentucky , Louisiana , Mississippi , Nevada , Pennsylvania , and Oklahoma ) have prohibited localities from enacting their own laws regarding cell phone use . Cost of distracted driving ( edit ) A 2014 report from the National Safety Council , which compiles data on injuries and fatalities from 2013 and earlier , concluded that use of mobile phones caused 26 % of U.S. car accidents . Just 5 % of mobile phone - related accidents in the U.S. involved texting : `` The majority of the accidents involve drivers distracted while talking on handheld or hands - free cellphones . '' The U.S. Department of Transportation has established an official website to combat distracted driving , Distraction.gov . In 2010 , the State Farm insurance company stated that mobile phone use annually resulted in : 636,000 crashes , 330,000 personal injuries , 12,000 major injuries , 2,700 deaths , and US $43 billion in damages . See also ( edit ) Texting while driving References ( edit ) Jump up ^ State Laws ; G `` overnment : Get the Facts ; '' retrieved April 2013 ^ Jump up to : Cellphone Laws ; GHSA on line ; retrieved April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) ( August 22 , 2012 ) , U.S. Department of Transportation Announces New Federal Grant Program to Help States Fight Distracted Driving , retrieved August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) ( August 24 , 2012 ) , `` States Vie for New Federal Funding to Help End Distracted Driving '' , AASHTO Journal , retrieved August 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Cell Phone Driving Bans ... ; PC World ; retrieved May 01 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Cellular Phone Use and Texting While Driving Laws ; NCSL online ; accessed October 4 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Let 's Talk ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Cell Phone Driving Laws by State '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Busek , Amy ( May 21 , 2013 ) , `` Law bans driver 's use of cellphone '' , Honolulu Star - Advertiser , retrieved July 22 , 2013 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Cell Phone Laws ; Insurance institute for Highway Safety ; retrieved April 2013 Jump up ^ https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/publications/LGE/87/SF234.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` It 's official : Texting while driving in Iowa can get you pulled over -- and even land you in prison '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://www.legis.iowa.gov/legislation/BillBook?ga=87&ba=SF%20444 Jump up ^ New Bill Makes Talking On Handheld Cell Phone While Driving Primary Offense ; March 03 , 2013 article ; CBS Baltimore ; retrieved May 01 , 2013 Jump up ^ Handheld Cell Phone Ban Archived 2013 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. ; Nevada DOT online ; retrieved May 01 , 2013 Jump up ^ ( The New Jersey Driver Manual ) Jump up ^ Cell Phone ; NYS : Department of Motor Vehicles on line ; retrieved April 2013 Jump up ^ Ticketing begins on state law prohibiting cellphone use by young drivers : Road Rant ; February 28 , 2013 article ; by John Horton ; at The Plain Dealer ; retrieved April 2013 Jump up ^ http://handsfreeinfo.com/14089-south-carolina-texting/ Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2010/title-55/chapter-8/55-8-199 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) What you need to know about Texas ' texting and driving ban ; Dallas News accessed September 2017 Jump up ^ Morning Commuters Mostly Stow Cellphones ; Burlington Freepress on line ; accessed October 2016 ^ Jump up to : Gabrielle Kratsas , Cellphone use causes over 1 in 4 car accidents , USA Today ( March 28 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Distraction.gov , U.S. Department of Transportation . Jump up ^ Cell Phone Use While Driving ; State Farm -- Learning Center ; retrieved May 01 , 2013 Further reading ( edit ) William Saletan ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` The Mind - BlackBerry Problem : Hey , you ! Cell - phone zombie ! Get off the road ! '' . slate.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . 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'' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States&oldid=845694464 '' Categories : Hazardous motor vehicle activities Road safety United States law - related lists Vehicle law Mobile phone culture Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 June 2018 , at 14 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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List of My Korean Jagiya episodes
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List of my Korean Jagiya episodes - wikipedia List of my Korean Jagiya episodes My Korean Jagiya ( Hangul : 한국인 자기야 ; RR : Hanguk - in Jagiya ) is a 2017 Philippine television drama comedy romance series directed by Mark A. Reyes , starring Heart Evangelista and Alexander Lee . The series premiered on GMA Network 's GMA Telebabad primetime block and aired worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV on August 21 , 2017 , replacing I Heart Davao . NUTAM ( Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement ) People in television homes ratings are provided by AGB Nielsen Philippines . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 August 2017 2.2 September 2017 2.3 October 2017 2.4 November 2017 2.5 December 2017 2.6 January 2018 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Month Episodes Monthly averages August 9 6.6 % September 21 6.4 % October 22 7.3 % November 22 7.5 % December 21 6.7 % January 10 6.8 % Total 105 6.9 % Episodes ( edit ) In the tables below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . August 2017 ( edit ) Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref . Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank `` Pilot '' August 21 , 2017 # MyKoreanJagiya 6.6 % # 1 # 7 `` Pinagtagpo '' ( Coming Together ) August 22 , 2017 # MKJPinagtagpo 6.3 % # 2 # 8 `` Jun Ho Meets Pao '' August 23 , 2017 # MKJJunHoMeetsPao 5.8 % # 2 # 8 `` The Proposal '' August 24 , 2017 # MKJTheProposal N / A `` Gia Saves Jun Ho '' August 25 , 2017 # MKJGiaSavesJunHo 6.9 % # 1 # 7 6 `` Fan Girl Goals '' August 28 , 2017 # MKJFanGirlGoals 6.3 % # 2 # 8 7 `` Problem Child '' August 29 , 2017 # MKJProblemChild 6.7 % # 2 # 8 8 `` We Meet Again '' August 30 , 2017 # MKJWeMeetAgain 6.5 % # 1 # 7 9 `` First Fight '' August 31 , 2017 # MKJFirstFight 7.4 % # 1 # 6 September 2017 ( edit ) Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref . Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 10 `` Gia To The Rescue '' September 1 , 2017 # MKJGiaToTheRescue 7.0 % # 2 # 8 11 `` Dear Jun Ho '' September 4 , 2017 # MKJDearJunHo 5.3 % # 2 # 8 12 `` Gia You Are Fired '' September 5 , 2017 # MKJGiaYouAreFired 6.0 % # 2 # 8 13 `` Second Chance '' September 6 , 2017 # MKJSecondChance 5.8 % # 2 # 8 14 `` Gia is Back '' September 7 , 2017 # MKJGiaIsBack 6.5 % # 2 # 8 15 `` Adoption '' September 8 , 2017 # MKJAdoption 6.6 % # 2 # 8 16 `` Gia Will You Marry Me '' September 11 , 2017 # MKJGiaWillYouMarryMe 6.7 % # 2 # 11 17 `` Gias Final Answer '' September 12 , 2017 # MKJGiasFinalAnswer 6.1 % # 2 # 14 18 `` Gia JunHo Back in Korea '' September 13 , 2017 # MKJGiaJunHoBackInKorea 6.3 % # 2 13 19 `` Seoul Search '' September 14 , 2017 # MKJSeoulSearch 7.2 % # 2 # 12 20 `` Wedding Blues '' September 15 , 2017 # MKJWeddingBlues 7.2 % # 2 # 8 21 `` Tuloy Ang Kasal '' ( Wedding ) September 18 , 2017 # MKJTuloyAngKasal 6.2 % # 2 # 12 22 `` Mr and Mrs Kim Jun Ho '' September 19 , 2017 # MKJMrAndMrsKimJunHo N / A 23 `` About Last Night '' September 20 , 2017 # MKJAboutLastNight N / A 24 `` Feeling Wife '' September 21 , 2017 # MKJFeelingWife 6.0 % # 2 # 14 25 `` Monster in Law '' September 22 , 2017 # MKJMonsterInLaw 6.3 % # 2 # 13 26 `` Fam Bam Blues '' September 25 , 2017 # MKJFamBamBlues 6.1 % # 2 # 12 27 `` In Love Ka Na Ba '' ( You 're in love ) September 26 , 2017 # MKJInLoveKaNaBa 6.8 % # 1 # 8 28 `` First Real Kiss '' September 27 , 2017 # MKJFirstRealKiss 7.3 % # 1 # 7 29 `` Fall or Fail '' September 28 , 2017 # MKJFallOrFail 6.6 % # 2 # 11 30 `` Paasa '' ( Hopeful ) September 29 , 2017 # MKJPaasa 6.4 % # 1 # 11 October 2017 ( edit ) Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref . Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 31 `` Enough is Enough '' October 2 , 2017 # MKJEnoughIsEnough 7.5 % # 1 # 7 32 `` The Wrong Mr Right '' October 3 , 2017 # MKJTheWrongMrRight 6.9 % # 1 # 9 33 `` Its Complicated '' October 4 , 2017 # MKJItsComplicated 6.7 % # 1 # 7 34 `` Jealous Jun Ho '' October 5 , 2017 # MKJJealousJunHo 6.5 % # 1 # 11 35 `` Fake News '' October 6 , 2017 # MKJFakeNews 6.1 % # 2 # 9 36 `` Swimsuit Showdown '' October 9 , 2017 # MKJSwimsuitShowdown 8.0 % # 1 # 8 37 `` Hopya Paasa Wasak '' ( Rely in love ) October 10 , 2017 # MKJHopyaPaasaWasak 7.6 % # 1 # 8 38 `` Gusto pa rin kita '' ( i still like you ) October 11 , 2017 # MKJGustoPaRinKita 7.3 % # 1 # 8 39 `` Taguan ng feelings '' ( Secret Feelings ) October 12 , 2017 # MKJTaguanNgFeelings 7.4 % # 1 # 8 40 `` Fighting '' October 13 , 2017 # MKJFighting 8.0 % # 1 # 9 41 `` Sorry Na '' ( Sorry ) October 16 , 2017 # MKJSorryNa 7.2 % # 1 # 10 42 `` Hinahanap hanap kita '' ( I 'm looking for you ) October 17 , 2017 # MKJHinahanaphanapKita 7.6 % # 1 # 9 43 `` Challenge Accepted '' October 18 , 2017 # MKJChallengeAccepted 7.1 % # 1 # 9 44 `` Epal Alert '' ( Bumping Alert ) October 19 , 2017 # MKJEpalAlert 7.0 % # 1 # 10 45 `` Sopas Ala Gia '' ( Soup Ala Gia ) October 20 , 2017 # MKJSopasAlaGia 7.6 % # 1 # 9 46 `` Team Jun Ho vs. Team Ryan '' October 23 , 2017 # MKJTeamJunHoVsTeamRyan 7.8 % # 1 # 8 47 `` Ang Halik Mo '' ( Your Kiss ) October 24 , 2017 # MKJAngHalikMo 8.2 % # 1 # 8 48 `` Lugaw o Ligaw '' ( Gruel or Wooing ) October 25 , 2017 # MKJLugawOLigaw 6.6 % # 1 # 10 49 `` Pwede Ba Kitang Ligawan ? '' ( May I Woo You ? ) October 26 , 2017 # MKJPwedeBaKitangLigawan 8.2 % # 1 # 8 50 `` Fever '' October 27 , 2017 # MKJFever 6.7 % # 1 # 9 51 `` Aalagaan Kita '' ( I 'll Take Care of You ) October 30 , 2017 # MKJAalagaanKita 7.3 % # 2 # 11 52 `` Royal Rambol '' ( Royal Rumble ) October 31 , 2017 # MKJRoyalRambol 8.2 % # 1 # 8 November 2017 ( edit ) Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref . Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 53 `` Sino Pipiliin Ko ? '' ( Who I Choose ? ) November 1 , 2017 # MKJSinoPipiliinKo 6.9 % # 1 # 10 54 `` My Crazy Girl '' November 2 , 2017 # MKJMyCrazyGirl 8.6 % # 1 # 8 55 `` Gusto Kita '' ( I Like You ) November 3 , 2017 # MKJGustoKita 8.7 % # 1 # 7 56 `` Team Ampalaya '' ( Team Bitter ) November 6 , 2017 # MKJTeamAmpalaya 7.8 % # 1 # 8 57 `` Worried si Gia '' ( Worried Gia ) November 7 , 2017 # MKJWorriedSiGia 7.6 % # 2 # 10 58 `` Pogi Problems '' ( Handsome Problems ) November 8 , 2017 # MKJPogiProblems 7.2 % # 2 # 10 59 `` Family Bonding '' November 9 , 2017 # MKJFamilyBonding 7.4 % # 1 # 10 60 `` Matamis na Oo '' ( Sweet Yes ) November 10 , 2017 # MKJMatamisNaOo 7.8 % # 1 61 `` Laban , Gia '' ( Fight , Gia ) November 13 , 2017 # MKJLabanGia 7.7 % # 1 # 8 62 `` Cindy Kato '' ( Cindy ' Syndicate ) November 14 , 2017 # MKJCindyKato 6.9 % # 1 # 9 63 `` Strong Girl Gia '' November 15 , 2017 # MKJStrongGirlGia 7.0 % # 2 # 10 64 `` Attack Mode '' November 16 , 2017 # MKJAttackMode 6.8 % # 2 # 10 65 `` Secret ni Cindy '' ( Cindy 's Secret ) November 17 , 2017 # MKJSecretNiCindy 7.8 % # 1 # 7 66 `` Miss na Kita '' ( I Miss You ) November 20 , 2017 # MKJMissNaKita 7.5 % # 1 # 7 67 `` Huli Ka , Cindy '' ( I Caught You , Cindy ) November 21 , 2017 # MKJHuliKaCindy 7.3 % # 1 # 8 68 `` Drug Test '' November 22 , 2017 # MKJDrugTest 6.6 % # 2 # 10 69 `` Arestado '' ( Arrested ) November 23 , 2017 # MKJArestado 7.2 % # 1 # 6 70 `` Welcome Gong - woo '' November 24 , 2017 # MKJWelcomeGongWoo 8.2 % # 1 # 7 71 `` Frenemies '' November 27 , 2017 # MKJFrenemies 8.0 % # 1 72 `` Bahay - Bahayan '' ( Playhouse ) November 28 , 2017 # MKJBahayBahayan 7.9 % # 1 73 `` Bed Scene '' November 29 , 2017 # MKJBedScene 7.9 % # 1 74 `` Operation Kilig '' ( Operation Romantic Excitement ) November 30 , 2017 # MKJOperationKilig 7.5 % # 1 December 2017 ( edit ) Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref . Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 75 `` Couple Goals '' December 1 , 2017 # MKJCoupleGoals 8.0 % # 1 76 `` Asar Talo '' ( Annoying Loser ) December 4 , 2017 # MKJAsarTalo 7.0 % # 2 # 11 77 `` Shookt '' December 5 , 2017 # MKJShookt 7.5 % # 2 # 10 78 `` Jun - ho , Please Explain '' December 6 , 2017 # MKJJunHoPleaseExplain 7.3 % # 2 # 9 79 `` Mahal Pa Rin Kita '' ( I Still Love You ) December 7 , 2017 # MKJMahalPaRinKita 7.3 % # 2 # 8 80 `` Simbang Gabi Wish '' ( Evening Mass Wish ) December 8 , 2017 # MKJSimbangGabiWish 7.5 % # 2 # 8 81 `` Monito Monita '' December 11 , 2017 # MKJMonitoMonita 6.5 % # 2 # 10 82 `` Malaya Ka Na '' ( You 're Free ) December 12 , 2017 # MKJMalayaKaNa 7.2 % # 1 # 9 83 `` Want You Back '' December 13 , 2017 # MKJWantYouBack 7.0 % # 2 # 8 84 `` One Call Away '' December 14 , 2017 # MKJOneCallAway 6.6 % # 2 # 12 85 `` Kerwin 's Mission '' December 15 , 2017 # MKJKerwinsMission 6.3 % # 2 # 12 86 `` Werpa Gia '' ( Power Gia ) December 18 , 2017 # MKJWerpaGia 6.9 % # 1 # 8 87 `` Sepanx '' December 19 , 2017 # MKJSepanx 7.9 % # 1 # 9 88 `` Pasabog '' ( Petard ) December 20 , 2017 # MKJPasabog 7.6 % # 1 # 7 89 `` Miss Kita , Miss Mo ' Ko ? '' ( I Miss You , Do You Miss Me ? ) December 21 , 2017 # MKJMissKitaMissMoKo 7.0 % # 2 # 11 90 `` Beast Mode '' December 22 , 2017 # MKJBeastMode 7.3 % # 1 # 11 91 `` It 's a Trap '' December 25 , 2017 # MKJItsATrap 5.1 % # 2 # 10 92 `` Saranghae , Gia '' ( I Love You , Gia ) December 26 , 2017 # MKJSaranghaeGia 6.8 % # 2 # 10 93 `` Missing My Crazy Girl '' December 27 , 2017 # MKJMissingMyCrazyGirl 7.2 % # 2 # 10 94 `` Gia , Where na U ? '' ( Gia , Where Are You ? ) December 28 , 2017 # MKJGiaWhereNaU 7.3 % # 2 # 10 95 `` Fight for Gia '' December 29 , 2017 # MKJFightForGia 7.1 % # 2 # 8 January 2018 ( edit ) Episode Original air date Social media hashtag AGB Nielsen NUTAM People Ref . Rating Timeslot rank Whole day rank 96 `` Jun - ho vs. Gong - woo '' January 1 , 2018 # MKJJunHoVsGongWoo 6.3 % # 1 # 9 97 `` Tagay Tayo '' ( Let 's Drink ) January 2 , 2018 # MKJTagayTayo 6.3 % # 2 # 13 98 `` Karma ni Cindy '' ( Cindy 's Karma ) January 3 , 2018 # MKJKarmaNiCindy 6.8 % # 2 # 12 99 `` Reunited '' January 4 , 2018 # MKJReunited 7.6 % # 1 # 7 100 `` Follow Your Dream '' January 5 , 2018 # MKJFollowYourDream 7.3 % # 1 # 8 101 `` One Kilig Day '' ( One Romantic Excitement Day ) January 8 , 2018 # MKJOneKiligDay 6.8 % # 2 # 9 102 `` Welcome Back , Gia '' January 9 , 2018 # MKJWelcomeBackGia 6.1 % # 2 # 12 103 `` Drunk in Love '' January 10 , 2018 # MKJDrunkInLove 6.5 % # 2 # 10 104 `` JuGia Forever '' January 11 , 2018 # MKJJuGiaForever 6.7 % # 2 # 11 105 `` Kilig Finale '' ( The Romantic Finale ) January 12 , 2018 # MKJKiligFinale 8.5 % # 1 # 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` August 21 ( Mon ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . 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Jump up ^ `` September 4 ( Mon ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` September 5 ( Tue ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` September 6 ( Wed ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` September 7 ( Thu ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` September 8 ( Fri ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` September 11 ( Mon ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` September 12 ( Tue ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` September 13 ( Wed ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . 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Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` December 18 -- 30 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` January 01 -- 07 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` January 08 -- 14 TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` January 12 ( Fri ) TV Ratings / AGB Nielsen / NUTAM People in TV Homes '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_My_Korean_Jagiya_episodes&oldid=850628955 '' Categories : Lists of Philippine drama television series episodes Lists of South Korean television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing Korean - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 01 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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jagiya the date with a son in law
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Golic and Wingo
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Golic and Wingo - wikipedia Golic and Wingo This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Golic and Wingo Starring Mike Golic , Sr . Mike Golic , Jr . Trey Wingo Country of origin United States Production Running time 1 hour Release Original network ESPN Radio ( 2017 -- present ) ESPN2 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ESPNEWS ( 2018 -- present ) Original release November 27 , 2017 Chronology Preceded by Mike & Mike External links Website Golic and Wingo is an American sports - talk radio show that is hosted by Mike Golic , Sr. , his son Mike Jr. and Trey Wingo airing on the ESPN networks . The show airs on ESPN Radio and simulcast on television on ESPNEWS since April 2 , 2018 ( prior to this , it was simulcast on ESPN2 ) , and acts as the morning show for both the radio and television sides of the production . Outside of a few radio stations that are able to move or decline carriage of the show for their own local morning productions ( or for daytime - only operations , may not be able to carry ) , Golic and Wingo is effectively a compulsory element of the ESPN Radio schedule , which all affiliates of the network are required to carry . The show started on November 27 , 2017 , and succeeded Mike & Mike , with Golic 's previous co-host , Mike Greenberg leaving the show on November 17 , 2017 for a morning show on ESPN called Get Up ! ( which premiered on April 2 , 2018 ) after an 18 - year run together . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mike Greenberg calls ' Golic & Wingo ' ' my new favorite show ' '' . Ftw.usatoday.com. 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . 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TrueHoop The Undefeated Notable personalities Current personalities Former personalities ESPNews personalities ESPNU personalities ESPN Radio personalities Miscellaneous History Criticism This is SportsCenter ESPN Zone ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Owners : Disney Media Networks 80 % Hearst Corporation 20 % ESPN2 programming Scheduled shows 30 for 30 E : 60 ESPN2 Garage First Take Golic and Wingo NFL Matchup Outside the Lines SportsCenter Pregame and postgame Arena Football League on ESPN Big Monday College Football Scoreboard ESPN Major League Soccer ESPN2 College Football Saturday Primetime NBA Coast to Coast NBA Tonight Wednesday Night Hoops Former programming Boxing on ESPN Cold Pizza ESPN Hollywood ESPN National Hockey Night ESPN SpeedWorld First Take Highly Questionable Madden Nation Mike & Mike MLS ExtraTime MLS Soccer Saturday NASCAR Now NHL 2Night Olbermann Quite Frankly with Stephen A. Smith RPM 2Night SportsNation Stump the Schwab Talk2 The Fantasy Show The Sports Reporters Wednesday Night Baseball List of programs broadcast by ESPN Morning drive - time radio programs in New York City Morning Edition ( WNYC - 93.9 ) Ty Bentli , Kelly Ford and Chuck Wicks ( WNSH - 94.7 ) The Todd Show ( WPLJ - 95.5 ) El Vacilón de la Mañana ( WSKQ - 97.9 ) Golic and Wingo ( WEPN - 98.7 ) Elvis Duran and the Morning Show ( WHTZ - 100.3 ) Shannon in the Morning ( WCBS - 101.1 ) Cubby Bryant and Carolina Bermudez ( WKTU - 103.5 ) The Breakfast Club ( WWPR - 105.1 ) The Steve Harvey Morning Show ( WBLS - 107.5 ) The Morning Show with Boomer ( WFAN - 660 / 101.9 ) Len Berman ( WOR - 710 ) Bernie and Sid ( WABC - 770 ) The Takeaway ( WNYC - 820 ) Joe Piscopo ( WNYM - 970 ) Mark Riley ( WWRL - 1600 ) Morning Drive Programs in Philadelphia Local AM Radio Programs Wake Up with WURD ( WURD / 900 ) Ed Abrams ( KYW / 1060 ) Chris Stigall ( WPHT / 1210 ) National AM Radio Programs Golic and Wingo ( WTEL / 610 ) Bill Bennett 's Morning in America ( WNTP / 990 ) Local FM Radio Programs Frank & Andie ( WXTU / 92.5 ) Preston and Steve ( WMMR / 93.3 ) The Wakeup Crew ( WSTW / 93.7 ) Angelo Cataldi & The Morning Team ( WIP - FM / 94.1 ) Chris & The Crew ( WPST / 94.5 ) The BEN FM Morning Show with Matt and Kristen ( WBEN - FM / 95.7 ) Cage & Bex ( WTDY - FM / 96.5 ) Mornings with Anthony Gargano ( WPEN / 97.5 ) Frank Lewis and the Breakfast Club ( WOGL / 98.1 ) The Rise & Grind Morning Show ( WUSL / 98.9 ) John & Charlie ( WJBR - FM / 99.5 ) Jenn and Bill in the Morning ( WBEB / 101.1 ) The John DeBella Show ( WMGK / 102.9 ) The Yolanda Adams Morning Show ( WPPZ - FM / 103.9 ) John `` Johnny '' Allers ( WRFF / 104.5 ) Chio In The Morning ( WISX / 106.1 ) Monie Love ( WPHI - FM / 107.9 ) National FM Radio Programs Morning Edition ( WHYY - FM / 90.9 ) The Tom Joyner Morning Show ( WRNB / 100.3 ) Elvis Duran and the Morning Show ( WIOQ / 102.1 ) The Steve Harvey Morning Show ( WDAS - FM / 105.3 ) Morning shows in the United States Broadcast ABC Good Morning America CBS CBS This Morning NBC Today Univision ¡ Despierta América ! Telemundo Un Nuevo Día Cable BBC World News GMT C - SPAN Washington Journal CBS Sports Network Boomer and Gio CNBC Worldwide Exchange Squawk Box Squawk on the Street CNN Early Start New Day ESPN Get Up ! ESPN2 Golic and Wingo SportsCenter : AM ESPNews Golic and Wingo Fox Business Network FBN : AM Mornings with Maria Fox News Channel Fox & Friends First Fox & Friends America 's Newsroom Fox Sports 1 First Things First HLN Morning Express with Robin Meade MLB Network Hot Stove MSNBC Morning Joe First Look Morning Joe NBCSN ProFootballTalk Live with Mike Florio NFL Network Good Morning Football The Weather Channel AMHQ See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golic_and_Wingo&oldid=849374755 '' Categories : ESPN Radio shows ESPN2 network shows American sports radio programs Radio programs on XM Radio Simulcasts Television series based on radio programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 15 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the golic and wingo show filmed
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Super Bowl ring
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Super Bowl ring - wikipedia Super Bowl ring Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring Joe Theismann 's Super Bowl ring ( right ) The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league 's annual championship game , the Super Bowl . Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team ( ownership ) itself , the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Value and resale 3 Most Super Bowl rings 4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds . They usually include the team name , team logo , and Super Bowl number ( usually indicated in Roman numerals ) . The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team ; any additional costs are borne by the team . Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens . In 2015 , the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each , making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced . The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose , including usually , but not limited to : players ( active roster or injured ) , coaches , trainers , executives , personnel , and general staff . Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season , despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself . Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle . Teams can distribute any number of rings . A recent trend over the last 15 -- 20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff . These are commonly called `` B '' and `` C '' level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds . The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones ( which resemble diamonds ) . When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII , the players and coaches received rings with a diamond - centered Lombardi trophy . Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the `` C '' level ring did not contain any diamonds . Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football . Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo . Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won . Also , the rings are customized with the player 's name and uniform number . The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring contained more than 100 diamonds . The Packer logo , in the center of the ring , made up 13 diamonds , one for each title the team has won , dating back to 1929 . In a break from tradition , this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum , not gold . The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds , to commemorate their comeback from being down 28 - 3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter . Value and resale ( edit ) Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles , along with genuine rings . Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay . Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008 . Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia . Tight end Shannon Sharpe , meanwhile , gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling , who had his career cut short by injury . In 2011 , a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright , a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s , sold for over $73,000 at auction . Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders ' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction . In 2012 , Lawrence Taylor 's son sold his father 's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000 . Most Super Bowl rings ( edit ) Seven : two people . Bill Belichick : two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots Neal Dahlen : five with San Francisco 49ers ( staff and player personnel ) and two with Denver Broncos ( general manager ) Six : six people . Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II : each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll : four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers Bill Nunn : each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers `` Mean Joe '' Greene : four as a defensive tackle , two as a special assistant for player personnel , all with the Pittsburgh Steelers Conditioning coach Mike Woicik : three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots Five : twenty people . Charles Haley , five ( two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys ) Tom Brady , five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots ; he has the most rings of any active player ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) , he is the only player to win five playing for one team , and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history . Robert Kraft , five as owner of New England Patriots Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr. , five as owner of San Francisco 49ers Keith Simon : five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers Bobb McKittrick : five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Ray Rhodes : five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers Bill McPherson : five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Dick Hoak : each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers Romeo Crennel : two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots George Seifert : three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers Dwight Clark : two as a player and three as a member of the front office , all with San Francisco 49ers Pepper Johnson : two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots Monsignor Peter Armstrong : five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers Markus Paul : three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots , and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants Tim Rooney : Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants ( as Pro Personnel Director / Scout ) Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant , second as defensive coaching assistant , third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator . Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach . Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots , one as a defensive coaching assistant , two as wide receivers coach , and two as tight ends coach Four : at least 39 players , many coaches and staff . The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight - end Marv Fleming , who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967 , and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973 . Twenty - two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s : Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , Mel Blount , Jack Lambert , Jack Ham , Mike Webster , Donnie Shell , L.C. Greenwood , Rocky Bleier , Gerry Mullins , Larry Brown , Mike Wagner , J.T. Thomas , Loren Toews , Jon Kolb , Sam Davis , Steve Furness , Dwight White , Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene ( who later added two more rings ) . At least five coaches were with the team all four years : George Perles , Louis Riecke , Woody Widenhofer and ( as noted above ) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak . The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley . Tom Flores : First person to have rings as a player ( Kansas City Chiefs ) , assistant coach and head coach ( Oakland Raiders ) Joe Montana , Keena Turner , Jesse Sapolu , Eric Wright , Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers . Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams , one with Oakland Raiders , one with Los Angeles Raiders , one with San Francisco 49ers , and one with Washington Redskins ( only player to earn a ring with four different cities ) Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers Willie Davis Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers : two as a player , one as a member of the team 's board of directors , and one as an emeritus director . He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay 's Super Bowl rings . Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams , bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven , as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants Ken Norton , Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl - winning teams in a row as a player , and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots , and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach , two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator , and one as the head coach of the Broncos Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach , along with being assistant head coach for three of them Brian Pariani has won four rings . One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos Three : many players , coaches and staff Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh , John Elway , Mike Ditka , Mike Shanahan , Art Shell , Jerry Rice , Steve Young , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Jay Novacek , Michael Irvin , Larry Brown , Eric Mangini , Joe Gibbs , Dave Dalby , Cliff Branch , Roger Craig , Shannon Sharpe , Ed McCaffrey , Mark Schlereth , Forrest Gregg , Herb Adderley , Tom Coughlin , LeGarrette Blount , and Matt Cavanaugh . Twenty - two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s : Troy Brown , Willie McGinest , Richard Seymour , Ty Law , Mike Vrabel , Tedy Bruschi , Kevin Faulk , Matt Light , Patrick Pass , Ted Johnson , Lonie Paxton , Stephen Neal , Joe Andruzzi , David Patten , Roman Phifer , Tom Ashworth , Adrian Klemm , Je'Rod Cherry , Matt Chatham , the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri ( who later added a fourth ring with the Colts ) , the aforementioned Tom Brady ( who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots ) , and the aforementioned Larry Izzo ( who won a fourth with the Giants ) . Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings ( edit ) As of 2017 , ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada 's equivalent Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O.J. Brigance ( linebacker ) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL 's Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens . He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city . Brandon Browner ( cornerback ) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks , although he did not play in that game due to a suspension . He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year 's Super Bowl , when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots . Terry Greer ( wide receiver ) was the first person to win both championships ; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983 , and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989 . Harald Hasselbach ( defensive end ) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos . Bobby Singh ( guard ) is the only player to win a Super Bowl ( 1999 with the St. Louis Rams ) , and a Grey Cup ( 2006 with the BC Lions ) , and the XFL Championship ( 2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme ) . Alvin Walton ( safety ) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL 's Washington Redskins ( 1987 and 1991 seasons , but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory ) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 . Barry Wilburn ( cornerback ) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions . Tyrone Williams ( wide receiver ) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993 , although he did not participate in either game . He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996 . Andre Rison ( wide receiver ) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 , and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004 . Josh Miller ( punter ) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 , and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004 . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Championship ring World Series ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much does a Super Bowl ring cost ? It depends '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2015 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How much does each Patriots Super Bowl ring cost ? '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Week 15 : Winter Leaves its Mark : Playoff Picture Remains Muddled '' . Last Call . ESPN . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Jump up ^ d'Estries , Michael ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities '' . Mother Nature Network . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring 's Might '' . In My Opinion . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring : Pats ' SB bling has 283 diamonds '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction '' . Pittsburgh : WTAE - TV . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle '' . Celebrities for Charities . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa , Canada Jump up ^ Garber , Greg . `` Super Bowl Ring ' a Symbol of Excellence ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lord of the Rings '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Delozier , Dave ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` 7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan '' . Denvery : KUSA - TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Long - Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Greene one of few with six rings '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spofford , Mike ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` One man has all four rings '' ( Press release ) . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Images of the first 45 Super Bowl Rings at ESPN.com Images of all of the Super Bowl Rings , photos of presentation boxes & conference rings at sports-rings.com ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_ring&oldid=832728083 '' Categories : Super Bowl trophies and awards Rings Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what player in the nfl has the most rings
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[
"\nSeven: two people.\n\nBill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots\nNeal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)\n\n\nSix: six people.\n\nDan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers\nChuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers\nBill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]\n\"Mean Joe\" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]\nConditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots\n\n\nFive: twenty people.\n\nCharles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)\nTom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.\nRobert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots\nEdward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers\nKeith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers\nBobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers\nRay Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers\nBill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers\nDick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers\nRomeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots\nGeorge Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers\nDwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers\nPepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots\nMonsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers\nMarkus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]\nTim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)\nJosh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.\nIvan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.\nErnie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director\nBrian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach\n\n\nFour: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.\n\nThe first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.\nTwenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.\nTom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)\nJoe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.\nKicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts\nRuss Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers\nTed Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders\nBill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos\nCoach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots\nMatt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)\nSherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers\nWillie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.\nMike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants\nKen Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks\nLarry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants\nCoach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos\nDante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them\nBrian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos\n\n\nThree: many players, coaches and staff\n\nAmong the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.\nTwenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).\n\n\n",
"\nSeven: two people.\n\nBill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots\nNeal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)\n\n\nSix: six people.\n\nDan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers\nChuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers\nBill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]\n\"Mean Joe\" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]\nConditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots\n\n\nFive: twenty people.\n\nCharles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)\nTom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.\nRobert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots\nEdward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers\nKeith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers\nBobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers\nRay Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers\nBill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers\nDick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers\nRomeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots\nGeorge Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers\nDwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers\nPepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots\nMonsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers\nMarkus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]\nTim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)\nJosh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.\nIvan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.\nErnie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director\nBrian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach\n\n\nFour: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.\n\nThe first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.\nTwenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.\nTom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)\nJoe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.\nKicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts\nRuss Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers\nTed Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders\nBill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos\nCoach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots\nMatt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)\nSherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers\nWillie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.\nMike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants\nKen Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks\nLarry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants\nCoach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos\nDante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them\nBrian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos\n\n\nThree: many players, coaches and staff\n\nAmong the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.\nTwenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).\n\n\n"
] |
[
"Bill Belichick",
"Neal Dahlen"
] |
467618737579554455
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One Tree Hill (season 9)
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One Tree Hill ( season 9 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 9 ) Jump to : navigation , search One Tree Hill ( season 9 ) One Tree Hill Season 9 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network The CW Original release January 11 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) -- April 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 8 List of One Tree Hill episodes The ninth and final season of One Tree Hill , an American television series created by Mark Schwahn for The WB Television Network . The series was officially renewed by The CW for a ninth season on May 17 , 2011 ; two days later , the network announced that the ninth season would serve as the series ' final season . Premiering on January 11 , 2012 , the series aired its 13 episodes uninterrupted . Series leads Bethany Joy Lenz and Sophia Bush continue as full - time regulars , while James Lafferty returned as a part - time regular . Paul Johansson and Tyler Hilton both return to the show for the final season as regulars , whilst former series regulars Chad Michael Murray , Antwon Tanner , Barbara Alyn Woods , and Craig Sheffer guest star . The season opened to 1.75 million viewers and a 0.9 Adults 18 -- 49 rating , up 26 % in viewers compared to its season eight finale . The final episode aired on April 4 , 2012 , concluding the series with 1.43 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Cast 4.2 Storylines 5 Reception 6 DVD release 7 References Overview ( edit ) The ninth and final seasons deals with the disappearance and ransom of Nathan Scott . Clay battles a drug addiction and later learns of a secret that turns his life upside down . Brooke faces a demon from her past while struggling to reconnect with her father . Dan 's search for Nathan brings back old faces to Tree Hill . Haley battles with the prospect of being a single mother of two . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 13 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 8 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 13 episodes ) Austin Nichols as Julian Baker ( 13 episodes ) Robert Buckley as Clay Evans ( 13 episodes ) Shantel VanSanten as Quinn James ( 13 episodes ) Jackson Brundage as Jamie Scott ( 9 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 7 episodes ) Jana Kramer as Alex Dupre ( 2 episodes ) Lisa Goldstein as Millicent Huxtable ( 7 episodes ) Stephen Colletti as Chase Adams ( 11 episodes ) Tyler Hilton as Chris Keller ( 11 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 11 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Michael May as Chuck Scolnik ( 8 episodes ) Pierce Gagnon as Logan Evans ( 7 episodes ) Richard Burgi as Ted Davis ( 6 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Skills Taylor ( 5 episodes ) Chelsea Kane as Tara Richards ( 5 episodes ) Daphne Zuniga as Victoria Davis ( 5 episodes ) Devin McGee as Xavier Daniels ( 5 episodes ) Bradley Evans as Jerry ( 4 episodes ) Allison Munn as Lauren ( 2 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Lee ( 2 episodes ) Kelley Davis as Mrs. Scolnik ( 2 episodes ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 1 episode ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 1 episode ) Craig Sheffer as Keith Scott ( 1 episode ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 1 episode ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 1 episode ) Katherine Landry as Madison ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 175 `` Know This , We 've Noticed '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn January 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) 3X7201 1.72 As Brooke and Julian begin to adjust to life with their new children , Haley and Nathan find themselves dealing with similar issues . Although they do n't know it yet , faces from the past threaten to interrupt plans for all their futures . Meanwhile , a mysterious problem arises for Clay and Quinn . Nathan finds out Dan Scott came back into town . Chris Keller returns to run Redbedroom Records . This episode is named after a song by An Horse . 176 `` In the Room Where You Sleep '' Joe Davola Mark Schwahn January 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 18 ) 3X7202 1.53 Brooke discusses a new business venture with her father , despite her mothers wishes , as Julian stresses about his own investment in a sound studio . Quinn convinces Clay to get help , and Millie struggles to be honest with Mouth about his weight gain . Meanwhile , Chase asks Alex to move in with him as Chris Keller makes Alex an offer she may not be able to refuse to tour . Nathan volunteers to scout in Europe , leaving Dan with Haley , Jamie , and Lydia . This episode is named after a song by Dead Man 's Bones . 177 `` Love the Way You Lie '' Paul Johansson Lenn K. Rosenfeld January 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) 3X7203 1.46 After Alex leaves for her tour , Chris looks to hire an intern and tries to cheer up Chase . Haley runs into trouble at Karen 's Cafe when her chef quits to work for a rival cafe . Clay arouses suspicion in Quinn that he is cheating on her . Meanwhile , Millie accidentally humiliates Mouth on the air . Brooke tries to help her father secure funding for her new clothing line , and Julian gets distracted by the prospect of a potential renter for his sound stage , resulting in Julian forgetting his son , Davis , in the family car , to which the police and an ambulance have been alerted . This episode is named after a song by Eminem and Rihanna . 178 `` Do n't You Want to Share the Guilt ? '' Les Butler Nikki Schiefelbein February 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) 3X7204 1.52 Clay gets into trouble and Quinn gets involved ; Julian deals with his guilt over leaving the baby in the car ; Mouth agrees to take care of his health but continues eating when Millie is asleep . Meanwhile , a new cafe opens and the owner immediately angers Brooke and Haley . This episode is named after a song by Kate Nash . 179 5 `` The Killing Moon '' Greg Prange Shaina Fewell February 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 08 ) 3X7205 1.35 Nathan seems to have vanished on his way home , Haley goes searching for him and ultimately suspects Dan of having something to do with it . Tara gives Brooke a cockroach - infested flower as a `` Face to face friends request '' , ultimately causing Brooke to destroy Tara 's cafe after Tara gets personal in her attacks . Chase continues to feel guilty for sleeping with Tara behind Chris Keller 's back . Chase also feels unwanted after Chuck spends all his attention on Keller and later his father , who finally comes back home . Clay checks into rehab , and Quinn spends the day babysitting Jamie & Lydia . This episode is named after a song by Echo and the Bunnymen . 180 6 `` Catastrophe and the Cure '' James Lafferty Roger Grant February 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) 3X7206 1.40 Dan enlists Julian to help in his search for Nathan . Mouth fills Clay in about Nathan , as Haley explains Nathan 's disappearance to Jamie . Brooke gets an idea of how to bring patrons to an empty Karen 's Cafe , and Chris Keller confronts Chase about Tara . This episode is named after a song by the band Explosions in the Sky . 181 7 `` Last Known Surroundings '' Austin Nichols Mark Schwahn February 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) 3X7207 1.43 Haley seeks help from Lucas ( guest star Chad Michael Murray ) as Nathan makes an escape attempt . Lucas takes Jamie and Lydia out of town to stay with him and Peyton until Haley can find Nathan and bring him home . Brooke comes face - to - face with Xavier who is up for parole . Julian uncovers evidence that assists Dan in his search for Nathan . Clay makes a connection with another patient in rehab . Episode is named after a song by the band Explosions in the Sky . 182 8 `` A Rush of Blood to the Head '' Greg Prange Johnny Richardson February 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) 3X7208 1.57 Haley gets a phone call that may change her life forever . Clay receives life changing news while revisiting his past . While Dan revisits his past during his search for Nathan , Deb returns . Haley goes to identify a body that is thought to be Nathan . Chase goes to extreme measures to protect Chuck . This episode is named after a song and album by Coldplay . 183 9 `` Every Breath Is a Bomb '' Peter B. Kowalski Ian Biggins March 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 07 ) 3X7209 1.47 Haley partners up with Dan to help search for Nathan . Brooke and Julian take new measures to protect their family . Chase faces consequences for defending Chuck . Skills helps Mouth get to a turning point . Clay reveals his past to Logan . Episode is named after a song by the band The Blood Brothers . 184 10 `` Hardcore Will Never Die , But You Will '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn March 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) 3X7210 1.52 Dan , Julian and Chris Keller attempt to rescue Nathan . During the rescue , Nathan is saved and Dan kills most of the attackers . When they are about to escape , Dan is shot by Demetri before he himself is shot by Nathan . Brooke 's conflict with Xavier escalates when he attacks her in a parking garage , she is saved by the rival cafe owner Tara , who tasers him . Clay and Quinn revisit the past . Episode is named after an album by the band Mogwai . 185 11 `` Danny Boy '' Joe Davola Mike Herro & David Strauss March 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 21 ) 3X7211 1.50 After successfully rescuing Nathan , Dan 's life hangs in the balance . Nathan looks back on his father 's life and forgives him for all he has done . Brooke 's father surprises her when he comes back into town . Clay and Quinn reconnect with Logan . Episode is named after a song by Andy Williams . 186 12 `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' Sophia Bush Brian L. Ridings March 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 28 ) 3X7212 1.34 As Haley prepares to present the annual Tree Hill Burning Boat Festival , Brooke uses the opportunity to process her father 's betrayal , while Julian tries to breathe new life into a past idea . Mouth and Millie make a change to their morning show , and Clay and Quinn get ready for Logan 's first night at the beach house . Clay proposes to Quinn and Chase is offered to buy the bar . This episode is named after a song by Dionne Warwick and later Cilla Black . 187 13 `` One Tree Hill '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn April 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) 3X7213 1.43 In the final chapter of One Tree Hill , the tenth anniversary of Tric brings old faces and new possibilities for the Tree Hill family ; Quinn adopts Logan and marries Clay , Haley introduces Jamie to her predictions with Lucas and Julian buys Brooke her childhood home . In the time - jump , the Tree Hill gang are seen at Jamie 's high - school basketball game , where his jersey is seen on the wall as the `` all time top scorer '' . Bevin makes a guest appearance who is also seen back with Skills and Millie is pregnant . This episode is named after a song by U2 and the series title itself . Production ( edit ) We felt it would be really good for the viewers to have . It 's a good show . The viewers loved it . So we thought we 'd keep it going . The fans are very fervent about it , so we felt it was a great treat for them . `` '' -- Mark Pedowitz on renewing One Tree Hill . The CW officially renewed One Tree Hill for a ninth season on May 17 , 2011 . On May 19 , 2011 , Dawn Ostroff confirmed that the 13 episodes for season nine will be the last for the series . In the official announcement of The CW 's schedule , they confirmed the series stars and the executive producers for the final season . Mark Schwahn , Joe Davola , Greg Prange , Mike Tollin , and Brian Robbins will all continue in their roles on the show . Deadline reported that the final season will begin mid-season and air its 13 episodes uninterrupted , leading into the series finale . Production for the season began on July 7 , 2011 at the Screen Gems Studios , Wilmington , North Carolina . While further scenes are shot in downtown Wilmington , including Wallace Park and Pure Gold Gentlemen 's Club . The Corning manufacturing site on North College Road is also being used as the location for some scenes based in Tree Hill 's hospital , police station and TV studio . A two - day shoot for some scenes in the season was also held at Kinston Regional Jetport . Paul Johansson will direct at least one episode in the season . At the Television Critics Association summer press tour , president of entertainment at The CW , Mark Pedowitz said `` At this point it 's the final 13 , '' about the possibility of extending the season . He added , `` You never want to say never , '' revealing that he did speak to executive producer Mark Schwahn and that they agreed that 13 episodes is the best number to close the series with . One Tree Hill filmed its final scenes on November 16 , 2011 . The season aired Wednesdays at 8 : 00 pm Eastern / 7 : 00 pm Central as a lead - in to new reality series , `` Remodeled '' . It premiered on January 11 , 2012 , with an encore following immediately after . There was no opening credit sequence during the final season as producers did n't want to waste time that could potentially be used for story . Gavin Degraw will perform in the series finale . The series 's final epilogue was sports - themed . In an interview with Carina Mackenzie of Zap2it , Sophia Bush revealed she was the first person to be approached for season nine , and the first to sign on . `` The idea that we would do this as 13 final episode ( s ) and almost shoot like it a miniseries really appealed to me , '' she says . `` On a professional level , if we had shot 22 episodes , it would be one more year we 'd be shooting through pilot season and unavailable for other things . '' When discussing the shows series finale and she being upset about the end , she said , `` On the same side of the coin , most shows do n't last this long . Most shows do n't make it 6 years let alone 9 , so I really feel like it 's all just been a gift . '' In another interview , Bethany Joy Galeotti revealed her own reasons for returning , `` It was a really tough decision , but I have a few friendships here that I was n't ready to walk away from yet . Season 8 ended with like a booze - on - stage - 8 kind of party . I was kind of like ' This ca n't be how we say goodbye . At least let 's come back for 13 more episodes . ' '' Sophia Bush directed the penultimate episode of the series . The CW has given more promotion for the launch of the final season than it has since the fifth season . Mark Pedowitz said , `` I 'm a big believer in giving shows a proper sendoff . `` It deserves a proper sendoff . Not many shows last nine years . Mark , his team and the cast deserve a really good sendoff . I think we did a good job for them this year . '' After backlash from fans about whether Sophia Bush had asked not to work with Murray during his episode , she cleared up the matter in an interview with Zap2it : `` When I got the script and saw that Lucas was back , I called Mark , and I told him that if he wanted to write scenes where the whole gang gets together at Haley 's house and talks about how they 're going to find Nathan , then he should write that . I 've never asked not to work with any former cast mates , and I 'm certainly not going to start now , in the final season . This show is too important to me , and these characters are too important to me , and the fans are too important to me . '' The series finale aired on Wednesday , April 4 , 2012 , 8 : 00 -- 10 : 00 p.m. , as a special two - hour event . It featured interviews with the series ' stars as they look back at the shows most memorable moments . Cast ( edit ) Over the years the One Tree Hill cast and crew has become a small unit . It 's really a small family and they have asked for a few years if I wanted to come back . ( Last year I said ) , ' If they have one more season I will definitely do it , ' and sure enough they were asked back , against all odds , so I had to comply . `` '' -- Tyler Hilton on returning to the series . Before season eight had finished filming , original cast members Bethany Joy Lenz and Sophia Bush signed on for a final season , while James Lafferty was expected to return part - time . Austin Nichols , Robert Buckley , Lisa Goldstein , Jana Kramer , Shantel Vansanten and Stephen Colletti are also contracted through season nine . The regulars for season nine -- as listed on a press release from The CW -- are Sophia Bush , Bethany Joy Lenz , James Lafferty , Austin Nichols , Robert Buckley , Shantel VanSanten and Jackson Brundage . Though , others later signed on . At The CW upfront presentation , the network expressed confidence that Chad Michael Murray and Hilarie Burton would return . Mark Pedowitz said , that with everyone knowing season nine will be the last , it makes it more possible for old cast members to return . On July 11 , 2011 , it was announced that Tyler Hilton would reprise his role as Chris Keller . Ten years have passed since he was last seen . He is rumored to return to help Haley run Red Bedroom Records as Peyton is still away . It was later reported that Hilton would return in the season premiere as a series regular . Kristin Dos Santos revealed that Paul Johansson will be returning to the series full - time as a regular . TV Line revealed that James Lafferty will appear in half of the season . Zap2it later reported that he will remain a series regular , and revealed he will appear in exactly seven episodes . Chelsea Kane has been cast in a recurring role as Tara , a rival café owner to Haley and Brooke . Lisa Goldstein will continue on the series as a regular . Jana Kramer will only appear in the first two episodes , due to the actress ' musical commitments . Barbara Alyn Woods will be reprising her role as Deb Lee after taking a break from season six to spend time with her kids . Zap2it later reported that she will return for two episodes . Describing the circumstances around her return , they said she has n't always been the most maternal person , but will prove she can still be `` mom '' when the situation demands it . The CW announced on their official website that Chad Michael Murray will return as Lucas Scott for a guest appearance . Lucas returns to Tree Hill when Haley reaches out to him for help . Murray later revealed he will return for one episode . He will appear in the seventh episode of the season . Murray revealed in an interview his reasons for returning , `` The fans have loved this show and rooted for every character throughout its run . I know how important Luke 's return is for our fans and wanted to give them one last ' Lucas Scott ' moment . Luke 's return is for them . '' Former Desperate Housewives actor Richard Burgi , has been cast as Brooke 's father , in a recurring role . Allison Munn and Scott Holroyd will return during season nine as Miss Lauren and David Fletcher , respectively . They will return as a couple , and she will be carrying his child . Devin McGee -- who portrayed Brooke 's attacker and Quentin 's murderer , Xavier Daniels during season six -- will also return during the season . James Lafferty has signed on for one extra episode , which will be the series finale . Bevin Prince will return as Bevin Mirskey in the series finale . Antwon Tanner will also be a part of the final episode . Mark Schwahn revealed in an interview with Zap2it that they did reach out to Hilarie Burton to return with Murray , `` We would have liked to include Hilarie as well but she has a ( son ) now , and she has a job , and she 's doing well and she just felt like her free time away from work she wanted to spend with her ( son ) , which is a completely plausible , nice answer , '' he said . Storylines ( edit ) Lucas needs to come back to combat some drama that is going on in Haley 's life and we kind of get a little bit of an opportunity to see what we really loved in the relationship between Haley and Luke . It 's just kind of a little throwback and a little visit for our fans and for our wonderful following . It 's a solution to a problem . `` '' -- Chad Michael Murray on Lucas ' return , in an interview with E ! . Before the series was renewed , Mark Schwahn said that if they decide to air the ending for season eight that will satisfy as a series finale , he could introduce the unaired cliffhangers in the season nine premiere . In regard to her contract renewal , Sophia Bush tweeted , `` The writers have GREAT plans ! '' . The season will have Brooke and Haley balancing family life with running a busy Karen 's Cafe , while Nathan travels more as an agent . A possible wedding may occur with Mouth and Millie , or Clay and Quinn . Lucas will take Lydia to stay with him after he comes to visit . The series finale will have another time jump and will see the characters lives five years in the future . Zap2it said that fans of Nathan and Haley 's relationship can look forward to `` plenty of shared scenes between Lafferty and Bethany Joy Lenz '' , despite his reduced role in the season . Nathan will be kidnapped during the season , and Haley and Dan will be searching for him . According to a promotional video shown at the end of an evening of events -- `` An Evening with One Tree Hill '' ; the opening moments of the seasons first episode is narrated by Nathan . He speaks over scenes of a burning building whilst viewers also see Dan and Chris Keller seemingly plot a murder -- in addition to this , opening shots include Chase in the back of a police car . Both Clay and Quinn are seen arguing alongside Brooke vandalising a rival cafe . Other scenes shown during the sequence include Julian being beaten up and Haley identifying a body in the morgue . Towards the end of the season , the Burning Boat Festival will return to Tree Hill . It was last seen in the third episode of season one . Discussing the possibility of the death of one of the characters , Robert Buckley said : `` The One Tree Hill family , as we know it , is going to change by season 's end . The people we start the season with ( are ) not the same group we end it with . '' During the season , Mouth will gain around 60 pounds . Lee Norris has said of the storyline , `` He 's undergone a physical transformation ... but what is really going to interest the audience is why this transformation happened . '' He also revealed he was `` adamant '' about handling the topic with respect , `` I did n't want it to be one of the broader comedic things on the show ; I wanted it to be an issue that people identify with , '' he said . Regarding Haley 's direction for season nine , Bethany Joy Galeotti said , `` Haley 's trying to deal with having Dan around and deciding whether she 's going to let this person back in her life and into her family 's life . And Nathan is away , and that 's taking a huge toll on their relationship . It 's a lot about Haley finding out what her limits are . '' Mark Schwahn has said we 'll see a lot of the strength of Nathan and Haley 's relationship and why they 're destined to be together . Regarding the friendship between Dan and Chris Keller he said , `` villains understand villains . '' Chris Kellar will develop a `` bromance '' with Chase this season as they begin to spend a lot of time together as he will be working next door to TRIC . James Lafferty believes this is the worst year for Nathan , but revealed that he is happy with where he left the character and the pay - off at the end is worth it . Sophia Bush revealed Tree Hill High would be seen again before the series ended . The sets for the school were re-built for the final episodes , with Bush describing walking in them as `` incredibly emotional '' . Regarding the series finale , Bush said `` it 's perfect '' . Reception ( edit ) The season premiered to 1.7 million viewers , a 0.9 Adults 18 -- 49 rating , 1.2 in Adults 18 -- 34 and a 1.8 rating in The CW 's target of Women 18 -- 34 . It gave the network its best numbers in the time - slot since Spring , 2011 and was higher than the average for season eight of the series . Compared to the early episodes of season eight , the season declined 18 % in the 18 -- 49 demographic . However , it tied as the second - highest rated show on the network ( with The Secret Circle ) . DVD release ( edit ) The `` An Evening with One Tree Hill '' event in Wilmington was filmed and will be included on the DVD release . Series stars Sophia Bush , Bethany Joy Lenz , Antwon Tanner and Lee Norris have done a DVD commentary for the series finale . The DVD box - set is currently scheduled for release on April 10 , 2012 . However , several people who pre-ordered the set received it in late March , before the finale aired , causing the finale to be leaked online including temporarily onto YouTube . The box - set features over two hours of extra content , including five featurettes , audio commentary , unaired scenes and a gag reel . `` Knowing this was to be our last year , we made sure to document it , which made for some excellent behind - the - scenes footage that we 've included here , along with our last , explosive , emotional season of One Tree Hill , '' said Mark Schwahn . The Complete Ninth and Final Season Set details Special features 13 episodes 555 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 555 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 555 minutes ( Region 4 ) 3 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 5.1 ) Subtitles : English , Spanish French ( Region 1 ) Audio commentaries `` One Tree Hill '' -- with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn . Deleted scenes Episodes : `` Do n't You Want to Share the Guilt ? '' , `` Last Known Surroundings '' , `` Every Breath Is a Bomb '' , `` Danny Boy '' Gag reel `` An Evening with One Tree Hill '' `` The Story of One Tree Hill '' `` The Music of One Tree Hill '' `` The Fans of One Tree Hill '' `` Crew Cameras with Sophia '' Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia April 10 , 2012 June 11 , 2012 September 5 , 2012 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle , ' ' Whitney , ' ' Harry 's Law ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Are You There , Chelsea ? , ' ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 2 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mobbed , ' ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings , ' ' CSI , ' ' SVU , ' Among Many Downward Adjustments '' . TVByTheNumbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' One Tree Hill , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Whitney , ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' CSI , ' ' Rock Center , ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TVByTheNumbers . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family , ' ' CSI , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up , ' The Middle , ' ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TVByTheNumbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory , ' ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' Happy Endings ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor : One World ' , ' CSI ' , ' One Tree Hill ' , ' Are You There , Chelsea ? ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjust Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Survivor , ' ' CSI , ' ' One Tree Hill ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bent ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Survivor ' ' One Tree Hill ' and ' Whitney ' All Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Happy Endings ' , ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bent ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` CW president : Final `` One Tree Hill '' season will have 13 episodes `` . StarNewsOnline . Retrieved September 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking : The CW Renews Nikita , One Tree Hill , Axes Hellcats '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Next Season of ' One Tree Hill ' Announced as Its Final Season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CW ANNOUNCES 2011 - 2012 SCHEDULE '' . The CW ( official website ) . May 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` CW Announces 2011 - 2012 Primetime Sked : ' Ringer ' Joins Lineup , ' OTH ' To End Run '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill films at Pure Gold '' . Star News Online . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Corning plant doubles as ' One Tree Hill ' locations '' . Star News Online . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' One Tree Hill ' episode filming at Kinston airport '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Watson , Kristin . `` One Tree Hill 's Paul Johansson puts on directing hat for final season episode '' . She Knows . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` The CW : Is ' Supernatural ' in its final season ? Plus , ' One Tree Hill ' details and more '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' One Tree Hill ' Wraps Filming After Nine Years '' . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` The CW Announces 2012 Midseason Schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 finale : Bevin Prince and Gavin DeGraw return ! '' . Zap2it . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on How I Met Your Mother , Spartacus , Revenge , Bones , Grimm and More ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , Carina ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Sophia Bush brings Brooke Davis to life one last time '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Sophia Bush teases ' One Tree Hill ' trauma to come and the ' perfect ' series finale '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Bethany Joy Galeotti assures us that ' Naley ' is still going strong '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hidek , Jeff ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` '' One Tree Hill '' final season premieres strong ; CW president wants `` proper sendoff '' `` . StarNewsOnline . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Chad Michael Murray returns to ' One Tree Hill ' : Details on Lucas ' emotional reunion with Haley '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE CW ANNOUNCES ONE MIDSEASON PREMIERE AND SEVERAL FINALES , INCLUDING THE SPECIAL `` ONE TREE HILL '' TWO - HOUR FINALE EVENT ON WEDNESDAY , APRIL 4 `` . The CW ( official website ) . February 29 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( August 23 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill 's Favorite Bad Boy Is Back ! Tyler Hilton Reveals Final Season Secrets '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Megan ( April 26 , 2011 ) . `` Tree Hill Exclusive : Bethany Joy Galeotti Signs On for Season 9 ; Lafferty Back Part - Time ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' One Tree Hill ' Star Stephen Colletti Confirms He 'd Be Back For A Ninth Season ! '' . Hollywood Life . April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill Scoop : CW Execs Confident Murray , Burton Will Return For Farewell Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 : Tyler Hilton returns as Chris Keller '' . Zap2It . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Hill Twist : Tyler Hilton Returns As ( Spoiler ) ! '' . TV Line . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Is Back ! Paul Johansson Returning for Final Season of One Tree Hill '' . E ! Online . July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Private Practice , NCIS , True Blood , Parenthood , Tree Hill , and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : James Lafferty 's reduced role in Season 9 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Chad Michael Murray returns for Season 9 '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Chelsea Kane to guest on ' One Tree Hill ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ayres , Tom ( August 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' casts hit man for final season '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hiser , Lisa ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Jana Kramer Will Only Appear in 2 Episodes of `` One Tree Hill 's '' Final Season ( Video ) `` . Cambio . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thrap , Sharon . `` One Tree Hill ' News : Jana Kramer Wo n't Appear Much Next Season '' . Ology . Ology . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` The Prodigal Son Returns ! Chad Michael Murray Is Coming Back to One Tree Hill '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Richard Burgi to play Brooke 's father , Barbara Alyn Woods returns '' . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAD MICHAEL MURRAY RETURNS TO `` ONE TREE HILL '' `` . The CW ( official website ) . August 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill Scoop : Chad Michael Murray Returns ! What About Hilarie Burton ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Chad Michael Murray Returns To `` One Tree Hill '' `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( August 31 , 2011 ) . `` Chad Michael Murray back on ' One Tree Hill ' : But what else has he been up to ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Get Scoop on Grey 's Anatomy , Glee , Nikita and More ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CHAD MICHAEL MURRAY TALKS ' OTH ' RETURN '' . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` One Tree Hill Exclusive : Three More Familiar Faces Return In Season 9 ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 exclusive : James Lafferty returns for series finale '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Skills '' Returning to One Tree Hill for Final Episode `` . TV GUIDE . TV GUIDE . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Santos , Kristin ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Glee , Revenge , Gossip Girl , Once Upon a Time and More ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' : Season 8 finale ending remains undecided , says EP '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Get Scoop on Grey 's Anatomy , Glee , Nikita and More ! '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' Season 9 scoop : Where will your fave characters be five years from now ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Grey 's Anatomy , HIMYM , Community , Gossip Girl , Glee and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` James Lafferty Will Be a Part of Tree Hill Finale '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Scoop on Glee , Revenge , Once Upon a Time , Gossip Girl and More ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill season 9 sneak peek : Body bags , beat downs and burning buildings '' . Jeff Hidek . Star News Online . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Burning Boat Festival returns to `` One Tree Hill '' `` . StarNewsOnline . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adam Bryant , Natalie Abrams ( January 3 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Buzz : One Tree Hill 's Goodbye , a New Five - 0 Villain and Housewives ' Murder '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Which One Tree Hill Character Gets Fat for the Final Season ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` One Tree Hill Boss Talks Season 9 Duos : ' Naley , ' ' Brulian ' and ... ' Deller ' ? ( Dan and Chris Keller ! ) '' . TV Line . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' One Tree Hill ' exclusive pic : Tyler Hilton revives Chris Keller '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` James Lafferty says goodbye to ' One Tree Hill ' : ' It 's by far Nathan 's worst year ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill : 2011 - 12 TV Season Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . February 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hidek , Jeff ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` An Evening with One Tree Hill event sells out in five minutes '' . StarNewsOnline . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` One Tree Hill - Warner Home Video 's Formal Press Release for ' The Complete 9th and Final Season ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 9th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UK DVD release date ( Amazon ) '' . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 9th Season '' . ezydvd.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . ( hide ) One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Original Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Dan Scott Brooke Davis Whitey Durham Keith Scott Karen Roe Deb Lee Mouth McFadden Skills Taylor Rachel Gatina Secondary Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Alex Dupre Chase Adams Chris Keller Recurring Jake Jagielski Tim Smith Bevin Mirskey Andy Hargrove Lindsey Strauss Victoria Davis Mia Catalano Quentin Fields Nanny Carrie Sam Walker Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' `` Hundred '' `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` This is My House , This is My Home '' `` Last Known Surroundings '' `` Danny Boy '' `` One Tree Hill '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Tree Hill , North Carolina Clothes Over Bro 's Red Bedroom Records Created by : Mark Schwahn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_9)&oldid=799346514 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 03 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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2018 NBA All-Star Game
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2018 NBA All - Star Game - wikipedia 2018 NBA All - Star Game Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NBA All Star Game Total Team LeBron 31 45 33 39 148 Team Stephen 42 36 34 33 145 Date February 18 , 2018 Arena Staples Center City Los Angeles , California MVP LeBron James ( Team LeBron ) National anthem Fergie ( American ) Barenaked Ladies ( Canadian ) Halftime show Kevin Hart , Pharrell Williams , N.E.R.D Network TNT TBS Announcers Marv Albert , Reggie Miller and Chris Webber Brent Barry , Reggie Miller , Chris Webber , Kenny Smith and Zach LaVine ( All - Star Saturday Night ) Kevin Harlan , Grant Hill and Chris Webber ( Rising Stars Challenge ) NBA All - Star Game < 2017 2019 > The 2018 NBA All - Star Game was the 67th edition of an exhibition basketball game that was played on February 18 , 2018 . It was held at Staples Center in Los Angeles , home of the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Clippers . It was the sixth time that Los Angeles had hosted the All - Star Game and the first time since 2011 . Team LeBron won against Team Stephen 148 - 145 . The MVP of the game was LeBron James , scoring 29 points , 10 rebounds , 8 assists , winning his third NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award . The game was televised nationally by TNT for the 16th consecutive year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format change 2 All - Star Game 2.1 Coaches 2.2 Rosters 2.3 Draft 2.4 Game 2.5 National anthem 3 All - Star Weekend 3.1 Celebrity Game 3.2 Mountain Dew KickStart Rising Stars Challenge 3.3 Skills Challenge 3.4 Three - Point Contest 3.5 Slam Dunk Contest 4 References 5 External links Format change ( edit ) On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA announced that the format would change from the traditional Eastern Conference versus Western Conference format , and would instead switch to a draft - style format , similar to the format used by the NHL All - Star Game from 2011 through 2015 and the NFL Pro Bowl from 2014 through 2016 . The team captains were determined by the most votes received in their respective conference . Each team will pick a charity to play for , and the winning team will have money donated to their charity . The winning team will receive $100,000 for each player and the losing team $25,000 each . All - Star Game ( edit ) Coaches ( edit ) Dwane Casey ( left ) and Mike D'Antoni ( right ) were selected as head coach for Team LeBron and Team Stephen , respectively . The two teams were coached from their respected conference . Mike D'Antoni , coach of the Houston Rockets , was named as the head coach for Team Stephen . Dwane Casey , coach of the Toronto Raptors , was named as the head coach for Team LeBron . Rosters ( edit ) The rosters for the All - Star Game were selected through a voting process . The starters were chosen by the fans , media , and current NBA players . Fans make up 50 % of the vote , and NBA players and media each comprise 25 % of the vote . The two guards and three frontcourt players who receive the highest cumulative vote totals are named the All - Star starters . NBA head coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences , none of which can be players on their own team . Each coach selects two guards , three frontcourt players and two wild cards , with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category . If a multi-position player is to be selected , coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that was `` most advantageous for the All - Star team '' , regardless of where the player was listed on the All - Star ballot or the position he was listed in box scores . The All - Star Game starters were announced on January 18 , 2018 . Kyrie Irving of the Boston Celtics and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors were named the backcourt starters in the East , earning their fifth and fourth all - star appearances , respectively . LeBron James was named a starter to his 14th career all - star game , breaking Dirk Nowitzki 's record for most selections among active players . Joining James in the East frontcourt was Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers , his first selection , and Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks , his second selection . Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors and James Harden of the Houston Rockets were named to the starting backcourt in the West , earning their fifth and sixth all - star appearances , respectively . In the frontcourt , Kevin Durant of the Golden State Warriors was named to his ninth career all - star game , along with DeMarcus Cousins and Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans , their fourth and fifth all - star selections , respectively . The All - Star Game reserves were announced on January 23 , 2018 . The West reserves include Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder , his seventh selection , Klay Thompson and Draymond Green of the Golden State Warriors , their fourth and third all - star selections , respectively , LaMarcus Aldridge of the San Antonio Spurs , his sixth selection , Damian Lillard of the Portland Trailblazers , his third selection , and Karl - Anthony Towns and Jimmy Butler of the Minnesota Timberwolves , their first and fourth all - star selections , respectively . The East reserves include Kyle Lowry of the Toronto Raptors , his fourth selection , Al Horford of the Boston Celtics , his fifth selection , John Wall and Bradley Beal of the Washington Wizards , their fifth and first all - star selections , respectively , Victor Oladipo of the Indiana Pacers , his first selection , Kevin Love of the Cleveland Cavaliers , his fifth selection , and Kristaps Porzingis of the New York Knicks , his first selection . Eastern Conference All - Stars Pos Player Team No. of selections Starters Kyrie Irving Boston Celtics 5 DeMar DeRozan Toronto Raptors LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers 14 Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers F / G Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks Reserves Bradley Beal Washington Wizards Goran Dragić Miami Heat C / F Al Horford Boston Celtics 5 F / C Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers 5 Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers F / C Kristaps Porziņģis New York Knicks John Wall Washington Wizards 5 Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons Kemba Walker Charlotte Hornets Western Conference All - Stars Pos Player Team No. of selections Starters Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 5 James Harden Houston Rockets 6 Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors 9 DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans F / C Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans 5 Reserves Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder 7 Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers Draymond Green Golden State Warriors Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves F / C LaMarcus Aldridge San Antonio Spurs 6 Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors G / F Jimmy Butler Minnesota Timberwolves Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder 5 Draft ( edit ) LeBron James and Stephen Curry were named as captains due to being the leading vote getter from the East and West , respectively . James had the first pick in the draft as the leading vote getter overall , while Curry has first choice of jersey color , due to the Western Conference having home team status for the game . The draft pool consisted of the eight other starters , with no regard to conference designation , and 14 reserves ( seven from each conference ) , chosen by NBA head coaches . On January 25 , 2018 , LeBron James and Stephen Curry created their rosters via a draft , which would not be televised for various reasons . NBA Commissioner Adam Silver will select the replacement for any player unable to participate in the All - Star Game , choosing a player from the same conference as the player who is being replaced . Silver 's selection would join the team that drafted the replaced player . If a replaced player is a starter , the head coach of that team will choose a new starter from his cast of players instead . Team LeBron Pos Player Team Starters Kevin Durant Golden State Warriors F / C Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans LeBron James Cleveland Cavaliers DeMarcus Cousins New Orleans Pelicans Kyrie Irving Boston Celtics Reserves F / C LaMarcus Aldridge San Antonio Spurs Bradley Beal Washington Wizards F / C Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers F / C Kristaps Porziņģis New York Knicks John Wall Washington Wizards Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons Goran Dragić Miami Heat Kemba Walker Charlotte Hornets Head coach : Dwane Casey ( Toronto Raptors ) Team Stephen Pos Player Team Starters James Harden Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan Toronto Raptors Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors G / F Giannis Antetokounmpo Milwaukee Bucks Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers Reserves Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers G / F Jimmy Butler Minnesota Timberwolves Draymond Green Golden State Warriors Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors Karl - Anthony Towns Minnesota Timberwolves F / C Al Horford Boston Celtics Head coach : Mike D'Antoni ( Houston Rockets ) ^ INJ1 DeMarcus Cousins was unable to play due to an Achilles injury . ^ REP1 Paul George was selected as DeMarcus Cousins ' replacement . ^ INJ2 John Wall was unable to participate due to a knee injury . ^ REP2 Andre Drummond was selected as John Wall 's replacement . ^ INJ3 Kevin Love was unable to participate due to a hand injury . ^ REP3 Goran Dragić was selected as Kevin Love 's replacement . ^ INJ4 Kristaps Porziņģis was unable to participate due to a torn ACL . ^ REP4 Kemba Walker was named as Kristaps Porziņģis ' replacement . ^ ST Russell Westbrook was selected to start in place of Cousins . Game ( edit ) TNT , TBS February 18 , 2018 8 : 30 pm ET Recap Team LeBron 148 , Team Stephen 145 Scoring by quarter : 31 -- 42 , 45 -- 36 , 33 -- 34 , 39 -- 33 Pts : LeBron James 29 Rebs : LeBron James 10 Asts : Kyrie Irving 9 Pts : DeRozan , Lillard 21 each Rebs : Karl - Anthony Towns 10 Asts : Kyle Lowry 11 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 17,801 Referees : James Capers Gary Zielinski Tony Brown National anthem ( edit ) Fergie 's performance of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' prior to the game received heavy negative criticism and mockery online . The rendition -- described as `` unusual '' and `` bizarre '' -- was met with laughter from the arena crowd , and All - Star Draymond Green was shown chuckling on the television broadcast . The following day , Fergie said she `` wanted to try something special for the NBA , '' but it `` did n't strike the intended tone . '' All - Star Weekend ( edit ) Celebrity Game ( edit ) Further information : NBA All - Star Weekend Celebrity Game The 2018 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game presented by Ruffles will be played on Friday , February 16 , 2018 at the Los Angeles Convention Center . Since the All - Star Weekend was held in Los Angeles , the competition would be represented by the two NBA teams in the city with the Los Angeles Lakers ( Team Lakers ) and the Los Angeles Clippers ( Team Clippers ) instead of the typical West Vs. East affair like in previous years . ESPN February 16 , 2018 7 : 00 pm ET Team Lakers 66 , Team Clippers 75 Scoring by quarter : 13 -- 19 , 17 -- 18 , 19 -- 17 , 17 -- 21 Los Angeles Convention Center , Los Angeles , California Team Lakers Player Background Justin Bieber ( 2 ) Singer / songwriter Sterling Brim TV personality / Host / Actor Nick Cannon ( 10 ) TV personality / Actor / Rapper Terence Crawford Boxer Rachel DeMita ( 2 ) NBA 2KTV personality Jerry Ferrara Actor Flea Musician Michael B. Jordan Actor Marc Lasry ( 3 ) Milwaukee Bucks owner Tracy McGrady ( 2 ) former NBA player Caleb McLaughlin ( 2 ) Actor Candace Parker ( 2 ) WNBA player Nate Robinson former NBA player Drew Scott ( 3 ) Actor Kris Wu ( 3 ) Actor / Singer Head Coach : Rachel Nichols ( ESPN host ) Assistant Coach : Tracy McGrady ( former NBA player , ESPN analyst ) Assistant Coach : Michael B. Jordan ( Actor ) Team Clippers Player Background Anthony Anderson ( 4 ) Actor Brandon Armstrong ( 2 ) Social media star , former NBA D - League player Miles Brown Actor Win Butler ( 4 ) Musician Common ( 7 ) Rapper / Actor Andre De Grasse Olympic sprinter Stefanie Dolson WNBA player Jamie Foxx ( 3 ) Actor / Comedian / Singer Paul Pierce former NBA player Dascha Polanco Actress Quavo Rapper Offset Rapper Bubba Watson Golfer Jason Williams ( 2 ) former NBA player Head Coach : Katie Nolan ( ESPN host ) Assistant Coach : Paul Pierce ( former NBA player , ESPN analyst ) Assistant Coach : Common ( Rapper / actor ) Mountain Dew Kickstart Rising Stars Challenge ( edit ) Further information : Rising Stars Challenge Team World Pos . Nationality Player Team R / S Serbia Bogdan Bogdanović Sacramento Kings Rookie G / F Canada Dillon Brooks Memphis Grizzlies Rookie Cameroon Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers Sophomore Bahamas Buddy Hield Sacramento Kings Sophomore Finland Lauri Markkanen Chicago Bulls Rookie Canada Jamal Murray Denver Nuggets Sophomore France Frank Ntilikina New York Knicks Rookie F / C Lithuania Domantas Sabonis Indiana Pacers Sophomore Croatia Dario Šarić Philadelphia 76ers Sophomore G / F Australia Ben Simmons Philadelphia 76ers Rookie Head Coach : Rex Kalamian ( Toronto Raptors ) Team USA Pos . Player Team R / S Lonzo Ball Los Angeles Lakers Rookie Malcolm Brogdon Milwaukee Bucks Sophomore G / F Jaylen Brown Boston Celtics Sophomore F / C John Collins Atlanta Hawks Rookie Kris Dunn Chicago Bulls Sophomore G / F Brandon Ingram Los Angeles Lakers Sophomore Kyle Kuzma Los Angeles Lakers Rookie Donovan Mitchell Utah Jazz Rookie Dennis Smith Jr . Dallas Mavericks Rookie Jayson Tatum Boston Celtics Rookie Taurean Prince Atlanta Hawks Sophomore De'Aaron Fox Sacramento Kings Rookie Head Coach : Roy Rogers ( Houston Rockets ) ^ INJ1 Malcolm Brogdon is unable to participate due to a leg injury . ^ REP1 Taurean Prince was selected as Malcolm Brogdon 's replacement . ^ INJ2 Lonzo Ball is unable to participate due to a knee injury . ^ REP2 De'Aaron Fox was selected as Lonzo Ball 's replacement . TNT February 16 9 : 00 pm ET Boxscore Team World 155 , Team USA 124 Scoring by half : 78 -- 59 , 77 -- 65 Pts : Buddy Hield 29 Rebs : Domantas Sabonis 11 Asts : Ben Simmons 13 Pts : Jaylen Brown 35 Rebs : Jaylen Brown 10 Asts : Donovan Mitchell 7 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 19,060 Referees : # 21 Dedric Taylor # 7 Lauren Holtkamp # 39 Tyler Ford Team World won against Team USA 155 - 124 . Skills Challenge ( edit ) Further information : Skills Challenge Contestants Pos . Player Team Height Weight Spencer Dinwiddie Brooklyn Nets 6 -- 6 200 Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers 7 -- 0 250 F / C Al Horford Boston Celtics 6 -- 10 245 Lauri Markkanen Chicago Bulls 7 -- 0 230 Donovan Mitchell Utah Jazz 6 -- 3 215 Jamal Murray Denver Nuggets 6 -- 4 207 F / C Kristaps Porziņģis New York Knicks 7 -- 3 240 Lou Williams Los Angeles Clippers 6 -- 1 175 Buddy Hield Sacramento Kings 6 -- 4 214 Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 6 -- 11 279 ^ OUT Donovan Mitchell was removed due to replacing Aaron Gordon in the Slam Dunk Contest . ^ ALT Buddy Hield was named as Donovan Mitchell 's replacement . ^ INJ Kristaps Porziņģis unable to participate due to a torn ACL . ^ REP Andre Drummond was named as Kristaps Porziņģis ' replacement . Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Spencer Dinwiddie ( Brooklyn ) O Buddy Hield ( Sacramento ) X Spencer Dinwiddie ( Brooklyn ) O Jamal Murray ( Denver ) X Jamal Murray ( Denver ) O Lou Williams ( LA Clippers ) X Spencer Dinwiddie ( Brooklyn ) O Lauri Makkanen ( Chicago ) X Al Horford ( Boston ) X Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia ) O Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia ) X Lauri Makkanen ( Chicago ) O Lauri Markkanen ( Chicago ) O Andre Drummond ( Detroit ) X Three - Point Contest ( edit ) Further information : Three - Point Contest Contestants Pos . Player Team Height Weight First round Final round Devin Booker Phoenix Suns 6 -- 6 210 19 28 Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 6 -- 7 215 19 25 Tobias Harris Los Angeles Clippers 6 -- 9 235 18 17 Wayne Ellington Miami Heat 6 -- 5 200 17 -- Bradley Beal Washington Wizards 6 -- 5 207 15 -- Eric Gordon Houston Rockets 6 -- 4 215 12 -- Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 6 -- 0 205 11 -- Paul George Oklahoma City Thunder 6 -- 9 220 9 -- Slam Dunk Contest ( edit ) Further information : Slam Dunk Contest Contestants Pos . Player Team Height Weight First round Final round Donovan Mitchell Utah Jazz 6 -- 3 215 98 ( 48 + 50 ) 98 ( 50 + 48 ) Larry Nance , Jr . Cleveland Cavaliers 6 -- 9 230 93 ( 44 + 49 ) 96 ( 46 + 50 ) Dennis Smith Jr . Dallas Mavericks 6 -- 3 195 89 ( 39 + 50 ) -- Victor Oladipo Indiana Pacers 6 -- 4 210 71 ( 31 + 40 ) -- Aaron Gordon Orlando Magic 6 -- 9 220 -- -- ^ INJ Aaron Gordon was unable to participate due to a hip injury . ^ REP Donovan Mitchell was named as Aaron Gordon 's replacement . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Hart , Pharrell Williams and N.E.R.D. to headline 2018 NBA All - Star Game entertainment '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles To Host NBA All - Star 2018 '' . NBA . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : All - Stars will get $100,000 each if their team wins 2018 NBA All - Star Game '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing sides : James , Curry draft rosters for Team LeBron vs. Team Stephen '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Rockets ' coach Mike D'Antoni to coach Team Stephen in All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toronto Raptors ' Dwane Casey to coach Team LeBron in All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA makes major changes to All - Star voting format '' . USA Today . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sekou . `` LeBron James , Steph Curry named captains as All - Star starters are revealed '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Sekou . `` Warriors nab four spots , while Wizards , Raptors backcourts selected as All - Star reserves are revealed '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans center DeMarcus Cousins ( Achilles ) out for season '' . NBA.com . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paul George to replace Demarcus Cousins on Team LeBron in 2018 NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Wizards ' John Wall to have left knee surgery '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons ' Andre Drummond to replace Washington Wizards ' John Wall in 2018 NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love suffers broken left hand , reportedly could miss 6 - 8 weeks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat 's Goran Dragic selected as All - Star replacement '' . ESPN.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Knicks ' Kristaps Porzingis suffers torn ACL in left knee '' . NBA.com . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets ' Kemba Walker replaces Kristaps Porzingis on Team LeBron for All - Star 2018 '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook replaces DeMarcus Cousins as All - Star starter '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Where does Fergie 's national anthem rank ? Right near the worst of the worst '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Creg ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fergie 's NBA All - Star Game national anthem confuses , amuses '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrew , Joseph ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Draymond Green laughed at Fergie 's bizarre anthem performance '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fergie 's ' sexy ' NBA All - Star anthem rendition leaves America chuckling '' . The Guardian . February 19 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fergie admits national anthem performance was kind of a mess '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Celebrity Game 2018 presented by Ruffles '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 2018 All - Star Events Tickets '' . Los Angeles Lakers . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN , NBA announce 2018 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game Presented By Ruffles players and coaches '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philadelphia 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Los Angeles Lakers ' Lonzo Ball highlight 2018 Mtn Dew Kickstart Rising Stars rosters '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Update on Malcolm Brogdon '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Named To 2018 Mtn Dew Kickstart Rising Stars '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ball Out Through All - Star Break '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` De'Aaron Fox to Participate in 2018 Rising Stars '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell to replace Aaron Gordon in 2018 Verizon Slam Dunk '' . NBA.com . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Drummond will replace Kristaps Porzingis in Taco Bell Skills Challenge '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2018 NBA All - Star Game at nba.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings G League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 NBA on TNT Related programs Inside the NBA Shaqtin ' a Fool NBA on TBS NBA All - Star Weekend NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship commentators NBA Awards Related articles Ratings NBA TV NBA 07 Commentators Play - by - play Marv Albert Brian Anderson Gary Bender Tim Brando Mike Breen Kevin Calabro Skip Caray Matt Devlin Jim Durham Kevin Harlan Jim Huber Verne Lundquist Bob Neal Mel Proctor Dick Stockton Pete Van Wieren Color commentators Danny Ainge Brent Barry Rick Barry Hubie Brown P.J. Carlesimo Rex Chapman Doug Collins Chuck Daly Mike Dunleavy Sr . Mike Fratello Jack Givens Grant Hill Steve Kerr Kevin McHale Reggie Miller Doc Rivers Steve Smith John Thompson Jeff Van Gundy Dick Versace Chris Webber Sideline reporters David Aldridge Rosalyn Gold - Onwude Lewis Johnson Allie LaForce Kristen Ledlow Cheryl Miller Pam Oliver Craig Sager Marty Snider Tracy Wolfson Studio hosts Vince Cellini Marc Fein Ernie Johnson Jr . Bob Lorenz Casey Stern Matt Winer Studio analysts Charles Barkley Magic Johnson Lisa Leslie Kevin McHale Shaquille O'Neal Gary Payton Kenny Smith Reggie Theus Isiah Thomas NBA Drafts 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 All - Star Game 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Lore Music Christmas Day NBA outdoor games Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 2017 -- 18 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NBA_All-Star_Game&oldid=832762841 '' Categories : National Basketball Association All - Star Game 2018 in Los Angeles Basketball in Los Angeles 2017 -- 18 NBA season 2018 in sports in California February 2018 sports events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 21 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when will the 2018 nba all stars be announced
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"The All-Star Game starters were announced on January 18, 2018.[9] Kyrie Irving of the Boston Celtics and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors were named the backcourt starters in the East, earning their fifth and fourth all-star appearances, respectively. LeBron James was named a starter to his 14th career all-star game, breaking Dirk Nowitzki's record for most selections among active players. Joining James in the East frontcourt was Joel Embiid of the Philadelphia 76ers, his first selection, and Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks, his second selection."
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"January 18, 2018"
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Highland Rim
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Highland Rim - wikipedia Highland Rim Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Highland Rim is a geographic term for the area in Tennessee surrounding the Central Basin . Nashville is largely surrounded by higher terrain in all directions . Geologically , the Central Basin is a dome . The Highland Rim is a cuesta surrounding the basin , and the border where the difference in elevation is sharply pronounced is an escarpment . Nashville is located in the northwestern corner of the basin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and physiography 1.1 Western Highland Rim 1.2 Eastern Highland Rim 1.3 Northern Highland Rim 1.4 Southern Highland Rim 2 References Geology and Physiography ( edit ) The Highland Rim is a physiographic section of the larger Interior Low Plateaus province , which in turn is part of the larger Interior Plains physiographic division . Most of the Highland Rim is located in U.S. EPA Ecoregion 71 , Interior Plateau , which is a part of the Eastern Temperate Forest . The sections of the Highland Rim are referred to the four cardinal directions , e.g. , `` Northern Highland Rim '' , etc . The Highland Rim is rather continuous and any division of it , including the ones made below , are somewhat arbitrary . The term `` highland '' here is relative : it is certainly higher than the basin it surrounds , but it nonetheless is seldom at an elevation above 1,100 feet ( 340 m ) above sea level and never more than about 1,400 feet ( 430 m ) above sea level except where interrupted , primarily to the southeast , by outliers of the Cumberland Plateau . With the exception of a few broad stream bottoms , the land is characterized by ridges and valleys with a few fairly low hills . The entire region is well watered with many perennial streams . There are occasional waterfalls which sometimes delineate the Highland Rim from the Central Basin which it surrounds . Western Highland Rim ( edit ) The Western Highland Rim is encountered a few miles west of Nashville and extends to the western valley of the Tennessee River . The area is a hilly area that is bisected by the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River valleys . Underlying bedrock of the region is chiefly Mississippian limestone , chert , shale , and sandstone with exposures of Devonian , Silurian , Ordovician , and Cambrian limestone , chert , and shale . In the northern part of the Western Highland Rim , sinkholes readily occur in an area with a southern extension of the Pennyroyal plateau of Kentucky , where the karst is best developed on the Mississippian St. Louis Limestone and the Ste . Genevieve Limestone . Eastern Highland Rim ( edit ) The Eastern Rim rises approximately fifty miles east of Nashville and is bordered to its east by even higher terrain , the Cumberland Plateau . Erosion has exposed carbonate bedrock of Late Paleozoic age . These carbonate rocks contain variable amounts of chert and are often interbedded with fine grained clastic rocks . As a result , these rocks are more resistant to erosion than the underlying purer limestones of the Lower ( Early ) Paleozoic . The geology is diverse and is typically limestone at valley floors ( around 500 feet ( 150 m ) elevation ) and sandstone on ridges ( to around 1,000 feet ) . The constituent bedrock is composed primarily of Mississippian aged St. Louis , and Warsaw limestones with Fort Payne chert underlain by Chattanooga Shale that forms a large part of the escarpment . This area is mostly undulating plains , hills , and karst . Northern Highland Rim ( edit ) The Northern Highland Rim is encountered a few miles north of Nashville and extends to the Kentucky border , and the region of Kentucky adjacent to it called the Pennyroyal is in fact largely a continuation of it under another name . Southern Highland Rim ( edit ) For the most part the Southern Rim is the farthest from Nashville , rising at some points just a few miles north of the border with Alabama . The landforms are continuous with those in adjacent portions of Alabama , although perhaps the most spectacular landforms of any portion of the Rim are to be found there . The stratigraphy of the Southern Highland Rim is primarily composed of flat - lying limestones , dolomites , and shales , and to a much lesser extent , of cherts , siltstones , mudstones , and very fine grained to conglomeratic sandstones . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S. '' U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Physiography of Tennessee '' . Tennessee Archaeology Net . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Shofner , Gregory A. ; Hugh H. Mills ; Jason E. Duke ( 2001 ) . `` A Simple Map Index of Karstification and its Relationship to Sinkhole and Cave Distribution in Tennessee '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Cave and Karst Studies . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy '' ( PDF ) . Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Geography topics History Index Outline Branches Human Agricultural Behavioral Cultural Development Economic Health Historical Political Population Settlement Regional Urban Physical Biogeography Ecology Phytogeography Zoogeography Coastal / Oceanography Earth sciences / Geosciences and Environmental science Atmospheric science / Meteorology Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Geobiology Geophysics / Geodesy Earth system science Geomorphology / Geology Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Pedology ( Edaphology / Soil science ) Quaternary science Integrated Integrated / Environmental Environmental social science Environmental studies Landscape architecture Landscape ecology Time geography Techniques and tools Geoinformatics / Geomathematics Cartography Geologic modelling Geostatistics Geographic information system Geochronology Geomatics Hydrography Photogrammetry Remote sensing Institutions Geographic data and information organizations Geographical societies Geoscience societies National mapping agency Education Geography education Geo - literacy International Geography Olympiad MSc in Geographic Information Science / Systems Spatial citizenship Category Portal Commons WikiProject Physical geography Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Edaphology / Pedology or Soil science Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science State of Tennessee Nashville ( capital ) Topics History Geography Tennesseans African Americans Media Newspapers Radio TV Constitution Elections Governors Lieutenant Governors General Assembly Supreme Court Tennessee National Guard Law Enforcement Tourist attractions Seal of Tennessee Grand Divisions East Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Regions Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Mountains Cumberland Plateau Highland Rim Mississippi Plain Nashville Basin Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Tennessee Valley Tri-Cities Largest cities Bartlett Bristol Chattanooga Clarksville Cleveland Franklin Hendersonville Jackson Johnson City Kingsport Knoxville Memphis Murfreesboro Nashville Counties Anderson Bedford Benton Bledsoe Blount Bradley Campbell Cannon Carroll Carter Cheatham Chester Claiborne Clay Cocke Coffee Crockett Cumberland Davidson Decatur DeKalb Dickson Dyer Fayette Fentress Franklin Gibson Giles Grainger Greene Grundy Hamblen Hamilton Hancock Hardeman Hardin Hawkins Haywood Henderson Henry Hickman Houston Humphreys Jackson Jefferson Johnson Knox Lake Lauderdale Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Loudon Macon Madison Marion Marshall Maury McMinn McNairy Meigs Monroe Montgomery Moore Morgan Obion Overton Perry Pickett Polk Putnam Rhea Roane Robertson Rutherford Scott Sequatchie Sevier Shelby Smith Stewart Sullivan Sumner Tipton Trousdale Unicoi Union Van Buren Warren Washington Wayne Weakley White Williamson Wilson Commonwealth of Kentucky Frankfort ( capital ) Topics Index Cuisine Environment Geography History Music Media Newspapers Radio TV People Religion Symbols Seal Flag Theater Tourism Tourist attractions Transportation Category Index Portal Seal of Kentucky Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Plateau The Bluegrass Cumberland Mountains Cumberland Plateau Eastern Kentucky Coalfield Highland Rim The Knobs Mississippi Plain Northern Kentucky Pennyroyal Plateau The Purchase Ridge - and - Valley Tennessee Valley Western Coal Fields 25 largest cities Louisville Lexington Bowling Green Owensboro Covington Richmond Georgetown Florence Hopkinsville Nicholasville Elizabethtown Henderson Frankfort Jeffersontown Independence Paducah Radcliff Ashland Madisonville Murray Erlanger Winchester St. Matthews Danville Fort Thomas Metropolitan areas Ashland Bowling Green Clarksville , TN Elizabethtown Evansville Lexington -- Fayette Louisville / Jefferson County Northern Kentucky Owensboro Counties Adair Allen Anderson Ballard Barren Bath Bell Boone Bourbon Boyd Boyle Bracken Breathitt Breckinridge Bullitt Butler Caldwell Calloway Campbell Carlisle Carroll Carter Casey Christian Clark Clay Clinton Crittenden Cumberland Daviess Edmonson Elliott Estill Fayette Fleming Floyd Franklin Fulton Gallatin Garrard Grant Graves Grayson Green Greenup Hancock Hardin Harlan Harrison Hart Henderson Henry Hickman Hopkins Jackson Jefferson Jessamine Johnson Kenton Knott Knox LaRue Laurel Lawrence Lee Leslie Letcher Lewis Lincoln Livingston Logan Lyon Madison Magoffin Marion Marshall Martin Mason McCracken McCreary McLean Meade Menifee Mercer Metcalfe Monroe Montgomery Morgan Muhlenberg Nelson Nicholas Ohio Oldham Owen Owsley Pendleton Perry Pike Powell Pulaski Robertson Rockcastle Rowan Russell Scott Shelby Simpson Spencer Taylor Todd Trigg Trimble Union Warren Washington Wayne Webster Whitley Wolfe Woodford Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highland_Rim&oldid=794618108 '' Categories : Regions of Tennessee Plateaus of the United States Landforms of Tennessee Physiographic sections Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Tennessee articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 01 : 46 . About Wikipedia
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where is the northern highland rim in tennessee
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"The Northern Highland Rim is encountered a few miles north of Nashville and extends to the Kentucky border, and the region of Kentucky adjacent to it called the Pennyroyal is in fact largely a continuation of it under another name."
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"encountered a few miles north of Nashville and extends to the Kentucky border"
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Smallville (season 8)
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Smallville ( season 8 ) - wikipedia Smallville ( season 8 ) Smallville ( season 8 ) DVD and Blu - ray cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The CW Original release September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) -- May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of Smallville episodes Season eight of Smallville , an American television series , began airing on September 18 , 2008 . The series recounts the early adventures of Kryptonian Clark Kent as he adjusts to life in the fictional town of Smallville , Kansas , during the years before he becomes Superman . The eighth season comprises 22 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 14 , 2009 , marking the third season to air on The CW television network . Regular cast members during season eight include Tom Welling , Allison Mack , Erica Durance , Aaron Ashmore , along with new series regulars Cassidy Freeman , Sam Witwer , and Justin Hartley . This season focuses on Clark Kent as he starts his job at the Daily Planet , begins to accept more of his destiny as Earth 's hero , and develops romantic feelings for Lois Lane . While Lex Luthor is presumed dead , and Lana Lang has left Smallville for good , Clark also meets new characters Davis Bloome , Smallville 's interpretation of Doomsday , as well as the new CEO of LuthorCorp , Tess Mercer . In other storylines , Clark and Oliver Queen clash over how to handle Lex when he resurfaces , while Chloe Sullivan and Jimmy Olsen take their relationship to the next level . In addition , this season sees the appearance of more DC Comics characters , including recurring appearances from Plastique and members of the Legion of Super-Heroes . Following the end of season seven , it was announced that series regulars Kristin Kreuk and Michael Rosenbaum , who had been with the show since the first episode , would not return as regulars for the eighth season , though Kreuk did return as a recurring guest to conclude her story . while Laura Vandervoort and John Glover departed the series alongside Kreuk and Rosenbaum ; Glover was killed off in season seven 's `` Descent '' , while Vandervoort was written out of the series after one season but made one guest appearance in this season . Show creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar also departed the series , allowing Kelly Souders , Brian Peterson , Todd Slavkin and Darren Swimmer to continue as executive producers . This allowed the show to `` reinvigorate '' itself by introducing new characters and storylines , as well as developing Clark 's understanding of his destiny . Averaging 3.74 million viewers per episode , the season out - ranked other high - profile shows on the network , such as Reaper and Gossip Girl . It also received an Emmy Award nomination in the Sound Editing for a Series category . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Writing 2.2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Home media release 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Smallville episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 153 `` Odyssey '' Kevin G. Fair Teleplay by : Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer Story by : Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) 3T7451 4.34 After the collapse of the Fortress of Solitude , Oliver Queen , Arthur Curry and Dinah Lance set out searching for Clark . At the same time , newly promoted Tess Mercer also begins searching for Lex Luthor . Oliver discovers that Clark is being held captive in Russia , and leaves to rescue him . Chloe is revealed to be in the custody of LuthorCorp , who have been testing her developing powers , which now include super-intelligence . Lex 's assistant , Regan , has been using Chloe to locate the members of Oliver 's team . Oliver and Clark , who has lost his powers , arrive at the LuthorCorp site and rescue Chloe , Arthur and Dinah . John Jones arrives and restores Clark 's powers , at the cost of his own . Afterward , Clark decides that he must leave the farm and pursue a new life , one that is free from the things that have been holding him back from his destiny . Clark starts his internship in the Daily Planet with Lois as his co-worker . 154 `` Plastique '' Rick Rosenthal Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson September 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) 3T7452 4.18 On Clark 's first day at the Daily Planet a bomb on a bus goes off outside the building . Chloe helps one of the injured passengers , Bette , and meets paramedic Davis Bloome . Bette , a homeless teenager , stays with Chloe while Davis contacts a friend who runs a shelter for the homeless . Clark discovers that there was no bomb on the bus , but that someone blew it up with their meteor power . Clark and Lois deduce that Bette is the one with the meteor power , and Clark arrives at the Talon to save Chloe before Bette can hurt her . As Bette heads to Belle Reve , Tess stops by and persuades her to join a group of individuals , who also have meteor powers , that Tess has been forming . 155 `` Toxic '' James Conway Al Septien & Turi Meyer October 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) 3T7454 4.11 Oliver collapses at a fundraiser and reveals to Clark and Chloe that he has been poisoned and only has twelve hours to live . Chloe calls Davis , who attempts to find a cure for Oliver 's ailment , while Clark tries to find out who is responsible . Tess assigns Lois the job of uncovering the truth about Oliver 's `` drunken fall '' at the fundraiser . While unconscious , Oliver relives the time he was shipwrecked on an island and how he first learned to shoot a bow . He also relives his first meeting with Tess , who was kidnapped while doing marine research in Fiji by a man named Marcos . Clark manages to get an antidote for Oliver , who informs him that Tess will be attacked next . Clark saves Tess before Marcos , who has returned , can kill her . Tess later takes revenge and poisons Marcos before sending him to the hospital to die . 156 `` Instinct '' Mairzee Almas Caroline Dries October 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 09 ) 3T7453 4.05 Tess and a scientist activate the crystal that built the Fortress of Solitude , which results in an energy beam being sent into space . An alien , Maxima , from the planet Almerac recognizes the beacon as Kryptonian and comes to Earth to search for the Kryptonian she believes sent for her . Maxima tracks the signal to Tess , and then mistakenly identifies Jimmy as the Kryptonian . Maxima 's kiss almost kills Jimmy , but Clark comes to the rescue . Maxima realizing Clark is the Kryptonian she has been looking for , finds Clark at the Daily Planet and she uses her hormone - enhanced kiss to take control over Clark . When Clark tries to comfort Lois , who witnesses the pair kissing , Maxima assumes she is a rival mate and attempts to kill her . Clark stops Maxima and uses her bracelet to send her back to her home planet ; he also learns that Tess has his crystal . 157 5 `` Committed '' Glen Winter Bryan Q. Miller October 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 16 ) 3T7455 4.18 Chloe and Jimmy are kidnapped after their engagement party by a jeweler who wants to test their love . Using a lie - detector to quiz them , every time one is caught in a lie the other is punished with a surge of electricity . Clark and Lois discover that they are missing and pose as a couple to lure the kidnapper out of hiding . Chloe and Jimmy survive , answering the questions to the jeweler 's satisfaction , who sets them free ; unfortunately , Lois is kidnapped by the jeweler . Clark goes to her rescue , but a kryptonite watch the jeweler wears weakens Clark . During the line of questions , Lois admits that she loves Clark . Before Clark can answer , he manages to strip the watch off the jeweler and then knock him unconscious . Later , Lois chalks up her `` love '' for Clark as nothing more than a lie , which she was able to accomplish by slipping the lie - detector electrode off her finger . 158 6 `` Prey '' Michael Rohl Kelly Souders & Brian Peterson October 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) 377456 4.15 A serial killer attacks a local club , injuring and murdering several patrons . Clark arrives and discovers Davis 's body , covered in blood and lying unconscious on the floor . Davis denies any memory of the event . While looking for clues , Clark again encounters John Jones , who , since losing his powers , has taken a job as a police detective . John and Clark work together on the attack , with John indicating that there have been others and that Davis has been the first to arrive on each of the scenes . Davis discovers that the blood on his body is not his , and that he has no wounds ; Davis starts to believe that he is the killer because he suffers blackouts during the attacks , and finds his skin under the fingernail of a victim . One of Chloe 's Isis clients attacks Davis and Jimmy , and after Clark subdues him , the client confesses to all of the murders . John warns Clark that his heroic actions are getting a lot of attention and could expose him to the world , so he needs to be more careful when saving people . 159 7 `` Identity '' Mairzee Almas Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer October 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) 3T7457 4.32 Lois and Jimmy are mugged on the street , and when Jimmy attempts to snap a picture of the mugger he catches a blurred image of Clark saving Lois . Jimmy goes on the hunt to identify the mysterious `` Good Samaritan '' , and Chloe tells Clark that he should use this opportunity to create an alter ego for himself like Oliver has with `` Green Arrow '' . Tess plants a new reporter , Sebastian Kane , at the Daily Planet , who has the ability to steal memories , to find out if Lois stole the crystal . Jimmy 's research leads him right to Clark . Having Oliver pose as the Good Samaritan , Clark sets up a scheme and shows Jimmy that he is wrong . Sebastian attempts to kill Lois after discovering that she knows who he is , but Clark intervenes . Chloe visits Sebastian , and when she learns that he knows Clark 's secret she uses her abilities to give him a stroke . 160 8 `` Bloodline '' Michael Rohl Caroline Dries November 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 06 ) 3T7459 4.45 Someone sends Clark the crystal to rebuild the Fortress , only , when Clark touches the crystal it activates and sends him and Lois to the Phantom Zone . There , Clark and Lois find Kara , who helps Lois escape back to Earth . Unfortunately , General Zod 's wife , Faora , also escapes and takes over Lois 's body . Faora sets out to find her son , who turns out to be Davis -- Faora explains that he was created when Faora and Zod could not have children . Chloe uses her powers to bring Clark and Kara back to Earth , with Kara getting John Jones 's crystal to exorcise Faora from Lois 's body . Tess pieces together that Clark was in the Arctic with Lex when he disappeared , while Kara decides to leave Earth in search of Kandor , a city that could possibly house survivors of Krypton . 161 9 `` Abyss '' Kevin G. Fair Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson November 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 13 ) 3T7458 3.55 Chloe 's memories begin rapidly disappearing , as Brainiac replaces them with Kryptonian code , with the symbol for `` Doom '' appearing repeatedly . After Chloe forgets everyone , except Davis , Clark decides he has to use the crystal to rebuild the Fortress of Solitude and have Jor - El restore her memories . However , Clark makes a sole provision , that all of Chloe 's knowledge about Clark 's true identity be removed . As Jor - El restores her memories , Brainiac leaves Chloe and infects the Fortress , unknown to Clark . With her memories restored , Chloe continues planning her wedding with Jimmy . Davis visits Chloe and confesses his love for her , and that he believes she is marrying the wrong man . 162 10 `` Bride '' Jeannot Szwarc Al Septien & Turi Meyer November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 3T7460 4.18 While Lois organizes Jimmy and Chloe 's wedding , Oliver shows up on the Kent farm and informs Clark that Lex is still alive , but he needs Clark 's help to find Lex 's exact location . Clark declines his immediate assistance , explaining that Chloe no longer knows his secret and would never understand why he could not give her away at her wedding . Traveling to Cuba , Oliver meets Lana Lang , who has also been following Lex 's trail . Oliver convinces Lana to come back to Smallville , and she arrives at the wedding interrupting Clark and Lois just as they are about to kiss . A security guard discovers Davis disposing of evidence , but before he can call the police , Davis morphs into a Kryptonian monster and kills him . The monster arrives at the ceremony , where he critically injures Jimmy and kidnaps Chloe ; he then takes Chloe to the Fortress of Solitude . Lois decides to leave Smallville to help Jimmy although her real reason is the arrival of Lana and leaves heartbroken . 163 11 `` Legion '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns January 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) 3T7461 4.29 Clark is attacked by the Persuader in his barn , but before he is killed a trio of superpowered aliens from the 31st Century , called the Legion , shows up and saves him . While inhabiting Chloe 's body , Brainiac informs Davis that he will soon become the creature `` Doomsday '' permanently , and places him in an ice cocoon for the metamorphosis . Rokk , Imra and Garth inform Clark that today is the day he is supposed to destroy Brainiac for good , but the only way for him to do that would be to kill Chloe . Brainiac begins sucking the knowledge from every human mind through the world 's computer network when he is attacked by the Legion . Before the Legionnaires can kill Chloe , Clark intervenes and convinces them to focus their powers and pull Brainiac out of Chloe . Afterward , the Legion takes what is left of Brainiac with them back to the future to reprogram him into Brainiac 5 , leaving Clark with a Legion ring of his own . 164 12 `` Bulletproof '' Morgan Beggs Bryan Miller January 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 22 ) 3T7462 3.85 John Jones is shot by an unseen assailant while on duty , and Chloe and Clark suspect that the shooter was another police officer . Clark goes undercover as a cop to identify the shooter . Clark discovers that a group of officers are taking the law into their own hands , and killing criminals . The group realize who Clark really is , and frame him for John 's attempted murder . Believing that Green Arrow is on to them , the cops attempt to kill him as well . Luckily , Clark 's words of encouragement persuade one of the cops , a young Dan Turpin , to turn on the others . With some help from John , who has recovered , Clark is cleared of all charges . Lana informs Tess that Lex inserted a nano - transmitter into her optic nerve so that he could keep an eye on everything she was doing . As retribution , Tess offers Oliver the chance to buy LuthorCorp . 165 13 `` Power '' Allison Mack Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer January 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 29 ) 3T7463 4.21 Believing that Lana has been kidnapped , Tess tells Clark that she believes Lex took her . She also informs Clark that the reason Lana left after coming out of her coma was because Lex had her taken into custody when she woke , and forced her to break up with Clark via a video . After Clark talks with Chloe , he realizes that Lana never returned because she was busy plotting her revenge against Lex . Clark and Chloe discover that Lana was not kidnapped , but intends to use Lex 's `` Prometheus '' technology , which harnesses alien DNA to give an individual super-human abilities , on herself . It is a success , and Lana is imbued with super-powers of her own . Later , she tells Clark that he no longer has to worry about her , and that they can work together to make the world a better place . 166 14 `` Requiem '' Michael Rohl Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson February 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 05 ) 3T7464 3.93 Just as Oliver is announcing to the LuthorCorp board of executives that Queen Industries has bought controlling interest in LuthorCorp a bomb detonates in the meeting room . Clark and Lana investigate the bombing and discover that the bomb was made with kryptonite . Lana also discovers that her suit not only gives her strength and speed , but absorbs kryptonite radiation as well . The bombmaker , Winslow Schott , a former Queen Industries employee now under the employ of Lex , plants another bomb on the roof of the Daily Planet . When Lana absorbs the kryptonite in this bomb to deactivate it , she becomes so irradiated that she and Clark can never again be near each other . Clark tracks Lex down , but Lana stops him from doing something he would regret , and Lex 's mobile safe - house explodes and kills him . To keep from harming Clark , Lana leaves Smallville , again . 167 15 `` Infamous '' Glen Winter Caroline Dries March 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) 3T7465 3.56 Lois Lane returns to Smallville and is not happy to see Clark . Linda Lake comes back and threatens to expose Clark 's secret if he does not agree to provide her with the inside scoop on all of the `` Red - Blue Blur '' heroics he performs . Instead , Clark has Lois write his story as a means of controlling the inevitable . In response , Linda announces that Clark is part of an alien invasion , and that he killed Lex Luthor . With the police after him , Clark uses his Legion ring to go back in time and stops Linda from writing her story ; Clark destroys the ring afterward . Davis begins taking antipsychotic medication to keep his alien side from coming out . When Linda tries to bring out Doomsday , in an effort to escape from going to prison , Davis keeps the creature from coming by killing her . 168 16 `` Turbulence '' Kevin G. Fair Al Septien & Turi Meyer March 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) 3T7466 3.49 Clark begins to embrace the idea of a double identity by wearing his blue shirt under his suit , carrying his red jacket in his backpack , and switching into his Red - Blue Blur persona whenever he needs to . Tess orchestrates an elaborate plan to expose Clark 's secret , which involves stranding the two of them on a plane on the verge of crashing . Clark manages to get the two to safety without Tess seeing him use his powers . Meanwhile , Jimmy witnesses Davis murdering a man in the hospital , but Davis drugs Jimmy with a hallucinogen to make it appear that he is delusional . After witnessing Chloe and Davis hugging , and having Chloe stun him with a taser before he could hit Davis with a pipe , Jimmy informs Chloe that marrying her was a mistake and he walks out on her . 169 17 `` Hex '' Mairzee Almas Bryan Miller March 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) 3T7467 3.79 A magician , Zatanna , grants Chloe 's wish to have Lois 's life , and as a result Chloe wakes up with Lois 's body . Chloe informs Clark about what has happened , and the pair track down Zatanna . Chloe learns that to reverse the spell she has to not want the wish any longer ; at the same time , Clark inadvertently wishes to have a normal life , which deprives him of the knowledge of his abilities . Zatanna visits Oliver and offers to grant him one wish if he can find her father 's book of spells . Oliver gets the book , and Zatanna sets out to resurrect her father with it , which will require her to sacrifice her own life . Clark regains the memory of his alien heritage with help from Chloe , and convinces Zatanna not to sacrifice herself but instead use her gifts to honor her father 's memory . 170 18 `` Eternal '' James Marshall Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders April 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) 3T7468 3.84 After doing some research , Tess informs Davis that he crash landed to Earth in 1989 , during the Smallville meteor shower , alongside another boy . She tells Davis that he and Clark Kent are destined to fight and kill each other , and that Clark can not accept his role as Earth 's savior until he kills Davis . Davis remembers that he was hurt by kryptonite as a child , and has Chloe lock him in a tank and drown him in a kryptonite solution until he dies . Tess tries to convince Clark that she knows who he is , and her theory about his needing to kill Davis , but she fails . In the end , Davis returns to life and is now immune to kryptonite ; he informs Chloe that her presence is the only thing that keeps Doomsday at bay . It is also revealed that Tess is in possession of the Kryptonian orb that took Clark 's powers . 171 19 `` Stiletto '' Kevin G. Fair Caroline Dries April 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 23 ) 3T7469 3.10 After saving Chloe from a carjacker , who turns out to be local mobster , Bruno Mannheim , Lois takes on the superhero persona of `` Stiletto '' , which she uses to get closer to the Red - Blue Blur and convince him to give an interview to `` Lois Lane '' . Jimmy is enlisted to take photos of Lois in her Stiletto costume , but his camera is taken by the mobster , who wants revenge on Stiletto . Clark goes looking for Stiletto , in an effort to track down Chloe 's laptop that contains files on Oliver and his team , and discovers that Lois is Stiletto . After lecturing her on faking a story , he tracks down the laptop but is incapacitated by kryptonite . Lois arrives just in time to save Clark . In the end , Lois receives a call from the Red - Blue Blur who informs her that she does not need to fake stories to be a good reporter , and when he is ready to come out to the world she will be the first to know . 172 20 `` Beast '' Michael Rohl Genevieve Sparling April 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) 3T7470 3.23 Clark begins to suspect that Davis is alive , and when the Metropolis police issue a manhunt for Davis , whom they believe to be a local serial killer , Chloe decides it would be best if they both just left Smallville . Clark informs Chloe that he can send Davis to the Phantom Zone using the crystal from the Fortress of Solitude ; hearing this , Chloe lies and tells Clark she thinks Davis could be in Alaska . Clark finds Davis in the process of killing Oliver , but he intervenes and takes Davis to the Fortress . Clark uses the crystal to open the Phantom Zone , but Chloe arrives , removes the crystal , and chastises Clark for giving up on Davis . Chloe and Davis leave the Fortress and Smallville , going off the grid so that Clark and Oliver can not track them . 173 21 `` Injustice '' Tom Welling Al Septien & Turi Meyer May 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) 3T7471 3.39 Tess gathers a team of meteor - infected individuals to track Doomsday so that she can give Clark his location , and hopefully convince him to kill Doomsday . One of Tess ' team members pretends to be Chloe in order to trick Clark into killing Doomsday . Instead , Tess learns that Clark plans to use black kryptonite to split Davis from his Doomsday persona , and send the beast into the Phantom Zone . As a result , Tess steals the crystal that opens the Phantom Zone and destroys it , all at the request from a disembodied voice claiming to be from Kandor that emanates from the Kryptonian orb she has . Tess informs Clark that now he has no choice but to kill Doomsday . Meanwhile , Oliver confesses to Clark that he killed Lex , which forces Clark to question who Oliver has become if he 's willing to take another man 's life . 174 22 `` Doomsday '' James Marshall Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders May 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) 3T7472 3.13 Rokk returns from the 31st Century and informs Clark that Doomsday will kill him , and gives him a new Legion ring to transport Doomsday to the future . Instead , Clark decides to use black kryptonite to split Davis from Doomsday , and bury the beast a mile underground . Tess confronts Lois about stealing the Kryptonian orb , but as the two fight , Lois finds the Legion ring and is transported to another time in history . When Davis starts to change , Chloe uses the black kryptonite to split him herself . Clark battles Doomsday in the streets of Metropolis and manages to bury Doomsday , as planned , using explosives to seal the tunnel . Davis stabs Jimmy when he realizes that Chloe still loves Jimmy , but before he dies Jimmy impales Davis on a metal rod . Clark tells Chloe that it is human - learned emotions that have caused him the most trouble , and vows that `` Clark Kent is dead '' ; the orb returns to Tess and releases Zod . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) Executive producer Kelly Souders explained that the loss of show creators Alfred Gough and Miles Millar , as well as series regulars Michael Rosenbaum and Kristin Kreuk at the end of the seventh season , forced the creative team to look at the show from a new angle . As Souders explained , it allowed the writers to work with `` blank slates '' , and come up with ways to `` reinvigorate and reinvent the show '' . Executive producer Darren Swimmer explained that this season would feature Chloe 's powers manifesting in a way that they have not previously been seen . He went on to express that the theme of season eight would be `` double identity '' ; specifically , Swimmer explained that Clark would begin to understand that he is going to have to live a double life , or he will never be able to continue forward with his destiny . Season eight would be about Clark moving forward to his destiny in a way that the show has never attempted before . Swimmer further explained that Clark will be acting more with his superpowers , whereas previously he would `` react '' to the situation ; `` he 's going to seek out trouble . '' Clark joined the Daily Planet to help his cause , using the Planet as a means to get information about where there is trouble . Clark 's heroic actions put him in Jimmy 's sights , who starts connecting things to Clark ; this helped fuel Clark 's decision to develop a `` secret identity '' . Another reason for Clark 's decision to develop a secret identity will be the stark contrast between saving people in the secluded streets of Smallville , and saving people in the crowded streets of Metropolis . While working at the Daily Planet , Clark was paired up with Lois on various assignments . Lois Lane actress Erica Durance , explained the episodes would be more focused on her character than they have been in the past , and that Lois and Clark would be both rivals and supportive partners to each other . Durance also revealed that Lois would begin to realize her true romantic feelings for Clark , but that she does not want him to know the truth because she does not know what she wants to do with those feelings . Season eight explored these romantic notions between the two characters . Jeph Loeb added that season eight would explore more of the DC Comics mythology , and would introduce new characters , as well as expand on already existing ones in Smallville continuity . Peterson also revealed that there would be a chance that the show would break the `` No flights , no tights '' rule , at least in regard to the flying part of the rule . With Justin Hartley added as a series regular , Smallville would explore more of his backstory , including why he chose to become Green Arrow , how he accomplished it , and how he became good at archery . This season would also explore more of the friendship between Oliver Queen and Clark . Oliver would be broken down emotionally -- questioning whether he made the right choice to sacrifice all for the sake of being Green Arrow -- and that causes him to `` butt heads '' with Clark , who is beginning to embrace his destiny . Allison Mack 's character , Chloe Sullivan , would have more romantic interests this season . Not only would the character still have Jimmy Olsen , but there is still the question of her romantic interest in Clark , as well as a new interest in the character of Davis Bloome . Mack 's character would also be picking up the Isis Foundation , a counseling center for people infected by kryptonite , that Lana founded before she left Smallville . Mack explained that Chloe would be forging her own destiny this season , and letting Clark learn to deal with problems on his own -- previous seasons saw Clark relying heavily on Chloe to help solve the crime . Characters ( edit ) Brian Wayne Peterson and Todd Slavkin revealed that they planned to introduce more DC Comics characters into Smallville this season . Among those appearing were Plastique and Maxima , the latter coming to Smallville to try to mate with Clark . This version of Maxima had the ability to make herself irresistible to men , including Clark , whom she set her sights on ; actress Charlotte Sullivan was cast as Maxima . Smallville also introduced the futuristic heroes from the Legion of Super-Heroes . Comic book scribe Geoff Johns wrote the episode that featured the Legion of Super-Heroes , and suggested that people familiar with the Legion would recognize them when they appeared on the show , as they had some of the quintessential elements of their comic book counterparts . Darren Swimmer stated that they would be using Saturn Girl , Cosmic Boy and Lightning Lad for this episode . In the seventeenth episode , `` Hex '' , Smallville puts its spin on the DC character Zatanna . Portrayed by Serinda Swan , Zatanna is a magician who comes to town and grants Chloe a birthday wish that results in Chloe 's body transforming into Lois . In an interview , writer Bryan Q. Miller explains that he read through archived comics featuring the Zatanna character , but was more influenced by Grant Morrison 's writing turn on Seven Soldiers , as well as the television episodes of Batman : The Animated Series and Justice League Unlimited that Zatanna made appearances on . Swan won the role of Zatanna after `` acing '' her audition thanks to the actress recording Zatanna 's spells into her iPod and studying them in reverse -- to cast a spell Zatanna recites the words in reverse . There are two new characters added to the show as series regulars , Tess Mercer and Davis Bloome . The name `` Tess Mercer '' is a homage to two characters from Superman lore , Eve Teschmacher and Mercy Graves . As Freeman describes her character , Tess Mercer is Lex 's handpicked successor ; she is `` fierce '' , `` fun '' and intelligent . Tess Mercer 's primary goal for this season was finding Lex , which drew her inquisitively to Clark , who she believed would be able to help her . Darren Swimmer revealed that Tess would develop a romantic interest in Clark as well . Davis Bloome would actually be Smallville 's interpretation of Doomsday , the only character to have succeeded at killing Superman . In Smallville , Doomsday was represented by a `` nice guy '' paramedic , who grew up moving from foster home to foster home . His storyline was very dark in that the character would uncover horrible truths about himself . Witwer explained that over the course of the season , his character would come to resemble that of the comic book counterpart he is based on . Brian Peterson explained that the new executive producers were looking for a villainous character that was `` as great as Lex '' , with Michael Rosenbaum 's departure , and Doomsday fit what they were looking for . Reception ( edit ) Season eight finished 152 out of the 190 shows ranked in the Nielsen ratings , averaging 3.74 million viewers a week . Smallville 's eighth season received an Emmy Award nomination in the Sound Editing for a Series category . In the 2009 Teen Choice Awards , Tom Welling received the award for Choice TV Actor -- Action Adventure . The season eight DVD box set was officially released on August 25 , 2009 , and sold approximately 183,000 units in its first week ; it generated an estimated $6.7 million . Comparatively , the DVD revenue decreased from the previous year , with the season seven box set having sold over 212,000 units and generating an estimated $8 million during its first week . Regardless , it was enough for Smallville to earn second place in most units sold during the ending week of August 30 , 2009 , just behind the season five boxset of House which sold approximately 223,000 units . Even though House sold more units , Smallville 's $6.7 million in revenue was more than House 's $6.0 million , making it the top money earner for the week . In its second week , the eighth season only sold 55,000 units , and earning more than $2 million . The third week of release saw another dip in sales , with the season eight boxset only selling 30,000 units . At the same time , the end of week three brought the season eight sales past the $10 million mark . Home media release ( edit ) The complete eighth season of Smallville was released on August 25 , 2009 in North America in both DVD and Blu - ray format . The DVD and Blu - ray box set were also released in region 2 and region 4 on October 12 , 2009 and March 31 , 2010 , respectively . The box set included various special features , including episode commentary , a behind - the - scenes featurettes titled `` Smallville 's Doomsday : The Making of a Monster '' and `` In the Director 's Chair : Behind the Lens and Calling the Shots with Allison Mack '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Smallville Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Salem ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Shaking things up in Smallville '' . The Star . Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kristin Dos Santos ( May 1 , 2008 ) . `` Breaking : Michael Rosenbaum Has Left Smallville '' . Eonline . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Smallville Exclusive : Kara 's Future Is Up , Up in the Air '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with executive producers Kelly Souders and Brian Peterson ( part 1 ) '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : EOL Staff ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Complete List of Emmy Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , September 15 -- 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , September 22 -- 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , October 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , September 29 -- October 5 '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 21 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , October 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , October 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , October 27 -- November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 11 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , November 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , November 10 -- 16 , 2008 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , November 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , January 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , January 19 -- 25 , 2009 '' . TV by the Number . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , January 26 -- February 1 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , February 2 -- 8 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , March 16 -- 22 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , March 23 -- 29 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 7 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , March 30 -- April 5 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 2 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , April 20 -- 26 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , April 27 -- May 3 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , May 4 -- 10 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , May 11 -- 17 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville Scoop , Part 1 : Chloe 's Challenges and More ! '' . TV Guide . July 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kristin Dos Santos ( August 27 , 2008 ) . `` Smallville : What 's in Store for Season Eight ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with executive producers Kelly Souders and Brian Peterson ( part 2 ) '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Big Smallville Scoop from Erica Durance : Part 1 '' . TV Guide . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eduardo Vasconcellos ( July 27 , 2008 ) . `` SDCC 08 : Smallville Q&A : The cast and crew unveil a few tidbits on the upcoming season '' . IGN . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with Justin Hartley '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with Allison Mack '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville Preview : Will Lana Rock Clark 's World ? '' . TV Guide . July 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vaneta Rogers ( July 27 , 2008 ) . `` SDCC ' 08 -- Geoff Johns Brings the Legion to ' Smallville ' '' . Newsarama . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Matt Mitovich ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Who Will Make Magic as Smallville 's Zatanna ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` KryptonSite Interview : Bryan Q. Miller Talks About His Comic Book Work & More '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Zatanna Casts Another Spell on Smallville '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2009 . Retrieved November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Catwoman 2 , Punisher : War Zone , Transformers 2 : July 30 Comic Reel '' . Comic Book Resources . July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with Cassidy Freeman '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Craig Byrne . `` Roundtable interview with Sam Witwer '' . Kryptonsite . Retrieved August 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Teen Choice Awards , Nominees , Winners , TV Schedule '' . ChiFF.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` DVD & Blu - ray Official 8th Season Announcement : Extras , 3D Box Art & August Date '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Heavy rotation on USA Network helping NCIS & House DVD Sales ? '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( September 14 , 2009 ) . `` Heroes leads TV Show DVD Sales , Supernatural strong for week ending 9 / 6 '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Office dominates TV Show DVD sales , Fringe a distant second for the week ending 9 / 13 / 09 '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` DVD & Blu - ray Official 8th Season Announcement : Extras , 3D Box Art & August Date '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Eighth Season -- Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Official 8th Season ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon.uk . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 8th Season ( 6 Disc Set ) '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Eighth Season ( Blu - ray ) ( 2009 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 8th Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . ezydvd . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Details from the back of the DVD box set . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smallville . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Smallville # Season 8 Official website List of Smallville episodes on IMDb List of Smallville season 8 episodes at TV.com Smallville at epguides.com List of Smallville season 8 guide at kryptonsite.com Smallville Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Tempest '' 5 `` Reckoning '' 6 7 8 9 `` Absolute Justice '' 10 `` Finale '' Characters Clark Kent Lex Luthor Lana Lang Chloe Sullivan Lionel Luthor Lois Lane Justice League Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smallville_(season_8)&oldid=866400929 '' Categories : Smallville seasons 2008 American television seasons 2009 American television seasons Legion of Super-Heroes in other media Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Magyar Português Русский Shqip Suomi Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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Kansas City Chiefs
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Kansas City Chiefs - wikipedia Kansas City Chiefs Jump to : navigation , search Kansas City Chiefs Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in Arrowhead Stadium Kansas City , Missouri Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Red , Gold , White Mascot Warpaint ( 1963 -- 1988 , 2009 -- present ) K.C. Wolf ( 1989 -- present ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Hunt family Chairman Clark Hunt CEO Clark Hunt President Mark Donovan General manager Brett Veach Head coach Andy Reid Team history Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 1963 -- present ) Team nicknames Redwood Forest ( Defense , 1969 -- 1971 ) Championships League championships ( 2 ) † AFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1962 , 1966 , 1969 AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1969 ( IV ) Conference championships ( 0 ) Division championships ( 10 ) AFL West : 1962 , 1966 AFC West : 1971 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2010 , 2016 , 2017 † - Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL - NFL Super Bowl championships prior to the 1970 AFL - NFL Merger Playoff appearances ( 20 ) AFL : 1962 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 NFL : 1971 , 1986 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , 2003 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Municipal Stadium ( 1963 -- 1971 ) Arrowhead Stadium ( 1972 -- present ) The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football team based in Kansas City , Missouri . The Chiefs compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded in 1960 as the Dallas Texans by businessman Lamar Hunt and was a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) ( they are not associated with an earlier Dallas Texans NFL team that only played for one season in 1952 ) . In 1963 , the team relocated to Kansas City and assumed their current name . The Chiefs joined the NFL as a result of the merger in 1970 . The team is valued at over $2 billion . Hunt 's son , Clark , serves as chairman and CEO . While Hunt 's ownership stakes passed collectively to his widow and children after his death in 2006 , Clark represents the Chiefs at all league meetings and has ultimate authority on personnel changes . The Chiefs have won three AFL championships , in 1962 , 1966 , and 1969 and became the second AFL team ( after the New York Jets ) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL -- NFL World Championship Game , when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV . The team 's victory on January 11 , 1970 , remains the club 's last championship game victory and appearance to date , and occurred in the final such competition prior to the leagues ' merger coming into full effect . The Chiefs were also the second team , after the Green Bay Packers , to appear in more than one Super Bowl ( and the first AFL team to do so ) and the first to appear in the championship game in two different decades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980 -- 1988 1.4 1989 -- 2008 1.5 2009 -- 2012 1.6 2013 -- 2014 1.7 2015 1.8 2016 1.9 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Arrowhead Stadium 4 Training camp and practice facility 5 Mascots and cheerleaders 6 Notable players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees 6.4 Chiefs Hall of Fame 7 Head coaches 8 Ownership and administration 8.1 Staff 9 Media 9.1 Radio and television 9.1. 1 Radio affiliates 9.2 Preseason game affiliates 10 Culture 10.1 Fan base 10.2 Tony DiPardo 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Franchise History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Kansas City Chiefs 1960s ( edit ) In 1959 , Lamar Hunt began discussions with other businessmen to establish a professional football league that would rival the National Football League . Hunt 's desire to secure a football team was heightened after watching the 1958 NFL Championship Game between the New York Giants and Baltimore Colts . After unsuccessful attempts to purchase and relocate the NFL 's Chicago Cardinals to his hometown of Dallas , Texas , Hunt went to the NFL and asked to create an expansion franchise in Dallas . The NFL turned him down , so Hunt then established the American Football League and started his own team , the Dallas Texans , to begin play in 1960 . Hunt hired a little - known assistant coach from the University of Miami football team , Hank Stram , to be the team 's head coach after the job offer was declined by Bud Wilkinson and Tom Landry . After Stram was hired , Don Klosterman was hired as head scout , credited by many for bringing a wealth of talent to the Texans after luring it away from the NFL , often hiding players and using creative means to land them . Len Dawson led the Chiefs to victory in Super Bowl IV and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1987 The Texans shared the Cotton Bowl with the NFL 's cross-town competition Dallas Cowboys for three seasons . The Texans were to have exclusive access to the stadium until the NFL put an expansion team , the Dallas Cowboys , there . While the team averaged a league - best 24,500 at the Cotton Bowl , the Texans gained less attention due to the AFL 's relatively lower profile compared to the NFL . In the franchise 's first two seasons , the team managed only a 8 -- 6 and 6 -- 8 record , respectively . In their third season , the Texans strolled to an 11 -- 3 record and a berth in the team 's first American Football League Championship Game , against the Houston Oilers . The game was broadcast nationally on ABC and the Texans defeated the Oilers 20 -- 17 in double overtime . The game lasted 77 minutes and 54 seconds , which still stands as the longest championship game in professional football history . It turned out to be the last game the team would play as the Dallas Texans . Despite competing against a Cowboys team that managed only a 9 -- 28 -- 3 record in their first three seasons , Hunt decided that the Dallas -- Fort Worth media market could not sustain two professional football franchises . He considered moving the Texans to either Atlanta or Miami for the 1963 season . However , he was ultimately swayed by an offer from Kansas City Mayor Harold Roe Bartle . Bartle promised to triple the franchise 's season ticket sales and expand the seating capacity of Municipal Stadium to accommodate the team . Hunt agreed to relocate the franchise to Kansas City on May 22 , 1963 , and on May 26 the team was renamed the Kansas City Chiefs . Hunt and head coach Hank Stram initially planned to retain the Texans name , but a fan contest determined the new `` Chiefs '' name in honor of Mayor Bartle 's nickname that he acquired in his professional role as Scout Executive of the St. Joseph and Kansas City Boy Scout Councils and founder of the Scouting Society , the Tribe of Mic - O - Say . A total of 4,866 entries were received with 1,020 different names being suggested , including a total of 42 entrants who selected `` Chiefs . '' The two names that received the most popular votes were `` Mules '' and `` Royals '' ( which , 6 years later , would be the name of the city 's Major League Baseball expansion franchise in 1969 , after the Athletics left Kansas City for Oakland following the 1967 season ) . The franchise became one of the strongest teams in the now thriving American Football League , with the most playoff appearances for an AFL team ( tied with the Oakland Raiders ) , and the most AFL Championships ( 3 ) . The team 's dominance helped Lamar Hunt become a central figure in negotiations with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle to agree on an AFL -- NFL merger . In the meetings between the two leagues , a merged league championship game was agreed to be played in January 1967 following the conclusion of the leagues ' respective 1966 seasons . Hunt insisted on calling the game the `` Super Bowl '' after seeing his children playing with a popular toy at the time , a Super Ball . While the first few games were designated the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , the Super Bowl name became its officially licensed title in years to come . The Chiefs topped the Raiders in the 1969 AFL championship game ( left ) and went on to defeat the Vikings in Super Bowl IV ( right ) . The Chiefs cruised to an 11 -- 2 -- 1 record in 1966 , and defeated the defending AFL Champion Buffalo Bills in the AFL Championship Game . The Chiefs were invited to play the NFL 's league champion Green Bay Packers in the first AFL -- NFL World Championship Game . Kansas City and Green Bay played a close game for the first half , but Green Bay took control in the final two quarters , winning the game by a score of 35 -- 10 . The Chiefs lost the game but gained the respect of several Packers opponents following the game . The Chiefs ' interleague match - up with the Packers was not the last time that they would face an NFL opponent , especially on the championship stage . The following August , Kansas City hosted the NFL 's Chicago Bears in the 1967 preseason and won the game 66 -- 24 . Despite losing to the division rival Oakland Raiders twice in the regular season in 1969 , the two teams met for a third time in the AFL Championship Game where Kansas City won 17 -- 7 . Backup quarterback Mike Livingston led the team in a six - game winning streak after Len Dawson suffered a leg injury which kept him out of most of the season 's games . While getting plenty of help from the club 's defense , Dawson returned from the injury and led the Chiefs to Super Bowl IV . Against the NFL champion Minnesota Vikings , who were favored by 121⁄2 , the Chiefs dominated the game 23 -- 7 to claim the team 's first Super Bowl championship . Dawson was named the game 's Most Valuable Player after completing 12 - of - 17 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown , with 1 interception . The following season , the Chiefs and the rest of the American Football League merged with the National Football League after the AFL -- NFL merger became official . The Chiefs were placed in the American Football Conference 's West Division . From 1960 to 1969 , the Chiefs / Texans won 87 games , which is the most in the 10 - year history of the AFL . 1970s ( edit ) In 1970 , the Chiefs won only seven games in their first season in the NFL and missed the playoffs . The following season , the Chiefs tallied a 10 -- 3 -- 1 record and won the AFC West Division . Head coach Hank Stram considered his 1971 Chiefs team as his best , but they failed to capture their championship dominance from 1969 . Most of the pieces of the team which won Super Bowl IV two years earlier were still in place for the 1971 season . The Chiefs tied with the Miami Dolphins for the best record in the AFC , and both teams met in a Christmas Day playoff game which the Chiefs lost 27 -- 24 in double overtime . The Dolphins outlasted the Chiefs with a 37 - yard field goal . The game surpassed the 1962 AFL Championship Game as the longest ever at 82 minutes and 40 seconds . The game was also the final football game at Kansas City 's Municipal Stadium . In 1972 , the Chiefs moved into the newly constructed Arrowhead Stadium at the Truman Sports Complex outside of Downtown Kansas City . The team 's first game at Arrowhead was against the St. Louis Cardinals , a preseason game which the Chiefs won 24 -- 14 . Linebacker Willie Lanier and quarterback Len Dawson won the NFL Man of the Year Award in 1972 and 1973 , respectively . The Chiefs would not return to the post-season for the remainder of the 1970s , and the 1973 season was the team 's last winning effort for seven years . Hank Stram was fired following a 5 -- 9 season in 1974 , and many of the Chiefs ' future Hall of Fame players would depart by the middle of the decade . From 1975 to 1988 , the Chiefs had become a laughing stock of the NFL and provided Chiefs fans with nothing but futility . Five head coaches struggled to achieve the same success as Stram , compiling an 81 -- 121 -- 1 record . 1980 -- 1988 ( edit ) In 1980 , Coach Marv Levy cut future Hall of Fame Kicker Jan Stenerud for little known Nick Lowery , who would become the most accurate kicker in NFL History over the next 14 years . In 1981 , running back Joe Delaney rushed for 1,121 yards and was named the AFC Rookie of the Year . The Chiefs finished the season with a 9 -- 7 record and entered the 1982 season with optimism . However , the NFL Players Association strike curbed the Chiefs ' chances of returning to the postseason for the first time in over a decade . The Chiefs tallied a 3 -- 6 record and in the off - season , Joe Delaney died while trying to save several children from drowning in a pond near his home in Louisiana . The Chiefs made a mistake in drafting quarterback Todd Blackledge over future greats such as Jim Kelly and Dan Marino in the 1983 NFL Draft . Blackledge never started a full season for Kansas City while Kelly and Marino played Hall of Fame careers . While the Chiefs struggled on offense in the 1980s , the Chiefs had a strong defensive unit consisting of Pro Bowlers such as Bill Maas , Albert Lewis , Art Still and Deron Cherry . John Mackovic took over head coaching duties for the 1983 season after Marv Levy was fired . Over the next four seasons , Mackovic coached the Chiefs to a 30 -- 34 record , but took the team to its first post-season appearance in 15 years in the 1986 NFL playoffs . They lost to the New York Jets in the wild - card round . Despite leading the Chiefs to only their third winning season and second playoff appearance since the merger , Mackovic was fired for what Hunt described as a lack of chemistry . Frank Gansz served as head coach for the next two seasons , but won only eight of 31 games . 1989 -- 2008 ( edit ) On December 19 , 1988 , owner Lamar Hunt hired Carl Peterson as the team 's new president , general manager , and chief executive officer . Peterson fired head coach Frank Gansz two weeks after taking over and hired Marty Schottenheimer as the club 's seventh head coach . In the 1988 and 1989 NFL Drafts , the Chiefs selected both defensive end Neil Smith and linebacker Derrick Thomas , respectively . The defense that Thomas and Smith anchored in their seven seasons together was a big reason why the Chiefs reached the postseason in six straight years . In Schottenheimer 's tenure as head coach , ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , the Chiefs became a perennial playoff contender , featuring offensive players including Steve DeBerg , Christian Okoye , Stephone Paige and Barry Word , a strong defense , anchored by Thomas , Smith , Albert Lewis and Deron Cherry , and on special teams , Nick Lowery , most accurate kicker in NFL History . The team recorded a 101 -- 58 -- 1 record , and clinched seven playoff berths . The Chiefs ' 1993 season was the franchise 's most successful in 22 years . With newly acquired quarterback Joe Montana and running back Marcus Allen , two former Super Bowl champions and MVPs , the Chiefs further strengthened their position in the NFL . The 11 -- 5 Chiefs defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Houston Oilers on their way to the franchise 's first and to date only AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills . The Chiefs were overwhelmed by the Bills and lost the game by a score of 30 -- 13 . The Chiefs ' victory on January 16 , 1994 , against the Oilers remained the franchise 's last post-season victory for 21 years until their 30 -- 0 victory over the Houston Texans on January 9 , 2016 . In the 1995 NFL playoffs , the 13 -- 3 Chiefs hosted the Indianapolis Colts in a cold , damp late afternoon game at Arrowhead Stadium . Kansas City lost the game 10 -- 7 against the underdog Colts , after kicker Lin Elliot missed three field goal attempts and quarterback Steve Bono threw three interceptions . The Chiefs selected tight end Tony Gonzalez with the 13th overall selection in the 1997 NFL Draft , a move which some considered to be a gamble being that Gonzalez was primarily a basketball player at California . During a 1997 season full of injuries to starting quarterback Elvis Grbac , backup quarterback Rich Gannon took the reins of the Chiefs ' offense as the team headed to another 13 -- 3 season . Head coach Marty Schottenheimer chose Grbac to start the playoff game against the Denver Broncos despite Gannon 's successes in previous weeks . Grbac 's production in the game was lacking , and the Chiefs lost to the Broncos 14 -- 10 . Denver went on to capture their fifth AFC Championship by defeating Pittsburgh , and then defeated the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Coach Schottenheimer announced his resignation from the Chiefs following the 1998 season , and defensive coordinator Gunther Cunningham took over coaching duties for the next two seasons , compiling a 16 -- 16 record . By the end of the Chiefs ' decade of regular - season dominance , Gannon had signed with the Oakland Raiders , Neil Smith signed with the Denver Broncos , and Derrick Thomas was paralyzed from a car accident on January 23 , 2000 . Thomas died from complications of his injury weeks later . After allegedly reading online that he would be relieved of duties , head coach Gunther Cunningham was fired . Tony Gonzalez at the 2005 Pro Bowl Priest Holmes became one of the league 's top backs in the early 2000s Looking to change the Chiefs ' game plan which relied on a tough defensive strategy for the past decade , Carl Peterson contacted Dick Vermeil about the Chiefs ' head coaching vacancy for the 2001 season . Vermeil previously led the St. Louis Rams to a victory in Super Bowl XXXIV . Vermeil was hired on January 12 . The Chiefs then traded a first round draft pick in the 2001 NFL Draft to St. Louis for quarterback Trent Green and signed free agent running back Priest Holmes to be the team 's cornerstones on offense . In 2003 , Kansas City began the season with nine consecutive victories , a franchise record . They finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record and the team 's offense led the NFL in several categories under the direction of USA Today 's Offensive Coach of the Year honoree , Al Saunders . Running back Priest Holmes surpassed Marshall Faulk 's single - season touchdown record by scoring his 27th rushing touchdown against the Chicago Bears in the team 's regular season finale . The team clinched the second seed in the 2004 NFL playoffs and hosted the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional Playoffs . In a game where neither team punted , the Chiefs lost the shoot - out 38 -- 31 . It was the third time in nine seasons that the Chiefs went 8 -- 0 at home in the regular season , only to lose their post-season opener at Arrowhead . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2004 , the 2005 Chiefs finished with a 10 -- 6 record but no playoff berth . They were the fourth team since 1990 to miss the playoffs with a 10 -- 6 record . Running back Larry Johnson started in place of the injured Priest Holmes and rushed for 1,750 yards in only nine starts . Prior to the Chiefs ' final game of the season , head coach Dick Vermeil announced his retirement . The Chiefs won the game 37 -- 3 over the playoff - bound Cincinnati Bengals . Damon Huard ( left ) and Brodie Croyle ( right ) both served as the Chiefs ' starting quarterback after Trent Green 's departure Within two weeks of Vermeil 's resignation , the Chiefs returned to their defensive roots with the selection of its next head coach . The team introduced Herman Edwards , a former Chiefs scout and head coach of the New York Jets , as the team 's tenth head coach after trading a fourth - round selection in the 2006 NFL Draft to the Jets . Quarterback Trent Green suffered a severe concussion in the team 's season opener to the Cincinnati Bengals which left him out of play for eight weeks . Backup quarterback Damon Huard took over in Green 's absence and led the Chiefs to a 5 -- 3 record . Kansas City was awarded a Thanksgiving Day game against the Denver Broncos in response to owner Lamar Hunt 's lobbying for a third Thanksgiving Day game . The Chiefs defeated the Broncos 19 -- 10 in the first Thanksgiving Day game in Kansas City since 1969 . Hunt was hospitalized at the time of the game and died weeks later on December 13 due to complications with prostate cancer . The Chiefs honored their owner for the remainder of the season , as did the rest of the league . By defeating the Jaguars on December 31 , 2006 , the Chiefs clinched a playoff berth after multiple other teams lost throughout the day Trent Green returned in the middle of the season , but struggled in the final stretch , and running back Larry Johnson set an NFL record with 416 carries in a season . Kansas City managed to clinch their first playoff berth in three seasons with a 9 -- 7 record and a bizarre sequence of six losses from other AFC teams on New Year 's Eve , culminating with a Broncos loss to the 49ers . The Indianapolis Colts hosted the Chiefs in the Wild Card playoffs and defeated Kansas City 23 -- 8 . Larry Johnson in 2006 In 2007 , Trent Green was traded to the Miami Dolphins leaving the door open for either Damon Huard or Brodie Croyle to become the new starting quarterback . After starting the season with a 4 -- 3 record , the Chiefs lost the remaining nine games when running back Larry Johnson suffered a season - ending foot injury and the quarterback position lacked stability with Huard and Croyle . Despite the team 's 4 -- 12 record , tight end Tony Gonzalez broke Shannon Sharpe 's NFL record for touchdowns at the position ( 63 ) and defensive end Jared Allen led the NFL in quarterback sacks with 15.5 . The Chiefs began their 2008 season with the youngest team in the NFL . The starting lineup had an average of 25.5 years of age . By releasing several veteran players such as cornerback Ty Law and wide receiver Eddie Kennison and trading defensive end Jared Allen , the Chiefs began a youth movement . The Chiefs had a league - high thirteen selections in the 2008 NFL Draft and chose defensive tackle Glenn Dorsey and offensive lineman Branden Albert in the first round . Analysts quickly called Kansas City 's selections as the best of the entire draft . Entering the season , the Chiefs were unsure if injury - prone quarterback Brodie Croyle , who was the incumbent starter , could be their quarterback in the long - term . Croyle was injured in the team 's first game of the season and Damon Huard started in Croyle 's absence . Tyler Thigpen become the third Chiefs starting quarterback in as many games for a start against the Atlanta Falcons . After a poor performance by Thigpen , in which he threw three interceptions against the Falcons defense , Huard was retained as the starting quarterback . The Chiefs struggled off the field as much as on as tight end Tony Gonzalez demanded a trade and running back Larry Johnson was involved in legal trouble . Croyle returned for the Chiefs ' game against the Tennessee Titans , but both he and Damon Huard suffered season - ending injuries in the game . The Chiefs reorganized their offense to a new spread offense game plan focused around Tyler Thigpen . The Chiefs ' new offense was implemented to help Thigpen play to the best of his abilities and also following the absence of Larry Johnson , who was suspended for his off - field conduct . The Chiefs made a huge gamble by using the spread offense , as most in the NFL believe that it can not work in professional football , and also head coach Herman Edwards was traditionally in favor of more conservative , run - oriented game plans . 2009 -- 2012 ( edit ) The Chiefs hosting the Buffalo Bills in 2009 ; Quarterback Matt Cassel , wearing # 7 The 2008 season ended with a franchise worst 2 -- 14 record , where the team suffered historic blowout defeats nearly week - in and week - out . a 34 -- 0 shut - out to the Carolina Panthers , and allowed a franchise - high 54 points against the Buffalo Bills . The team 's general manager , chief executive officer , and team president Carl Peterson resigned at the end of the season , and former New England Patriots vice president of player personnel Scott Pioli was hired as his replacement for 2009 . Upon his arrival , Pioli made an effort to bring in coaches and administrators from his successful past with the New England Patriots , where he won three Super Bowl titles . Dwayne Bowe On January 23 , 2009 , Herman Edwards was fired as head coach , and two weeks later Todd Haley signed a four - year contract to become Edwards ' successor . Haley had a background with Pioli , which made him an attractive hire for Pioli 's first coach in Kansas City . In April 2009 Tony Gonzalez was traded to the Atlanta Falcons after failed trade attempts over the previous two seasons . Notably , head coach Todd Haley fired offensive coordinator Chan Gailey just weeks before the start of the 2009 season and chose to take on the coordinator duties himself . Throughout 2009 the Chiefs acquired veterans to supplement the Chiefs ' young talent including Matt Cassel , Mike Vrabel , Bobby Engram , Mike Brown , Chris Chambers , and Andy Alleman . The team finished with a 4 -- 12 record , just a two - game improvement upon their record from the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , the Chiefs made significant hires for their coaching staff , bringing on former Patriots assistant coaches Charlie Weis and Romeo Crennel to coach the offense and defense , respectively . The coaching additions proved to be very successful , as the Chiefs would go on to secure their first AFC West title since 2003 . Their ten victories in the 2010 season combined for as many as the team had won in their previous three seasons combined . On January 9 , 2011 , the Chiefs lost their home Wild Card playoff game to the Baltimore Ravens 30 -- 7 . Six players were chosen for the Pro Bowl : Dwayne Bowe , Jamaal Charles , Brian Waters , Tamba Hali , Matt Cassel and rookie safety Eric Berry . Jamaal Charles won the FEDEX ground player of the year award and Dwayne Bowe led the NFL in Touchdown Receptions . For their first pick in the 2011 NFL draft , and 26th overall , the team selected Jonathan Baldwin , Wide Receiver from Pitt . After a poor start , Haley was relieved of duties as Head Coach on December 12 . Clark Hunt made note of `` bright spots at different points this season '' , but felt that overall the Chiefs were not progressing . The highest point of the 2011 season was an upset win against the Packers , who at that time , were undefeated with a 13 -- 0 record . The Chiefs became the first team since the 1929 Buffalo Bisons to not lead in regulation through any of their first nine games . The Chiefs tied their franchise worst record of 2 -- 14 and clinched the No. 1 overall pick in the 2013 NFL Draft . It is the first time in since the merger they have held the first overall pick . 2013 -- 2014 ( edit ) Following the 2012 season , the Chiefs fired head coach Romeo Crennel and general manager Scott Pioli . Former Philadelphia Eagles head coach Andy Reid was brought in as head coach to work with new general manager John Dorsey , a former Green Bay Packers head scout . The Chiefs acquired quarterback Alex Smith from the San Francisco 49ers for the Chiefs ' second - round pick , 34th overall , in the 2013 draft and a conditional pick in 2014 draft . Matt Cassel was released shortly after . The Chiefs selected Eric Fisher with the first overall pick of the 2013 NFL Draft . The Chiefs started 9 -- 0 for the second time in team history . They would lead their wildcard game against the Indianapolis Colts 38 -- 10 shortly after halftime , but they would collapse late and lose , 45 -- 44 . In 2014 , the Chiefs attempted to make the playoffs for the second straight season for the first time since 1995 , however they finished 9 -- 7 and were eliminated in Week 17 . 2015 ( edit ) After a promising win for the Chiefs against Houston in Week 1 , Kansas City went on a five - game losing streak culminating in a 16 -- 10 loss to Minnesota and the loss of Jamaal Charles to a torn ACL . However , they managed one of the most improbable season comebacks in the NFL and won ten straight to improve their record from 1 -- 5 to 11 -- 5 . The team clinched a playoff berth after a 17 -- 13 win over Cleveland in Week 16 to become only the second NFL team to do so after the merger . The streak achieved by the Chiefs broke a franchise record for 9 straight ( 2003 , 2013 ) and second 9 plus game win streak under Reid . After a Week 17 win over Oakland 23 -- 17 , the Chiefs achieved their longest winning streak in franchise history at ten games . They qualified for the playoffs , playing in the 2015 AFC Wild - Card playoff game , held at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on January 9 , 2016 . The Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 to earn their first NFL playoff win in 23 seasons , dating back to the 1993 -- 94 NFL playoffs , a win that also came in Houston . The Chiefs ' Wild - Card playoff victory ended what was at the time the third - longest drought in the NFL , and it also ended a then NFL record eight - game playoff losing streak . Riddled with injuries , they were defeated by the New England Patriots 27 -- 20 in the AFC Divisional Round . 2016 ( edit ) After facing a 24 -- 3 deficit with 6 minutes left in the 3rd quarter , the Chiefs engineered a 33 -- 27 comeback win against the San Diego Chargers ending with a 2 - yard touchdown run by Alex Smith in overtime to give the Chiefs their largest regular season comeback to start the season at 1 -- 0 . On Christmas Day , the Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos 33 -- 10 to give Kansas City their tenth straight win against divisional opponents . On January 1 , 2017 , the Chiefs clinched the AFC West and the second seed going into the playoffs that year . They clinched the 2nd seed in the AFC but fell to the Pittsburgh Steelers 18 - 16 as Chris Boswell hit 6 field goals . 2017 ( edit ) The Chiefs finished the year with a 10 - 6 record , and ended 1st place in the AFC West . In the Wild Card round the Chiefs lost a tight game to the Tennessee Titans 22 - 21 , allowing Derrick Henry to rush for 156 yards . The loss extended their NFL record for most consecutive home playoff losses to six . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Main article : Logos and uniforms of the Kansas City Chiefs When the Texans began playing in 1960 , the team 's logo consisted of the state of Texas in white with a yellow star marking the location of the city of Dallas . Originally , Hunt chose Columbia blue and orange for the Texans ' uniforms , but Bud Adams chose Columbia blue and scarlet for his Houston Oilers franchise . Hunt reverted to red and gold for the Texans ' uniforms , which even after the team relocated to Kansas City , remain as the franchise 's colors to this day . The state of Texas on the team 's helmet was replaced by an arrowhead design originally sketched by Lamar Hunt on a napkin . Hunt 's inspiration for the interlocking `` KC '' design was the `` SF '' inside of an oval on the San Francisco 49ers helmets . Unlike the 49ers ' logo , Kansas City 's overlapping initials appear inside a white arrowhead instead of an oval and are surrounded by a thin black outline . From 1960 to 1973 , the Chiefs had grey facemask bars on their helmets , but changed to white bars in 1974 , making them one of the first teams in the NFL to use a non-gray facemask . The Chiefs ' uniform design has essentially remained the same throughout the club 's history . It consists of a red helmet , and either red or white jerseys with the opposite color numbers and names . White pants were used with both jerseys from 1960 to 1967 and 1989 to 1999 . Beginning in 2009 , during the Pioli / Haley era , the team has alternated between white and red pants for road games during the season . Prior to September 15 , 2013 , the Chiefs always wore white pants with their red jerseys . The Chiefs have never worn an alternate jersey in a game , although custom jerseys are sold for retail . The Chiefs wore their white jerseys with white pants at home for the 2006 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals . The logic behind the uniform selection that day was that the Bengals would be forced to wear their black uniforms on a day that forecasted for steamy temperatures . The only other time the Chiefs wore white at home was throughout the 1980 season under Marv Levy . In 2007 , the Kansas City Chiefs honored Lamar Hunt and the AFL with a special patch . It features the AFL 's logo from the 1960s with Hunt 's `` LH '' initials inside the football . In 2008 , the patch became permanently affixed to the left chest of both Kansas City 's home and away jerseys . In select games for the 2009 season , the Chiefs , as well as the other founding teams of the American Football League , wore `` throwback '' uniforms to celebrate the AFL 's 50th anniversary . For the first time in team history , the Chiefs wore their red jersey with red pants forming an all red combo in their home opener against the Dallas Cowboys on September 15 , 2013 . Arrowhead Stadium ( edit ) Further information : Arrowhead Stadium Arrowhead Stadium upon completion of renovations , July 2010 Arrowhead Stadium has been the Chiefs ' home field since 1972 and has a capacity of 76,416 , which makes it the sixth - largest stadium in the NFL . The stadium underwent a $375 million renovation , completed in mid-2010 , which included new luxury boxes , wider concourses and enhanced amenities . The stadium renovation was paid for by $250 million in taxpayer money and $125 million from the Hunt Family . The stadium cost $53 million to build in 1972 , and an average ticket in 2009 costs $81 . Centerplate serves as the stadium 's concession provider and Sprint , Anheuser - Busch and Coca - Cola are major corporate sponsors . Dating back to the Chiefs ' home opener in 1991 to mid-2009 , the Chiefs had 155 consecutive sellout games . The streak ended with the final home game of the 2009 season against the Cleveland Browns , resulting in the first local TV blackout in over 19 years . Arrowhead has been called one of the world 's finest stadiums and has long held a reputation for being one of the toughest and loudest outdoor stadiums for opposing players to play in . All noise is directly attributed to its fans and was once measured at 116 decibels by the Acoustical Design Group of Mission , Kansas . By way of comparison , take - off of aircraft may lead to a sound level of 106 decibels at the ground . Sports Illustrated named Arrowhead Stadium the `` toughest place to play '' for opposing teams in 2005 . The tailgate party environment outside the stadium on gameday has been compared to a `` college football '' atmosphere . Arrowhead Stadium features frequent fly - overs from a B - 2 Spirit stealth bomber from nearby Whiteman Air Force Base . Since the 1994 NFL season , the stadium has had a natural grass playing surface . From 1972 to 1993 , the stadium had an artificial AstroTurf surface . During the game against the Oakland Raiders on October 13 , 2013 , Arrowhead Stadium once again became the loudest stadium in the world when the fans set the Guinness Book of World Records record for loudest crowd in an outdoor stadium ( 137.5 dB ) , breaking the record set by the Seattle Seahawks just four weeks prior . A few weeks after , Seattle re-gained the record by reaching a noise level of 137.6 decibels . Chiefs fans have reclaimed the record once again ; on September 29 , 2014 , on Monday Night Football against the New England Patriots , the fans recorded a sound reading of 142.2 decibels . Training camp and practice facility ( edit ) Summer camp at Spratt Stadium at Missouri Western When the franchise was based in Dallas , the team conducted their inaugural training camp at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell , New Mexico . They moved camp to Southern Methodist University , owner Lamar Hunt 's alma mater , for 1961 and continued to practice there until 1965 . From 1966 to 1971 , the Chiefs practiced in Swope Park in Kansas City , and from 1972 to 1991 held camp at William Jewell College in Clay County , Missouri -- where Lamar Hunt had extensive business dealings including Worlds of Fun , Oceans of Fun and SubTropolis . Chiefs Practice Facility near Arrowhead Stadium From 1992 to 2009 the Chiefs conducted summer training camp at the University of Wisconsin -- River Falls in River Falls , Wisconsin . The Chiefs ' 2007 training camp was documented in the HBO / NFL Films documentary reality television series , Hard Knocks . Following the passage of a $25 million state tax credit proposal , the Chiefs moved their training camp to Missouri Western State University in St. Joseph , Missouri , in 2010 . The bulk of the tax credits went for improvements to Arrowhead Stadium with $10 million applied to the move to Missouri Western . A climate - controlled , 120 - yard NFL regulation grass indoor field , and office space for the Chiefs was constructed at Missouri Western adjacent to the school 's Spratt Stadium before the 2010 season . Outside of training camp and during the regular season , the Chiefs conduct practices at their own training facility nearby Arrowhead Stadium . The facility is located near the Raytown Road entrance to the Truman Sports Complex just east of Interstate 435 and features three outdoor fields ( two grass and one artificial turf ) as well as an indoor facility with its own full - size field . Mascots and Cheerleaders ( edit ) Further information : Native American mascot controversy § Kansas City Chiefs K.C. Wolf , the Chiefs ' mascot since 1989 The Chiefs ' first mascot was Warpaint , a nickname given to several different breeds of pinto horse . Warpaint served as the team 's mascot from 1963 to 1988 . The first Warpaint ( born in 1955 , died in 1992 ) was ridden bareback by rider Bob Johnson who wore a full Native American headdress . Warpaint circled the field at the beginning of each Chiefs home game and performed victory laps following each Chiefs touchdown . On September 20 , 2009 , a new Warpaint horse was unveiled at the Chiefs ' home opener which was won by Oakland Raiders . Warpaint is now ridden by a cheerleader , Susie . In the mid-1980s , the Chiefs featured a short - lived unnamed `` Indian man '' mascot which was later scrapped in 1988 . Since 1989 the cartoon - like K.C. Wolf , portrayed by Dan Meers in a wolf costume , has served as the team 's mascot . The mascot was named after the Chiefs ' `` Wolfpack '' , a group of rabid fans from the team 's days at Municipal Stadium . K.C. Wolf is one of the most popular NFL mascots and was the league 's first mascot inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame in 2006 . The Chiefs have employed a cheerleading squad since the team 's inception in 1960 . In the team 's early days , the all - female squad was referred to as the Chiefettes . In addition to the Cheerleaders , in the early 1970s , there was also a dance / drill team that performed for pre-game and halftime . From 1986 to 1992 , the cheerleader squad featured a mix of men and women . Since 1993 , the all - female squad has been known as the Chiefs Cheerleaders . Notable players ( edit ) Further information : List of Kansas City Chiefs players , Kansas City Chiefs quarterbacks , and List of Kansas City Chiefs first - round draft picks Current roster ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs roster view talk Quarterbacks 15 Patrick Mahomes II 11 Alex Smith Running backs 27 Kareem Hunt 35 Charcandrick West 32 Spencer Ware 31 Akeem Hunt Wide receivers 80 Jehu Chesson 10 Tyreek Hill 19 Marcus Kemp 14 Demarcus Robinson 17 Chris Conley Tight ends 82 Orson Charles 84 Demetrius Harris 87 Travis Kelce Offensive linemen 76 Laurent Duvernay - Tardif G 79 Parker Ehinger G 75 Cameron Erving T 72 Eric Fisher T 71 Mitchell Schwartz T 70 Bryan Witzmann G 61 Mitch Morse C Defensive linemen 97 Allen Bailey DE 74 Justin Hamilton NT 95 Chris Jones DE Linebackers 45 Ukeme Eligwe ILB 91 Tamba Hali OLB 50 Justin Houston OLB 56 Derrick Johnson ILB 92 Tanoh Kpassagnon OLB 59 Reggie Ragland ILB 51 Frank Zombo OLB 55 Dee Ford OLB 52 Dadi Nicolas OLB Defensive backs -- David Amerson CB 34 Leon McQuay III FS 21 Eric Murray SS 20 Steven Nelson CB 38 Ron Parker SS 22 Marcus Peters CB 40 Keith Reaser CB 49 Daniel Sorensen FS 29 Eric Berry FS 46 Devin Chappell SS 6 Ashton Lampkin CB Special teams 7 Harrison Butker K 41 James Winchester LS Reserve lists -- Jace Amaro TE ( Future ) 43 George Atkinson III RB ( Future ) -- Josh Augusta NT ( Future ) -- Daniel Braverman WR ( Future ) 4 Gehrig Dieter WR ( Future ) -- Makinton Dorleant CB ( Future ) 88 Anthony Firkser TE ( Future ) 64 Dillon Gordon OT ( Future ) 54 Tyrone Holmes OLB ( Future ) -- Prince Charles Iworah CB ( Future ) 62 Kaleb Johnson G ( Future ) -- T.Y. McGill NT ( Future ) -- Sheldon Price CB ( Future ) 98 Mike Purcell NT ( Future ) 24 Will Redmond CB ( Future ) -- Brandon Shippen WR ( Future ) 77 Andrew Wylie OT ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 25 Kenneth Acker CB 9 Tyler Bray QB -- Stefan Charles NT 2 Dustin Colquitt P 65 Jordan Devey G 73 Zach Fulton G 23 Phillip Gaines CB 94 Jarvis Jenkins DE 96 Bennie Logan NT 57 Kevin Pierre - Louis ILB 42 Anthony Sherman FB 26 C.J. Spiller RB 30 Steven Terrell CB 13 De'Anthony Thomas WR 12 Albert Wilson WR Restricted FAs 39 Terrance Mitchell CB 99 Rakeem Nuñez - Roches DE 53 Ramik Wilson ILB Exclusive - Rights FAs 46 Keith Baxter CB 48 Terrance Smith ILB Rookies in italics Roster updated February 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 46 Active , 17 Inactive , 20 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Jan Stenerud 1967 - 79 16 Len Dawson QB 1962 - 75 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 - 78 28 Abner Haynes RB 1960 - 64 33 Stone Johnson RB 1963 36 Mack Lee Hill RB 1964 - 65 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 - 99 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 - 77 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 - 74 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 - 75 Never officially on a Chiefs season roster . His number was retired after his death in training camp in 1963 . Number was posthumously retired . Names in bold spent entire playing career with the Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs . The number 37 has not been worn since the death of Joe Delaney . Number 58 was not issued after the death of Derrick Thomas until it was officially retired in 2009 . The numbers 16 and 28 are the only numbers to have been worn by a single player ( both Dawson and Haynes respectively ) . Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees ( edit ) Twenty members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent at least some portion of their career with the Chiefs . Eleven spent the majority of the career with the Chiefs . Nine of the Chiefs in the Hall of Fame were involved with the Chiefs during their Super Bowl Championship season of 1969 . The Chiefs have 3 contributors , 2 coaches , and 15 players in the Hall of Fame . In addition , Hall of Fame safety Ronnie Lott had a contract with the Chiefs during the 1995 season , but only played for the Chiefs in the preseason and spent the regular season on injured reserve and is not recognized by the Hall of Fame as having played for the Chiefs . Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame enshrinees No . Player Position Tenure Inducted - Lamar Hunt Founder of franchise and American Football League 1960 -- 2006 1972 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 -- 1974 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 -- 1977 1986 16 Len Dawson QB 1963 -- 1975 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 -- 1975 1990 Jan Stenerud 1967 -- 1979 1991 53 Mike Webster 1989 -- 1990 1997 19 Joe Montana QB 1993 -- 1994 2000 - Marv Levy Head coach 1978 -- 1982 2001 - Hank Stram Head coach 1960 -- 1974 2003 32 Marcus Allen RB 1993 -- 1997 2003 Warren Moon QB 1999 -- 2000 2006 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 -- 1978 2008 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 -- 1999 2009 77 Willie Roaf OT 2002 -- 2005 2012 61 Curley Culp DT 1968 -- 1974 2013 68 Will Shields OG 1993 -- 2006 2015 - Bill Polian Contributor 1978 -- 1982 2015 8 Morten Andersen 2002 -- 2003 2017 -- Bobby Beathard Contributor 1963 , 1966 -- 1967 2018 Began career in the American Football League . Member of 1969 Super Bowl championship team Spent majority of their career with the Chiefs Posthumously inducted Names in bold spent entire career with the Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs . Chiefs Hall of Fame ( edit ) Jan Stenerud 's name was honored at Arrowhead Stadium 's ring of honor The Chiefs are one of 16 organizations that honor their players , coaches and contributors with a team Hall of Fame or Ring of Honor . Established in 1970 , the Chiefs Hall of Fame has inducted a new member in an annual ceremony with the exception of the 1983 season . Several of the names were featured at Arrowhead Stadium in the stadium 's architecture prior to renovations in 2009 . The requirements for induction are that a player , coach , or contributor must have been with the Chiefs for four seasons and been out of the NFL for four seasons at the time of induction . There are some exceptions , such as Joe Delaney and Derrick Thomas , Delaney was with the team for only two seasons before his death , Thomas was inducted 1 year after his death in January 2000 ( 2 years after his final season ) . The Chiefs have the second-most enshrinees of any NFL team in their team Hall of Fame behind the Green Bay Packers , who have enshrined over 100 players and team contributors over the years in the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame . Nineteen players and the coach of the Super Bowl IV championship team have been inducted into the ring of honor . Chiefs Hall of Fame Inducted No . Player Position Tenure 1970 -- Lamar Hunt Team founder / Owner 1960 -- 2006 1971 36 Mack Lee Hill RB 1964 -- 1965 1972 75 Jerry Mays DT 1961 -- 1970 1973 84 Fred Arbanas TE 1962 -- 1970 42 Johnny Robinson 1960 -- 1971 88 Chris Burford WR 1960 -- 1967 1976 55 E.J. Holub C / LB 1961 -- 1970 1977 77 Jim Tyrer OT 1961 -- 1973 1978 21 Mike Garrett RB 1966 -- 1970 1979 16 Len Dawson QB 1963 -- 1975 1980 78 Bobby Bell LB 1963 -- 1974 1981 86 Buck Buchanan DT 1963 -- 1975 1982 89 Otis Taylor WR 1965 -- 1975 No induction 1984 71 Ed Budde 1963 -- 1976 1985 63 Willie Lanier LB 1967 -- 1977 1986 18 Emmitt Thomas CB 1966 -- 1978 -- Hank Stram Coach 1960 -- 1974 1988 44 Jerrel Wilson 1963 -- 1977 1989 14 Ed Podolak RB 1969 -- 1977 1990 51 Jim Lynch LB 1967 -- 1977 1991 28 Abner Haynes RB 1960 -- 1964 1992 Jan Stenerud 1967 -- 1979 1993 69 Sherrill Headrick LB 1960 -- 1967 1994 58 Jack Rudnay 1969 -- 1982 1995 32 Curtis McClinton RB 1962 -- 1969 20 Deron Cherry 1981 -- 1991 1997 73 Dave Hill OT 1963 -- 1974 1998 67 Art Still DE 1978 -- 1987 1999 34 Lloyd Burruss 1981 -- 1991 2000 35 Christian Okoye RB 1987 -- 1992 2001 58 Derrick Thomas LB 1989 -- 1999 2002 76 John Alt OT 1984 -- 1996 2003 59 Gary Spani LB 1978 -- 1986 37 Joe Delaney RB 1981 -- 1982 2005 -- Jack Steadman President / GM 1960 -- 1989 2006 90 Neil Smith DE 1988 -- 1996 2007 29 Albert Lewis CB 1983 -- 1993 2008 61 Curley Culp DT 1968 -- 1974 2009 8 Nick Lowery 1980 -- 1993 -- Marty Schottenheimer Coach 1989 -- 1998 2011 31 Kevin Ross CB 1984 -- 1993 , 1997 2012 68 Will Shields OG 1993 -- 2006 2013 26 Gary Barbaro 1976 -- 1982 2014 31 Priest Holmes RB 2001 -- 2007 2015 24 Gary Green CB 1977 -- 1983 2016 49 Tony Richardson FB 1995 -- 2005 2017 88 Carlos Carson WR 1980 -- 1989 Head coaches ( edit ) Andy Reid ( pictured in 2010 ) , began his first season as the Chiefs ' head coach in 2013 Main article : List of Kansas City Chiefs head coaches Thirteen head coaches have served the Texans / Chiefs franchise since their first season in 1960 . Hank Stram , the team 's first head coach , led the Chiefs to three AFL championship victories and two appearances in the Super Bowl . Stram was the team 's longest - tenured head coach , holding the position from 1960 to 1974 . Marty Schottenheimer was hired in 1989 and led Kansas City to seven playoff appearances in his 10 seasons as head coach . Schottenheimer had the best winning percentage (. 634 ) of all Chiefs coaches . Gunther Cunningham was on the Chiefs ' coaching staff in various positions from 1995 to 2008 , serving as the team 's head coach in between stints as the team 's defensive coordinator . Dick Vermeil coached the team to a franchise - best 9 -- 0 start in the 2003 season . Of the ten Chiefs coaches , Hank Stram and Marv Levy have been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Herman Edwards served as the team 's head coach from 2006 to 2008 , compiling a 15 -- 33 record and a franchise worst 6 -- 26 record over a two - year span . Todd Haley compiled a 19 -- 26 record with the team from 2009 -- 2011 , including an AFC West division title in 2010 . Haley was fired with three games left in the 2011 season . Romeo Crennel was named interim coach , and was promoted to full - time coach in January 2012 . Crennel was fired on Monday , December 31 , 2012 , after finishing the 2012 season with a 2 -- 14 record . On January 5 , 2013 , the Chiefs hired Andy Reid to be their next head coach . In Reid 's tenure , the Chiefs have been consistent contenders , making the playoffs in 4 of his first 5 seasons . Ownership and administration ( edit ) Chairman of the Board Clark Hunt The franchise was founded in 1959 by Lamar Hunt after a failed attempt by Hunt to purchase an NFL franchise and relocate them to Texas . remained the team 's owner until his death in 2006 . The Hunt family kept ownership of the team following Lamar 's death and Clark Hunt , Lamar 's son , represents the family 's interests . While Hunt 's official title is CEO and Chairman of the Board , he represents the team at all owner meetings . In 2010 , Hunt assumed role as CEO alongside his role as Chairman of the Board . According to Forbes , the team is valued at $2.4 billion and ranks 24th among NFL teams in 2017 . Owner Lamar Hunt served as the team 's president from 1960 to 1976 . Because of Lamar Hunt 's contributions to the NFL , the AFC Championship trophy is named after him . He promoted general manager Jack Steadman to become the team 's president in 1977 . Steadman held the job until Carl Peterson was hired by Hunt in 1988 to replace him . Peterson resigned the title as team president in 2008 . Denny Thum became the team 's interim president following Peterson 's departure and was officially given the full position in May 2009 . Thum resigned from his position on September 14 , 2010 . Don Rossi served as the team 's general manager for half of the 1960 season , resigning in November 1960 . Jack Steadman assumed duties from Rossi and served in the position until 1976 . Steadman was promoted to team president in 1976 and despite being relieved of those duties in 1988 , he remained with the franchise until 2006 in various positions . Jim Schaaf took over for Steadman as general manager until being fired in December 1988 . Carl Peterson was hired in 1988 to serve as the team 's general manager , chief executive officer and team president . Peterson remained in the position for 19 years until he announced his resignation from the team in 2008 . Denny Thum served as interim general manager until January 13 , 2009 , when the Chiefs named New England Patriots executive Scott Pioli the team 's new general manager . Pioli was released in early January after the hiring of Andy Reid , and was replaced by John Dorsey . Pioli 's record as the Chief 's general manager was 23 -- 41 . On June 22 , 2017 , it was announced that the Chiefs had fired Dorsey . They hired Brett Veach on July 10 , 2017 . Staff ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Clark Hunt President -- Mark Donovan General Manager -- Brett Veach Director of Football Administration -- Brandt Tilis Salary Cap & Legal Executive -- Chris Shea Director of Player Personnel -- Mike Borgonzi Director of College Scouting -- Ryan Poles Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Ryne Nutt Director of Pro Personnel -- Tim Terry Head Coaches Head Coach -- Andy Reid Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Eric Bieniemy Quarterbacks -- Mike Kafka Running Backs -- Deland McCullough Wide Receivers -- Greg Lewis Tight Ends -- Tom Melvin Offensive Line -- Andy Heck Assistant Offensive Line -- Corey Matthaei Pass Game Analyst / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Joe Blaymeir Offensive Quality Control -- David Girardi Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Bob Sutton Defensive Line -- Britt Reid Outside Linebackers -- Mike Smith Inside Linebackers -- Mark DeLeone Defensive Backs -- Emmitt Thomas Secondary / Cornerbacks -- Al Harris Defensive Quality Control -- Terry Bradden Defensive Quality Control -- Jay Valai Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Dave Toub Assistant Special Teams -- Rod Wilson Coaching Support Staff Statistical Analysis Coordinator -- Mike Frazier Director of Video Operations -- Pat Brazil Assistant Director of Video Operations -- Ken Radino Video Assistant -- Colin Clark Video Assistant -- Josh Schmidt Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Barry Rubin Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Travis Crittenden Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Devin Woodhouse Sports Science / Conditioning -- Ryan Reynolds → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media ( edit ) Radio and television ( edit ) Kansas City Chiefs radio play - by - play announcers 1960 -- 1962 Charlie Jones 1963 Merle Harmon 1964 -- 1970 Tom Hedrick 1971 -- 1973 Dick Carlson 1974 -- 1975 Ray Scott 1976 Al Wisk 1977 Tom Hopkins 1978 -- 1984 Wayne Larrivee 1985 -- 1993 Kevin Harlan 1994 -- Mitch Holthus Since 1989 , KCFX , a.k.a. `` 101 The Fox '' , has broadcast all Chiefs games on FM radio under the moniker of The Chiefs Fox Football Radio Network . Since 1994 , Mitch Holthus has served as play - by - play announcer and former Chiefs quarterback Len Dawson serves as color commentator . Former Chiefs longsnapper Kendall Gammon serves as the field reporter . Former Chiefs broadcaster Bob Gretz also contributes to the broadcasts . KCFX holds broadcast rights to Chiefs games through the 2009 season . Starting in the 2016 season , Dawson will only serve as color commentator during home games , and Gammon will be color commentator during road games , with Dani Welniak assuming Gammon 's sideline reporting role for away games . The Chiefs and KCFX hold the distinction of being the longest FM radio broadcast partnering tenure in the NFL . The Chiefs Radio Network extends throughout the six - state region of Missouri , Kansas , Iowa , Nebraska , Oklahoma , and Arkansas , with 61 affiliate stations . KCTV Channel 5 ( CBS ) broadcasts most Chiefs regular season games , with exceptions as following . KCTV also broadcasts all Chiefs pre-season games . WDAF Channel 4 ( Fox ) broadcasts games in which the Chiefs host an NFC opponent . KSHB Channel 41 ( NBC ) broadcasts all games in which the Chiefs play on NBC Sunday Night Football or NBC 's NFL playoffs coverage . KMBC Channel 9 ( ABC ) has aired Monday Night Football games locally since 1970 . Prior to the 1994 season , WDAF was the primary station for the Chiefs as an NBC affiliate ( they aired on KMBC when ABC had the AFL package through 1964 ) , since NBC had the AFC package . The inter-conference home games aired on KCTV starting in 1973 ( when the NFL allowed local telecasts of home games ) . After week one of the 1994 season , WDAF switched to Fox ( which got the NFC package ) , and has aired the Chiefs ' inter-conference home games since . The bulk of the team 's games moved to KSHB through the end of the 1997 season . Since that time , they have aired on KCTV , save for the 2015 Week 17 game vs. the Oakland Raiders , which aired on WDAF when the NFL cross-flexed the game from CBS to FOX . As of the 2015 preseason , the Chiefs preseason broadcasters were Paul Burmeister who serves as the play - by - play announcer , former Chiefs quarterback Trent Green serves as the color commentator , and KCChiefs.com insider B.J. Kissel is the sideline reporter . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . Chiefs games are broadcast in Missouri and Kansas as well as parts of Iowa , Oklahoma , Nebraska , Arkansas , and South Dakota . Stations in major cities are listed below . City Call sign Frequency Kansas City , Missouri KCFX 101.1 MHz Jefferson City , Missouri KBBM 100.1 MHz Springfield , Missouri KXUS 97.3 MHz Springfield , Missouri KGMY 1400 kHz Joplin , Missouri / Pittsburg , Kansas KKOW 860 kHz Manhattan , Kansas KMAN 1350 kHz Salina , Kansas KINA 910 kHz / 94.5 MHz Salina , Kansas KSKG 99.9 MHz Topeka , Kansas KDVV 100.3 MHz Wichita , Kansas KTHR 107.3 MHz Des Moines , Iowa KBGG 1700 kHz Omaha , Nebraska KXSP 590 kHz Preseason game affiliates ( edit ) Metro area Call sign Affiliation Kansas City metro KCTV5 / KSMO CBS / MyTV Columbia , Missouri Jefferson City , Missouri KMIZ / KQFX / KZOU ABC / FOX / MyTV Des Moines , Iowa Ames , Iowa KDSM FOX Ft. Smith , Arkansas Fayetteville , Arkansas Springdale , Arkansas Rogers , Arkansas KNWA / KFTA NBC / FOX Joplin , Missouri Pittsburg , Kansas KODE / KSNF ABC / NBC Lincoln , Nebraska Hastings , Nebraska Kearney , Nebraska KFXL / KHGI FOX / ABC Ottumwa , Iowa Kirksville , Missouri KTVO / KTVO 3.2 CBS / ABC Springfield , Missouri KOLR / KOZL CBS / Indy St. Joseph , Missouri KQTV ABC Topeka , Kansas WIBW / EIBW CBS / MyTV Tulsa , Oklahoma KOTV / KQCW CBS / CW Wichita metro Ensign , Kansas Hays , Kansas Goodland , Kansas KWCH / KSCW - DT / KDCU CBS / CW / Univision Culture ( edit ) Fan base ( edit ) Arrowhead Stadium The Chiefs boast one of the most loyal fan bases in the NFL . Kansas City is the sixth - smallest media market with an NFL team , but they have had the second - highest attendance average over the last decade . Studies by Bizjournals in 2006 gave the Chiefs high marks for consistently drawing capacity crowds in both good seasons and bad . The Chiefs averaged 77,300 fans per game from 1996 to 2006 , second in the NFL behind the Washington Redskins . The franchise has an official fan club called Chiefs Kingdom which gives members opportunities to ticket priority benefits and VIP treatment . At the end of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' before home games , many Chiefs fans intentionally yell out `` CHIEFS ! '' rather than singing `` brave '' as the final word . In 1996 , general manager Carl Peterson said `` We all look forward , not only at Arrowhead , but on the road , too , to when we get to that stanza of the National Anthem ... Our players love it . '' After the September 11 , 2001 attacks , Chiefs fans refrained from doing so in honor of those who lost their lives in the tragedy and continued to do so for the remainder of the 2001 season . At the Chiefs ' September 23 , 2001 , home game against the New York Giants , fans gave the opposing Giants a standing ovation . After every Chiefs touchdown at home games , fans chant while pointing in the direction of the visiting team and fans , `` We 're gon na beat the hell outta you ... you ... you , you , you , you ! '' over the song `` Rock and Roll Part 2 . '' The chant starts after the third `` hey ! '' in the song . The original version of the song by Gary Glitter was previously used until the NFL banned his music from its facilities in 2006 following the British rocker 's conviction on sexual abuse charges in Vietnam . A cover version of the song played by Tube Tops 2000 has been played since 2006 at every home game . Chiefs fans also carry on a tradition that began at Florida State University in the mid 1980s by using the Seminole WarChant as a rallying cry during key moments in their football games . Prior to each home game , a former Chiefs player , called the honorary drum leader , bangs on a drum with a large drum stick to start the Tomahawk chop . The Chiefs ' fan base has expanded across the world like many other NFL teams . However , there is a Twitter account dedicated to Chiefs fans in the UK and has been recognized by the Kansas City Chiefs and is their official UK fan page . They have many dedicated fans writing articles and interviewing players of the team such as Tamba Hali . Arrowhead Stadium is also recognized by Guinness World Records as having the loudest outdoor stadium in the world . This was achieved on September 29 , 2014 in a Monday Night Football game against the New England Patriots when the crowd achieved a roar of 142.2 decibels which is comparable to standing 100 feet from a jet engine , which even with short term exposure , can cause permanent damage . Tony DiPardo ( edit ) From various periods between 1963 and the 2008 season , trumpeter Tony DiPardo and The T.D. Pack Band played live music at every Chiefs home game . The band was known as The Zing Band when the team was located at Municipal Stadium . DiPardo was honored by head coach Hank Stram in 1969 with a Super Bowl ring for the team 's victory in Super Bowl IV . When his health was declining , DiPardo took a leave of absence from the band from 1983 to 1988 . DiPardo 's daughter took over as bandleader in 1989 , by which time DiPardo returned to the band by popular demand . For the 2009 season , due to renovations at Arrowhead Stadium , the band did not return to perform at the stadium . DiPardo died on January 27 , 2011 , at age 98 . He had been hospitalized since December 2010 after suffering a brain aneurysm . See also ( edit ) American football portal Chiefs -- Raiders rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History - AFL Origins - Kansas City Chiefs '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uniform History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs History -- 1960 's '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL team valuations : # 20 Kansas City Chiefs '' . Forbes . August 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pro Football Hall of Fame : Kansas City Chiefs '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- AFL Origins '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NFL ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) , That Time the Chiefs Battled the Cowboys for Dallas ' Hearts NFL Highlights , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1960s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhbander , Brad ( February 8 , 2008 ) . `` Kuhbander : This Week in Chiefs History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gruver , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Maske , p. 325 Jump up ^ Rex W. Huppke ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` Legends of the Bowl '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . Lamar Hunt , who died in December , coined the term Super Bowl in the late 1960s after watching his kids play with a Super Ball , the bouncy creation of iconic toy manufacturer Wham - O . Jump up ^ Gruver , p. 167 Jump up ^ Gruver , p. 179 Jump up ^ `` Len Dawson '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ One game more than the Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers , Pro-Football-Reference.com : In multiple seasons , from 1960 to 1969 , in the regular season , sorted by descending Date . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1970s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 97 Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 101 ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1980s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Delaney headed for Chiefs ring of honor Sunday '' . Kansas City Chiefs . September 23 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2005 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 167 ^ Jump up to : `` Warrick , Klinger fell way short in Cincy '' . ESPN.com. April 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mackovic released . New York Times , January 9 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 1990s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Marty Schottenheimer 's coaching record '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Doug ( January 20 , 2004 ) . `` Chiefs name Gunther Cunningham defensive coordinator '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- 2000s '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 65 Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len ( June 5 , 2007 ) . `` Green goes to Dolphins from Chiefs in trade '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2007 . 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Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Bill ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Several ' 08 picks should make immediate impact '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs QB Croyle out for this week '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . September 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs QB Thigpen to start vs. Falcons '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . September 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Falcons back on track after victory over winless Chiefs '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . September 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Huard will start at quarterback Sunday for Kansas City '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . September 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . 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Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Williams ' career - best game helps Panthers blank Chiefs '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . October 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Edwards helps Bills score most against Chiefs in history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs GM Peterson to step down at end of season '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Pioli to join Kansas City Chiefs '' . ESPN.com . January 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs fire Edwards ; Shanahan next ? '' . ESPN.com . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Herm Edwards relieved of duties as Chiefs head coach '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todd Haley named Kansas City Chiefs head coach '' . Kansas City Chiefs . February 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs hire Cardinals offensive coordinator Haley as coach '' . Associated Press . February 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs trade Gonzalez for 2010 draft pick '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` Chiefs complete trade for Cassel '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs acquire QB Matt Cassel , LB Mike Vrabel in trade with Patriots '' . Kansas City Chiefs . February 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved February 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs claim Chambers '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2009 . Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HALEY RELIEVED OF DUTIES '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NFL Draft order set '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Williamson ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Niners announce Alex Smith trade '' . espn.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs dominate Texans in Houston '' . National Football League . Associated Press . January 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did n't think the Chiefs ' miserable playoff history could get worse ? Well , it did '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferrin , Reid . ( July 31 , 2007 ) River Falls Wrap : Day Six Archived February 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Kcchiefs.com . Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lamar Hunt patch becomes a permanent part of the Chiefs ' uniform '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs to unveil `` throwback '' AFL uniforms in 2009 `` . Kansas City Chiefs . March 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arrowhead Stadium '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to the Steelers ( barely ) '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stadiums of the NFL -- Arrowhead Stadium '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Arrowhead Stadium Quotes '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peter King Notes -- The NFL '' . CNN . October 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL 's Top 10 Fan Bases ( Photo Gallery ) '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs ready for playoff nemesis Indianapolis '' . Topeka Capital - Journal . January 11 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated 's 2005 poll : `` Toughest Places to Play '' `` . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crumpacker , John ( October 1 , 2006 ) . `` 49ers have to cope with the din of Arrowhead '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` This Week in Chiefs History '' . Kansas City Chiefs . February 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2008 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jon Benne ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` Chiefs set new Guinness world record for stadium noise '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records Broken '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Kingdom to be Featured on National TV '' . KCChiefs.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peterson , p. 176 Jump up ^ Moris , Pete ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Au Revoir , River Falls '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs to be featured in HBO 's ' Hard Knocks ' this summer '' . Kansas City Chiefs . June 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs announce plans for 2009 training camp '' . Kansas City Chiefs . December 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs to train in St. Joseph '' . Joplin Independent . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs training camp to return to Missouri beginning in 2010 '' . Kansas City Chiefs . June 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs mascots and cheerleaders '' . June 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 141 Jump up ^ Echlin , Greg ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` KCUR : Warpaint returns to Arrowhead Stadium '' . KCUR . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Warpaint '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` K.C. Wolf '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mascot Hall of Fame -- K.C. Wolf '' . Mascot Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 140 ^ Jump up to : `` Kansas City Chiefs History -- Cheerleaders '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gretz , Bob ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Who 's next for Chiefs Hall ? '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Hall of Fame '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Vermeil and the Chiefs in perfect harmony as the curtain falls with a 37 -- 3 win '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Herm Edwards named the 10th head coach in Kansas City Chiefs history '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs given permission to talk to Herm Edwards '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Clark Hunt , Chairman of the Board '' . Kansas City Chiefs . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : `` Denny Thum steps down from the Chiefs ; Clark Hunt to be CEO '' . Kansas City Chiefs . September 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 411 ^ Jump up to : `` Chiefs ' Carl Peterson resigns ; Edwards ' future uncertain '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 15 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denny Thum named Kansas City Chiefs president '' . Kansas City Chiefs . May 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chairman of the Board Clark Hunt Press Conference on the resignation of Carl Peterson '' . Kansas City Chiefs . December 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pioli named Kansas City Chiefs general manager '' . Kansas City Chiefs . January 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs , Dorsey Agree to Part Ways '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs promote Brett Veach to GM spot '' . Espn.com . July 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Herb , Kuhbander , Looney , and Moris , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : `` 101 The Fox extends Kansas City Chiefs radio broadcast rights through 2009 season '' . Kansas City Chiefs . August 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . 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Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 132 Jump up ^ `` Giants beat Chiefs 13 -- 3 in defensive struggle '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . September 24 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pahigian , Josh ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , p. 133 Jump up ^ `` The Tomahawk Chop - it ` s No Longer Just Fsu ` s '' . tribunedigital - sunsentinel . Jump up ^ `` Game Day Activities : Chiefs vs. Giants '' . Chiefs.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arrowheads Abroad ( KCChiefsUK ) on Twitter . Twitter.com . Retrieved on July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs break Guinness crowd noise record at Arrowhead against the Patriots '' . USAToday.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Decibel ( Loudness ) Comparison Chart '' . GCAudio.com . ^ Jump up to : Althaus , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , p. 137 Jump up ^ Althaus , p. 100 Jump up ^ Justin Unell ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Chiefs band leader Tony DiPardo dies '' . KSHB 41 News , Kansas City . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Althaus , Bill ( 2007 ) . The Good , The Bad , and The Ugly : Kansas City Chiefs : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments in Kansas City Chiefs History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 928 - 9 Gruver , Ed ( 1997 ) . The American Football League : A Year - by - year History , 1960 -- 1969 . McFarland Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0399 - 3 Herb , Patrick ; Kuhbander , Brad ; Looney , Josh ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . 2008 Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide . Kansas City Chiefs Football Club , Inc Hoskins , Alan ( 1999 ) . Warpaths : The Illustrated History of the Kansas City Chiefs . Taylor Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 156 - 5 Maske , Mark ( 2007 ) . War Without Death : A Year of Extreme Competition in Pro Football 's NFC East . Penguin Group . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 141 - 2 McKenzie , Michael ( 1997 ) . Arrowhead : Home of the Chiefs . Addax Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 886110 - 11 - 5 Peterson , John E. ( 2003 ) . The Kansas City Athletics : A Baseball History , 1954 -- 1967 . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1610 - 6 Stallard , Mark ( 2004 ) . Kansas City Chiefs Encyclopedia ( 2nd ed . ) . Sports Publishing , LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 834 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kansas City Chiefs . Official website Kansas City Chiefs Founded in 1960 Formerly the Dallas Texans ( 1960 -- 62 ) Based and headquartered in Kansas City , Missouri Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players First - round picks Coaches Logos and uniforms Awards Records Starting quarterbacks ( list ) Stadiums Cotton Bowl Municipal Stadium Arrowhead Stadium Personnel Owner : Clark Hunt President : Mark Donovan General Manager : Brett Veach Head Coach : Andy Reid Co-Offensive Coordinator : Brad Childress Co-Offensive Coordinator : Matt Nagy Defensive Coordinator : Bob Sutton Special Teams Coach : Dave Toub Culture Lamar Hunt H. Roe Bartle Warpaint K.C. Wolf Marty Ball Cheerleaders Rivalries Denver Broncos Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders St. Louis Cardinals / Rams Playoff appearances ( 20 ) 1962 1966 1968 1969 1971 1986 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 2003 2006 2013 2015 2016 2017 Division championships ( 10 ) 1962 1966 1971 1993 1995 1997 2003 2016 2017 League championships ( 2 ) 1962 1969 ( IV ) does not include 1966 or 1969 AFL championships Retired numbers 16 18 28 33 36 58 63 78 86 Media Broadcasters Television : KCTV WDAF - TV KSHB - TV Radio : KCFX Personalities : Dave Armstrong Len Dawson Kendall Gammon Bob Gretz Art Hains Bill Grigsby Kevin Harlan Mitch Holthus Roger Twibell Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Ten - year AFL patch Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Missouri Baseball MLB Kansas City Royals St. Louis Cardinals TL Springfield Cardinals FL River City Rascals AA Joplin Blasters SWL Joplin SLPB Team Basketball IBA St. Louis Trotters Football NFL Kansas City Chiefs CIF Kansas City Phantoms Independent Kansas City Storm Ice hockey NHL St. Louis Blues ECHL Kansas City Mavericks NA3HL St. Louis Jr . Blues WSHL Springfield Express Roller derby WFTDA Arch Rival Roller Derby CoMo Derby Dames Springfield Roller Girls St. Chux Derby Chix MRDA St. Louis GateKeepers Rugby USAR Kansas City Blues St. Louis Bombers Soccer USL Saint Louis FC Swope Park Rangers MASL Kansas City Comets St. Louis Ambush NPSL Joplin Demize PDL Saint Louis FC U23 St. Louis Lions Tennis WTT Springfield Lasers College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC Native American mascot controversy Washington Redskins Name controversy Redskin ( slang ) Name change advocates Trademark dispute Opinion Polls Original Americans Foundation Chief Zee Washington Redhawks Other professional sports teams Atlanta Braves Chief Noc - A-Homa Chicago Blackhawks Name and logo controversy Cleveland Indians Name and logo controversy Edmonton Eskimos Kansas City Chiefs College teams NCAA Native American mascot decision Chief Illiniwek Osceola and Renegade North Dakota athletics Fighting Sioux name controversy San Diego State Aztec Warrior List of college teams Youth and school teams Sports teams named Redskins List of secondary school teams Change advocates Amanda Blackhorse Gregg Deal Stephanie Fryberg Suzan Shown Harjo Adrienne Keene Jacqueline Keeler Robert Roche Related Native American mascot laws and regulations List of teams Stereotypes about indigenous peoples of North America Contemporary Native American issues in the United States Cultural appropriation Indigenous intellectual property Redface Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_Chiefs&oldid=826373433 '' Categories : Kansas City Chiefs Dallas Texans American Football League teams National Football League teams American football teams in Kansas City , Missouri Sports in the Kansas City metropolitan area Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2016 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 19 : 26 . 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Westfield Liverpool
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Westfield Liverpool - wikipedia Westfield Liverpool Jump to : navigation , search Westfield Liverpool Location Liverpool , New South Wales , Australia Coordinates 33 ° 55 ′ 11 '' S 150 ° 55 ′ 28 '' E / 33.919767 ° S 150.924307 ° E / - 33.919767 ; 150.924307 Coordinates : 33 ° 55 ′ 11 '' S 150 ° 55 ′ 28 '' E / 33.919767 ° S 150.924307 ° E / - 33.919767 ; 150.924307 Opening date 1971 Management Scentre Group Owner Scentre Group ( 50 % ) AMP ( 50 % ) No. of stores and services 340 No. of anchor tenants 6 Total retail floor area 83,365 m ( 897,333 sq ft ) No. of floors 3 ( Top is Event Cinemas ) Parking 3,558 Bays Website www.westfield.com/liverpool/ Information from Scentre Group Westfield Liverpool is a major shopping centre , located in Liverpool , a suburb of Sydney . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and development 1.1 Redevelopments 2 Transport 3 Image gallery 4 References 5 External links History and development ( edit ) Westfield Liverpool was opened in 1971 . The centre has a current trade area population of 614,000 people , with 14.9 million annual customer visits . The total annual retail sales at the centre were A $ 515.5 million . Redevelopments ( edit ) The centre has been extended and redeveloped three times in its life , the first in 1991 , again in 1993 , and more recently in 2006 . By its 1993 extension , the centre was jointly owned by Westfield and Rodamco , and had 57,664 m ( 620,690 sq ft ) of GLA . The 2006 extensions brought the GLA to 83,365 m ( 897,333 sq ft ) . These extensions were valued at an estimated $200 million ( 2006 ) . In 2011 , another redevelopment occurred in the shopping centre which included widening of the mall , new flooring , lighting and furniture , as well as the relocation of existing retailers . Transport ( edit ) The centre can be accessed by multiple transport options , including public bus , and is within walking distance of Liverpool railway station . Image gallery ( edit ) Entrance opposite Macquarie Street Mall View from west Elizabeth Street entranc References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Westfield Liverpool '' . Scentre Group . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spike Boydell ( July 1998 ) . `` An analysis of the investment appraisal of enclosed regional shopping centres : An Australian perspective '' ( PDF ) : 130,303 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool City Centre '' . NSW Department of Planning , Government of New South Wales . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Westfield Liverpool to get facelift '' . Liverpool Leader . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Public Transport - Westfield Liverpool '' . The Westfield Group . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Westfield Liverpool website Westfield shopping centres in Australia ACT Belconnen Woden NSW Bondi Junction Burwood Chatswood Eastgardens Hornsby Hurstville Kotara Liverpool Miranda Mount Druitt Parramatta Penrith Sydney Tuggerah Warringah Mall VIC Doncaster Fountain Gate Knox Geelong Plenty Valley Southland QLD Carindale Chermside Garden City Helensvale North Lakes SA Marion Tea Tree Plaza West Lakes WA Carousel Innaloo Whitford City Scentre Group Shopping centres in New South Wales Central Coast Erina Fair Westfield Tuggerah Hunter Charlestown Square Stockland Glendale Stockland Green Hills Westfield Kotara Illawarra Dapto Mall Stockland Shellharbour Warrawong Plaza Wollongong Central Sydney Bankstown Central Shopping Centre Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre Broadway Shopping Centre Burwood Plaza Carlingford Court Castle Towers Chatswood Chase Chatswood Interchange Chatswood Mall Eastgate Bondi Junction Harbourside Shopping Centre Hurstville Central Lidcombe Shopping Centre Macarthur Square Macquarie Centre Mid City Centre Queen Victoria Building Rhodes Waterside Roselands Rouse Hill Town Centre Soul Pattinson Building St Ives Shopping Village Stockland Glasshouse Strathfield Plaza The Strand Arcade The Galeries Victoria Top Ryde City Warriewood Square Westfield Bondi Junction Westfield Burwood Westfield Chatswood Westfield Eastgardens Westfield Hornsby Westfield Hurstville Westfield Liverpool Westfield Miranda Westfield Parramatta Westfield Sydney Westfield Warringah Mall Westpoint Blacktown World Square South Western New South Wales Lavington Square Shopping Centre Wagga Wagga Marketplace List of shopping centres in Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westfield_Liverpool&oldid=801182133 '' Categories : Shopping centres in Sydney Shopping malls established in 1971 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 04 : 31 . About Wikipedia
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westfield liverpool macquarie street liverpool new south wales
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Moomba
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Moomba - wikipedia Moomba For the town in South Australia , see Moomba , South Australia . Moomba Waterskiing events at Moomba Genre Carnival Begins Labour day long weekend ( second Monday in March ) Frequency annual Location ( s ) Melbourne , Australia Years active 63 Inaugurated 1955 Attendance 1.7 million ( record - 1996 ) Organised by City of Melbourne Moomba ( also known as the Moomba Festival ) is held annually in Melbourne , Australia . Run by the City of Melbourne , it is Australia 's largest free community festival . The Melbournian tradition is celebrated over four days , incorporating the Labour Day long weekend , from Friday to the second Monday in March . Moomba is culturally important to Melbourne , having been celebrated since 1955 , and regularly attracts up to a million people , with a record attendance of 1.7 million set in 1996 . In 2003 , the event was renamed Melbourne Moomba Waterfest and is centred on the Yarra River . Traditional events include the Moomba parade , crowning of Moomba monarchs , fireworks displays , carnivals in the gardens along the river , river activities including watersports , water floats and the birdman rally , as well as live music and bands . Contents 1 Origins 2 Etymology 3 Event history 4 Events 4.1 Parade and floats 4.2 Moomba monarchs 4.3 Fireworks 4.4 Carnival 4.5 River activities 4.5. 1 Waterskiing 4.5. 2 River floats 4.5. 3 Birdman rally 4.6 Music and live bands 5 In popular culture 5.1 Citations 6 References 7 Other reading 8 External links Origins ( edit ) In 1951 , Australia celebrated fifty years of Federation with a parade and the staging of the theatre production `` An Aboriginal Moomba : Out of the Dark '' . In 1954 , Queen Elizabeth II visited the city for the first time as reigning monarch , and the City Development Association and the Melbourne City Council proposed an autumn carnival to be known as `` Moomba '' . A committee was formed in July , 1954 to organise and fund the event , successfully allocating £ 10,000 to its inaugural running . Before the event 's first year , controversy was created when Labor Councillor Frank Williams resigned from the committee , branding the planned carnival as a `` Bourke street joke for the benefit of shopkeepers '' . A promotional theme song `` Come to Melbourne for the Moomba '' was written by Jack O'Hagan . Etymology ( edit ) The festival was originally named Moomba by organizers in the belief it was a native word meaning ' let 's get together and have fun . ' Credit is usually given to Bill Onus , a unionist and member of the Australian Aborigines ' League for proposing the term , which he used in a play , Aboriginal Moomba in 1951 . In 1969 Luise Hercus glossed the word mum ( rhyming with ' vroom ' ) as meaning ' bottom , rump ' , and suggested mum - ba meant something like ' bottom and ... ' , and had been introduced from Healesville usage as a joke . In 1981 Barry Blake analysed the word as combining as mum ( anus ) and -- ba , a locative suffix meaning ' at , in , on ' . This would give the sense of ' up your bum / arse ' . Onus himself , according to his daughter - in - law , who said she had heard the story from Onus 's wife Mary , had picked up the word from a word list of indigenous terms . Some say he did it to get back at the city council for having deliberately upstaged the traditional Labour Day march with a popular carnival . Lin Onus , his son , stated that indeed his father had intended to play a prank in passing on the word with this sense . Event history ( edit ) The first Moomba was a 15 - day festival officially opened on 12 March 1955 by the State Governor , Sir Dallas Brooks . The inaugural programme included a fireworks display , parade , vintage car display , Henley rowing regatta , river floats including a `` Lord Mayor 's houseboat '' , cycling race , tennis at Kooyong , concerts including performances by the Victorian Symphony Orchestra and Royal Philharmonic choir , crowning of the Queen of Moomba and riverside carnival . 25,000 turned out to watch the inaugural Moomba parade down Swanston Street . The first Moomba was heavily criticised by Melbourne 's conservative establishment , including the Anglican Church , which at the time claimed it was hedonistic and embodying social decay . Council responded to the criticism citing that Moomba was intended to be a festival for families and as such is reinforcing family values in society . After the 2016 Moomba festival fireworks there was a large - scale brawl in and around Federation Square in Melbourne 's Central Business District , largely between members of two gangs , Apex and Islander 23 . Events ( edit ) Parade and floats ( edit ) A parade ( or `` procession '' ) and floats through the streets of Melbourne have been a key part of the Moomba festival since its beginning . Each year it attracts over 100,000 people to Melbourne 's city centre as well as being shown on free - to - air television in Melbourne . The first Moomba procession was held in 1955 . It was first televised in 1957 , the year after the Melbourne 1956 Olympics . Snuff Puppets float Moomba Parade 2001 The floats have an annual theme , usually an elaboration on `` Let 's get together and have fun '' , the avowed mission and vision statement of Moomba and are usually from sister cities ( of which Melbourne has six ) , schools and community groups . They also promote some aspect of the arts , like singing , dancing , or design . Swanston Street is the traditional home of the floats and spine of the city and horse - or tractor - drawn floats use the tram tracks . Decorated trams are sometimes also featured . In 2001 , the parade came under media controversy when a French Troupe and Melbourne 's Snuff Puppets had floats with naked people covered in body paint . Moomba monarchs ( edit ) 2014 Moomba monarchs -- Lucy Durack and Bert Newton The Moomba monarchy has been one of the most celebrated and controversial components of the festival over the years . Queen of Moomba ( 1955 to 1987 ) from Beverley Stewart to Marita Jones . Won by a beauty pageant competition . 1966 Moomba Queen Erica McMillan was killed in a car accident seven weeks after the festival , in the car which she had received as a prize for being voted Queen . Queen of the Pacific ( 1967 -- 1977 ) from Betty Lim Saw Yim ( as Princess of Malaysia ) to Lei Maa ( Princess of Hawaii ) . King of Moomba ( 1967 to 1987 ) : British actor Robert Morley ( 1967 ) , British actor Alfred Marks ( 1968 ) , Italian opera singer Tito Gobbi ( 1969 ) , featherweight boxing champion Johnny Famechon ( 1970 ) , Russian clown Oleg Popov ( 1971 ) , pop singer Johnny Farnham ( 1972 ) with Collingwood footballer Lou Richards as his Jester , indigenous Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls ( 1973 ) , ballet dancer Sir Robert Helpmann ( 1974 ) , entertainer Rolf Harris ( 1975 ) , entertainer Barry Crocker ( 1976 ) , Disney character Mickey Mouse as King of Moomba and TV Personality Ugly Dave Gray as a Jester ( 1977 ) , first Melbourne born king , entertainer Bert Newton ( 1978 ) , entertainer Graham Kennedy ( 1979 ) , TV actor Paul Cronin ( 1980 ) , Lou Richards again but this time as King ( 1981 ) , film , TV and stage actor Frank Thring ( 1982 ) , TV Personality Daryl Somers ( 1983 ) , footballer Kevin Bartlett ( 1984 ) , TV Personality Ian `` Molly '' Meldrum ( 1985 ) , motor racing driver Peter Brock ( 1986 ) and champion doubles tennis player Paul McNamee ( 1987 ) . Another source lists Gobbi ( 1968 ) , Marks ( 1969 ) and Richards as Jester ( 1971 ) . Moomba Monarch ( 1988 -- 1999 ) ( 2010 -- present ) : Jo Pearson , Con the Fruiterer , David Hanison , Tony Shaw , Keith Dunstan , The Oarsome Foursome , Andrew Gaze , Cathy Freeman , Marina Prior , Kevin Sheedy , Trevor Marmalade , Lano and Woodley , and Denise Drysdale . Female Monarchs were also called Queen of Moomba and male Monarchs were called King of Moomba . In 1999 the tradition ended when clowns Zig and Zag were appointed . After it was revealed that , years before , Zig ( Jack Perry ) had pleaded guilty to child molestation they were dethroned . In 2010 the tradition was finally restored after 11 years with Molly Meldrum and Kate Ceberano being named King and Queen of Moomba ( 2011 ) : Mick Malthouse and Ruby Rose . ( 2012 ) : Harry Kewell and Natalie Bassingthwaighte. ( 2013 ) : Ambulance Victoria and St John 's Ambulance ( one combined representative ) , MFB , CFA , Salvation Army , the Department of Sustainability and Environment , SES and Victoria Police , made up the Seven Kings and Queens Young Ambassador ( 2003 -- 2009 ) : Carrie Stoney , Sam Quinn , Alan Wu , Natalie Bassingthwaighte. 2007 : Trisha Broadbridge . The Moomba Monarch crowns for 2010 and 2011 were handcrafted by Paris Kyne Master Milliner. 1989 also had a time where Moomba also included a Prince and Princess of Moomba which were two children who applied through a radio competition on radio station 3KZ with resumes and auditions to perform paid work with the Life . Be in it . dancers in the Alexander Gardens every day . These two winners were Mark Monroe & Katherine . Fireworks ( edit ) Fireworks are a big part of the Moomba festival and large displays occur on every night of the festival . The fireworks are above the Yarra river . Carnival ( edit ) A traditional carnival including a ferris wheel are held in the Alexandra Gardens along the river bank . In recent years , the carnival has extended to Birrarung Marr across the river . It is popular with children , and dagwood dogs and doughnut stands line the paths . River activities ( edit ) Moomba particularly celebrates the Yarra River , which has been much maligned during the history of the city until the last few decades . Waterskiing ( edit ) Water stunts Water skiing in the Yarra was introduced to Moomba in 1959 . River floats ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The festival has featured Chinese dragon boats and the Moomba Showboat . Birdman rally ( edit ) Among the more popular events is the Birdman Rally , begun in 1976 , which adds colour to the festival , and is traditionally held at the Swan Street bridge over the Yarra River . However it has been held only intermittently during Moomba 's history . It was stopped for a number of years due to high levels of E. coli contamination of the Yarra . Subsequent clean - ups reduced pollution to acceptable levels and 2004 saw its return . In 2005 the rally was held in the new inner city park , Birrarung Marr , close to its traditional location . Music and live bands ( edit ) Kimbra performing at Moomba in 2011 Moomba 's performers have included international musical acts such as ABBA , Neil Diamond and AC / DC as well as a number of smaller local acts . In 2012 , performers included Tex Perkins and Daryl Braithwaite . In popular culture ( edit ) Do - Re-Mi released a single `` King of Moomba '' in 1987 in reference to the crowning element of the festival . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Powley 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moomba ' gala next year '' . The Argus. 1954 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ pg4 . The Argus Wednesday 1 December 1954 ^ Jump up to : Dubecki 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly 2011 . Jump up ^ Hercus 1969 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Moore 2001 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Blake 1981 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a gay day today '' . The Argus. 1955 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` With the Churchmen : ' Moomba spirit leading us to decay '' . The Argus. 1955 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Councillor defends Moomba '' . The Argus. 1955 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Melbourne street brawl blamed on Apex gang after Moomba festival Sunday March 13 , 2016 . The Guardian Retrieved May 18 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Craig Bellamy , Gordon Chisholm , Hilary Eriksen ( 17 Feb 2006 ) Moomba : A festival for the people. : http://www.craigbellamy.net/images/moomba.pdf PDF pp 17 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Moomba Monarchs : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=K6BWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IOcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3799%2C4757067 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/molly-meldrum-and-kate-ceberano-the-new-king-and-queen-of-moomba/story-e6frf7jo-1225830688779 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/royal-coach-delivers-king-mick-of-moomba/story-fn6bfkm6-1226010325960 Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/moomba-honours-for-natalie-and-harry-stars-who-love-our-lifestyle/story-e6frf96f-1226271262575 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Mary Bolling & Matthew Schulz , ( 12 Mar 2007 ) Moomba thrills young and old : http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21366832-421,00.html article from Herald Sun References ( edit ) Dubecki , Larissa ( 8 March 2008 ) . `` Let 's have fun , said some , and name a festival ' Up Your Bum ' '' . The Age . Kelly , Piers ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Does ' Moomba ' really mean ' up your bum ' ? '' . Crikey . Moore , Bruce ( 2001 ) . `` Australian English and Indigenous Voices '' . In Blair , David ; Collins , Peter . English in Australia . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 133 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 9 - 027 - 29799 - 0 . Hercus , Luise A. ( 1969 ) . The Languages of Victoria : A Late Survey , Issue 6 , Part 2 . Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies . Powley , Kathryn ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Moomba 2017 guide : Melbourne 's ' free community festival ' has arrived '' . Herald Sun . Other reading ( edit ) Eckersley , M. 2012 . ' Australian Indigenous Drama ' . Tasman Press . Altona . External links ( edit ) Melbourne City Council 's Moomba page Social history of Moomba , on Culture Victoria Snopes.com entry on the word `` Moomba '' Also see the official Moomba history book written by Dr Craig Bellamy et al. ( 2006 ) Events in the Melbourne City Centre Note : this includes events held in the Melbourne City Centre and its immediate surrounds , not the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area Summer All : Summer Fun in the City of Melbourne December : Australian Dancesport Championships Boxing Day Test Carols by Candlelight Myer Christmas Parade January : Australian Open Midsumma Festival Melbourne International Boat Show One Day International Cricket February : St Kilda Festival Herald Sun Tour White Night festivals Autumn March : Australian Grand Prix Melbourne 400 Melbourne Fashion Festival Melbourne Food and Wine Festival Moomba Waterfest Melbourne Queer Film Festival April : Anzac Day parade AFL Anzac Day match Melbourne International Comedy Festival Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show May : Melbourne Jazz Fringe Festival Winter All : Melbourne Winter Masterpieces series June : AFL Queen 's Birthday match Melbourne International Animation Festival Australian International Motor Show Melbourne International Jazz Festival July : State of Design Festival Melbourne International Film Festival Open House Melbourne Run Melbourne August : Melbourne Day Melbourne Underground Film Festival Melbourne Writers Festival Craft Cubed Spring September : AFL Grand Final Melbourne Fringe Festival Melbourne International Festival of Brass Melbourne Spring Fashion Week Royal Melbourne Show Sandown 500 Kerryn Wildes Birthday October : Around the Bay in a Day Melbourne International Arts Festival Melbourne Marathon Festival Spring Racing Carnival November : Head of the Yarra Melbourne Cup Carnival City2Sea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moomba&oldid=865400633 '' Categories : Recurring events established in 1955 Festivals in Melbourne 1955 establishments in Australia Music festivals established in 1955 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use dmy dates from March 2013 Articles needing additional references from October 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 18 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which english comedian became the first moomba king in 1967
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"King of Moomba (1967 to 1987): British actor Robert Morley (1967), British actor Alfred Marks (1968), Italian opera singer Tito Gobbi (1969), featherweight boxing champion Johnny Famechon (1970), Russian clown Oleg Popov (1971), pop singer Johnny Farnham (1972) with Collingwood footballer Lou Richards as his Jester, indigenous Pastor Sir Douglas Nicholls (1973), ballet dancer Sir Robert Helpmann (1974), entertainer Rolf Harris (1975), entertainer Barry Crocker (1976), Disney character Mickey Mouse as King of Moomba and TV Personality Ugly Dave Gray as a Jester (1977), first Melbourne born king, entertainer Bert Newton (1978), entertainer Graham Kennedy (1979), TV actor Paul Cronin (1980), Lou Richards again but this time as King (1981), film, TV and stage actor Frank Thring (1982), TV Personality Daryl Somers (1983), footballer Kevin Bartlett (1984), TV Personality Ian \"Molly\" Meldrum (1985), motor racing driver Peter Brock (1986) and champion doubles tennis player Paul McNamee (1987).[13] Another source lists Gobbi (1968), Marks (1969) and Richards as Jester (1971).[14]"
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"Robert Morley"
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The Ellen DeGeneres Show
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The Ellen DeGeneres show - wikipedia The Ellen DeGeneres show Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about the daytime talk show . For the 1990s sitcom , see Ellen ( TV series ) . For the 2000s sitcom , see The Ellen Show . The Ellen DeGeneres Show Also known as Ellen Genre Talk show Created by Ellen DeGeneres Presented by Ellen DeGeneres Opening theme `` Ellen '' by Sharlotte Gibson ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) `` Let 's Have a Little Fun '' by Sharlotte Gibson ( Seasons 4 -- 12 ) `` Today 's the Day '' by P ! nk ( Season 13 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 2,423 ( as of May 28 , 2018 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Andy Lassner Ed Glavin Ellen DeGeneres Jim Paratore ( 2003 -- 2012 ) Mary Connelly Camera setup Multiple Running time 38 - 42 minutes Production company ( s ) A Very Good Production Telepictures Productions E.W. Scripps Company WAD Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television ( USA ) Release Original network Syndication : NBC Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 2003 -- 2008 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2008 -- present ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release September 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by The Caroline Rhea Show ( 2002 -- 2003 ) External links Website The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( often shortened to Ellen and stylized as ellen ) is an American television comedy talk show hosted by comedian / actress Ellen DeGeneres . Debuting on September 8 , 2003 , it is produced by Telepictures and airs in syndication , including stations owned by NBCUniversal . For its first five seasons , the show was taped in Studio 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank , California . From season 6 onwards , the show moved to being taped at Stage 1 on the nearby Warner Bros. lot . Since the beginning of the sixth season , Ellen has been broadcast in high definition . The show has won 59 Daytime Emmy Awards as of 2017 , including four for Outstanding Talk Show and six for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment , surpassing the record held by The Oprah Winfrey Show , which won nine . The show also won 17 People 's Choice Awards . The talk show 's YouTube channel is currently charted as being in the top 20 most - subscribed YouTube channels . On January 20 , 2016 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons through 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 1.1 Recurring elements 1.1. 1 Segments ( including former and recurring ) 1.1. 2 Dancing 1.1. 3 Sophia Grace and Rosie 1.1. 4 DeGeneres 's mother 2 Production information 2.1 Taping location 2.2 Personnel 2.2. 1 DJ 2.3 2007 Writers Guild strike 3 Episodes 3.1 Special episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Awards 5 Ellen 's Game of Games 6 References 7 External links Concept ( edit ) The program combines comedy , celebrity , musical guests , and human - interest stories . The program often features audience participation games where prizes are awarded . During her Twelve Days of Giveaways promotion , audience members receive roughly $1,000 worth of prizes on each of twelve episodes . Because the show has become so popular , not all who arrive hoping to see a taping can fit into the studio , so an offshoot space , dubbed by Tom Hanks `` The Riff Raff Room '' , was created . Persons seated here are often referenced and shown briefly on camera but watch the taping from off - stage . Other non-celebrities have been featured in an attempt by DeGeneres to give them 15 minutes of fame . Guests in this role have included intelligent children , small business owners , etc . In the show 's third season , DeGeneres began surprising fans by introducing them to their favorite celebrities . Ellen DeGeneres in 2004 Recurring elements ( edit ) Several recurring sounds , gags , and catchphrases are used by DeGeneres depending on the topic of discussion or theme for a specific episode . For example , after DeGeneres says the phrase , `` Aww Snap ! '' , a sound effect of a whip cracking often is played . In her monologue , DeGeneres frequently thanks the audience 's applause by saying `` I feel the same way about you ! '' Other video segments include DeGeneres scaring people , playing pranks , taking part in faux - breaking news segments , interacting with crew members , etc . Other recurring segments include those where DeGeneres comments on Internet videos , tabloid - style photographs of celebrities , advertisements on Craigslist , or voicemails left for her on an answering machine . Some segments feature audience members more prominently , including having audience members show hidden talents , pictures of others that resemble DeGeneres , interviewing children , etc . DeGeneres frequently plays games with audience members and awards prizes based upon their performance . Games have included Pictionary - style drawing games , finding hidden objects within the studio , category , current event or pop - culture - based trivia , and various other stunt and charade - based games . DeGeneres also joked several times on the show about when a sequel to Finding Nemo , in which she famously had a lead role , will eventually release , as well as make references to the film . Eventually , the sequel , Finding Dory , was officially announced by DeGeneres . Segments ( including former and recurring ) ( edit ) The show has many recurring segments throughout the years . Some include : Oh Hair No ! is a segment that involves fans sending in funny haircuts to DeGeneres ; some of them appear on the show . Know or Go is a segment involving three audience members ( or contestants ) to answer questions based on topics such as Thanksgiving , current events , about Ellen herself , etc . If they get a question wrong , the contestant gets dropped through a trap door . Clumsy Thumbsy is a segment where Ellen shows messed up auto corrects sent in by fans . Oh Puh - lice is a segment where odd police reports are shown . Ellen 's Dance Dare is a segment where viewers send videos of themselves secretly dancing behind oblivious people . Irish jigs were featured on the 2012 St. Patrick 's Day episode . Many celebrities have participated such as Emma Stone , Zac Efron , Lilly Singh , The Janoskians and Taylor Swift . Bad Paid for Tattoos Odd , usually incorrectly spelled body art is displayed . A Little Yelp From My Friends Ellen reads reviews from the website Yelp . `` What 's Wrong with These Photos ? '' Photos Silly photos sent in by viewers are featured . `` What Were They Thinking ? '' Audience Dancing Audience members are shown dancing with voices acting out the dancers ' thoughts . `` What 's Wrong with These Signs ? '' Signs Viewers send Ellen pictures of signs that are n't quite right . Tony Karaoke is a segment that features the show 's DJ , Tony , singing often wrong - but - hilarious lyrics to popular songs . Tea Time with Sophia Grace and Rosie is a segment in which Sophia Grace & Rosie interview celebrity guests on the show , all while enjoying cookies and tea . ApPARENTly Confused is a segment where Ellen shows messages by parents who do n't understand texting and technology . In Your FACEbook is a segment where Ellen shares funny Facebook photos taken from the profile pages of audience members . Weekly Tweetly Roundup is a segment where Ellen shares funny and interesting tweets . Classic Joke Thursday is a segment where Ellen shares funny jokes / puns , usually in a conversation with the show 's DJ . This Plus That is a segment where a montage of dancing audience members is shown usually combined with humorous sound effects . Just KID - ink is a segment where Ellen shares funny drawings from kids . INSTA - grammification is a segment where Ellen shares funny and unusual pictures from the show 's Instagram page . `` Vine After Vine '' is a segment where Ellen shares funny 6 second video clips from the popular mobile app Vine . `` Grand Design '' an online segment where Ellen , with presenters and home makeover experts the `` Kitchen Cousins '' John Colaneri and Anthony Carrino would redesign a room in just 24 hours on a budget of $1,000 dollars . `` What Have YOU Been Up to on Facebook ? '' is a recurring segment in which Ellen reveals some personal and private information of the public to the audience . `` Starbucks Prank ! '' is a recurring segment in which Ellen send popular celebrities out to Starbucks to prank the cashiers . `` What The Heck Are These Kids Talking About ? '' is a former segment in which Ellen reviews rap lyrics and tries to figure out what they mean . `` Celebrity Pranks ! '' is a segment where Ellen often scares Taylor Swift ( as she falls for it the most ) and other famous celebrities . `` Chat Time With Ellen ! '' is a talk - show segment in which Ellen talks about -- or to -- people who have made viral videos . Can Andy Say That ? is a segment in which Ellen has the show 's executive producer , Andy Lassner , repeat funny phrases that are filled with double entendres and sexual innuendo . Haunted House ( the segment is actually untitled ) is an annual segment in which Ellen sends her writer , Amy Rhodes , to various haunted houses in the days leading up to Halloween . In recent years , Amy has been joined in the haunted houses by her own mother , as well as the show 's executive producer Andy Lassner . Celebrities like Ariana Grande , Taylor Swift , Eric Stonestreet and DeGeneres 's wife Portia de Rossi have also been sent to a haunted house . Average Andy is a segment where Ellen sends her executive producer Andy Lassner to learn new skills from the world 's most talented people . Throwback Thursday is a segment where every Thursday Ellen revisits funny moments from previous seasons . `` Who 's In My Bushes ? '' is a segment where a celebrity is hidden in decorative bushes in which Ellen will ask questions to that celebrity and eventually comes out when figured . However , during this segment , Ellen already knows who the celebrity is and the audience will just play along . Take That , China ! is a segment where Ellen makes jokes about impractical and often unwise American inventions . Breaking News is a segment where news anchor Devin Scillian interrupts the show and delivers unusually mundane , humorous breaking news . Why I Do n't Have Kids is a segment where Ellen shows pictures or videos sent in by viewers of crazy situations they have encountered with their kids . Epic or Fail is a segment considered to be Ellen 's favorite game where Ellen shows several stunts or tricks caught on tape , and when the videos are paused , Ellen , the audience , and even guest celebrities have to guess the ending 's outcome . Hot Hands is a game where some audience member or celebrities get on a special seat and name the celebrities which are shown on the screen as much as possible in 30 seconds . 5 Second Rule is a game where Ellen and celebrity contestants have to think on their feet and list three answers that fall into a given category in only five seconds . Ellen In Your Ear is a segment where celebrity interact with unsuspecting people , where Ellen instructing the celebrities through remote ear piece . Ask Dr. Dax is a segment where Dax Shepard gives relationship advice to audience members , while often telling stories about his own experiences . Hubba Hubba Quiz Quiz is a segment where Ellen questions men . Do n't Leave Me Hanging is a game where Ellen questions people . If they get a strike , they get lifted into the air . If they get three strikes , they get lifted all the way to the top . Ellen , Rate My Baby is a segmant where Ellen rates pictures of babies sent in by her viewers from a scale of 1 - 10 ( She goes over 10 , e.g 17 / 10 ) Make it Rain is a game where two ( usually male ) celebrities have to answer questions . If they answer correctly they get a chance to stand under one of several umbrellas and pull a string . One of the umbrellas releases money , which goes to a charity of the winner 's choice . The other umbrellas release water , which ends up making the celebrity wet . Danger Word is a game where Ellen questions audience members . There 's a Winning word and a Danger word . ( e.g Winning Word : Cheerios , Danger Word : Cereal ) If the person guesses the winning word , the other person gets a strike and gets sprayed by one of the cannons . If a person guesses the danger word , that person gets a strike and gets sprayed . Thank GIF It 's Friday is a segment where Ellen shows GIF 's that people post on the Internet . She shows these on Fridays . Heads Up ! Heads Up ! is a game that DeGeneres plays with other celebrities . Originally , the game had players guess words or phrases on physical cards held to their foreheads by watching the other players act it out or give hints as time counted down . Later , DeGeneres and Warner Bros. Entertainment developed an app version of the game . The app became a huge success after its May 2013 launch , rising to the top of the App Store with over 650,000 downloads during its first month . By July 2016 , it had been downloaded more than 25 million times . To this day , Heads Up ! remains one of Apple 's top - paid apps . Dancing ( edit ) First Lady Michelle Obama and Ellen dance on the second anniversary of Let 's Move ! . Since the show 's debut , DeGeneres has segued from her opening monologue by doing a dance . The dancing proved to be extremely popular with viewers , and has since progressed to a segment where DeGeneres dances into the audience , sometimes borrowing a coat or purse from someone 's chair , and taking it with her . She has also featured a segment in which people teach her new dance moves . One of her most famous dance moves is dancing over the table , where she straddles the coffee table and dances from one end to the other . Although she does not do it every day , dancing over the table is a recurring theme . As an April Fools ' Day prank in 2009 , the show 's staff placed a wider table top over her normal table . During the show , when DeGeneres attempted to dance over it , she barely made it across , being forced on her tip - toes and using the table as leverage . On the seventh - season premiere , DeGeneres performed a dance segment with the cast of So You Think You Can Dance . In September 2009 , four major record labels sued the producers of the show for unspecified damages over the dance routine , for allegedly using songs without permission . Sophia Grace and Rosie ( edit ) Main article : Sophia Grace & Rosie Sophia Grace Brownlee ( born April 18 , 2003 ) and her cousin Rosie McClelland ( born September 7 , 2006 ) were first invited to the show after DeGeneres saw their YouTube video cover of `` Super Bass '' by Nicki Minaj , which Sophia Grace and Rosie posted on YouTube on September 19 , 2011 . The then eight - and five - year - old Essex , England natives became recurring cast members on the show , where they hosted their own segment called `` Tea Time with Sophia Grace and Rosie '' . In the segment , the duo invites and interviews guest celebrities such as Taylor Swift , Katy Perry , Hugh Grant , Julie Bowen , Harry Connick Jr. , LL Cool J , Justin Bieber , and Reese Witherspoon over to tea . Sophia Grace and Rosie won the `` Choice Webstar '' at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for this segment . They have also been correspondents during the red carpet events such as the Grammy Awards , the American Music Awards , the Billboard Music Awards , and the MTV Video Music Awards . They appeared in the third episode ( June 2013 ) and the eleventh episode ( September 2013 ) of Sam & Cat . According to her representative , Sophia Grace had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood in Walt Disney Pictures ' film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim 's Into the Woods , but she withdrew before production . Sophia Grace & Rosie starred in their own movie called Sophia Grace and Rosie 's Royal Adventure . DeGeneres 's mother ( edit ) DeGeneres 's mother , Betty , attends the show regularly and is frequently featured on camera . Production information ( edit ) Taping location ( edit ) From 2003 to early 2008 , the program was originally taped at studio 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank , California . It is now filmed in studio 1 ( named `` The Ellen Stage '' since her 2,000 th show that took place in November 2015 ) on the Warner Bros. lot in Burbank . Personnel ( edit ) The executive producers are DeGeneres , Mary Connelly , Ed Glavin , Andy Lassner , and Jim Paratore . The writing staff has included Karen Kilgariff ( former head writer ) , Karen Anderson , Margaret Smith and DeGeneres . Margaret Smith left the show to work on her own projects , including her first book , What Was I Thinking ? How Being a Stand Up Did Nothing to Prepare Me to Become a Single Mother ( Crossroad Publishing , 2008 ) . Amy Rhodes , a former writer for the program , regularly appeared on camera during various segments . DJ ( edit ) Unlike most talk shows , the show uses a disc jockey to supply music rather than a band . Originally , the role was filled by Los Angeles - based DJ Scott K , who lasted only a few weeks . He was later replaced by Tony Okungbowa , who DJed through season 3 . Due to his growing acting career , Okungbowa left the show , and a few guest DJs were brought in to try out for the position . Tony was replaced by actor / DJ Jon Abrahams for the fourth - season premiere . Abrahams stayed on the show for one season , and also left as his acting career grew . Ted Stryker of KROQ , was the DJ for the fifth season . Stryker stayed for one season until Okungbowa returned . In a recent episode , DJ Pauly D from Jersey Shore deejayed when Okungbowa was promoting his CD . Starting in season 11 , several episodes include celebrity `` guest DJs '' filling the DJ position in Okungbowa 's absence . The most frequently appearing guest DJs are Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss of So You Think You Can Dance fame , and comedian Loni Love . Okungbowa made a return appearance on the show in the April 28 , 2014 episode , while Loni made a return in the June 5 , 2015 episode . 2007 writers Guild strike ( edit ) DeGeneres , a member of the Writers Guild of America , supported the 2007 writers ' strike . However , on November 9 , 2007 , DeGeneres crossed the picket line to tape more episodes of her TV show stating : `` It was explained to me that no other daytime shows have shut down . I 've got 135 employees that rely on me for a paycheck . But it 's been the hardest thing in the world driving onto this lot . '' DeGeneres decided to abstain from doing a monologue on her show ( which is typically written by WGA writers ) during the strike . Her show continued production as normal with the exception of her monologue being omitted . The WGAE issued a statement condemning DeGeneres , stating she was `` not welcome in NY . '' DeGeneres 's representatives asserted that she did not violate the WGA 's agreement , arguing that she is competing with other first - run syndicated shows like Dr. Phil and Live with Regis and Kelly during the competitive November sweeps period , and that DeGeneres must fulfill her duties as host and producer , lest her show lose its time slot or be held in breach of contract . In addition , a statement defending DeGeneres was subsequently issued by AFTRA , pointing out that DeGeneres also works under the AFTRA TV Code , which bars her from striking . The WGAE then issued a response pointing out that DeGeneres is also a Writers Guild member , and that any writing work she did on her show during the strike constituted struck work . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Ellen DeGeneres Show episodes Special episodes ( edit ) Several episodes have aired with a special theme or format , including a `` Backwards Show '' , entire episodes themed around Broadway productions , a Thanksgiving special taped in the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City , an entire episode which included Deltalina filmed on a Delta airplane , and Ellen 's Birthday Show . Other recurring themes feature products from sponsors DeGeneres likes ( similar to Oprah 's Favorite Things from the now ended The Oprah Winfrey Show ) , specials following awards show telecasts ( such as the Academy Awards ) , and numerous milestone episodes ( e.g. , DeGeneres 's 1,000 th , 1300th , 1500th , etc. broadcast ) . In 2017 , an episode aired commemorating the 20th anniversary of `` The Puppy Episode '' , the episode of her sitcom Ellen , in which her character Ellen Morgan came out as a lesbian . The episode titled `` Sirdeaner Walker Interview '' was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for `` Outstanding Talk Show Episode '' during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards . On January 11 , 2013 , DeGeneres announced that she was going to Australia in March with her wife , Australian actress Portia de Rossi , after having wanted to go for many years , however being unable to visit in summer ( which she preferred ) due to taping conflicts of her show . Toward the end of the episode , which featured Nicole Kidman as a guest , she announced to the audience that they will also be going on a holiday to Australia in a giveaway special . On March 3 , 2014 , DeGeneres hosted the show live , one day after her being the host of the 86th Academy Awards . This episode features that year 's Oscar winners Cate Blanchett , Jared Leto and Lupita Nyong'o as guests . On two occasions , DeGeneres was unable to host the show due to sickness . On January 24 , 2014 , guest DJ for that day Ellie Kemper filled in to be the first guest host on the show . On September 29 , 2016 , which was also day four of the 7th Annual Cat Week , Miley Cyrus took over as host . Reception ( edit ) The show has been met with considerable success , and has won 59 Daytime Emmy Awards by 2017 . Additionally , as the show 's popularity has increased , the program has appeared in plot elements of storylines in several scripted television programs , including Joey , Six Feet Under and The Bernie Mac Show , among others . Ratings ( edit ) The show averages around 3.9 million viewers per episode , according to daytime television ratings , making it a highly viewed daytime show . It usually only trails behind Live with Kelly and Ryan , and Dr. Phil in total viewers . By 2017 , the show passed Live with Kelly and Ryan and only trails behind Dr. Phil . Awards ( edit ) The show has won a total of 59 Daytime Emmy Awards by 2017 , including four for Outstanding Talk Show ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 ) and six for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment ( 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . The show first fourteen seasons surpassed the record held by The Oprah Winfrey Show , which received 47 Daytime Emmy Awards before Winfrey chose to stop submitting it for consideration in 2000 . DeGeneres herself has won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host four times ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 ) . The show has also won Emmys in numerous writing and technical categories . It won the Genesis Award for `` Best Talk Show '' in 2010 and 2012 . DeGeneres has won the People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite Daytime TV Host '' 14 times , making her the most awarded person in the People 's Choice Awards 's history . Ellen 's game of games ( edit ) In 2017 , the show received a game show spinoff called Ellen 's Game of Games , based on the talk show 's game segments . A preview episode aired on December 18 , 2017 , with the official premiere airing on January 2 , 2018 and is airing on Tuesdays . The first season has 8 hour - long episodes and the second season has 13 hour - long episodes and will air sometime in January 2019 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiner , Natalie ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pink Debuts New Ellen Theme Song Ahead of Season 13 Premiere '' . Billboard . United States . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When It 's On -- The Ellen DeGeneres Show '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen 's Movin ' on Up ! '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC stations renew ' The Ellen DeGeneres Show ' through 2020 '' . Variety . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robehmed , Natalie . `` Heads Up , Up and Away : How Ellen DeGeneres ' Game Became A Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Record labels sue over use of songs on `` Ellen '' show `` . Reuters . Los Angeles . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sophia Grace Brownlee ( Bio , Sam & Cat cast and characters ) '' . DanSchneider.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosie McClelland ( Bio , Sam & Cat cast and characters ) '' . DanSchneider.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Lisa ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sophia Grace And Rosie : How Do You Parent Daughters Like These ? '' . Huff Post Parents . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Sophia Grace INTO THE WOODS Exit Explained ; Dad Comments '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Justin , Neal ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Television : Tears , strike aside , DeGeneres shows go on '' . Minneapolis St. Paul Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen DeGeneres Speaks Only In Exotic Birdcalls As A Gesture Of Writer Solidarity '' . Defamer . November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` WGAE States Ellen `` Not Welcome In NY '' `` . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` UrgentT ! AFTRA Defends Ellen ; Rep Says She `` Has Done Nothing '' To Violate WGA `` . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` WGAE Replies To AFTRA About Ellen Mess '' . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Horton , Sally ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` First Oprah . Now Ellen '' . The Age . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Syndicated Ratings : Oprah Still Ahead of Judge Judy ; Monk Lives On '' . ZAP2It . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ellen ' Reclaims Second Place in Ratings From ' Live With Kelly & Ryan ' '' . TheWrap. 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Watch Ellen DeGeneres Win More People 's Choice Awards Than Anyone '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Read about Ellen DeGeneres Net Worth 2018 - Salary , Wealth , Assets , Biography Here https://www.networthserver.com/2018/05/ellen-degeneres-net-worth.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Official website The Ellen DeGeneres Show on IMDb The Ellen DeGeneres Show at TV.com ( archived 06 / 12 / 2007 ) Ellen DeGeneres Television series Ellen The Ellen Show The Ellen DeGeneres Show American Idol Bethenny Repeat After Me Ellen 's Design Challenge One Big Happy Little Big Shots First Dates Ellen 's Game of Games Splitting Up Together Other works Ellen DeGeneres : Here and Now Taste This `` Judge Me Tender '' Related articles Awards and nominations Today 's the Day Universe of Energy Family Betty DeGeneres ( mother ) Vance DeGeneres ( brother ) Portia de Rossi ( wife ) Personnel Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss Suzanne Luna Tony Okungbowa Daytime television in the United States Broadcast ABC The View The Chew CBS The Talk The CW The Robert Irvine Show Univision El Gordo y la Flaca UniMás ¿ Quién Tiene la Razón ? 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Television Television series by A Very Good Production Ellen DeGeneres Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 06 : 00 . 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List of Star Wars books
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List of Star Wars books - wikipedia List of Star Wars books Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of original novels , novel adaptations , original junior novels , junior novel adaptations , young readers , and short stories in the Star Wars franchise . Beginning with the 1999 release of Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Lucasfilm has divided its titles by era with symbols designating such . This list does not include journals , graphic novels or comic books , which can be found in the list of Star Wars comic books . This list is split into two categories : Canon The official Star Wars canon includes all the movie episodes , the television shows Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels , and any books , comics , and video games published after April 2014 . These stories are coordinated by the Lucasfilm Story Team to be consistent with both each other and the upcoming films . Star Wars Legends This body of work represents the original Star Wars expanded universe , which was rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . Future works will not be based on these stories , but some elements may still be incorporated into them . Notes Content Maturity : A stands for Adult novel , feature more complex and adult story - lines than the Junior novel , but despite being written with a more mature audience in mind they are mostly suitable for children to read . J stands for Junior novel , are usually shorter than the Adult novel ( s ) and written for adults , while also being accessible towards younger audiences . YR stands for Young reader Books , written towards young children audiences . Timeline : ( BBY ) and ( ABY ) stand for Before and After the Battle of Yavin , which occurs at the end of the original 1977 Star Wars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Star Wars 1.1 Upcoming works 1.1. 1 Journey to Star Wars : The Last Jedi 1.1. 2 Forces of Destiny : Daring Adventures 1.1. 3 Thrawn : Alliances 1.2 Short stories 1.3 Children 's books 2 Star Wars : Legends 2.1 Pre - Old Galactic Republic era 2.1. 1 Dawn of the Jedi 2.2 Old Galactic Republic era 2.2. 1 Lost Tribe of the Sith 2.2. 2 Tales of the Jedi 2.2. 3 The Old Republic 2.2. 4 Red Harvest 2.2. 5 Knight Errant 2.2. 6 Darth Bane 2.3 Rise of the Empire era 2.3. 1 Darth Plagueis 2.3. 2 Legacy of the Jedi 2.3. 3 The Wrath of Darth Maul 2.3. 4 Jedi Apprentice 2.3. 5 The Life and Legend of Obi - Wan Kenobi 2.3. 6 Secrets of the Jedi 2.3. 7 The Rise and Fall of Darth Vader 2.3. 8 Cloak of Deception 2.3. 9 Darth Maul 2.3. 10 The Phantom Menace ( Episode I ) 2.3. 11 Rogue Planet 2.3. 12 Jedi Quest 2.3. 13 Outbound Flight 2.3. 14 The Approaching Storm 2.3. 15 Attack of the Clones ( Episode II ) 2.3. 16 Boba Fett 2.3. 17 The Clone Wars 2.3. 18 Clone Wars : Gambit 2.3. 19 Clone Wars : Secret Missions 2.3. 20 Republic Commando 2.3. 21 Clone Wars series 2.3. 22 Revenge of the Sith ( Episode III ) 2.3. 23 Star Wars : Kenobi 2.3. 24 Coruscant Nights 2.3. 25 The Last of the Jedi 2.3. 26 A New Hope : The Life of Luke Skywalker 2.3. 27 The Han Solo Trilogy 2.3. 28 The Adventures of Lando Calrissian 2.3. 29 The Force Unleashed 2.3. 30 The Han Solo Adventures 2.3. 31 Death Troopers 2.4 Rebellion era 2.4. 1 Death Star 2.4. 2 Shadow Games 2.4. 3 A New Hope ( Episode IV ) 2.4. 4 Rebel Force 2.4. 5 Galaxy of Fear 2.4. 6 Hand of Judgment 2.4. 7 Scoundrels 2.4. 8 Smuggler 's Gambit 2.4. 9 Star Wars Galaxies 2.4. 10 Splinter of the Mind 's Eye 2.4. 11 Empire and Rebellion 2.4. 12 The Further Adventures 2.4. 13 Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell 2.4. 14 The Empire Strikes Back ( Episode V ) 2.4. 15 Shadows of the Empire 2.4. 16 Return of the Jedi ( Episode VI ) 2.4. 17 The Bounty Hunter Wars 2.4. 18 The Truce at Bakura 2.5 New Republic era 2.5. 1 Dark Forces 2.5. 2 Jedi Prince 2.5. 3 Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor 2.5. 4 X-wing 2.5. 5 The Courtship of Princess Leia 2.5. 6 A Forest Apart 2.5. 7 Tatooine Ghost 2.5. 8 Mixed up Droid 2.5. 9 The Thrawn Trilogy 2.5. 10 The Dark Empire Trilogy 2.5. 11 Crimson Empire 2.5. 12 The Jedi Academy Trilogy 2.5. 13 I , Jedi 2.5. 14 The Callista Trilogy 2.5. 15 The Crystal Star 2.5. 16 The Black Fleet Crisis Trilogy 2.5. 17 The New Rebellion 2.5. 18 The Corellian Trilogy 2.5. 19 The Hand of Thrawn 2.5. 20 Scourge 2.5. 21 Survivor 's Quest 2.5. 22 Junior Jedi Knights 2.5. 23 Young Jedi Knights 2.6 New Jedi Order era 2.6. 1 A Practical Man 2.6. 2 The New Jedi Order 2.6. 3 The Dark Nest trilogy 2.7 Legacy era 2.7. 1 Legacy of the Force 2.7. 2 Crosscurrent 2.7. 3 Millennium Falcon 2.7. 4 Fate of the Jedi 2.7. 5 Crucible 2.8 Short story anthologies 3 Cancelled books 3.1 Old Republic era 3.2 Rise of the Empire era 3.3 The New Jedi Order era 3.4 Legacy era 3.5 George Lucas 's Monsters and Aliens 4 Reference books 4.1 A Guide to the Star Wars Universe 4.2 Visual Dictionaries 4.3 The Making of Star Wars 4.4 The Art of Star Wars 4.5 Incredible Cross-Sections 4.6 Inside the Worlds 4.7 Technical Journals 4.8 Miscellaneous reference works 4.9 Essays and commentary 5 Roleplaying gamebooks 5.1 Saga edition 5.2 The Clone Wars : Decide Your Destiny series 5.3 Previous editions 5.4 The Lost Jedi ( 0 BBY - 2 ABY ) 6 References Star Wars ( edit ) List of Star Wars canon books Era Fictional Timeline Title Publishing Date Author ( s ) Publisher ( s ) Maturity Rating Audio - book Rise of the Empire ( 32 BBY - 6 BBY ) Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Episode II -- Attack of the Clones The Clone Wars ( film ) The Clone Wars ( TV series ) 21 BBY - 3 ABY Forces of Destiny adaptation Forces of Destiny : Daring Adventures : Volume 2 Adaptation of the Star Wars Forces of Destiny episodes The Padawan Path , Beasts of Echo Base , and The Stranger . October 2017 Emma Carlson Berne Disney - Lucasfilm Press Y 22 - 17 BBY Catalyst : A Rogue One Novel November 2016 James Luceno Del Rey Books 19 BBY - 34 ABY Forces of Destiny adaptation Forces of Destiny : Daring Adventures : Volume 1 Adaptation of the Star Wars Forces of Destiny episodes Sands of Jakku , BB - 8 Bandits , Newest Recruit , and The Imposter Inside . August 2017 Emma Carlson Berne Disney - Lucasfilm Press Y 19 BBY Dark Disciple July 2015 Christie Golden Del Rey Books Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith 18 BBY Adventures in Wild Space : The Escape February 2016 Cavan Scott Egmont Group / Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Adventures in Wild Space : The Snare Adventures in Wild Space : The Nest Tom Huddleston Adventures in Wild Space : The Steal Released as Adventures in Wild Space : The Heist in the United States . June 2016 Cavan Scott Adventures in Wild Space : The Dark Released as Adventures in Wild Space : The Darkness in the United States . Tom Huddleston Adventures in Wild Space : The Cold March 2017 Cavan Scott Adventures in Wild Space : The Rescue May 2017 Tom Huddleston Ahsoka October 2016 E.K. Johnston Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 14 BBY Lords of the Sith April 2015 Paul S. Kemp Del Rey Books Tarkin November 2014 James Luceno Del Rey Books 13 BBY - 0 BBY Star Wars : Rebel Rising May 2017 Beth Revis Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 11 BBY - 2 BBY Thrawn April 2017 Timothy Zahn Del Rey Books 11 BBY A New Dawn September 2014 John Jackson Miller Del Rey Books 11 BBY - 5 ABY Lost Stars Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens promotional campaign . September 2015 Claudia Gray Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Rebellion ( 6 BBY - 4 ABY ) 6 - 5 BBY Servants of the Empire : Edge of the Galaxy October 2014 Jason Fry Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 5 BBY Rebels adaptation Rise of the Rebels Adaptation of the Star Wars Rebels prequel shorts . August 2014 Michael Kogge Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 5 BBY Ezra 's Gamble August 2014 Ryder Windham Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Star Wars Rebels 5 BBY Rebels adaptation The Rebellion Begins Adaptation of Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion . October 2014 Michael Kogge Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Droids in Distress Adaptation of Star Wars Rebels : Spark of Rebellion and Star Wars Rebels Season 1 , Episodes 1 and 3 . November 2014 Michael Kogge Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 5 BBY Servants of the Empire : Rebel in the Ranks Partial adaptation of Star Wars Rebels Season 1 , Episode 4 . March 2015 Jason Fry Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 4 BBY Rebels adaptation Ezra 's Duel with Danger Adaptation of Star Wars Rebels Season 1 , Episodes 6 - 8 . March 2015 Michael Kogge Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 4 BBY Servants of the Empire : Imperial Justice July 2015 Jason Fry Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 4 BBY Servants of the Empire : The Secret Academy October 2015 Jason Fry Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 4 BBY Rebels adaptation Battle to the End Adaptation of Star Wars Rebels Season 1 , Episodes 11 - 13 . June 2015 Michael Kogge Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 3 BBY Leia : Princess of Alderaan Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Last Jedi promotional campaign . September 2017 Claudia Gray Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 0 BBY Guardians of the Whills May 2017 Greg Rucka Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Rogue One 0 BBY Rogue One adaptation Rogue One : A Star Wars Story December 2016 Alexander Freed Del Rey Books Star Wars : Rogue One : A Junior Novel December 2016 Matt Forbeck Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Episode IV -- A New Hope 0 BBY - 0 ABY A New Hope adaptation A New Hope : The Princess , the Scoundrel , and the Farm Boy September 2015 Alexandra Bracken Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Star Wars : A New Hope May 2017 ( 2004 reprint ) Ryder Windham , edited by Emil Fortune Egmont Group Y 0 ABY Battlefront II : Inferno Squad July 2017 Christie Golden Del Rey Books 0 ABY ( prologue and epilogue set in 34 ABY ) Smuggler 's Run : A Han Solo & Chewbacca Adventure Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens promotional campaign . September 2015 Greg Rucka Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 0 ABY Heir to the Jedi February 2015 Kevin Hearne Del Rey Books 0 ABY ( prologue and epilogue set in 34 ABY ) The Weapon of a Jedi : A Luke Skywalker Adventure Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens promotional campaign . September 2015 Jason Fry Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 3 ABY ( flashbacks set in 6 BBY , 4 BBY , 0 BBY , and 0 ABY ) Battlefront : Twilight Company November 2015 Alexander Freed Del Rey Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back 3 ABY The Empire Strikes Back adaptation The Empire Strikes Back : So You Want to Be a Jedi ? September 2015 Adam Gidwitz Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back May 2017 ( 2004 reprint ) Ryder Windham , edited by Emil Fortune Egmont Group Y 4 ABY ( prologue and epilogue set in 34 ABY ) Moving Target : A Princess Leia Adventure Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens promotional campaign . September 2015 Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi 4 ABY Return of the Jedi adaptation Return of the Jedi : Beware the Power of the Dark Side ! September 2015 Tom Angleberger Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Star Wars : Return of the Jedi May 2017 ( 2004 reprint ) Ryder Windham , edited by Emil Fortune Egmont Group Y New Republic ( 4 - 34 ABY ) 4 ABY Aftermath Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens promotional campaign . September 2015 Chuck Wendig Del Rey Books 5 ABY ( prologue and epilogue set in 25 BBY ) Aftermath : Life Debt July 2016 Chuck Wendig Del Rey Books 5 ABY ( prelude set in 4 ABY , concurrently to Return of the Jedi ) Aftermath : Empire 's End February 2017 Chuck Wendig Del Rey Books 28 ABY Bloodline May 2016 Claudia Gray Del Rey Books Between 28 ABY and 34 ABY Phasma Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Last Jedi promotional campaign . September 2017 Delilah S. Dawson Del Rey Books The First Order and The Resistance ( 34 ABY ) 34 ABY Before the Awakening December 2015 Greg Rucka Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 34 ABY Join the Resistance March 2017 Ben Acker and Ben Blacker Disney Lucasfilm Press Y 34 ABY Join the Resistance : Escape from Vodran October 2017 Ben Acker and Ben Blacker Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Episode VII -- The Force Awakens 34 ABY The Force Awakens adaptation Star Wars : The Force Awakens December 2015 Alan Dean Foster Del Rey Books Star Wars : The Force Awakens February 2016 Michael Kogge Disney Lucasfilm Press Y The Force Awakens : Rey 's Story Adaptation of The Force Awakens from Rey 's perspective . February 2016 Elizabeth Schaefer Disney Lucasfilm Press Y The Force Awakens : Finn 's Story Adaptation of The Force Awakens from Finn 's perspective . September 2016 Jesse J. Holland Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi 34 ABY The Last Jedi adaptation Star Wars : The Last Jedi December 2017 Jason Fry Del Rey Books Star Wars : The Last Jedi December 2017 Michael Kogge Disney Lucasfilm Press Y Star Wars IX Upcoming works ( edit ) This section contains upcoming works that do not yet have a known placement within the timeline . Journey to Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( edit ) The Legends of Luke Skywalker ( October 2017 ) , by Ken Liu ( Y ) Cobalt Squadron ( December 2017 ) , by Elizabeth Wein ( Y ) Forces of Destiny : Daring Adventures ( edit ) Forces of Destiny : Daring Adventures : The Leia Chronicles ( January 2018 ) , by Emma Carlson Berne ( Y ) Forces of Destiny : Daring Adventures : The Rey Chronicles ( March 2018 ) , Emma Carlson Berne ( Y ) Thrawn : Alliances ( edit ) Thrawn : Alliances ( Summer 2018 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( A ) Short stories ( edit ) ( I ) stands for a story that was published in the monthly magazine Star Wars Insider . ( R ) stands for a story that was published in the compilation book The Rise of the Empire , released in October 2015 . ( T ) stands for a story that was published in the compilation book Tales from a Galaxy Far , Far Away Volume I : Aliens , released in April 2016 . ( F ) stands for a story that was published in the compilation book From a Certain Point of View , released in October 2017 . ( C ) stands for a story that was published in the compilation book Canto Bight , to be released in December 2017 . ( S ) stands for a story that was published as a stand - alone e-book . `` A Recipe for Death '' , by Landry Walker ( Pre-32 BBY ) ( T ) `` Kindred Spirits '' , by Christie Golden ( 20 BBY ) ( I ) `` The Voice of the Empire '' , by Mur Laffert ( 17 BBY ) ( I ) `` Orientation '' , by John Jackson Miller ( 14 BBY ) ( I ) `` Mercy Mission '' , by Melissa Scott ( 14 BBY ) ( R ) `` Bottleneck '' , by John Jackson Miller ( 12 BBY ) ( R ) `` TK - 146275 '' , by Sylvain Neuvel ( 11 - 1 BBY ) ( I ) `` The End of History '' , by Alexander Freed ( 10 BBY ) ( I ) `` Rebel Bluff '' , by Michael Kogge ( 4 BBY ) ( I ) `` Raymus '' , by Gary Whitta ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` The Bucket '' , by Christie Golden ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` The Sith of Datawork '' , by Ken Liu ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Stories in the Sand '' , by Griffin McElroy ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Reirin '' , by Sabaa Tahir ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` The Red One '' , by Rae Carson ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Rites '' , by John Jackson Miller ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Master and Apprentice '' , by Claudia Gray ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Beru Whitesun Lars '' , by Meg Cabot ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` The Luckless Rodian '' , by Renee Ahdieh ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Not for Nothing '' , by Murr Lafferty ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` We Do n't Serve Their Kind Here '' , by Chuck Wendig ( F ) `` The Kloo Horn Cantina Caper '' , by Kelly Sue DeConnick & Matt Fraction ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Added Muscle '' , by Paul Dini ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` You Owe Me a Ride '' , by Zoraida Cordova ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` The Secrets of Long Snoot '' , by Delilah S. Dawson ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Born in the Storm '' , by Daniel Jose Older ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Laina '' , by Wil Wheaton ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Fully Operational '' , by Beth Revis ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` An Incident Report '' , by Mallory Ortberg ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Change of Heart '' , by Elizabeth Wein ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Eclipse '' , by Madeleine Roux ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Verge of Greatness '' , by Pablo Hidalgo ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Far Too Remote '' , by Jeffrey Brown ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` The Trigger '' , by Kieron Gillen ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Of MSE - 6 and Men '' , by Glen Weldon ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Bump '' , by Ben Acker & Ben Blacker ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` End of Watch '' , by Adam Christopher ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` The Baptist '' , by Nnedi Okorafor ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Time of Death '' , by Cavan Scott ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` There Is Another '' , by Gary D. Schmidt ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Palpatine '' , by Ian Doescher ( 0 BBY ) ( F ) `` Sparks '' , by Paul S. Kemp ( 0 BBY - 0 ABY ) ( F ) `` Duty Roster '' , by Jason Fry ( 0 BBY - 0 ABY ) ( F ) `` Desert Son '' , by Pierce Brown ( 0 BBY - 0 ABY ) ( F ) `` Grounded '' , by Greg Rucka ( 0 BBY - 0 ABY ) ( F ) `` Contingency Plan '' , by Alexander Freed ( 0 BBY - 0 ABY ) ( F ) `` The Angle '' , by Charles Soule ( 0 ABY ) ( F ) `` By Whatever Sun '' , by E.K. Johnston & Ashley Eckstein ( 0 ABY ) ( F ) `` Whills '' , by Tom Angleberger ( 0 ABY ) ( F ) `` One Thousand Levels Down '' , by Alexander Freed ( 0 ABY ) ( I ) `` Last Call at the Zero Angle '' , by Jason Fry ( 0 ABY ) ( I ) `` Inbrief '' , by Janine K. Spendlove ( 3 ABY ) ( I ) `` Blade Squadron : Part 1 '' , by David J. & Mark S. Williams ( 4 ABY ) ( I ) `` Blade Squadron : Part 2 '' , by David J. & Mark S. Williams ( 4 ABY ) ( I ) `` The Levers of Power '' , by Jason Fry ( 4 ABY ) ( R ) `` Turning Point '' , by Jason Hugh ( 4 ABY ) ( I ) `` Blade Squadron : Zero Hour '' , by David J. & Mark S. Williams ( 4 ABY ) ( I ) `` Blade Squadron : Kuat '' , by Mark Williams & David Williams ( 5 ABY ) ( I ) `` Blade Squadron : Jakku '' , by Mark Williams & David Williams ( 5 ABY ) ( I ) `` Scorched '' , by Delilah S. Dawson ( 28 ABY ) ( I ) `` The Crimson Corsair and the Lost Treasure of Count Dooku '' , by Landry Walker ( 31 ABY ; flashbacks to 19 BBY ) ( T ) `` High Noon on Jakku '' , by Landry Walker ( 34 ABY ) ( T ) `` The Face of Evil '' , by Landry Walker ( 34 ABY ) ( T ) `` All Creatures Great and Small '' , by Landry Walker ( 34 ABY ) ( T ) `` True Love '' , by Landry Walker ( 34 ABY ) ( T ) `` Bait '' , by Alan Dean Foster ( 34 ABY ) ( I ) `` The Perfect Weapon '' , by Delilah S. Dawson ( 34 ABY ) ( S ) Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Force Awakens promotional campaign . `` Rules of the Game '' , by Saladin Ahmed ( 34 ABY ) ( C ) `` Hear Nothing , See Nothing , Say Nothing '' , by Rae Carson ( 34 ABY ) ( C ) `` The Wine in Dreams '' , by Mira Grant ( 34 ABY ) ( C ) `` The Ride '' , by John Jackson Miller ( 34 ABY ) ( C ) Children 's books ( edit ) Canon storybooks for younger readers that are shorter than a standard novel or young adult novel . 5 - Minute Star Wars Stories , by Various Authors ( 32 BBY - 34 ABY ) 5 - Minute Star Wars Stories Strike Back , by Various Authors ( 32 BBY - 34 ABY ) The Prequel Trilogy Stories , by Various Authors ( 32 BBY - 19 BBY ) The Phantom Menace Read - Along Storybook and CD , by Elizabeth Schaefer ( 32 BBY ) The Phantom Menace , by Courtney Carbone ( 32 BBY ) Attack of the Clones , by Geof Smith ( 22 BBY ) Attack of the Clones Read - Along Storybook and CD , by Lucasfilm Book Group ( 22 BBY ) Forces of Destiny : Tales of Hope & Courage , by Elizabeth Schaefer ( 21 BBY - 34 ABY ) Revenge of the Sith , by Geof Smith ( 19 BBY ) Revenge of the Sith Read - Along Storybook and CD , by Lucasfilm Book Group ( 19 BBY ) Chopper Saves the Day , by Elizabeth Schaefer ( 5 BBY ) Sabine 's Art Attack , by Jennifer Heddle ( 5 BBY ) Zeb to the Rescue , by Michael Siglain ( 5 BBY ) Ezra and the Pilot , by Jennifer Heddle ( 5 BBY ) Ezra 's Wookiee Rescue , by Meredith L. Rusu ( 5 BBY ) The Secret Jedi : The Adventures of Kanan Jarrus : Rebel Leader , by Ben Harper ( 5 BBY ) A New Hero , by Pablo Hidalgo ( 5 BBY ) TIE Fighter Trouble , by Brooke Vitale ( 5 BBY ) The Inquisitor 's Trap , by Meredith L. Rusu ( 5 BBY ) Hera 's Phantom Flight , by Elizabeth Schaefer ( 5 BBY ) Kanan 's Jedi Training , by Elizabeth Schaefer ( 5 BBY ) Always Bet on Chopper , by Meredith L. Rusu ( 5 BBY ) Rogue One Secret Mission , by Jason Fry ( 0 BBY ) Bounty Hunt , by Katrina Pallant ( 0 BBY ) A New Hope , by Geof Smith ( 0 BBY - 0 ABY ) A New Hope Read - Along Storybook and CD , by Randy Thornton ( 0 BBY - 0 ABY ) The Rise of a Hero , by Louise Simonson ( 0 BBY - 0 ABY ) Escape from Darth Vader , by Michael Siglain ( 0 BBY ) Trouble on Tatooine , by Nate Millici ( 0 BBY ) Trapped in the Death Star ! , by Michael Siglain ( 0 BBY ) Death Star Battle , by Michael Siglain ( 0 ABY ) The Adventures of Luke Skywalker , Jedi Knight , by Tony DiTerlizzi ( 0 BBY - 4 ABY ) Star Wars in Pictures : The Original Trilogy , by Ryder Windham ( 0 BBY - 4 ABY ) The Original Trilogy Stories , by Various Authors ( 0 BBY - 4 ABY ) The Power of the Dark Side , by Benjamin Harper ( 0 BBY - 4 ABY ) The Chewbacca Story , by Benjamin Harper ( 0 BBY - 34 ABY ) A Leader Named Leia , by Jennifer Heddle ( 0 BBY - 34 ABY ) Part of the Journey to Star Wars : The Last Jedi promotional campaign . Han and the Rebel Rescue , by Nate Millici ( 0 ABY ) Luke and the Lost Jedi Temple , by Jason Fry ( 0 ABY ) The Empire Strikes Back , by Geof Smith ( 3 ABY ) The Empire Strikes Back Read - Along Storybook and CD , by Randy Thornton ( 3 ABY ) AT - AT Attack ! , by Calliope Glass ( 3 ABY ) Use the Force , by Michael Siglain ( 3 ABY ) Leia and the Great Island Escape , by Jason Fry ( 4 ABY ) Return of the Jedi , by Geof Smith ( 4 ABY ) Return of the Jedi Read - Along Storybook and CD , by Randy Thornton ( 4 ABY ) Rescue from Jabba 's Palace , by Michael Siglain ( 4 ABY ) Ewoks Join the Fight , by Michael Siglain ( 4 ABY ) Poe and the Missing Ship , by Nate Millici ( 34 ABY ) The Force Awakens , by Christopher Nicholas ( 34 ABY ) The Force Awakens Storybook , by Elizabeth Schaefer ( 34 ABY ) The Force Awakens Read - Along Storybook & CD , by Elizabeth Schaefer ( 34 ABY ) Rey to the Rescue ! , by Lisa Stock ( 34 ABY ) Finn & The First Order , by Brian Rood ( 34 ABY ) Rey Meets BB - 8 , by Elizabeth Schaefer ( 34 ABY ) Finn & Poe Team Up ! , by Nate Millici ( 34 ABY ) Finn & Rey Escape ! , by Brian Rood ( 34 ABY ) Han & Chewie Return ! , by Michael Siglain ( 34 ABY ) Chaos at the Castle , by Nate Millici ( 34 ABY ) The Fight in the Forest , by Nate Millici ( 34 ABY ) The Force Awakens : New Adventures , by David Fentiman ( 34 ABY ) Finn 's Mission , by David Fentiman ( 34 ABY ) The Adventures of BB - 8 , by David Fentiman ( 34 ABY ) BB - 8 on the Run , by Drew Daywalt ( 34 ABY ) Lightsaber Rescue , by Play - A-Sound ( 34 ABY ) Rolling with BB - 8 ! , by Benjamin Harper ( 34 ABY ) Rey 's Journey , by Ella Patrick ( 34 ABY ) Rose and Finn 's Mission , by Ella Patrick ( 34 ABY ) Chewie and the Porgs , by Kevin Shinick ( 34 ABY ) Star Wars : Legends ( edit ) Pre - Old galactic Republic era ( edit ) This era contains stories taking place more than 25,000 years before Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope . Dawn of the Jedi ( edit ) Dawn of the Jedi : Into the Void ( 2013 ) , by Tim Lebbon ( A ) Dawn of the Jedi : Eruption ( 2013 ) , by Tim Lebbon ( A ) ( included at the end of Into the Void ) Old galactic Republic era ( edit ) This era contains stories taking place 5,000 to 1,000 years before Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope . Lost Tribe of the Sith ( edit ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Precipice ( 2009 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 5000 BBY ) ( E ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Skyborn ( 2009 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 5000 BBY ) ( E ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Paragon ( 2010 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 4985 BBY ) ( E ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Savior ( 2010 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 4975 BBY ) ( E ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Purgatory ( 2010 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 3960 BBY ) ( E ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Sentinel ( 2011 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 3960 BBY ) ( E ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Pantheon ( 2011 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 3000 BBY ) ( E ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Secrets ( 2012 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 3000 BBY ) ( E ) Lost Tribe of the Sith : Pandemonium ( 2012 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 2975 BBY ) ( E ) Star Wars : Lost Tribe of the Sith : The Collected Stories ( 2009 -- 2012 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( E ) Tales of the Jedi ( edit ) Tales of the Jedi : The Golden Age of the Sith ( 1994 ) , by Tom Veitch , Kevin J. Anderson ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( E ) Tales of the Jedi : The Fall of the Sith Empire ( 1994 ) , by Tom Veitch , Kevin J. Anderson ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( E ) Tales of the Jedi : Ulic Qel - Droma and the Beast Wars of Onderon ( 1994 ) , by Tom Veitch , Kevin J. Anderson ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( E ) Tales of the Jedi : The Saga of Nomi Sunrider ( 1994 ) , by Tom Veitch , Kevin J. Anderson ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( E ) Tales of the Jedi : The Freedon Nadd Uprising ( 1994 ) , by Tom Veitch , Kevin J. Anderson ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( E ) Tales of the Jedi : Dark Lords of the Sith ( 1994 ) , by Tom Veitch , Kevin J. Anderson ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( E ) Tales of the Jedi : The Sith War ( 1995 ) , by Tom Veitch , Kevin J. Anderson ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( E ) Tales of the Jedi : Redemption ( 1995 ) , by Tom Veitch , Kevin J. Anderson ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( E ) Tales of the Jedi ( 1995 ) , by HighBridge Audio ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( A ) Tales of the Jedi : Dark Lords of the Sith ( 1995 ) , by HighBridge Audio ( 5000 - 3986 BBY ) ( A ) The Old Republic ( edit ) The Old Republic : Revan ( 2011 ) , by Drew Karpyshyn ( 3954 BBY ) ( A ) The Old Republic : Deceived ( 2011 ) , by Paul S. Kemp ( 3653 BBY ) ( A ) The Old Republic : Fatal Alliance ( 2010 ) , by Sean Williams ( Ca . 3643 BBY ) ( A ) The Old Republic : Annihilation ( 2012 ) , by Drew Karpyshyn ( 3641 BBY ) ( A ) Red Harvest ( edit ) Red Harvest ( 2010 ) , by Joe Schreiber ( 3645 BBY ) ( A ) Knight Errant ( edit ) Knight Errant ( 2011 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 1032 BBY ) ( A ) Darth Bane ( edit ) Darth Bane : Path of Destruction ( 2006 ) , by Drew Karpyshyn ( 1003 - 1000 BBY ) ( A ) Darth Bane : Rule of Two ( 2007 ) , by Drew Karpyshyn ( 1000 BBY - 990 BBY ) ( A ) Darth Bane : Dynasty of Evil ( 2009 ) , by Drew Karpyshyn ( 980 BBY ) ( A ) Rise of the Empire era ( edit ) This era contains stories taking place within 100 years before Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope . Darth Plagueis ( edit ) Star Wars : Darth Plagueis ( 2012 ) , by James Luceno ( 67 - 65 , 54 - 52 , 34 - 32 BBY ) ( A ) Legacy of the Jedi ( edit ) Legacy of the Jedi ( 2003 ) , by Jude Watson ( 89.5 BBY - 21.5 BBY ) ( Y ) The Wrath of Darth Maul ( edit ) The Wrath of Darth Maul ( 2012 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 51 BBY - 21 BBY ) ( Y ) Jedi Apprentice ( edit ) The Rising Force ( 1999 ) , by Dave Wolverton ( 45 BBY ) ( Y ) The Dark Rival ( 1999 ) , by Jude Watson ( 45 BBY ) ( Y ) The Hidden Past ( 1999 ) , by Jude Watson ( 44 BBY ) ( Y ) The Mark of the Crown ( 1999 ) , by Jude Watson ( 44 BBY ) ( Y ) The Defenders of the Dead ( 1999 ) , by Jude Watson ( 44 BBY ) ( Y ) The Uncertain Path ( 2000 ) , by Jude Watson ( 44 BBY ) ( Y ) The Captive Temple ( 2000 ) , by Jude Watson ( 44 BBY ) ( Y ) The Day of Reckoning ( 2000 ) , by Jude Watson ( 44 BBY ) ( Y ) The Fight for Truth ( 2000 ) , by Jude Watson ( 43 BBY ) ( Y ) The Shattered Peace ( 2000 ) , by Jude Watson ( 43 BBY ) ( Y ) The Deadly Hunter ( 2000 ) , by Jude Watson ( 43 BBY ) ( Y ) The Evil Experiment ( 2001 ) , by Jude Watson ( 43 BBY ) ( Y ) The Dangerous Rescue ( 2001 ) , by Jude Watson ( 43 BBY ) ( Y ) The Ties That Bind ( 2001 ) , by Jude Watson ( 41 BBY ) ( Y ) The Death of Hope ( 2001 ) , by Jude Watson ( 41 BBY ) ( Y ) The Call to Vengeance ( 2001 ) , by Jude Watson ( 41 BBY ) ( Y ) The Only Witness ( 2002 ) , by Jude Watson ( 41 BBY ) ( Y ) The Threat Within ( 2002 ) , by Jude Watson ( 40 BBY ) ( Y ) Special Edition # 1 : Deceptions ( 2001 ) , by Jude Watson ( 41 BBY - 29 BBY ) ( Y ) Special Edition # 2 : The Followers ( 2002 ) , by Jude Watson ( 40 BBY - 28 BBY ) ( Y ) The Life and Legend of Obi - Wan Kenobi ( edit ) The Life and Legend of Obi - Wan Kenobi ( 2008 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 44 BBY - 9 ABY ) ( Y ) Secrets of the Jedi ( edit ) Secrets of the Jedi ( 2005 ) , by Jude Watson ( 40 BBY - 21.5 BBY ) ( Y ) The Rise and Fall of Darth Vader ( edit ) The Rise and Fall of Darth Vader ( 2007 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 39 BBY - 4 ABY ) ( Y ) Cloak of Deception ( edit ) Cloak of Deception ( 2001 ) , by James Luceno ( 32.5 BBY ) ( A ) Darth Maul ( edit ) Darth Maul : Saboteur ( 2001 ) , by James Luceno ( 33 BBY ) ( E ) Maul : Lockdown ( 2014 ) , by Joe Schreiber ( 33 BBY ) ( A ) Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter ( 2001 ) , by Michael Reaves ( 32.5 BBY ) ( A ) The Phantom Menace ( Episode I ) ( edit ) Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) , by Terry Brooks ( 32 BBY ) ( A ) Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( junior novel ) ( 1999 ) , by Patricia Wrede ( 32 BBY ) ( Y ) Episode 1 Journal : Queen Amidala ( 1999 ) , by Jude Watson ( 32 BBY ) ( Y ) Episode 1 Journal : Anakin Skywalker ( 1999 ) , by Todd Strasser ( 32 BBY ) ( Y ) Episode 1 Journal : Darth Maul ( 1999 ) , by Jude Watson ( 32 BBY ) ( Y ) Rogue Planet ( edit ) Rogue Planet ( 2000 ) , by Greg Bear ( 29 BBY ) ( A ) Jedi Quest ( edit ) Path to Truth ( 2001 ) , by Jude Watson ( 28 BBY ) ( Y ) The Way of the Apprentice ( 2002 ) , by Jude Watson ( 27 BBY ) ( Y ) ( A ) The Trail of the Jedi ( 2002 ) , by Jude Watson ( 27 BBY ) ( Y ) ( A ) The Dangerous Games ( 2002 ) , by Jude Watson ( 27 BBY ) ( Y ) ( A ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) , by Jude Watson ( 27 BBY ) ( Y ) ( A ) The School of Fear ( 2003 ) , by Jude Watson ( 26 BBY ) ( Y ) The Shadow Trap ( 2003 ) , by Jude Watson ( 25 BBY ) ( Y ) The Moment of Truth ( 2003 ) , by Jude Watson ( 25 BBY ) ( Y ) The Changing of the Guard ( 2004 ) , by Jude Watson ( 24 BBY ) ( Y ) The False Peace ( 2004 ) , by Jude Watson ( 24 BBY ) ( Y ) The Final Showdown ( 2004 ) , by Jude Watson ( 24 BBY ) ( Y ) Outbound Flight ( edit ) Outbound Flight ( 2006 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 27 BBY ) ( A ) The Approaching Storm ( edit ) The Approaching Storm ( 2002 ) , by Alan Dean Foster ( 22.5 BBY ) ( A ) Attack of the Clones ( Episode II ) ( edit ) Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) , by R.A. Salvatore ( 22 BBY ) ( A ) Star Wars Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( junior novelization ) ( 2002 ) , by Patricia Wrede ( 22 BBY ) ( Y ) Boba Fett ( edit ) Boba Fett : The Fight to Survive ( 2003 ) , by Terry Bisson ( 22 BBY ) ( Y ) Boba Fett : Crossfire ( 2003 ) , by Terry Bisson ( 22 BBY ) ( Y ) Boba Fett : Maze of Deception ( 2003 ) , by Elizabeth Hand ( 22 BBY ) ( Y ) Boba Fett : Hunted ( 2003 ) , by Elizabeth Hand ( 22 BBY ) ( Y ) Boba Fett : A New Threat ( 2004 ) , by Elizabeth Hand ( 21.5 BBY ) ( Y ) Boba Fett : Pursuit ( 2004 ) , by Elizabeth Hand ( 21.5 BBY ) ( Y ) The Clone Wars ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 21.5 BBY ) ( A ) Wild Space ( 2008 ) , by Karen Miller ( 21.5 BBY ) ( A ) No Prisoners ( 2009 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 21 BBY ) ( A ) Clone Wars : Gambit ( edit ) Gambit : Stealth ( 2010 ) , by Karen Miller ( 21 BBY ) ( A ) Gambit : Siege ( 2010 ) , by Karen Miller ( 21 BBY ) ( A ) Clone Wars : Secret Missions ( edit ) Breakout Squad ( 2009 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 21 BBY ) ( Y ) Curse of the Black Hole Pirates ( 2010 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 21 BBY ) ( Y ) Duel at Shattered Rock ( 2011 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 21 BBY ) ( Y ) Guardians of the Chiss Key ( 2012 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 21 BBY ) ( Y ) Republic Commando ( edit ) Star Wars Republic Commando : Hard Contact ( 2004 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 22 BBY ) Star Wars Omega Squad : Targets ( 2005 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 21 BBY ) in Star Wars Insider 81 ( Reprinted in Star Wars Republic Commando : Triple Zero ) Star Wars Republic Commando : Triple Zero ( 2006 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 21 BBY ) Star Wars Republic Commando : Odds ( 2006 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 21 BBY ) in Star Wars Insider 87 ( Reprinted in Star Wars Republic Commando : True Colors ) Star Wars Republic Commando : True Colors ( 2007 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 21 BBY ) Star Wars Republic Commando : Order 66 ( 2008 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 19 BBY ) Star Wars Imperial Commando : 501st ( 2009 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 19 BBY ) Clone Wars series ( edit ) Shatterpoint ( 2003 ) , by Matthew Stover ( 21.5 BBY ) ( A ) The Cestus Deception ( 2004 ) , by Steven Barnes ( 21.5 BBY ) ( A ) The Hive ( 2004 ) , by Steven Barnes ( 21.5 BBY ) ( E ) ( A ) Jedi Trial ( 2004 ) , by David Sherman & Dan Cragg ( 21.5 BBY ) ( A ) Yoda : Dark Rendezvous ( 2004 ) , by Sean Stewart ( 20 BBY ) ( ) MedStar I : Battle Surgeons ( 2004 ) , by Michael Reaves & Steve Perry ( 20 BBY ) ( A ) MedStar II : Jedi Healer ( 2004 ) , by Michael Reaves & Steve Perry ( 20 BBY ) ( A ) Revenge of the Sith ( Episode III ) ( edit ) Labyrinth of Evil ( 2005 ) , by James Luceno ( 19 BBY ) ( A ) Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , by Matthew Stover ( 19 BBY ) ( A ) Star Wars Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( junior novelization ) ( 2005 ) , by Patricia Wrede ( 19 BBY ) ( Y ) Dark Lord : The Rise of Darth Vader ( 2005 ) , by James Luceno ( 19 BBY ) ( A ) Star Wars : Kenobi ( edit ) Star Wars : Kenobi ( 2013 ) , by John Jackson Miller ( 19 BBY ) . ( A ) Coruscant Nights ( edit ) Jedi Twilight ( 2008 ) , by Michael Reaves ( 18.8 BBY ) Street of Shadows ( 2008 ) , by Michael Reaves ( 19 BBY -- 18.46 BBY ) Patterns of Force ( 2009 ) , by Michael Reaves with Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff ( uncredited ) ( 18.3 BBY ) The Last Jedi ( 2013 ) , by Michael Reaves & Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff ( 18 -- 17 BBY ) The Last of the Jedi ( edit ) The Desperate Mission ( 2005 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) Dark Warning ( 2005 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) Underworld ( 2005 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) Death on Naboo ( 2006 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) A Tangled Web ( 2006 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) Return of the Dark Side ( 2006 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) Secret Weapon ( 2007 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) Against The Empire ( 2007 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) Master of Deception ( 2008 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) Reckoning ( 2008 ) , by Jude Watson ( 18 BBY ) ( Y ) A New Hope : The Life of Luke Skywalker ( edit ) A New Hope : The Life of Luke Skywalker ( 2009 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 15 BBY - 4 ABY ) ( Y ) The Han Solo Trilogy ( edit ) The Paradise Snare ( 1997 ) , by A.C. Crispin ( 10 BBY ) ( A ) The Hutt Gambit ( 1997 ) , by A.C. Crispin ( 5 - 4 BBY ) ( A ) Rebel Dawn ( 1998 ) , by A.C. Crispin ( 3 - 0 BBY ) ( A ) The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( edit ) Lando Calrissian and the Mindharp of Sharu ( 1983 ) , by L. Neil Smith ( 4 BBY ) Lando Calrissian and the Flamewind of Oseon ( 1983 ) , by L. Neil Smith ( 4 BBY ) Lando Calrissian and the Starcave of ThonBoka ( 1983 ) , by L. Neil Smith ( 3 BBY ) The Force Unleashed ( edit ) The Force Unleashed ( 2008 ) , by Sean Williams ( 3 - 2 BBY ) ( A ) The Force Unleashed II ( 2010 ) , by Sean Williams ( 1 BBY ) ( A ) The Han Solo Adventures ( edit ) Han Solo at Stars ' End ( 1979 ) , by Brian Daley ( 2 BBY ) Han Solo 's Revenge ( 1979 ) , by Brian Daley ( 2 BBY ) Han Solo and the Lost Legacy ( 1980 ) , by Brian Daley ( 2 BBY ) Death Troopers ( edit ) Death Troopers ( 2009 ) , by Joe Schreiber ( 1 BBY ) ( A ) Rebellion era ( edit ) This era contains stories taking place within five years after the events of Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope . Death Star ( edit ) Death Star ( 2007 ) , by Michael Reaves & Steve Perry ( 1 BBY - 0 BBY ) Shadow Games ( edit ) Shadow Games ( 2011 ) , by Michael Reaves and Maya Kaathryn Bohnhoff ( 1 BBY - 0 BBY ) A New Hope ( Episode IV ) ( edit ) Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( 1976 ) , by Alan Dean Foster & George Lucas ( 0 BBY ) ( A ) Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( junior novelization ) ( 2004 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 0 BBY ) ( Y ) Rebel Force ( edit ) Rebel Force : Target ( 2008 ) , by Alex Wheeler ( 0 ABY ) ( Y ) Rebel Force : Hostage ( 2008 ) , by Alex Wheeler ( 0 ABY ) ( Y ) Rebel Force : Renegade ( 2009 ) , by Alex Wheeler ( 0 ABY ) ( Y ) Rebel Force : Firefight ( 2009 ) , by Alex Wheeler ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) Rebel Force : Trapped ( 2010 ) , by Alex Wheeler ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) Rebel Force : Uprising ( 2010 ) , by Alex Wheeler ( 1 ABY ) ( Y ) Galaxy of Fear ( edit ) Eaten Alive ( 1997 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) City of the Dead ( 1997 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) Planet Plague ( 1997 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) The Nightmare Machine ( 1997 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) Ghost of the Jedi ( 1997 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) Army of Terror ( 1997 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) The Brain Spiders ( 1997 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) The Swarm ( 1998 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) Spore ( 1998 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) The Doomsday Ship ( 1998 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) Clones ( 1998 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) The Hunger ( 1998 ) , by John Whitman ( 0.5 ABY ) ( Y ) Hand of Judgment ( edit ) Allegiance ( 2007 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 0.5 ABY ) ( A ) Choices of One ( 2011 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 0.8 ABY ) Scoundrels ( edit ) Winner Lose All -- A Lando Calrissian Tale ( 2012 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 0 - 3 ABY ) ( E ) Scoundrels ( 2013 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 0 - 3 ABY ) ( A ) Smuggler 's Gambit ( edit ) Smuggler 's Gambit ( 2012 ) , by Kyle Newman , F.J. DeSanto ( 0 - 3 ABY ) ( A ) Star Wars Galaxies ( edit ) Star Wars Galaxies : The Ruins of Dantooine ( 2003 ) , by Voronica Whitney - Robinson & Haden Blackman ( 1 ABY ) ( Y ) Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( edit ) Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , by Alan Dean Foster ( 2 ABY ) ( A ) Empire and Rebellion ( edit ) Empire and Rebellion : Razor 's Edge ( 2013 ) , by Martha Wells ( 2 ABY ) ( A ) Empire and Rebellion : Honor Among Thieves ( 2014 ) , by James S.A. Corey ( 2 - 3 ABY ) ( A ) The Further Adventures ( edit ) The Further Adventures : Droid World ( 1983 ) , by Dick Foes ( 3 ABY ) ( A ) The Further Adventures : Planet of the Hoojibs ( 1983 ) , by David Michelinie ( 3 ABY ) ( A ) Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell ( edit ) Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell ( 1983 ) , by Brian Daley ( 3 ABY ) ( A ) The Empire Strikes Back ( Episode V ) ( edit ) Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , by Donald F. Glut ( 3 ABY ) ( A ) The Empire Strikes Back ( junior novelization ) ( 2004 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 3 ABY ) ( Y ) Shadows of the Empire ( edit ) Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , by Steve Perry ( 3.5 ABY ) ( A ) Return of the Jedi ( Episode VI ) ( edit ) Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , by James Kahn ( 4 ABY ) ( A ) Return of the Jedi ( junior novelization ) ( 2004 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 4 ABY ) ( Y ) Ewoks Join the Fight ( young reader book ) ( 2015 ) , by Michael Siglain ( 4 ABY ) ( Y ) The Bounty Hunter Wars ( edit ) The Mandalorian Armor ( 1998 ) , by K.W. Jeter ( 0 - 4 ABY ) ( A ) Slave Ship ( 1998 ) , by K.W. Jeter ( 0 - 4 ABY ) ( A ) Hard Merchandise ( 1999 ) , by K.W. Jeter ( 0 - 4 ABY ) ( A ) The Truce at Bakura ( edit ) The Truce at Bakura ( 1993 ) , by Kathy Tyers ( 4 ABY ) ( A ) New Republic era ( edit ) This era takes place from five to twenty - five years after Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope . Dark Forces ( edit ) Dark Forces : Soldier for the Empire ( 1997 ) , by William C. Dietz ( 0 ABY ) ( Y ) ( A ) Dark Forces : Rebel Agent ( 1998 ) , by William C. Dietz ( 5 ABY ) ( Y ) ( A ) Dark Forces : Jedi Knight ( 1998 ) , by William C. Dietz ( 5 ABY ) ( Y ) ( A ) Jedi prince ( edit ) Due to much later books colliding with this series , much of this series has had to be retconned , but is still part of the Star Wars continuity . The Glove of Darth Vader ( 1992 ) , by Paul & Hollace Davids ( 5 ABY ) ( Y ) The Lost City of the Jedi ( 1992 ) , by Paul & Hollace Davids ( 5 ABY ) ( Y ) Zorba the Hutt 's Revenge ( 1992 ) , by Paul & Hollace Davids ( 5 ABY ) ( Y ) Mission from Mount Yoda ( 1993 ) , by Paul & Hollace Davids ( 5 ABY ) ( Y ) Queen of the Empire ( 1993 ) , by Paul & Hollace Davids ( 5 ABY ) ( Y ) Prophets of the Dark Side ( 1993 ) , by Paul & Hollace Davids ( 5 ABY ) ( Y ) Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor ( edit ) Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor ( 2008 ) , by Matthew Stover ( 5.5 ABY ) ( A ) X-wing ( edit ) Rogue Squadron ( 1996 ) , by Michael Stackpole ( 6.5 ABY ) ( A ) Wedge 's Gamble ( 1996 ) , by Michael Stackpole ( 6.5 ABY ) ( A ) The Krytos Trap ( 1996 ) , by Michael Stackpole ( 7 ABY ) ( A ) The Bacta War ( 1997 ) , by Michael Stackpole ( 7 ABY ) ( A ) Wraith Squadron ( 1998 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 7 ABY ) ( A ) Iron Fist ( 1998 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 7.5 ABY ) ( A ) Solo Command ( 1999 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 7.5 ABY ) ( A ) Isard 's Revenge ( 1999 ) , by Michael Stackpole ( 9 ABY ) ( A ) Starfighters of Adumar ( 1999 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 12 - 13 ABY ) ( A ) Mercy Kill ( 2012 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 13 ABY , 19 ABY , 29 ABY , c. 44 ABY ) ( A ) The Courtship of Princess Leia ( edit ) The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) , by Dave Wolverton ( 8 ABY ) ( A ) A Forest Apart ( edit ) A Forest Apart ( 2003 ) , by Troy Denning ( 8 ABY ) ( E ) Tatooine Ghost ( edit ) Tatooine Ghost ( 2003 ) , by Troy Denning ( 8 ABY ) ( A ) Mixed up Droid ( edit ) Mixed up Droid ( 1995 ) , by Ryder Windham ( 8 ABY ) ( A ) The Thrawn Trilogy ( edit ) Heir to the Empire ( 1991 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 9 ABY ) ( A ) Dark Force Rising ( 1992 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 9 ABY ) ( A ) The Last Command ( 1993 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 9 ABY ) ( A ) The Dark Empire Trilogy ( edit ) Dark Empire ( 1991 ) , by Tom Veitch ( 10 ABY ) ( A ) Dark Empire II ( 1991 ) , by Tom Veitch ( 10 ABY ) ( A ) Empire 's End ( 1991 ) , by Tom Veitch ( 11 ABY ) ( A ) Crimson Empire ( edit ) Crimson Empire ( 1997 ) , by Mike Richardson , Randy Stradley ( 11 ABY ) ( A ) The Jedi Academy Trilogy ( edit ) Jedi Search ( 1994 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson ( 11 ABY ) ( A ) Dark Apprentice ( 1994 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson ( 11 ABY ) ( A ) Champions of the Force ( 1994 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson ( 11 ABY ) ( A ) I , Jedi ( edit ) I , Jedi ( 1998 ) , by Michael Stackpole ( 11 ABY ) ( A ) The Callista Trilogy ( edit ) Children of the Jedi ( 1995 ) , by Barbara Hambly ( 12 - 13 ABY ) ( A ) Darksaber ( 1995 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson ( 12 - 13 ABY ) ( A ) Planet of Twilight ( 1997 ) , by Barbara Hambly ( 12 - 13 ABY ) ( A ) The Crystal Star ( edit ) The Crystal Star ( 1994 ) , by Vonda McIntyre ( 14 ABY ) ( A ) The Black Fleet Crisis Trilogy ( edit ) Before the Storm ( 1996 ) , by Michael P. Kube - McDowell ( 16 ABY ) ( A ) Shield of Lies ( 1997 ) , by Michael P. Kube - McDowell ( 16 ABY ) ( A ) Tyrant 's Test ( 1998 ) , by Michael P. Kube - McDowell ( 16 ABY ) ( A ) The New Rebellion ( edit ) The New Rebellion ( 1996 ) , by Kristine Kathryn Rusch ( 17 ABY ) ( A ) The Corellian Trilogy ( edit ) Ambush at Corellia ( 1995 ) , by Roger MacBride Allen ( 18 ABY ) ( A ) Assault at Selonia ( 1995 ) , by Roger MacBride Allen ( 18 ABY ) ( A ) Showdown at Centerpoint ( 1995 ) , by Roger MacBride Allen ( 18 ABY ) ( A ) The Hand of Thrawn ( edit ) Specter of the Past ( 1997 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 19 ABY ) ( A ) Vision of the Future ( 1998 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 19 ABY ) ( A ) Scourge ( edit ) Scourge ( 2012 ) , by Jeff Grubb ( 19 ABY ) ( A ) Survivor 's Quest ( edit ) Fool 's Bargain ( 2004 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 22 ABY ) ( E ) Survivor 's Quest ( 2004 ) , by Timothy Zahn ( 22 ABY ) ( A ) Junior Jedi Knights ( edit ) The Golden Globe ( 1995 ) , by Nancy Richardson ( 22 ABY ) ( Y ) Lyric 's World ( 1996 ) , by Nancy Richardson ( 22 ABY ) ( Y ) Promises ( 1996 ) , by Nancy Richardson ( 22 ABY ) ( Y ) Anakin 's Quest ( 1996 ) , by Rebecca Moesta ( 22 ABY ) ( Y ) Vader 's Fortress ( 1997 ) , by Rebecca Moesta ( 22 ABY ) ( Y ) Kenobi 's Blade ( 1997 ) , by Rebecca Moesta ( 22 ABY ) ( Y ) Young Jedi Knights ( edit ) Heirs of the Force ( 1995 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Shadow Academy ( 1995 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) The Lost Ones ( 1995 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Lightsabers ( 1996 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Darkest Knight ( 1996 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Jedi Under Siege ( 1996 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Shards of Alderaan ( 1997 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Diversity Alliance ( 1997 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Delusions of Grandeur ( 1997 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Jedi Bounty ( 1997 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) The Emperor 's Plague ( 1997 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Return to Ord Mantell ( 1998 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Trouble on Cloud City ( 1998 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Crisis at Crystal Reef ( 1998 ) , by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) ' Jedi Shadow ( Omnibus - Heirs of the Force , Shadow Academy & The Lost Ones ) by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Jedi Sunrise ( Omnibus - Lightsabers , Darkest Knight , & Jedi Under Siege ) by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) Under the Black Sun ( Omnibus - Return to Ord Mantell , Trouble on Cloud City , & Crisis at Crystal Reef ) by Kevin J. Anderson & Rebecca Moesta ( 23 - 24 ABY ) ( Y ) New Jedi order era ( edit ) This era takes place within 25 to 39 years after Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope . A Practical Man ( edit ) Boba Fett : A Practical Man ( 2006 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 25 ABY ) ( E ) The New Jedi Order ( edit ) Vector Prime ( 1999 ) , by R.A. Salvatore ( 25 ABY ) ( A ) Dark Tide I : Onslaught ( 2000 ) , by Michael Stackpole ( 25 ABY ) ( A ) Dark Tide II : Ruin ( 2000 ) , by Michael Stackpole ( 25 ABY ) ( A ) Agents of Chaos I : Hero 's Trial ( 2000 ) , by James Luceno ( 25 ABY ) ( A ) Agents of Chaos II : Jedi Eclipse ( 2000 ) , by James Luceno ( 25 ABY ) ( A ) Balance Point ( 2000 ) , by Kathy Tyers ( 26 ABY ) ( A ) Recovery ( 2001 ) , by Troy Denning ( 26 ABY ) ( E ) Edge of Victory I : Conquest ( 2001 ) , by Greg Keyes ( 26 ABY ) ( A ) Edge of Victory II : Rebirth ( 2001 ) , by Greg Keyes ( 27 ABY ) ( A ) Star by Star ( 2001 ) , by Troy Denning ( 27 ABY ) ( A ) Dark Journey ( 2002 ) , by Elaine Cunningham ( 27 ABY ) ( A ) Enemy Lines I : Rebel Dream ( 2002 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 27 ABY ) ( A ) Enemy Lines II : Rebel Stand ( 2002 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 27 ABY ) ( A ) Traitor ( 2002 ) , by Matthew Stover ( 27 ABY ) ( A ) Destiny 's Way ( 2002 ) , by Walter Jon Williams ( 28 ABY ) ( A ) Ylesia ( 2002 ) , by Walter Jon Williams ( 28 ABY ) ( E ) Force Heretic I : Remnant ( 2003 ) , by Sean Williams & Shane Dix ( 28 ABY ) ( A ) Force Heretic II : Refugee ( 2003 ) , by Sean Williams & Shane Dix ( 28 ABY ) ( A ) Force Heretic III : Reunion ( 2003 ) , by Sean Williams & Shane Dix ( 28 - 29 ABY ) ( A ) The Final Prophecy ( 2003 ) , by Greg Keyes ( 29 ABY ) ( A ) The Unifying Force ( 2003 ) , by James Luceno ( 29 ABY ) ( A ) The Dark Nest trilogy ( edit ) The Joiner King ( 2005 ) , by Troy Denning ( 35 ABY ) ( A ) The Unseen Queen ( 2005 ) , by Troy Denning ( 36 ABY ) ( A ) The Swarm War ( 2005 ) , by Troy Denning ( 36 ABY ) ( A ) Legacy era ( edit ) This era takes place 40 + years after Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope . Legacy of the Force ( edit ) Betrayal ( 2006 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 40 ABY ) ( A ) Bloodlines ( 2006 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 40 ABY ) ( A ) Tempest ( 2006 ) , by Troy Denning ( 40 ABY ) ( A ) Exile ( 2007 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 40 ABY ) ( A ) Sacrifice ( 2007 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 40 ABY ) ( A ) Inferno ( 2007 ) , by Troy Denning ( 40 ABY ) ( A ) Fury ( 2007 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 40 ABY ) ( A ) Revelation ( 2008 ) , by Karen Traviss ( 40 ABY ) ( A ) Invincible ( 2008 ) , by Troy Denning ( 41 ABY ) ( A ) Crosscurrent ( edit ) Crosscurrent ( 2010 ) , by Paul S. Kemp ( 41 ABY ) ( A ) Riptide ( 2011 ) , by Paul S. Kemp ( 41 ABY ) ( A ) Millennium Falcon ( edit ) Millennium Falcon ( 2008 ) , by James Luceno ( 60 BBY , 19 BBY , 10 BBY , 5 BBY , 43 ABY ) ( A ) Fate of the Jedi ( edit ) Outcast ( 2009 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 43.5 ABY ) ( A ) Omen ( 2009 ) , by Christie Golden ( 43.5 ABY ) ( A ) Abyss ( 2009 ) , by Troy Denning ( 43.5 ABY ) ( A ) Backlash ( 2010 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 44 ABY ) ( A ) Allies ( 2010 ) , by Christie Golden ( 44 ABY ) ( A ) Vortex ( 2010 ) , by Troy Denning ( 44 ABY ) ( A ) Conviction ( 2011 ) , by Aaron Allston ( 44.5 ABY ) ( A ) Ascension ( 2011 ) , by Christie Golden ( 44.5 ABY ) ( A ) Apocalypse ( 2012 ) , by Troy Denning ( 44.5 ABY ) ( A ) Crucible ( edit ) Crucible ( 2013 ) by Troy Denning ( 45 ABY ) ( A ) Short story anthologies ( edit ) These books contain short Star Wars stories from several notable Science fiction authors with stories that span different timelines . Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina ( 1995 ) , edited by Kevin J. Anderson ( 0 - 3 ABY ) ( E ) Tales of the Bounty Hunters ( 1996 ) , edited by Kevin J. Anderson ( 3 ABY ) Tales from Jabba 's Palace ( 1996 ) , edited by Kevin J. Anderson ( 4 ABY ) Tales from the Empire ( 1997 ) , edited by Peter Schweighofer ( Various ) ( 4 ABY ) Tales from the New Republic ( 1999 ) , edited by Peter Schweighofer and Craig Carey ( Various ) ( 4 ABY ) Star Wars : Science Adventures ( 1999 ) were authored by Jude Watson and K.D. Burkett . Cancelled books ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Old Republic era ( edit ) Untitled Old Republic era novel by Elizabeth Hand Mandorla by Alex Irvine ( 3980 BBY ) ( Cancelled : February 29 , 2012 ) Rise of the Empire era ( edit ) Escape from Dagu by William C. Dietz Imperial Commando 2 by Karen Traviss ( 19 BBY ) The New Jedi Order era ( edit ) Dark Tide : Siege by Michael Stackpole ( 25 ABY ) Knightfall I : Jedi Storm by Michael Jan Friedman ( 26 ABY ) Knightfall II : Jedi Blood by Michael Jan Friedman ( 26 ABY ) Knightfall III : Jedi Fire by Michael Jan Friedman ( 26 ABY ) Legacy era ( edit ) Blood Oath by Elaine Cunningham ( 41 ABY ) Untitled Boba Fett novel by Karen Traviss ( Post-43 ABY ) George Lucas 's Monsters and Aliens ( edit ) Alien Exodus by Robert J. Sawyer ( 25,053 BBY ) George Lucas 's Monsters and Aliens , Volume 2 by Robert J. Sawyer ( 25,053 BBY ) George Lucas 's Monsters and Aliens , Volume 3 by Robert J. Sawyer ( 25,053 BBY ) Reference books ( edit ) A Guide to the Star Wars Universe ( edit ) A Guide to the Star Wars Universe compiled by Raymond L. Velasco A Guide to the Star Wars Universe , 2nd Edition compiled by Bill Slavicsek A Guide to the Star Wars Universe , 3rd Edition compiled by Bill Slavicsek Visual Dictionaries ( edit ) The Visual Dictionary of Star Wars , Episode I ( 1999 ) , by David West Reynolds The Visual Dictionary of Star Wars , Episode II ( 2002 ) , by David West Reynolds The Visual Dictionary of Star Wars , Episode III ( 2005 ) , by James Luceno The Visual Dictionary of Star Wars , Episodes IV , V , and VI ( 1999 ) , by David West Reynolds The Complete Visual Dictionary of Star Wars ( 2007 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens : The Visual Dictionary ( 2015 ) , by Pablo Hidalgo The Making of Star Wars ( edit ) The Making of Star Wars , Episode I , The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) , by Laurent Bouzereau and Jody Duncan Mythmaking : Behind the Scenes of Star Wars : Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) , by Jody Duncan The Making of Star Wars : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , by Jonathan W. Rinzler The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( 2007 ) , by Jonathan W. Rinzler The Making of Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back ( 2010 ) , by Jonathan W. Rinzler Once Upon A Galaxy : The Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back ( 2010 ) , by Alan Arnold The Art of Star Wars ( edit ) The Art of Star Wars ( 1979 ) , edited by Carol Titelman , the first in a series of volumes which included : The Art of The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) , by Vic Bulluck and Valerie Hoffman The Art of Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) , by Carol Titelman The Art of Star Wars : Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) , by Jonathan Bresman The Art of Star Wars : Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) , by Mark Cotta Vaz The Art of Star Wars : Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) , by Jonathan W. Rinzler The Art of Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) by Phil Szostak The Art of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story . ( 2016 ) by Josh Kushins Incredible Cross-Sections ( edit ) Incredible Cross-Sections of Star Wars , Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) , by David West Reynolds Incredible Cross-Sections of Star Wars , Episode II : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) , by Curtis Saxton Incredible Cross-Sections of Star Wars , Episode III : Revenge of the Sith ( 2003 ) , by Curtis Saxton Incredible Cross-Sections of Star Wars , Episodes IV , V , and VI ( 1999 ) , by David West Reynolds Star Wars : The Complete Cross-Sections ( 2007 ) , by David West Reynolds and Curtis Saxton Star Wars : The Force Awakens Incredible Cross-Sections ( 2015 ) , by Kemp Remillard and Jason Fry Inside the Worlds ( edit ) Inside the Worlds of Star Wars , Episode I - The Phantom Menace : The Complete Guide to the Incredible Locations by Kristen Lund Inside the Worlds of Star Wars , Episode II - Attack of the Clones : The Complete Guide to the Incredible Locations by Simon Beecroft Inside the Worlds of Star Wars , Episodes IV , V , & VI : The Complete Guide to the Incredible Locations by James Luceno The Complete Locations of Star Wars : Inside the Worlds of the Entire Star Wars Saga by Kristin Lund , Simon Beecroft , Kerrie Dougherty , and James Luceno Technical Journals ( edit ) Planet Tatooine Technical Journal Imperial Forces Technical Journal Rebel Forces Technical Journal Star Wars Technical Journal ( compiling the above ) Miscellaneous reference works ( edit ) Creating the Worlds of Star Wars : 365 Days by John Knoll Dressing a Galaxy : The Costumes of Star Wars by Trish Biggar From Star Wars to Indiana Jones : The Best of the Lucasfilm Archives by Mark Cotta The Illustrated Star Wars Universe by Kevin J. Anderson and Ralph McQuarrie Monsters and Aliens from George Lucas by Bob Carrau Sculpting a Galaxy by Lorne Peterson The Secrets of Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire by Mark Vaz Star Wars : The Action Figure Archive by Stephen J. Sansweet Star Wars Chronicles by Deborah Fine Star Wars Chronicles : The Prequels by Stephen J. Sansweet Star Wars Comics Companion by Ryder Windham and Daniel Wallace Star Wars Encyclopedia by Stephen J. Sansweet Star Wars Scrapbook : The Essential Collection by Stephen J. Sansweet Star Wars : From Concept to Screen to Collectible by Stephen J. Sansweet Star Wars : The Magic of Myth by Mary Henderson Star Wars Poster Book by Stephen J. Sansweet Star Wars : The Power of Myth Star Wars : The Ultimate Visual Guide ( 2005 ) by Ryder Windham The Star Wars Vault ( 2007 ) , by Stephen J. Sansweet Star Wars : A Pop - Up Guide to the Galaxy by Matthew Reinhart The Empire Strikes Back Notebook edited by Diana Attias and Lindsay Smith The Quotable Star Wars compiled by Stephen J. Sansweet Star Wars Character Encyclopedia by Simon Beecroft Star Wars : Jedi vs. Sith : The Essential Guide to the Force ( 2007 ) by Ryder Windham Star Wars : Absolutely Everything You Need to Know ( 2015 ) by Adam Bray , Cole Horton , Michael Kogge , and Kerrie Dougherty Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Box Set ( 2016 ) Star Wars : Rey 's Survival Guide ( 2015 ) by Jason Fry Star Wars : Poe Dameron : Flight Log ( 2016 ) by Michael Kogge Star Wars : Aliens and Ships of the Galaxy ( 2016 ) by Jason Fry and Benjamin Harper * Star Wars : Rogue One : The Ultimate Visual Guide ( 2016 ) by Pablo Hidalgo Essays and commentary ( edit ) A Galaxy Not So Far Away : Writers and Artists on 25 Years of Star Wars by Glenn Kenny , editor . Sword Fighting in the Star Wars Universe by Nick Jamilla . Roleplaying gamebooks ( edit ) Saga edition ( edit ) Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Saga Edition Starships of the Galaxy ( Saga Edition ) Star Wars Gamemaster Screen Threats of the Galaxy Knights of the Old Republic Campaign Guide Force Unleashed Campaign Guide Scum and Villainy The Clone Wars Campaign Guide Legacy Era Campaign Guide Jedi Academy Training Manual Rebellion Era Campaign Guide Galaxy At War Scavenger 's Guide to Droids Galaxy of Intrigue The Unknown Regions The Clone Wars : Decide Your Destiny series ( edit ) The Clone Wars : Tethan Battle Adventure by Sue Behrent ( 22 BBY ) ( Y ) The Clone Wars : Crisis on Coruscant by Jonathan Green ( 22 BBY ) ( Y ) The Clone Wars : Dooku 's Secret Army by Sue Behrent ( 22 BBY ) ( Y ) The Clone Wars : The Way of the Jedi by Jake T. Ford ( 21 BBY ) ( Y ) The Clone Wars : The Lost Legion by Tracey West ( 21 BBY ) ( Y ) Previous editions ( edit ) Star Wars : The Roleplaying Game , 1st Ed . 1987 , West End Games ( 1987 ) , by Greg Costikyan - Game designer and various others Star Wars : Sourcebook , 1st Ed . 1987 , West End Games ( 1987 ) , by Bill Slavicsek & Curtis Smith Star Wars : The Dark Side Sourcebook , ( 2001 ) , by Bill Slavicsek & JD Wiker Star Wars Adventure Journal ( volumes 1 - 15 ) ( 1994 -- 1997 , various editors , various points along timeline ) The Lost Jedi ( 0 BBY - 2 ABY ) ( edit ) Jedi Dawn ( 0 BBY ) , 1993 . Paul Cockburn , ISBN 1 - 85283 - 808 - 6 . You play a young Jedi who ends up on the planet where the plans for the first Deathstar would later be transmitted . Harassed by an Imperial agent called Diamond , and having made an enemy of the bounty hunter , Boba Fett , you end up involved in the rebels ' plans . The Bounty Hunter ( 2 ABY ) , 1994 . Paul Cockburn , ISBN 1 - 85283 - 813 - 2 . Features your efforts to escape the planet and avoid Boba Fett 's revenge . The Lost Jedi Adventure Game Book , 1995 . Combines the previous two game books . References ( edit ) Star Wars portal Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Complete Del Rey Books Timeline ^ Jump up to : Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` One of fantasy 's biggest authors comes to Star Wars '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYCC 2017 : NEW THRAWN NOVEL REVEALED AND MORE FROM LUCASFILM 'S PUBLISHING PANEL '' . Star Wars . Lucasfilm Ltd . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn of the Jedi : Into the Void '' . Wookiepedia . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Owen K.C. Stephens ; Christopher Perkins ( June 2007 ) . Star Wars Roleplaying Game : Saga Edition . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4356 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Owen K.C. Stephens ; Gary Astleford ( December 2007 ) . Starships of the Galaxy . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4823 - 9 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ( February 2008 ) . Star Wars Gamemaster Screen . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4936 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Gary Astleford ; Eric Cagle ; Robert J. Schwalb ; John Snead ; Patrick Stutzman ( May 2008 ) . Threats of the Galaxy . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4781 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Sterling Hershey ; John Jackson Miller ; Abel G. Peña ( August 2008 ) . Knights of the Old Republic Campaign Guide . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4923 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Sterling Hershey ; Owen K.C. Stephens ; Peter Schweighofer ( September 2008 ) . Force Unleashed Campaign Guide . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4743 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Gary Astleford ; Robert J. Schwalb ; Owen K.C. Stephens ; J.D. Wiker ( November 2008 ) . Scum and Villainy . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 5035 - 5 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Patrick Stutzman ; J.D. Wiker ; Gary Astleford ; T. Rob Brown ( January 2009 ) . The Clone Wars Campaign Guide . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4999 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Sterling Hershey ; Gary Astleford ( March 2009 ) . Legacy Era Campaign Guide . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4356 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Eric Cagle ; Patrick Stutzman ; Robert Wieland ( May 2009 ) . Jedi Academy Training Manual . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 5183 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Sterling Hershey ; Owen K.C. Stephens ; J.D. Wiker ( July 2009 ) . Rebellion Era Campaign Guide . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 4983 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Gary Astleford ; Eric Cagle ; Daniel Wallace ( September 2009 ) . Galaxy At War . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 5221 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Sterling Hershey ; Patrick Stutzman ; Robert Wieland ( November 2009 ) . Scavenger 's Guide to Droids . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 5230 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Eric Cagle ; Gary Astleford ; T. Rob Brown ( January 2010 ) . Galaxy of Intrigue . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 5400 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rodney ; Gary Astleford ; Owen K.C. Stephens ( April 2010 ) . The Unknown Regions . Wizards of the Coast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7869 - 5399 - 8 . 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Globe Theatre
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Globe Theatre - wikipedia Globe Theatre Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Globe Theatre of Shakespeare . For the more modern reconstruction in London , see Shakespeare 's Globe . For other uses , see Globe Theatre ( disambiguation ) . The Globe Theatre The second Globe , preliminary sketch ( c. 1638 ) for Hollar 's 1647 Long View of London Address Maiden Lane ( now Park Street ) Southwark London England Coordinates 51 ° 30 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 42 '' W / 51.506779 ° N 0.094935 ° W / 51.506779 ; - 0.094935 Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 42 '' W / 51.506779 ° N 0.094935 ° W / 51.506779 ; - 0.094935 Designation Destroyed by the Puritans Type Elizabethan theatre Construction Opened 1599 Closed 1642 Rebuilt 1614 The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare . It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare 's playing company , the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , on land owned by Thomas Brend and inherited by his son , Nicholas Brend and grandson Sir Matthew Brend , and was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613 . A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and closed by an Ordinance issued on 6 September 1642 . A modern reconstruction of the Globe , named `` Shakespeare 's Globe '' , opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet ( 230 m ) from the site of the original theatre . From 1909 , the current Gielgud Theatre was called `` Globe Theatre '' , until it was renamed ( in honour of John Gielgud ) in 1994 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 2 History 3 Layout 4 Name 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Locations Examination of old property records has identified the plot of land occupied by the Globe as extending from the west side of modern - day Southwark Bridge Road eastwards as far as Porter Street and from Park Street southwards as far as the back of Gatehouse Square . However , the precise location of the building remained unknown until a small part of the foundations , including one original pier base , was discovered in 1989 beneath the car park at the rear of Anchor Terrace on Park Street . The shape of the foundations is now replicated on the surface . As the majority of the foundations lies beneath 67 -- 70 Anchor Terrace , a listed building , no further excavations have been permitted . History Second Globe Theatre , detail from Hollar 's View of London , 1647 . Hollar sketched the building from life ( see top ) , but only later assembled the drawings into this View ; he mislabelled his images of The Globe and the nearby bear - baiting enclosure . Here the correct label has been restored . The small building to the left supplied food - and ale - sellers at the theatre . The Globe Theatre is shown at the bottom centre of this London street map Position on modern street plan Site of the Globe Theatre , from Park Street ; the dark line in the centre marks the foundation line . The white wall beyond is the rear of Anchor Terrace . The Globe was owned by actors who were also shareholders in the Lord Chamberlain 's Men . Two of the six Globe shareholders , Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert Burbage , owned double shares of the whole , or 25 % each ; the other four men , Shakespeare , John Heminges , Augustine Phillips , and Thomas Pope , owned a single share , or 12.5 % . ( Originally William Kempe was intended to be the seventh partner , but he sold out his share to the four minority sharers , leaving them with more than the originally planned 10 % ) . These initial proportions changed over time as new sharers were added . Shakespeare 's share diminished from 1 / 8 to 1 / 14 , or roughly 7 % , over the course of his career . The Globe was built in 1599 using timber from an earlier theatre , The Theatre , which had been built by Richard Burbage 's father , James Burbage , in Shoreditch in 1576 . The Burbages originally had a 21 - year lease of the site on which the theatre was built but owned the building outright . However , the landlord , Giles Allen , claimed that the building had become his with the expiry of the lease . On 28 December 1598 , while Allen was celebrating Christmas at his country home , carpenter Peter Street , supported by the players and their friends , dismantled The Theatre beam by beam and transported it to Street 's waterfront warehouse near Bridewell . With the onset of more favourable weather in the following spring , the material was ferried over the Thames to reconstruct it as The Globe on some marshy gardens to the south of Maiden Lane , Southwark . While only a hundred yards from the congested shore of the Thames , the piece of land was situated close by an area of farmland and open fields . It was poorly drained and , notwithstanding its distance from the river , was liable to flooding at times of particularly high tide ; a `` wharf '' ( bank ) of raised earth with timber revetments had to be created to carry the building above the flood level . The new theatre was larger than the building it replaced , with the older timbers being reused as part of the new structure ; the Globe was not merely the old Theatre newly set up at Bankside . It was probably completed by the summer of 1599 , possibly in time for the opening production of Henry V and its famous reference to the performance crammed within a `` wooden O '' . Dover Wilson , however , defers the opening date until September 1599 , taking the `` wooden O '' reference to be disparaging and thus unlikely to be used in the Globe 's inaugural staging . He suggests that a Swiss tourist 's account of a performance of Julius Caesar witnessed on 21 September 1599 describes the more likely first production . The first performance for which a firm record remains was Jonson 's Every Man out of His Humour -- with its first scene welcoming the `` gracious and kind spectators '' -- at the end of the year . On 29 June 1613 the Globe Theatre went up in flames during a performance of Henry VIII . A theatrical cannon , set off during the performance , misfired , igniting the wooden beams and thatching . According to one of the few surviving documents of the event , no one was hurt except a man whose burning breeches were put out with a bottle of ale . It was rebuilt in the following year . Like all the other theatres in London , the Globe was closed down by the Puritans in 1642 . It was pulled down in 1644 -- 45 ; the commonly cited document dating the act to 15 April 1644 has been identified as a probable forgery -- to make room for tenements . A modern reconstruction of the theatre , named `` Shakespeare 's Globe '' , opened in 1997 , with a production of Henry V. It is an academic approximation of the original design , based on available evidence of the 1599 and 1614 buildings , and is located approximately 750 feet ( 230 m ) from the site of the original theatre . In February 2016 , a temporary full - scale replica of the Second Globe Theatre , called the Pop - up Globe and based on scholarly reanalyses of the surviving evidence for the 1614 building , opened in downtown Auckland , New Zealand , and presented a three - month season of Shakespeare 's plays performed by a house company and by visiting local production groups . It was reconstructed in a second Auckland location to host a three - month 2017 season . Layout Conjectural reconstruction of the Globe theatre by C. Walter Hodges based on archeological and documentary evidence The Globe 's actual dimensions are unknown , but its shape and size can be approximated from scholarly inquiry over the last two centuries . The evidence suggests that it was a three - storey , open - air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet ( 30 m ) in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators . The Globe is shown as round on Wenceslas Hollar 's sketch of the building , later incorporated into his etched Long View of London from Bankside in 1647 . However , in 1988 -- 89 , the uncovering of a small part of the Globe 's foundation suggested that it was a polygon of 20 sides . At the base of the stage , there was an area called the pit , ( or , harking back to the old inn - yards , yard ) where , for a penny , people ( the `` groundlings '' ) would stand on the rush - strewn earthen floor to watch the performance . During the excavation of the Globe in 1989 a layer of nutshells was found , pressed into the dirt flooring so as to form a new surface layer . Vertically around the yard were three levels of stadium - style seats , which were more expensive than standing room . A rectangular stage platform , also known as an apron stage , thrust out into the middle of the open - air yard . The stage measured approximately 43 feet ( 13.1 m ) in width , 27 feet ( 8.2 m ) in depth and was raised about 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) off the ground . On this stage , there was a trap door for use by performers to enter from the `` cellarage '' area beneath the stage . The back wall of the stage had two or three doors on the main level , with a curtained inner stage in the centre ( although not all scholars agree about the existence of this supposed `` inner below '' ) , and a balcony above it . The doors entered into the `` tiring house '' ( backstage area ) where the actors dressed and awaited their entrances . The floors above may have been used as storage for costumes and props and management offices . The balcony housed the musicians and could also be used for scenes requiring an upper space , such as the balcony scene in Romeo and Juliet . Rush matting covered the stage , although this may only have been used if the setting of the play demanded it . Large columns on either side of the stage supported a roof over the rear portion of the stage . The ceiling under this roof was called the `` heavens , '' and was painted with clouds and the sky . A trap door in the heavens enabled performers to descend using some form of rope and harness . The stage was set in the south - east corner of the building , so as to be in shade during afternoon performances in Summer . Name The name of the Globe supposedly alludes to the Latin tag totus mundus agit histrionem , in turn derived from quod fere totus mundus exerceat histrionem -- `` because all the world is a playground '' -- from Petronius , which had wide circulation in England in the Burbages ' time . Totus mundus agit histrionem was , according to this explanation , therefore adopted as the theatre 's motto . Another allusion , familiar to the contemporary theatre - goer , would have been to Teatrum Mundi , a meditation by the twelfth - century classicist and philosopher John of Salisbury , in his Policraticus , book three . In either case , there would have been a familiar understanding of the classical derivation without the adoption of a formal motto . It seems likely that the link between the supposed motto and the Globe was made only later , originating with the industrious early Shakespeare biographer William Oldys , who claimed as his source a private manuscript to which he once had access . This was repeated in good faith by his literary executor George Steevens , but the tale is now thought `` suspicious '' . Notes ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Tarnya , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` A view from St Mary Overy , Southwark , looking towards Westminster , c. 1638 '' . Searching for Shakespeare . London : National Portrait Gallery . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11611 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ian ( 1993 ) . Shakespeare the Evidence . London : Headline . xiii . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 0582 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bowsher and Miller ( 2009 : 87 ) Jump up ^ Nagler 1958 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 1998 edition . ^ Jump up to : Measured using Google earth Jump up ^ Mulryne ; Shewring ( 1997 : 69 ) Jump up ^ Braines , William ( 1924 ) . The site of the Globe Playhouse Southwark ( 2 ed . ) . London : Hodder and Stoughton . OCLC 3157657 . ^ Jump up to : Simon McCudden ' The Discovery of The Globe Jump up ^ Bowsher and Miller ( 2009 : 4 ) Jump up ^ Bowsher ; Miller ( 2009 : 112 ) Jump up ^ Location taken from Bowsher ; Miller ( 2009 : 107 ) Jump up ^ Gurr ( 1991 : 45 -- 46 ) Jump up ^ Schoenbaum , pp. 648 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , James ( 2005 ) . 1599 -- a year in the life of William Shakespeare . London : Faber and Faber . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 21480 - 0 . Jump up ^ Shapiro ( 2005 : 122 -- 3 ; 129 ) ^ Jump up to : Bowsher and Miller ( 2009 : 90 ) Jump up ^ Allen 's court proceedings against Street and the Burbages noted that the timber from The Theatre was `` sett up ... in an other forme '' at Bankside . Quoted in Bowsher and Miller ( 2009 : 90 ) Jump up ^ Adams , John Cranford ( 1961 ) . The Globe Playhouse . Its design and equipment ( 2 ed . ) . London : John Constable . OCLC 556737149 . Jump up ^ Bate , Jonathan ; Rasmussen , Eric ( 2007 ) . William Shakespeare Complete Works . London : Macmillan . p. 1030 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 00350 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dover Wilson , John ( 1968 ) . The Works of Shakespeare -- Julius Caesar . Cambridge New Shakespeare . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. ix . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09482 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stern , Tiffany ( 2010 ) . `` The Globe Theatre and the open - air amphitheatres '' . In Sanders , Julie . Ben Jonson in Context . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89571 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Wotton , Henry ( 2 July 1613 ) . `` Letters of Wotton '' . In Smith , Logan Pearsall . The Life and Letters of Sir Henry Wotton . Two . Oxford , England : Clarendon Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Mulryne ; Shewring ( 1997 : 75 ) Jump up ^ Martin , Douglas . `` John Orrell , 68 , Historian On New Globe Theater , Dies '' , The New York Times , 28 September 2003 , accessed 19 December 2012 Jump up ^ Awde , Nick . `` Shakespeare 's Other Home in the Southern Hemisphere '' . thestage.co.uk . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop - up Globe to rise in the gardens at Ellerslie Racecourse '' . Stuff . Fairfax NZ Ltd. 25 October 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Egan 1999 , pp. 1 -- 16 Jump up ^ Orrell 1989 Jump up ^ Mulryne ; Shewring ( 1997 : 37 ; 44 ) Jump up ^ Egan 2004 , pp. 5.1 -- 22 Jump up ^ Britannica Student : The Theater past to present > Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Theater Jump up ^ Dekker , Thomas ( 1609 ) , reprinted 1907 , ISBN 0 - 7812 - 7199 - 1 . The Gull 's Hornbook : `` the stage ... will bring you to most perfect light ... though the scarecrows in the yard hoot at you '' . Jump up ^ Dekker ( 1609 ) Jump up ^ Nagler 1958 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kuritz , Paul ( 1988 ) . The making of theatre history . Englewood Cliffs , N.J : Prentice Hall . pp. 189 -- 191 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 547861 - 8 . Jump up ^ from attiring -- dressing : `` tiring , n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Bowsher and Miller ( 2009 : 136 -- 137 ) Jump up ^ Mulryne ; Shewring ( 1997 : 139 ) Jump up ^ Mulryne ; Shewring ( 1997 : 166 ) Jump up ^ Egan , Gabriel ( 2015 ) . `` Lighting '' . In Wells , Stanley . The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198708735 . Jump up ^ Ingleby , Clement Mansfield ; Toulmin Smith , Lucy ; Furnival , Frederick ( 1909 ) . Monro , John , ed . The Shakespere allusion - book : a collection of allusions to Shakespere from 1591 to 1700 . 2 . London : Chatto and Windus . p. 373 . OCLC 603995070 . ^ Jump up to : Gillies , John ( 1994 ) . Shakespeare and the Geography of Difference . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 76 . ISBN 9780521417198 . Jump up ^ Stern , Tiffany ( 1997 ) . `` Was ' Totus mundus agit histrionem ' ever the motto of the Globe Theatre ? '' . Theatre Notebook . The Society for Theatre Research . 51 ( 3 ) : 121 . ISSN 0040 - 5523 . Jump up ^ Egan , Gabriel ( 2001 ) . `` Globe theatre '' . In Dobson , Michael ; Wells , Stanley . The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19280614 - 7 . References Bowsher , Julian ; Miller , Pat ( 2009 ) . The Rose and the Globe -- playhouses of Shakespeare 's Bankside , Southwark . Museum of London . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901992 - 85 - 4 . Egan , Gabriel ( 1999 ) . `` Reconstructions of The Globe : A Retrospective '' ( PDF ) . Shakespeare Survey . Shakespeare Survey . 52 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521660742. 001 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66074 - 2 . Retrieved 25 July 2007 . Egan , Gabriel ( 2004 ) . `` The 1599 Globe and its modern replica : Virtual Reality modelling of the archaeological and pictorial evidence '' . Early Modern Literary Studies . 13 : 5.1 -- 22 . ISSN 1201 - 2459 . Retrieved 25 July 2007 . Gurr , Andrew ( 1991 ) . The Shakespearean Stage 1574 -- 1642 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42240 - X . Mulryne , J. R ; Shewring , Margaret ( 1997 ) . Shakespeare 's Globe Rebuilt . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59988 - 1 . Nagler , A.M. ( 1958 ) . Shakespeare 's Stage . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02689 - 7 . Orrell , John ( 1989 ) . `` Reconstructing Shakespeare 's Globe '' . History Trails . University of Alberta . Retrieved 10 December 2007 . Schoenbaum , Samuel ( 1991 ) . Shakespeare 's Lives . Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 818618 - 5 . External links London portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Globe Theatre , Southwark . Shakespearean Playhouses , by Joseph Quincy Adams , Jr. from Project Gutenberg Shakespeare 's Globe The 1996 reconstruction A reconstruction of the second Globe The structure of the Globe by extrapolation from Hollar 's sketch . University of Sydney . Comprehensive Guide to Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Globe_Theatre&oldid=818875917 '' Categories : Theatres completed in 1599 Theatres completed in 1614 1599 establishments in England 1613 disestablishments 1614 establishments in England 1642 disestablishments Archaeological sites in London Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark Former theatres in London Outdoor theatres Elizabethan era William Shakespeare 17th - century disestablishments in England 17th century in London Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from May 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 03 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the globe theatre is an example of which theatre type
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List of NBA players with most championships
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List of NBA players with most championships - wikipedia List of NBA players with most championships Bill Russell won 11 championships with the Boston Celtics , an NBA record . This is a list of NBA players with most championships won as a player . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a major professional basketball league in North America . It was founded in 1946 as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the sport 's postseason . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . Players from the winning team usually receive championship rings from the team honoring their contribution . However , in some rare occasion , the teams opted to give other commemorative items , such as wrist watches , instead of rings . The number of championships won by NBA superstars is often used as a measurement of their greatness . Boston Celtics center Bill Russell holds the record for the most NBA championships won with 11 titles during his 13 - year playing career . He won his first championship with the Boston Celtics in his rookie year . Afterwards , he went on to win ten championships in the next 12 years , including eight consecutive championships from 1959 to 1966 . He won the last two championships in 1968 and 1969 as player - coach . Russell 's teammate , Sam Jones , won ten championships from 1959 to 1969 , the second most in NBA history . Four Celtics players , Tom Heinsohn , K.C. Jones , Satch Sanders and John Havlicek , won eight championships each . Two other Celtics , Jim Loscutoff and Frank Ramsey , won seven championships each . Four players , Bob Cousy , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen , won six championships each . Jordan and Pippen are members of the Chicago Bulls team who won three consecutive championships twice in the 1990s . George Mikan won two championships in the NBL before it merged with the BAA to form the NBA , and won five championships in the NBA . Robert Horry and John Salley are the only players to have won championships with three different teams . Horry won seven championships : two with the Houston Rockets , three with the Los Angeles Lakers and another two with San Antonio Spurs . Salley 's four NBA titles came via two championships with the Detroit Pistons and one each with the Bulls and the Lakers . Horry is also the only non-Celtic to win more than 6 times . Frank Saul and Steve Kerr are the only players to win two championships with two different teams in consecutive seasons . Saul won consecutive championships with the Rochester Royals and the Minneapolis Lakers in the 1950s , and Kerr won consecutive championships with the Bulls and the Spurs in the 1990s . Both Saul and Kerr were NBA champions four years in a row , each having participated in three - peats , Saul with the Lakers and Kerr with the Bulls . Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References List ( edit ) Pos Guard Forward Center * Denotes players who have been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes players who are currently active in the NBA Rank Player Pos Seasons played Total won Championship teams Ref . Bill Russell * 13 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Sam Jones * 12 10 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Tom Heinsohn * F / C 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 ) K.C. Jones * 9 8 Boston Celtics ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) Tom `` Satch '' Sanders * 13 8 Boston Celtics ( 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) John Havlicek * F / G 16 8 Boston Celtics ( 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) 7 Jim Loscutoff 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Frank Ramsey * F / G 9 7 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) Robert Horry 16 7 Houston Rockets ( 1994 , 1995 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2005 , 2007 ) 10 Bob Cousy * 14 6 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( formerly Lew Alcindor ) 20 6 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1971 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Michael Jordan * 15 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Scottie Pippen * 17 6 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) 14 George Mikan * 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Jim Pollard * F / C 7 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Slater Martin * 11 5 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) St. Louis Hawks ( 1958 ) Larry Siegfried 9 5 Boston Celtics ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 ) Don Nelson * 14 5 Boston Celtics ( 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 ) Michael Cooper G / F 12 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson * 13 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Dennis Rodman * 14 5 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Ron Harper 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 ) Steve Kerr 15 5 Chicago Bulls ( 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 ) Kobe Bryant 20 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Derek Fisher 18 5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) Tim Duncan F / C 19 5 San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) 27 Vern Mikkelsen * F / C 10 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Frank Saul G / F 6 Rochester Royals ( 1951 ) Minneapolis Lakers ( 1952 , 1953 , 1954 ) Bill Sharman * 11 Boston Celtics ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 ) Jamaal Wilkes * G / F 12 Golden State Warriors ( 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 ) Kurt Rambis 14 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 ) Robert Parish * 21 Boston Celtics ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1997 ) Will Perdue 13 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 ) John Salley F / C 11 Detroit Pistons ( 1989 , 1990 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 ) Horace Grant F / C 17 Chicago Bulls ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 ) Shaquille O'Neal * 19 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) Miami Heat ( 2006 ) Manu Ginóbili 16 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) Tony Parker ^ 17 San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA champions List of NBA championship head coaches Notes ( edit ) Heinsohn won two additional championships in 1974 and 1976 as head coach of the Boston Celtics . Jones won four additional championships in 1972 as assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers , in 1981 as assistant coach of the Boston Celtics , and in 1984 and 1986 as head coach of the Celtics . Sanders was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a contributor . Loscutoff did not play in the 1960 Playoffs and Finals due to injury . Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar in 1971 . He also won two championships as an assistant coach with the Lakers in 2009 and 2010 . Nelson was inducted into the Hall of Fame as a coach . Kerr won additional championships in 2015 , 2017 and 2018 as head coach of the Golden State Warriors . Sharman won an additional championship in 1972 as head coach of the Los Angeles Lakers . Wilkes did not play in the 1985 playoffs due to injury , but remained on the roster until after the Finals . References ( edit ) General `` Most NBA Championships Won '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 Season Overview : Powerful Lakers Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Phil Jackson , lord of the rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ May , Peter ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Havlicek does n't have eight rings '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aron , Jaime ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Mavs against Cuban 's idea not to give title rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Debate Over Brady 's Place Among the Best Returns to the Shelf '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Russell Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Heinsohn NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` K.C. Jones NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Sanders NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Havlicek NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jim Loscutoff NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Ramsey NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Horry NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Cousy NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottie Pippen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horry adds to ring collection '' . NBC Sports . NBC Universal . June 24 , 2005 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Salley NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Jr. , David L. ( February 2007 ) . Basketball Championships ' Most Wanted . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 41 . ISBN 1 - 59797 - 014 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Pep Saul NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kerr NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bil Russell NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` George Mikan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Pollard NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slater Martin NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Siegfried NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Don Nelson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Cooper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Rodman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Harper NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Derek Fisher NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vern Mikkelsen NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Sharman NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaal Wilkes NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Rambis NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Parish NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Will Perdue NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horace Grant NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shaquille O'Neal NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginobili NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com LL . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony Parker NBA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Tom `` Satch '' Sanders `` . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Injury Hit Celtic Hopes '' . The Gettysburg Times . Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . January 12 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Jabbar ( Alcindor ) Is The Name '' . The Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . September 17 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Bonk , Thomas ( August 29 , 1985 ) , `` Wilkes Waived , Ending an 8 - Year Laker Career '' , Los Angeles Times Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_players_with_most_championships&oldid=856858443 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which nba players have won the most championships
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Territorial evolution of the United States
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Territorial evolution of the United States - wikipedia Territorial evolution of the United States The United States of America was created on July 4 , 1776 , with the declaration of independence of thirteen British colonies . Their independence was recognized by Great Britain with the Treaty of Paris of 1783 , following the American Revolutionary War . This effectively doubled the size of the colonies , now able to stretch west past the Proclamation Line to the Mississippi River . This land was organized into territories and then states , though there remained some conflict with the sea - to - sea grants claimed by some of the original colonies . In time , these grants were ceded to the federal government . The first great expansion of the country came with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 , which doubled the country 's territory , but brought it into minor conflict with the colonies of Spain which eventually resulted in the acquisition of Spanish Florida . The Oregon Country gave the United States access to the Pacific Ocean , though it was shared for a time with the United Kingdom . The annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845 led directly to the Mexican -- American War , after which the victorious United States obtained the northern half of Mexico 's territory , including what was quickly made the state of California . However , as the development of the country moved west , the question of slavery became too much to ignore , as there was a struggle to keep the number of northern abolitionist states equal to the number of southern slave states , with vigorous debate over whether the new territories would allow slavery and events such as the Missouri Compromise and Bleeding Kansas . This came to a head in 1860 and 1861 , when the governments of the southern states proclaimed their secession from the country and formed the Confederate States of America . The American Civil War led to the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 and the eventual readmission of the states to the United States Congress . The country 's expansion beyond North America began in 1856 with the passage of the Guano Islands Act , causing many small and uninhabited , but economically important , islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea to be claimed . Most of these claims were eventually abandoned due to competing claims from other countries or the guano having been mined out . The Pacific expansion culminated in the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its annexation in 1898 . Alaska , the last major acquisition in North America , was purchased from Russia in 1867 . Desires for expansion into Spanish territories like Cuba led to the Spanish -- American War in 1898 , in which the United States gained Guam , Puerto Rico , and the Philippines , and occupied Cuba for several years . American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War . The United States purchased the U.S. Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917 . Guam and Puerto Rico remain territories ; the Philippines became independent in 1946 , after being a major theater of World War II . Following the war , many islands were entrusted to the U.S. by the United Nations , and while the Northern Mariana Islands remain a U.S. territory , the Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , and Palau emerged from the trust territory as independent nations . The last major international change was the acquisition in 1904 , and return to Panama in 1979 , of the Panama Canal Zone , a region of American sovereignty to build and run the Panama Canal . The final cession of power over the region was made to Panama in 1999 . Regarding internal borders , while territories could shift wildly in size , once established states have generally retained their initial borders . Only four states -- Maine , Kentucky , Vermont , and West Virginia -- have been created from land claimed by another state ; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions . Four states -- Louisiana , Missouri , Nevada , and Pennsylvania -- have expanded significantly by acquiring additional federal territory after their initial admission to the Union . The last state of the contiguous United States , commonly called the `` lower 48 , '' was admitted in 1912 ; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959 . Contents 1 Table of changes 1.1 1776 -- 1784 ( American Revolutionary War ) 1.2 1784 -- 1803 ( Organization of territory ) 1.3 1803 -- 1818 ( Purchase of Louisiana ) 1.4 1819 -- 1845 ( Northwest expansion ) 1.5 1845 -- 1860 ( Southwest expansion ) 1.6 1860 -- 1865 ( American Civil War ) 1.7 1866 -- 1897 ( Reconstruction and western statehood ) 1.8 1898 -- 1945 ( Pacific and Caribbean expansion ) 1.9 1946 -- Present ( Decolonization ) 2 Bancos along the Rio Grande 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Table of changes ( edit ) Key to map colors United States states ( domestic maps ) , undisputed area of United States ( dispute maps ) United States territories ( domestic maps ) disputed area of United States area changed by event 1776 -- 1784 ( American Revolutionary War ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map July 4 , 1776 Thirteen colonies of the Kingdom of Great Britain in North America collectively declared their independence as the United States of America , though several colonies had already individually declared independence : The Colony of Connecticut , becoming the State of Connecticut The Counties of New Castle , Kent , and Sussex , upon Delaware , commonly known as the Lower Counties of Delaware , which was Delaware Colony before their declaration of independence on June 15 , 1776 The Province of Georgia , becoming the State of Georgia The Province of Maryland , becoming the State of Maryland The Province of Massachusetts Bay , becoming the State of Massachusetts Bay The State of New Hampshire , which was the Province of New Hampshire before their declaration of independence on June 15 , 1776 The Province of New Jersey , becoming the State of New Jersey The Province of New York , becoming the State of New York The Province of North Carolina , becoming the State of North Carolina ; some believe the colony declared independence on May 20 , 1775 , but this is disputed The Province of Pennsylvania , becoming the State of Pennsylvania The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , commonly known as Rhode Island , which was the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations before declaring independence on May 4 , 1776 The Province of South Carolina , becoming the State of South Carolina The Colony of Virginia , becoming the Commonwealth of Virginia The capital was not specifically established ; at the time , the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia . Many states had vaguely defined and surveyed borders ; these are not noted as contested in the maps unless there was an active dispute . The borders of North Carolina were particularly poorly surveyed , its border with South Carolina having been done in several pieces , none of which truly matched the spirit of the charter , and its border with Virginia was only surveyed roughly halfway inland from the sea . Several northeastern states had overlapping claims : Connecticut , Massachusetts , and New York all claimed land west of their borders , overlapping with each other and with a sizable claim by Virginia . Of the three , only Connecticut seriously pursued its claims , while Virginia is considered to have had the most legitimate claim to the vast northwest , dividing it into counties and maintaining some limited control . The entirety of the new United States was claimed by Great Britain . Of particular note are Machias Seal Island and North Rock , two small islands off the northeast coast which remain disputed up to the present . Disputes : September 20 , 1776 The Counties of New Castle , Kent , and Sussex , upon Delaware enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Delaware State . September 28 , 1776 The State of Pennsylvania enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . no change to map December 20 , 1776 To avoid British forces who were advancing on Philadelphia , the Continental Congress began meeting in Baltimore . January 15 , 1777 The northeastern region of New York , known as the New Hampshire Grants , declared independence as New Connecticut . Disputes : March 4 , 1777 The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia after the threat to it by British forces was ended . June 4 , 1777 New Connecticut was renamed Vermont . Disputes : September 27 , 1777 The Continental Congress fled Philadelphia after the American defeat at the Battle of Brandywine , and briefly met in Lancaster , Pennsylvania September 30 , 1777 The Continental Congress continued to move away from Philadelphia , settling in York , Pennsylvania . July 2 , 1779 The Continental Congress returned to Philadelphia following British withdrawal . August 31 , 1779 Virginia surrendered its claim to southwest Pennsylvania when the two states agreed to extend the Mason -- Dixon line westward to five degrees west of the Delaware River , with the border turning north from there . March 1780 North Carolina and Virginia surveyed their border further inland . Virginia 's survey reached to the Tennessee River , but North Carolina 's only went as far as the Cumberland Gap , and as the two surveys were roughly two miles apart , this created a thin area claimed by both states . Since the dispute only technically went as far west as the Cumberland Gap , beyond that point North Carolina 's line is faded to show that it was more an assumption , and beyond the Tennessee River both lines are faded . While the border was intended to follow parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north , early surveying errors caused it to veer north of that , reaching a distance of seventeen miles off by the time it reached the Tennessee River . October 25 , 1780 The State of Massachusetts Bay enacted a constitution , renaming itself the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . March 1 , 1781 The Articles of Confederation entered into force . no change to map April 4 , 1781 Vermont claimed what was called the `` East Union , '' consisting of some towns in New Hampshire that wished to join with Vermont due to a concern that their state was focusing too much on its coastal region . Vermont never gained full control over the area . The specific extent of the towns annexed is unknown , as township borders were often delineated only when a dispute arose ; the map uses the maximal interpretation . Disputes : June 16 , 1781 Vermont claimed what was called the `` West Union , '' consisting of some towns in New York , mainly to counterbalance Vermont 's attempt at eastward expansion . Vermont never gained full control over the area . ( The specific date this occurred is unclear ; sources suggest June 16 , June 26 , and July 18 ) . Disputes : February 22 , 1782 Vermont abandoned its attempts to annex the East Union from New Hampshire and the West Union from New York . Disputes : October 29 , 1782 The federal government accepted the cession from New York of its western claims , which the state ceded on February 17 , 1780 . At its maximum interpretation , New York claimed an area bordered by Lake Erie , Lake Huron and Lake Michigan ; to the Illinois , Mississippi , and Tennessee Rivers ; and north along the Appalachian Mountains , ending at the border with Pennsylvania . It is unclear from where this claim came ; many sources state that New York had surrendered it , but very few elaborate on how it was obtained . One source states that it was a cession by the Six Nations , who had conquered much of the region . However , New York never seriously enforced these claims . The cession included the western tip of New York , the Erie Triangle , formed by moving the western border of New York to a line 20 miles east of Presque Isle on Lake Erie . December 30 , 1782 The Congress of the Confederation declared that the land that Connecticut claimed in northern Pennsylvania was part of Pennsylvania , thus attempting to end the Pennamite -- Yankee War . The claim was an extension of Connecticut 's northernmost and southernmost borders westward , skipping New Jersey and New York , though as Connecticut 's northern border was a few miles north of Pennsylvania 's northern border , a small sliver of New York was also claimed . While conflict would continue for some time , this was the end of the formal claim by Connecticut . June 30 , 1783 The Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , and the Pennsylvania government reaction to it , caused the Congress of the Confederation to leave Philadelphia for Princeton . November 26 , 1783 The Congress of the Confederation reconvened in Annapolis . March 1 , 1784 Virginia ceded its claims northwest of the Ohio River to the federal government . Connecticut continued to claim its western lands that had overlapped Virginia 's cession . May 12 , 1784 Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States , ending its claim to the country . The treaty ended the American Revolutionary War , though military action had largely ended after the Franco - American victory at Yorktown on October 19 , 1781 . Because of ambiguities and poor knowledge of geography , the treaty was unclear in several areas . The northeastern border was defined as running from the headlands of the St. Croix River , but there were several options for that . The northwestern border was defined as a line running west from the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods to the Mississippi River , but the river 's source was south of that ; maps universally show the line as running directly from the Lake of the Woods to the river 's source , Lake Itasca . Machias Seal Island and North Rock remained disputed , as did Sugar Island off the Upper Peninsula of Michigan . The Peace of Paris also involved treaties with France and Spain , with Great Britain ceding the Floridas to Spain . During their ownership of West Florida , the British had moved its border north , and the cession to Spain appeared to apply to the full extent of the British colony . However , the British - American treaty granted the extension of West Florida to the United States , where it enlarged Georgia south to the 31st parallel north , indicating that only the original definition of West Florida was to be ceded to Spain . The local Spanish governors also made a move to occupy forts along the Mississippi River , with claims to everything south of the Tennessee River ; it is unknown how official or strong these claims were , and they are not mapped as they are in conflict with the other Spanish claim involving the border of West Florida . Disputes : 1784 -- 1803 ( Organization of territory ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map August 23 , 1784 A region in central North Carolina , unhappy with the state 's governance over the area , declared independence from the state as the State of Frankland . The government of Frankland held some control over the area , and petitioned for statehood , receiving support from seven of the nine states required , but would only last a few years . Unofficial change : November 1 , 1784 The Congress of the Confederation moved for a short time to Trenton . January 11 , 1785 The Congress of the Confederation moved to New York , and would settle there for five years . April 19 , 1785 The federal government accepted the cession from Massachusetts of its extreme western claim , which consisted of a strip of land west of Lake Huron and the Detroit River , bounded on the north by a line extending west from roughly halfway north through New Hampshire , and on the south by a line extending from the southern border of Massachusetts ' western half . The claim was never seriously enforced . Change on paper only : June 1785 The State of Frankland was renamed the State of Franklin , to encourage Benjamin Franklin to endorse the state , though he declined . Unofficial change : September 13 , 1786 Connecticut surrendered its western claim to the federal government except for its Western Reserve , though it is unclear how much control they held over the ceded region ; like the claim to Pennsylvania , this was a western extension of Connecticut 's northernmost and southernmost points . Change on paper only : December 16 , 1786 Massachusetts surrendered its claim to western New York , though it is unclear if Massachusetts ever held control over the region , as the claim was to the `` soil , not the sovereignty '' . This land , which was the area west of a north - south line 82 miles west of where the Delaware River entered New York , was later known as the Phelps and Gorham Purchase . It is likely that Massachusetts also claimed the Erie Triangle , but since this treaty was directly with New York , and New York had already ceded it to the federal government , it is not marked as being ceded by Massachusetts on the map . Change on paper only : July 13 , 1787 The Territory Northwest of the Ohio River , ceded earlier by Virginia , was organized and commonly became known as the Northwest Territory . August 9 , 1787 South Carolina ceded its western claim to the federal government , though it was a result of inaccurate geography and South Carolina never actually held claim to this land . The claim was of a strip of land between the border of North Carolina and the source of the Savannah River but , unknown at the time , the river originated in North Carolina . The eastern part of this cession would be given to Georgia in 1802 , despite Georgia technically already having claim to the land . Change on paper only : December 7 , 1787 Delaware became the first state to ratify the United States Constitution . no change to map December 12 , 1787 Pennsylvania became the second state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map December 18 , 1787 New Jersey became the third state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map January 2 , 1788 Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map January 6 , 1788 Connecticut became the fifth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map February 6 , 1788 Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map April 28 , 1788 Maryland became the seventh state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map May 23 , 1788 South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map June 21 , 1788 New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution ; at this point , the Constitution became the active governing document of the country . no change to map June 25 , 1788 Virginia became the tenth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map July 26 , 1788 New York became the eleventh state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map February 1789 John Sevier , governor of the State of Franklin , pledged allegiance to North Carolina , effectively ending the claimed independence of Franklin . Unofficial change : August 7 , 1789 The Northwest Territory was reorganized under the Constitution . no change to map November 21 , 1789 North Carolina became the twelfth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map April 2 , 1790 North Carolina ceded its western half to the federal government . May 26 , 1790 The land recently ceded by North Carolina was organized as the Territory South of the River Ohio , commonly known as the Southwest Territory . May 29 , 1790 Rhode Island became the thirteenth state to ratify the Constitution . no change to map December 6 , 1790 Per the Residence Act , the Congress of the United States relocated to Philadelphia for ten years until a federal district was built and ready . March 4 , 1791 Vermont , which had been considered part of New York despite acting independently since 1777 , was admitted as the fourteenth state . Disputes : March 30 , 1791 The District of Columbia , a federal district planned to house the federal government by 1800 , was formed from land ceded by Maryland and Virginia , consisting of a 100 square mile diamond straddling the Potomac River . However , it was not yet given that name , being simply referred to as the federal district . In September 1791 , the commissioners in charge of planning the city would term it the `` Territory of Columbia '' , and various laws refer to a District of Columbia , but sometimes informally . The area does not appear to have been formally named `` District of Columbia '' until at least the organic act of 1871 . Since the name `` Columbia '' was used from very early on , and at least informally by the government , the map will use `` District of Columbia '' starting from this date . March 3 , 1792 Pennsylvania purchased the Erie Triangle from the federal government . June 1 , 1792 The western half of Virginia , which the state had agreed in 1789 to cede to the federal government , was admitted as the fifteenth state , Kentucky . June 12 , 1792 The Delaware State enacted a new constitution , renaming itself the State of Delaware . no change to map February 29 , 1796 Great Britain agreed to abandon several forts in the northwest that it still occupied , including Detroit . The treaty also provided for commissions to determine the border between the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods and the source of the Mississippi River , and which river to consider the St. Croix River . no change to map April 25 , 1796 The northern half of West Florida was ceded by Spain , resolving the dispute over the region . Disputes : June 1 , 1796 The Southwest Territory was admitted as the sixteenth state , Tennessee . April 7 , 1798 Due to the Yazoo Land Fraud , an act authorized President John Adams to appoint commissioners to negotiate with Georgia about ceding its western land . The act created Mississippi Territory from the southwestern quarter of Georgia in the region recently ceded by West Florida , while maintaining that Georgia still held rights over the territory . June 9 , 1800 Connecticut ceded its Western Reserve to the federal government , which assigned it to the Northwest Territory . The act doing so was passed in Congress on April 28 , 1800 , and Connecticut approved it on this date . July 4 , 1800 Indiana Territory was organized from the Northwest Territory , west of a line from the mouth of the Kentucky River to Fort Recovery , and a line north from there . November 17 , 1800 The Congress of the United States moved to Washington in the District of Columbia , now built and ready to be the capital . This was two weeks before the December 1 date established in the Residence Act ; President John Adams urged Congress to move early in hopes of securing enough Southern votes to be re-elected , though this failed . January 1 , 1801 The Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland , renaming itself the United Kingdom . February 27 , 1801 The District of Columbia was organized . no change to map April 26 , 1802 Georgia ceded its western half , known as the Yazoo Lands , to the federal government ; this region was west of the Chattahoochie River up to its great bend ( near West Point ) , then a line from there towards and past Nickajack . At the same time , the federal government ceded to Georgia the eastern portion of the land previously ceded by South Carolina , though in reality Georgia technically already held title to the land , as the description of the earlier cession was based on an erroneous understanding of geography . March 1 , 1803 The southern half of the Northwest Territory , along with a thin sliver of Indiana Territory , was admitted as the seventeenth state , Ohio . The remainder of the Northwest Territory was transferred to Indiana Territory . The western border was a line due north from the mouth of the Great Miami River to a point east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan . The federal description then said it should go east from there , whereas the Ohio Constitution stated it should intersect with the most northerly cape of Maumee Bay , essentially the western tip of Lake Erie . The confusion caused by these varying descriptions of the state 's borders , combined with inaccurate knowledge of geography , as no one at the time knew just how far south Lake Michigan extended , would lead to the conflict over the Toledo Strip . November 3 , 1803 The border between Tennessee and Virginia was resurveyed and established , ending the dispute over that part of the border . The border between Kentucky and Tennessee , despite following the original survey , remained vaguely defined . 1803 -- 1818 ( Purchase of Louisiana ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map December 20 , 1803 The United States purchased Louisiana from France . This is the date of the formal turnover in New Orleans ; the purchase was completed on April 30 , 1803 . The transfer would be recognized in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana on March 10 , 1804 , known as Three Flags Day . The extent of what constituted Louisiana was disputed with Spain : the United States claimed the purchase included the part of West Florida west of the Perdido River , and the southwestern border with New Spain was disputed , as the United States claimed the Sabine River as the border , but Spain maintained it was the Calcasieu River and others . Disputes : 1804 The `` Southwick Jog '' was transferred from Connecticut to Massachusetts , to put to rest long - standing disagreements over the border between the two states . March 27 , 1804 The land between Tennessee and Mississippi Territory previously ceded by Georgia was assigned to Mississippi Territory . October 1 , 1804 Orleans Territory was organized from the Louisiana Purchase south of the 33rd parallel north , with the remainder being designated the District of Louisiana and placed under the jurisdiction of Indiana Territory . June 30 , 1805 Michigan Territory was organized from Indiana Territory , defined as north of a line east from the southern tip of Lake Michigan , and east of a line north from the lake 's northern tip . The southeastern portion of the border technically conflicted with the definition of Ohio , which claimed the Toledo Strip north of that line ; however , the exact position of Lake Michigan was not yet known . July 4 , 1805 The District of Louisiana was organized as Louisiana Territory . March 1 , 1809 Illinois Territory was organized from Indiana Territory , west of the Wabash River and a line north from Post Vincennes . September 26 , 1810 The Republic of West Florida declared independence from Spain . It maintained some control over its territory . Disputes : December 10 , 1810 Armed forces led by William C.C. Claiborne took possession of the portion of West Florida west of the Pearl River , following a proclamation on October 27 , 1810 , by President James Madison to do so . The United States had considered the region part of the Louisiana Purchase , including the area which had revolted against Spanish Florida and formed the Republic of West Florida . Madison 's proclamation stated that it was to be `` taken as part '' of Orleans Territory . The land west of Mobile Bay to the Pearl River was occupied and annexed de facto by the military in 1811 . Disputes : April 30 , 1812 Most of Orleans Territory was admitted as the eighteenth state , Louisiana . It was defined as the portion of the territory east of a line north from where the Sabine River crosses the 32nd parallel north , and west of the Mississippi and Iberville Rivers . The remainder presumably became unorganized territory , as it had no definition for a while . May 14 , 1812 The claimed portion of West Florida east of the Pearl River was assigned to Mississippi Territory , though the area around Mobile Bay remained under the control of Spanish Florida . The United States militarily occupied Mobile and the surrounding area up to the Perdido River in April 1813 . June 4 , 1812 Since its name was now shared with the state of Louisiana , Louisiana Territory was renamed Missouri Territory . August 4 , 1812 The remaining claimed portion of West Florida was added to Louisiana , following the assent of that state to an act passed by Congress on April 14 , 1812 . August 16 , 1812 During the War of 1812 , the garrison at Fort Detroit surrendered , leading the United Kingdom to occupy Detroit , the capital and population center of Michigan Territory . Disputes : September 29 , 1813 Fort Detroit was recaptured by American forces following the Battle of Lake Erie , regaining control over Michigan Territory . Disputes : August 24 , 1814 British forces capture and burn Washington , but are forced to withdraw the next day . The functions of the capital were only momentarily suspended , though President James Madison took refuge in Brookville , Maryland . no change to map December 11 , 1816 The southern part of Indiana Territory , along with small parts of Illinois Territory and Michigan Territory , were admitted as the nineteenth state , Indiana . The state was defined as the territory north of the Ohio River and east of the Wabash River , but while the territory 's line turned north at Post Vincennes , the state 's border continued up the Wabash until it reached the point where a line drawn north from Post Vincennes would last intersect the river as it weaved back and forth . The northern border of the state was a line east from 10 miles north of the southern tip of Lake Michigan , until it reached the meridian that formed Ohio 's western border . Thus , a very small portion of Indiana Territory was transferred to Illinois Territory around the Wabash , Indiana took its northern slice from Michigan Territory , and the remainder of Indiana Territory across Lake Michigan became unorganized territory . March 3 , 1817 Alabama Territory was organized from the eastern half of Mississippi Territory . Its western border was , from the north : the Tennessee River to Bear Creek ( around today 's Pickwick Lake ) ; a line from there to the northwestern corner of Washington County , Mississippi Territory ; and a line south from there . December 10 , 1817 Mississippi Territory was admitted as the twentieth state , Mississippi . February 6 , 1818 Alabama Territory created Tuskaloosa County with a description that inadvertently overlapped with Mississippi . It described the border of the county as running `` a due west course to , the Tombeckbe river ; thence up the same to the Cotton Gin Port '' . Unknown at the time , the origin of the Tombigbee River and Cotton Gin Port were in Mississippi . Change on paper only : June 30 , 1818 Per the terms of the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of 1812 , the United Kingdom returned Moose Island to Massachusetts , and the United States returned Campobello Island , Deer Island , and Grand Manan Island to the United Kingdom , all of which were captured from the other side during the war . no change to map December 3 , 1818 The half of Illinois Territory south of the parallel 42 ° 30 ′ north was admitted as the twenty - first state , Illinois . The remainder of the territory , along with the unorganized territory that was recently part of Indiana Territory , was assigned to Michigan Territory . 1819 -- 1845 ( northwest expansion ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map January 30 , 1819 The Treaty of 1818 went into effect , setting the 49th parallel north as the border with the United Kingdom west of the Lake of the Woods , and also establishing the Oregon Country as a shared region with the United Kingdom . Oregon Country had no defined northern limit , but it can be assumed that it did not encroach much upon Russian - held lands ; this map uses the later - established line at the parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north for simplicity . Northwestern North America : July 4 , 1819 Arkansaw Territory was organized from Missouri Territory south of the parallel 36 ° 30 ′ north . December 14 , 1819 Alabama Territory was admitted as the twenty - second state , Alabama . The statehood act provided for a survey of the southern part of the border with Mississippi for correction if it was discovered to encroach upon Mississippi 's defined borders ; it was later discovered to do so . March 15 , 1820 As part of the Missouri Compromise , the District of Maine , the northern and separate part of Massachusetts , was admitted as the twenty - third state , Maine . April 21 , 1820 This is the earliest known date of the name `` Arkansas Territory '' being officially used instead of `` Arkansaw Territory '' . May 12 , 1820 The border between Kentucky and Tennessee was established . To make up for the fact that the border between the Cumberland Gap and the Tennessee River veered north as much as 17 miles from 36 ° 30 ′ north , a new survey was conducted starting at that point on the Mississippi River and moving east to the Tennessee River , hence granting Kentucky an addition in its southwest . July 19 , 1820 The overlap of the longitudinal southern border between Alabama and Mississippi was resolved , as per the act admitting Alabama as a state , because the provisional border encroached on Mississippi . As the result of a survey , the southern border terminus was moved about 3.8 miles to the east , which changed the border up to the then - northwest corner of Alabama 's Washington County . The date when this happened is unclear ; the sources available give either an unpublished report dated May 29 , 1820 , or the completion of the demarcation of the new line on July 19 , 1820 . Change on paper only : December 19 , 1820 Alabama redefined some county borders , ending its erroneous overlap of Mississippi created on February 6 , 1818 . Change on paper only : February 22 , 1821 The Adams -- Onís Treaty with Spain took effect . The many changes included : The border with the holdings of Spain was concretely defined ; previously , it had been the watershed of the Mississippi River and , for Oregon Country , the Columbia River , whereas now it followed specific rivers and parallels . The new border was defined as , starting in the south : The Sabine River to the 32nd parallel north , then north to the Red River of the South , following that to the 100th meridian west , then north to the Arkansas River to its source , then north from there to the 42nd parallel north and west to the ocean . The new border placed the `` Neutral Ground '' in Louisiana . Florida was ceded to the United States , although the formal transfer would not happen until July . Arkansas Territory had created Miller County south of the Red River , and this area was now on the Spanish side of the border . However , as this was a change made solely by the territory , and not by the federal government , in this map it is considered a domestic dispute . With Spanish West Florida being ceded , the dispute between it and Alabama , Louisiana , and Mississippi was resolved . Disputes : July 10 , 1821 East Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain . July 17 , 1821 West Florida was formally transferred to the United States by Spain . August 10 , 1821 The southeastern corner of Missouri Territory was admitted as the twenty - fourth state , Missouri , the rest becoming unorganized territory . It was defined as the area south of a line west from the Des Moines Rapids , and east of a line south from the mouth of the Kansas River . March 30 , 1822 The former East Florida and West Florida were organized as Florida Territory . May 26 , 1824 The western half of Arkansas Territory , bordered by a line south from a point 40 miles west of Missouri 's western border , was returned to unorganized territory . January 12 , 1825 A treaty with the Russian Empire established the parallel 54 ° 40 ′ north as the northern border of Oregon Country for American purposes ; a separate treaty created the same border between Russia and the United Kingdom . As this was likely the de facto border anyway , the region is already mapped with this line . no change to map May 6 , 1828 A treaty with the Cherokee moved the western border of Arkansas Territory , returning part of it to unorganized territory . The new border was defined as starting from where the land of the Eastern Choctaw met the Red River of the South , then north from there to the mouth of the Arkansas River , and from there to the southwestern corner of Missouri . July 1 , 1829 The border between Maine and New Hampshire was surveyed . The report was submitted by the surveyors on November 13 , 1828 , was approved by Maine on February 28 , 1829 , and approved by New Hampshire on this date . survey caused no appreciable changes January 20 , 1831 King William I of the Netherlands , having been asked per the Treaty of Ghent to arbitrate the disputed border between Maine and the United Kingdom , rendered his decision : Since reconciling the treaty with the maps given was too difficult , he drew a compromise line . The British government accepted it , but Maine protested , and on January 19 , 1832 , the American government rejected it . no change to map July 9 , 1832 The northernmost region of New Hampshire , which was disputed with the United Kingdom , declared independence as the Republic of Indian Stream . While tiny , it does appear to have maintained some control over its territory . Disputes : June 28 , 1834 Michigan Territory gained a large parcel of land from unorganized territory on its west , extending to the Missouri River . August 5 , 1835 The Republic of Indian Stream recognized the jurisdiction of New Hampshire , thus ending its claimed independence . The date given is of a communication sent to British authorities ; other sources note a resolution passed by the citizens of Indian Stream on April 2 , 1836 . Disputes : June 15 , 1836 Arkansas Territory was admitted as the twenty - fifth state , Arkansas . July 3 , 1836 Wisconsin Territory was organized from the western bulk of Michigan Territory . The two large peninsulas between the Great Lakes remained in Michigan Territory ; the upper peninsula was included in exchange for the territory abandoning its claim to the Toledo Strip . The territory initially rejected this plan , but would accept it on December 14 . December 14 , 1836 Michigan Territory agreed to abandon its claim to the Toledo Strip , ending its dispute with Ohio . January 26 , 1837 Michigan Territory was admitted as the twenty - sixth state , Michigan . March 28 , 1837 The Platte Purchase transferred some land from unorganized territory to northwest Missouri , extending its northern border west to the Missouri River . July 3 , 1838 Iowa Territory was organized from Wisconsin Territory west of the Mississippi River . February 11 , 1839 Missouri claimed an area north of its border in Iowa Territory , initiating the long dispute known as the Honey War . May 21 , 1840 Proper surveying was conducted along the border between Arkansas and Texas , and the area claimed by Arkansas for Miller County was held not to belong to Arkansas . November 10 , 1842 The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty defined the border with the United Kingdom east of the Rocky Mountains . One source also mentions it very slightly altering the maritime boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin Territory . The treaty resolved the disputes over the northern borders of Maine , Michigan , New Hampshire , and Wisconsin Territory . The border between New York and Vermont on the one side , and the United Kingdom on the other , was clarified by the treaty . In 1816 , construction began on an unnamed fort nicknamed `` Fort Blunder '' on a peninsula in Lake Champlain that , while south of the surveyed border , was discovered to be north of the 45th parallel north , which was the border set by the Treaty of Paris and thus in British territory . Consequently , construction on the fort was abandoned . The Webster -- Ashburton Treaty specified that section of the border was to follow the surveyed line , rather than the exact parallel , thus moving the fort 's area into the United States , and a new fort , Fort Montgomery , would be built on the spot in 1844 . As the earlier line was surveyed , even though it did not match the definition , it was deemed to be the legitimate border . Disputes : July 5 , 1843 Local settlers created a provisional government for Oregon Country . While not official , it did maintain some jurisdiction over the area . Unofficial change : Northwestern North America : March 3 , 1845 Florida Territory was admitted as the twenty - seventh state , Florida . 1845 -- 1860 ( southwest expansion ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map December 29 , 1845 The Republic of Texas was annexed and admitted as the twenty - eighth state , Texas . Texas brought with it a substantial territorial dispute with Mexico . While many sources state that Mexico recognized the independence of the eastern portion of Texas , the treaties were rejected by the Mexican government . Texas formally handed over sovereignty to the United States in a ceremony on February 19 , 1846 . The annexation led to the beginning of the Mexican -- American War a few months later . Disputes : June 15 , 1846 The Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel north west of the Lake of the Woods as the continental border ( so it did not include Vancouver Island ) with land held by the United Kingdom . The sharing of Oregon Country ended , and the United States portion became unorganized territory . The treaty was vague on which strait should be the border between Vancouver Island and the continent , thus causing a dispute over ownership of the San Juan Islands . It specified `` through the middle of the said channel and of Fuca Straits , to the Pacific Ocean '' . Northwestern North America : Disputes : September 22 , 1846 Following the capture on August 18 , 1846 , of Santa Fe , the capital of the Mexican territory of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , a code of laws known as the Kearny Code was created for the area . The region overlapped with Texas ' claim , though Texas had little to no control over the area outside of its eastern quarter . Unofficial change : December 28 , 1846 The southern portion of Iowa Territory , south of parallel 43 ° 30 ′ north and east of the Big Sioux River , was admitted as the twenty - ninth state , Iowa . The remainder became unorganized territory . March 13 , 1847 The District of Columbia retroceded Alexandria County back to Virginia . Congress passed the act on July 9 , 1846 , residents of Alexandria County were proclaimed by the president to have agreed to it on September 7 , 1846 , and Virginia took possession of the land on this date . June 28 , 1847 The survey of the eastern border with the United Kingdom , defined in 1842 by the Webster -- Ashburton Treaty , was completed . no change to map May 29 , 1848 The southern bulk of Wisconsin Territory , mainly east of the St. Croix River , was admitted as the thirtieth state , Wisconsin . The remainder became unorganized territory . However , the citizens of the remainder decided to continue on with a civil government , and even elected a delegate to the United States House of Representatives who would be seated on January 15 , 1849 , essentially making this region a de facto continuation of Wisconsin Territory . July 4 , 1848 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican -- American War and ceded a large parcel of land from Mexico , consisting of its territories of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México , and its claim to Texas . Due to a disagreement over the southern border of Santa Fe de Nuevo México , a border dispute began . Disputes : August 14 , 1848 Oregon Territory was organized from the unorganized territory that was formerly part of Oregon Country . February 13 , 1849 The boundary dispute between Iowa and Missouri known as the Honey War was resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States . The resulting border was the Sullivan Line that existed before the dispute , roughly splitting the two claims . March 3 , 1849 Minnesota Territory was organized from unorganized territory east of the Missouri River and the region that had been operating as de facto Wisconsin Territory . March 12 , 1849 A local government formed the State of Deseret and claimed a vast portion of the southwest , including most of the Mexican Cession . Though it petitioned to be admitted to the United States , the proposal was rejected and , in 1850 , Utah Territory was formed instead . The claimed area overlapped slightly with Texas ' claimed area , as well as part of Oregon Territory . Unofficial change : September 9 , 1850 The western portion of the Mexican Cession , west of the 120th meridian west , a diagonal line from where that intersects the 39th parallel north to where the Colorado River intersects the 35th parallel north , and the Colorado River , was admitted as the thirty - first state , California . The portion of the remainder north of the 37th parallel north and west of the summit of the Rocky Mountains was organized as Utah Territory . Part of Utah Territory overlapped with the portion of Texas that would be purchased on December 13 , 1850 , but the law authorizing the purchase was passed on this day , so the borders of Utah Territory assumed the purchase will go through . December 9 , 1850 The United Kingdom ceded less than one acre of underwater rock known as Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie near Buffalo , New York for a lighthouse . It was surrounded by British waters , thus creating a form of enclave . December 13 , 1850 The federal government purchased the western claims of Texas . New Mexico Territory was organized from the part of this land east of the Rio Grande , along with the remaining unorganized territory from the Mexican Cession . New Mexico Territory included all of the area that had been governed under the Kearny Code . April 5 , 1851 The State of Deseret dissolved itself , its functions and territory largely having been superseded by Utah Territory . Unofficial change : March 2 , 1853 Washington Territory was organized from the half of Oregon Territory north of the 46th parallel north and the Columbia River . May 30 , 1854 Kansas Territory was organized from unorganized territory north of the 37th parallel north , and Nebraska Territory was organized north of 40th parallel north . Much of the remaining unorganized territory , east of the 100th meridian west , became known as Indian Territory , designated as a place to resettle Indian tribes . A small strip between the Texas Panhandle and Kansas Territory was unclaimed , due to falling south of Kansas Territory 's border but north of the 36 ° 30 ′ latitude established in the Missouri Compromise as the northern limit of slavery , and thus Texas could not have it . This became known as the Public Land Strip , or sometimes `` No Man 's Land '' . June 30 , 1854 The United States purchased a large parcel from Mexico known as the Gadsden Purchase , as it offered a much better route for a southern transcontinental railroad . This resolved the border dispute , since the disputed land was included in the purchase . The purchase was defined as : starting from where the Rio Grande crosses parallel 31 ° 47 ' north ; then west 100 miles ; then south to parallel 31 ° 20 ' north ; then west to the 111th meridian west ; then a line from there to a point on the Colorado River 20 miles below the mouth of the Gila River ; and the Colorado River . Disputes : August 4 , 1854 The recently obtained Gadsden Purchase was assigned to New Mexico Territory . January 11 , 1855 Due to its remote location , Boston Corner was transferred from Massachusetts to New York . March 6 , 1855 The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Florida in a boundary dispute with Georgia , setting the state boundary line along McNeil 's line . no change to map August 1 , 1856 The United States and Mexican Boundary Survey , begun in 1848 to survey the border gained from the Mexican Cession and later the Gadsden Purchase , was completed and submitted to the U.S. Congress . no change to map October 28 , 1856 Baker Island and Jarvis Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : May 11 , 1858 The half of Minnesota Territory east of the Red River of the North , the Bois de Sioux River , and a line south from the southern tip of Big Stone Lake , was admitted as the thirty - second state , Minnesota . The remainder became unorganized territory . August 31 , 1858 Navassa Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : December 3 , 1858 Howland Island was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : February 14 , 1859 The half of Oregon Territory west of the Snake River and a line south from the mouth of the Owyhee River was admitted as the thirty - third state , Oregon . The remainder was transferred to Washington Territory . July 6 , 1859 A team of surveyors created the `` Middleton Offset , '' a small notch in the border between Kentucky and Tennessee . It is unknown exactly why this was done . September 6 , 1859 Johnston Atoll was claimed under the Guano Islands Act , though it had been claimed by Hawaii in 1858 . Pacific Ocean : November 7 , 1859 A local government was set up encompassing parts of the territories of Kansas , Nebraska , New Mexico , Utah , and Washington , with the name of Jefferson Territory , bounded by the 37th and 43rd parallels north , and 102nd and 110th meridians west . While never recognized by the federal government , it generally held control over the area until Colorado Territory was established , which adopted most of its laws . Unofficial change : December 27 , 1859 Enderbury Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , and Starbuck Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : December 29 , 1859 Christmas Island and Malden Island were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Pacific Ocean : February 8 , 1860 Texas created Greer County , claiming part of Indian Territory based on a different understanding from the federal government of which river was the border between the two . Atafu , Birnie Island , Butaritari , Caroline Island , Fanning Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Canton Island , Kingman Reef , Manihiki , Marakei , Nukunono , Palmyra Atoll , Penrhyn , Pukapuka , Rakahanga , Swains Island , Sydney Island , Vostok Island , and Washington Island were all claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Many additional islands were listed as bonded on this date , but based on the coordinates they were either phantoms or duplicates . In addition , Sarah Ann Island was claimed , which may have existed and would be sighted as late as 1917 , but has since disappeared . Pacific Ocean : 1860 -- 1865 ( American Civil War ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map December 20 , 1860 In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln , South Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from the Congress of the United States . Disputes : January 9 , 1861 Mississippi proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 10 , 1861 Florida proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 11 , 1861 Alabama proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 19 , 1861 Georgia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : January 26 , 1861 Louisiana proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 1st and 2nd congressional districts , around New Orleans , maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : January 29 , 1861 The bulk of Kansas Territory , east of the 25th meridian west from Washington , was admitted as the thirty - fourth state , Kansas . The remainder became unorganized territory . February 8 , 1861 The Confederate States of America was formed by representatives of the seceded states of Alabama , Georgia , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi , and South Carolina . Disputes : February 28 , 1861 Colorado Territory was organized from portions of Nebraska Territory , New Mexico Territory , and Utah Territory , along with unorganized territory . It was bounded by the 32nd and 37th parallels north , and the 25th and 32nd meridians west from Washington . March 2 , 1861 Texas proclaimed its secession from the Union and was admitted to the Confederate States , withdrawing from Congress . Dakota Territory was organized from Nebraska Territory and unorganized territory north of the Missouri , Keya Paha , and Niobrara Rivers , and 43rd parallel north . Nebraska Territory 's western border was extended to the 104th meridian west , gaining small portions of Utah Territory and Washington Territory . Nevada Territory was organized from Utah Territory west of the 39th meridian west from Washington . Disputes : March 28 , 1861 Representatives in the southern half of New Mexico Territory proclaimed an independent Arizona Territory south of the 34th parallel north . Disputes : April 12 , 1861 The Battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina begins the American Civil War . Disputes : April 17 , 1861 Following the Battle of Fort Sumter and President Abraham Lincoln 's call for troops to respond , Virginia proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 1st ( along the Eastern Shore ) , 7th ( near Washington , D.C. ) , and 10th , 11th , and 12th ( in the northwest of the state ) congressional districts maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : May 6 , 1861 Arkansas proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : May 7 , 1861 Virginia was admitted to the Confederate States . Disputes : May 16 , 1861 Kentucky declared itself neutral in the American Civil War . no change to map May 20 , 1861 Arkansas was admitted to the Confederate States . North Carolina proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . Disputes : May 21 , 1861 North Carolina was admitted to the Confederate States . The law admitting the state required a presidential proclamation before it was to take effect , which sources say took place on this date ; the only primary source found so far is a statement from Jefferson Davis on July 20 stating that the proclamation had been made . Disputes : June 6 , 1861 Robert Williamson Steele , governor of Jefferson Territory , declared the territory disbanded and handed over the government to the first governor of Colorado Territory . Unofficial change : June 8 , 1861 Tennessee proclaimed its secession from the Union , withdrawing from Congress . However , the 2nd , 3rd , and 4th congressional districts in the central part of the state maintained representation in Congress . Disputes : June 25 , 1861 The federal government recognized the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling as the legitimate government of Virginia . July 2 , 1861 Tennessee was admitted to the Confederate States . Disputes : August 1 , 1861 Following Confederate victory in the First Battle of Mesilla , Arizona Territory was proclaimed as part of the Confederate States . Disputes : September 13 , 1861 Following the Confederate occupation of Columbus , Kentucky , on September 3 , 1861 , the state abandoned neutrality and aligned with the Union government . no change to map October 31 , 1861 A splinter government in Neosho , Missouri , declared the secession of the state from the United States . Disputes : November 20 , 1861 A convention in Russellville , Kentucky , declared the formation of a splinter government in Bowling Green and the secession of Kentucky from the United States . Disputes : November 28 , 1861 The splinter Neosho government of Missouri was admitted to the Confederate States . The Confederate States never held much power over the state , but it was given full representation in the legislature . Disputes : December 10 , 1861 The splinter Bowling Green government of Kentucky was admitted to the Confederate States . The Confederate States never held much power over the state , but it was given full representation in the legislature . Disputes : December 21 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Osage , and the Seneca and Shawnee . Disputes : December 23 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Cherokee , granting them a delegate to the Congress of the Confederate States , and with the Seminole , granting them a delegate to be shared with the Creek . Disputes : December 31 , 1861 The Confederate States ratified treaties with the Choctaw and Chickasaw , granting them a delegate in the Congress of the Confederate States ; with the Comanche ; with the Creek , granting them a delegate to be shared with the Seminole ; and the Quapaw . Disputes : March 1 , 1862 A decree by the Supreme Court of the United States took effect , modifying the border between Massachusetts and Rhode Island . April 15 , 1862 Palmyra Atoll was annexed by Hawaii , and the American claim falls dormant . Pacific Ocean : July 14 , 1862 The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada Territory , moving their border east to the 38th meridian west from Washington . December 30 , 1862 The Swan Islands were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : February 24 , 1863 Arizona Territory was organized from the half of New Mexico Territory west of the 32nd meridian west from Washington . March 3 , 1863 Idaho Territory was organized from the portions of Dakota Territory and Nebraska Territory west of the 104th meridian west , and the portion of Washington Territory east of the Snake River and a line north from the mouth of the Clearwater River . March 4 , 1863 Due to disruption in voting and low turnout , no one was allowed to take the seats in the United States House of Representatives held by the Unionist areas of Louisiana , Tennessee , and Virginia , effectively expelling the states . June 20 , 1863 The northwestern counties of Virginia , represented by the Restored Government of Virginia in Wheeling , were split from the rest of Virginia and admitted to the Union as the thirty - fifth state , West Virginia . The Restored Government of Virginia was relocated to Alexandria . August 5 , 1863 Berkeley County was transferred by the federal government from Virginia to West Virginia ; November 2 , 1863 Jefferson County was transferred from Virginia to West Virginia . May 26 , 1864 Montana Territory was organized from the northeast third of Idaho Territory , with the border being , from the east : West along the 45th parallel north to the 34th meridian west from Washington ; south to the parallel 44 ° 30 ′ north ; west to the crest of the Rocky Mountains ; following that north to the crest of the Bitterroot Mountains ; to the 39th meridian west from Washington ; and north from there . The remaining portion of Idaho Territory east of the Rocky Mountains and the 33rd meridian west from Washington was transferred to Dakota Territory . October 15 , 1864 Malden Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : October 31 , 1864 Nevada Territory was admitted as the thirty - sixth state , Nevada . May 5 , 1865 The Confederate States cabinet met in Washington , Georgia , and dissolved . Military surrenders were scattered throughout 1865 , but the most important is regarded as that of the Army of Northern Virginia following the Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9 . Disputes : 1866 -- 1897 ( Reconstruction and western statehood ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map May 5 , 1866 The western slice of Utah Territory was transferred to Nevada , moving its border east to the 37th meridian west from Washington . July 24 , 1866 Tennessee was readmitted to Congress . December 26 , 1866 Starbuck Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : January 18 , 1867 The northwestern corner of Arizona Territory , west of the Colorado River and the 37th meridian west from Washington , was transferred to Nevada . The law transferring the land was approved May 5 , 1866 , but unlike the Utah Territory transfer of that day , this transfer was contingent on the state accepting it . March 1 , 1867 Nebraska Territory was admitted as the thirty - seventh state , Nebraska . July 1 , 1867 Canada was formed from several British colonies , including New Brunswick , thus inheriting the dispute over Machias Seal Island and North Rock . Disputes : August 28 , 1867 Midway Atoll was claimed . The largest island of Midway , Sand Island , had been claimed under the Guano Islands Act in 1858 , but nothing more is known about this . Pacific Ocean : October 18 , 1867 Alaska was purchased from the Russian Empire and designated the Department of Alaska . Due to a lack of quality surveying , the southeastern border with British holdings was unclear and disputed . Northwestern North America : June 22 , 1868 Arkansas was readmitted to Congress . June 25 , 1868 Florida was readmitted to Congress . July 4 , 1868 North Carolina was readmitted to Congress . July 9 , 1868 Louisiana and South Carolina were readmitted to Congress . Caroline Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 13 , 1868 Alabama was readmitted to Congress . July 25 , 1868 Georgia was readmitted to Congress . Wyoming Territory was organized from portions of Dakota , Idaho , and Utah Territories , bounded by 41st and 45th parallels north , and the 27th and 34th meridians west from Washington . The territory would remain under the jurisdiction of the Dakota Territory until its own government was organized on May 19 , 1869 . The act organizing Wyoming Territory became law on this date , but it is unclear if the territory could be considered `` organized '' until May 19 , 1869 , as the act specifies it was not to take effect until a government is organized ; however , all sources use this date as the creation , and most use it for the organization , of the territory . A tiny portion of the Dakota Territory was erroneously left behind on the western side of Wyoming Territory . August 12 , 1868 The list of bonded guano island claims mentions `` Islands in Caribbean Sea not named '' bonded on this date , but it is unknown what this is referring to . no change to map December 11 , 1868 Serrana Bank was claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Colombia has claimed it throughout its history . Caribbean Sea : March 3 , 1869 Georgia was again expelled from Congress following failures of Reconstruction in the state . November 22 , 1869 Bajo Nuevo Bank , Pedro Cays , Quita Sueño Bank , and Roncador Bank were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Except for Pedro Cays , Colombia has claimed them throughout its history . Caribbean Sea : January 26 , 1870 Virginia was readmitted to Congress . February 23 , 1870 Mississippi was readmitted to Congress . March 30 , 1870 Texas was readmitted to Congress . July 15 , 1870 Georgia was again readmitted to Congress . The North - Western Territory was transferred by the United Kingdom to Canada , thus transferring its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute . Northwestern North America : February 9 , 1871 A small parcel was transferred from Dakota Territory to Nebraska following a sudden change in course of the Missouri River . July 20 , 1871 British Columbia joined Canada , transferring the dispute over the San Juan Islands as well as its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute . Disputes : Northwestern North America : April 9 , 1872 Congress approved the newly surveyed Orr and Whitner Line as part of the border between Georgia and Florida . survey caused no appreciable changes October 21 , 1872 The dispute with Canada over the San Juan Islands was resolved in the favor of the United States claim . Disputes : 1873 Vostok Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : February 17 , 1873 The small portion of Dakota Territory that was left behind when Wyoming Territory was created was transferred to Montana Territory . August 1 , 1876 Colorado Territory was admitted as the thirty - eighth state , Colorado . August 13 , 1877 The United Kingdom created the British Western Pacific Territories , including Atafu and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : March 3 , 1879 The border across the Chesapeake Bay between Maryland and Virginia was decided via arbitration . The new border cuts across Smith Island , likely meaning that the southern portion of the island was transferred to Virginia , but due to the general lack of concrete borders in the area for so long due to surveying errors , it is unknown if any land actually changed hands . too vague to map September 8 , 1879 Arenas Key , claimed by Mexico , and Serranilla Bank , claimed by Colombia , were claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act ; according to the Office of Insular Affairs , Serranilla Bank was claimed again on September 13 , 1880 . Caribbean Sea : April 7 , 1880 A very small area of Vermont near Fair Haven was transferred to New York due to a change in the course in the Poultney River . The specific area was very small and poorly documented , so it is not mapped . too small to map September 13 , 1880 Western Triangle Island , claimed by Mexico , was claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act . The list of bonded claims also mentions a `` De Anes '' island claimed on this date , with coordinates matching Isla de Aves ; however , the same list points out that the claim to `` Aves Island '' was found to be invalid . Caribbean Sea : 1881 Flint Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : May 23 , 1882 The area between the 43rd parallel north and the Keya Paha and Niobrara Rivers was transferred from Dakota Territory to Nebraska . The act was passed in Congress on March 28 and accepted by the Nebraska legislature on this date . June 1 , 1882 The Morant Cays and Pedro Cays were annexed by the United Kingdom to Jamaica ; it appears they were no longer claimed by the United States after this . Caribbean Sea : May 17 , 1884 The Department of Alaska was organized into the District of Alaska . Northwestern North America : June 21 , 1884 The Alacrans Islands , claimed by Mexico , were claimed under the Guano Islands Act . Caribbean Sea : March 15 , 1888 Fanning Island was annexed by the United Kingdom ; it appears the island was no longer claimed by the United States after this . Pacific Ocean : March 17 , 1888 Christmas Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : October 26 , 1888 The Cook Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom , thus initiating a claim on the atolls of Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : May 29 , 1889 Washington Island was annexed by the United Kingdom ; it appears the island was no longer claimed by the United States after this . Pacific Ocean : June 3 , 1889 Jarvis Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : June 26 , 1889 Sydney Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : June 29 , 1889 Phoenix Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 10 , 1889 Birnie Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : November 2 , 1889 Dakota Territory was split in half along an east - west line a few miles south of the 46th parallel north and admitted as the thirty - ninth state , North Dakota , and the fortieth state , South Dakota . November 8 , 1889 Montana Territory was admitted as the forty - first state , Montana . November 11 , 1889 Washington Territory was admitted as the forty - second state , Washington . May 2 , 1890 Oklahoma Territory was organized from the Public Land Strip and the western half of Indian Territory , except for the Cherokee Outlet , which would be added later upon cession from the Cherokee . July 3 , 1890 Idaho Territory was admitted as the forty - third state , Idaho . July 10 , 1890 Wyoming Territory was admitted as the forty - fourth state , Wyoming . March 8 , 1892 The Gilbert Islands became a protectorate of the United Kingdom , thus initiating a claim on Butaritari and Marakei . No record of a United States claim exists after this point , so it is assumed this is when the claim fell dormant . Pacific Ocean : May 28 , 1892 Gardner Island was claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : September 16 , 1893 Per a treaty with the Cherokee , the federal government purchased the Cherokee Outlet in the Indian Territory and opened it to settlement , transferring it to Oklahoma Territory as provided in the Oklahoma Organic Act . November 17 , 1894 The Alacrans Islands , Arenas Key , and Western Triangle Island were stricken from the list of claimed guano islands . Caribbean Sea : January 4 , 1896 Utah Territory was admitted as the forty - fifth state , Utah . March 16 , 1896 The dispute between the federal government , on behalf of Oklahoma Territory , and Texas over Greer County was resolved in favor of the federal claim . July 24 , 1897 Due to an earlier shift in the course of the Missouri River , an island was transferred from Nebraska to South Dakota . 1898 -- 1945 ( Pacific and Caribbean expansion ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map August 12 , 1898 The Republic of Hawaii was annexed . The ceremony to transfer sovereignty occurred on this date ; the act was signed on July 7 , 1898 . Johnston Atoll was not included with Hawaii , nor was Sikaiana Atoll , which had been ceded to Hawaii in 1856 by its residents and approved by King Kamehameha IV . However , the annexation was based on the islands named in a report of the Hawaiian Commission , which omitted Sikaiana . Pacific Ocean : January 17 , 1899 Wake Island was claimed . Pacific Ocean : April 11 , 1899 Guam , Porto Rico , and , after a payment of $20 million , the Philippines were ceded by Spain following the Spanish -- American War . The Philippines were claimed by the First Philippine Republic . The ceded region for the Philippines included the island of Palmas , which was administered by the Netherlands . This overlap would not be noticed until January 21 , 1906 . While the United States occupied Cuba for a time , it was not ceded nor claimed . Pacific Ocean : Caribbean Sea : February 16 , 1900 The United States took ownership of the Samoan Islands east of the 171st meridian west , per the terms of the Tripartite Convention . Pacific Ocean : February 19 , 1900 The newly acquired Samoan islands were established as Naval Station , Tutuila . It included all of the islands granted by the Tripartite Convention , though formal cession of the islands by local authorities would take place later in 1900 and 1904 . Pacific Ocean : April 12 , 1900 Porto Rico was organized into a civil territory . no change to map April 17 , 1900 The island of Tutuila was formally ceded to the United States and added to Naval Station , Tutuila ( present - day American Samoa ) . As the United States had already claimed the island on February 19 , 1900 , no change is mapped . The treaty would be ratified by Congress on February 20 , 1929 . no change to map June 14 , 1900 The former Republic of Hawaii was organized into Hawaii Territory . Pacific Ocean : March 3 , 1901 The transfer for a thin sliver of Bristol , Tennessee , to Bristol , Virginia , was approved by Congress after having been approved by both states . The location of the border along Main Street ( now State Street ) between the two cities was either the northern sidewalk of the street , or down the middle of the street ; Tennessee 's cession of the northern half of the street laid the issue to rest . too small to map March 23 , 1901 The president of the First Philippine Republic , Emilio Aguinaldo , was captured , and the republic was dissolved . The islands of Cagayan de Sulu and Sibutu , and their associated islands , were purchased from Spain and assigned to the Philippines . The borders specified in the Treaty of Paris of 1898 had excluded these islands ; the new treaty simply ceded `` any and all islands belonging to the Philippine Archipelago '' . Pacific Ocean : October 20 , 1903 The Alaska boundary dispute with Canada was resolved , generally in favor of the United States claim . Northwestern North America : December 10 , 1903 Land along southern Guantánamo Bay was leased in perpetuity from Cuba for use as a naval base ; the treaty took effect February 23 , 1903 , and the formal handover occurred on this date . no change to map May 4 , 1904 The United States took ownership of the Panama Canal Zone . At this stage , only the most basic borders were defined ; it was a zone surrounding the canal on each side for five miles , but excluded the cities of Colón and Panama City , which remained exclaves of Panama , as well as the water for their harbors . The Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty granting it to the United States was ratified on February 26 , 1904 . A formal border agreement , which also gave the Canal Zone some land and a lighthouse in northwest Colón , would be ratified on June 15 , 1904 . Caribbean Sea : July 16 , 1904 The Manuʻa islands were formally ceded to the United States and added to Naval Station , Tutuila . As the United States had already claimed the islands on February 19 , 1900 , no change is mapped . The treaty would be ratified by Congress on February 20 , 1929 . no change to map December 12 , 1904 The `` Taft Agreement '' was made with Panama on December 3 , with one of its sections refining the maritime boundary of the harbor of Panama City and the Panama Canal Zone . It became effective December 12 . no change to map February 10 , 1905 The border between Arkansas and Indian Territory was slightly adjusted near Fort Smith , Arkansas , transferring a small amount of land on the east side of the Poteau River to Arkansas . November 16 , 1907 Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory were combined and admitted as the forty - sixth state , Oklahoma . April 11 , 1908 A boundary treaty with the United Kingdom on behalf of Canada redefined the maritime borders between the United States and Canada . Among other changes , this `` de-enclaved '' Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie by making the water around it contiguous with the water on the American side of the border . no change to map January 1 , 1909 The new Constitution of Michigan included some area of Wisconsin within its definition of Michigan . August 20 , 1910 A boundary treaty with the United Kingdom on behalf of Canada addressed a slight uncertainty in the maritime border in Passamaquoddy Bay between Maine and Canada . The border was adjusted to run east of Pope 's Folly Island , which previously lay on the border line , and had been the subject of some debate for many years . July 17 , 1911 Naval Station , Tutuila , was renamed American Samoa ; the station continued to operate separate from territorial governance until 1951 . Pacific Ocean : January 6 , 1912 New Mexico Territory was admitted as the forty - seventh state , New Mexico . February 14 , 1912 Arizona Territory was admitted as the forty - eighth state , Arizona . August 24 , 1912 The District of Alaska was reorganized as the Alaska Territory . Northwestern North America : January 31 , 1913 New Mexico filed suit in the Supreme Court against Texas over the `` Country Club Dispute , '' questioning whether the present course or the 1850 course of the Rio Grande should be their border . August 5 , 1914 The Corn Islands were leased from Nicaragua for a period of 99 years ; however , this was not a full transfer of sovereignty , and the islands were never administered as an insular area . no change to map May 1 , 1915 The borders of the Panama Canal Zone were explicitly defined . Whereas the original definition was a simple corridor surrounding the canal , this treaty specified the actual border . Among the changes this caused were : a slice of Canal Zone was ceded to Panama so Panama City would be connected with the rest of the country ; the middle island of the Las Tres Hermanas Islands , which marked the border of Panama City 's harbor , was wholly made part of Canal Zone ; Gatun Lake and other surrounding waters were formally annexed to the territory ; and an area of northwest Colón was ceded to Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : May 27 , 1915 Under Article II of the 1903 Treaty , the United States expropriated from Panama several areas around the mouth of the Rio Chagres , annexing them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map December 8 , 1915 The United States expropriated from Panama a triangle of land , which included the historic Fort San Lorenzo , between the Rio Chagres , Caribbean Sea and the Panama Canal Zone , to which it was annexed . too small to map January 17 , 1916 Navassa Island was formally claimed for lighthouse purposes . no change to map March 31 , 1917 The Danish Virgin Islands were purchased from Denmark and renamed the United States Virgin Islands . Caribbean Sea : July 12 , 1918 The United States expropriated from Panama 2.6 hectares of land at Punta Paitilla in Panama City and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . That area was enlarged to about 50 hectares within several months . too small to map August 21 , 1918 The United States expropriated from Panama land between the Rio Chagres and the Quebrada Majagual and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : September 13 , 1918 Minnesota and Wisconsin exchanged islands in the Mississippi River : Island Seventytwo was transferred from Wisconsin to the Minnesota town of Winona , and Barron 's Island was transferred from Minnesota to the Wisconsin town of La Crosse . September 18 , 1919 The island of Largo Remo was annexed to the Panama Canal Zone under the United States right of expropriation in the 1903 Canal Treaty . Caribbean Sea : June 16 , 1920 Fifteen hectares on the island of Taboga Island were annexed to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map June 30 , 1921 The `` Wedge '' dispute between Delaware and Pennsylvania was resolved in Delaware 's favor . The disputed land had generally been administered by Delaware , even electing a member of the Delaware legislature in the mid-19th century , but federal maps had included the land as part of Pennsylvania at least as late as 1900 . The states had agreed on a resolution , and it was affirmed by an act of Congress on this date . Some sources , contemporary and modern , note that , in the original process of resurveying the border in 1892 , a very thin , horn - shaped region along the arc was transferred from Delaware to Pennsylvania ; however , no federal maps found reflect this , and it is unclear if this transfer actually occurred . May 10 , 1922 Kingman Reef was formally annexed . no change to map October 8 , 1923 Michigan expanded its claim to Wisconsin territory , though Wisconsin never lost control over the area . November 15 , 1923 The Swan Islands were claimed by Honduras . Caribbean Sea : February 1 , 1924 The future area for Madden Lake was annexed to the Panama Canal Zone under the United States right of expropriation in the 1903 Canal Treaty . Caribbean Sea : March 4 , 1925 Swains Island was added to American Samoa . Pacific Ocean : July 17 , 1925 The border with Canada was adjusted in several places . The only change to a land border redefined how the border between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains should be considered ; previously , the border followed the curve of the parallel between each border monument , while the treaty changed this to straight lines between each monument . Through this , the United States netted a gain of between 30 and 35 acres of land . Due to the extremely small shift , the lack of specific documentation of where the changes occurred , and the lack of any human impact , this change is not mapped . There was also a change to the border in the Lake of the Woods ; due to inaccurate surveying , the previous border intersected itself several times in the lake , creating enclaves of United States water surrounded by Canadian water . The treaty changed the border to use the southernmost intersection as the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods . Finally , the maritime border in the Bay of Fundy was adjusted , netting Canada roughly 9 acres of water . too small to map March 1 , 1926 The Supreme Court of the United States resolved the conflict between Michigan and Wisconsin in the favor of Wisconsin . July 29 , 1926 Johnston Atoll was established as a federal bird refuge and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Agriculture . The atoll had originally been claimed by both the United States and Hawaii in 1858 , but little activity apart from guano mining had taken place , and it had been largely abandoned for decades . no change to map November 22 , 1926 The Supreme Court of the United States defined the border between Michigan and Wisconsin , transferring all islands south of the Quinnesec Falls on the Menominee River to Wisconsin , and all islands north of the falls to Michigan ; it is unknown specifically which islands were transferred in this fashion . However , an error in the border description introduced a small overlap between the two states over several islands in Lake Michigan north of the Door Peninsula . July 18 , 1927 The United States expropriated from Panama another 33 hectares of land on the islands of Taboga and Taboguilla and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map October 26 , 1927 Two bancos along the Colorado River were ceded from Mexico to Arizona . too small to map December 5 , 1927 The `` Country Club Dispute '' between New Mexico and Texas was resolved in Texas 's favor . April 4 , 1928 The Island of Palmas Case was decided in the favor of the Netherlands , ceding Palmas to the Dutch East Indies . Pacific Ocean : September 24 , 1928 The United States expropriated from Panama three hectares of land at El Cerro de Doscientos Pies ( `` 200 - Foot Hill '' ) near Las Minas Bay and annexed it to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map July 22 , 1930 The United States expropriated from Panama 25 hectares on Jicarita Island and 60 hectares at Punta Morro de Puercos and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . too small to map April 15 , 1931 The United States expropriated from Panama additional areas around the soon - to - be-built Madden Dam and annexed them to the Panama Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : May 3 , 1932 The United States adjusted the border at Punta Paitilla in the Canal Zone , returning a small amount of land to Panama . This was the site for a planned new American embassy , which had to be built on foreign soil . too small to map May 17 , 1932 Porto Rico was renamed Puerto Rico . Caribbean Sea : December 13 , 1932 The Mangsee Islands and seven of the Turtle Islands were ceded by the United Kingdom from North Borneo to the Philippines . The islands were supposed to be included in the 1900 transfer of islands from Spain to the United States . Per the terms of the treaty , the United Kingdom continued to administer the islands until requested , and after its independence , the Philippine government made such a request and took control . Pacific Ocean : November 13 , 1933 A treaty created the Rio Grande Rectification Project , which , from 1935 to 1938 , straightened and stabilized the path of the Rio Grande through the El Paso -- Juárez Valley . By the end of the project , 174 parcels had been transferred between Mexico and Texas , each side receiving an equal area of land . too small to map December 29 , 1934 Kingman Reef was placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Navy . no change to map March 16 , 1936 The de jure overlap between Michigan and Wisconsin was resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States . May 13 , 1936 Baker Island , Howland Island , and Jarvis Island were formally annexed and placed under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of the Interior , ending the United Kingdom 's claim to Jarvis Island . Pacific Ocean : June 22 , 1936 The U.S. Virgin Islands were organized into a civil territory . no change to map August 6 , 1936 Canton Island , Enderbury Island , and McKean Island were claimed by the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : April 6 , 1939 The condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands was established with the United Kingdom . Pacific Ocean : July 27 , 1939 Panama gained a sovereign corridor that was carved out of the Panama Canal Zone connecting Colón with the rest of Panama , along with a three - dimensional `` tube '' of sovereignty for a future crossing over an American highway . A corridor consisting of the road from the Canal Zone boundary to Madden Dam was annexed to the Canal Zone . Caribbean Sea : August 16 , 1939 This is the earliest date so far discovered for when the United States began claiming Fakaofo , Funafuti , Hull Island , Niulakita , Nukufetau , and Nukulaelae . Pacific Ocean : December 10 , 1941 Governor George McMillin surrendered Guam to the Japanese military . Pacific Ocean : December 23 , 1941 The garrison on Wake Island surrendered to the Japanese military . Pacific Ocean : March 26 , 1942 The government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines evacuated from the territory in the face of Japanese advance . A government - in - exile would be established in Washington , D.C. on May 17 , 1942 . The United States Army Forces in the Far East would surrender on April 9 , 1942 , following the Battle of Bataan , and the final military holdouts would surrender on May 6 , 1942 , following the Battle of Corregidor . Pacific Ocean : October 14 , 1943 The Second Philippine Republic was established as a puppet state of Japan . Pacific Ocean : August 10 , 1944 Guam was captured from Japan . Pacific Ocean : August 17 , 1945 The Second Philippine Republic , in exile in Tokyo since April 3 , 1945 , was dissolved . The process of re-establishing the Commonwealth government on Philippine soil had started on October 23 , 1944 . Pacific Ocean : September 4 , 1945 The Japanese garrison on Wake Island surrendered to the United States . Pacific Ocean : 1946 -- Present ( Decolonization ) ( edit ) Date Event Change Map July 4 , 1946 The Commonwealth of the Philippines became independent as the Republic of the Philippines . Pacific Ocean : July 18 , 1947 The United Nations entrusted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to the United States . Pacific Ocean : January 1 , 1949 The Tokelau Islands were incorporated into New Zealand , which inherited the claims on Atafu , Fakaofo , and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : August 1 , 1950 Guam was organized into a civil territory . no change to map August 3 , 1950 Kansas and Missouri exchanged small portions of land along the Missouri River , due to shifts in the river following a flood in 1944 . April 11 , 1955 Panama 's corridor connecting Colón with the rest of Panama was realigned within the Panama Canal Zone . Several three - dimensional `` tubes '' of sovereignty were also created , allowing Panamanian bridges to pass over rivers and a highway at several locations within the Canal Zone . too small to map August 23 , 1955 Several border locations of the Panama Canal Zone were redefined . Punta Paitilla , the land held on Taboga Island , and the remaining American holdings in Colón and Panama City were ceded to Panama . Caribbean Sea : January 3 , 1959 The Alaska Territory was admitted as the forty - ninth state , Alaska . Northwestern North America : August 21 , 1959 Most of Hawaii Territory was admitted as the fiftieth state , Hawaii . Palmyra Atoll was excluded from statehood and remained a territory . Pacific Ocean : August 25 , 1961 About 20 acres of land was transferred from Minnesota to North Dakota near Fargo , North Dakota ; since the area was very small and poorly documented , it is not mapped . too small to map January 14 , 1964 The Chamizal , a tract of land between El Paso , Texas , and Ciudad Juárez , Chihuahua , was divided between the United States and Mexico . August 4 , 1965 The Cook Islands became self - governing from New Zealand . It claimed the atolls of Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : December 30 , 1966 Land on Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean was leased from the United Kingdom for use as a military base . no change to map April 25 , 1971 The lease of the Corn Islands from Nicaragua was terminated . no change to map September 1 , 1972 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Honduras over the Swan Islands . Caribbean Sea : March 1 , 1977 The United States claimed maritime borders west of the Strait of Juan de Fuca , within the Dixon Entrance , and in the Beaufort Sea that conflicted with claims of Canada . no change to map May 26 , 1977 Several parcels were exchanged between Texas and Mexico along the Rio Grande in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo , Texas , including the Horcón Tract , on which the town of Río Rico was located , and Beaver Island near Roma , Texas . In addition , Mexico ceded 823 acres ( 3.33 km ) to the U.S. , while the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres ( 8.81 km ) to Mexico , primarily to straighten sections of the Rio Grande for flood control . October 1 , 1978 Tuvalu became independent from the United Kingdom . It claimed the atolls of Funafuti , Nukufetau , Nukulaelae , and Niulakita . Pacific Ocean : July 12 , 1979 The Republic of Kiribati became independent from the United Kingdom . It claimed Birnie Island , Canton Island , Caroline Island , Christmas Island , Enderbury Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Hull Island , Malden Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , Starbuck Island , Sydney Island , and Vostok Island . This dissolved the condominium of the Canton and Enderbury Islands . Pacific Ocean : October 1 , 1979 The Panama Canal Zone was ceded to Panama . The United States and Panama continued to share operational control of the canal until December 31 , 1999 , when it would be fully turned over to Panama . The United States retained control over several hundred specified areas to be turned over in piecemeal fashion over the years . Caribbean Sea : November 24 , 1980 The maritime border between the United States and Venezuela was defined . no change to map September 17 , 1981 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Colombia over Roncador Bank and Serrana Bank , and the claim on Quita Sueño Bank was abandoned by the United States , as it was no longer above the seas at high tide , and thus the government considered it unclaimable . Caribbean Sea : September 3 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of the New Zealand territory of Tokelau over Atafu , Fakaofo , and Nukunono . Pacific Ocean : September 8 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of the Cook Islands over Pukapuka , Manihiki , Penrhyn , and Rakahanga . Pacific Ocean : September 23 , 1983 The United States recognized the sovereignty of Kiribati over Birnie Island , Canton Island , Caroline Island , Christmas Island , Enderbury Island , Flint Island , Gardner Island , Hull Island , Malden Island , McKean Island , Phoenix Island , Starbuck Island , Sydney Island , and Vostok Island . The United States recognized the sovereignty of Tuvalu over Funafuti , Nukufetau , Nukulaelae , and Niulakita . Pacific Ocean : October 12 , 1984 The International Court of Justice made its judgment on where the maritime border should be in the Gulf of Maine between the United States and Canada . No land changed hands . The scope of the case did not include the sovereignty of Machias Seal Island , but the judgment enabled defining the extent of the disputed water area around that island ( an area of 210 square nautical miles ) . no change to map October 21 , 1986 The Marshall Islands District of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands became independent as the Republic of the Marshall Islands . The Marshall Islanders had claimed Wake Island as part of their territory since at least 1973 , and continued that after independence . Pacific Ocean : November 3 , 1986 Most of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands was dissolved by the United Nations . The districts of Chuuk , Pohnpei , and Yap became independent as the Federated States of Micronesia . The Mariana Islands District , having already been taking moves towards integration with the United States , became a territory of the United States , the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . Pacific Ocean : June 1 , 1990 The maritime border between the United States and the Soviet Union was provisionally defined . The two countries agreed on this date to abide by the terms of the treaty pending its ratification and entry into force , but while it was ratified by the United States Senate on September 16 , 1991 , it is unknown if either the Soviet Union or its successor state , Russia , ratified it . no change to map October 1 , 1994 The remaining district of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , the Palau District , became independent as the Republic of Palau , dissolving the TTPI . Pacific Ocean : June 1 , 1995 The maritime border between the United States and territories of the United Kingdom in the Caribbean Sea was defined . no change to map January 16 , 1997 Navassa Island was transferred to the United States Department of the Interior . no change to map November 13 , 1997 The maritime border between the United States and Mexico was defined . no change to map December 31 , 1999 All former Panama Canal Zone parcels not turned over since 1979 , as well as all joint canal operations areas , were transferred to Panama . too small to map January 17 , 2001 The maritime border between the United States and Mexico on the continental shelf in the western Gulf of Mexico beyond 200 nautical miles was defined . no change to map November 24 , 2009 Six islands along the Rio Grande were ceded from Texas to Mexico , and three islands and two bancos were ceded from Mexico to Texas . The transfer , which had been pending for 20 years , was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty . too small to map September 23 , 2014 The maritime border between the United States and Niue was defined . The treaty was signed on May 13 , 1997 , but it was not ratified by the United States until at least 2002 , and the United Nations shows it as entering into force on this date . no change to map January 1 , 2017 The border between North Carolina and South Carolina was clarified following years of surveys and negotiation , moving 19 homes across state lines . too small to map Bancos along the Rio Grande ( edit ) Main articles : United States territorial acquisitions § Mexican boundary , and Banco Convention of 1905 The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed , in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande ( as by flooding ) , for the border to be altered to follow the new course . The sudden changes often created bancos , land left behind when curves in the river are cut off by rapid erosion of the channel or are intentionally cut to re-align it . When these bancos are created , the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border . In all cases of these adjustments under the 1905 convention , which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976 , the transferred land was minuscule ( ranging in size from 1 acre to 646 acres ) and uninhabited . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to snapshots of the country at any given moment . 51st state Geography of the United States Historic regions of the United States List of U.S. states by date of statehood Manifest destiny National Atlas of the United States Territorial evolution of U.S. states : Territorial evolution of Arizona Territorial evolution of California Territorial evolution of Colorado Territorial evolution of Idaho Territorial evolution of Montana Territorial evolution of Nevada Territorial evolution of New Mexico Territorial evolution of North Dakota Territorial evolution of Oregon Territorial evolution of South Dakota Territorial evolution of Utah Territorial evolution of Washington Territorial evolution of Wyoming Territories of the United States on stamps United States territorial acquisitions References ( edit ) ^ Van Zandt , pp. 26 -- 27 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 14 -- 15 ^ Van Zandt , pp. 151 -- 153 ^ Moore , John Bassett ( 1906 ) . `` A Digest of International Law as Embodied in Diplomatic Discussions , Treaties and Other International Agreements , International Awards , the Decisions of Municipal Courts , and the Writings of Jurists and Especially in Documents , Published and Unpublished , Issued by Presidents and Secretaries of State of the United States , the Opinions of the Attorneys - General , and the Decisions of Courts , Federal and State '' . 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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis Jump to : navigation , search `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here . For the Cyprus Missile Crisis , see Cyprus Missile Crisis . Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis of 1962 ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war . In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer . The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a naval blockade on October 22 to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union . After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well . When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced U.S. -- Soviet tensions for several years until the United States and Russia began to build their nuclear arsenal even further . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier U.S. actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Blockade 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 7.3 Very close to launching thermonuclear war 7.3. 1 Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons 7.3. 2 Unauthorized US spy flights 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 9.1 Soviet leadership 9.2 Cuban leadership 9.3 US leadership 9.4 Human casualties 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism , and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by the U.S. as unacceptable since the end of World War II , and the start of the Cold War . Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence . The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose . In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . '' In January 1962 , U.S. Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October . Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 . The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more . It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) . Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery . The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 -- 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater . Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 . Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous United States . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil . In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the U.S. did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the U.S. tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . '' Thirdly , from the perspective of the Soviet Union and of Cuba , it seemed that the United States wanted to increase its presence in Cuba . With actions like attempting to expel Cuba from the Organization of American States , placing economic sanctions on the nation and conducting secret operations on containing communism and Cuba , it was assumed that America was trying to invade Cuba . As a result , to try and prevent this , the USSR would place missiles in Cuba and neutralize the threat . More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961 . Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 . Additionally , placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for Khrushchev to display and assert his strict political dominance ; this was a much - needed display after numerous individuals within the Soviet Union began to doubt Khrushchev 's power as they believed that he was appeasing the Americans . Another major reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba was to level the playing field . Before this event , America had the upper hand as they could launch from Turkey and destroy USSR before they would have a chance to react . After the transmission of nuclear missiles , Khrushchev had finally established mutually assured destruction . Mutually assured destruction means that if America decided to launch a nuclear strike against the USSR , the latter would react by launching a nuclear strike against America . Additionally , placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for the USSR to show their support for Cuba and support the people in Cuba whose rights were taken away by the United States , as the latter had become their ally after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 . According to Khrushchev , the Soviet Union 's motives were `` aimed at allowing Cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire '' . An indirect reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba would be to try and draw the line to how far the Soviet Union can go regarding threatening the United States . Prior to this , there was no clear barrier to how the United States was willing to react , and with new president John F. Kennedy , it was unknown to the Soviet Union to what they can do to manipulate the United States . By placing missiles on Cuba , next to the doorstep of the United States , it would be clear to the extent of which the United States would react . In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the U.S. would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the U.S. and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island . By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 . From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences . Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Marshal Sergei Biryuzov , chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees . The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the U.S. Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba . The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli . On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . '' As early as August 1962 , the U.S. suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba . With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US . Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from U.S. forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government . Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba , September 5 , 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) . On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental U.S. The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . U.S. intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles . Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed . A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba , showing Soviet nuclear missiles , their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance . Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 light bomber fuselages . In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight . When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The U.S. first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba . President notified ( edit ) One of the first U-2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to President Kennedy on the morning of October 16 , 1962 On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery . That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them . Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba . The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new . Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba . As the article describes , both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D . ) . This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions . It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding . The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical : They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin . Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation . President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting . The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance . Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18 , 1962 ) On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup . By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . The details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army . OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces . Blockade ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis . Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation . This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . '' On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island . Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23 , 1962 . At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , U.S. delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S. position . Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower . Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The two also anticipated that Khruschev would respond to the Western world in a matter that was similar to his response during the Suez Crisis and would possibly wind up trading off Berlin . Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union . Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 . During the speech , a directive went out to all U.S. forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort . Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24 , 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression ... '' On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the U.S. Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the U.S. 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , American journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column . Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection . International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the U.S. 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it . US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations , October 25 , 1962 . The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further . By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons . On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis . Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked . At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons . Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead . At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary . The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed . Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed . Mr. President , we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war , because the more the two of us pull , the tighter that knot will be tied . And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it , and then it will be necessary to cut that knot , and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose . Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . We are ready for this . -- Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow . The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it . Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night . Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war . -- Che Guevara , October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher . An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba . Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more . At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked . At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . '' McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations . A Lockheed U-2F , the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba , being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia . While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America . But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day . Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles . The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana . On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon . On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 . Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed , he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin , `` You have drawn first blood ... ( T ) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack , but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at , ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion . '' Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on Saturday evening , October 27 . Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade . As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it . After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent . October 29 , 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room . President Kennedy , Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk . At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message . The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM . Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ) , and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 ) ... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . '' At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action . A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59 , forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29 , 1962 ) On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote . Very close to launching thermonuclear War ( edit ) Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons ( edit ) Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was `` hulled '' ( a hole in the hull from depth charges or surface fire ) . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the launch was narrowly averted . Unauthorized US spy flights ( edit ) On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea . Crisis ends ( edit ) On Saturday , October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey . At this point , Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First , that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow , and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro . Second , the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there . Third , the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons , even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result . Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about . ( See the section above on `` Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons '' . ) Khrushchev knew he was losing control . President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity , with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US , the USSR , Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military . With this background , when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo , as he had previously , and had them immediately broadcasts over Radio Moscow , which he believed the US would hear . In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . '' At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . '' Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba . Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey . When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin . Herblock cartoon in Washington Post , ( November 1962 ) Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11 , 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships . On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 . At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well . In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward . The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years . Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile . The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey . Soviet leadership ( edit ) The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US . In a letter to President Kennedy dated October 30 , 1962 , Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis , including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even the disbanding these military blocs , a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons , resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany , and US recognition of the government of mainland China . The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations . Krushschev invited Norman Cousins , the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist , to serve as liaison with President Kennedy , and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962 . Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus . The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' . Further after the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis . The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started . Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . '' Cuban leadership ( edit ) Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion . US leadership ( edit ) The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , however his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . '' Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War . Human casualties ( edit ) U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina . He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 . Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred . In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed . Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo . Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . '' Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians . BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US . To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests . Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media , especially television , made frequent use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks . Historian William Cohn argued in a 1976 article that television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . According to Cold War historian Andrei Kozovoi , the Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history . Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression . Media representations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26 . Jump up ^ In his biography , Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him . ( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 55 years ago the first Soviet ballistic missiles were delivered to Cuba '' . Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( in Russian ) . 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal . 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Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ) , quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны , но благодаря тому , что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС , слово в слово совпадающую с тем , что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом , стало совершенно очевидно , кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса . '' Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1 : September 28 , 1962 to October 26 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 1962 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 26 October 1962 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Henry ( October 28 , 1962 ) . `` Attack us at your Peril , Cocky Cuba Warns US '' . The Sunday Times . London . 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Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 2 ) . See also Ellsberg , Daniel ; Goodman , Amy ; González , Juan ( December 6 , 2017 ) , Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner , Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation , Democracy Now , retrieved December 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Fog of War : Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara , by James G. Blight , Janet M. Lang , Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 , p. 37 , ISBN 9780742580220 Jump up ^ Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy : An International History Reader , by Michael H. Hunt , Yale University Press , 1996 , p. 287 , ISBN 9780300065978 Jump up ^ Bruce W. Nelan ( October 6 , 1997 ) . `` Armageddon 's Echoes '' . CNN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faria , Miguel A. ( 2002 ) . Cuba in Revolution : Escape from a Lost Paradise . Macon , GA : Hacienda Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr . `` Memorandum for the President : Post Mortem on Cuba , October 29 , 1962 -- full text Jump up ^ `` Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba , 2 November 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Glover , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century . Yale University Press . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08700 - 0 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur ( 2002 ) . Robert Kennedy and his times . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 1088 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. ( July 1988 ) . `` Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba ? No '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 40 -- 43 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 , citing Message from Chairman Krushchev to President Kennedy , October 30 , 1962 , in Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 - 1963 , vol. 11 , ( Washington , DC , US Government Printing Office , 1997 ) , pages 309 - 317 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 Jump up ^ William Taubman , Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Ignacio , Ramonet ( 2007 ) . Fidel Castro : My Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com '' . Jump up ^ Melman , Seymour ( 1988 ) . The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion . Montreal : Harvest House . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 1978 ) . The Dark Side of Camelot . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alwyn T. , `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '' , Specialty Press , North Branch , Minnesota , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today '' . Arms Control Association . November 1 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Submarines of October '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 '' . Foreign Affairs . 91 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Joe . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 267 . ISBN 9781610690669 . Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ) . 100 Media Moments that Changed America . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford University Press . p. viii . Jump up ^ Cohn , William H. ( 1976 ) . `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past '' . Journal of Popular Culture . 10 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Kozovoi , Andrei ( 2014 ) . `` Dissonant Voices '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 16 ( 3 ) : 29 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Haruya Anami , `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited , '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12 , pp 69 -- 88 . Further reading ( edit ) Allison , Graham ; Zelikow , Philip ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision , Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Barrett , David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ) . Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Campus , Leonardo ( 2014 ) . I sei giorni che sconvolsero il mondo . La crisi dei missili di Cuba e le sue percezioni internazionali ( = Six Days that Shook the World . The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its International Perceptions ) . Florence : Le Monnier . ISBN 9788800745321 Chayes , Abram ( 1974 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . International crises and the role of law . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4 . Diez Acosta , Tomás ( 2002 ) . October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba . New York : Pathfinder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0 . Divine , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : M. Wiener Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2 . Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2 . Feklisov , Aleksandr ; Kostin , Sergueï ( 2001 ) . The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg , Klaus Fuchs , and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7 . Frankel , Max ( 2004 ) . High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ; Naftali , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev , Castro , and Kennedy , 1958 -- 1964 . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee , 22 -- 23 October 1962 '' . Naval War College Review . 59 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . George , Alice L. ( 2003 ) . Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1 . Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) . Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1 . Gonzalez , Servando ( 2002 ) . The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis . Oakland , CA : Spooks Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Khrushchev , Sergei ( October 2002 ) . `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World '' . American Heritage . 53 ( 5 ) . Polmar , Norman ; Gresham , John D. ( 2006 ) . DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis . Foreword by Tom Clancy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3 . Pope , Ronald R. ( 1982 ) . Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Univ . Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2 . Powers , Thomas , `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg , The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner , New York , Bloomsbury , 2017 , ISBN 9781608196708 , 420 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 1 ( January 18 , 2018 ) , pp. 13 -- 15 . Pressman , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` September Statements , October Missiles , November Elections : Domestic Politics , Foreign - Policy Making , and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Security Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1963 ) . Unarmed Victory . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2005 ) . The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Trahair , Richard C.S. ; Miller , Robert L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9 . Matthews , Joe ( October 2012 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC . Historiography ( edit ) Allison , Graham T. ( September 1969 ) . `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718 . JSTOR 1954423 . Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759 . ISSN 1520 - 3972 . Gibson , David R. ( 2011 ) . `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419 . doi : 10.1086 / 661761 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761 . Jones , John A. ; Jones , Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . pp. 135 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Lebow , Richard Ned ( October 1990 ) . `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x . Primary sources ( edit ) Chang , Laurence ; Kornbluh , Peter , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . JFK in History . John F. Kennedy Library . `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 '' . Presidential Recordings Program . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Keefer , Edward C. ; Sampson , Charles S. ; Smith , Louis J. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath . Foreign relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 . XI . Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4 . Kennedy , Robert F. ( 1969 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0 . May , Ernest R. ; Zelikow , Philip D. , eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0 . McAuliffe , Mary S. , ed . ( October 1992 ) . `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . Historical Review Program . Washington , DC : Central Intelligence Agency . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : The 40th Anniversary '' . National Security Archive : Special Exhibits . Gelman Library : The George Washington University . `` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Interactive Exhibits . John F. Kennedy Library . Gavrov , Sergei , ed . ( November 2013 ) . `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962 . On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis '' . Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ) . Dallek , Robert . `` If We Listen to Them , None of Us Will Be Alive . '' In Camelot 's Court , 279 -- 334 . New York : HarperCollins , 2013 . Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Slideshows for Educators . Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2011 . Moser , John ; Hahn , Lori ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' '' . EDSITEment : Lesson Plans . National Endowment for the Humanities . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' , 2012 , Harvard Kennedy School , Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Topics . History Channel . 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4 , DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Cuban Missile Crisis : Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS The Armageddon Letters , a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content The Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act United States Ambassador to Cuba Miscellaneous Balseros ( 2002 film ) Cuban Americans John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Kennedy November 20 , 1925 -- June 6 , 1968 United States Senator from New York , 1965 -- 1968 64th United States Attorney General , 1961 -- 1964 Life 1948 Palestine visit Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Civil rights Freedom Riders Voter Education Project Baldwin -- Kennedy meeting 1964 Democratic National Convention Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation Mississippi Delta tour Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill home Electoral 1964 U.S. Senate election 1968 presidential campaign primaries Boiler Room Girls Speeches Law Day Address ( 1961 ) Day of Affirmation Address ( 1966 ) Conflict in Vietnam and at Home ( 1968 ) University of Kansas ( 1968 ) Ball State ( 1968 ) On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1968 ) `` On the Mindless Menace of Violence '' ( 1968 ) Books The Enemy Within ( 1960 ) The Pursuit of Justice ( 1964 ) To Seek a Newer World ( 1967 ) Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1969 ) Assassination Sirhan Sirhan Ambassador Hotel Conspiracy theories Gravesite Legacy and memorials Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Human Rights Award Journalism Award Book Award Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Landmark for Peace Memorial Kennedy -- King College Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools Robert F. Kennedy Bridge Popular culture Crisis : Behind a Presidential Commitment ( 1963 documentary ) Robert Kennedy Remembered ( 1968 documentary ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1968 song ) The Missiles of October ( 1974 docudrama ) Kennedy ( 1983 miniseries ) Blood Feud ( 1983 film ) Prince Jack ( 1985 film ) Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1985 miniseries ) Hoover vs. The Kennedys ( 1987 miniseries ) Thirteen Days ( 2000 film ) RFK ( 2002 film ) Bobby ( 2006 film ) RFK Must Die ( 2007 documentary ) The Kennedys ( 2011 miniseries ) Ethel ( 2012 documentary ) Jackie ( 2016 film ) Family , family tree Ethel Skakel ( wife ) Kathleen Kennedy ( daughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( son ) Robert F. 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Bring Me to Life
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Bring Me to Life - wikipedia Bring Me to Life Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bring Me to Life ( disambiguation ) . `` Bring Me to Life '' Single by Evanescence featuring Paul McCoy from the album Fallen B - side `` Farther Away '' `` Missing '' Released April 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 22 ) Format CD DVD digital download Recorded 2002 ( 2002 ) ( Ocean Studios , Burbank , California , USA ) Genre Nu metal gothic metal rap rock Length 3 : 56 ( album version ) Label Wind - up Songwriter ( s ) Amy Lee Benjamin Moody David Hodges Producer ( s ) Dave Fortman Evanescence singles chronology `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2003 ) `` Going Under '' ( 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2003 ) `` Going Under '' ( 2003 ) Music video `` Bring Me to Life '' on YouTube `` Bring Me to Life '' is a song by American rock band Evanescence recorded for their debut studio album Fallen ( 2003 ) . Wind - up released it as the lead single from the album on April 22 , 2003 . The track was written by group members Amy Lee , Ben Moody , and David Hodges and produced by Dave Fortman . It also features uncredited guest vocals from Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones . `` Bring Me to Life '' is a nu metal , gothic metal and rap rock song . According to Lee , `` Bring Me to Life '' has several meanings and inspirations ; its subjects are an incident in a restaurant , open - mindedness , and waking up to the things which are missing in the protagonist 's life . Lee later revealed that the song was inspired by her long - time friend and husband Josh Hartzler . Critical response to the song was mostly positive , with critics praising the melody of the song , Lee 's vocals and their accompaniment by McCoy . Following the inclusion of `` Bring Me to Life '' on the Daredevil soundtrack the song became a commercial and critical success , topping the charts in Australia , the United Kingdom and Italy . It charted in the top ten in more than fifteen countries including the United States , Argentina , Germany and New Zealand . `` Bring Me to Life '' was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and twice platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . The lyrics of the song have been interpreted as a call for new life in Jesus Christ , which helped the song to chart on the Christian rock charts . The band won in the category for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards where the song was also nominated for Best Rock Song . The accompanying music video was directed by Philipp Stölzl ; it shows Lee singing and climbing on a skyscraper while having nightmares in her bedroom . `` Bring Me to Life '' was part of the set list during the Fallen and The Open Door Tour . Many artists recorded cover versions of the song , including the classical singer Katherine Jenkins and American pianist , John Tesh . The song was also used on several television shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Recording and composition 3 Reception and accolades 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 2017 re-work 8 Cover versions and usage in media 8.1 Katherine Jenkins version 9 Credits and personnel 10 Track listing 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Decade - end charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background and release ( edit ) `` Since we released ( the song ) on Daredevil it went all over the world , whether they wanted it to or not , so we had fans in countries we had never been to because they had the soundtrack and they heard it on the radio . So , it started blowing up all over the world and then we had a reason to tour all over the world . And that 's how the whole international thing happened this early . Which is awesome . '' -- Amy Lee talking about the release and the worldwide success of the song . According to Amy Lee , the song has several meanings , the first being an incident at a restaurant . During an interview from a tour stop in Tulsa she told The Boston Phoenix : `` I was inspired to write it when someone said something to me -- I did n't know him , and I thought he might be clairvoyant. ( ... ) I was in a relationship and I was completely unhappy . But I was hiding it . I was being completely abused and I was trying to cover it up ; I would n't even admit it to myself . So then I had spoken maybe 10 or 15 words to this guy , who was a friend of a friend . We were waiting for everyone else to show up , and we went into a restaurant and got a table . And he looked at me and said , ' Are you happy ? ' And I felt my heart leap , and I was like , he totally knows what I 'm thinking . And I lied , I said I was fine . Anyway , he 's not really clairvoyant . But he is a sociology major . '' Lee said in a VH1 interview : `` Open - mindedness . It 's about waking up to all the things you 've been missing for so long . One day someone said something that made my heart race for a second and I realized that for months I 'd been numb , just going through the motions of life . '' During an interview with Blender , Lee claimed that she wrote `` Bring Me to Life '' about her longtime friend , Josh Hartzler , whom she married in 2007 . `` Bring Me to Life '' was released on April 22 , 2003 ; it was the first single from the band 's debut album , Fallen . Wind - up Entertainment president / CEO Ed Vetri , revealed that when the label was pushing the song to the radio , owners stated `` We do n't play pianos and chicks on rock radio . '' However , when `` Bring Me to Life '' was released on the Daredevil soundtrack , listeners demanded air play for the song . The single includes `` Farther Away '' as a B - side . The first pressing of the Australian single contained the track `` Missing '' as a B - side , but this was omitted from later pressings and later released as a bonus track on the band 's first live album , Anywhere but Home . An acoustic version was recorded and released on the `` Bring Me to Life '' DVD . Several other versions of the track have been released , such as remixes , acoustic and altered versions . Recording and composition ( edit ) Critics noted that `` Bring Me to Life '' had a sound similar to songs by American rock band Linkin Park . `` Bring Me to Life '' was written by Amy Lee , Ben Moody and David Hodges for their first studio album Fallen . Recording work for Fallen started at Ocean Studios in Burbank , California , where most of `` Bring Me to Life '' was recorded , prior to full album production . The song was mixed by Jay Baumgardner in his studio , NRG Recording Studios in North Hollywood , on an SSL 9000 J. A 22 - piece string section was recorded in Seattle by Mark Curry . `` Bring Me to Life '' was mixed at the Newman Scoring Stage and Bolero Studios , both in Los Angeles . The orchestra parts were arranged by David Hodges and David Campbell . During an interview , Lee recalled that during the recording process of the song it was said to her that the song must feature male vocals : `` It was presented to me as , ' You 're a girl singing in a rock band , there 's nothing else like that out there , nobody 's going to listen to you . You need a guy to come in and sing back - up for it to be successful . ' '' According to the sheet music published by Alfred Music Publishing on the website Musicnotes.com , `` Bring Me to Life '' is set in common time and performed in a moderate tempo of 95 beats per minute . It is written in the key of E minor and Lee 's vocal range for the song runs from the low note of A to the high note of D. In the song , 12 Stones vocalist Paul McCoy sings the lines `` Wake me up / I ca n't wake up / Save me ! '' in a rap style . The St. Petersburg Times ' Brian Orloff called the song a `` boffo hit '' in which Lee sang the lines `` ' Call my name and save me from the dark ' over surging guitars . '' Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote : `` ' Bring Me to Life , ' with its lyrical drama and crunchy guitars , branded the band as overdone nu - metal . '' Blender writer Nick Catucci called the song a `` crossover goth - metal smash '' . Kristi Turnquist of The Oregonian called the song a power ballad . Rolling Stone 's Kirk Miller wrote that : `` ... thanks to the song 's digital beats , clean metal - guitar riffs , scattered piano lines and all - too - familiar mix of rapping and singing '' , `` it was similar to Linkin Park 's material . Nick Catucci of The Village Voice found `` ... piano tinkles , Lee 's breathless keen , dramatic pauses , guitars like clouds of locusts , ( and ) 12 Stones singer Paul McCoy 's passing - 12 - kidney - stones guest vocals . '' Vik Bansal of musicOMH compared Evanescence 's own song `` Going Under '' with `` Bring Me to Life '' , noting their similarity to Linkin Park 's material . Lee said , during an interview with MTV News : `` Basically , we go through life every day , kind of doing the same thing , going through the motions , and nothing fazes us for the most part . Then one day something happens that wakes ( you ) up and makes ( you ) realize that there 's more to life than just feeling nothing , feeling numb . It 's as if ( you 've ) never felt before and just realized there 's this whole world of emotion or meaning that ( you 've ) never seen before . It 's just like , ' Wow , I 've been asleep all this time . ' '' Reception and accolades ( edit ) AllMusic 's Johnny Loftus called the song `` flawless '' . According to Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe , the song `` ... is a mix of Lee 's ethereal soprano , piano interludes , and layers of serrated guitar crunch that conjure visions of Sarah McLachlan fronting Godsmack . '' In his review of Evanescence 's second studio album , The Open Door , Brendan Butler of Cinema Blend compared `` Sweet Sacrifice '' ( 2007 ) with `` Bring Me to Life '' calling them `` ... radio - friendly songs . '' Jason Nahrung of The Courier - Mail called the song `` ... an ear - grabber '' . Adrien Bengrad of the website PopMatters said that Lee and McCoy made `` Bring Me to Life '' sound `` ... like a love song between a Lilith Fair girl and an Ozzfest dude . '' Blair R. Fischer from MTV News called the song a `` ... ubiquitous rap - rock confection '' . Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times said that `` Bring Me to Life '' `` ... floats like a butterfly , stings like a bee and then hits like a brick . '' Richard Harrington from The Washington Post called `` Bring Me to Life '' a `` ... crunching metallic '' song which helped the band to win a Grammy Award . Joe D'Angelo called it an `` ... unrelenting paean that begins as hauntingly delicate '' and that `` Lee 's vocals soar above the whole sludgy mixture to keep it from sinking into tired mediocrity . '' Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel called the song a `` ... mix of voluptuous singing and metallic guitar ( the latter enhanced by guest vocalist Paul McCoy 's rap - rock declamations ) '' . Bryan Reeseman of Mix wrote that the song was a `` ... grandiose and moody single '' which features a `` ... dramatic trade - off '' between Lee and McCoy . While reviewing Evanescence 's second studio album , Don Kaye of Blabbermouth.net praised the songs on The Open Door saying that they lacked `` ... the annoying faux - rapping that was a key component of the band 's first big hit , ' Bring Me To Life ' ( here 's hoping that more rock bands feel less pressure to include some sort of hip - hop nod on their records ) . '' David Peschek of The Guardian said : `` Take away the identikit rock riffs and Bring Me to Life could be a Britney Spears song , or one of those cheesily portentous techno - pop mini-symphonies for the Gatecrasher kids . '' Nick Catucci of The Village Voice compared the song with works by American rock band Creed , and said that it sounds like `` church - burning , brain - eating European dark metal . '' John Hood of the Miami New Times called `` Bring Me to Life '' a `` ... huge , heavy , and mightily histrionic '' song while complimenting McCoy 's `` ... rap - infused gruff '' and Lee 's soaring voice . `` Bring Me to Life '' won a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards . The song was nominated in the category for Best Rock Song at the same event but lost to `` Seven Nation Army '' by The White Stripes . `` Bring Me to Life '' won an award for Choice Music Rock Track at the Teen Choice Awards in 2004 . At the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards the band was nominated in the category for Best New Artist for `` Bring Me to Life '' . The song was nominated at the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards for Best Song . At the 14th annual Billboard Music Awards , it won the award for Soundtrack Single of the Year . The song ranked number 69 on VH1 's 100 Greatest Songs of the 2000s . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life '' peaked within the top 10 of more than 15 countries , and within the top 20 of several other countries , making it the band 's most successful single to date . It was certified Platinum in 2003 for selling more than one million copies in the United States . It topped the Billboard Alternative Songs and Pop 100 charts and peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also peaked at number four on the Adult Pop Songs chart . The song initially peaked within the Christian rock charts as well , because its lyrics were interpreted as a call for new life in Jesus Christ by several listeners . `` Bring Me To Life '' charted at number 73 on Billboard 's Best of the 2000s Rock Songs Chart , the only song by a female - led band on that chart . The song topped the charts of Australia , Belgium , Italy and the United Kingdom . It peaked within the top 5 of Austria , Canada , France , Ireland , Germany , New Zealand , Norway , Netherlands , and Sweden . On the ARIA Singles Chart , `` Bring Me to Life '' peaked at number one where it stayed for six weeks . `` Bring Me to Life '' charted within the top 20 of every other country of its release . In the United Kingdom , the song spent four weeks at the top of the in the UK Singles Chart , which in turn helped Fallen peak at the top of the UK Albums Chart . The song also topped the European Hot 100 chart . On June 4 , 2011 , the song returned to the top of the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart , eight years after its original release , remaining at number one for two weeks , on June 11 , 2011 to June 25 , 2011 . It fell to number two , remaining there for three weeks , and on July 17 , 2011 , `` Bring Me to Life '' returned to number one again and remained there for three weeks . The song remained within the top 10 into October 2011 . As of June 2013 , the song has sold more than 615,500 copies in the United Kingdom . Music video ( edit ) The accompanying music video for `` Bring Me to Life '' was directed by Philipp Stölzl . After the success of the video , Lee received some film offers . Talking about the video , Stölzl said : `` On the one hand , it brings out the most catchy part of the song , the bridge , the duet with the male and female vocals . On the other hand , it reflects the ( ' Daredevil ' ) soundtrack background of the song . I did not know if I would have to use a stunt double for most of the angles , which would have restricted me a lot , but then it turned out that Amy did everything herself , hanging on Paul 's arm for hours without getting tired . In the end , she is the one who made that shot strong . '' The video begins with Amy Lee dressed in a grey nightgown , barefoot and asleep in a bed within a building , dreaming of falling through the air below a skyscraper . As the chorus begins , the band and Paul McCoy are performing in another room as Lee awakens and makes her way to the window . Lee exits the room out of the window and proceeds to climb up the side of the building with the wind blowing her hair and dress until she reaches the window of the room where the band is performing . During the bridge , McCoy notices Lee and opens the window , which causes her to lose her balance , and she grabs the ledge she was previously standing on . Throughout the bridge and final chorus , McCoy unsuccessfully attempts to pull Lee up , and she falls from his grasp down the building . However , she is then shown asleep in her bed again . Ann Powers from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote : `` You might not immediately recognize Amy Lee 's name , but you would know her if she plummeted past you from the top floor of a tenement building '' and : `` That 's how anyone with basic cable first saw the singer for the band Evanescence , in the video for the song `` Bring Me to Life '' : falling backward in slow motion , her hair unfolding like a long black veil as she headed for hard pavement below . '' According to Joe D'Angelo of MTV News , Lee 's `` ... teetering on a ledge '' in the video shows a `` ... distressed and emotionally wrought heroine . '' Corey Moss of MTV wrote : `` ... certainly as intense as a superhero movie , the sequence also gives a nice visual to the song 's most memorable lyric , ' Save me . ' '' MTV 's Gil Kaufman wrote that `` ... singer Amy Lee dreams that she has super Spidey powers , climbs up the outside of a building , spies on her creepy neighbors , then plunges into the abyss '' and added , `` ... even if your boyfriend is a buff rap - rocker guy , he might not be able to save you from falling off a 20 - story building to your death . And do n't play on ledges in a billowy dress on windy days . '' John Hood of Miami New Times wrote that the `` gothopolis backdrop '' used in the video `` would make Tim Burton green with envy '' . The music video for `` Bring Me to Life '' was nominated at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rock Video . Live performances ( edit ) During the live performances of `` Bring Me to Life '' , McCoy was replaced by John LeCompt . Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' as part of the set - lists of the Fallen and The Open Door tours . The band performed the song on August 13 , 2003 in Chicago during their Nintendo Fusion Tour . During the performance , former Evanescence guitarist John LeCompt replaced McCoy during the song . According to Blair R. Fischer : `` The guitarist did an adequate job imitating McCoy while he laid down the song 's fiery , Iron Maiden-esque riff . '' The band performed `` Bring Me to Life '' in Wantagh , New York on July 23 , 2004 . According to Joe D'Angelo from MTV News : `` the massive popularity of the song was a smart set - list assembly that helped the crowd respond in kind . '' A live performance from the tour filmed at Le Zénith in Paris is included on the band 's live album Anywhere but Home . The live recording contains a piano and vocal solo before the song 's intro and features John LeCompt performing guest vocals . The song was performed on November 21 , 2007 at WaMu Theater . Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' at the Webster Hall in New York City in September 2003 . During the performance , Lee wore an Alice in Wonderland dress covered with scrawled words , including the words Dirty , Useless , Psycho and Slut . She explained her reasons for wearing the dress . On her previous visit to New York City , Lee had met a DJ from the radio station K - Rock , who had made what she called horrible comments about the pleasure he had derived from the picture of her face on the cover of Fallen . She had felt too ashamed to say anything , so she decided to respond through the dress , which represented something innocent that had been tainted . The band performed `` Bring Me to Life '' during their concert at The Great Saltair on October 25 , 2006 . Lee wore red and black , with a skirt . She was called a magnet of the night by the Deseret News ' reviewer Larry D. Curtis . Other performances of the song were in Magna , Utah in October 2006 , and the Air Canada Centre in January 2007 . The band also played the song at a secret gig in New York City on November 4 , 2009 . During their concert at War Memorial Auditorium in Nashville , Tennessee on August 17 , 2011 , Evanescence performed `` Bring Me to Life '' to promote their third album , Evanescence . They also performed the song during the 2011 Rock in Rio festival on October 2 , 2011 . While reviewing a concert by the band , Caroline Sullivan wrote `` Slowly raising her arms during Bring Me to Life 's thunderous , strobe - lit fade - out , she 's missing only a chariot . '' 2017 re-work ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life ( Synthesis ) '' Single by Evanescence from the album Synthesis Released August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Format digital download Genre Orchestral Electronica In 2017 , a rearranged version of the song was recorded for the band 's fourth studio album Synthesis . The new version was made available for digital download and streaming on August 18 , 2017 ; it was also made available for instant download for concertgoers who purchased tickets for the band 's Synthesis Tour . The Synthesis version of `` Bring Me to Life '' is a stripped - down one , as it replaces the drums and the guitars from the original version with a strings arrangement accompanied by crashing cymbals , `` tension - building '' timpani drums and various electronic elements throughout . Several critics have described its new arrangement as `` dramatic '' , with Billboard 's Sadie Bell calling it `` just as rich '' as the original and Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos calling it a `` cinematic take '' . Lee has described the song as `` new '' to her again due to the fact that she incorporated musical elements and vocals which she had `` heard in ( her ) head '' since its release . Cover versions and usage in Media ( edit ) Mixtery used up - beat samplings of the song in a hit also titled `` Bring Me to Life '' featuring Nigerian Eurodance artist Eddy Wata . American pianist John Tesh released an instrumental version of the song on his albums A Deeper Faith , Vol. 2 ( 2003 ) and A Passionate Life ( 2007 ) . In 2003 , Kidz Bop Kids covered the song on their fourth studio album , Kidz Bop 4 . In 2008 , black metal band Wykked Wytch covered the song and produced an accompanying music video . Their version was digitally released in October of that year on iTunes Store . In 2010 , German band Gregorian released a cover version of the song on their album Dark Side of the Chant . `` Bring Me to Life '' was included in the games Rock Band , Rock Band Unplugged , Band Hero , DLC for SingStar , and Fight Girl Battle World . The song was used during the Calgary Flames ' run in the 2004 Stanley Cup playoffs . The song served as the official theme song of the WWE pay - per - view event No Way Out ( 2003 ) . Katherine Jenkins version ( edit ) `` Bring Me to Life '' Single by Katherine Jenkins from the album Believe Released October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 46 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Lee Moody Hodges Producer ( s ) David Foster Katherine Jenkins singles chronology `` I Believe '' ( 2009 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2009 ) `` Angel '' ( 2009 ) `` I Believe '' ( 2009 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( 2009 ) `` Angel '' ( 2009 ) Welsh classical singer Katherine Jenkins recorded a cover version of `` Bring Me to Life '' on her 2009 album Believe . Jenkins said : `` I 'd mentioned that I wanted to try Evanescence 's Bring Me to Life and David ( Foster ) said ' you ca n't sing that ' . I came out there questioning my vocal abilities . I 'm just not used to being told that . I went home that night and I just thought to myself ' you have to pull yourself together , he 's worked with so many incredible artists you have to step up the plate . ' I did talk myself round and I went in there the next day on a mission . It 's good to be pushed sometimes -- and I proved him wrong ! '' Jenkins decided to change the guitar - led and percussive original version and instead , `` make it more orchestral with the percussion coming from the strings . '' Alfred Hickling of The Guardian gave a mixed review of Jenkins ' cover , calling it `` histrionic . '' However , a writer of BBC Online chose her version of the song as a highlight on the album . On October 23 , 2009 , the song was available for digital download as the second single from Believe . On November 23 , 2011 , Jenkins sang the song live at the Leicester Square station in London . Track listing Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Bring Me to Life '' 3 : 46 2 . `` Bring Me to Life ( Almighty Club Mix ) '' 7 : 03 3 . `` Bring Me to Life ( Almighty Club Radio Mix ) '' 3 : 07 Weekly charts Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 74 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits are adapted from Fallen liner notes . Amy Lee -- writing , keyboards , vocals Ben Moody -- writing , producing , guitars , percussion David Hodges -- writing , keyboards , string arrangements Josh Freese -- drums Dave Fortman -- producing Francesco DiCosmo -- bass guitar David Campbell -- additional string arrangements Graeme Revell -- string arrangements , orchestral conduction Track listing ( edit ) International CD single ( April 7 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 International CD Maxi ( April 14 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 14 Australian CD Single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Missing '' -- 4 : 15 French CD single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 Subsequent pressings single ( June 24 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( music video ) -- 4 : 14 International DVD ( June 2 , 2003 ) `` Bring Me to Life '' ( video ) `` Bring Me to Life '' `` Bring Me to Life '' ( live acoustic version ) `` My Immortal '' ( Live acoustic version ) `` Interview footage UK cassette single `` Bring Me to Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Farther Away '' -- 3 : 58 `` Bring Me to Life '' ( Bliss Mix ) -- 3 : 59 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazilian Singles Chart ( ABPD ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Charts ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 11 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Rock ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2004 -- 06 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 35 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 6 Australian Rock Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 22 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 30 Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) 11 Dutch Top 40 52 Irish Singles Chart 20 Italian Singles Chart New Zealand Singles Chart 22 Swedish Singles Chart 5 Swiss Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Alternative Songs 8 US Mainstream Rock Tracks 39 US Mainstream Top 40 5 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 09 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 59 US Alternative Songs 26 US Rock Songs 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 300,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Gold 10,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 615,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Book : Fallen List of number - one singles of 2003 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2003 ( Italy ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2000s List of Billboard number - one alternative singles of the 2000s List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2003 List of UK Rock Chart number - one singles of 2003 List of UK Rock Chart number - one singles of 2011 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Orloff , Brian ( May 13 , 2004 ) . `` Weekend : ' Music is my therapy ' '' . St. Petersburg Times . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carioli , Carly ( September 12 , 2003 ) . `` Amy Lee on bringing Evanescence 's ' Bring Me to Life ' to life '' . The Phoenix . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` Evanescence : Fallen To the Top '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2007 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eells , Josh ( October 2006 ) . `` Amy Lee : Back in Black '' . Blender . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Titus , Christa ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Evanescence Returns to an Altered Rock Landscape '' . Billboard . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bring Me to Life / Farther Away / Missing ( Single , Maxi , Import ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . 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Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . `` Week Ending June 18 '' : `` Archive Chart '' . UK Rock Chart . The Official Charts Company . June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . `` Week Ending July 23 '' : `` Archive Chart '' . UK Rock Chart . The Official Charts Company . July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . `` Week Ending July 30 '' : `` Archive Chart '' . UK Rock Chart . The Official Charts Company . July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . `` Week Ending August 6 '' : `` Archive Chart '' . UK Rock Chart . The Official Charts Company . July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Chart Flashback : 2003 -- Evanescence 's Bring Me To Life '' . Official UK Albums Chart . June 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Corey ( August 18 , 2003 ) . `` Sizing Up The Money Shots Of 50 Cent , Sean Paul And Others '' . MTV News . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . 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Blabbermouth.net . August 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Guilherme ( October 2 , 2011 ) . `` Evanescence toca o bom básico no Rock in Rio '' . MTV News ( in Portuguese Brasil ) . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , Caroline ( November 22 , 2006 ) . `` Evanescence -- Hammersmith Apollo , London '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Evanescence Announce ' Synthesis Live ' Tour for Fall 2017 '' . Loudwire . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Sadie ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Evanescence Share Orchestral ' Bring Me To Life ' Reworking Off New Album ' Synthesis ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Childers , Chad ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Evanescence Reveal Reimagined ' Synthesis ' Version of ' Bring Me to Life ' '' . Loudwire . 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If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Evanescence Amy Lee Tim McCord Will Hunt Troy McLawhorn Jen Majura Ben Moody David Hodges Will Boyd John LeCompt Rocky Gray Terry Balsamo Albums Studio Fallen The Open Door Evanescence Synthesis Live Anywhere but Home Others Origin Lost Whispers Singles `` Bring Me to Life '' `` Going Under '' `` My Immortal '' `` Everybody 's Fool '' `` Call Me When You 're Sober '' `` Lithium '' `` Sweet Sacrifice '' `` Good Enough '' `` What You Want '' `` My Heart Is Broken '' `` Lost in Paradise '' Promotional singles `` Weight of the World '' Other songs `` Lacrymosa '' Tours Evanescence Tour Synthesis Tour Lindsey Stirling + Evanescence 2018 Tour Related articles Band members Discography Songs Awards and nominations Francesco DiCosmo Josh Freese Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bring_Me_to_Life&oldid=842267884 '' Categories : 2000s ballads Evanescence songs 2003 singles 2003 songs Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Debut singles Number - one singles in Australia European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Spain UK Singles Chart number - one singles Rock ballads Songs written by Ben Moody Songs written by David Hodges Songs written by Amy Lee Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance Gothic metal songs Rap rock songs Wind - up Records singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages using deprecated image syntax Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Greece Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 10 : 31 . 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who sings bring me back to life with evanescence
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"\"Bring Me to Life\" is a song by American rock band Evanescence recorded for their debut studio album Fallen (2003). Wind-up released it as the lead single from the album on April 22, 2003. The track was written by group members Amy Lee, Ben Moody, and David Hodges and produced by Dave Fortman. It also features uncredited guest vocals from Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones. \"Bring Me to Life\" is a nu metal, gothic metal and rap rock song. According to Lee, \"Bring Me to Life\" has several meanings and inspirations; its subjects are an incident in a restaurant, open-mindedness, and waking up to the things which are missing in the protagonist's life. Lee later revealed that the song was inspired by her long-time friend and husband Josh Hartzler."
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"Paul McCoy of the band 12 Stones"
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2018 Indian Premier League
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2018 Indian Premier League - Wikipedia 2018 Indian Premier League 2018 Indian Premier League Dates 7 April -- 27 May 2018 Administrator ( s ) Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) Cricket format Twenty20 Tournament format ( s ) Double round robin and playoffs knockout Host ( s ) India Champions Chennai Super Kings ( 3rd title ) Participants 8 Matches played 60 Player of the series Sunil Narine ( KKR ) ( 357 runs and 17 wickets ) Most runs Kane Williamson ( SRH ) ( 735 ) Most wickets Andrew Tye ( KXIP ) ( 24 ) Official website www.iplt20.com ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 season of the Indian Premier League , also known as IPL 11 , was the eleventh season of the IPL , a professional Twenty20 cricket league established by the BCCI in 2007 . The season , which is being held from 7 April to 27 May , saw the return of the Chennai Super Kings and the Rajasthan Royals after serving two years of suspension for the involvement of their respective owners in the 2013 IPL betting case . Star Sports purchased the media rights at ₹ 16,347.5 crore ( $2.55 billion ) for five years starting from 2018 . Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets against Sunrisers Hyderabad in the final to win their third title . Sunrisers Hyderabad captain Kane Williamson won the Orange Cap for the leading run - scorer of the tournament with 735 runs . Andrew Tye , of Kings XI Punjab , was awarded the Purple Cap for finishing as the leading wicket - taker of the tournament with 24 wickets . Sunil Narine of Kolkata Knight Riders was named Most Valuable Player , also known as Man of the Series , while Rishabh Pant of Delhi Daredevils was named the Emerging Player of the Tournament . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Format 1.2 Broadcast 2 Venues 3 Personnel changes 4 Opening ceremony 5 Teams and standings 5.1 League table 5.2 League progression 5.3 Match summary 6 League stage 6.1 Match results 7 Playoffs 7.1 Preliminary 7.2 Final 8 Statistics 8.1 Most Runs 8.2 Most wickets 8.3 Special awards 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background This was the first season of the IPL to use DRS . IPL Fanpark , an initiative where matches are hosted in stadia on a large screen has been planned to be held across 36 cities in 19 states across the India . This season also will introduce mid-season transfers . The transfer window will be a short five - day transfer window applicable only for uncapped players who have played not more than two matches at the halfway mark of the tournament . Format Eight teams are scheduled to play in 2018 . The tournament involves each team playing every other team twice in a home - and - away , double round - robin format . At the conclusion of the double round - robin league , the top four teams on the basis of aggregate points qualify for the playoffs . In this stage , the top two teams compete with each other ( in a match titled `` Qualifier 1 '' ) , as do the remaining two teams ( in a match titled `` Eliminator '' ) . While the winner of Qualifier 1 directly qualifies for the final match , the losing team gets another chance to qualify for the final match by playing the winning team of the Eliminator match ; this match is titled Qualifier 2 . The winner of this subsequent Qualifier 2 match moves onto the final match . The team that wins the final match is crowned the Indian Premier League winners. The schedule for the tournament was published on 14 February 2018 . Broadcast Star Sports won the global media rights at ₹ 16,347.5 crore ( $2.55 billion ) for five years starting from 2018 . In India , the tournament will be broadcast on Star Network channels in six languages ( English , Hindi , Tamil , Telugu , Kannada and Bengali ) . For the first time , IPL would also be broadcast on public broadcaster Doordarshan . The television rights for rest of the world were won by Willow TV for US and Canada , Sky Sports for UK , Fox Sports for Australia , Sky Sport for New Zealand , SuperSport for sub Saharan Africa , beIN Sports for Middle - East and North America , Flow TV for Caribbean , Geo Super for Pakistan , Channel 9 for Bangladesh and Lemar TV for Afghanistan . The radio rights were won by Cricket Radio globally ( except Indian subcontinent ) , 89.1 Radio 4 FM and Gold 101.3 FM for US and Talksport for UK . Star 's digital platform Hotstar held the digital rights for India , US and Canada . The digital rights for rest of the world were won by Sky Sports for UK , Fox Sports for Australia , Sky Sport for New Zealand , SuperSport for sub Saharan Africa , beIN Sports for Middle - East and North America , Flow TV for Caribbean , Geo Super for Pakistan , Channel 9 for Bangladesh and YuppTV for Australia , Europe , SE Asia & South America . Star India also announced its plan to broadcast IPL in Virtual Reality . Venues Per the original schedule , all teams except for Kings XI Punjab , would play their home games at their traditional home venues . Kings XI were scheduled to play three of their home games in Indore and the other four games in Mohali . The schedule was later changed due to logistical issues owing to the temporary closure of Chandigarh Airport , and as a result , Kings XI would play three of their home games in Mohali and the other four games in Indore making an exception to the rule of playing at least four home matches at their designated home venue . The IPL matches in Chennai were threatened due to the Kaveri water dispute protests . The Madras High Court issued a notice to BCCI after a PIL was filed seeking a stay on the IPL matches in Chennai . On 11 April that Chennai 's six remaining home matches would be held in Pune instead due to security concerns resulting from the protests . Ten venues were selected to host the matches . The opening match and the final will be played at the Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai . The venues for the two playoffs were not announced initially due to the norm of allotting the Eliminator and second qualifier to the home stadium of last season 's runner - up , and the fact that the 2017 runner - up , Rising Pune Supergiant were no longer a part of the IPL . Later , both playoffs were allotted to Pune but after the venue of Chennai Super Kings was moved there , the matches were shifted to Kolkata . Bangalore Delhi Hyderabad Royal Challengers Bangalore Delhi Daredevils Sunrisers Hyderabad M. Chinnaswamy Stadium Feroz Shah Kotla Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium Capacity : 35,000 Capacity : 41,000 Capacity : 55,000 Indore Mumbai Kolkata Mohali Bangalore Jaipur Delhi Hyderabad Pune Indore Chennai Jaipur Kings XI Punjab Rajasthan Royals Holkar Cricket Stadium Sawai Mansingh Stadium Capacity : 30,000 Capacity : 25,000 Kolkata Mohali Kolkata Knight Riders and Playoffs Kings XI Punjab Eden Gardens Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium Capacity : 68,000 Capacity : 26,000 Mumbai Pune Chennai Mumbai Indians and Playoffs Chennai Super Kings Chennai Super Kings Wankhede Stadium Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium M.A. Chidambaram Stadium Capacity : 33,000 Capacity : 37,000 Capacity : 39,000 Personnel Changes Main article : List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes Further information : List of current Indian Premier League team rosters The IPL Governing Council announced that each IPL franchise could retain a maximum of five players from their respective current squads . Of the five players , a franchise could retain a maximum of three players through retention in lead up to the auction , and a maximum of three players through right - to - match card during the auction . The other restrictions on player retention were : a maximum of three capped Indian players could be retained , and only two overseas players and two uncapped Indian players could be retained . The salary cap for each team for the 2018 season was increased from ₹ 66 crore to ₹ 80 crore ( approximately $12.4 million ) . A franchise was allowed to spend only ₹ 33 crore on retentions ahead of the 2018 IPL auction , leaving it at least ₹ 47 crore to spend at the auction . IPL teams were asked to submit their retention list by January 4 . For the first time in IPL history , the player retention event was broadcast live on Star Sports . The IPL auction was held on 27 and 28 January at Bangalore a day after the final of the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. 169 players ( 104 Indians and 56 Overseas ) were sold at auction . Ben Stokes fetched the highest bid of ₹ 12.5 crore ( US $1.95 million ) . Jaydev Unadkat was the most costly Indian player at ₹ 11.5 crore ( US $1.80 million ) . Among uncapped players Krunal Pandya was most expensive at ₹ 8.8 crore ( US $1.38 million ) . Many prominent players such as Lasith Malinga , Dale Steyn , Ishant Sharma , Hashim Amla , Martin Guptill and Joe Root remain unsold . Opening ceremony The season had a single opening ceremony , unlike 2017 IPL , before the first match on 7 April . The ceremony included performances by Varun Dhawan , Prabhu Deva , Mika Singh , Tamannaah Bhatia , Jacqueline Fernandez and Hrithik Roshan . Teams and standings League table Team Pld NR Pts NRR Sunrisers Hyderabad ( 2 ) 14 9 5 0 0 18 + 0.284 Chennai Super Kings ( C ) 14 9 5 0 0 18 + 0.253 Kolkata Knight Riders ( 3 ) 14 8 6 0 0 16 - 0.070 Rajasthan Royals ( 4 ) 14 7 7 0 0 14 - 0.250 Mumbai Indians 14 6 8 0 0 12 + 0.317 Royal Challengers Bangalore 14 6 8 0 0 12 + 0.129 Kings XI Punjab 14 6 8 0 0 12 - 0.502 Delhi Daredevils 14 5 9 0 0 10 - 0.222 The four top ranked teams qualify for the playoffs advanced to Qualifier 1 advanced to the Eliminator League progression Team Group matches Playoffs 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Q1 / E Q2 Chennai Super Kings 6 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 16 16 18 Delhi Daredevils 0 0 6 6 6 6 8 10 Kings XI Punjab 6 8 10 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 Kolkata Knight Riders 6 6 6 8 10 10 10 12 14 16 Mumbai Indians 0 0 0 6 8 10 10 12 12 Rajasthan Royals 0 6 6 6 6 8 10 12 12 14 Royal Challengers Bangalore 0 6 6 6 8 10 12 12 Sunrisers Hyderabad 6 6 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 18 18 18 Win Loss No result Note : The total points at the end of each group match are listed . Note : Click on the points ( group matches ) or W / L ( playoffs ) to see the match summary . view talk Match summary Visitor team → CSK DD KXIP KKR MI RR RCB SRH Home team ↓ Chennai Super Kings Chennai 13 runs Chennai 5 wickets Chennai 5 wickets Mumbai 8 wickets Chennai 64 runs Chennai 6 wickets Chennai 8 wickets Delhi Daredevils Delhi 34 runs Punjab 4 runs Delhi 55 runs Delhi 11 runs Delhi 4 runs ( DLS ) Bangalore 5 wickets Hyderabad 9 wickets Kings XI Punjab Punjab 4 runs Punjab 6 wickets ( DLS ) Kolkata 31 runs Mumbai 6 wickets Punjab 6 wickets Bangalore 10 wickets Punjab 15 runs Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata 6 wickets Kolkata 71 runs Punjab 9 wickets ( DLS ) Mumbai 102 runs Kolkata 6 wickets Kolkata 4 wickets Hyderabad 5 wickets Mumbai Indians Chennai 1 wicket ( DLS ) Delhi 7 wickets Mumbai 3 runs Mumbai 13 runs Rajasthan 7 wickets Mumbai 46 runs Hyderabad 31 runs Rajasthan Royals Rajasthan 4 wickets Rajasthan 10 runs ( DLS ) Rajasthan 15 runs Kolkata 7 wickets Rajasthan 3 wickets Rajasthan 30 runs Hyderabad 11 runs Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai 5 wickets Bangalore 6 wickets Bangalore 4 wickets Kolkata 6 wickets Bangalore 14 runs Rajasthan 19 runs Bangalore 14 runs Sunrisers Hyderabad Chennai 4 runs Hyderabad 7 wickets Hyderabad 13 runs Kolkata 5 wickets Hyderabad 1 wicket Hyderabad 9 wickets Hyderabad 5 runs Home team won Visitor team won Note : Results listed are according to the home ( horizontal ) and visitor ( vertical ) teams . Note : Click on a result to see a summary of the match . view talk League stage Match Results All times are in Indian Standard Time ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) 7 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 165 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 169 / 9 ( 19.5 overs ) Suryakumar Yadav 43 ( 29 ) Shane Watson 2 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Dwayne Bravo 68 ( 30 ) Mayank Markande 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 1 wicket Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Chris Gaffaney ( New Zealand ) and Nand Kishore ( India ) Player of the match : Dwayne Bravo ( Chennai Super Kings ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 8 April 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 166 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 167 / 4 ( 18.5 overs ) Gattam Tambhir 55 ( 42 ) Mujeeb Ur Rahman 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) K.L. Rahul 51 ( 16 ) Daniel Christian 1 / 12 ( 2 overs ) Kings XI Punjab won by 6 wickets Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan ( India ) and Rod Tucker ( Australia ) Player of the match : K.L. Rahul ( Kings XI Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . Mujeeb Ur Rahman ( Kings XI Punjab ) became the youngest cricketer to play in the IPL . K.L. Rahul ( Kings XI Punjab ) scored the fastest fifty in the IPL . 8 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 176 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 177 / 6 ( 18.5 overs ) AB de Villiers 44 ( 23 ) Nitish Rana 2 / 11 ( 1 over ) Sunil Narine 50 ( 19 ) Chris Woakes 3 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 4 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Abhijit Deshmukh ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Sunil Narine ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . Brendon McCullum ( Royal Challengers Bangalore ) scored his 9,000 th T20 run . 9 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 125 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 127 / 1 ( 15.5 overs ) Sanju Samson 49 ( 42 ) Siddarth Kaul 2 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 78 * ( 57 ) Jaydev Unadkat 1 / 28 ( 3 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 9 wickets Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Vineet Kulkarni ( India ) and Nigel Llong ( England ) Player of the match : Shikhar Dhawan ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . 10 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 202 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 205 / 5 ( 19.5 overs ) Andre Russell 88 * ( 36 ) Shane Watson 2 / 39 ( 4 overs ) Sam Billings 56 ( 23 ) Tom Curran 2 / 39 ( 3 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Chris Gaffaney ( New Zealand ) Player of the match : Sam Billings ( Chennai Super Kings ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 11 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 153 / 5 ( 17.5 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 60 / 4 ( 6 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 45 ( 40 ) Shahbaz Nadeem 2 / 34 ( 4 overs ) Rishabh Pant 20 ( 14 ) Ben Laughlin 2 / 20 ( 2 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 10 runs ( DLS method ) Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan ( India ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Sanju Samson ( Rajasthan Royals ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . Rain during play ended the Rajasthan Royals innings at 17.5 overs and Delhi Daredevils were set a target of 71 runs from 6 overs . 12 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 147 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 151 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Evin Lewis 29 ( 17 ) Sandeep Sharma 2 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 45 ( 28 ) Mayank Markande 4 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 1 wicket Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Nigel Llong ( England ) and C.K. Nandan ( India ) Player of the match : Rashid Khan ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . 13 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 155 ( 19.2 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 159 / 6 ( 19.3 overs ) K.L. Rahul 47 ( 30 ) Umesh Yadav 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) AB de Villiers 57 ( 40 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 2 / 30 ( 4 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 4 wickets M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Abhijit Deshmukh ( India ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : Umesh Yadav ( Royal Challengers Bangalore ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 14 April 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 194 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 195 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Suryakumar Yadav 53 ( 32 ) Daniel Christian 3 / 35 ( 3 overs ) Jason Roy 91 * ( 53 ) Krunal Pandya 2 / 21 ( 3 overs ) Delhi Daredevils won by 7 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan ( India ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Jason Roy ( Delhi Daredevils ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . 14 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 138 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 139 / 5 ( 19 overs ) Chris Lynn 49 ( 34 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Kane Williamson 50 ( 44 ) Sunil Narine 2 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 5 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Nand Kishore ( India ) Player of the match : Billy Stanlake ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . Shivam Mavi and Shubman Gill ( both Kolkata Knight Riders ) made their T20 debuts . 15 April 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 217 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 198 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Sanju Samson 92 * ( 45 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 2 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Virat Kohli 57 ( 30 ) Shreyas Gopal 2 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 19 runs M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Sundaram Ravi ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Sanju Samson ( Rajasthan Royals ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 15 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 197 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 193 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Chris Gayle 63 ( 33 ) Shardul Thakur 2 / 33 ( 3 overs ) MS Dhoni 79 * ( 44 ) Andrew Tye 2 / 47 ( 4 overs ) Kings XI Punjab won by 4 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Vineet Kulkarni ( India ) and C.K. Nandan ( India ) Player of the match : Chris Gayle ( Kings XI Punjab ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 16 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 200 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 129 ( 14.2 overs ) Nitish Rana 59 ( 35 ) Rahul Tewatia 3 / 18 ( 3 overs ) Glenn Maxwell 47 ( 22 ) Sunil Narine 3 / 18 ( 3 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 71 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Nand Kishore ( India ) Player of the match : Nitish Rana ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . 17 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 213 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 167 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Rohit Sharma 94 ( 52 ) Umesh Yadav 2 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Virat Kohli 92 * ( 62 ) Krunal Pandya 3 / 28 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 46 runs Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Nitin Menon ( India ) and Rod Tucker ( Australia ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Mumbai Indians ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 18 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 160 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 163 / 3 ( 18.5 overs ) D'Arcy Short 44 ( 43 ) Nitish Rana 2 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Robin Uthappa 48 ( 36 ) Krishnappa Gowtham 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 7 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Abhijit Deshmukh ( India ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : Nitish Rana ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . 19 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 193 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 178 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Chris Gayle 104 * ( 63 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 1 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Manish Pandey 57 * ( 42 ) Andrew Tye 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Kings XI Punjab won by 15 runs Punjab Cricket Association Stadium , Mohali Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Nigel Llong ( England ) Player of the match : Chris Gayle ( Kings XI Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to bat . 20 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 204 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 140 ( 18.3 overs ) Shane Watson 106 ( 57 ) Shreyas Gopal 3 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Ben Stokes 45 ( 37 ) Karn Sharma 2 / 13 ( 1.3 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 64 runs Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan ( India ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Shane Watson ( Chennai Super Kings ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 21 April 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 191 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 126 / 1 ( 11.1 overs ) Chris Lynn 74 ( 41 ) Andrew Tye 2 / 30 ( 4 overs ) Chris Gayle 62 * ( 38 ) Sunil Narine 1 / 23 ( 3 overs ) Kings XI Punjab won by 9 wickets ( DLS method ) Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Abhijit Deshmukh ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : K.L. Rahul ( Kings XI Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . Rain interrupted play after 8.2 overs of the Kings XI Punjab innings and the target was revised to 125 runs from 13 overs . 21 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 174 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 176 / 4 ( 18 overs ) Rishabh Pant 85 ( 48 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 2 / 22 ( 3 overs ) AB de Villiers 90 * ( 39 ) Glenn Maxwell 1 / 13 ( 2 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 6 wickets M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Chris Gaffaney ( New Zealand ) and C.K. Nandan ( India ) Player of the match : AB de Villiers ( Royal Challengers Bangalore ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 22 April 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 182 / 3 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 178 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Ambati Rayudu 79 ( 37 ) Bhuvneshwar Kumar 1 / 22 ( 3 overs ) Kane Williamson 84 ( 51 ) Deepak Chahar 3 / 15 ( 4 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 4 runs Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Vineet Kulkarni ( India ) Player of the match : Ambati Rayudu ( Chennai Super Kings ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . 22 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 167 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 168 / 7 ( 19.4 overs ) Suryakumar Yadav 72 ( 47 ) Jofra Archer 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Sanju Samson 52 ( 39 ) Hardik Pandya 2 / 25 ( 2.4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 3 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan ( India ) and Rod Tucker ( Australia ) Player of the match : Jofra Archer ( Rajasthan Royals ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to bat . 23 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 143 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 139 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Karun Nair 34 ( 32 ) Liam Plunkett 3 / 17 ( 4 overs ) Shreyas Iyer 57 ( 45 ) Ankit Rajpoot 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Kings XI Punjab won by 4 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( India ) and Nand Kishore ( India ) Player of the match : Ankit Rajpoot ( Kings XI Punjab ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . Prithvi Shaw ( Delhi Daredevils ) made his T20 debut . 24 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 118 ( 18.4 overs ) Mumbai Indians 87 ( 18.5 overs ) Kane Williamson 29 ( 21 ) Mayank Markande 2 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Suryakumar Yadav 34 ( 38 ) Siddarth Kaul 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 31 runs Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Sundaram Ravi ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Rashid Khan ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 25 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 205 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 207 / 5 ( 19.4 overs ) AB de Villiers 68 ( 30 ) Dwayne Bravo 2 / 33 ( 4 overs ) Ambati Rayudu 82 ( 53 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 2 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Nigel Llong ( England ) and Virender Sharma ( India ) Player of the match : MS Dhoni ( Chennai Super Kings ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 26 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 132 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 119 ( 19.2 overs ) Manish Pandey 54 ( 51 ) Ankit Rajpoot 5 / 14 ( 4 overs ) K.L. Rahul 32 ( 26 ) Rashid Khan 3 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 13 runs Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Yeshwant Barde ( India ) and C.K. Nandan ( India ) Player of the match : Ankit Rajpoot ( Kings XI Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . 27 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 219 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 164 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Shreyas Iyer 93 * ( 40 ) Andre Russell 1 / 28 ( 3 overs ) Andre Russell 44 ( 30 ) Glenn Maxwell 2 / 22 ( 2 overs ) Delhi Daredevils won by 55 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Sundaram Ravi ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( india ) Player of the match : Shreyas Iyer ( Delhi Daredevils ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . 28 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 169 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 170 / 2 ( 19.4 overs ) Suresh Raina 75 * ( 47 ) Mitchell McClenaghan 2 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Rohit Sharma 56 * ( 33 ) Harbhajan Singh 1 / 20 ( 3.5 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 8 wickets Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune Umpires : Chris Gaffaney ( New Zealand ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Mumbai Indians ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 29 April 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 151 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 140 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kane Williamson 63 ( 43 ) Jofra Archer 3 / 26 ( 4 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 65 * ( 53 ) Siddarth Kaul 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 11 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Nand Kishore ( India ) and Bruce Oxenford ( Australia ) Player of the match : Kane Williamson ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat . 29 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 175 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 176 / 4 ( 19.1 overs ) Virat Kohli 68 * ( 44 ) Andre Russell 3 / 31 ( 3 overs ) Chris Lynn 62 * ( 52 ) Murugan Ashwin 2 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Nigel Llong ( England ) Player of the match : Chris Lynn ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . 30 April 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 211 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Delhi Daredevils 198 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Shane Watson 78 ( 40 ) Glenn Maxwell 1 / 5 ( 1 over ) Rishabh Pant 79 ( 45 ) KM Asif 2 / 43 ( 3 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 13 runs Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune Umpires : Anil Dandekar ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Shane Watson ( Chennai Super Kings ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to field . Chennai Super Kings recorded their 100th T20 victory . 1 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 167 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 153 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Manan Vohra 45 ( 31 ) Hardik Pandya 3 / 28 ( 3 overs ) Hardik Pandya 50 ( 42 ) Tim Southee 2 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 14 runs M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Tim Southee ( Royal Challengers Bangalore ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 2 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 196 / 6 ( 17.1 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 146 / 5 ( 12 overs ) Rishabh Pant 69 ( 29 ) Jaydev Unadkat 3 / 46 ( 4 overs ) Jos Buttler 67 ( 26 ) Trent Boult 2 / 26 ( 3 overs ) Delhi Daredevils won by 4 runs ( DLS method ) Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( India ) and Virender Sharma ( India ) Player of the match : Rishabh Pant ( Delhi Daredevils ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . Rain before start of play reduced the match to 18 overs per side . Rain during play ended the Delhi Daredevils innings at 17.1 overs and Rajasthan Royals were set a target of 151 runs from 12 overs . 3 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 177 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 180 / 4 ( 17.4 overs ) MS Dhoni 43 * ( 25 ) Sunil Narine 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Shubman Gill 57 * ( 36 ) Harbhajan Singh 1 / 20 ( 3 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Abhijit Deshmukh ( India ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) Player of the match : Sunil Narine ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . 4 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 174 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 176 / 4 ( 19 overs ) Chris Gayle 50 ( 40 ) Jasprit Bumrah 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Suryakumar Yadav 57 ( 42 ) Mujeeb Ur Rahman 2 / 37 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 6 wickets Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore Umpires : Anil Dandekar ( India ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : Suryakumar Yadav ( Mumbai Indians ) Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field . 5 May 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 127 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 128 / 4 ( 18 overs ) Parthiv Patel 53 ( 41 ) Ravindra Jadeja 3 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Ambati Rayudu 32 ( 25 ) Umesh Yadav 2 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 6 wickets Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune Umpires : Yeshwant Barde ( India ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Ravindra Jadeja ( Chennai Super Kings ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 5 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 163 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 164 / 3 ( 19.5 overs ) Prithvi Shaw 65 ( 36 ) Rashid Khan 2 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Alex Hales 45 ( 31 ) Amit Mishra 2 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( India ) and Bruce Oxenford ( Australia ) Player of the match : Rashid Khan ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to bat . 6 May 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 181 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 168 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Suryakumar Yadav 59 ( 39 ) Andre Russell 2 / 12 ( 2 overs ) Robin Uthappa 54 ( 35 ) Hardik Pandya 2 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 13 runs Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Abhijit Deshmukh ( India ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) Player of the match : Hardik Pandya ( Mumbai Indians ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . 6 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 152 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 155 / 4 ( 18.4 overs ) Jos Buttler 51 ( 39 ) Mujeeb Ur Rahman 3 / 27 ( 4 overs ) K.L. Rahul 84 * ( 54 ) Krishnappa Gowtham 1 / 18 ( 3 overs ) Kings XI Punjab won by 6 wickets Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore Umpires : Sundaram Ravi ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Mujeeb Ur Rahman ( Kings XI Punjab ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . 7 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 146 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 141 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kane Williamson 56 ( 39 ) Mohammed Siraj 3 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Virat Kohli 39 ( 30 ) Shakib Al Hasan 2 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 5 runs Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Australia ) and Virender Sharma ( India ) Player of the match : Kane Williamson ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 8 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 158 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 143 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Jos Buttler 82 ( 58 ) Andrew Tye 4 / 34 ( 4 overs ) K.L. Rahul 95 * ( 70 ) Krishnappa Gowtham 2 / 12 ( 3 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 15 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Jos Buttler ( Rajasthan Royals ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat . 9 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 210 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 108 ( 18.1 overs ) Ishan Kishan 62 ( 21 ) Piyush Chawla 3 / 48 ( 4 overs ) Chris Lynn 21 ( 15 ) Krunal Pandya 2 / 12 ( 3.1 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 102 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan ( India ) and Anil Chaudhary ( India ) Player of the match : Ishan Kishan ( Mumbai Indians ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . 10 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 187 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 191 / 1 ( 18.5 overs ) Rishabh Pant 128 * ( 63 ) Shakib Al Hasan 2 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 92 * ( 50 ) Harshal Patel 1 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 9 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Anil Dandekar ( India ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Shikhar Dhawan ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to bat . 11 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Chennai Super Kings 176 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 177 / 6 ( 19.5 overs ) Suresh Raina 52 ( 35 ) Jofra Archer 2 / 42 ( 4 overs ) Jos Buttler 95 * ( 60 ) Shardul Thakur 1 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 4 wickets Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Yeshwant Barde ( India ) and Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) Player of the match : Jos Buttler ( Rajasthan Royals ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat . 12 May 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 245 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 214 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Sunil Narine 75 ( 36 ) Andrew Tye 4 / 41 ( 4 overs ) K.L. Rahul 66 ( 29 ) Andre Russell 3 / 41 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 31 runs Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore Umpires : C.K. Nandan ( India ) and Virender Sharma ( India ) Player of the match : Sunil Narine ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . 12 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 181 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 187 / 5 ( 19 overs ) Rishabh Pant 61 ( 34 ) Yuzvendra Chahal 2 / 28 ( 4 overs ) AB de Villiers 72 * ( 37 ) Trent Boult 2 / 40 ( 4 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 5 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : K.N. Ananthapadmanabhan ( India ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) Player of the match : AB de Villiers ( Royal Challengers Bangalore ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . Sandeep Lamichhane and Abhishek Sharma ( both Delhi Daredevils ) made their T20 debuts . 13 May 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 179 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 180 / 2 ( 19 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 79 ( 49 ) Shardul Thakur 2 / 32 ( 4 overs ) Ambati Rayudu 100 * ( 62 ) Sandeep Sharma 1 / 36 ( 4 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune Umpires : Yeshwant Barde ( India ) and Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) Player of the match : Ambati Rayudu ( Chennai Super Kings ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 13 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 168 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 171 / 3 ( 18 overs ) Evin Lewis 60 ( 42 ) Jofra Archer 2 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Jos Buttler 94 * ( 53 ) Hardik Pandya 2 / 52 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 7 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Nitin Menon ( India ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : Jos Buttler ( Rajasthan Royals ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . 14 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 88 ( 15.1 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 92 / 0 ( 8.1 overs ) Aaron Finch 26 ( 23 ) Umesh Yadav 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Virat Kohli 48 * ( 28 ) Ravichandran Ashwin 0 / 9 ( 1 over ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 10 wickets Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Australia ) and Virender Sharma ( India ) Player of the match : Umesh Yadav ( Royal Challengers Bangalore ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field . 15 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 142 ( 19 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 145 / 4 ( 18 overs ) Jos Buttler 39 ( 22 ) Kuldeep Yadav 4 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Chris Lynn 45 ( 42 ) Ben Stokes 3 / 15 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) Player of the match : Kuldeep Yadav ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . 16 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Mumbai Indians 186 / 8 ( 20 overs ) Kings XI Punjab 183 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Kieron Pollard 50 ( 23 ) Andrew Tye 4 / 16 ( 4 overs ) K.L. Rahul 94 ( 60 ) Jasprit Bumrah 3 / 15 ( 4 overs ) Mumbai Indians won by 3 runs Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Jasprit Bumrah ( Mumbai Indians ) Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field . 17 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Royal Challengers Bangalore 218 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad 204 / 3 ( 20 overs ) AB de Villiers 69 ( 39 ) Rashid Khan 3 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Kane Williamson 81 ( 42 ) Moeen Ali 1 / 21 ( 2 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 14 runs M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Umpires : Anil Dandekar ( India ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : AB de Villiers ( Royal Challengers Bangalore ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field . 18 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 162 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 128 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Rishabh Pant 38 ( 26 ) Lungi Ngidi 2 / 14 ( 3 overs ) Ambati Rayudu 50 ( 29 ) Trent Boult 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Delhi Daredevils won by 34 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) and Vineet Kulkarni ( India ) Player of the match : Harshal Patel ( Delhi Daredevils ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . 19 May 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Rajasthan Royals 164 / 5 ( 20 overs ) Royal Challengers Bangalore 134 ( 19.2 overs ) Rahul Tripathi 80 * ( 58 ) Umesh Yadav 3 / 25 ( 4 overs ) AB de Villiers 53 ( 35 ) Shreyas Gopal 4 / 16 ( 4 overs ) Rajasthan Royals won by 30 runs Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Australia ) and Virender Sharma ( India ) Player of the match : Shreyas Gopal ( Rajasthan Royals ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to bat . 19 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 172 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 173 / 5 ( 19.4 overs ) Shikhar Dhawan 50 ( 39 ) Prasidh Krishna 4 / 30 ( 4 overs ) Chris Lynn 55 ( 43 ) Carlos Brathwaite 2 / 21 ( 2.4 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 5 wickets Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : Chris Lynn ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat . 20 May 16 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Delhi Daredevils 174 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Mumbai Indians 163 ( 19.3 overs ) Rishabh Pant 64 ( 44 ) Krunal Pandya 1 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Evin Lewis 48 ( 31 ) Amit Mishra 3 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Delhi Daredevils won by 11 runs Feroz Shah Kotla , Delhi Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) and C.K. Nandan ( India ) Player of the match : Amit Mishra ( Delhi Daredevils ) Delhi Daredevils won the toss and elected to bat . 20 May 20 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kings XI Punjab 153 ( 19.4 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 159 / 5 ( 19.1 overs ) Karun Nair 54 ( 26 ) Lungi Ngidi 4 / 10 ( 4 overs ) Suresh Raina 61 * ( 48 ) Ankit Rajpoot 2 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune Umpires : Yeshwant Barde ( India ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Lungi Ngidi ( Chennai Super Kings ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . Playoffs All times are in Indian Standard Time ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) Preliminary Final 27 May -- Mumbai 22 May -- Mumbai Sunrisers Hyderabad 139 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 140 / 8 ( 19.1 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 181 / 2 ( 18.3 overs ) Chennai won by 2 wickets Sunrisers Hyderabad 178 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Chennai won by 8 wickets 25 May -- Kolkata Sunrisers Hyderabad 174 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 160 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Hyderabad won by 14 runs 23 May -- Kolkata Kolkata Knight Riders 169 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 144 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata won by 25 runs Preliminary Qualifier 1 22 May 19 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 139 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 140 / 8 ( 19.1 overs ) Carlos Brathwaite 43 * ( 29 ) Dwayne Bravo 2 / 25 ( 4 overs ) Faf du Plessis 67 * ( 42 ) Rashid Khan 2 / 11 ( 4 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 2 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) and Chettithody Shamshuddin ( India ) Player of the match : Faf du Plessis ( Chennai Super Kings ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . Eliminator 23 May 19 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Kolkata Knight Riders 169 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Rajasthan Royals 144 / 4 ( 20 overs ) Dinesh Karthik 52 ( 38 ) Krishnappa Gowtham 2 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Sanju Samson 50 ( 38 ) Piyush Chawla 2 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders won by 25 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( India ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Andre Russell ( Kolkata Knight Riders ) Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field . Qualifier 2 25 May 19 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 174 / 7 ( 20 overs ) Kolkata Knight Riders 160 / 9 ( 20 overs ) Wriddhiman Saha 35 ( 27 ) Kuldeep Yadav 2 / 29 ( 4 overs ) Chris Lynn 48 ( 31 ) Rashid Khan 3 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 14 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( Sri Lanka ) and Nitin Menon ( India ) Player of the match : Rashid Khan ( Sunrisers Hyderabad ) Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field . Final Main article : 2018 Indian Premier League Final 27 May 19 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard Sunrisers Hyderabad 178 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Chennai Super Kings 181 / 2 ( 18.3 overs ) Kane Williamson 47 ( 36 ) Ravindra Jadeja 1 / 24 ( 2 overs ) Shane Watson 117 * ( 57 ) Carlos Brathwaite 1 / 27 ( 2.3 overs ) Chennai Super Kings won by 8 wickets Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( South Africa ) and Sundaram Ravi ( India ) Player of the match : Shane Watson ( Chennai Super Kings ) Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field . Statistics Most runs Player Team Mat Inns Runs Ave SR HS 100 50 4s 6s Kane Williamson Sunrisers Hyderabad 17 17 735 52.50 142.44 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 0 8 63 28 Rishabh Pant Delhi Daredevils 14 14 684 52.61 173.60 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 * 5 68 37 K.L. Rahul Kings XI Punjab 14 14 659 54.91 158.41 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 * 0 6 66 32 Ambati Rayudu Chennai Super Kings 16 16 602 43.00 149.75 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 * 53 34 Shane Watson Chennai Super Kings 15 15 555 39.64 154.59 7002117000000000000 ♠ 117 * 44 35 Kane Williamson of Sunrisers Hyderabad received the Orange Cap . Source : ESPNcricinfo Most wickets Player Team Mat Inns Wkts BBI Avg Econ SR 4w 5w Andrew Tye Kings XI Punjab 14 14 24 4 / 16 18.66 8.00 14.00 0 Rashid Khan Sunrisers Hyderabad 17 17 21 3 / 19 21.80 6.73 19.40 0 0 Siddarth Kaul Sunrisers Hyderabad 17 17 21 3 / 23 26.04 8.28 18.80 0 0 Umesh Yadav Royal Challengers Bangalore 14 14 20 3 / 23 20.90 7.86 15.95 0 0 Trent Boult Delhi Daredevils 14 14 18 2 / 20 25.88 8.84 17.55 0 0 Andrew Tye of Kings XI Punjab received the Purple Cap . Source : ESPNcricinfo Special awards Player Team Award Value Rishabh Pant Delhi Daredevils Emerging Player of the Season ₹ 10 , 00,000 Mumbai Indians Fairplay Award Team trophy Trent Boult Delhi Daredevils VIVO Perfect Catch of the Season ₹ 10 , 00,000 , trophy & VIVO phone Sunil Narine Kolkata Knight Riders TATA Nexon Super Striker of the Season ₹ 10 , 00,000 , trophy & TATA Nexon car Rishabh Pant Delhi Daredevils fbb Stylish Player of the Season ₹ 10 , 00,000 and trophy MS Dhoni Chennai Super Kings StarPlus Nayi Soch Season Award ₹ 10 , 00,000 and trophy Andrew Tye Kings XI Punjab Purple Cap ₹ 10 , 00,000 Kane Williamson Sunrisers Hyderabad Orange Cap ₹ 10 , 00,000 Sunil Narine Kolkata Knight Riders Most Valuable Player ₹ 10 , 00,000 and trophy Source : See also Women 's T20 Challenge List of current Indian Premier League team rosters List of Indian Premier League records and statistics References ^ Jump up to : `` Star India wins IPL media rights for Rs16 , 347.5 crore for 5 seasons '' . LiveMint . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI gives the green signal to DRS in IPL 2018 '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VIVO IPL Fan Park gets bigger and better '' . IPLT20.com . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit endorses mid-season transfer window in IPL '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defending champions MI host CSK in IPL 2018 opener '' . Cricbuzz . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` VIVO IPL lines up the best global broadcasters for fans across the world '' . IPLT20.com . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Prasar Bharati - Star India agree on revenue sharing on IPL , DD likely to earn 50 % of total revenue '' . Economic Times . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 to Be Live Streamed in VR by Hotstar '' . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Changes in the schedule & Playoff venue announcement '' . IPLT20.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Protests over Cauvery find new ground in IPL '' . Times of India . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 : Madras HC hears PIL seeking stay on forthcoming season , issues notices to BCCI and Centre '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL matches moved out of Chennai over security concerns '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pune demands to host IPL play - offs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pune to host two IPL playoff matches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL playoff games moved from Pune to Kolkata '' . Cricbuzz. 4 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL franchises allowed to retain up to five players '' . ESPNcricinfo. 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IPL franchises allowed to retain up to five players '' . cricbuzz. 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IPL Player Retention 2018 : Date , Time , Live TV broadcast and online streaming '' . indianexpress.com. 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL auction to be held on January 27 , 28 '' . ESPNcricinfo. 19 December 2017 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` List of sold and unsold players '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 Hrithik Roshan , Varun Dhawan 's performances from opening ceremony '' . hindustan Times . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Afghani Mujeeb Ur Rahman Becomes Youngest Cricketer to Play in IPL '' . news18.com. 8 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` KL Rahul Scores Fastest Indian T20 League Half - Century '' . India.com. 8 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brendon McCullum marches onto become the second player to cross 9000 T20 runs '' . Times Now . 8 April 2018 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 : CSK join MI in elite list after 100th T20 victory '' . India Today . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2018 - Most Runs '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Premier League , 2018 - Most Wickets '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 Award Winners : Orange Cap , Purple Cap , Fairplay and other award winners '' . indianexpress . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . External links Series home on ESPN Cricinfo Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Indian_Premier_League&oldid=853393619 '' Categories : Indian Premier League seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from April 2017 Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 13 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Cedar River (Iowa River tributary)
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Cedar River ( Iowa River tributary ) - wikipedia Cedar River ( Iowa River tributary ) Map showing the Cedar ( to the right ) and Iowa ( to the left ) rivers . The Cedar River is a 338 - mile - long ( 544 km ) river in Minnesota and Iowa . It is a tributary of the Iowa River , which flows to the Mississippi River . The Cedar River takes its name from the red cedar ( Juniperus virginiana ) trees growing there , and was originally called the Red Cedar River by the Meskwaki . The first Mississippi steamboat reached Cedar Rapids , Iowa in 1844 , and during the next decade , the Red Cedar ( as it was still called ) was an important commercial waterway . The surrounding region is known officially as the Cedar River Valley , though it is more commonly referred to simply as the Cedar Valley . Contents 1 Geography 2 Flooding 2.1 1993 2.2 2008 2.3 2013 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geography ( edit ) The headwaters of the Cedar River are located in Dodge County , Minnesota , consisting of a west fork and middle fork approximately three miles northeast of the town of Blooming Prairie , and an east fork approximately one mile south of the town of Hayfield . It then flows into Mower County , Minnesota through the townships of Udolpho , Lansing , Austin ( where Turtle Creek and Dobbins Creek join it ) , and Lyle . It then flows into Mitchell County , Iowa and Floyd County , Iowa with the endpoint being located in Louisa County , Iowa at the town of Columbus Junction , where it joins with the Iowa River which then winds its way to the Mississippi River . Despite being a tributary of the Iowa River , it appears larger than the Iowa River at their confluence point . Palisades - Kepler State Park is located on the Cedar River near Cedar Rapids . Cedar River at the Ramsey Mill Pond near Austin , Minnesota . Cedar County , Iowa is named for the river . Major cities ( with populations greater than 20,000 ) located along the Cedar River include Austin , Minnesota , Cedar Falls , Iowa , Waterloo , Iowa , and Cedar Rapids , Iowa . Flooding ( edit ) 1993 ( edit ) See also : Great Flood of 1993 In 1993 , the river flooded some areas of downtown Cedar Rapids . The river crested at 19.83 feet . This was the worst flood in Iowa 's recorded history , before the Cedar River flooded again in 2008 . 2008 ( edit ) See also : Iowa flood of 2008 In 2008 , flooding of the river caused the evacuation of around 20,000 of Cedar Rapids ' residents and flooded over 1,200 blocks of the city . Upriver , the Waterloo / Cedar Falls metropolitan area was less affected , thanks mainly to the large dikes that protect the downtowns of both cities . To the north , the flooding Cedar River collapsed Charles City 's landmark suspension bridge , as well as destroyed many homes and community parks . 2013 ( edit ) See also : Floods in the United States : 2001 -- present § US Midwest floods 2013 See also ( edit ) List of Iowa rivers List of Minnesota rivers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey . National Hydrography Dataset high - resolution flowline data . The National Map Archived 2012 - 04 - 05 at WebCite , accessed May 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ John C. Hartman , ed. , Section Red Cedar River , Chapter XIV , Waterways and Bridges , History of Black Hawk County Iowa and its People , S.J. Clarke , Chicago , 1915 ; pages 376 - 378 . Jump up ^ Luther A. Brewer and Barthinius L. Wick , eds. , Section Early Steamboating on the Cedar , Chapter XL , The Bridges across the Cedar at Cedar Rapids and Early Steamboating on the Cedar River , History of Linn County Iowa , Pioneer , Chicago , 1911 ; pages 423 - 434 . Jump up ^ `` Mandatory evacuations in Cedar Rapids flood '' , Chicago Tribune , June 12 , 2008 External links ( edit ) John Page : Cedar River Series Cedar River Environmental Group U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Cedar River Coordinates : 41 ° 16 ′ 59 '' N 91 ° 20 ′ 49 '' W / 41.28306 ° N 91.34694 ° W / 41.28306 ; - 91.34694 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cedar_River_(Iowa_River_tributary)&oldid=812838483 '' Categories : Rivers of Iowa Rivers of Minnesota Rivers of Dodge County , Minnesota Rivers of Mower County , Minnesota Bodies of water of Mitchell County , Iowa Bodies of water of Floyd County , Iowa Rivers of Louisa County , Iowa Bodies of water of Linn County , Iowa Bodies of water of Black Hawk County , Iowa Geography of Cedar Rapids , Iowa Tributaries of the Mississippi River Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Français Norsk Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 04 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where does the cedar river begin and end
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Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)
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Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the celebrity edition . For the regular edition , see Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) . For other uses , see Celebrity Big Brother . Celebrity Big Brother Season 1 ( 2018 ) Legend Not in house Celebrity Big Brother also known as Big Brother : Celebrity Edition is a spin - off series of the American reality television series Big Brother . This season will air during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season on CBS and will be the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season , the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008 . Julie Chen will return as host , with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers . The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . CBS announced that the series is set to premiere on February 7 , 2018 and conclude on February 25 , 2018 . The promotional logo was released on December 20 , 2017 . The logo is similar to the Big Brother 19 promotional logo , however has the word ' celebrity ' added . The first teaser was also released the same day . In January 2018 official photos of the house and backyard were released through a press release and an Instagram livestream with Julie Chen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Production 2.1 Broadcasts 2.2 Viewing Figures 3 References 4 External links Background ( edit ) After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4 , the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief . The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season . Due to the success of the first celebrity edition , a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002 . The celebrity version took a two year break before returning for its third season in 2005 , and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version . Starting with the third season , the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities . Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother . American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom . An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002 , along with a celebrity version of Survivor . In an interview , Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2 . It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest . Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part , but then backed out . Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin - off of Big Brother called Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008 , where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day , set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room . Julie Chen announced on September 7 , 2017 , during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during winter 2018 , before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018 . CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season , and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers . The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America . On September 13 , 2017 , it was revealed by Chen that her husband , CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves , forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen . Moonves stated , `` You should n't be expected to be paid as if it 's a full series . It 's a condensed version . '' Production ( edit ) The format of the show is expected to remain similar to the American version of Big Brother . Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto have been confirmed to return for this edition along with live evictions . This series will be shown over a condensed run and will not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother . On December 1 , 2017 , CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7 , 2018 and wrap on February 25 , 2018 . Broadcasts ( edit ) The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother will be screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season . Episodes will air on Sundays , Mondays , Wednesdays , and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday , February 8 and Saturday , February 24 . All episodes are one hour and will air from 8 - 9 p.m. EST with the exception of Friday episodes , and the season finale which are two hours each and will air from 8 - 10 p.m. EST . The live Internet feeds will return for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access . Alongside the weekly shows on CBS the companion series Big Brother : After Dark will return on Pop providing live coverage nightly from the House . Viewing Figures ( edit ) # Air Date United States Source 18 -- 49 ( rating / share ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Wednesday , February 7 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA Thursday , February 8 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA Friday , February 9 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA Sunday , February 11 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 5 Monday , February 12 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 6 Wednesday , February 14 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 7 Friday , February 16 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 8 Sunday , February 18 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 9 Monday , February 19 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 10 Wednesday , February 21 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 11 Friday , February 23 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 12 Saturday , February 24 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA 13 Sunday , February 25 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chen , Julie ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` JULIE LIVE FROM THE HOUSE # BBCelebrity # CBBUS Clues throughout the day ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Pits Celeb Big Brother vs. Olympics , Sets Date for 30th Amazing Race '' . TV Line . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matthew ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Gets Its First CBS Teaser ( VIDEO ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother - Celebrity Big Brother ( Preview ) '' . Youtube . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother House Photos & Julie Chen Tour '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Matt ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Sneak Peek : First Look At New Backyard ( PICS ) '' . Big Brother Network . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Big Brother launched '' . BBC News . February 15 , 2001 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother USA Announced by CBS For Winter 2018 '' . Global Television Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Adrienne ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother Is Coming To CBS '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ryan ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gary Busey becomes first American winner of Celebrity Big Brother '' . Mail Online . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big - Name Hunting for Celeb ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . February 27 , 2002 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2003 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Team Reveals Celebrity Winter Edition ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mainelli , John ( February 28 , 2002 ) . `` Stern 's a Go for ' Big Bro ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2002 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Big Brother : Celebrity Hijack quietly leaves the room '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News -- CBS to Broadcast Its First Celebrity Edition of Reality Hit `` Big Brother '' '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Chen Took a Pay Cut to Make Celebrity Big Brother Happen '' . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Will Air a Lot of ' Big Brother ' During the Olympics '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother to air opposite the Winter Olympics '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Cody ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celebrity Big Brother coming to CBS this winter for first time ever '' . Hidden Remote . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Main edition Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Spin - offs Over the Top houseguests Celebrity Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Josh Martinez Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Companion shows House Calls After Dark Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Over the Top Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Me , Myself & I ( since 2017 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Thursday Night Football ( since 2014 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming Celebrity Big Brother ( 2018 ) F.B.I. ( TBA ) Living Biblically ( 2018 ) Instinct ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebrity_Big_Brother_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=821693886 '' Categories : 2018 in American television Big Brother ( U.S. ) Celebrity Big Brother Upcoming television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 02 : 01 . About Wikipedia
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when is celebrity big brother coming to cbs
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"Celebrity Big Brother also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition[1] is a spin-off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season will air during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season on CBS and will be the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen will return as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. CBS announced that the series is set to premiere on February 7, 2018 and conclude on February 25, 2018.[2]"
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Savings and loan association
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Savings and loan association - wikipedia Savings and loan association Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Savings bank . Part of a series on financial services Banking Types of banks ( hide ) Advising Banq Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Mutual savings National Offshore Participation Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Lists of banks Accounts Cards ( show ) Accounts Christmas club Deposit Money - market Savings Time deposit ( Bond ) Transaction ( checking / current ) Cards ATM Credit Debit Funds transfer ( show ) Electronic bill payment Wire Cheque SWIFT Automated Clearing House Giro Terms ( show ) Automated teller machine Bank regulation Loan Money creation Bank secrecy Ethical banking Fractional - reserve banking Islamic banking Private banking Related topics ( show ) Financial market ( participants ) Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Financial law Financial regulation List of banks This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment and transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment United States portal A savings and loan association ( S&L ) , or thrift institution , is a financial institution that specializes in accepting savings , deposits , and making mortgage and other loans . The terms `` S&L '' or `` thrift '' are mainly used in the United States ; similar institutions in the United Kingdom , Ireland and some Commonwealth countries include building societies and trustee savings banks . They are often mutually held ( often called mutual savings banks ) , meaning that the depositors and borrowers are members with voting rights , and have the ability to direct the financial and managerial goals of the organization like the members of a credit union or the policyholders of a mutual insurance company . While it is possible for an S&L to be a joint - stock company , and even publicly traded ; in such instances it is no longer truly a mutual association , and depositors and borrowers no longer have membership rights and managerial control . By law , thrifts can have no more than 20 percent of their lending in commercial loans -- their focus on mortgage and consumer loans makes them particularly vulnerable to housing downturns such as the deep one the U.S. has experienced since 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 U.S. savings and loan in the 20th century 2.1 Mortgage lending 2.2 Further advantages 2.3 Decline 2.4 Consequences of U.S. government acts and reforms 3 Characteristics 3.1 Differences from savings banks 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early history ( edit ) At the beginning of the 19th century , banking was still something only done by those who had assets or wealth that needed safekeeping . The first savings bank in the United States , the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society , was established on December 20 , 1816 , and by the 1830s such institutions had become widespread . In the United Kingdom , the first savings bank was founded in 1810 by the Reverend Henry Duncan , Doctor of Divinity , the minister of Ruthwell Church in Dumfriesshire , Scotland . It is home to the Savings Bank Museum , in which there are records relating to the history of the savings bank movement in the United Kingdom , as well as family memorabilia relating to Henry Duncan and other prominent people of the surrounding area . However the main type of institution similar to U.S. savings and loan associations in the United Kingdom is not the savings bank , but the building society and had existed since the 1770s . U.S. savings and loan in the 20th century ( edit ) The savings and loan association became a strong force in the early 20th century through assisting people with home ownership , through mortgage lending , and further assisting their members with basic saving and investing outlets , typically through passbook savings accounts and term certificates of deposit . The savings and loan associations of this era were famously portrayed in the 1946 film It 's a Wonderful Life . Mortgage lending ( edit ) The earliest mortgages were not offered by banks , but by insurance companies , and they differed greatly from the mortgage or home loan that is familiar today . Most early mortgages were short with some kind of balloon payment at the end of the term , or they were interest - only loans which did not pay anything toward the principal of the loan with each payment . As such , many people were either perpetually in debt in a continuous cycle of refinancing their home purchase , or they lost their home through foreclosure when they were unable to make the balloon payment at the end of the term of that loan . The US Congress passed the Federal Home Loan Bank Act in 1932 , during the Great Depression . It established the Federal Home Loan Bank and associated Federal Home Loan Bank Board to assist other banks in providing funding to offer long term , amortized loans for home purchases . The idea was to get banks involved in lending , not insurance companies , and to provide realistic loans which people could repay and gain full ownership of their homes . Savings and loan associations sprang up all across the United States because there was low - cost funding available through the Federal Home Loan Bank Act . Further advantages ( edit ) Savings and loans were given a certain amount of preferential treatment by the Federal Reserve inasmuch as they were given the ability to pay higher interest rates on savings deposits compared to a regular commercial bank . This was known as Regulation Q ( The Interest Rate Adjustment Act of 1966 ) and gave the S&Ls 50 basis points above what banks could offer . The idea was that with marginally higher savings rates , savings and loans would attract more deposits that would allow them to continue to write more mortgage loans , which would keep the mortgage market liquid , and funds would always be available to potential borrowers . However , savings and loans were not allowed to offer checking accounts until the late 1970s . This reduced the attractiveness of savings and loans to consumers , since it required consumers to hold accounts across multiple institutions in order to have access to both checking privileges and competitive savings rates . In the 1980s the situation changed . The United States Congress granted all thrifts in 1980 , including savings and loan associations , the power to make consumer and commercial loans and to issue transaction accounts . The Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( DIDMCA ) of 1980 was designed to help the banking industry to combat disintermediation of funds to higher - yielding non-deposit products such as money market mutual funds . It also allowed thrifts to make consumer loans up to 20 percent of their assets , issue credit cards , and provide negotiable order of withdrawal ( NOW ) accounts to consumers and nonprofit organizations . Over the next several years , this was followed by provisions that allowed banks and thrifts to offer a wide variety of new market - rate deposit products . For S&Ls , this deregulation of one side of the balance sheet essentially led to more inherent interest rate risk inasmuch as they were funding long - term , fixed - rate mortgage loans with volatile shorter - term deposits . In 1982 , the Garn - St. Germain Depository Institutions Act was passed and increased the proportion of assets that thrifts could hold in consumer and commercial real estate loans and allowed thrifts to invest 5 percent of their assets in commercial , corporate , business , or agricultural loans until January 1 , 1984 , when this percentage increased to 10 percent . Decline ( edit ) During the Savings and Loan Crisis , from 1986 to 1995 , the number of federally insured savings and loans in the United States declined from 3,234 to 1,645 . Analysts mostly attribute this to unsound real estate lending . The market share of S&Ls for single family mortgage loans went from 53 % in 1975 to 30 % in 1990 . The following is a detailed summary of the major causes for losses that hurt the S&L business in the 1980s according to the United States League of Savings Associations : Lack of net worth for many institutions as they entered the 1980s , and a wholly inadequate net worth regulation . Decline in the effectiveness of Regulation Q in preserving the spread between the cost of money and the rate of return on assets , basically stemming from inflation and the accompanying increase in market interest rates . Inability to vary the return on assets with increases in the rate of interest required to be paid for deposits . Increased competition on the deposit gathering and mortgage origination sides of the business , with a sudden burst of new technology making possible a whole new way of conducting financial institutions generally and the mortgage business specifically . A rapid increase in investment powers of associations with passage of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( the Garn - St Germain Act ) , and , more important , through state legislative enactments in a number of important and rapidly growing states . These introduced new risks and speculative opportunities which were difficult to administer . In many instances management lacked the ability or experience to evaluate them , or to administer large volumes of nonresidential construction loans . Elimination of regulations initially designed to prevent lending excesses and minimize failures . Regulatory relaxation permitted lending , directly and through participations , in distant loan markets on the promise of high returns . Lenders , however , were not familiar with these distant markets . It also permitted associations to participate extensively in speculative construction activities with builders and developers who had little or no financial stake in the projects . Fraud and insider transaction abuses , especially in the case of state - chartered and regulated thrifts , where regulatory supervision at the state level was lax , thinly - spread , and / or insufficient ( e.g. : Texas , Arizona ) . A new type and generation of opportunistic savings and loan executives and owners -- some of whom operated in a fraudulent manner -- whose takeover of many institutions was facilitated by a change in FSLIC rules reducing the minimum number of stockholders of an insured association from 400 to one . Dereliction of duty on the part of the board of directors of some savings associations . This permitted management to make uncontrolled use of some new operating authority , while directors failed to control expenses and prohibit obvious conflict of interest situations . A virtual end of inflation in the American economy , together with overbuilding in multifamily , condominium - type residences and in commercial real estate in many cities . In addition , real estate values collapsed in the energy states -- Texas , Louisiana , Oklahoma particularly due to falling oil prices -- and weakness occurred in the mining and agricultural sectors of the economy . Pressures felt by the management of many associations to restore net worth ratios . Anxious to improve earnings , they departed from their traditional lending practices into credits and markets involving higher risks , but with which they had little experience . The lack of appropriate , accurate , and effective evaluations of the savings and loan business by public accounting firms , security analysts , and the financial community . Organizational structure and supervisory laws , adequate for policing and controlling the business in the protected environment of the 1960s and 1970s , resulted in fatal delays and indecision in the examination / supervision process in the 1980s . Federal and state examination and supervisory staffs insufficient in number , experience , or ability to deal with the new world of savings and loan operations . The inability or unwillingness of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board and its legal and supervisory staff to deal with problem institutions in a timely manner . Many institutions , which ultimately closed with big losses , were known problem cases for a year or more . Often , it appeared , political considerations delayed necessary supervisory action . While not specifically identified above , a related specific factor was that S&Ls and their lending management were often inexperienced with the complexities and risks associated with commercial and more complex loans as distinguished from their roots with `` simple '' home mortgage loans . Consequences of U.S. government acts and reforms ( edit ) As a result , the Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 ( FIRREA ) dramatically changed the savings and loan industry and its federal regulation not the regulation at all . Here are the highlights of this legislation , signed into law on August 9 , 1989 : The Federal Home Loan Bank Board ( FHLBB ) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ( FSLIC ) were abolished . The Office of Thrift Supervision ( OTS ) , a bureau of the United States Treasury Department , was created to charter , regulate , examine , and supervise savings institutions . The Federal Housing Finance Board ( FHFB ) was created as an independent agency to oversee the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks ( also called district banks ) , formerly overseen by the FHLBB . The Savings Association Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) replaced the FSLIC as an ongoing insurance fund for thrift institutions . ( Like the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , FSLIC was a permanent corporation that insured savings and loan accounts up to $100,000 . ) SAIF was administered by the FDIC alongside its sister fund for banks , Bank Insurance Fund ( BIF ) until 2006 when the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 ( effective February 2006 ) provided , among other provisions , that the two funds merge to constitute the Depositor Insurance Fund ( DIF ) , which would continue to be administered by the FDIC . The Resolution Trust Corporation ( RTC ) was established to dispose of failed thrift institutions taken over by regulators after January 1 , 1989 . FIRREA gave both Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae additional responsibility to support mortgages for low - and moderate - income families . The Tax Reform Act of 1986 had also eliminated the ability for investors to reduce regular wage income by so - called `` passive '' losses incurred from real estate investments , e.g. , depreciation and interest deductions . This caused real estate value to decline as investors pulled out of this sector . Characteristics ( edit ) The most important purpose of savings and loan associations is to make mortgage loans on residential property . These organizations , which also are known as savings associations , building and loan associations , cooperative banks ( in New England ) , and homestead associations ( in Louisiana ) , are the primary source of financial assistance to a large segment of American homeowners . As home - financing institutions , they give primary attention to single - family residences and are equipped to make loans in this area . Some of the most important characteristics of a savings and loan association are : It is generally a locally owned and privately managed home financing institution . It receives individuals ' savings and uses these funds to make long - term amortized loans to home purchasers . It makes loans for the construction , purchase , repair , or refinancing of houses . It is state or federally chartered . Differences from savings banks ( edit ) Accounts at savings banks were insured by the FDIC . When the Western Savings Bank of Philadelphia failed in 1982 , it was the FDIC that arranged its absorption into the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society ( PSFS ) . Savings banks were limited by law to only offer savings accounts and to make their income from mortgages and student loans . Savings banks could pay one - third of 1 % higher interest on savings than could a commercial bank . PSFS circumvented this by offering `` payment order '' accounts which functioned as checking accounts and were processed through the Fidelity Bank of Pennsylvania . The rules were loosened so that savings banks could offer automobile loans , credit cards , and actual checking accounts . In time PSFS became a full commercial bank . Accounts at savings and loans were insured by the FSLIC . Some savings and loans did become savings banks , such as First Federal Savings Bank of Pontiac in Michigan . What gave away their heritage was their accounts continued to be insured by the FSLIC . Savings and loans accepted deposits and used those deposits , along with other capital that was in their possession , to make loans . What was revolutionary was that the management of the savings and loan was determined by those that held deposits and in some instances had loans . The amount of influence in the management of the organization was determined based on the amount on deposit with the institution . The overriding goal of the savings and loan association was to encourage savings and investment by common people and to give them access to a financial intermediary that otherwise had not been open to them in the past . The savings and loan was also there to provide loans for the purchase of large ticket items , usually homes , for worthy and responsible borrowers . The early savings and loans were in the business of `` neighbors helping neighbors '' . See also ( edit ) Cooperative banking Credit union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 96 -- 221 , H.R. 4986 , 94 Stat. 132 , enacted March 31 , 1980 Jump up ^ Pub. L. 97 -- 320 , H.R. 6267 , 96 Stat. 1469 , enacted October 15 , 1982 ^ Jump up to : Mishler , Lon ; Cole , Robert E. ( 1995 ) . Consumer and business credit management . Homewood , Ill : Irwin . pp. 123 -- 124 . ISBN 0 - 256 - 13948 - 2 . Jump up ^ Curry , Timothy ; Shibut , Lynn ( December 2000 ) . `` The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis : Truth and Consequences '' ( PDF ) . FDIC Banking Review . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) . 13 ( 2 ) : 26 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Seidman , L. William ; Litan , Robert E. ; White , Lawrence J. ; Silverberg , Stanley C. ( January 16 , 1997 ) . Symposium Proceedings : Panel 3 -- Lessons of the 1980s : What Does the Evidence Show ? ( PDF ) . History of the Eighties - Lessons for the Future . II . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , Division of Research and Statistics . pp. 55 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jr. , , Douglas B. ; Lea , Michael J. ; Gabriel , Stuart A. ( 1992 ) . `` Housing Finance in Developed Countries : An International Comparison of Efficiency , Chapter 6 . United States '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Housing Research . Fannie Mae . 3 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 170 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 04 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Strunk , Norman ; Case , Fred ( 1988 ) . Where deregulation went wrong : a look at the causes behind savings and loan failures in the 1980s . Chicago : United States League of Savings Institutions . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 9780929097329 . OCLC 18220698 . Jump up ^ `` FIRREA -- It 's Not a New Sports Car '' . Credit World . International Credit Association ( ICA ) : 20 . September -- October 1989 . ISSN 0011 - 1074 . External links ( edit ) Office of Thrift Supervision ( hide ) Cooperative banking Types Building society Credit union Mutual savings bank Savings and loan association See also Co-operative Party Co-operatives UK Consumers ' co-operative International Co-operative Alliance List of cooperatives List of cooperative federations List of worker cooperatives Purchasing cooperative Worker cooperative Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savings_and_loan_association&oldid=841505277 '' Categories : Cooperative banking Mutual organizations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Lietuvių 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 07 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what was the original purpose of savings and loan associations
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Off licence
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Off licence - Wikipedia Off licence This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that this article be merged with Liquor store . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2018 . It has been suggested that this article be merged with Beer shop . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2018 . Foley 's off - licence , Sligo , Ireland . Off - licence is a term used in the United Kingdom , Ireland , and New Zealand for a shop licensed to sell alcoholic beverages for consumption off the premises , as opposed to a bar or public house which is licensed for consumption at the point of sale ( on - licence ) . The term also applies to the licence granted to the establishment itself . Off - licences typically are specialist shops , convenience shops , parts of supermarkets , or attached to bars and pubs . Prices are usually substantially lower than in bars or pubs . Off - licence is also used in New Zealand for beverage outlets inside sporting venues , whereby alcoholic beverages are brought `` outside '' the point - of - sale , even if it was inside a food outlet , because it can be consumed at the stands , but is still consumed within the vicinity of the venue itself , and can not be taken out of the venue . In the United Kingdom , the `` off - licence '' status of a shop could once be used as a device to circumvent restrictive trading laws , particularly those concerning Sunday trading . Depending on local by - laws , shops might be either required to close at 12 : 00 once a week , or else not be allowed to trade in the evening . Shops with an off - licence made their hours similar to those of public houses , opening during lunch hours and from early evening to the mandatory closing time , usually 22 : 30 or 23 : 00 . The Sunday Trading Act 1994 , however , somewhat altered this situation . See also ( edit ) Beer shop Liquor store References ( edit ) This business term article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article relating to law in Ireland is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article relating to law in the United Kingdom , or its constituent jurisdictions , is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Off_licence&oldid=845173648 '' Categories : Alcohol distribution retailers Business term stubs Ireland law stubs United Kingdom law stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles to be merged from June 2018 All articles to be merged Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2018 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 23 : 09 . About Wikipedia
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where does the term off licence come from
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Fruit
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Fruit - wikipedia Fruit Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fruit ( disambiguation ) . Culinary fruits A large variety of fruits displayed at a market The Medici citrus collection by Bartolomeo Bimbi , 1715 In botany , a fruit is the seed - bearing structure in flowering plants ( also known as angiosperms ) formed from the ovary after flowering . Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds . Edible fruits , in particular , have propagated with the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal and nutrition ; in fact , humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food . Accordingly , fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world 's agricultural output , and some ( such as the apple and the pomegranate ) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings . In common language usage , `` fruit '' normally means the fleshy seed - associated structures of a plant that are sweet or sour , and edible in the raw state , such as apples , bananas , grapes , lemons , oranges , and strawberries . On the other hand , in botanical usage , `` fruit '' includes many structures that are not commonly called `` fruits '' , such as bean pods , corn kernels , tomatoes , and wheat grains . The section of a fungus that produces spores is also called a fruiting body . Contents ( hide ) 1 Botanic fruit and culinary fruit 2 Structure 3 Development 3.1 Simple fruit 3.2 Aggregate fruit 3.3 Multiple fruits 3.4 Berries 3.5 Accessory fruit 3.6 Table of fruit examples 4 Seedless fruits 5 Seed dissemination 6 Uses 6.1 Nutritional value 6.2 Nonfood uses 7 Safety 8 Allergies 9 Storage 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Botanic fruit and culinary fruit Venn diagram representing the relationship between ( culinary ) vegetables and botanical fruits Many common terms for seeds and fruit do not correspond to the botanical classifications . In culinary terminology , a fruit is usually any sweet - tasting plant part , especially a botanical fruit ; a nut is any hard , oily , and shelled plant product ; and a vegetable is any savory or less sweet plant product . However , in botany , a fruit is the ripened ovary or carpel that contains seeds , a nut is a type of fruit and not a seed , and a seed is a ripened ovule . Examples of culinary `` vegetables '' and nuts that are botanically fruit include corn , cucurbits ( e.g. , cucumber , pumpkin , and squash ) , eggplant , legumes ( beans , peanuts , and peas ) , sweet pepper , and tomato . In addition , some spices , such as allspice and chili pepper , are fruits , botanically speaking . In contrast , rhubarb is often referred to as a fruit , because it is used to make sweet desserts such as pies , though only the petiole ( leaf stalk ) of the rhubarb plant is edible , and edible gymnosperm seeds are often given fruit names , e.g. , ginkgo nuts and pine nuts . Botanically , a cereal grain , such as corn , rice , or wheat , is also a kind of fruit , termed a caryopsis . However , the fruit wall is very thin and is fused to the seed coat , so almost all of the edible grain is actually a seed . Structure Main article : Fruit anatomy The outer , often edible layer , is the pericarp , formed from the ovary and surrounding the seeds , although in some species other tissues contribute to or form the edible portion . The pericarp may be described in three layers from outer to inner , the epicarp , mesocarp and endocarp . Fruit that bears a prominent pointed terminal projection is said to be beaked . Development The development sequence of a typical drupe , the nectarine ( Prunus persica ) over a 7.5 month period , from bud formation in early winter to fruit ripening in midsummer ( see image page for further information ) A fruit results from maturation of one or more flowers , and the gynoecium of the flower ( s ) forms all or part of the fruit . Inside the ovary / ovaries are one or more ovules where the megagametophyte contains the egg cell . After double fertilization , these ovules will become seeds . The ovules are fertilized in a process that starts with pollination , which involves the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma of flowers . After pollination , a tube grows from the pollen through the stigma into the ovary to the ovule and two sperm are transferred from the pollen to the megagametophyte . Within the megagametophyte one of the two sperm unites with the egg , forming a zygote , and the second sperm enters the central cell forming the endosperm mother cell , which completes the double fertilization process . Later the zygote will give rise to the embryo of the seed , and the endosperm mother cell will give rise to endosperm , a nutritive tissue used by the embryo . As the ovules develop into seeds , the ovary begins to ripen and the ovary wall , the pericarp , may become fleshy ( as in berries or drupes ) , or form a hard outer covering ( as in nuts ) . In some multiseeded fruits , the extent to which the flesh develops is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules . The pericarp is often differentiated into two or three distinct layers called the exocarp ( outer layer , also called epicarp ) , mesocarp ( middle layer ) , and endocarp ( inner layer ) . In some fruits , especially simple fruits derived from an inferior ovary , other parts of the flower ( such as the floral tube , including the petals , sepals , and stamens ) , fuse with the ovary and ripen with it . In other cases , the sepals , petals and / or stamens and style of the flower fall off . When such other floral parts are a significant part of the fruit , it is called an accessory fruit . Since other parts of the flower may contribute to the structure of the fruit , it is important to study flower structure to understand how a particular fruit forms . There are three general modes of fruit development : Apocarpous fruits develop from a single flower having one or more separate carpels , and they are the simplest fruits . Syncarpous fruits develop from a single gynoecium having two or more carpels fused together . Multiple fruits form from many different flowers . Plant scientists have grouped fruits into three main groups , simple fruits , aggregate fruits , and composite or multiple fruits . The groupings are not evolutionarily relevant , since many diverse plant taxa may be in the same group , but reflect how the flower organs are arranged and how the fruits develop . Simple fruit Epigynous berries are simple fleshy fruit . Clockwise from top right : cranberries , lingonberries , blueberries , red huckleberries Simple fruits can be either dry or fleshy , and result from the ripening of a simple or compound ovary in a flower with only one pistil . Dry fruits may be either dehiscent ( they open to discharge seeds ) , or indehiscent ( they do not open to discharge seeds ) . Types of dry , simple fruits , and examples of each , include : achene -- Most commonly seen in aggregate fruits ( e.g. , strawberry ) capsule -- ( e.g. , Brazil nut ) caryopsis -- ( e.g. , wheat ) cypsela -- an achene - like fruit derived from the individual florets in a capitulum ( e.g. , dandelion ) . fibrous drupe -- ( e.g. , coconut , walnut ) follicle -- is formed from a single carpel , opens by one suture ( e.g. , milkweed ) , commonly seen in aggregate fruits ( e.g. , magnolia ) legume -- ( e.g. , bean , pea , peanut ) loment -- a type of indehiscent legume nut -- ( e.g. , beech , hazelnut , oak acorn ) samara -- ( e.g. , ash , elm , maple key ) schizocarp -- ( e.g. , carrot seed ) silique -- ( e.g. , radish seed ) silicle -- ( e.g. , shepherd 's purse ) utricle -- ( e.g. , beet ) Lilium unripe capsule fruit Fruits in which part or all of the pericarp ( fruit wall ) is fleshy at maturity are simple fleshy fruits . Types of simple , fleshy , fruits ( with examples ) include : berry -- ( e.g. , cranberry , gooseberry , redcurrant , tomato ) stone fruit or drupe ( e.g. , apricot , cherry , olive , peach , plum ) Dewberry flowers . Note the multiple pistils , each of which will produce a drupelet . Each flower will become a blackberry - like aggregate fruit . An aggregate fruit , or etaerio , develops from a single flower with numerous simple pistils . Magnolia and peony , collection of follicles developing from one flower . Sweet gum , collection of capsules . Sycamore , collection of achenes . Teasel , collection of cypsellas Tuliptree , collection of samaras . The pome fruits of the family Rosaceae , ( including apples , pears , rosehips , and saskatoon berry ) are a syncarpous fleshy fruit , a simple fruit , developing from a half - inferior ovary . Schizocarp fruits form from a syncarpous ovary and do not really dehisce , but rather split into segments with one or more seeds ; they include a number of different forms from a wide range of families . Carrot seed is an example . Aggregate fruit Main article : Aggregate fruit Detail of raspberry flower Aggregate fruits form from single flowers that have multiple carpels which are not joined together , i.e. each pistil contains one carpel . Each pistil forms a fruitlet , and collectively the fruitlets are called an etaerio . Four types of aggregate fruits include etaerios of achenes , follicles , drupelets , and berries . Ranunculaceae species , including Clematis and Ranunculus have an etaerio of achenes , Calotropis has an etaerio of follicles , and Rubus species like raspberry , have an etaerio of drupelets . Annona have an etaerio of berries . The raspberry , whose pistils are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle . In some bramble fruits ( such as blackberry ) the receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit , making the blackberry an aggregate - accessory fruit . The strawberry is also an aggregate - accessory fruit , only one in which the seeds are contained in achenes . In all these examples , the fruit develops from a single flower with numerous pistils . Multiple fruits Main article : Multiple fruit A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers ( called an inflorescence ) . Each flower produces a fruit , but these mature into a single mass . Examples are the pineapple , fig , mulberry , osage - orange , and breadfruit . In some plants , such as this noni , flowers are produced regularly along the stem and it is possible to see together examples of flowering , fruit development , and fruit ripening . In the photograph on the right , stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry ( Morinda citrifolia ) can be observed on a single branch . First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced . After fertilization , each flower develops into a drupe , and as the drupes expand , they become connate ( merge ) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp . Berries Main article : Berry Berries are another type of fleshy fruit ; they are simple fruit created from a single ovary . The ovary may be compound , with several carpels . Types include ( examples follow in the table below ) : Pepo -- berries whose skin is hardened , cucurbits Hesperidium -- berries with a rind and a juicy interior , like most citrus fruit Accessory fruit The fruit of a pineapple includes tissue from the sepals as well as the pistils of many flowers . It is an accessory fruit and a multiple fruit . Main article : Accessory fruit Some or all of the edible part of accessory fruit is not generated by the ovary . Accessory fruit can be simple , aggregate , or multiple , i.e. , they can include one or more pistils and other parts from the same flower , or the pistils and other parts of many flowers . Table of fruit examples Types of fleshy fruits True berry Pepo Hesperidium Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Accessory fruit Blackcurrant , Blueberry , Chili pepper , Cranberry , Eggplant , Gooseberry , Grape , Guava , Kiwifruit , Lucuma , Pomegranate , Redcurrant , Tomato Cucumber , Gourd , Melon , Pumpkin Grapefruit , Lemon , Lime , Orange Blackberry , Boysenberry , Raspberry Fig , Hedge apple , Mulberry , Pineapple Apple , Pineapple , Rose hip , Stone fruit , Strawberry Seedless fruits Some seedless fruits An arrangement of fruits commonly thought of as vegetables , including tomatoes and various squash Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce . Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits . Some cultivars of citrus fruits ( especially grapefruit , mandarin oranges , navel oranges ) , satsumas , table grapes , and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness . In some species , seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy , where fruits set without fertilization . Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination , but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit . Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids , and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization , a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy , which requires normal pollination and fertilization . Seed dissemination Variations in fruit structures largely depend on their seeds ' mode of dispersal . This dispersal can be achieved by animals , explosive dehiscence , water , or wind . Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs , either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals , or to stick to the feathers , hairs , or legs of animals , using them as dispersal agents . Examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant . The sweet flesh of many fruits is `` deliberately '' appealing to animals , so that the seeds held within are eaten and `` unwittingly '' carried away and deposited ( i.e. , defecated ) at a distance from the parent . Likewise , the nutritious , oily kernels of nuts are appealing to rodents ( such as squirrels ) , which hoard them in the soil to avoid starving during the winter , thus giving those seeds that remain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant away from their parent . Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally , and so become thin , like wings or helicopter blades , e.g. , elm , maple , and tuliptree . This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent , via wind . Other wind - dispersed fruit have tiny `` parachutes '' , e.g. , dandelion , milkweed , salsify . Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds . Some other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine . Some fruits fling seeds substantial distances ( up to 100 m in sandbox tree ) via explosive dehiscence or other mechanisms , e.g. , impatiens and squirting cucumber . Uses Nectarines are one of many fruits that can be easily stewed . Many hundreds of fruits , including fleshy fruits ( like apple , kiwifruit , mango , peach , pear , and watermelon ) are commercially valuable as human food , eaten both fresh and as jams , marmalade and other preserves . Fruits are also used in manufactured foods ( e.g. , cakes , cookies , ice cream , muffins , or yogurt ) or beverages , such as fruit juices ( e.g. , apple juice , grape juice , or orange juice ) or alcoholic beverages ( e.g. , brandy , fruit beer , or wine ) . Fruits are also used for gift giving , e.g. , in the form of Fruit Baskets and Fruit Bouquets . Many `` vegetables '' in culinary parlance are botanical fruits , including bell pepper , cucumber , eggplant , green bean , okra , pumpkin , squash , tomato , and zucchini . Olive fruit is pressed for olive oil . Spices like allspice , black pepper , paprika , and vanilla are derived from berries . Nutritional value Each point refers to a 100 g serving of the fresh fruit , the daily recommended allowance of vitamin C is on the X axis and mg of Potassium ( K ) on the Y ( offset by 100 mg which every fruit has ) and the size of the disk represents amount of fiber ( key in upper right ) . Watermelon , which has almost no fiber , and low levels of vitamin C and potassium , comes in last place . Fresh fruits are generally high in fiber , vitamin C , and water . Regular consumption of fruit is generally associated with reduced risks of several diseases and functional declines associated with aging . Nonfood Uses Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet , various cultures have developed many different uses for fruits they do not depend on for food . For example : Bayberry fruits provide a wax often used to make candles ; Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements ( e.g. , annual honesty , cotoneaster , lotus , milkweed , unicorn plant , and wheat ) . Ornamental trees and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits , including beautyberry , cotoneaster , holly , pyracantha , skimmia , and viburnum . Fruits of opium poppy are the source of opium , which contains the drugs codeine and morphine , as well as the biologically inactive chemical theabaine from which the drug oxycodone is synthesized . Osage orange fruits are used to repel cockroaches . Many fruits provide natural dyes ( e.g. , cherry , mulberry , sumac , and walnut ) . Dried gourds are used as bird houses , cups , decorations , dishes , musical instruments , and water jugs . Pumpkins are carved into Jack - o ' - lanterns for Halloween . The spiny fruit of burdock or cocklebur inspired the invention of Velcro . Coir fiber from coconut shells is used for brushes , doormats , floor tiles , insulation , mattresses , sacking , and as a growing medium for container plants . The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make bird houses , bowls , cups , musical instruments , and souvenir heads . Fruit is often a subject of still life paintings . Safety For food safety , the CDC recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness . Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected ; at the store , they should not be damaged or bruised ; and precut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice . All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating . This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten . It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage . Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat , poultry , and seafood , as well as from utensils that have come in contact with raw foods . Fruits and vegetables that are not going to be cooked should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat , poultry , seafood , or eggs . All cut , peeled , or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours . After a certain time , harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness . Allergies Fruit allergies make up about 10 percent of all food related allergies . Storage All fruits benefit from proper post harvest care , and in many fruits , the plant hormone ethylene causes ripening . Therefore , maintaining most fruits in an efficient cold chain is optimal for post harvest storage , with the aim of extending and ensuring shelf life . See also Food portal Fruit tree Fruitarianism List of culinary fruits List of foods List of fruit dishes References Jump up ^ Lewis , Robert A. ( January 1 , 2002 ) . CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2327 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schlegel , Rolf HJ ( January 1 , 2003 ) . Encyclopedic Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects . Haworth Press . p. 177 . ISBN 1 - 56022 - 950 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mauseth , James D. ( April 1 , 2003 ) . Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology . Jones and Bartlett . pp. 271 -- 272 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 2134 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Sporophore from Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ For a Supreme Court of the United States ruling on the matter , see Nix v. Hedden . ^ Jump up to : McGee , Harold ( November 16 , 2004 ) . On Food and Cooking : The Science and Lore of the Kitchen . Simon & Schuster . pp. 247 -- 248 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80001 - 2 . Jump up ^ McGee ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) . On Food and Cooking . p. 367 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80001 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2002 ) . CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2327 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Botanical Terms '' . FloraBase . Western Australian Herbarium . Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Esau , K. 1977 . Anatomy of seed plants . John Wiley and Sons , New York . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 20 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mauseth , James D. ( 2003 ) . Botany : an introduction to plant biology . Boston : Jones and Bartlett Publishers . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 2134 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rost , Thomas L. ; Weier , T. Elliot ; Weier , Thomas Elliot ( 1979 ) . Botany : a brief introduction to plant biology . New York : Wiley . pp. 135 -- 37 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 02114 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mauseth ( 2003 - 04 - 25 ) . Botany . Chapter 9 : Flowers and Reproduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 2134 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Gurcharan ( 2004 ) . Plants Systematics : An Integrated Approach . Science Publishers . p. 83 . ISBN 1 - 57808 - 351 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schlegel ( 2003 - 05 - 13 ) . Encyclopedic Dictionary . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56022 - 950 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schlegel ( 2003 - 05 - 13 ) . Encyclopedic Dictionary . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56022 - 950 - 6 . Jump up ^ Evolutionary trends in flowering plants . New York : Columbia University Press . 1991 . p. 209 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 07328 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Prof. P.K. ( 2007 ) . Genetics Classical To Modern . Rastogi Publication . pp. 2 -- 134 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7133 - 896 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://www.rkv.rgukt.in/content/Biology/47Module/47fruit.pdf Jump up ^ McGee ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) . On Food and Cooking . pp. 361 -- 362 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80001 - 1 . Jump up ^ McGee ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) . On Food and Cooking . pp. 364 -- 365 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80001 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schlegel ( 2003 - 05 - 13 ) . Encyclopedic Dictionary . p. 282 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56022 - 950 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sinha , Nirmal ; Sidhu , Jiwan ; Barta , Jozsef ; Wu , James ; Cano , M. Pilar ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) . Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781118352632 . Jump up ^ Spiegel - Roy , P. ; E.E. Goldschmidt ( August 28 , 1996 ) . The Biology of Citrus . Cambridge University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 33321 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Capon , Brian ( February 25 , 2005 ) . Botany for Gardeners . Timber Press . pp. 198 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 655 - 8 . Jump up ^ Heiser , Charles B. ( April 1 , 2003 ) . Weeds in My Garden : Observations on Some Misunderstood Plants . Timber Press . pp. 93 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 562 - 4 . Jump up ^ Heiser ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) . Weeds in My Garden . pp. 162 -- 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88192 - 562 - 3 . Jump up ^ Feldkamp , Susan ( 2002 ) . Modern Biology . Holt , Rinehart , and Winston . p. 634 . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 562 - 4 . Jump up ^ McGee ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) . On Food and Cooking . Chapter 7 : A Survey of Common Fruits . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80001 - 1 . Jump up ^ McGee ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) . On Food and Cooking . Chapter 6 : A Survey of Common Vegetables . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80001 - 1 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Kenneth T. ( November 1 , 1999 ) . Spices , Condiments and Seasonings . Springer . pp. 17 -- 19 . ISBN 0 - 8342 - 1337 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hulme , A.C ( editor ) ( 1970 ) . `` The Biochemistry of Fruits and their Products '' . 1 . London & New York : Academic Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lim , Stephen S. ; Vos , Theo ; Flaxman , Abraham D. ; Danaei , Goodarz ; Shibuya , Kenji ; Adair - Rohani , Heather ; Amann , Markus ; Anderson , H. Ross ; Andrews , Kathryn G. ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) . `` A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions , 1990 - 2010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 '' . Lancet . 380 ( 9859 ) : 2224 -- 2260 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 12 ) 61766 - 8 . ISSN 1474 - 547X . PMC 4156511 . PMID 23245609 . Jump up ^ Wang X , Ouyang Y , Liu J , Zhu M , Zhao G , Bao W , Hu FB ( 2014 ) . `` Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes , cardiovascular disease , and cancer : systematic review and dose - response meta - analysis of prospective cohort studies '' . BMJ. 349 ( Jul 29 ) : g4490 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. g4490 . PMC 4115152 . PMID 25073782 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ K , Amber ( December 1 , 2001 ) . Candlemas : Feast of Flames . Llewellyn Worldwide . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 7387 - 0079 - 7 . Jump up ^ Adams , Denise Wiles ( February 1 , 2004 ) . Restoring American Gardens : An Encyclopedia of Heirloom Ornamental Plants , 1640 -- 1940 . Timber Press . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 619 - 1 . Jump up ^ Booth , Martin ( June 12 , 1999 ) . Opium : A History . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20667 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cothran , James R. ( November 1 , 2003 ) . Gardens and Historic Plants of the Antebellum South . University of South Carolina Press . p. 221 . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 501 - 6 . Jump up ^ Adrosko , Rita J. ( June 1 , 1971 ) . Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing : A Practical Guide with over 150 Recipes . Courier Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22688 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wake , Warren ( March 13 , 2000 ) . Design Paradigms : A Sourcebook for Creative Visualization . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 29976 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Many Uses of the Coconut '' . The Coconut Museum . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition for Everyone : Fruits and Vegetables -- DNPAO -- CDC '' . fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America '' . Aafa.org . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Roy Mankovitz ( 2010 ) . The Wellness Project . ISBN 9780980158441 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Why Cold Chain for Fruits : Kohli , Pawanexh ( 2008 ) . `` Fruits and Vegetables Post-Harvest Care : The Basics '' ( PDF ) . Crosstree Techno - visors . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 06 - 08 . Further reading Books Gollner , Adam J. ( 2010 ) . The Fruit Hunters : A Story of Nature , Adventure , Commerce , and Obsession . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 9695 - 3 Watson , R.R. / Preedy , V.R. ( 2010 , eds . ) . Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health : Fruits and Vegetables . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374628 - 3 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fruit Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Fruit Media related to Fruit at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of Fruit at Wiktionary Images of fruit development from flowers at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Fruit and seed dispersal images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Fruit Facts from California Rare Fruit Growers , Inc . Photo ID of Fruits by Capt . Pawanexh Kohli `` Fruit '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Types of fruits Types of fruits Achene Berry modified berries Hesperidium Pepo Capsule Caryopsis Drupe Follicle Legume Loment Nut Pome Samara Schizocarp Silique Syconium Categories of fruits Accessory fruit Simple fruit Compound fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple fruit Dehiscent fruit Function Diaspore Drift fruit Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - 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Jonathan Creek
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Jonathan Creek - wikipedia Jonathan Creek For other uses , see Jonathan Creek ( disambiguation ) . Jonathan Creek Opening title Genre Mystery Drama Written by David Renwick Starring Alan Davies Caroline Quentin ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Julia Sawalha ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Sarah Alexander ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Opening theme `` Danse macabre '' by Camille Saint - Saëns ( arr by Julian Stewart Lindsay ) Country of origin United Kingdom No. of series 5 No. of episodes 32 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 60 minutes ( Series 1 , 4 and 5 ) 50 minutes ( Series 2 and 3 ) 90 minutes ( 5 episodes ) 120 minutes ( 2 episodes ) Release Original network BBC One Picture format 576i 4 : 3 ( PAL ) ( 1997 ) 576i 14 : 9 ( PAL ) ( 1998 ) 576i 16 : 9 ( PAL ) ( 1998 -- 2009 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2010 - 2016 ) Original release 10 May 1997 -- 28 December 2016 External links Website Jonathan Creek is a British mystery crime drama series produced by the BBC and written by David Renwick . It stars Alan Davies as the title character , who works as a creative consultant to a stage magician while also solving seemingly supernatural mysteries through his talent for logical deduction and his understanding of illusions . Contents 1 Production 2 Concept and casting 3 Cast 3.1 Guest cast 4 Summary 5 Episodes 6 Music 7 Broadcast 7.1 Ratings 7.2 Awards and nominations 7.3 Similarity to other television shows 8 Home media 8.1 Regions 2 ( UK ) and 4 ( AUS ) 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) The series ran semi-regularly from 1997 to 2004 , broadcasting for four series and two Christmas specials , initially co-starring Caroline Quentin as Creek 's collaborator , writer Maddy Magellan . After Quentin 's departure in 2001 , Julia Sawalha joined the cast as new character Carla Borrego , a theatrical agent turned television presenter . Following a five - year hiatus , the series returned for a one - off special on 1 January 2009 , `` The Grinning Man '' , which featured Sheridan Smith as another paranormal investigator with whom Creek joins forces . A further 90 - minute special `` The Judas Tree '' , was filmed in October 2009 and broadcast on 4 April 2010 ; while a third special , `` The Clue of the Savant 's Thumb '' , was shown at Easter 2013 . Sheridan Smith reprised her role as Joey in both specials . Series 5 comprised three episodes and featured Sarah Alexander as Jonathan 's wife Polly . These episodes were shown at 9pm on Friday 28 February , 7 and 14 March 2014 respectively . In 2014 , conflicting reports surfaced regarding Alan Davies 's view of the show . In one article published online he was said to be ' happy to do Jonathan Creek for another ten years ' and praised David Renwick 's talent as a writer . Another newspaper report quoted the star as saying that he had become unhappy playing Jonathan Creek and bemoaned both the BBC and the show 's harrowing production schedule . On 4 March 2016 , it was reported that the series would be returning for another 90 - minute one - off special , with filming to begin in summer 2016 . This new 90 - minute special aired on 28 December 2016 . Sarah Alexander returned as Jonathan Creek 's wife Polly , alongside guest stars Warwick Davis , Emun Elliott and Rosalind March . The cult success of the series won it the BAFTA for Best Drama Series in 1998 . It was notable for featuring comic characters and sub-plots that lent a lot of humour to the series . Unusually , it was produced by the BBC 's in - house Entertainment department rather than the Drama department -- this was because Renwick preferred working with people he knew rather than the people at Drama who might not share his vision . It has included guest - stars such as Bob Monkhouse , Griff Rhys Jones , Rik Mayall , Jack Dee , Bill Bailey , John Bird and Nigel Planer ; who are mainly associated with comedy , but who gave straight performances . The first two seasons were broadcast in the U.S. on a number of PBS stations , while the remainder aired on BBC America . Concept and casting ( edit ) David Renwick wanted to write a detective series that dealt with the actual work of detection rather than action , which most crime dramas appeared to focus on at the time . Also , whereas most of these were about who did it ( Inspector Morse or Taggart ) and why it was done ( Cracker ) , this new series would be about how it was done , with such tropes as murders committed in locked rooms , a person being in two places at once or impossible thefts . Finding a culprit would still be part of the detective 's job , but the emphasis would be on discovering how the crime was committed . Magic would play an important part of the series , but it would be in the form of tricks and sleight - of - hand used by stage magicians to audiences . The programme often exposed how such tricks are actually done , but in a way quite banal compared to the trick itself . The series would also focus on the relationship between Creek and his collaborator Maddy Magellan , a writer who often uses dishonest means in order to expose miscarriages of justice . It would be a mainly platonic one , though they do at some stage consummate their relationship only to agree that it must never happen again . ( In his early planning , Renwick had thought that Maddy should be Creek 's stepmother and that they would investigate crime in memory of his murdered father . However , he decided that the concept of the avenging son was far too `` Batman '' and in the series Creek 's parents are mentioned as having moved to America . ) Caroline Quentin was Renwick 's first choice for Maddy Magellan , but the casting of Creek proved something of a problem . Renwick had wanted Nicholas Lyndhurst , but he turned it down . Rik Mayall was also offered the part , but was , at the time , busy with stage work ( he would later guest - star in a Christmas special of the series ) . Hugh Laurie showed a great deal of interest and agreed to take the part , but later turned it down as he could not figure out Creek 's motivations for investigating the cases Maddy involves him in , especially when he shows so much reluctance in some of the episodes . Others who were tried for the part included Nigel Planer ( who would later guest star ) and Angus Deayton ( who had previously worked with Renwick and director Susan Belbin on One Foot in the Grave ) . Almost a dozen actors were considered before Susan Belbin saw Alan Davies during a rehearsal for a sitcom . Davies was invited round to talk to Renwick and `` turned up in his duffle coat with straggly hair and a broad grin ( and ) was self - evidently the closest match yet to Creek as we had always seen him '' . The role of Adam Klaus was originally cast to Anthony Head in 1997 in the pilot episode ( `` The Wrestler 's Tomb '' ) . However , after accepting the role of Rupert Giles on Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Head was unable to play Adam Klaus in later episodes , leaving the way clear for Stuart Milligan to take over the role until the present . This explains why Adam Klaus is missing in episodes 2 -- 5 of series 1 . Cast ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Series Series 1 ( 1997 ) Series 2 ( 1998 ) Christmas ( 1998 ) Series 3 ( 1999 - 2000 ) Christmas ( 2001 ) Series 4 ( 2003 - 2004 ) Specials ( 2009 - 2013 ) Series 5 ( 2014 ) Christmas ( 2016 ) Main Jonathan Creek Alan Davies Main Maddy Magellan Caroline Quentin Main Photograph Mentioned Carla Borrego Julia Sawalha Main Mentioned Joey Ross Sheridan Smith Main Polly Creek Sarah Alexander Guest Main Recurring Barry Opper Geoffrey McGivern Recurring Adam Klaus Stuart Milligan Guest Recurring Guest Mentioned Gideon Pryke Rik Mayall Guest Guest Kenny Starkiss Bill Bailey Guest Brendan Baxter Adrian Edmondson Recurring Horace Greeley John Bird Recurring Anthony Head portrays Adam Klaus in the pilot episode . Guest cast ( edit ) Many well - known actors have appeared in the series , including Bob Monkhouse , Rik Mayall ( who had been considered to play Jonathan ) and Jack Dee who are better known for their comedy roles . Other guest stars , both comedy and straight , have included : Steven Berkoff , John Bluthal , Kate Isitt , Sanjeev Bhaskar , Nigel Planer , Griff Rhys Jones , Hattie Hayridge , Alistair McGowan , Tamsin Greig , Katherine Parkinson , Colin Baker , Brian Murphy , Rebecca Front , Mary Tamm , Jim Bowen , Peter Davison , Maureen O'Brien , Lysette Anthony , Mark Caven , Lorelei King , Geoffrey Beevers , Annette Crosbie , Rae Baker , Doreen Mantle , Charlie Brooks , Maureen Lipman , Paul Blackthorne , Jimmi Harkishin , Nicola Walker , Paul McGann and Amanda Holden . Jonathan Ross , Michael Grade and Bamber Gascoigne have all appeared as themselves . Summary ( edit ) The series follows the exploits of Jonathan Creek and ( in the first three series ) Maddy Magellan , a pushy investigative journalist as they work together to solve crimes where others have failed . King 's Mill , Shipley , West Sussex , used as Creek 's initial windmill home in the series Creek is a somewhat cynical designer of illusions for stage magician Adam Klaus . He originally lived in a windmill in Sussex . His ingenuity and lateral thinking usually , if not immediately , lead to an unveiling of the intricacies of the crime . Magellan is a plausible liar who never seems to have trouble sneaking in to closed crime scenes , and Klaus is a flamboyant performer with a sinister stage persona who is really a dull - witted , insensitive womaniser . In some instances , his magic tricks go comically wrong . The programme usually features ' impossible crimes ' , for example an offence having been committed in a sealed environment from which no criminal could have escaped ( a `` locked room mystery '' ) , paranormal thefts and murders . Creek solves these cases using his knowledge of misdirection and illusion . No matter how fantastic the crime appears to be at first , he always finds a rational explanation , giving the character a passing resemblance to stage magician turned paranormal investigator James Randi . Some aspects of the character were inspired by Ali Bongo . As the series progresses , Creek gradually changes from an asocial anorak to a man with a great deal of wit and charm . This helps to fuel the romantic thread between him and Maddy . Jonathan 's trademark duffle coat worn in the first series was actually Alan Davies ' own coat that he wore to the auditions ; it helped him win the role , as the writer and producers thought it suited the character . After the first series , Jonathan 's coat was supplied by the wardrobe department . Davies kept the original at his home , and wore it again for the 2009 New Year 's special . For the 2001 Christmas special and thereafter , Caroline Quentin declined to appear , and so a second supporting role was introduced , theatrical agent Carla Borrego , played by Julia Sawalha . After her first appearance , the character married TV producer Brendan Baxter ( Adrian Edmondson ) , and she became a TV presenter . A third supporting role was introduced when the show returned in 2009 after a five - year hiatus . From `` The Grinning Man '' onwards , Creek was assisted by online paranormal investigator Joey Ross , played by Sheridan Smith . As Smith was unable to appear in the fifth series due to other commitments , she was replaced by Sarah Alexander as Creek 's wife and newest sidekick . Part of the humour comes from the fact that Jonathan often does not want to get involved in other people 's problems , and has to be pressured into it by Maddy , Carla or Joey . In `` The Scented Room '' , which centred around a theft from a critic who had lambasted Adam 's act , he took great delight in announcing that he had solved the crime but was n't going to tell anybody how it was done . Initially , Jonathan was only brought in to investigate because he was asked by Maddy due to her having a professional connection to the crime in her role as a journalist , or because it involved an old friend of theirs ( Such as one case featuring Jonathan being contacted by an old friend of his mother 's after her husband was impaled by a sword in a sealed room ) . As time went on , he acquired a more significant reputation and was independently recruited by such varied contacts as a chief of police or even the United States military . Over time , the show became noticeably darker , with Jonathan investigating psychopaths , pimps , gangsters and corrupt policemen , who stood in stark contrast to the duplicitous suburbanites of earlier series ; one story even saw Maddy being held at gunpoint by a gang member who was only just disarmed thanks to a card trick Jonathan had picked up recently . The 2009 special contained a hybrid of elements from earlier and later seasons , with the lethal engineering element , somewhat reminiscent of `` Mother Redcap '' , and the torture and murder of a young woman as she is held dangling by a rope in the middle of a room . This theme continued on in `` The Judas Tree '' with a murderer being killed and her accomplice then being framed for the crime . In the 2013 episode `` The Clue of the Savant 's Thumb '' , Jonathan Creek had left the world of theatre and magic and is now a high powered businessman with a wife , Polly Creek . Despite this , and his disillusionment with his old work due to the lack of real awe received when he made his announcements , he has still returned to his roots when faced with particularly baffling cases , such as a dead man vanishing from a locked room . During the fifth season , he and his wife move into her family 's old village house , with Polly attempting to encourage Jonathan to become part of the local lifestyle , but Jonathan is distracted by various minor mysteries , as well as enthusiastic fans asking for his assistance . The Christmas 2016 special sees a similar format to past specials as an old secret - in this case , an apparently demonic ritual where women witness their lovers thrown through the air into a fire - plays a key role in the death of a man Jonathan once cleared of murder ( although the subsequent investigation prompts Jonathan to realize that the man actually did commit the crime he was accused of ) . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Jonathan Creek episodes Music ( edit ) The distinctive theme tune is an arrangement by Julian Stewart Lindsay of Camille Saint - Saëns 's Danse Macabre . Lindsay wrote the incidental music for the first three series , after which it was written by Rick Wentworth . Broadcast ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Series Series premiere Series finale No. of episodes Avg . UK viewers ( in millions ) Most watched episode UK Viewers ( millions ) 10 May 1997 7 June 1997 5 8.43 `` Jack in the Box '' 9.35 24 January 1998 28 February 1998 6 9.70 `` Mother Redcap '' 10.92 Christmas 1998 24 December 1998 9.86 `` Black Canary '' 9.86 27 November 1999 2 January 2000 6 10.69 `` Miracle in Crooked Lane '' 11.45 Christmas 2001 26 December 2001 7.64 `` Satan 's Chimney '' 7.64 1 March 2003 28 February 2004 6 8.97 `` Angel Hair '' 9.9 Specials 2009 - 2013 1 January 2009 1 April 2013 8.43 `` The Grinning Man '' 9.91 5 28 February 2014 14 March 2014 7.36 `` The Letters of Septimus Noone '' 8.09 Christmas 2016 28 December 2016 7.28 `` Daemons ' Roost '' 7.28 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 1998 BAFTA TV Award Best Drama Series Susan Belbin , Sandy Johnson , Marcus Mortimer , David Renwick Won Best Design John Asbridge , Jonathan Taylor Nominated Best Sound ( Fiction / Entertainment ) Terry Elms , Craig Irving , Laurie Taylor , Lee Crichlow , Ben Norrington Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Writer 's Award David Renwick ( Episode : `` One Foot in the Grave '' ) Won National Television Awards Most Popular Drama Series Won Most Popular Actor Alan Davies Nominated 1999 BAFTA TV Award Best Drama Series Verity Lambert , Keith Washington , David Renwick , Sandy Johnson Nominated British Comedy Awards Best TV Comedy Drama Episode : `` Black Canary '' Nominated RTS Television Award Best Drama Series Won British Comedy Award Best TV Comedy Drama Nominated Similarity to other television shows ( edit ) Other television programmes have utilised the same formula of a magician helping police to solve crimes , such as the U.S. - made programmes The Magician , starring Bill Bixby , which aired in 1973 -- 74 , and 1986 's short - lived Blacke 's Magic , starring Hal Linden . There were two attempts to make a U.S. version of Jonathan Creek . The first involved Castle Rock , the production company behind series such as Seinfeld , but the initial scripts were not felt to be good enough , and David Renwick 's scripts were rejected by CBS . The second attempt , also by Renwick , was for Whoopi Goldberg and would have included Alan Davies . Home media ( edit ) Regions 2 ( uk ) and 4 ( aus ) ( edit ) DVD Date Series 1 & 2 16 February 2004 Series 3 & 4 & the Christmas Specials 2 August 2004 Complete Series 1 -- 4 & the Christmas Specials ( gold - coloured ) 29 November 2004 The Grinning Man 19 October 2009 The Judas Tree 12 April 2010 Complete Series 1 -- 4 & the Christmas Specials ( blue - coloured ) 4 October 2010 The Clue of the Savant 's Thumb 6 May 2013 Series 5 17 March 2014 Daemons ' Roost February 6 , 2017 The Complete Collection ( Series 1 - 5 plus six specials ) February 6 , 2017 Series 1 was released in Region 1 ( US / Canada ) in December 2006 . Series 2 was released in Region 1 in late 2007 . Series 3 was released in Region 1 on 20 January 2009 . Series 4 was released in Region 1 on 19 January 2010 . The Specials were released in Region 1 on 19 October 2010 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Creek , The Judas Tree '' . BBC One . 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Jonathan Creek to return for new episode '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Alan Davies : I want to play Jonathan Creek for another 10 years '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Oglethorpe , Tim ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Why I do n't enjoy playing Jonathan Creek any more : The BBC 's cut his pay , the hours are crippling ... and Alan Davies is VERY grumpy '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Jonathan Creek is returning to BBC One for a new special '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What time is the Jonathan Creek Christmas special on TV ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Creek returns to BBC One '' . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Awards ( 1998 ) '' . imdb.com. 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Steve ( 21 October 1999 ) . The World of Jonathan Creek Paperback . London : BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0563551355 . Jump up ^ The actual windmill used is in Shipley , West Sussex `` Shipley Windmill '' . www.shipleywindmill.org.uk . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ alandavies1 ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` Thanks for all tweets regarding ... '' twitter.com . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Thanks for all tweets regarding Ali Bongo 's passing . He was a great inventor of tricks & the inspiration for J Creek , nice man . Jump up ^ Wylie , Ian ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` Jonathan Creek gets creepy '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ban on eating and drinking on buses is just the ticket '' . Sunday Mirror. 15 June 1997 . Jump up ^ Corcos , Christine Alice ( 27 April 2004 ) . `` The Magical World of Jonathan Creek '' . Picturing Justice : The On - line Journal of Law and Popular Culture . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jonathan Creek - The American Series '' . BBC . September 2005 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Creek - The Clue of the Savant 's Thumb DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Creek : Series 5 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . 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List of Dragon Ball Super episodes
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List of Dragon Ball Super episodes - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Super episodes Jump to : navigation , search Promotional artwork Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5 , 2015 on Fuji TV . It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years . Storywise , the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films , Battle of Gods and Resurrection ' F ' , which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z . Afterward , the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes , the reemergence of Future Trunks , and new threats to the Future Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu . Later on , Goku , Vegeta , Gohan , Krillin , Android 17 , Android 18 , Piccolo , Tien , Master Roshi , and a temporarily revived Frieza participate in a universal tournament held by Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to decide the fate of multiple universes . If they lose in the universal tournament then Universe Seven will be erased . Thirteen pieces of theme music are used : two opening themes and eleven ending themes . The first opening theme song for episodes 1 to 76 is `` Chōzetsu Dynamic ! '' ( 超絶 ☆ ダイナミック ! , Chōzetsu Dainamikku , `` Excellent Dynamic ! '' ) performed by Kazuya Yoshii of The Yellow Monkey . The lyrics were penned by Yukinojo Mori who has written numerous songs for the Dragon Ball series . The second opening theme song for episodes 77 to 131 is `` Limit - Break x Survivor '' ( 限界 突破 × サバイバー , Genkai Toppa x Sabaibā ) by Kiyoshi Hikawa . Mori wrote the lyrics for the rock number `` Genkai Toppa x Survivor '' . Takafumi Iwasaki composed the music . The first ending theme song for episodes 1 to 12 is `` Hello Hello Hello '' ( ハロー ハロー ハロー , Harō Harō Harō ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America . The second ending theme song for episodes 13 to 25 is `` Starring Star '' ( スターリング スター , Sutāringu Sutā ) by Key Talk . The third ending theme song for episodes 26 to 36 is `` Usubeni '' ( 薄 紅 , `` Light Pink '' ) by Lacco Tower . The fourth ending theme song for episodes 37 to 49 is `` Forever Dreaming '' ( フォーエバー ドリーミング , Fōebā Dorīmingu ) by Czecho No Republic . The fifth ending theme song for episodes 50 to 59 is `` Yokayoka Dance '' ( よかよか ダンス , Yokayoka Dansu , `` It 's Fine Dance '' ) by idol group Batten Showjo Tai . The sixth ending theme for episodes 60 to 72 is `` Chao Han Music '' ( 炒飯 MUSIC , Chāhan Myūjikku ) by Arukara . The seventh ending theme song for episodes 73 to 83 is `` Aku no Tenshi to Seigi no Akuma '' ( 悪 の 天使 と 正義 の 悪魔 , An Evil Angel and the Righteous Devil ) by THE COLLECTORS . The eighth ending theme song for episodes 84 to 96 is `` Boogie Back '' by Miyu Innoue . The ninth ending theme song for episodes 97 to 108 is `` Haruka '' by Lacco Tower . The tenth ending theme song for episodes 109 to 121 is `` By A 70cm Square Window '' by RottenGraffty . The eleventh ending theme song for episodes 122 to 131 is `` Lagrima '' by OnePixcel . The first series set was released on Japanese Blu - ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each . The first set was released on December 2 , 2015 . The second set was released on March 2 , 2016 . The third set was released on July 2 , 2016 . The fourth set was released on October 10 , 2016 . Dragon Ball Super received an English - language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017 . The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC . Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France , Italy , Spain , and English - speaking Africa in Fall 2016 . An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll , Daisuki.net , and Anime Lab beginning October 22 , 2016 . Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub . As well as officially announcing the dub , it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform , FunimationNow . Funimation 's English dub of Dragon Ball Super began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting on January 7 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons overview 2 Episode list 2.1 God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( 2015 ) 2.2 Golden Frieza Saga ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 2.3 Universe 6 Saga ( 2016 ) 2.4 `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2.5 Universe Survival Saga ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 3 Blu - ray and DVD release 3.1 Region 1 ( North America ) 3.2 Region 2 ( Japan ) 4 Notes 5 References Seasons overview ( edit ) Saga Episodes Japanese Airdates English Airdates God of Destruction Beerus 14 ( 1 -- 14 ) July 5 , 2015 -- October 11 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 -- April 15 , 2017 Golden Frieza 13 ( 15 -- 27 ) October 18 , 2015 -- January 17 , 2016 April 22 , 2017 -- July 29 , 2017 Universe 6 19 ( 28 -- 46 ) January 24 , 2016 -- June 5 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 -- January 13 , 2018 `` Future '' Trunks 30 ( 47 -- 76 ) June 12 , 2016 -- January 29 , 2017 January 20 , 2018 -- TBA 5 Universe Survival 55 ( 77 -- 131 ) February 5 , 2017 -- March 25 , 2018 TBA 6 Nueva TBA ( 1 -- TBA ) December 14 , 2018 -- TBA TBA ) Episode list ( edit ) God of Destruction Beerus Saga ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate `` The Peace Reward -- Who Will Get the 100 Million Zeni ? '' / `` A Peacetime Reward : Who Gets the 100,000,000 Zeni ? ! '' `` Heiwa no hōshū -- ichioku Zenī wa dare no te ni ! ? '' ( 平和 の 報酬 1 億 ゼニー は 誰 の 手 に ! ? ) July 5 , 2015 January 7 , 2017 After Goku defeated the dangerous Majin Buu , peace has returned to Earth . Chi - Chi wants Goku to get a job , so he works as a farmer . Goten and his friend Trunks search for a gift for his sister - in - law Videl , who is married to his older brother , Gohan . The two consider jewelry and makeup , but they are unable to afford anything . Goten and Trunks head for the hot springs in the woods to bottle up some mineral water instead . While there , they are attacked by a giant snake , which they manage to scare away . For his purported role in saving Earth from Majin Buu , Mr. Satan has been awarded with 100 million Zeni that he does not want . He decides to give the money to one of the fighters . Goku gives the money to Chi - Chi , so she would let him train . Meanwhile , somewhere in the depths of space , Beerus , the God of Destruction , has awakened from his slumber . Keen on battling the worthy opponent that appeared to him in his visions , Beerus and his attendant , Whis , set out to discover who this opponent is . `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Goes on a Family Trip ? ! '' / `` To the Promised Resort ! Vegeta Takes a Family Trip ! '' `` Yakusoku no rizōto e ! Bejīta ga kazoku ryokō ! ? '' ( 約束 の リゾート へ ! ベジータ が 家族 旅行 ! ? ) July 12 , 2015 January 14 , 2017 Goku goes to King Kai 's planet to train with King Kai . Meanwhile , Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks take a family trip to a resort . Bulma and Trunks are enjoying the family time together , while Vegeta is bothered by the fact that Goku gets to train . Fed up with what he considers a waste of time , Vegeta flies away and heads back to Capsule Corporation to train . Somewhere in space , Beerus and Whis scour an alien planet in search of dinosaur meat . They are confronted by the planet 's strongest dweller , but he proves to be no match for them . Shortly afterwards , Beerus destroys the planet in order to have another vision of his destined opponent -- the Super Saiyan God . `` Where 's the Rest of the Dream ? ! In Search of the Super Saiyan God ! '' / `` Where Does the Dream Pick Up ? Find the Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Yume no tsuzuki wa doko da ! ? Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o sagase ! '' ( 夢 の 続き は どこ だ ! ? 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 探せ ! ) July 19 , 2015 January 21 , 2017 Fearing what might happen knowing that the God of Destruction is awake , the Old Supreme Kai and Supreme Kai urge King Kai to ensure that Goku never finds out about Beerus . However , Goku overhears the conversation and becomes curious . Back in his temple , Beerus and Whis continue their search for the Super Saiyan God . They soon learn of Goku and his feats . Beerus and Whis decide to pay him and King Kai a visit . Meanwhile , back on Earth , Goku 's friends and family members begin gathering on the cruise ship for Bulma 's birthday party except for Vegeta who is still training to overpower Goku and everyone else in the universe . `` Aim for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf Gang in Action ! '' / `` Bid for the Dragon Balls ! Pilaf and Crew 's Impossible Mission ! '' `` Mezase Doragon Bōru ! Pirafu ichimi no dai - sakusen ! '' ( 目指せ ドラゴンボール ! ピラフ 一味 の 大 作戦 ! ) August 2 , 2015 January 28 , 2017 With all guests now gathered except for Goku and Vegeta , Bulma 's birthday party gets underway . Trunks shows Goten where his mother hid the bingo tournament grand prize -- the Dragon Balls . Not far off from the ship , the Pilaf Gang are now poor and hungry . They are trying to get by until they find the Dragon Balls and make their wishes come true . When his Dragon Radar picks up a signal coming from Bulma 's ship , Pilaf and his henchmen hastily board the ship with Trunks and Goten 's help . Meanwhile , on his planet , King Kai explains to Goku who and what Beerus exactly is and that for every benevolent God there must be a malevolent one in order to keep the universe in balance . Just as he finishes , Beerus and Whis arrive . 5 5 `` The Ultimate Fight on King Kai 's Planet ! Goku vs. the God of Destruction Beerus '' / `` Showdown on King Kai 's World ! Goku vs. Beerus the Destroyer ! '' `` Kaiō - sei no kessen ! Gokū VS Hakaishin Birusu '' ( 界 王 星 の 決戦 ! 悟空 VS 破壊 神 ビルス ) August 9 , 2015 February 4 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on King Kai 's planet and detect Goku 's presence . While he is initially disappointed that Goku does not know what a `` Super Saiyan God '' is , he agrees to test his strength in a sparring match . Goku attempts to fight him in all of the Super Saiyan transformations , but Beerus effortlessly defeats him in two strikes . Beerus and Whis head for Earth shortly afterwards , while King Kai uses his telepathy to warn Vegeta ahead of their arrival . 6 6 `` Do n't Anger the God of Destruction ! Excitement at the Birthday Party '' / `` Do n't Anger the Destroyer ! A Heart - Pounding Birthday Party ! '' `` Hakaishin o okoraseru na ! Doki - doki tanjō pātī '' ( 破壊 神 を 怒ら せる な ! ドキドキ 誕生 パーティー ) August 16 , 2015 February 11 , 2017 Beerus and Whis arrive on Earth , where Bulma 's birthday party is underway . Initially , Vegeta is paralyzed by Beerus ' presence . He recalls a childhood encounter with the deity a long time ago when Beerus visited Planet Vegeta and threatened his father , King Vegeta . Shortly afterwards , Bulma pops up . She invites Beerus and Whis to join the party . The two gladly accept her offer and quickly become enamored with the Earth 's cuisine . They start mingling with the other guests , while Vegeta tries his best to ensure that Beerus remains calm . Whis soon learns of pudding , which he finds to be extraordinarily delicious . Whis urges Beerus to have some too . It turns out that Majin Buu had taken the remaining pudding cups for himself and refuses to share . Angered by Majin Buu 's insolence , Beerus attacks him . 7 7 `` How Dare You Hurt My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Sudden , Angry Shift ? ! '' / `` How Dare You Do That To My Bulma ! Vegeta 's Metamorphosis of Fury ? '' `` Yokumo ore no Buruma o ! Bejīta ikari no totsuzenhen'i ! ? '' ( よく も オレ の ブルマ を ! ベジータ 怒り の 突然 変異 ! ? ) August 23 , 2015 February 18 , 2017 Beerus effortlessly disposes of Majin Buu , while Vegeta stands by in awe . Vegeta tries to persuade Beerus to calm down and enjoy himself , but he refuses to listen . Trunks and Goten fuse into Gotenks and attack to no avail . Powerless to do anything else , Gotenks starts insulting Beerus for which he is promptly punished . Piccolo , Tien Shinhan , and Android 18 try taking on Beerus with little success . Majin Buu attacks again , but he is unable to land a single hit . While observing the battle , Dende realizes what Beerus actually is and immediately informs Piccolo . Before Piccolo is able to warn him , Gohan powers up and charges towards Beerus . Using Majin Buu as a weapon , Beerus repels Gohan and takes them both out . Being the last one standing , Vegeta confronts Beerus , but he is swiftly brought to the ground . Beerus tells Vegeta that he is disappointed with him since he is just as weak as his father was . Just as Beerus is about to finish Vegeta , Bulma walks up and slaps him for ruining her party . Beerus retaliates in similar fashion . Seeing Bulma struck infuriates Vegeta . He explodes and powers up immensely . 8 8 `` Goku Arrives ! A Last Chance from Beerus Sama ? ! '' / `` Goku Makes an Entrance ! A Last Chance from Lord Beerus ? '' `` Gokū kenzan ! Birusu - sama kara no rasuto chansu ! ? '' ( 悟空 見参 ! ビルス 様 から の ラスト チャンス ! ? ) August 30 , 2015 February 25 , 2017 Having powered up , Vegeta charges towards Beerus . He manages to land a few punches before Beerus , who was using only a fraction of his power , knocks him out . Just as he is about to destroy Earth , Beerus has a sudden idea . He decides to give the Earthlings another chance at saving Earth . Meanwhile , fearing for their lives , the Pilaf Gang disembark Bulma 's ship on a rowboat and sail away . Thinking he is the same as Majin Buu because of his pink hue , Beerus picks Oolong out of the crowd and challenges him to a game of rock -- paper -- scissors to decide the fate of the Earth . Oolong manages to draw twice , but Beerus eventually wins and proceeds to power up his attack . Just as Beerus is about to fire , Goku chimes in and says he has thought of a way to find out about the Super Saiyan God . He will summon and ask Shenron about it . 9 9 `` Sorry for the Wait , Beerus Sama . The Super Saiyan God Is Finally Born ! '' / `` Thanks for Waiting , Lord Beerus ! A Super Saiyan God is Born At Last ! '' `` O matase , Birusu - sama . Tsuini Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo tanjō ! '' ( お 待た せ 、 ビルス 様 . ついに 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド 誕生 ! ) September 6 , 2015 March 4 , 2017 Goku gathers the Dragon Balls together and summons Shenron , who is startled by Beerus ' presence . Shenron quickly explains that the Super Saiyan God is not a person , but it is a legendary transformation that only kindhearted Saiyans can achieve by fusing their power together . The Saiyans attempt to transform Goku , but they fail as they are one Saiyan short . Growing tired of waiting , Beerus starts preparing his attack to destroy the planet . Suddenly , Videl jumps in front of the Saiyans . She says that there is one more Saiyan who might be able to help them , who happens to be her and Gohan 's unborn child . The Saiyans and Videl attempt the transformation again and manage to transform Goku into the Super Saiyan God . 10 10 `` Unleash It , Goku ! The Power of the Super Saiyan God ! ! '' / `` Show Us , Goku ! The Power of a Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Misero Gokū ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo no pawā ! ! '' ( 見せろ 悟空 ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド の 力 ( パワー ) ! ! ) September 13 , 2015 March 11 , 2017 Goku is now a Super Saiyan God . He confronts Beerus . Goku is amazed by the immense power his body has gained with the transformation . He is initially unable to fully grasp its newfound potential . Fighting with Beerus , Goku manages to grow gradually into his new form . Seeing as how Goku might turn out to be a worthy adversary after all , Beerus decides it is time for them to unleash their true power and have a real battle of Gods . 11 11 `` Let 's Keep Going , Beerus Sama ! Our Battle of Gods ! '' / `` Let 's Keep Going , Lord Beerus ! The Battle of Gods ! '' `` Tsudukeyō ze Birusu - sama ! Kami to kami no tatakai o ! '' ( 続け よう ぜ ビルス 様 ! 神 と 神 の 戦い を ! ) September 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2017 Having somewhat got a grip on the Super Saiyan God form , Goku initially manages to keep up with Beerus . He soon realizes that his opponent is still not fighting at his maximum . It is revealed that Beerus is doing so only to motivate Goku to catch up with him . To that end , Beerus drags Goku to space , where he swiftly knocks him out . Goku comes crashing down back to Earth and ends up in an ocean . Amazed by such power , Goku gets excited and powers up , and heals himself in the process . Willing to have another go , Goku flies out of the ocean and dashes towards Beerus . 12 12 `` The Universe Crumbles ? ! Clash ! God of Destruction vs. Super Saiyan God '' / `` The Universe Will Shatter ? Clash ! Destroyer vs. Super Saiyan God '' `` Uchū ga kudakeru ! ? Gekitotsu ! Haikaishin VS Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo ! '' ( 宇宙 が 砕ける ! ? 激突 ! 破壊 神 VS 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド ! ) September 27 , 2015 March 25 , 2017 Goku and Beerus continue to fight in space . As both of them power up and clash , the universe begins to crumble under the power of the gods . Celestial bodies blow up due to the shock waves . Meanwhile , Old Supreme Kai reveals to the younger Supreme Kai that with three more blows the whole universe would be destroyed along with Beerus and Goku . When Goku lands the third clash with Beerus , he unknowingly stops the universe 's collapse by balancing Beerus ' attack with his own . Beerus gets enraged and uses his atomic bomb attack on Goku . Goku uses the Super Saiyan God energy to power up his Kamehameha attack to keep Beerus ' attack at bay . 13 13 `` Goku , Go Beyond Super Saiyan God '' / `` Goku , Surpass Super Saiyan God ! '' `` Gokū yo , Sūpā Saiya - jin Goddo o koete ike ! '' ( 悟空 よ 、 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ゴッド を 越え て 行け ! ) October 4 , 2015 April 8 , 2017 The Supreme Kais are surprised that the universe is still intact following the battle , but they fear the worst is still to come . On Earth , Vegeta , Whis , and the others are still standing by while watching the battle . Whis is surprised by the Super Saiyan God 's power and its ability to keep up with his trainee . In space , Goku struggles to keep up with Beerus ' attack , which ultimately ends up in a massive explosion that blinds everyone on Earth . Shortly after , the light clears out , which reveals everything to be as it was prior to the explosion . Beerus explains that he used his full power to negate the explosion , which saved the universe . Seeing it as a perfect opportunity to boast , Mr. Satan arranges to have himself be falsely credited with saving the planet yet again . Despite being at his limit , Goku remains calm , which annoys the God of Destruction . Beerus thinks Goku might have a strategy that he has been hiding , which Goku promptly denies . Goku says that everything he had been doing was improvised as they fought . The Gods quickly power up and continue fighting , but this time both are at their limit . As soon as they start , Goku loses his Super Saiyan God aura and reverts to the ordinary Super Saiyan form . Upon noticing that , Beerus decides to quit . He thinks it is pointless to fight an ordinary Super Saiyan . However , Goku does not notice and keeps going at it . Whis is able to sense Goku 's mortal energy . Whis assumes that the battle has concluded and that Goku has lost . However , Piccolo begs to differ . Surprised that Goku is still able to hit him even after losing his Super Saiyan God form , Beerus surmises that Goku 's body has adjusted to the Super Saiyan God power . This made him stronger in his ordinary form . With or without the Super Saiyan God form , Goku proclaims that it is still him that Beerus is up against . Beerus and Goku resume their battle of Gods . Note : This episode was originally scheduled to air on April 1 , 2017 , but an unannounced change in schedule on April Fools ' Day supplanted a new Dragon Ball Super episode with the premiere of the third season of Rick and Morty , which aired repeatedly from 8 PM to midnight . 14 14 `` This Is Every Ounce of Power I Have ! The Battle of Gods ' Conclusion ! '' / `` This Is All the Power I 've Got ! A Settlement Between Gods '' `` Kore ga ora no arittake no chikarada ! Ketchaku ! Kami to kami '' ( これが オラ の ありったけ の 力 だ ! 決着 ! 神 と 神 ) October 11 , 2015 April 15 , 2017 Now with only a Super Saiyan form at his disposal , Goku powers up and attacks but to no avail , as Beerus knocks him out effortlessly . With Goku knocked out , Beerus prepares to destroy the Earth . In a final effort to stop Beerus , Goku once again powers up and charges his Kamehameha attack . Goku manages to prevent Beerus ' attack , but he completely depletes what was left of his energy in the process . He comes crashing down to Earth onto Bulma 's ship , where Vegeta manages to catch him . Beerus lands on the planet shortly after to finish what he started , but he suddenly falls asleep . Whis explains that Goku must have tired Beerus out , and that by the time he wakes up he will have forgotten about their trip to Earth . Beerus was faking his sudden sleep because the Earth 's food convinced him to spare the planet . Beerus and Whis leave for Beerus ' planet . With Earth safe again , Goku decides to relax and enjoy the party . Golden Frieza Saga ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation / Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 15 `` Make a Miracle , Satan the Hero ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' / `` Valiant Mr. Satan , Work a Miracle ! A Challenge from Outer Space ! '' `` Yūsha Satan yo kiseki o okose ! Uchū kara no chōsenjō ! ! '' ( 勇者 サタン よ 奇跡 を 起こせ ! 宇宙 から の 挑戦 状 ! ! ) October 18 , 2015 April 22 , 2017 With Earth no longer in danger , Goku and the others return to their ordinary lives . Chi - Chi tells Goku she has already spent the 100 million Zeni received from Mr. Satan . She orders Goku to leave training behind and find a job so he can support the family . Meanwhile , Mr. Satan 's self - promotion goes awry when a group of aliens land in the city . The aliens reveal that they are ambassadors who wish to thank and reward whoever defeated Beerus and thus protected their planet from destruction . Before he is given the reward , Mr. Satan is asked to demonstrate his godlike power against the alien 's mightiest champion in a sparring match . Knowing that he does not stand a chance , Mr. Satan quickly scampers away to safety and calls for help , but no one answers him . Suddenly , Goku arrives at the scene in need of Mr. Satan 's help . Mr. Satan arranges to have Goku fight for him instead . Just before the fight , Goku spots Chi - Chi and immediately runs away to avoid being scolded for disobeying her . Mr. Satan is left to confront the alien champion on his own . Suddenly , the cynophobic aliens spot Mr. Satan 's dog and run away in fear . With the aliens gone , the crowd praises Mr. Satan , whom they think saved them and Earth yet again . 16 `` Vegeta Becomes an Apprentice ? ! Winning Whis Over ! '' / `` Vegeta Becomes a Student ? ! Win Over Whis ! '' `` Bejīta ga deshi'iri ! ? Uisu o kōryakuse yo ! '' ( ベジータ が 弟子入り ! ? ウイス を 攻略 せよ ! ) October 25 , 2015 April 29 , 2017 Chi - Chi still has Goku doing work out on the farm . Instead of working , Goku decides to rest and falls asleep . Krillin flies in and wakes up Goku . Krillin is very surprised to hear that Goku is still on Earth and not training with King Kai . He reminisces about his training with Goku under Master Roshi and the power level difference between them since they were children . Curious to see how large the gap is , Krillin tells Goku to punch him with all his power . A reluctant Goku tries to change Krillin 's mind . Goku ends up punching Krillin anyway , which sends Krillin flying into a boulder . Shortly afterwards , Goku heads home . Android 18 treats Krillin 's wounds . Krillin states that he misses martial arts and wishes to start training again . Meanwhile , Vegeta is seen in the wastelands standing determined . He states his intent to surpass Goku without the aid of others . Elsewhere , Whis and Bulma are having lunch together . Whis is enjoying all the food Bulma is having her chef make . While they dine , Bulma asks Whis to protect Earth from Beerus in case he ever shows up again . Vegeta arrives and sees Whis . He asks Whis to see Beerus , but Whis refuses to do so . Whis tells Vegeta that he is Beerus ' martial arts teacher . Whis informs Vegeta that with the proper tutelage he could one day surpass Goku . Vegeta bows and kneels before Whis and begs to become his student . An unimpressed Whis walks past him . Vegeta decides to convince Whis by giving him the tastiest food on Earth . After several failed attempts , Vegeta finally impresses Whis with a cup of instant noodle . Before Vegeta heads off with Whis to train on Beerus ' planet , Bulma hands him new battle armor . Whis and Vegeta arrive on Beerus ' planet . Whis prepares to train Vegeta . 17 `` Pan Is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Trip ? ! '' / `` Pan is Born ! And Goku Goes on a Training Journey ? ! '' `` Pan tanjō ! Soshite Gokū wa shugyō no tabi he ! ? '' ( パン 誕生 ! そして 悟空 は 修行 の 旅 へ ! ? ) November 1 , 2015 May 6 , 2017 Pan has been born . While most of her family members and friends think that she should be taught martial arts , Chi - Chi is revolted by the very idea . She believes that Pan should be raised to be a lady and not a mindless fighter like her grandfather Goku . Everyone tries to persuade Chi - Chi to change her mind but to no avail . Bulma accidentally mentions that Vegeta has been away training with Whis for six months , which shocks Goku . After some time , Whis returns to Earth to enjoy more of the food Earth has to offer . Goku approaches Whis and asks to become his pupil . Whis accepts Goku 's plea . Whis thinks it is the perfect time for Goku to join Vegeta in training . Just as the two are about to depart , Chi - Chi runs up and stops Goku from leaving . Despite her wishes , Goku ends up leaving with Whis . Chi - Chi has a sudden change of heart . She says that Goku will return once he gets hungry anyway . 18 `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Begins on Beerus ' Planet ! '' / `` I 'm Here , Too ! Training Commences on Beerus ' World ! '' `` Ora mo kita zo ! Birusu - sei de shugyō kaishi da ! '' ( オラ も 来 た ぞ ! ビルス 星 で 修行 開始 だ ! ) November 8 , 2015 May 13 , 2017 Goku and Whis arrive on Beerus ' planet , where Vegeta is tasked with housekeeping . Goku is surprised to learn that Vegeta has gotten considerably stronger training under Whis . Goku wants to start his training right away . Before he is allowed to train , Whis orders him to help Vegeta with the chores including changing Beerus ' bed sheets without waking him up . Goku and Vegeta promptly do their chores and start their training with Whis . Whis ' training routine quickly wears Goku out . He falls asleep . Vegeta , who is willing to surpass Goku at any cost , keeps on training . The next day , Whis decides to have a sparring match with his apprentices in order to gauge their speed . The two prove to be no match for Whis . Goku and Vegeta are too slow to land a single hit on Whis . Somewhere in space , surviving members of Frieza 's army are led by Sorbet . They continue with their effort of resurrecting their leader . Not far off , mysterious beings from a different universe named Champa ( シャンパ , Shanpa ) and Vados ( ヴァドス , Vadosu ) continue their search for Beerus . 19 5 `` Despair Rises ! The Emperor of Evil , Frieza , Resurrected ! '' / `` Despair Redux ! The Return of the Evil Emperor , Frieza ! '' `` Zetsubō futatabi ! Aku no teiō Furīza no fukkatsu ! '' ( 絶望 ふたたび ! 悪 の 帝王 ・ フリーザ の 復活 ! ) November 15 , 2015 May 20 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . Meanwhile , Sorbet and his assistant Tagoma ( タゴマ ) depart their ship and head for Earth in order to find the Dragon Balls , which they intend to resurrect their leader Frieza . They run into the Pilaf Gang , who had collected all seven Dragon Balls just before their arrival . Sorbet coerces Pilaf into summoning Shenron . At first , Shenron refuses to revive Frieza because he sees it as pointless given his current state , where Frieza was cut in pieces just as he was when Future Trunks killed him . Tagoma suggests using their advanced healing technology to make Frieza intact again . Sorbet has Frieza resurrected . Sorbet and Tagoma collect all of Frieza 's pieces and return to their ship . Frieza is completely renewed shortly afterwards . 20 6 `` Jaco 's Warning ! Frieza and His 1000 Troops Approach '' / `` A Warning from Jaco ! Frieza and 1,000 Soldiers Close In '' `` Jako kara no keikoku ! Semari kuru Furīza to 1000 - ri no heishi - tachi ! '' ( ジャコ から の 警告 ! 迫り 来る フリーザ と 1000 人 の 兵士 達 ) November 22 , 2015 June 3 , 2017 Once restored , Frieza plans revenge against Goku and Future Trunks . Tagoma objects to Frieza 's plans , but Frieza promptly subdues him . When Frieza finds out that Goku has gotten much stronger since they last met , he decides to train in order to become more powerful . Since Frieza 's power was inborn , he reveals that he had never felt the need to train a day in his life before now . Four months pass before Frieza and his army head for Earth . All the while , Goku and Vegeta continue their training under Whis . Jaco the Galactic Patrolman travels to Earth to inform Bulma that Frieza had been revived . Frieza will be approaching Earth shortly with an army of one thousand soldiers . With Frieza 's army fast approaching , Bulma gathers the remaining fighters to fight Frieza 's army in hopes of holding out until Goku and Vegeta make it back to Earth . 21 7 `` The Start of Revenge ! The Malice of Frieza Army Strikes Gohan ! '' / `` The Start of Vengeance ! The Frieza Force 's Malice Strikes Gohan ! '' `` Fukushū no hajimari ! Furīza - gun no akuiga satoshi Gohan outsu ! '' ( 復讐 の 始まり ! フリーザ 軍 の 悪意 が 悟 飯 を 撃つ ! ) November 29 , 2015 June 10 , 2017 Frieza and his army arrive on Earth , where Gohan , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , Tien , and Jaco have gathered to hold out until Goku and Vegeta return . Frieza says that he has waited a long time to have his revenge and that he wishes to face Goku . Seeing as how Goku is not present to help , Frieza orders his army to attack the Earthlings . His army proves to be no match for the fighters even for Krillin , who had given up fighting . Disappointed with his lackluster army , Frieza orders Sorbet to send in his elite soldier , Shisami ( シサミ ) , to take out Gohan . Suddenly , Tagoma fires a beam at Shisami and Gohan , which kills the former and badly injures the latter . Sorbet is surprised by Tagoma 's newfound power , which he had achieved through training with Frieza . Frieza promises Tagoma the command of his army if he takes out the Earthlings . He accepts and prepares to fight the Earthlings . Meanwhile , Goku and Vegeta are oblivious to what is happening on Earth . They continue their training under Whis on Beerus ' planet . 22 8 `` Change ! An Unexpected Return ! His Name is Ginyu ! ! '' `` Chēnji ! Masaka no fukkatsu ! Sono na wa Ginyū ! ! '' ( チェーンジ ! まさかの 復活 ! その 名 は ギニュー ! ! ) December 6 , 2015 June 17 , 2017 Tagoma powers up and confidently approaches his opponents . Piccolo is instantly outmatched . Gohan blasts Tagoma , which causes him to fly several yards away . As the dust settles , Tagoma reveals himself to be unharmed . Suddenly , Gotenks arrives and headbutts Tagoma . Everybody is shocked to see this . While Tagoma is struggling to recuperate from Gotenks ' attack , Captain Ginyu , who is in his frog form , pounces close to him and inscribes a message in the gravel . Tagoma accidentally sets off Ginyu 's signature move , and the two swap bodies . Ginyu rapidly adjusts to his new body 's immense power and assaults all of his rivals simultaneously . Bulma , Trunks , and Goten attempt to contact Whis , which bewilders Jaco . While fighting Gohan , Ginyu appears to have the upper hand until Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan and defeats him . When Gohan shows mercy to Ginyu , Frieza becomes enraged and repeatedly fires multiple blasts at Gohan . Before Frieza can kill Gohan , Piccolo steps in to save him . 23 9 `` The Earth ! Gohan ! Absolute Peril ! Hurry and Get Here , Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Earth ! Gohan ! Both on the Ropes ! Hurry and Get Here , Goku ! ! '' `` Chikyū ga ! Gohan ga ! Zettaizetsumei ! Hayaku kite kure Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 地球 が ! 悟 飯 が ! 絶 体 絶命 ! 早く 来 て くれ 孫悟空 ! ! ) December 13 , 2015 June 24 , 2017 Piccolo takes Frieza 's attack to save Gohan and dies in the process . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus desires more pizza . Whis gets an invitation from Bulma for a strawberry dessert . As Whis telepathically contacts her , she reveals Frieza 's revival and Piccolo 's death to him . Initially shocked to realize that Frieza is revived , Goku and Vegeta get set to fight Frieza . As Whis says it would take some time to reach Earth , Goku resorts to instant transmission on Beerus ' advice . Goku realizes that instant transmission is impossible due to the large distance between Earth and Beerus ' planet . Nevertheless , Goku tries to search for someone 's energy on Earth . On Earth , Gohan powers up to his maximum limit . This helps Goku to identify an energy source to perform instant transmission . Goku and Vegeta arrive on Earth in the nick of time to save Gohan . Vegeta executes Ginyu . As Goku and Frieza meet after a long time , Frieza transforms into his final form in a fit to demonstrate his new power . This results in the death of all his men except for Sorbet , who is at a considerable distance . Perplexed by Frieza 's new power , Goku prepares to engage in a battle . 24 10 `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Son Goku ; This Is The Result of My Training ! '' / `` Clash ! Frieza vs. Goku ! This is the Result of My Training ! '' `` Gekitotsu ! Furīza VS Son Gokū ; Kore ga ora no shugyō no seikada ! '' ( 激突 ! フリーザ VS 孫悟空 これが オラ の 修行 の 成果 だ ! ) December 20 , 2015 July 8 , 2017 The battle between Goku and Frieza begins . They fight on even ground , and neither one is able to inflict significant damage to the other . Frieza resorts to attacking Krillin and Bulma . When Goku tries to save them , he is caught off guard when Frieza lands several blows on him . Vegeta grows impatient due to the constant rambling by both fighters . He charges at Goku in frustration and asks him to give it all he has . Goku takes Vegeta 's request into account and convinces Frieza to power up to his maximum . When Frieza calls out to Goku to show his full power , Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan Blue . 25 11 `` An All - Out Battle ! The Revenge of Golden Frieza ! '' / `` A Full - Throttle Battle ! The Vengeful Golden Frieza '' `` Zenkai Batoru ! Fukushū no Gōruden Furīza '' ( 全開 バトル ! 復讐 の ゴールデン フリーザ ) December 27 , 2015 July 15 , 2017 After briefly testing Goku 's new transformation , Frieza transforms into a new gold - colored form , tersely named as Golden Frieza . After expressing how impressed they are by each - other 's progress , Goku and Frieza engage in a fierce battle . Meanwhile , Whis informs Bulma of their arrival on Earth in a few minutes but , on their way to Earth , Beerus and Whis encounter the God of Destruction of Universe Six , Champa , and his assistant , Vados . After having a short conversation with Champa and Vados , Beerus and Whis finally arrive on the battlefield . While eating Bulma 's delicious dessert , Beerus and Whis acknowledge that Frieza has indeed become significantly stronger and that Goku seems to have a tough time keeping up with Golden Frieza . Still not use to his newest form , Goku struggles to keep up with Golden Frieza 's speed and prowess , eventually getting pummeled into the ground . 26 12 `` A Glint of Hope Shines Through in a Crisis ! Time to Fight Back , Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chance Appears in a Tight Spot ! Launch a Counteroffensive , Goku ! '' `` Dai pinchi ni shōki ga mieta ! Hangeki kaishida Son Gokū ! '' ( 大 ピンチ に 勝機 が 見え た ! 反撃 開始 だ 孫悟空 ! ) January 10 , 2016 July 22 , 2017 Frieza and Goku continue their protracted battle with Frieza landing more blows on Goku than can be returned . Unable to match Frieza 's raw power , Goku manages to withstand and dodge Frieza 's attacks . Goku and Vegeta notice that Frieza is progressively losing stamina and that his power level is dropping , though Frieza himself fails to notice this . Vegeta urges Goku to quickly finish Frieza off before he has a chance to recover , or he will step up and do so himself . After Goku and Frieza exchange some sarcastic banter , they power up again and continue their fight . Frieza still has the upper hand , but Goku realizes he only needs to stall Frieza long enough for his weakness to reappear . After a fully powered Frieza unleashes a barrage of attacks , he quickly becomes tired and starts running out of breath , with his attacks no longer hurting Goku . Frieza finally realizes his weakness ; a lack of endurance , as his Golden form exhausts more energy than he can produce . Goku explains this is because Frieza rushed to Earth immediately after achieving the Golden form without giving himself enough time to master it . Frieza agonizes over his failed chance at revenge in combat , but mouths a few inaudible words to Sorbet for assistance . Goku tells Frieza to leave Earth while he still can -- but to everyone 's surprise , a laser beam pierces Goku 's chest from behind , fired from Sorbet 's ray gun . Stomping on Goku 's chest wound to make him scream , Frieza gloats about his backup strategy to have Goku let his guard down , mocking him by claiming Goku 's overconfidence prevents him from being the strongest fighter . Before Frieza can unleash his killing shot on Goku , Vegeta fires at Frieza and announces that it is his turn to fight . 27 13 `` The Earth Explodes ? ! The Deciding Kamehameha '' / `` The Earth Explodes ? A Decisive Kamehameha ! '' `` Chikyū bakuhatsu ! ? Ketchaku no kamehameha '' ( 地球 爆発 ! ? 決着 の かめ はめ 波 ) January 17 , 2016 July 29 , 2017 Goku is critically injured , but Vegeta intervenes before Frieza can deliver a killing blow . When Krillin attempts to deliver Goku a Senzu Bean , Frieza attempts to blast him -- but Vegeta redirects the blast to Sorbet , killing him . Afterwards , Vegeta demonstrates his own ability to transform into a Super Saiyan Blue . Frieza attempts to land a hit on Vegeta but fails to do so and , already exhausted from his fight with Goku , Frieza quickly finds himself completely outmatched by Vegeta . Enraged and humiliated , Frieza refuses to accept defeat and , while Vegeta powers up a killing shot , Frieza instead fires an attack at the Earth and destroys it out from under them . Whis protects Goku and the others , but Vegeta and everyone else on the planet are killed -- with Whis suspecting Frieza survived and escaped through his ability to breathe in space . As Goku laments his failure to stop Frieza and protect Earth , Whis offers to turn back time by a couple of minutes and allow Goku one last chance . The moment is reset to the end of Vegeta and Frieza 's battle , allowing Goku just enough time to charge up a Kamehameha attack and kill Frieza , saving the world . Later , the group gathers at Capsule Corporation , where Piccolo is revived with the Namekian Dragon Balls . Shaken by his helplessness against Frieza , Gohan tells Piccolo that he intends to resume his training so that he can protect his loved ones , which Piccolo is delighted to hear . Universe 6 Saga ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 28 `` The God of Destruction from Universe 6 -- His Name Is Champa ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Destroyer ! His Name is Champa ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū no hakaishin -- Sono na wa Shanpa '' ( 第 6 宇宙 の 破壊 神 その 名 は シャンパ ) January 24 , 2016 August 5 , 2017 As Goku and Vegeta continue their vigorous training , Champa and Vados abruptly arrive on Beerus ' planet . After a small skirmish between Beerus and Champa , everyone settles down to eat some food . Formal introductions are exchanged , where Champa is introduced as Beerus ' twin brother and Vados as Whis ' older sister . An argument erupts concerning which universe 's food is superior . This leaves Goku and Vegeta bewildered . Whis explains that there are twelve universes . When two universes add up to thirteen , each universe compliments each other such as the sixth and the seventh universe . After Vados discovers that Universe Six 's Earth has been destroyed through warfare , Champa proposes a tournament between Universe Six and Seven to determine who acquires the Earth of Universe Seven . Beerus protests the idea . He believes it is impossible to do so . Champa ascertains that it is doable by using the Super Dragon Balls , which the Namekian Dragon Balls were trimmed from . At the current moment , Champa has six of them . Goku informs Beerus and Champa that Bulma is capable of locating the final Super Dragon Ball necessary to perform the wish . With tensions mounted , Beerus accepts Champa 's proposal . 29 `` The Martial Arts Match Has Been Decided ! The Team Captain Is Stronger Than Goku '' / `` Combat Matches Are a Go ! The Captain Is Someone Stronger Than Goku '' `` Kakutō shiai kaisai kettei ! Shushō wa Gokū yori tsuyoi yatsu '' ( 格闘 試合 開催 決定 ! 主将 は 悟空 より も 強い ヤツ ) January 31 , 2016 August 12 , 2017 Champa decides to host the tournament on a vacated nameless planet located between Universe Six and Universe Seven . Goku suggests the rules be similar to that of the Tenkaichi Budokai tournaments held on Earth . Vegeta recommends a written exam be implemented in order to prevent insensitive beings lacking knowledge of the regulations from participating . The tournament is scheduled to begin several days after the encounter between Beerus and Champa . On Earth , Whis requests that Bulma use her Dragon Radar in order to obtain the final Super Dragon Ball . Contrary to this , Bulma believes it would be easier to simply summon Shenron to locate it instead . Shenron reveals that tracking down the Super Dragon Balls is beyond his power . Meanwhile , Vados selects a portion of the nameless planet and transforms it into the tournament 's arena . After judging Whis ' students , Champa realizes he should also enlist a Saiyan onto his team . Beerus explains that Goku is merely the second strongest opponent he has ever faced . He proceeds to take off to inform Monaka ( モナカ ) , the strongest warrior he has ever fought , of the tournament . The next morning , Bulma finishes constructing the Super Dragon Radar . She intends to collect the Super Dragon Balls of Universe Seven before Beerus can use them to wish for total annihilation of the entire world . 30 `` A Review Before the ' Martial Arts Match ' -- Who Are the Last Two Members ? ! '' / `` A Run - Through For the Competition ! Who Are the Last Two Members ? '' `` '' Kakutō '' shiai e no o sarai -- Nokori futari no menbā wa dareda ! ? '' ( 「 格闘 試合 」 へ の お さらい 残り 二 人 の メンバー は 誰 だ ! ? ) February 7 , 2016 August 19 , 2017 Goku and Vegeta meet up with Krillin , who goes with them to recruit Majin Buu as the fourth combatant of the Universe Seven team . Although Majin Buu is reluctant due to his hatred of Beerus , he agrees when Goku promises him a wish from the Super Dragon Balls , which he plans on giving to Mr. Satan . Goten and Trunks try to join , but they are denied by Vegeta because their use of fusion is illegal . The group finds Piccolo training with Gohan . They recruit Piccolo as the fifth and final member . Gohan considers joining the team , but he can not participate due to a business meeting on the day of the tournament . Beerus and the others think back over recent events . Beerus and Whis contemplate the intentions behind Champa 's plans . A series of flashbacks recapping the series is shown up to Frieza 's demise . 31 `` Off to Zuno Sama 's ! Find Out Where Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' / `` Off to See Master Zuno ! Find Out Where the Super Dragon Balls Are ! '' `` Zunō - sama no moto e ! Sūpā Doragon Bōru no arika o kikidase ! '' ( ズノー 様 の も と へ ! 超 ( スーパー ) ドラゴンボール の あり か を 聞き 出せ ! ) February 14 , 2016 August 26 , 2017 Bulma and Jaco travel to meet an omniscient alien , Master Zunō ( ズノー 様 , Zunō - sama ) , to ask him about the Super Dragon Balls . After arriving on Master Zunō 's planet , the duo encounters a spacefaring criminal named Burpman ( ゲップマン , Geppuman ) , who is wanted for leaving a restaurant without paying the bill . As a reward for subduing the criminal , Master Zunō 's attendants allow Bulma and Jaco to skip the lengthy waiting list and seek Master Zunō 's advice right away . Bulma unwittingly wastes two of her three questions , but she does glean information on the radius and other properties of the Super Dragon Balls . This includes the fact that they were formerly scattered across both Universe Six and Universe Seven . 32 5 `` The Match Begins ! Let 's All Go to the `` Nameless Planet '' ! '' / `` The Matches Begin ! We 're All Off to the `` Planet With No Name ! '' '' `` Shiaikaishi da ! Min'na de `` Namae no nai hoshi '' e ! '' ( 試合 開始 だ ! みんな で 「 名前 の ない 星 」 へ ! ) February 21 , 2016 September 9 , 2017 On Earth , everyone gathers for the trip to the tournament . Goku and Vegeta arrive after having trained in the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for three years . After stopping at Beerus ' planet to get both him and Monaka , everyone proceeds to go to the tournament . The group meets their competition who are all somewhat unusual . This includes a Saiyan with a radically different history as well as a fighter who looks like Frieza . After the written test , the Universe Seven team is left one team member down because Majin Buu falls asleep . Majin Buu is deemed unfit and disqualified . Beerus decides that Monaka will go last . After a round of rock - paper - scissors , it is decided that Goku will fight first , followed by Piccolo , and then Vegeta . Goku and his competitor named Botamo ( ボタモ ) , who is a giant bear - like creature , enter the tournament ring . 33 6 `` Behold , Universe 6 ! This Is the Super Saiyan ? Son Goku ! '' / `` Surprise , 6th Universe ! This is Super Saiyan Goku ! '' `` Odoroke Dai - 6 uchū yo ! Kore ga Sūpā Saiya - jin ・ Son Gokū da ! '' ( 驚け 第 6 宇宙 よ ! これが 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ・ 孫悟空 だ ! ) February 28 , 2016 September 16 , 2017 The fight between Goku and Botamo commences . Goku takes a while to warm up due to having overeaten during the trip . Although Goku seems faster and more well trained than Botamo , none of the hits that he lands seem to have an effect . Botamo seems content to simply take the punishment . Urged by Vegeta to think before he acts , Goku drags Botamo to the side of the ring and throws him out . This results in a win for Universe Seven . The next match begins almost immediately . The Frieza look alike named Frost ( フロスト , Furosuto ) is Goku 's next opponent . In direct contrast to Frieza , Frost is a kind and beloved hero in Universe Six who looks forward to a challenge . Goku surprises Frost with knowledge of his transformations . Frost assumes a form that mirrors Frieza 's third form . Goku mentions his ability to transform as well . He transforms into a Super Saiyan . Frost responds by transforming into his final form . Frost seems greatly outmatched by Goku even in his final transformation . Suddenly , a strange effect comes over Goku that severely weakens him and allows Frost a chance to strike . Frost knocks Goku out of the ring , which stuns everyone from Universe Seven . 34 7 `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Put It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' / `` Piccolo vs. Frost -- Stake It All on the Special Beam Cannon ! '' `` Pikkoro VS Furosuto -- Makankōsappō ni subete o kakero ! '' ( ピッコロ VS フロスト 魔 貫 光 殺 砲 に すべて を かけろ ! ) March 6 , 2016 September 23 , 2017 Frost beats Goku by knocking him out of the ring . Piccolo walks up to Frost to face him next . Piccolo charges his signature attack while simultaneously evading Frost 's attacks . To buy himself time to charge his attack , Piccolo creates clones of himself to distract Frost . Frost quickly disposes of decoys and charges at Piccolo . After a bout of close combat , Frost defeats Piccolo with a power blast . Before the referee could rule in Frost 's favor , Jaco chimes in claiming that Frost had been cheating all along . The referee examines Frost and finds that he had been using a forbidden tool . Champa is initially outraged to find that Frost had cheated . Champa decides to forgive and help him in his universe if Frost continues to play by the rules . Frost reveals that he set up the attacks on the planets he saved . The referee declares Piccolo the winner until Vegeta steps in and says that he wishes to face Frost . 35 8 `` Turn Rage into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - On Battle ! '' / `` Turn Your Anger Into Strength ! Vegeta 's Full - Bore Battle '' `` Ikari o chikara ni kaero ! Bejīta no zenkai batoru '' ( 怒り を 力 に 変えろ ! ベジータ の 全開 バトル ) March 20 , 2016 September 30 , 2017 Frost cockily announces his intent to utterly defeat Vegeta in combat with the presentation of yet another weapon . Both parties agree that the match should not be regulated by the standard rules of the tournament in order to avoid disqualification and allow the combatants to fight at their full power . Vegeta mercilessly assaults Frost and sends him flying out of the barrier . Vegeta declares that he did not kill Frost because he was not going to stoop down to the latter 's level . Beerus discovers that Goku was also affected by Frost 's weapon , and he proceeds to convince the referee to allow Goku to return to the competition . Goku protests the turn order because he desperately wants to see Monaka in combat . Beerus explains that Monaka , as his trump card , must fight last . This prompts a hushed remark from Whis concerning Monaka 's `` true colors '' . Vados generates a new barrier around the ring as the referee announces a new rule , where any contact an individual makes with the barrier automatically disqualifies them . Meanwhile , Frost attempts to steal the tournament winnings and escape in Champa 's transportation cube . Frost is stunned by a purple humanoid , Hit ( ヒット , Hitto ) , in the process . Hit takes the unconscious Frost back to the arena . The next match begins . Vegeta faces off against the robot Magetta ( マゲッタ ) . The audience begins to dispute over Magetta 's eligibility because of the fact that Magetta can spit lava . Magetta is declared eligible because the lava is just his saliva . Magetta 's volcanic fumes engulf the barrier and cause Vegeta to perspire rapidly and breathe heavily from the extreme heat . 36 9 `` An Unexpected Desperate Battle ! Vegeta 's Furious Explosion ! '' / `` An Unexpectedly Uphill Battle ! Vegeta 's Great Blast of Fury ! '' `` Masaka no dai kusen ! Bejīta ikari no dai bakuhatsu ! '' ( まさかの 大 苦戦 ! ベジータ 怒り の 大 爆発 ! ) March 27 , 2016 October 7 , 2017 Vegeta continues his battle with Magetta . He is struggling against the rising temperatures in the enclosed arena . Vegeta tries to win quickly , but Magetta endures and counters his attacks . Magetta follows it with a punch that sends Vegeta flying toward the ground . After nearly being disqualified through by going out of bounds , Vegeta powers up in anger and destroys the barrier of the arena . He blasts Magetta and forces him to the very edge of the stage . However , Vegeta is unable to knock Magetta off the stage . After Vegeta insults Magetta , he loses his will to fight . Magetta is knocked out of the ring . 37 10 `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs. the Saiyan of Universe 6 ! '' / `` Do n't Forget Your Saiyan Pride ! Vegeta vs The 6th Universe 's Saiyan ! '' `` Saiya - jin no hokori o wasureruna ! Bejīta VS Dai - 6 uchū no Saiya - jin '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誇り を 忘れる な ! ベジータ VS 第 6 宇宙 の サイヤ 人 ) April 3 , 2016 October 14 , 2017 Vegeta faces a slim and short Saiyan from Universe Six , Cabba ( キャベ ) , in the following round . Unlike their Universe Seven counterparts , Saiyans of Universe Six are heroic and kind . They are known as benevolent galactic protectors . Vegeta and Cabba are initially equally matched . After Vegeta pushes Cabba to power up , Cabba admits he can not do it . Cabba asks for Vegeta to teach him how to transform . This seemingly enrages Vegeta . Vegeta transforms into a Super Saiyan and begins to mercilessly beat Cabba . Vegeta threatens Cabba . He says he will kill him and destroy his planet if he forfeits . An enraged Cabba suddenly transforms and goes on the offensive . Vegeta reveals the Super Saiyan transformation is unlocked through drawing on one 's inner anger . Vegeta 's actions were intended to bring about that transformation . Vegeta quickly powers up even more and knocks Cabba out with a single punch . After the fight , Cabba thanks Vegeta for telling him about his untapped potential . Vegeta brushes him off and tells him not to forget his Saiyan pride . Vegeta also tells Cabba to surpass all other Saiyans . Cabba acknowledges Vegeta 's advice and walks off the stage . With Universe Six now down to their last fighter , Champa is still unconcerned as he is certain his hit man , Hit , will be able to settle the score . 38 11 `` The Ultimate Warrior of Universe 6 ! Assassin Hit Appears ! ! '' / `` The 6th Universe 's Mightiest Warrior ! Engage the Assassin Hit ! '' `` Dai - 6 uchū saikyō no senshi ! Koroshi ya Hitto kenzan ! ! '' ( 第 6 宇宙 最強 の 戦士 ! 殺し 屋 ヒット 見参 ! ! ) April 10 , 2016 October 21 , 2017 Vegeta and Hit start their battle . To Vegeta 's surprise , he is unable to land a single blow on Hit due to his superior speed . Eventually , Vegeta is struck by a heavy blow and collapses . Hit is declared the winner of the match . Suddenly , it is revealed that Hit used a `` time - skipping '' technique , where he gets to time travel and be the only person able to move for a split second . Goku walks up to battle Hit . Initially , Hit overpowers Goku , which prompts him to ask Goku to surrender . Goku refuses and says he used the time to figure out how Hit 's technique works . Goku predicts Hit 's moves and evades his attacks . Hit claims that Goku 's foresight was just a fluke and that he will not be able to use it again . However , Goku is able to foresee Hit 's attacks and defend himself . Goku proposes that both of them fight at their full power . Hit concurs and withdraws . Shortly afterwards , both start preparing for their next fight . 39 12 `` The Advanced `` Time - Skip '' Fights Back ? ! Will It Come Forth ? Goku 's New Technique ! '' / `` A Developed `` Time Skip '' Counterstrike ? Here Comes Goku 's New Move ! '' `` Seichōshita `` toki tobashi '' no hangeki ! ? Deru ka ! ? Gokū no aratana waza ! '' ( 成長 した `` 時 とばし '' の 反撃 ! ? 出る か ! ? 悟空 の 新た な 技 ! ) April 17 , 2016 November 4 , 2017 Goku and Hit both power up before the match . Goku is finally able to counter Hit 's time - manipulating attacks , which displeases Hit . Hit tries to power up even more , but Goku prevents him . Soon after , Hit manages to counter Goku 's blows , while he simultaneously grows even stronger . Badly hurt , Goku hits the ground . Champa tells Hit to finish off Goku , but Hit refuses to obey his order . Goku manages to get back on his feet , and the two resume their fight . Goku is soon backed into a corner and resorts to his Kaiō - ken technique , which greatly increases his strength and speed . Having powered up , Goku begins pummeling and blasting Hit , who manages to evade most of the attacks with ease . 40 13 `` At Last , It Comes to an End ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' / `` A Decision at Last ! Is the Winner Beerus ? Or is it Champa ? '' `` Tsuini ketchaku ! Shōsha wa Birusu ? Soretomo Shanpa ? '' ( ついに 決着 ! 勝者 は ビルス ? それとも シャンパ ? ) April 24 , 2016 November 11 , 2017 Goku and Hit fight to an indecisive stalemate . Neither side is able to gain ground against the other . Goku requests that the rules of the fight be waived so that Hit can use his assassination techniques freely . Champa and Beerus argue over this decision . During their argument , Goku jumps out of the fighting stage . He forfeits the match . Goku argues that he would have been unable to continue due to the strain on his body brought on by his Kaiō - ken technique . Shortly afterwards , Monaka faces Hit . Monaka is scared to fight . Monaka punches Hit and wins the fight . Hit throws the fight as repayment for Goku enabling him to surpass his limits . With Hit defeated , the Universe Seven team is declared the winner of the tournament . Just as the festivities are about to conclude , Grand Zenō ( 全 王 ) , a mysterious `` King of Universes '' , appears in the center of the fighting stage . 41 14 `` Come , God of Dragons -- And Pretty Please Grant My Wish ! '' / `` Come Forth , Divine Dragon ! And Grant My Wish , Peas and Carrots ! '' `` Ide deyo kami no ryū -- soshite negai o kanaete chonmage ! '' ( 出 で よ 神 の 龍 そして 願い を 叶え て ちょんまげ ! ) May 1 , 2016 November 18 , 2017 Grand Zenō announces that he will organize a martial arts tournament for all twelve universes . Goku disrespectfully approaches and talks to Grand Zenō . Grand Zenō is amused , and everyone else is discomforted . Champa scolds his team for losing and orders them to train for the upcoming tournament . Shortly afterwards , Champa and his team leave . Beerus asks the Earthlings to find the Super Dragon Balls . Android 18 notices that all Super Dragon Balls are clumped together on the radar , and Monaka deduces that the planet they have been fighting on is actually the seventh Super Dragon Ball . Beerus , Goku , and the others leave for the location of all seven Super Dragon Balls . Once they are there , Whis summons Super Shenron ( スーパー シェンロン , Chāo Shénlóng ) , which is a more powerful version of Shenron . Unknown to anyone else , Beerus secretly wishes to have Universe Six 's Earth restored back to normal . Vados informs Champa what Beerus wished for . Whis leaves Beerus and Monaka on Beerus ' planet and departs for Earth . Monaka is revealed to be an ordinary mail deliveryman , who is an aspiring fighter . Beerus rewards Monaka with money for his help motivating Goku and Vegeta . Goku , Vegeta , and the others from Earth return home . 42 15 `` Trouble at the Victory Celebration ! Showdown at Last ? ! Monaka vs. Son Goku ! '' / `` A Chaotic Victory Party ! Showdown at Last ? Monaka vs. Goku ! '' `` Haran no shukushō kai ! Tsuini taiketsu ! ? Monaka VS Son Gokū ! '' ( 波乱 の 祝勝 会 ! 遂に 対決 ! ? モナカ VS 孫悟空 ) May 8 , 2016 December 2 , 2017 With the tournament completed , Bulma decides to hold a celebration party at the Capsule Corporation . She also decides to invite Monaka . Bulma considers Monaka to be the real winner of the tournament . Beerus and Whis are opposed to Bulma 's idea as they believe that Goku would want to fight Monaka if he were to attend . Ultimately , Monaka does attend . Beerus decides to tell everyone besides Goku about Monaka 's secret . Monaka is not nearly as powerful as everyone believes him to be . Goten and Trunks suggest that Beerus disguise himself as Monaka and fight Goku in Monaka 's place . Beerus agrees to the plan and disguises himself . Pu'ar also shape - shifts itself into Beerus to act as a decoy . Shortly afterwards , Goku and a disguised Beerus begin their fight . Following a brief clash , Whis interrupts the battle . Everyone carries on with the festivities . 43 16 `` Goku 's `` Ki '' is Out of Control ? ! Looking After Pan is A Lot of Trouble ! '' / `` Goku 's Energy is Out of Control ? The Struggle to Look After Pan '' `` Gokū no `` Ki '' ga seigyo funō ! ? Pan no osewa de shikuhakku ! '' ( 悟空 の 「 気 」 が 制御 不能 ! ? パン の お世話 で 四苦八苦 ) May 15 , 2016 December 9 , 2017 Due to overexerting himself during the tournament , Goku has problems controlling his energy . He decides to take a break and relax in order to get his strength back . While Gohan and Videl are out , Goku and his family babysit Pan . That morning , Pilaf , Shu , and Mai plan to attack Goku , while he is asleep . They end up fleeing in terror and bring Pan along with them . Inside their ship , Pilaf accidentally launches them into the stratosphere . The pressure from the launch destroys their ship , but Pan is able to fly back home with her captives in tow . On their way home , Goku 's family is relieved to find Pan even though they remain ignorant of her exploits . 44 17 `` Seal of Planet Potofu -- Secret of the Superhuman Water Is Unleashed ! '' / `` The Seal of Planet Pot - au - feu ; Secrets of the Unleashed Superhuman Water ! '' `` Potofu sei no fūin toki hanatareta -- `` Chōjin sui '' no himitsu ! '' ( ポトフ 星 の 封印 解き放た れ た `` 超人 水 '' の 秘密 ! ) May 22 , 2016 December 16 , 2017 While Monaka delivers a package to Bulma , Goten and Trunks sneak into his delivery truck and are accidentally taken to Planet Po - tau - feu . A group of space bandits are led by a teal humanoid called Gryll ( グリル , Guriru ) . They attempt to steal a key to an item called the Superhuman Water ( 超人 水 , Chōjin Mizu ) from an elder named Potage ( ポタジ , Potaji ) . The bandits succeed and are absorbed and cloned by the purple viscous liquid . At Bulma 's request , Vegeta and Jaco arrive on the planet to search for the children . Shortly after they arrive , the liquid absorbs and clones Vegeta . 45 18 `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! The Threat of Duplicated Vegeta ! '' / `` Vegeta Disappears ? ! Menace of the Duplicate Vegeta ! '' `` Bejīta ga kieru ! ? Fukusei bejīta no kyōi ! '' ( ベジータ が 消える ! ? 複製 ベジータ の 脅威 ! ) May 29 , 2016 January 6 , 2018 Vegeta is powerless due to the purple viscous liquid cloning and absorbing his powers . The liquid is revealed to be a sentient being known as Commeson ( コメソン , Komeson ) . Superhuman Water is just one of its many names known throughout the universe . Vegeta and the rest flee from the cloned Vegeta and the space bandits . They learn from Potage that the original will disappear once cloned . Goten and Trunks attempt to defeat the clone before that happens . Goku is fully recovered while training on King Kai 's planet . He senses that Goten and Trunks are in danger and teleports to Goten 's side . Goku prepares to fight the cloned Vegeta . 46 19 `` Goku vs. Duplicated Vegeta ! Who 's Gonna Win ? ! '' / `` Goku vs. the Duplicate Vegeta ! Which One is Going to Win ? '' `` Gokū VS fukusei Bejīta ! Katsu no wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS 複製 ベジータ ! 勝つ の は どっち だ ! ? ) June 5 , 2016 January 13 , 2018 Goku and the cloned Vegeta begin their battle . Each side holds its own . Vegeta tells Goku that he can not beat him with attacks like that . The cloned Vegeta backs Goku into a corner . Goku teleports behind his opponent and lands a blow on him , which briefly turns the battle in his favor . Vegeta starts getting frustrated that his clone is failing to dodge certain attacks and begins cheering for the clone when it knocks Goku away . Trunks reminds Vegeta that if they do not defeat the clone , Vegeta would die . Vegeta attempts to attack the clone himself , but he fails to do any damage . Frustrated , Vegeta criticizes both his clone and Goku . Goku begins wondering whose side Vegeta is on . He and the cloned Vegeta quickly power up , and the two continue their fight . Jaco points out that Vegeta is even more transparent than before . Potage tells Vegeta to use Commeson to gain time . Trunks wonders if there might be another way to save Vegeta in case their plan fails . Potage suggests that the Commeson should be destroyed to weaken the clones it had created . Trunks , Goten , Potage , and Jaco fly away to retrieve the weapon . Meanwhile , Goku manages to fight off cloned Vegeta . Vegeta is frustrated that it is Goku who is fighting the clone and not him . The fight causes a destructive shock wave . Commeson takes advantage of this and quickly attacks Trunks . Vegeta feels that Trunks is in trouble and tries to reach him . Monaka accidentally steps on Commeson 's core behind him , which damages it along with its clones . Potage notes that even though the core was destroyed , time has run out . Vegeta is disappearing . Realizing this is his last chance , Goku destroys the cloned Vegeta . As a result , Vegeta 's body regenerates . Potage reseals Commeson . Goku thanks Monaka for his help and says that he would have been beaten by the cloned Vegeta if it were not for him . With the Planet Po - tau - feu saved and the threat destroyed , Goku and the others return to Earth . Meanwhile , in an annihilated alternate timeline , Future Trunks looks to destroy a new threat that has been terrorizing his world . `` Future '' Trunks Saga ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Dub title Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 47 `` An SOS from the Future ! A Dark New Enemy Emerges ! ! '' / `` SOS from the Future : A Dark New Enemy Appears ! '' `` Mirai kara no esuōesu ! Kuroki arata na teki arawaru ! '' ( 未来 から の SOS ! 黒き 新た な 敵 現 る ! ! ) June 12 , 2016 January 20 , 2018 In an alternate timeline , Future Trunks is hiding from a mysterious enemy that has been terrorizing the Future Earth . He meets with his mother in their hideout , Future Bulma , who is relieved that he survived . She is revealed to have been working on the time machine for their trip to find help . Just as they are about to leave , an explosion destroys Future Bulma 's equipment . Seeing as they are in danger , Future Bulma urges Future Trunks to leave without her . Shortly after , a mysterious enemy demolishes the hideout . Future Bulma is killed by falling debris following the explosion , but Future Trunks manages to escape . Back in the present timeline , Goku is showing his new farm to Chi - Chi and Goten . Piccolo arrives shortly after at Goku 's request . Goku says he wants to use his work as a way to train . While Goku and Piccolo are having a harvesting competition , on Beerus ' planet , Vegeta is training with Whis . Goku notices this and teleports to them . Beerus asks if Goku brought him a gift , and Goku gives him a ball of lettuce he grabbed during his contest with Piccolo . Beerus enjoys the lettuce , but he considers it inadequate . Meanwhile , in the alternate timeline , Future Trunks meets up with Future Mai . Future Trunks tells her that his mother has sacrificed herself so he could escape and return to the past to save his world . Back on Beerus ' planet , Goku , Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis discuss Grand Zenō , who is the `` King of all Universes '' . Beerus says that Grand Zenō is the most powerful being there is . Whis says that Grand Zenō is also able to erase entire universes as there had originally been 18 universes instead of the current 12 universes . In the alternate timeline , Future Trunks and Future Mai are eating and resting . They discuss about going back 17 years in the past , where Future Trunks ' friends would be . They make their way to Capsule Corporation . They stumble upon a vortex in the sky out of which arrives the mysterious enemy that the two have been running away from . Future Trunks tells Future Mai to go on ahead as he draws his sword . He tries to face the enemy but to no avail . In order to save Future Trunks and give him a chance to escape , Future Mai acts as a decoy . Future Mai is hit by the enemy 's blast and seemingly killed on the spot . Future Trunks is enraged and looks at the enemy , who is revealed to be a Goku look - alike being named Goku Black ( ゴクウ ブラック , Gokū Burakku ) . 48 `` Hope ! ! Once More Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' / `` Hope ! Redux Awaken in the Present , Trunks '' `` Kibō ! ! Futatabi -- Imade mezame yo Torankusu '' ( HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! 再び 現在 で 目覚めよ トランクス ) June 19 , 2016 January 27 , 2018 Goku Black taunts Future Trunks as he could not save any of his family or friends . Future Trunks powers up to Super Saiyan to fight Goku Black , but he is outmatched . He distracts Goku Black with an energy attack and quickly boards the Time Capsule and escapes 17 years into the past . Goku Black is frustrated that he can not find Trunks in the future timeline . Meanwhile in the present timeline , Trunks is studying in class along with Pilaf 's Gang . During a recess break , Trunks feels strange and looks at the sky to observe the Time Capsule arriving with Future Trunks inside . He immediately calls for his mother . Bulma contacts Vegeta and Goku who are training on Beerus ' planet . Bulma asks Trunks to power up in order for Goku to be able to teleport himself and Vegeta to their location . Whis and Beerus also arrive to see Future Trunks . Vegeta asks Goku to get some Senzu beans . Goku goes to Korin 's place to get some Senzu beans . Future Trunks regains consciousness thanks to the Senzu bean . Upon spotting Goku , Future Trunks recalls Goku Black 's attacks and immediately charges towards Goku , which shocks everyone around . 49 `` A Message from the Future -- Goku Black Strikes ! '' / `` A Message From the Future -- The Incursion of Goku Black ! '' `` Mirai kara no messēji -- Gokū Burakku shūrai ! '' ( 未来 から の メッセージ ゴクウ ブラック 襲来 ! ) June 26 , 2016 February 3 , 2018 Goku manages to fight off Future Trunks . Bulma manages to calm down Future Trunks . Future Trunks gets clued in as to where he had ended up . He is also introduced to Beerus and Whis . Future Trunks apologizes to Goku for attacking him . Future Trunks explains that he was unaware that Goku was revived after sacrificing himself to defeat Cell , and the new enemy he is facing looks just like him . Both Goku and Vegeta are intrigued by this enemy . They decide to help him . Meanwhile in an alternate timeline , Goku Black is searching for Future Trunks . Realizing Future Trunks escaped using a time - traveling machine , Goku Black decides to go after him . Goku and Future Trunks decide to have a quick fight to determine each other 's power . Goku easily defeats Future Trunks , but Future Trunks warns Goku that Goku Black is a lot more powerful . While Goku and Future Trunks discuss more about Goku Black , a portal opens above them . Goku Black comes out of the portal and introduces himself . 50 `` Goku vs. Black ! The Closed Path to the Future '' / `` Goku vs. Black ! A Closed - Off Road to the Future '' `` Gokū VS Burakku ! Tozasareta mirai e no michi '' ( 悟空 VS ブラック ! 閉ざさ れ た 未来 へ の 道 ) July 3 , 2016 February 10 , 2018 Goku Black arrives in the past . Future Trunks decides to fight Goku Black , but Vegeta stops him . Curious to know how powerful Goku Black really is , Goku decides to fight him . Neither of them seems to be particularly interested in their fight . Goku decides to transform into a Super Saiyan . Goku Black proves to be no match for powered - up Goku . Future Trunks wonders why Goku does not simply destroy his opponent . Goku Black tries to power up but before he is able to , Goku thwarts him . While Goku and Goku Black fight , the time portal starts to disappear . It also starts dragging Goku Black towards itself . Goku Black realizes this . He destroys the Time Machine as soon as he had been dragged into it , which prevents others to return to the future . With Goku Black suddenly gone , Goku wonders where his enemy could have disappeared . Whis explains that Goku Black used a time - traveling method only Supreme Kai know about . Bulma decides to search for the other Time Machine that Cell used to travel back in time . Just as Goku Black reappears in the future timeline , Future Mai regains consciousness . 51 5 `` Feelings That Travel Beyond Time -- Trunks and Mai '' / `` Feelings That Transcend Time : Trunks and Mai '' `` Toki o koeta omoi -- Torankusu to Mai '' ( 時 を こえ た 想い トランクス と マイ ) July 10 , 2016 February 17 , 2018 Bulma finds the Time Machine that Cell used to travel to the past and promptly gathers the team to repair it . While Future Trunks is waiting for Bulma to finish the repairs , Goku heads off to King Kai 's planet to train . Future Trunks and Mai discuss their counterparts from alternate timelines . Future Trunks explains to Mai that Future Mai was a leader of Earth 's resistance movement who died fighting to protect the planet . He also mentions Goku Black 's ultimate goal , which is to eliminate all humans who are seen as inferior beings . Determined to find Goku Black , Beerus and Whis search for the villain 's energy signature . Meanwhile , Goku Black is surprised that he had grown stronger fighting Goku . He seeks to fight him again to become even stronger . 52 6 `` Teacher and Student Reunited -- Son Gohan and Future Trunks '' / `` Master and Pupil Reunited Gohan and Future Trunks ! '' `` Shitei saikai -- Son Gohan to `` Mirai '' Torankusu '' ( 師弟 再会 孫 悟 飯 と `` 未来 '' トランクス ) July 17 , 2016 February 24 , 2018 Bulma and her team are still repairing the Time Machine . Piccolo and Krillin are mending the damages in the wake of Goku 's fight with Goku Black . Piccolo mentions that Gohan had changed since he is not the pupil he had trained years ago . He is dissatisfied with the fact that Gohan decided to abandon his training to become a scholar . Future Trunks is surprised by Piccolo 's point of view . Piccolo and Krillin suggest that Future Trunks should meet their timeline 's Gohan . Future Trunks meets Gohan at Gohan 's house , and the two discuss their shared future . Gohan introduces Future Trunks to his family . Shortly afterwards , Future Trunks leaves for the Capsule Corporation . Meanwhile , Goku , Beerus , and Whis travel to another universe , where they had detected Goku Black 's energy . 53 7 `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! To the Sacred World of the Kais ! '' / `` Uncover Black 's Identity ! Off to the 10th Universe 's World of the Kai 's ! '' `` Burakku no shōtai o abake ! Iza dai 10 uchū no kaiōshin kai e ! '' ( ブラック の 正体 を 暴け ! いざ 第 10 宇宙 の 界 王 神 界 へ ! ) July 31 , 2016 March 3 , 2018 Goku , Beerus , and Whis arrive on Universe Ten 's Sacred World of the Kais . They meet the Supreme Kai beings called Zamasu ( ザマス ) , who is an apprentice Supreme Kai , and Gowasu ( ゴワス ) , who is the Supreme Kai and Zamasu 's master . Gowasu shows himself to be a kind hearted Supreme Kai who loves all creation , while Zamasu despises mortals . Goku is excited by the idea of fighting a Supreme Kai . He asks Zamasu to spar with him . Zamasu objects to fighting Goku , but he is asked to fight by Gowasu . Zamasu is baffled to learn that he is no match for Goku . Beerus and Whis realize that the energy they had detected is actually that of Zamasu . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head back to Universe Seven 's Earth . On Earth , Krillin introduces Future Trunks to his wife , Android 18 , and his daughter , Marron . 54 8 `` The One Who Inherits the Saiyan Blood -- Trunk 's Resolve '' / `` He Who is of Saiyan Blood Trunks 's Resolve '' `` Saiya - jin no chiohikumono -- Torankusu no ketsui '' ( サイヤ 人 の 血 を ひく 者 トランクス の 決意 ) August 7 , 2016 March 10 , 2018 Bulma and her team put the finishing touches to the rebuilt Time Machine . Meanwhile , Vegeta wants to test Future Trunks ' power to see how strong his son had become . Future Trunks proves to be no match for Vegeta at his full power . Future Trunks is outmatched in every way . However , Future Trunks finds this fact reassuring . Knowing how powerful Vegeta and Goku have become , he is certain that Goku Black will not be much of a threat . Vegeta is disappointed and angry with Future Trunks . Vegeta believes that Saiyans should continually strive to grow stronger and not only when enemies present themselves . On Beerus ' planet , Beerus and Whis are about to eat dinner . Suddenly , Grand Zenō contacts them and tells them that he wishes to meet Goku , which shocks Beerus and Whis . 55 9 `` I Want to See Son Goku -- Zen - Oh Sama 's Summoning ! '' / `` I 'd Like to See Goku , You See A Summons from Grand Zeno ! '' `` Son Gokū ni aitai no ne -- Zenō - sama kara no yobidashi ! '' ( 孫悟空 に 会 いたい の ね 全 王様 から の よびだし ! ) August 21 , 2016 March 17 , 2018 Whis and Beerus are worried over Grand Zenō 's request to meet Goku and what it could mean for their universe . They do not want Goku to meet Grand Zenō out of fear that he would come across as crude and offensive . Whis and Beerus reluctantly decide to heed Grand Zenō 's request . They tell Goku to keep quiet about their plans regarding Goku Black and time - traveling . Beerus instructs Whis to let nothing happen to the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven . It is revealed that if a Supreme Kai dies then the God of Destruction from the same universe dies as well . In Universe Ten on Planet Babari ( 惑星 ババリ , Wakusei Babari ) , Zamasu kills one of the natives after it tried to attack them . Gowasu scolds his student and says such behavior goes against his teaching of maintaining the balance between good and evil . Zamasu flouts that mindset and argues that the only way to maintain balance is to eradicate mortals . As Zamasu stands in the wind , rose petals start to whirl around him , which gives an allusion to distinctive red energy of Goku Black . Goku , Whis , and Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai arrive at Grand Zenō 's palace . Grand Zenō says that all he wanted was a friend to play with when he feels like having fun . Goku promises that he will find a better friend for him to play with . Before Goku leaves , Grand Zenō gives him a button and says to press it if Goku ever wants to summon him . Shortly afterwards , Goku , Beerus , and Whis leave for Earth , where the Time Machine has been repaired . Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks arrive into Future Trunks ' alternate timeline . As soon as they arrive , Goku is attacked by the Earth 's resistance forces who mistook him for Goku Black . 56 10 `` Rematch With Goku Black ! Super Saiyan Rosé Appears '' / `` Rematch with Goku Black ! Enter Super Saiyan Rosé '' `` Saisen Gokū Burakku ! Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze tōjō ! ! '' ( 再戦 ゴクウ ブラック ! 超 ( スーパー ) サイヤ 人 ロゼ 登場 ! ! ) August 28 , 2016 March 24 , 2018 Future Trunks quickly pacifies the resistance fighters . He explains that he has returned with Goku and Vegeta to defeat Goku Black . The fighters reveal that Future Mai has left them with an action plan in case Goku Black appears . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta leave and meet Future Mai at her hideout . Future Mai explains that after she managed to escape , she stumbled on a group of resistance members who took her in . However , their refuge was soon attacked and destroyed by Goku Black . Goku spots Future Yajirobe ( 未来 の ヤジロベー , Mirai no Yajirobē ) , who Future Trunks believed to be dead in the resistance 's ranks . Future Yajirobe reveals that his life was saved by a Senzu bean , which Korin had given him . Vegeta states that he plans to take on Goku Black alone this time . Goku suggests that they play a game of Rock - paper - scissors to decide who gets to fight first . Vegeta accepts the proposal and wins . Meanwhile , Goku Black is wandering the desolate ruins of the Future Earth . Future Trunks , Goku , and Vegeta suddenly appear near him . Vegeta powers up and engages Goku Black who seems to be completely uninterested . Goku Black transforms into a pink - haired Super Saiyan and fights Vegeta . He dubs the form Super Saiyan Rosé ( 超 サイヤ 人 ロゼ , Sūpā Saiya - jin Roze ) following Goku 's naming pattern . Goku Black tells Vegeta that their fight only made him stronger . Vegeta and Goku Black exchange a few blows . Vegeta knocks him away . Vegeta charges in to attack again . Goku Black uses his ki to form an energy blade on his hand and stabs Vegeta in the chest , which critically wounds him . Goku quickly powers up and charges at Goku Black . As the two fight , Future Trunks thinks they are evenly matched , but Vegeta notices that Goku Black has an advantage over Goku as well . Just as Goku Black begins charging his attack , Zamasu appears and stops the fight . He urges Goku Black to allow him to kill Goku just as they have agreed . 57 11 `` The God With the Immortal Body -- Zamasu Descends '' / `` A God with an Invincible Body -- The Advent of Zamasu '' `` Fujimi no karada o motsu kami -- Zamasu kōrin '' ( 不死身 の 体 を 持つ 神 ザマス 降臨 ) September 4 , 2016 March 31 , 2018 Zamasu appears unexpectedly from the sky . He states that he and Goku Black are `` kindred spirits '' who want a world without mortals . Goku challenges Zamasu to a fight and Zamasu accepts . During the fight , Goku Black suddenly comes between Goku and Zamasu and smashes Goku into a corner . Future Trunks appears and attacks Goku Black . Goku Black uses Goku 's Kamehameha blast at Goku and Future Trunks . They fail to dodge it . As Goku Black and Zamasu use their combined power to finish off Goku and Future Trunks , Vegeta steps in and saves Goku and Future Trunks . Vegeta is badly wounded . Future Yajirobe swoops in to rescue wounded Goku and Future Trunks and takes them to a safer location . Before Goku Black and Zamasu are able to finish off Vegeta , Future Mai and the resistance soldiers intervene and rescue Vegeta . Goku and the others return to their timeline using the Time Machine . Future Mai and Future Yajirobe are left behind . 58 12 `` Zamasu and Black -- The Mystery of the Two Deepens '' / `` Zamasu and Black -- The Duo 's Mystery Deepens '' `` Zamasu to Burakku -- Fukamaru futari no nazo '' ( ザマス と ブラック 深まる 二 人 の 謎 ) September 11 , 2016 April 7 , 2018 Wanting to learn more about the Super Dragon Balls , Zamasu visits Master Zuno 's planet . Under duress , Master Zuno explains exactly how the Super Dragon Balls work and where they are . At Capsule Corporation , Bulma nurses Goku , Vegeta , and Future Trunks back to health . Beerus and Whis arrive with the Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai . After listening to what happened in the alternate timeline , Whis suggests a theory as to what exactly Zamasu is planning . After losing to Goku , Whis believes Zamasu became obsessed with Goku and his incredible power . Zamasu needed an ally as powerful as Goku to achieve his goal of obliterating mortals . Goku Black was therefore supposed to be a copy of Goku and created using the Super Dragon Balls . Whis also adds his earlier theory about how Goku Black is able to time travel using Supreme Kai 's method . He believes that their timeline 's Zamasu is the one who is going to kill Gowasu and give Goku Black the time - traveling device known as the Time Ring ( 時 の 指輪 , Toki no yubiwa ) . Universe Seven 's Supreme Kai takes Goku , Beerus , and Whis to Universe Ten to warn Gowasu , while Vegeta stays behind . They arrive at the Supreme Kai Realm ( 界 王 神 界 , Kaiōshin Kai ) , where they meet Gowasu . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has left on what he called an important mission . Goku tries to warn Gowasu of what Zamasu has done in the future , but Beerus promptly silences him . They wonder if Gowasu noticed anything wrong with his apprentice . Gowasu mentions the doubts Zamasu has had regarding the role of the Supreme Kai and their relationship with mortals , but it should not be a cause for concern . Just as Gowasu finishes , Zamasu arrives . 59 13 `` Protect Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' / `` Protect The Supreme Kai Gowasu -- Destroy Zamasu ! '' `` Kaiōshin Gowasu o mamore -- Zamasu o hakai seyo ! '' ( 界 王 神 ゴワス を 守れ ザマス を 破壊 せよ ! ) September 25 , 2016 April 14 , 2018 Whis gifts Gowasu with rice cakes and says that he and the others did not mean to disturb Zamasu and him . Shortly afterwards , they leave Universe Ten 's Supreme Kai Realm . While they are in space , Whis uses his staff to eavesdrop on Gowasu and Zamasu . They watch as Zamasu kills Gowasu . Whis turns back time so that Goku can save Gowasu . Zamasu claims he did not plan on killing Gowasu , but Whis tells him otherwise . Angered that his plan has failed , Zamasu tries to destroy Goku . Beerus saves Goku and destroys Zamasu . With the present day Zamasu destroyed , Goku and the others decide to track down Goku Black . In the alternate timeline , Zamasu and Goku Black are discussing Goku Black 's power . 60 14 `` Back to the Future -- Goku Black 's Identity Is Revealed ! ! '' / `` Into the Future Once Again -- Goku Black 's True Identity Revealed ! '' `` Futatabi mirai e -- Akasareru Gokū Burakku no shōtai ! ! '' ( 再び 未来 へ 明かさ れる ゴクウ ブラック の 正体 ! ! ) October 2 , 2016 April 21 , 2018 With Zamasu defeated , Beerus is convinced that Future Trunks ' timeline has become peaceful once again . Although hesitant , Future Trunks decides to go back to his timeline to make sure that is the case . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma accompany him . As soon as they arrive , they realize that nothing has changed . Future Zamasu and Goku Black learn of Goku and the others ' return . Shortly afterwards , the two groups meet . Goku Black reveals himself to be the version of Zamasu who successfully destroyed Gowasu and was apparently erased by Whis ' time powers . Goku Black had protected himself by using the Time Ring . Afterwards , he stole the body of Goku 's timeline with the wish granted by the Super Dragon Balls . Goku Black used its potential to grow stronger than Goku himself . 61 15 `` Zamasu 's Ambition -- The Awful `` Zero Mortal Plan '' Is Revealed '' / `` Zamasu 's Ambition The Storied `` Project 0 Mortals '' of Terror '' `` Zamasu no yabō -- Katarareru kyōfu no `` Ningen 0 keikaku '' '' ( ザマス の 野望 語 られる 恐怖 の 『 人間 0 計画 』 ) October 9 , 2016 April 28 , 2018 Future Zamasu reveals himself to be Zamasu from Future Trunks ' alternate timeline , who used the Super Dragon Balls in this timeline to wish for immortality . Goku fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu , but he is outmatched by the two villains . Goku Black tells Goku that after taking over his body , he killed Chi - Chi and Goten just to spite him . Goku is enraged and fights Goku Black and Future Zamasu . He is initially able to hold his own , but he is soon overpowered and knocked out . With Goku defeated , Future Trunks and Vegeta are backed into a corner . Future Zamasu holds Future Trunks and his constant time - traveling responsible for thwarting his plan to eradicate all mortals . This infuriates Future Trunks , who explodes and transforms into an immensely powerful new form of Super Saiyan . 62 16 `` I 'll Protect the World ! Trunks ' Furious Super Power Explodes ! ! '' / `` I Will Defend the World ! Trunks ' Furious Burst of Super Power ! '' `` Sekai wa ore ga mamoru ! Torankusu ikari no sūpā pawā sakuretsu ! ! '' ( 世界 は オレ が 守る ! トランクス 怒り の 超 ( スーパー ) パワー 炸裂 ! ! ) October 16 , 2016 May 5 , 2018 While Future Trunks ' new form is enough to match Goku Black , Future Trunks is still unable to deal the death blow . Future Trunks tells Vegeta to take Goku back to the past , while he faces their opponents . Goku Black attempts to prevent them from escaping , but he fails to do so . Goku , Vegeta , and Bulma arrive in the present . Vegeta explains what happened in Future Trunks ' timeline and Goku Black 's origin to Beerus and Whis . Believing they had done their part , Beerus and Whis leave . Meanwhile , Chi - Chi and Gohan meet with Krillin to ask if he knows where Goku went . Krillin hesitates and dodges the question . They leave for Bulma 's house to ask her the same question . Once there , they meet Goku in bandages . With everyone present , Piccolo thinks of a new plan . He proposes using the Evil Containment Wave ( 魔 封 波 , Mafūba ) , which is an ancient technique used to seal demons in jars . Wondering what the Evil Containment Wave is , Goku quickly teleports to Kame House . Goku spends the night at Master Roshi 's house training to master the Evil Containment Wave , while Vegeta trains in the Hyberbolic Time Chamber . 63 17 `` Do n't Disrespect Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Heroic Battle Begins ! ! '' / `` Do n't You Disgrace Saiyan Cells ! Vegeta 's Fierce Battle Commences ! '' `` Saiya - jin no saibō o kegasu na ! Bejīta no sōzetsu batoru kaien ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 細胞 を 汚す な ! ベジータ の 壮絶 バトル 開演 ! ! ) October 23 , 2016 May 12 , 2018 Before Goku Black and Future Zamasu are able to kill him , Future Trunks is saved by the resistance . Future Yajirobe informs Future Trunks that Future Mai has found Goku Black 's hideout . Future Trunks leaves for the hideout . Future Mai tries to shoot Goku Black , but she misses her shot . Just as Goku Black and Future Zamasu try to retaliate , Future Trunks intervenes in the nick of time . Future Trunks fights the two again without success . Goku and Vegeta arrive just in time to save him . Goku Black destroys the Time Machine , but Bulma manages to salvage what was left by dousing the fire . Gowasu and the Supreme Kai of Universe Seven arrive from the past to stop Future Zamasu from going on a killing spree . Goku Black and Future Zamasu explain that they killed all of the Supreme Kais in the future timeline . During the conversation , it is revealed that Whis and those like him are actually angels . Goku Black tries to kill Gowasu , but Goku and Vegeta stop him . Goku fights Future Zamasu , while Vegeta fights Goku Black . Bulma begins repairing the Time Machine and asks Future Trunks to prepare the seal , which Goku has brought to seal Future Zamasu . Vegeta gets the upper hand over Goku Black due to his latest training , which he interprets as a tipping point in his latent power that he possesses as the Prince of all Saiyans . 64 18 `` Revere Him ! Praise Him ! Fusion Zamasu 's Explosive Birth ! ! '' / `` Worship Me ! Give Praise Unto Me ! The Explosive Birth of a Merged Zamasu ! '' `` Agameyo ! Tataeyo ! Gattai Zamasu bakutan ! ! '' ( 崇めよ ! 讃えよ ! 合体 ザマス 爆誕 ! ! ) October 30 , 2016 May 19 , 2018 Vegeta continues to overpower Goku Black . Future Zamasu attempts to intervene , but Goku cuts him off . Goku Black realizes that Vegeta 's increased power comes from his anger and uses that method to increase his own power . Goku Black distracts Goku and Vegeta by creating many energy duplicates of himself to confuse them , while Future Zamasu goes after Future Trunks , Mai , and Bulma . Bulma attempts to buy time for Future Trunks to prepare the Evil Containment Wave by flirting with Future Zamasu . However , he sees through her trick and knocks her out . This angers Future Trunks , who powers up to his new Super Saiyan form and uses the Evil Containment Wave on Future Zamasu . The Evil Containment Wave works on Future Zamasu , who is sealed within the jar . However , in the present , Master Roshi realizes that he forgot to give Goku the paper amulet that would make the seal permanent . As a result , the seal fails and Future Zamasu breaks out of the jar , which weakened him . Goku Black goes to help him , and Goku and Vegeta follow in pursuit . Realizing that they have underestimated their enemies , Goku Black and Future Zamasu use their Potara earrings to fuse into an immensely powerful being known as Fusion Zamasu . 65 19 `` Is This the Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God '' / `` Final Judgement ? ! The Ultimate Power of the Absolute God ! '' `` Saigo no shipan ka ! ? Zettai shin no kyūkyoku no pawā '' ( 最後 の 審判 か ! ? 絶対 神 の 究極 の 力 ( パワー ) ) November 6 , 2016 June 2 , 2018 Fusion Zamasu explains that he possesses the immortality of Future Zamasu as well as Goku Black 's Saiyan ability to grow stronger from each fight . He shows off his power and devastates the Earth in the process . Meanwhile , Future Trunks decides to rejoin the fight , while Mai and Bulma are working on the Time Machine . Goku and Vegeta fight Fusion Zamasu , but they are easily defeated . Future Trunks joins the fight , but he is also overpowered . Fusion Zamasu begins charging up an enormous ki blast known as the Holy Wrath to destroy the planet . Future Trunks uses a last - ditch Galick Gun attack to hold him off . Vegeta joins the clash with his own all - out Galick Gun . Surprisingly , their combined attack overpowers Fusion Zamasu 's attack and saves the Earth . However , Fusion Zamasu survives unscathed . Vegeta barely saves Future Trunks from a deadly attack by Fusion Zamasu . Vegeta gets knocked out by the blast . Fusion Zamasu charges a second attack , but Goku rejoins the fight and counters it with his Kamehameha attack . 66 20 `` The Climactic Battle ! The Miraculous Power of a Relentless Warrior ! '' / `` One Last Great Comeback ! Here Comes Vegito ! `` Kessen ! Akiramenai senshi - tachi no kiseki no pawā ! '' ( 決戦 ! あきらめ ない 戦士 たち の 奇跡 の 力 ( パワー ) ! ) November 13 , 2016 June 9 , 2018 Goku puts all of his power into his Kamehameha , which is able to pierce through Fusion Zamasu 's attack and stop him from destroying Earth . In the wake of the explosion , Goku is exhausted , and Fusion Zamasu is injured . When Fusion Zamasu grabs him , Goku overpowers him using his Kaio - ken technique , and knocks Fusion Zamasu back temporarily . However , Goku 's use of the Kaio - ken drains all of his energy , and he collapses . Fusion Zamasu regains consciousness and powers up , but he still does not heal properly . Vegeta wonders why Fusion Zamasu is not healing . Gowasu explains that Fusion Zamasu must be mortal since Goku Black was as well . Goku decides that the only way they can win is for him and Vegeta to fuse using Supreme Kai 's Potara Earrings . Vegeta initially refuses until Gowasu explains that a Potara fusion that does not involve a Kai only lasts for one hour . Goku and Vegeta fuse to become Vegito . Vegito powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , dubbing himself `` Vegito Blue '' , and begins fighting Fusion Zamasu . Vegito quickly gains the advantage , but Fusion Zamasu grows even stronger . Gowasu explains that Zamasu 's mutation is a result of his anger manifesting in physical form . Meanwhile , Bulma and Mai finish repairing the Time Machine . Mai gives Future Trunks his broken sword , which inspires him to keep fighting . Future Trunks uses his power to restore the sword . Vegito and Fusion Zamasu continue fighting . Vegito is winning until his fusion abruptly ends , due to strain from his immense power . Fusion Zamasu begins to pummel Goku and Vegeta until Future Trunks arrives to help . Future Trunks unknowingly begins gathering energy from all living things on Earth , creating a Spirit Bomb , which he then channels into his sword . With this new power , Future Trunks runs his sword through Fusion Zamasu and cuts him in half . 67 21 `` With New Hope ! ! In Our Hearts -- Farewell , Trunks '' / `` With New Hope ! In Our Hearts - So Long , Trunks '' `` Aratana kibō ! ! O mune ni -- saraba Torankusu '' ( 新た な HOPE ( き ぼう ) ! ! を 胸 に さらば トランクス ) November 20 , 2016 June 16 , 2018 Fusion Zamasu expresses his disbelief that a mortal could defeat him and then disintegrates . However , as everyone exchanges congratulations , Fusion Zamasu 's essence returns and begins spreading over the entire planet . Gowasu explains that Zamasu has cast off his physical form and is trying to physically merge his spirit and energy with the entire universe . Zamasu begins raining destruction down on the Earth and annihilates everything and everyone on the planet except Goku and the others . Zamasu 's power is even felt in the present timeline , where Beerus and Whis sense it . Goku looks for another Senzu bean in his pocket , but instead he finds the button that Grand Zenō gave him in the present timeline . Goku presses the button and Future Grand Zenō appears . After Goku explains the situation , Future Grand Zenō decides to erase the future timeline due to the corruption that Zamasu has caused . Gowasu and Supreme Kai teleport away , while Goku and the others escape using the Time Machine . Future Grand Zenō erases the entire future timeline and Fusion Zamasu . After the others return to the present , Goku and Future Trunks return to what is left of the future timeline . They retrieve Future Grand Zenō and bring him back to the present with them . Goku and Whis bring Future Grand Zenō to meet the present Grand Zenō , which fulfills Goku 's promise to provide the present Grand Zenō with a friend to play with . Whis also meets another angel , the Grand Minister ( 大 神官 , Daishinkan ) , who is revealed to be his father , and invites him to visit Universe Seven . In the aftermath , Whis devises a solution for Future Trunks and Future Mai . Whis explains that they can return to the future timeline before Zamasu became a threat , which would create a new and safe version of the future timeline with the price of there being two duplicates of both Future Trunks and Future Mai living in the new timeline . Future Trunks and Future Mai accept Whis ' solution and use the time machine to travel to their new future . 68 22 `` Come Forth , Shenron ! Whose Wish Will Be Granted ? ! '' / `` Ideyo Shenlong ! Kanaeru negai wa dare no mono ! ? '' ( いでよ 神龍 ( シェンロン ) ! 叶える 願い は 誰 の もの ! ? ) November 27 , 2016 TBA Bulma is secretly trying to build a new Time Machine , but she has so far been unsuccessful . Goku decides to gather the Dragon Balls and use them to revive King Kai . However , Bulma wants to use them to acquire a rare mineral that she needs for the Time Machine , which can only be found at the Earth 's core . Wanting to taste more Earth food , Beerus and Whis return to Earth . Bulma takes them to a seafood restaurant and attempts to keep them from finding out about the Time Machine as they had previously forbidden her from making another Time Machine . Goku gathers the Dragon Balls and summons Shenron . Before Goku can make his wish , several others show up who want to make their respective wishes . As the others are all fighting over the wishes , Gohan arrives with Pan , who is sick and suffering from a severe fever . Goku and the others immediately allow Gohan to use one of the two wishes to heal Pan . After Gohan and Pan leave , the others resume fighting over the remaining wish . Bulma manages to talk everyone else out of making wishes by solving their problems herself . Goku still insists on getting his wish granted . Bulma agrees , but she convinces Goku to go to the Earth 's core and retrieve the rare mineral she needs in exchange for letting him use the wish . Beerus and Whis finish eating and leave the restaurant . They spot Shenron and promptly go to the scene , and they find Goku at the Earth 's core . Having deduced that Bulma is trying to make another Time Machine , Beerus destroys both the mineral and the Time Machine . Just as Goku is about to make his wish , the Dragon Balls deactivate and scatter around the Earth . Goku promises to revive King Kai as soon as the Dragon Balls reactivate . 69 23 `` Goku vs. Arale ! A Ridiculous Battle Will End the Earth ? ! '' / `` Gokū VS Arare ! Hachamechabatoru de Chikyū ga owaru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS アラレ ! ハチャメチャ バトル で 地球 が 終わる ! ? ) December 4 , 2016 TBA Vegeta , Bulma , and Trunks attend a science competition that Bulma is participating in , which is hosted by Mr. Satan , while Goku is hired to work security for the event . Dr. Senbei Norimaki of Penguin Village , who has created a device that can create any item its user can think of out of thin air , wins the award . Dr. Norimaki 's nemesis , Dr. Mashirito , appears as a ghost , and reveals that he has used a chemical called Playtine - X to gain control over Norimaki 's powerful robot daughter , Arale Norimaki . Vegeta attempts to stop Arale , but her overwhelming strength and seeming ability to defy the laws of physics are too much for him . She sends him flying into the distance . Goku transforms into Super Saiyan Blue and begins fighting Arale . They initially seem to be evenly matched , but it becomes apparent that their battle could easily destroy the Earth . Dr. Norimaki is able to use his new invention to distract Arale temporarily . Meanwhile , Bulma uses the invention to conjure up a mass of delicious food , which immediately attracts Beerus , who had been taking a nap . Dr. Mashirito confronts Beerus , who promptly obliterates him . Beerus also easily overpowers Arale . Just as Beerus is about to destroy her , the food he has eaten causes him severe stomach pain , which prompts him to rush home with Whis immediately . Shortly after , Dr. Norimaki and Arale leave and return home . Goku and Arale agree to fight again in the future . 70 24 `` Champa 's Challenge ! This Time We Fight with Baseball ! ! '' / `` Shanpa kara no chōsen - jō ! Kondo wa yakyū de shōbuda ! ! '' ( シャンパ から の 挑戦 状 ! 今度 は 野球 で 勝負 だ ! ! ) December 11 , 2016 TBA Champa contacts Beerus and challenges him to a game of baseball ( 野球 , Yakyū ) as a way of reconciling Universes Six and Seven . The baseball game is arranged to be held on Universe Seven 's Earth . Champa explains to Vados that he intends to use the game as an opportunity to steal food from Earth . The game begins with Goku initially unsuccessful as the pitcher for Beerus ' team due to his lack of experience . Yamcha , who has extensive experience playing baseball , steps up and gives the Universe Seven team an advantage . However , he is injured several times over the course of the game by Vegeta , who is playing on the Universe Six team with Champa . Champa and Beerus end up fighting , which almost destroys the planet . Whis and Vados intervene and call the game off . Vados reveals that Yamcha , despite his injuries , made it to home plate and scored a run before the game was called off , thereby winning the game for Universe Seven . Champa and his team return to Universe Six . Champa has seemingly forgotten his goal of stealing Universe Seven 's Earth 's food , as he has already become obsessed with training to prepare for a rematch . 71 25 `` The Death of Goku ! The Guaranteed Assassination Mission '' / `` Gokū shisu ! Zettai shikkō no ansatsu ninrai ! '' ( 悟空 死す ! 絶対 執行 の 暗殺 任 頼 ) December 18 , 2016 TBA Goku begins acting strangely . He admits to Gohan and Goten that he thinks someone wants to kill him . Meanwhile , in Universe Six , Hit carries out an assassination mission by killing a crime boss . His next target is revealed to be Goku . Goku senses Hit coming and flies to a remote area so that their fight would not put anyone else in danger . Hit arrives to kill Goku . Goku charges at Hit , but he can not hit him . Hit seemingly kills Goku with a single blow to the chest and disappears just before Piccolo , Gohan , and Goten arrive and find Goku 's body . 72 26 `` Will There Be a Counterattack ? ! The Invisible Killing Strike ! ! '' / `` Hangeki naruka ! ? Mienai koroshi no waza ! ! '' ( 反撃 なる か ! ? 見え ない 殺し の 技 ! ! ) December 25 , 2016 TBA Piccolo tries to revive Goku to no avail , but Goku had fired an energy blast in the air shortly before he was killed , reviving him . Goku learns that Hit 's assassination technique is an invisible energy blast . Goku shocks Hit by being the first person to ever dodge this technique , but he is still unable to land a blow on Hit and remains at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Champa and Vados come to see the fight . They are later joined by Vegeta , Beerus , and Whis . Vados explains how Hit is able to use his secret technique , which makes him seemingly untouchable . In the midst of the battle , Goku fires his Kamehameha attack , which proves to be powerful enough to knock out both Hit and himself . In the aftermath , Goku reveals to Vegeta , Champa , and Beerus that he had hired Hit , because he wanted to fight him at full strength , and that Whis and Vados were involved in his plan as well . 73 27 `` Gohan 's Misfortune ! An Unexpected Great Saiyaman Movie ? ! '' / `` Gohan no sainan ! Gurētosaiyaman masakano eiga ka ! ? '' ( 悟 飯 の 災難 ! グレート サイヤマン まさかの 映画 化 ! ? ) January 8 , 2017 TBA Mr. Satan reveals to Videl and Gohan that he is starring in a new superhero film : `` Great Saiyaman vs. Mister Satan '' ! As Videl , Gohan , and Pan check out the film set , the lead in the film -- - a famous but self - absorbed actor named Barry Kahn -- becomes enamored with Videl and tries to woo her . Videl rejects Barry in front of the entire film crew , which angers him . Seeking revenge on Videl for his humiliation , Barry convinces Gohan to take over as the main stuntman for the film in order to embarrass and potentially maim him . As Gohan is the real Great Saiyaman , he uses his powers to easily take on the role . Gohan later dons the suit again for a fight against a pair of bank robbers . When the film crew accuses Gohan of using the suit and stopping the bank robbery , Bulma bails him out . However , Gohan 's identity is accidentally revealed to Cocoa , who is a starlet in the film . Cocoa blackmails Gohan into flying her around the city . Meanwhile , Jaco chases after a being known as Watagashi ( 綿 餓死 ) , which is an extraterrestrial parasitic criminal that possesses its hosts . Suspecting that `` The Great Saiyaman '' might be the host of Watagashi , Jaco attacks Gohan with a vaporizing cannon . 74 28 `` For the Ones He Loves ! The Unbeatable Great Saiyaman ! ! '' / `` Aisuru mono no tame ni ! Fukutsu no Gurēto Saiyaman ! ! '' ( 愛する ものの ため に ! 不屈 の グレート サイヤマン ! ! ) January 15 , 2017 TBA Gohan manages to dodge Jaco 's cannon blast and learns of Watagashi 's ability to possess its hosts . Cocoa brings Gohan back to her apartment to rehearse , but she hides the fact that she was forced by Barry to let photos be taken of the pair for the tabloids . She has a secret change of heart and does not let the photos get taken in her room . When the pair go to the roof the next morning , Barry gets the pictures of Gohan getting a kiss from Cocoa and revealing himself as Great Saiyaman . Barry immediately brings the photos to Videl in an attempt to expose Gohan as a cheater . As he tries to woo Videl again , she sees through Barry 's act and refuses his advances . Watagashi finds and possesses Barry by turning him into a powerful monster in the process . The possessed Barry dispatches Gohan and kidnaps Pan . He seeks a final showdown with Gohan . Barry proves formidable . Gohan is nearly killed in the struggle . Videl and Pan express complete faith in Gohan 's desire to protect them and call out for his aid . Gohan transforms into `` Super Great Saiyaman '' and knocks out Barry , which separates him from Watagashi in the process . The film becomes a hit . Cocoa blackmails Barry into keeping Gohan 's secret with the knowledge that Barry was the monster that attacked the city . Now seeing him as less of a threat , Jaco lets Watagashi escape . 75 29 `` Goku and Krillin Back to the Old Training Grounds '' / `` Gokū to Kuririn -- Natsukashi no shugyō no ba e '' ( 悟空 と クリリン 懐かし の 修行 の 場 へ ) January 22 , 2017 TBA Goku seeks a sparring partner to train with , but he laments being unable to find a suitable opponent . On Goten 's suggestion , Goku goes to ask Krillin , who is still working as a police officer . Krillin is grazed by a bullet during a shootout with a pair of burglars , but they are easily disarmed by Goku . Krillin declines Goku 's offer to spar . He knows he would be no challenge for Goku and that he has given up martial arts for good . Krillin is chastised by Android 18 , who says the strong man she fell in love with could never be harmed by a bullet . Her words lead Krillin to reconsider Goku 's offer and ultimately accepts it . The two leave for Master Roshi 's to train as they did when they were children . Krillin proves to be no match for Goku even though Goku is wearing a heavy suit as a handicap . Sensing Krillin 's self - doubt and believing that a different approach is needed , Master Roshi sends his students on a race to a heavily forested island to recover a rare herb . As a reward , Master Roshi offers to teach the winner a secret technique that can immensely increase the user 's strength . On the island , Goku and Krillin meet Fortuneteller Baba . They tell her about Master Roshi 's challenge . Interested to see what will happen , Baba decides to observe the race using her crystal ball . Goku and Krillin venture into the forest in search of the herb . As they enter , a heavy fog rolls in , where familiar foes emerge . 76 30 `` Defeat These Terrifying Enemies ! Krillin 's Fighting Spirit Returns ! '' / `` Kowa teki o uchiyabure ! Kuririn no tōshi futatabi ! '' ( 恐 敵 を 打ち破れ ! クリリン の 闘志 ふたたび ! ) January 29 , 2017 TBA Android 18 arrives at Master Roshi 's house and searches for Krillin . Master Roshi and Fortuneteller Baba explain that Krillin and Goku have entered the `` Forest of Terror , '' which is a place where they have to face illusions of enemies that they had battled before . Master Roshi intended this exercise as a way to help Krillin overcome his lack of confidence . In the forest , Krillin is terrified by what he sees . Among the group of illusions are Tambourine , Frieza , Dabura , and Majin Buu , where all of them previously killed or seriously wounded Krillin . Overcome with fear , Krillin attempts to abandon the race and fly out of the forest . The trees move to block the entrance , which leave Goku and Krillin stranded . The illusions attack and separate Goku and Krillin . Krillin finds himself surrounded by the illusions , but his attacks only make them stronger . After slicing one in half , he discovers that they are powered by his own energy . He heeds Master Roshi 's training and calms himself down , which weakens the illusions . As a final challenge , Fortuneteller Baba summons an illusion of Super Shenron , which immediately ensnares Goku . Krillin quickly arrives and frees him . The two of them use a combined Kamehameha blast to destroy the illusion . The illusions turn into the rare herbs that Master Roshi wanted . Goku and Krillin return to Master Roshi 's house with bags full of the herb . Master Roshi admits that there is actually no secret technique . Krillin , who has regained his confidence , disagrees . Goku and Krillin soon leave . Krillin returns home , where Android 18 shaves his head . This signals Krillin 's decision to pick up his martial arts training once again . Universe Survival Saga ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Overall No . Saga No . English translation Original Japanese title Original airdate American airdate 77 `` Let 's Do It , Zen - Oh Sama ! The All - Universe Martial Arts Tournament ! ! '' / `` Yarou ze Zenō - sama ! Uchū ichi Budō - kai ! ! '' ( や ろう ぜ 全 王様 ! 宇宙 一 武道 会 ! ! ) February 5 , 2017 TBA The Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm , but both have become bored with their monotonous routine . Meanwhile , Goku heads to a local farmer 's market to sell his produce and get Chi - Chi off his back about making money . On the way home , he is ambushed by some robbers . Goku defeats them , but he is injured in the process . Deciding that he has grown rusty , Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis . They head to the Capsule Corporation building , where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta 's second child . Goten remains behind to train with Trunks . Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth . Goku heads to Beerus ' planet alone . While training with Whis , Goku remembers Grand Zenō 's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament . Heedless of Beerus and Whis ' warnings , Goku uses Grand Zenō 's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament . When he returns to Beerus ' planet , Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse . Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again . Goku , Beerus , and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais , where the Grand Minister arrives . He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the `` Tournament of Power '' ( 力 の 大会 , Chikara no Taikai ) . 78 `` The Gods of Every Universe in Shock ? ! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power '' / `` Zen uchū no kami - sama mo don hiki ! ? Maketara shōmetsu `` Chikara no taikai '' '' ( 全 宇宙 の 神様 も ドン 引き ! ? 負け たら 消滅 「 力 の 大会 」 ) February 12 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister explains the details of the `` Tournament of Power '' and states that it will be held on `` the World of Void '' . It is a place of `` infinite nothingness '' , where the competitors can fight without limits . The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls , while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence . Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty . Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it , but Whis advises against this . Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous . Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place . Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces . The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō 's benefit . Each universe is to name three fighters . Goku sets off to recruit teammates . After Vegeta refuses , Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu , who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7 . Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan . Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic . Back at Grand Zenō 's and Future Grand Zenō 's palace , all the gods from all 12 universes gather . The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match . He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament . In the first round , Majin Buu is to fight Basil ( バジル , Bajiru ) , a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9 . 79 `` Universe 9 's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7 's Majin Buu ! ! '' / `` Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū ! ! '' ( 第 9 宇宙 蹴り の バジル VS 第 7 宇宙 魔 人 ブウ ! ! ) February 19 , 2017 TBA Basil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu , who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game . Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu 's attention , which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack . As Roh ( ロウ , Rō ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 9 , claims victory , Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach , but he is otherwise unmoved . Basil and Roh are shocked to see this . Mr. Satan is injured during the attack . He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious . This enrages Majin Buu to the point , where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring . However , since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight , Basil is allowed to get back into the ring . Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful . Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue . The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along . Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him , which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9 . However , Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil . This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory . As the Universe 9 team laments Basil 's loss , Basil 's second oldest brother Lavender ( ラベンダ , Rabenda ) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent , which Bergamo gives him permission to do , he can win his match . Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender . 80 `` Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit ! Son Gohan 's Fight ! ! '' / `` Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase ! Son Gohan no tatakai ! ! '' ( 眠っ た 闘志 を 呼び覚ませ ! 孫 悟 飯 の 闘い ! ! ) February 26 , 2017 TBA As their battle begins , Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan 's eyes and blinds him . Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison , but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone . Unable to see , Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows . Lavender counters by levitating , which eliminates the sound of his footsteps . Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender 's body , which uses it as a kind of active radar . Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan 's body . Lavender mounts a comeback . In desperation , Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack . He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed . Lavender is knocked out , but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he can not continue . With both fighters down , the match is declared a tie . After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean , the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well . However , Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes . He was planning to erase most of them anyway , but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared . With the announcement concluded , the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo ( ベルガモ , Berugamo ) , Basil 's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine . 81 5 `` Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku ! Which One Wields the Limitless Power ? ! '' / `` Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū ! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida ! ? '' ( 潰し の ベルガモ VS 孫悟空 ! 青 天井 の 強 さ は どっち だ ! ? ) March 5 , 2017 TBA Before their battle begins , Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods . Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased . Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle . Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes . Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms . When the fight begins , Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed . Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times , but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku 's attacks . He grows stronger and physically larger . Goku continues to attack , which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight . Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue , which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha . Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure , but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge . The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin . The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner . Suddenly , a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo ( トッポ ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle . Goku , who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo , agrees to fight Toppo . 82 6 `` Never Forgive Son Goku ! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū yurusumaji ! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū ! ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 許す まじ ! 正義 の 戦士 トッポ 乱入 ! ! ) March 19 , 2017 TBA After obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed , Goku and Toppo begin their battle . Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku 's shoulder . Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows , but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug . He begins squeezing the life out of Goku , which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape . Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha . Just as the two power up even more , the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight . As Toppo leaves , he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren ( ジレン ) . The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power . In the Sacred World of the Kais , Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku 's constant relaxed and negligent attitude , which Whis breaks up . The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy . 83 7 `` Form the Universe 7 Representing Team ! Who are the Strongest Ten ? ! '' / `` Dai - 7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo ! Saikyō no 10 - ri wa dareda ? '' ( 第 7 宇宙 代表 チーム を 結成 せよ ! 最強 の 10 人 は 誰 だ ! ? ) March 26 , 2017 TBA Goku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation . They discuss who should be on the team . Goku immediately suggests Monaka , but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and can not participate . Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta , Piccolo , Krillin , Master Roshi , No. 18 , and No. 17 , which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine . Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience . They proceed to ask Vegeta , who has been thinking of a name for his second child . Vegeta refuses to participate . He says he will not fight , while Bulma is pregnant . Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight . Everyone celebrates the baby 's birth . Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother . As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta , he develops an attachment to her . Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot . However , Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla 's name . Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin 's house . 84 8 `` Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18 '' / `` Sukautoman Son Gokū -- Kuririn to 18 - gō o izanau '' ( スカウト マン 孫悟空 クリリン と 18 号 を 誘う ) April 2 , 2017 TBA Goku and Gohan arrive at Krillin 's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power . No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use . No. 18 is reluctant to join herself . She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them , but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward , which convinces her to participate . Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast . After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat , Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea . Goku is excited by Krillin 's new power . He challenges him to a sparring match as well . They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan , where Krillin 's strategies make up for the gap in power , forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan . Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form , and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash . As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin , No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku 's Kamehameha , just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion . She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku can not expect to fight one - on - one all the time . Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power . No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve , but she does not know where . Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17 . 85 9 `` The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives '' / `` Ugokidasu uchū -- sorezore no omowaku '' ( 動き出す 宇宙 -- それぞれ の 思惑 ) April 9 , 2017 TBA Gohan leaves to recruit Piccolo , while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout . He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training . Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance . The two spar together . Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage . Meanwhile , Khai ( カイ ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 11 , gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7 's , who is ostracized due to Goku 's involvement with the creation of the tournament . Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes , but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so . Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai 's meeting , and they discuss Goku . Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral ( カーセラル , Kāseraru ) and Dyspo ( ディスポ , Disupo ) . Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans . Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17 's location . Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo . 86 10 `` Fist Cross for the First Time ! Android # 17 VS Son Goku ! ! '' / `` Hajimete majiwaru kobushi ! Jinzōningen Jūnana - gō VS Son Gokū ! ! '' ( 初めて 交わる 拳 ! 人造 人間 17 号 VS 孫悟空 ! ! ) April 16 , 2017 TBA On their way to the island where No. 17 is working , Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games , No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger . Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough . They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers . As they introduce themselves to each other , a large army of poachers arrive . Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all . Afterwards , No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns . The two decide to have a sparring match . No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku , which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue . Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17 , who easily deflects it with an energy shield . The two go toe - to - toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire . Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight . Afterwards , Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power , but No. 17 is uninterested . He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased . Meanwhile , alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus . 87 11 `` Hunt the Poachers ! Goku and No. 17 's United Front ! ! '' / `` Mitsuryō - dan o kare ! Gokū to Jūnana - gō no kyōtō ! ! '' ( 密漁 団 を 狩れ ! 悟空 と 17 号 の 共闘 ! ! ) April 23 , 2017 TBA Goku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls . As he begins to consider Goku 's offer , the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island 's animals . Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape . After defeating some of the poachers , No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader , while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers . No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader . Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self - destruct if he is not released immediately . No. 17 smashes him out of a window , which vents both of them into deep space . Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai 's world . Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader 's threat was a bluff . Afterwards , Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes . Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers . No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku 's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power . He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family . 88 12 `` Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training ! '' / `` Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō ! '' ( 悟 飯 と ピッコロ 師弟 激突 の 限界 修業 ! ) April 30 , 2017 TBA Gohan and Piccolo engage in intense training . Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power . He points out that Gohan 's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless . Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan , and the two continue to spar . Meanwhile , Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor , Renso ( レンソウ ) . Cabba asks him to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power , but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg . Renso suggests his sister , Caulifla ( カリフラ , Karifura ) , instead , who he claims is even stronger than him . Back in Universe 7 , Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan . Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle . After being encouraged by Piccolo , Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu . The two fight again , and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo 's arm . However , Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan , which proves Piccolo 's point about Gohan 's overconfidence . That night , Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power . They both agree to work on combination moves . 89 13 `` An Unknown Beauty Appears ! The Tenshin - Style Dojo 's Mystery ? ! '' / `` Arawareta nazo no bijo ! Tenshin - ryū Dōjō no kai ! ? '' ( 現れ た 謎 の 美女 ! 天津 流 道場 の 怪 ! ? ) May 7 , 2017 TBA Goku heads to Master Roshi 's island , where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo , and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor . Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team , and heads off to recruit him and Roshi . At Tien 's dojo , a woman named Yurin ( ユーリン , Yūrin ) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo . Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo , Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her . Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power , but , even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni , Tien refuses . Yurin escapes Roshi 's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien 's students on a rampage throughout town . Goku , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Roshi arrive at the village , where Yurin confronts them . Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien 's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her . Meanwhile , Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6 's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . Back on Earth , while Goku , Chiaotzu , and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing , Roshi battles Yurin . He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin 's panties , which allows her to brainwash him . The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien , but Goku intervenes . While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin , Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing . Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo . Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village . After hearing about the 10 million Zeni , Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well . 90 14 `` See The Wall That Must Be Passed ! Goku vs Gohan '' / `` Koerubeki kabe o misuete ! Gokū bāsasu Gohan '' ( 超える べき 壁 を 見据え て ! 悟空 VS 悟 飯 ) May 14 , 2017 TBA As Gohan finishes training with Piccolo , they go to meet with Goku , Master Roshi , and Tien . At Gohan 's request , Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament . Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone , Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously . As Gohan fights both his father and Tien , Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique , which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched . Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed . Although Goku agrees , Gohan requests to have a one - on - one fight against his father . Goku accepts , and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2 . Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight , Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku . Gohan begs Goku to use his full power . Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio - Ken technique , then defeats Gohan with a single blow . Impressed with his son 's improvement , Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team . Meanwhile , Rumsshi ( ラムーシ , Ramūshi ) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim ( ムリチム , Murichimu ) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament . 91 15 `` Which Universe Will Survive ? ! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering ! ! '' / `` Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da ! ? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi - tachi ! ! '' ( 勝ち残る の は どの 宇宙 だ ! ? 続々 と 集う 最強 の 戦士 たち ! ! ) May 21 , 2017 TBA Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again . They decide to observe the universes ' progress in assembling their strongest warriors . In Universe 7 , Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training . Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta 's gravity chamber . Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi 's weakness to seduction techniques , which fails miserably . In Universe 9 , word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe . The populace has descended into anarchy . The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters . In Universe 6 , Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power , while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process . In Universe 11 , Toppo 's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree . In Universe 2 , a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau ( ブリアン ・ デ ・ シャトー , Burian de Shatō ) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne ( リブリアン , Riburian ) and auditions for a spot in the tournament . In Universe 10 , Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit . Back in Universe 7 , Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and can not join the tournament , which horrifies everyone . 92 16 `` Emergency Development ! The Incomplete Ten Members ! ! '' / `` Kinkyū jitai hassei ! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā ! ! '' ( 緊急 事態 発生 ! そろわ ない 10 人 の メンバー ! ! ) May 28 , 2017 TBA Goku races to Mr. Satan 's house , where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation . Meanwhile , all of Universe 7 's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation . After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him , Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin , No. 18 , and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose . When Goku returns , Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18 . After Goku fails to convince them otherwise , Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying , while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward . In Universe 6 , Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan . As Caulifla 's protégée , Kale ( ケール , Kēru ) , observes them , Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform . When that fails , he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back . Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan . Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6 's team for the Tournament of Power . She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself . In Universe 11 , Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters , where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees ' hands so they can participate in the tournament . In Universe 3 , two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi ( ニグリシ , Nigrisshi ) and Narirama ( ナリラマ , Narirāma ) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3 's God of Destruction Mosco ( モスコ , Mosuko ) , Supreme Kai Ea ( エア ) , and Angel Campari ( カンパーリ , Kanpāri ) . Back in Universe 7 , Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu . When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force , Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza , which shocks everyone . 93 17 `` You 're The Tenth Warrior ! Goku Goes To See Frieza ! ! '' / `` Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da ! Gokū Furīza no moto e ! ! '' ( 10 人目 の 戦士 はお め え だ ! 悟空 フリーザ の も と へ ! ! ) June 4 , 2017 TBA Goku 's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades . He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament . If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him . Goku 's friends reluctantly agree , and he sets out to the afterlife . The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them . In Universe 6 , Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail . Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness , and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan . Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba . Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba 's perceived relationship . She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba . Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla 's arms . Cabba , who is impressed by Kale 's power , decides to add her to Universe 6 's team . Back in Universe 7 , Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma 's permission to visit Frieza . He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them . Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth 's Dragon Balls . When Goku hesitates to agree , Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become . Goku accepts his terms . In Universe 4 , Ganos ( ガノス , Ganosu ) reports Universe 7 's latest actions to Universe 4 's God of Destruction Quitela ( キテラ , Kitera ) and Supreme Kai Kuru ( クル ) . Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus . 94 18 `` The Emperor of Evil Returns ! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins ? ! '' / `` Aku no Teiō fukkatsu ! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku - tachi ! ? '' ( 悪 の 帝王 復活 ! 出迎える 謎 の 刺客 たち ! ? ) June 11 , 2017 TBA Quitela contacts Universe 9 's God of Destruction Sidra ( シドラ , Shidora ) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first . Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed . Meanwhile , Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success . As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin 's tower , Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17 's island to pick him up and drop off Goten , Trunks , and Marron . Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba 's home , where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza . As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart , an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads . Despite the time pressure , Frieza wounds the assassins ' leader , transforms into his Golden form , and prepares for battle . 95 19 `` The Worst ! The Most Evil ! Frieza 's Rampage ! ! '' / `` Saikyō ! Saiaku ! Furīza Ōabare ! ! '' ( 最 凶 ! 最悪 ! フリーザ 大 暴れ ! ! ) June 18 , 2017 TBA Frieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z - Fighters . He quickly slaughters most of the assassins , which horrifies Goku . The assassins ' leader , who has been directly empowered by Sidra , attacks Frieza with Sidra 's power , but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack . Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him . Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them . Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector . Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him . Roh fears Frieza 's psychopathic and treasonous nature , while Sidra wants his power . Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line . Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku . Frieza cuts the connection . He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends . Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match , which ends in a draw . Goku , Frieza , Beerus , and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation . The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power . 96 20 `` The Time Is Here ! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe ! ! '' / `` Toki wa kita ! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e ! ! '' ( 時 は きた ! 宇宙 の 命運 を かけ 無 の 界 へ ! ! ) June 25 , 2017 TBA In the World of Void , Universes 1 , 5 , and 8 's Gods of Destruction Iwne ( イワン , Iwan ) , Arack ( アラク , Araku ) , and Liquiir ( リキュール , Rikīru ) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power 's fighting stage . Afterwards , the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage . In Universe 7 , Gohan and Shin 's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them . This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta 's Saiyan pride . Whis transports the team to the World of Void . All of the other universes arrive . Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together , while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power . As the Grand Minister introduces each team , Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team , which confuses most of Universe 7 , except for Tien , who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence . After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō , the 80 warriors prepare for battle . 97 21 `` Survive ! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last ! ! '' / `` Ikinokore ! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai ! ! '' ( 生き残れ ! ついに 開幕 「 力 の 大会 」 ! ! ) July 2 , 2017 TBA The Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament . A massive free - for - all ensues . Goku targets Toppo , but he is intercepted by Ganos . Disregarding Gohan 's plan as well , No. 17 , No. 18 , Vegeta , and Frieza all jump into the fray . Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage , but Hit and Basil disable it . Universe 10 's Lilibeu ( リリベウ , Ririberu ) attacks Basil , but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage . Meanwhile , the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes , but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off . Basil nearly defeats Universe 10 's Napapa , but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment . As Goku is pursuing Toppo , he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4 's Nink ( ニンク , Ninku ) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage . As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy , Basil , Lavender , Bergamo , and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament . 98 22 `` Oh , Uncertainty ! A Universe Despairs ! ! '' / `` Ā mujou ! Zetsubō suru Uchū ! ! '' ( あぁ 無常 ! 絶望 する 宇宙 ! ! ) July 9 , 2017 TBA Roh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match . Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament . He fights Team Universe 9 , where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork . Vegeta notices Goku 's plight and reinforces him . Roh sends over three more fighters . Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop ( ソレル , Hoppu ) into accidentally hitting each other . Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors . No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel ( ソレル , Soreru ) and Roselle . Only Basil , Lavender , and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9 . Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage . The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort , but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha . With all 10 members defeated , Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament . As a result , Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9 , Roh , Sidra , and all of their fighters . This amuses Universe 9 's angel Mojito ( モヒイト , Mohi'ito ) and horrifies everyone else . 99 23 `` Show Them ! Krillin 's True Power ! ! '' / `` Misetsukero ! Kuririn no sokojikara ! ! '' ( 見せつけろ ! クリリン の 底力 ! ! ) July 16 , 2017 TBA As the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9 's erasure , No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back . Vegeta tries to fight Hit , but he is blocked by Botamo , who is immune to damage . Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage , but Magetta stops him at the last moment . Meanwhile , Universe 10 's Jium ( ジウム , Jiumu ) attacks Gohan and his friends . Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi . Universe 4 's Shosa ( ショイサ , Shōsa ) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts . Krillin rescues No. 18 , and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack . They are challenged by Universe 4 's Majora ( マジョラ ) , who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle . Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin , Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage . Krillin boasts about his victory , which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow . Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament . 100 24 `` Out Of Control ! The Savage Berserker Awakens ! ! '' / `` Daibōsō ! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi ! ! '' ( 大 暴走 ! 目覚め 荒 ぶる 狂 戦士 ! ! ) July 23 , 2017 TBA As Universe 7 recovers from Krillin 's defeat , Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10 's Murisam ( ムリサーム ) and confronts Vegeta . Hit blows off Narirama 's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack . He flicks him off the stage . Meanwhile , Kale is disabled by Universe 10 's Napapa and Methiop ( メチオープ ) . They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage , but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa . The two confront Goku , and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2 's Jimeze ( ジーミズ , Jimizu ) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue . Goku refuses , and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan . However , her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack . With Goku 's aid , Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2 , and the two resume their fight . As Kale watches them , she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form . Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire . Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her . Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue . He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha , but Kale powers through it unharmed . As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power , Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop . When Universe 11 's Vuon ( ブーオン , Būon ) attempts to stop her , Kale defeats him as well . Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast . As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale , Goku challenges Jiren . 101 25 `` The Impending Warriors of Justice ! The Pride Troopers ! ! '' / `` Semari kuru seigi no senshi ! Puraido Torūpāsu ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 正義 の 戦士 ! プライド ・ トルーパス ! ! ) July 30 , 2017 TBA As Goku prepares to fight Jiren , Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts . Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina . This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper ( タッパー , Tappā ) , Zoiray ( ゾイレー , Zoirē ) , Cocotte ( ココット , Kokotto ) , and Kettol . The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon 's defeat . The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku . Meanwhile , Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3 's The Preecho ( ザ ・ プリーチョ ) . They regroup with Gohan , Piccolo , Vegeta , and Frieza , where he has defeated Murichim . The Pride Troopers push Goku , Caulifla , and Kale to the brink , but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them . No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper , while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral . The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale . Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 do not interfere . As the four beat Caulifla , Kale 's self - hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form , but she remains in control of herself this time . Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral , Zoiray , and Kettol . Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast , but No. 18 simply throws it off , eliminating Cocotte . Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest . The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them . 102 26 `` The Power of Love Explodes ? ! Universe 2 's Little Witch Warriors ! ! '' / `` Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu ! ? dai ni uchu majo - kko senshi ! ! '' ( 愛 の 力 が 大 爆発 ! ? 第 2 宇宙 の 魔女 っ 子 戦士 ! ! ) August 6 , 2017 TBA Brianne and her companions Sanka Ku ( サンカ ・ クー , Sanka Kū ) and Su Roas ( スー ・ ロース , Sū Rōsu ) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter - egos . No. 17 blasts them before they can transform , but Brianne , Goku , and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform , much to Beerus ' dismay . They assume their alter - egos Ribrianne , Kakunsa ( カクンサ , Kakunsa ) , and Rozie ( ロージィ , Rōjī ) and barrage the arena with a powerful love - based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters . Universe 7 's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects . Gohan 's group elects to split up and fight independently . Vegeta attacks Ribrianne , who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10 's Jirasen ( ジラセン ) . Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up , while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style . No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier . He attempts to knock her out of the stage , but her teammate Vikal ( ビカル , Bikaru ) rescues her . No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal . He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast . Enraged by his actions , Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17 . 103 27 `` Gohan , Show No Mercy ! Showdown With Universe 10 ! ! '' / `` Gohan yo hijōnare ! Dai ju uchu to no kessen ! ! '' ( 悟 飯 よ 非情 なれ ! 第 10 宇宙 と の 決戦 ! ! ) August 13 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other , while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku 's defenses . She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up , but No. 17 protects him with a barrier . Goku , who has studied Rozie 's techniques , hits her with a powerful ki blast . As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne , Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission . Elsewhere , Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa 's orders . As Piccolo and Goku observe , Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows , which apparently have no effect . However , Gohan 's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself , allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage . Universe 10 's Obuni ( オブニ ) and Rubalt ( ルバルト , Rubaruto ) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo . Jimeze defeats Universe 10 's Jilcol ( ジルコル Jirukoru ) . With 8 warriors eliminated , Gowasu accepts his imminent demise , while Rumsshi remains defiant . Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan . Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo , but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt , leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni . Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan , which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again . Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni 's punches . He counterattacks Obuni 's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit . Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan , but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10 . Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha . All of Universe 10 's fighters have been eliminated . Right before Universe 10 is annihilated , Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child . Gohan and Universe 10 's angel , Cus ( クス , Kusu ) , mourn Universe 10 's erasure . 104 28 `` The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins ! Goku and Hit Join Forces ! ! '' / `` Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu ! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen ! ! '' ( 超絶 光速 バトル 勃発 ! 悟空 と ヒット の 共同 戦線 ! ! ) August 20 , 2017 TBA Dyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit 's Time Skip . Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit 's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip . Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally , but he is pushed to the edge of the stage . Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo 's fighting style and is luring him into a trap . Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi ( クンシー , Kunshī ) to back him up . Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow , Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge . However , Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated . The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner . Before they can finish him off , Goku interferes and rescues Hit . Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo 's speed , while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi . The two switch places . Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him , while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form . Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo , but Kunshi rescues him again . Kunshi charges Hit , who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage . Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies . Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival . Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand . Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament . 105 29 `` A Desperate Battle ! Master Roshi 's Sacrifice ! ! '' / `` Funsen ! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu ! ! '' ( 奮戦 ! 武 天 老師 命 を 燃やす ! ! ) August 27 , 2017 TBA Master Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar . He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4 , Caway ( キャウェイ , Kyauei ) , who attempts to seduce him . However , Caway 's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses . Roshi destroys her energy weapon , powers up , and drives her to jump off the stage . Roshi is next challenged by Dercori ( ダーコリ , Dākori ) , who is a talisman - wielding warrior from Universe 4 . She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot . Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena . Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move , which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi 's favor . Ganos , who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends , challenges him and powers up into an avian form . Initially , Roshi is able to use his experience to predict , evade , and counter Ganos ' attacks . However , Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on . He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi . Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep , but he attacks himself to wake himself up . Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up , but Roshi refuses . He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos . However , the effort is too much for Roshi 's body to handle , and he collapses . Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki . Goku escorts Roshi to safety . 106 30 `` Find Him ! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker ! ! '' / `` Mikiwamero ! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō ! ! '' ( 見極めろ ! 姿 なき アタッカー と の 死闘 ! ! ) September 3 , 2017 TBA Goku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request . Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6 's Dr. Rota ( Dr. ロタ , Dokutā Rota ) , but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability . Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground . It is revealed that the sniper , Universe 2 's Prum ( プラン , Puran ) , can see through these orbs . The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret . Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision , but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures . Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms , which forces him to painfully regenerate them . Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures . Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area . Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding . Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive . Vegeta berates Tien , who warns them about Prum , but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum 's blasts . As Goku and Tien observe Prum , they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts . Vegeta and Goku go after Prum , while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo . Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum , but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body . Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper , Prum 's teammate Hermila ( ハーミラ , Hāmira ) . Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks , Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him . Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila , but three of his clones are shot down . The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila . Just as Tien is about to eliminate him , Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien 's feet and knocks him off the stage . However , Tien 's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them . Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament . Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw , Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated . As Prum is confronted by Vegeta , Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him . Shortly after , Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament . 107 31 `` Revenge `` F '' The Cunning Trap ? ! '' / `` Fukushū no Efu ! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana ! ? '' ( 復讐 の 「 F 」 ! しかけ られ た 狡猾 な 罠 ! ? ) September 17 , 2017 TBA Frost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7 . Elsewhere , Universe 3 's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11 's remaining warriors . He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body , but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow . As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights , Frost corners and attacks him . Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid , but he is confronted by Ribrianne . Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave , but the strain proves too much for him . He flubs the attack . Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta , which provokes him . Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi . Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost , and the two battle Vegeta . Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself . When Roshi falls for it , Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle . With the last of his strength , Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta . Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue , and Frost flees . Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention . Roshi jumps off the stage , and he is given a Senzu Bean . Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect . 108 32 `` Frieza and Frost ! Conjoined Malice ? ! '' / `` Furīza to Furosuto ! Majiwaru Akui ! ? '' ( フリーザ と フロスト ! 交わる 悪意 ! ? ) September 24 , 2017 TBA As Goku battles Ribrianne , the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament . Meanwhile , Gohan is confronted by Jimeze . Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan . As he prepares to finish him , Frieza intervenes . When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze , Universe 7 's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself . Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan . Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him , but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast . Enraged , Jimeze attacks Frieza , who swiftly tortures and eliminates him . Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan , and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans . Frieza battles Gohan , who counterattacks . Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan . However , instead of eliminating him , he double - crosses and eliminates Frost . Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza 's plan and played along with him . An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands , but Grand Zenō erases him , explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence . Meanwhile , Goku continues to battle Ribrianne . 109 33 `` The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku ! Now , Let Loose ! The Killer Spirit Bomb ! ! '' / `` Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki ! Ima Koso Hanate ! Hisassu no Genki - Dama ! ! '' ( 悟空 に 迫る 最強 の 敵 ! 今 こそ 放 て ! 必殺 の 元気 玉 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Ribrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls . Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent . Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne . She attacks Goku with several ki blasts , and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away . Ribrianne lands near Jiren , and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him . Universe 11 's God of Destruction , Belmod , telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku . Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 , but that proves to be no match for Jiren 's overwhelming power . Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb , and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy . Despite the time it takes to charge the attack , Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it . Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind , but she is stopped by Vegeta . Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it , but Jiren deflects it . The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb . This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up . However , Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack . 110 34 `` Son Goku Wakes ! New Level of the Awakened ! ! '' / `` Son Gokū kakusei ! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui ! ! '' ( 孫悟空 覚醒 ! 目覚め し 者 の 新た なる 極意 ! ! ) October 8 , 2017 TBA Goku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren , which locks him in a stalemate . Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction . As the two struggle to overpower each other , the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole , which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish . The Grand Minister rules that since Goku 's own attack apparently vaporized him , Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him . As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku , he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power . Goku resumes the fight , and he is able to go toe - to - toe with Jiren . Whis theorizes that the clash between the Spirit Bomb and Goku 's powers enabled him to break through his limits and trigered an ability called Ultra Instinct ( 身勝手 の 極意 '' 兆 '' , Migatte no Gokui ) . Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren , but he fails , and exhausts his newfound power . Jiren knocks him away , and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren . Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne , while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him . 111 35 `` The Surreal Supreme Battle ! Hit vs Jiren ! ! '' / `` I jigen no kyokuchi batoru ! Hitto basasu Jiren ! ! '' ( 異 次元 の 極致 バトル ! ヒット VS ジレン ! ! ) October 15 , 2017 TBA Instead of killing the defenseless Goku , Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek . Meanwhile , Hit uses his time - skip powers against Jiren , but his attacks fail to connect . Goku spectates the battle , but he is ambushed by Saonel ( サオネル , Saoneru ) and Pirina ( ピリナ , Pirina ) , Namekians from Universe 6 , who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo . Elsewhere , Vegeta fights Ribrianne , and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne . Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power , but Rozie motivates her . Meanwhile , Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail , but he is able to react and block most of Jiren 's punches . After being knocked back , Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart . He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle . Hit uses his own time - skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement . Realizing that he can not hold Jiren for long , Hit urges Cabba , Caulifla , and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6 . Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him , but Jiren stops Hit 's attack only with his glare . Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit . As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point , Jiren begins to meditate . He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him . Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo . Viara ( ビアラ , Biara ) and Katopesla ( カトペスラ , Katopesura ) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating , but Jiren 's energy alone is enough to push them back . 112 36 `` A Saiyan 's Vow ! Vegeta 's Resolution ! ! '' / `` Saiya - jin no chikai ! Bejīta no kakugo ! ! '' ( サイヤ 人 の 誓い ! ベジータ の 覚悟 ! ! ) October 22 , 2017 TBA Despite his exhaustion and low energy , Goku is determined to keep fighting . However , he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai ( コイツカイ , Koitukai ) , Panchia ( パンチア , Panchia ) , and Bollarator ( ボラレータ , Borarēta ) of Universe 3 . Gohan and Piccolo want to help him , but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina . Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren , when they are confronted by Monna ( モンナ , Monna ) , a female warrior from Universe 4 . Caulifla faces off against Monna , but Cabba appears and takes her place . He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now . Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna , but he is initially overpowered . Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage , but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall . Vegeta and Cabba both promise that , if either of them wins the tournament , the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other 's erased universe and its inhabitants . Newly inspired , Cabba fights Monna again , but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2 . With his new power , Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna . However , Frieza appears , fights Cabba , and easily eliminates him as well . Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods . Meanwhile , Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren , but he is intercepted by Toppo . The two battle each other . Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku , who is still having difficulty with his three opponents . However , Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai , Borareta , and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself . 113 37 `` With Great Joy ! The Repeat Battle - Crazy Saiyan Fight ! ! '' / `` Kiki to Shite ! Sentō - kyō Saiya - jin Batoru Futatabi ! ! '' ( 嬉々 として ! 戦闘 狂 サイヤ 人 バトル 再び ! ! ) October 29 , 2017 TBA Caulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament . She begins fighting Goku , who does not initially power up beyond his base form . However , Goku 's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form . Eventually , she is able to adapt to his moves , which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself . The two of them fight evenly for some time . Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle . His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once , but they are able to match him by working together . They land a massive combined attack on him , but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks . However , Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2 . Kale 's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again . 114 38 `` Intimidating Passion ! The Birth of a New Super Warrior ! ! '' / `` Kiki semaru ! Aratana chō sen - shi no bakutan ! ! '' ( 鬼気 せまる ! 新た な 超 戦士 の 爆誕 ! ! ) November 5 , 2017 TBA Vegeta continues his battle with Toppo , while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form . Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off . Meanwhile , Frieza is confronted by Katopesla , but they are interrupted by Goku 's battle with Caulifla and Kale . Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale , but Goku insists that he will fight them himself . Frieza backs down and watches the fight . The three Saiyans resume their battle . After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy , Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them . As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha , it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa , Universe 6 's Supreme Kai . They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power , who takes the name Kefla ( ケフラ , Kefura ) . 115 39 `` Goku VS Kefla ! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated ? ! '' / `` Gokū vāsasu Kefura ! Sūpāsaiya - jin Burū Yabureru ! ? '' ( 悟空 VS ケフラ ! 超 サイヤ 人 ブルー 敗れる ! ? ) November 12 , 2017 TBA As Vegeta continues to fight Toppo , Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina . No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla , but she is saved by No. 17 . Meanwhile , Goku continues his fight with Kefla . The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla 's use of the Potara earrings . The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well . Pell ( ペル , Peru ) , the Supreme Kai of Universe 2 , gives his Potara to Rabanra ( ラバンラ , Rabanra ) and Zarbuto ( ザーブト , Zābuto ) , but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku . The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue , but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan . However , Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage . He appears to be winning , but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue . She prepares to eliminate him , but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks . 116 40 `` The Sign of a Comeback ! Ultra Instinct 's Huge Explosion ! ! '' / `` Gyakuten no kizashi ! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu ! ! '' ( 逆転 の 兆し ! 身勝手 の 極意 が 大 爆発 ! ! ) November 19 , 2017 TBA To counter Goku 's increase in power , Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2 , and the two of them face off . Goku still easily dodges Kefla 's attacks , but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down . Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks , it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential . Jiren senses the energy from the battle , which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo . Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain , and decides that he must reach it too . Goku begins running low on stamina , so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack . Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams . Her ultimate attack devastates the ring , but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha . Goku jumps into the air , so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him , taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge . However , he backflips and uses the charged - up energy to slide over her attack , and launches his Kamehameha at point - blank range , blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her . Her Potara earrings shatter , and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla . With both of them eliminated , Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6 . NOTE : This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru , who passed away on November 16 , 2017 . 117 41 `` Showdown of Love ! Androids VS Universe 2 ! ! '' / `` Ai no daikessen ! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū ! ! '' ( 愛 の 大 決戦 ! 人造 人間 VS 第 2 宇宙 ! ! ) November 26 , 2017 TBA Goku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla . He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2 . Gohan and Piccolo try to help him , but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina . Elsewhere , Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him . However , he is unsuccessful , and resorts to his normal fighting style . Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla . Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku , but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it . The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne . No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie , while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered - up transformation . This causes her to revert into Brianne . Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap , while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her . This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form . No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne 's trap . With No. 17 's help , No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne 's giant form and eliminates her . Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18 's strong love for Krillin , while Goku faces off against Zirloin ( ザーロイン , Zāroin ) , Zarbuto , and Rabanra of Universe 2 . 118 42 `` Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes ... '' / `` Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū ... '' ( 加速 する 悲劇 消え ゆく 宇宙 ... ) December 3 , 2017 TBA Goku battles against Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra from Universe 2 , while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina . Saonel and Pirina 's power suddenly increases , and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament , which greatly increased their own powers . No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors . It is revealed that Universe 2 's angel , Sour ( サワア , Sawaa ) , has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe . Universe 2 's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne , Rozie , and Kakunsa 's transformed states . Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 battle Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina . The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique , the Pretty Black Hole , which traps and threatens to sink Goku , No. 17 , and No. 18 through the fighting stage . Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin , Zarbuto , and Rabanra , while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well . With all of their fighters eliminated , both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased . Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure , while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck . Champa taunts Beerus before being erased . Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother 's erasure . Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood . 119 43 `` Unavoidable ? ! The Fierce Stealth Attack ! ! '' / `` Kaihi funō ! ? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi ! ! '' ( 回避 不能 ! ? ステルス 攻撃 の 猛威 ! ! ) December 10 , 2017 TBA Vegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring . Katopesla is able to catch himself , but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force . Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force , but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge , while Piccolo catches Gohan . No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter , who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters , Gamisaras ( ガミサラス , Gamisarasu ) . Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras , which allows Piccolo to see him . Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras . Undaunted , Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game . Shantza ( シャンツァ , Shantsa ) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes . However , Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring , which eliminates him and destroys the illusions . Universe 4 's last fighter , Damon ( ダモン , Damon ) , is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him . Piccolo is able to sense Damon 's attacks , but he proves unable to hit Damon , who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him . No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug - like creature rather than an invisible person , which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him . To solve this problem , Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air , which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts . No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him . With all of their fighters eliminated , Universe 4 is promptly erased . 120 44 `` The Perfect Survival Tactic ! Universe 3 's Menacing Assassin ! ! '' / `` Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku ! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku ! ! '' ( 完璧 なる 生存 戦略 ! 第 3 宇宙 脅威 の 刺客 ! ! ) December 17 , 2017 TBA Following the elimination of Universe 4 , the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7 . While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18 's combined efforts , Paparoni ( パパロニ , Paparoni ) sends Panchia , Koitsukai , and Bollarator to attack Goku , Gohan , and Vegeta . To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11 , Gohan decides to face the three robots alone . He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator ( コイチアレータ , Koichiarēta ) . Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in . The two distract the enemy , while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it . With his robots defeated , Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7 . 121 45 `` All - Out War ! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7 's Full - Scale Attack ! ! '' / `` Sōryokusen ! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki ! ! '' ( 総力 戦 ! 究極 の 4 体 合体 VS 第 7 宇宙 総 攻撃 ! ! ) December 24 , 2017 TBA Paparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza ( アニラーザ , Anirāza ) , the most powerful warrior from Universe 3 . Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans , which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them . The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off - guard , but he deflects them all . It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents ' movements . Anilaza begins teleporting his punches , and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage . Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat , Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18 , who is rescued by Goku . Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him . He knocks him off the fighting stage , but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage . She is eliminated from the tournament . With no other options , the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza . They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza 's attack and damage his energy reactor . This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza . With all of their warriors eliminated , Universe 3 is erased . As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate , the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them . 122 46 `` For One 's Own Pride ! Vegeta 's Challenge to Be The Strongest ! ! '' / `` Onore no Hokori wo Kakete ! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen ! ! '' ( 己 の 誇り を かけ て ! ベジータ 最強 へ の 挑戦 ! ! ) January 7 , 2018 TBA With only two universes remaining , the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together . The final warriors begin their battle : Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo , Frieza fights Dyspo , and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren . Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches , but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren 's attack patterns and dodges his attacks . He lands a solid blow to Jiren 's midsection , but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out . Meanwhile , Frieza blocks one of Dyspo 's attacks with his tail , but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him . Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self - righteousness , but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength . He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head - on . However , the attack fails to damage Jiren , who acknowledges the power of Vegeta 's attack before incapacitating him . 123 47 `` Body and Soul , Full Power Release ! Goku and Vegeta ! ! '' / `` Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō ! Gokū to Bejīta ! ! '' ( 全身 全霊 全力 解放 ! 悟空 と ベジータ ! ! ) January 14 , 2018 TBA With Vegeta down , Goku faces off against Jiren . Meanwhile , the other battles continue . Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously , while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo . Outmatched in power , Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren , but it has no effect . Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc . This causes Jiren to fall , but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage . Angered by his near - elimination , Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches . Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue . Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations , while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body , and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form , the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form . Fully powered up , Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team , and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks . 124 48 `` The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault ! Gohan 's Last Stand ! ! '' / `` Shippū - Dotō no Mōshū ! Gohan Haisui no Jin ! ! '' ( 疾風 怒涛 の 猛襲 ! 悟 飯 背水 の 陣 ! ! ) January 21 , 2018 TBA As Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies . The two seem evenly matched , until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls . Dyspo refuses the offer , so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight . Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique , the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode , which increases his power and speed even further , and overwhelms Frieza . Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage , so No. 17 distracts Toppo , while Gohan goes to Frieza 's aid . Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team , but they have little success . Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo , which prevents him from using his high - speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand . Unfortunately , Frieza runs out of energy , and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow . However , Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place , while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament . 125 49 `` With Imposing Presence ! God of Destruction Toppo Descends ! ! '' / `` Ifu - Dōdō ! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin ! '' ( 威風 堂々 ! 破壊 神 トッポ 降臨 ! ! ) January 28 , 2018 TBA Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren , while No. 17 and Toppo fight . No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash , which Toppo is winning . Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind , which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo 's blast . In the wake of the explosion , Toppo appears to have been defeated . However , he gets back up and powers up , using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction . Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11 's next God of Destruction , which is why he can wield the same kind of power . Toppo unleashes his new power , which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it . No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly , but his power is now far superior to theirs . Toppo easily defeats them both . Fortunately , they are able to stay on the fighting stage , but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17 . 126 50 `` Surpass Even a God ! Vegeta 's Desperate Blow ! ! '' / `` Kami wo mo Koero ! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki ! ! '' ( 神 を も 超えろ ! ベジータ 捨て身 の 一撃 ! ! ) February 4 , 2018 TBA Toppo easily overpowers No. 17 's blast . No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage , but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17 's attacks . Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast . Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo 's attack . Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo , which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks , but none of them have any effect . Toppo is about to eliminate them both , when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta , who are still fighting Jiren . Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren 's attacks , which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead . Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament . However , Vegeta is inspired by his family , his promise to Cabba , and his Saiyan pride . He refuses to cast anything aside . Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo . Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks : Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction , while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu . Vegeta 's attack overwhelms Toppo 's attack , blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage , and eliminates him from the tournament . This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage . Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique , he survives the blast , but his energy is almost completely drained . No. 17 also reappears , but he has been injured by Jiren 's attack . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all face off against Jiren , who begins to unleash his full power . 127 51 `` The Approaching Wall ! The Final Barrier of Hope ! ! '' / `` Semari - kuru Shōheki ! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria ! ! '' ( 迫り くる 障壁 ! 希望 を 託 した 最後 の バリア ! ! ) February 11 , 2018 TBA Jiren powers up to his maximum . Goku , Vegeta , and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously , but he easily overpowers them . However , No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren . Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta , while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form . However , Frieza is easily defeated as well . No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be , and Belmod explains that Jiren 's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents , most of his comrades , and mentor were killed by a powerful villain . However , his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship , and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength . No. 17 admires Jiren 's human qualities , but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe 's team for his own ends . Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17 , Goku , and Vegeta . No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren 's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them , before self - destructing to destroy Jiren 's blast . Despite his exhausted state , Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him . 128 52 `` Noble Pride to the End ! Vegeta Falls ! ! '' / `` Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made ! Bejīta Chiru ! ! '' ( 気高い 誇り 最後 まで ! ベジータ 散る ! ! ) February 18 , 2018 TBA Vegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren . Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan , he still decides to take on Jiren . Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta . Jiren injures Vegeta 's left eye in the process . Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination , and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most . He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren , who is impressed by Vegeta 's pride . Vegeta nearly rings out again . His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble , which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage . Vegeta hears Bulma 's voice urging him to fight on , and he returns to fight Jiren once again . Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him . Vegeta fires off a Final Flash , but Jiren is unfazed . Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament . Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end , he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds . Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power . Even with Vegeta 's energy , Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren . He is knocked back into his base form . When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat , Vegeta shouts at Goku . Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him . As Jiren delivers the final blow , Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack . With his new power , Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren 's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him . Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle . 129 53 `` Limits Super Surpassed ! Ultra Instinct Mastered ! ! '' / `` Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa ! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru ! ! '' ( 限界 超絶 突破 ! 身勝手 の 極意 極まる ! ! ) March 4 , 2018 TBA Whis points out that , since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct , this will be his last chance to end the battle . Goku and Jiren resume their battle , but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla , and is unable to attack at his full potential . Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren , but Jiren is able to punch through the blast . Belmod is confident that Goku 's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win , but Vegeta points out that , throughout the tournament , all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power . Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out , but Goku begins blocking Jiren 's attacks with his own punches . Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku , but Goku suddenly powers up immensely . He easily blocks Jiren 's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage . Jiren attacks again , but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches . Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension . Goku 's hair and eyes have turned silver , and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct . 130 54 `` The Greatest Showdown of All Time ! The Ultimate Survival Battle ! ! '' / `` Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen ! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru ! ! '' ( 空前 絶後 の 超 決戦 ! 究極 の サバイバル バトル ! ! ) March 18 , 2018 TBA Having mastered Ultra Instinct , Goku overpowers and corners Jiren , which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further . The two exchange attacks continuously . Despite almost being defeated twice , Goku stands up and recovers . When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender , his friends claim that the source of Goku 's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions . Refusing to accept it , an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku , who finally defeats him . However , just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out , his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long . Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage , but Goku is saved by Frieza . No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren 's blast . As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren , Goku writhes in pain . 131 55 `` The Miraculous Conclusion ! Farewell , Goku ! Until We Meet Again ! '' / `` Kiseki no ketchaku ! Saraba Goku ! Mataauhimade ! ! '' ( 奇跡 の 決着 ! さらば 悟空 ! また 会う 日 まで ! ! ) March 25 , 2018 TBA With Goku down , Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren . No. 17 manages to injure Jiren , who collapses from exhaustion . Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren , who accepts his impending defeat , but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries . Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17 . They form a barrier to shield themselves , but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form . Before Jiren can overpower them , Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others . Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren 's blast . Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together , while No. 17 provides cover fire . Working together , Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring . All three of them are eliminated from the tournament . With all of their fighters gone , Universe 11 is erased . As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage , No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power , and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls . After some consideration , No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased , which brings all their inhabitants back to life . As the erased universes are restored , the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls . He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons , as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing . As a reward for doing well in the tournament , Whis restores Frieza to life . In Universe 11 , Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday . The group from Universe 7 return home . Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire . Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again . Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought . Goku reveals that he can not use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament . Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength . They race towards each other to fight . ) Blu - ray and DVD release ( edit ) Region 1 ( North America ) ( edit ) 132 TBA `` TBA '' / `` TBA '' ( TBA ) December 14 , 2018 TBA TBA Name Date Discs Episodes Part One July 25 , 2017 1 -- 13 Part Two October 3 , 2017 14 -- 26 Part Three February 20 , 2018 27 -- 39 Part Four June 19 , 2018 40 -- 52 Region 2 ( Japan ) ( edit ) Name Date Discs Episodes Box 1 December 2 , 2015 1 -- 12 Box 2 March 2 , 2016 13 -- 24 Box 3 July 2 , 2016 25 -- 36 Box 4 October 4 , 2016 37 -- 48 Box 5 January 6 , 2017 49 -- 60 Box 6 April 4 , 2017 61 -- 72 Box 7 August 2 , 2017 73 -- 84 Box 8 October 3 , 2017 85 -- 96 Box 9 January 6 , 2018 97 -- 108 Box 10 April 3 , 2018 109 -- 120 Box 11 July 3 , 2018 121 -- 131 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Episodes 109 and 110 aired together as a 1 - hour television special . ^ Jump up to : English titles per Crunchyroll . ^ Jump up to : English dub titles per Funimation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super TV Anime Debuts on July 5 '' . Anime News Network . June 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kazuya Yoshii , Good Morning America to Perform Theme Songs For Dragon Ball Super '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gods And Heroes Of `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universal Survival Arc '' Gathered For New Opening Preview Shots `` . Crunchyroll . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super 's New Opening Sequence Previewed in Screenshots '' . Anime News Network . February 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : KEYTALK Performs New ED Song for `` Dragon Ball Super '' `` . Crunchyroll . October 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super To Introduce A New Theme This April '' . attackofthefanboy . March 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Batten Showjo Tai Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Arukara Performs New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . September 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE COLLECTORS Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending Theme `` . Crunchyroll . December 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spring 's `` Dragon Ball Super '' End Theme Revealed `` . Crunchyroll . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miyu Inoue Sings New Dragon Ball Super Ending Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . March 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lacco Tower Returns For New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' To Get New Ending '' . Comicbook . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RottenGraffty To Perform New `` Dragon Ball Super '' Ending `` . Crunchyroll . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Announces New Ending Theme '' . Comicbook . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray ・ DVD 情報 ドラゴンボール 超 東映 アニメーション ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Snaps up ' Dragon Ball Super ' '' . Animation World Network . November 10 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL SUPER , READY FOR EMEA TAKEOVER WITH TURNER '' . www.toei-animation.com . Toei Animation Europe . October 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Super ' Will Start Airing In Europe This Fall , Still No Word On A US Release '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Super English Sub Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis , LLC . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super to Simulcast on Crunchyroll , Daisuki , AnimeLab ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' DRAGON BALL SUPER '' SUBTITLED EPISODES BEGIN STREAMING TODAY ON FUNIMATIONNOW WITH NEW SIMULCAST EPISODES STARTING NOVEMBER 5 , 2016 . Funimation to Produce English Dub of New Series `` . Funimation . Funimation . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Licenses Dragon Ball Super , Plans English Dub '' . Anime News Network . Anime News Network . November 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami : Hope you 're sitting down for this ... '' Facebook . December 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super -- Universe Survival Saga -- Official PV 1 ( SUB ) '' . Funimation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball Super Universe Survival arc jump festa 17 promo video '' . kanzenshuu . December 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : あらすじ ドラゴンボール 超 ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Listings Grid , TV Guide and TV Schedule , Where to Watch TV Shows -- Screener '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Julia Alexander ( April 3 , 2017 ) , Samurai Jack gets left behind for Rick and Morty , and no one 's happy about it , archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 , retrieved April 3 , 2017 Jump up ^ Rick and Morty Twitter account ( April 1 , 2017 ) , New Episode of RICK AND MORTY airing NOW thru MIDNIGHT ( ET / PT ) and ONLINE at http://www.adultswim.com/streams , archived from the original on May 7 , 2017 , retrieved May 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . January 15 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 1 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 2 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 3 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Super Blu - ray Part 4 '' . FUNimation . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 1 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 2 '' ( in Urdu ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 3 '' ( in e ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 4 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 5 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 6 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 7 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 8 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . July 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 9 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 10 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ドラゴンボール 超 Blu - ray BOX 11 '' ( in Japanese ) . Neowing . September 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Super_episodes&oldid=843631685 '' Categories : Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Urdu - language sources ( ur ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Norsk Português ไทย Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 04 . 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when is dragon ball super 130 episode coming out
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"\n\nOverall No.\nSaga No.\nEnglish translation[a]\nOriginal Japanese title\nOriginal airdate[27]\nAmerican airdate\n\n\n77\n1\n\"Let's Do It, Zen-Oh Sama! The All-Universe Martial Arts Tournament!!\" /\n\"Yarou ze Zenō-sama! Uchū ichi Budō-kai!!\" (やろうぜ全王様! 宇宙一武道会!!) \nFebruary 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are playing a game together in their realm, but both have become bored with their monotonous routine. Meanwhile, Goku heads to a local farmer's market to sell his produce and get Chi-Chi off his back about making money. On the way home, he is ambushed by some robbers. Goku defeats them, but he is injured in the process. Deciding that he has grown rusty, Goku and Goten decide to train with Whis. They head to the Capsule Corporation building, where Bulma reveals she is pregnant with her and Vegeta's second child. Goten remains behind to train with Trunks. Vegeta declines to accompany Goku so that he can be with Bulma when she gives birth. Goku heads to Beerus' planet alone. While training with Whis, Goku remembers Grand Zenō's intention to hold a multiverse martial arts tournament. Heedless of Beerus and Whis' warnings, Goku uses Grand Zenō's button to head to his realm and convinces Present Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament. When he returns to Beerus' planet, Beerus angrily berates Goku and explains that Grand Zenō naive and innocent nature combined with his extreme power makes him a danger to the multiverse. Beerus threatens to kill Goku if he steps out of line again. Goku, Beerus, and Whis head to the Sacred World of the Kais, where the Grand Minister arrives. He tells the group to assemble their ten most powerful warriors to compete in the \"Tournament of Power\" (力の大会, Chikara no Taikai). \n\n\n78\n2\n\"The Gods of Every Universe in Shock?! Losers Erased in the Tournament of Power\" /\n\"Zen uchū no kami-sama mo don hiki!? Maketara shōmetsu \"Chikara no taikai\"\" (全宇宙の神様もドン引き!? 負けたら消滅「力の大会」) \nFebruary 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Grand Minister explains the details of the \"Tournament of Power\" and states that it will be held on \"the World of Void\". It is a place of \"infinite nothingness\", where the competitors can fight without limits. The tournament champion will be granted a wish by the Super Dragon Balls, while the losers and their respective universes will be completely erased from existence. Everyone is horrified by this harsh penalty. Goku suggests asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to ignore it, but Whis advises against this. Whis tells Goku that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō has already made up his mind and attempting to change it could be dangerous. Beerus demands that Goku takes responsibility for asking Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to hold the tournament in the first place. Goku declares that he will defeat any opponent he faces. The Grand Minister also reveals that Universes 7 and 9 are to have a smaller exhibition tournament for Future Grand Zenō's benefit. Each universe is to name three fighters. Goku sets off to recruit teammates. After Vegeta refuses, Goku recruits Gohan and Majin Buu, who is accompanied by Mr. Satan to represent Universe 7. Goku also explains the potential penalty to Gohan. Gohan tells Goku to keep the stakes a secret to prevent mass panic. Back at Grand Zenō's and Future Grand Zenō's palace, all the gods from all 12 universes gather. The Grand Minister explains the purpose of the Zen Exhibition Match. He alludes to the possibility of Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erasing the fighters that he deems unfit for the tournament. In the first round, Majin Buu is to fight Basil (バジル, Bajiru), a humanoid canine fighter from Universe 9. \n\n\n79\n3\n\"Universe 9's Basil the Kicker VS Universe 7's Majin Buu!!\" /\n\"Dai kyu uchū keri no Bajiru basasu Dai nana uchū Majinbū!!\" (第9宇宙蹴りのバジルVS第7宇宙魔人ブウ!!) \nFebruary 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBasil quickly gains the upper hand and beats down Majin Buu, who is not taking the fight seriously and thinks of it as a game. Goku goads Basil into showing his full power to get Majin Buu's attention, which leads to Basil using his ultimate attack. As Roh (ロウ, Rō), the Supreme Kai of Universe 9, claims victory, Majin Buu emerges with a hole in his stomach, but he is otherwise unmoved. Basil and Roh are shocked to see this. Mr. Satan is injured during the attack. He tells Majin Buu to beat Basil before falling unconscious. This enrages Majin Buu to the point, where he effortlessly beats Basil and knocks him out of the ring. However, since neither Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is satisfied with the fight, Basil is allowed to get back into the ring. Roh gives Basil a drug that makes him far more powerful. Although Beerus demands that Basil is disqualified for obvious cheating, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō is entertained by this and allows the fight to continue. The Grand Minister announces that the rules will be improvised as the tournament goes along. Basil overpowers Majin Buu and seemingly beats him, which causes Roh to prematurely gloat about the superiority of Universe 9. However, Majin Buu emerges unscathed and launches a full power attack at Basil. This knocks him out and clinches Universe 7 the victory. As the Universe 9 team laments Basil's loss, Basil's second oldest brother Lavender (ラベンダ, Rabenda) says that if he is allowed to kill his opponent, which Bergamo gives him permission to do, he can win his match. Gohan volunteers to fight Lavender. \n\n\n80\n4\n\"Awaken Your Sleeping Battle Spirit! Son Gohan's Fight!!\" /\n\"Nemutta tōshi o yobisamase! Son Gohan no tatakai!!\" (眠った闘志を呼び覚ませ! 孫悟飯の闘い!!) \nFebruary 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs their battle begins, Lavender spits a poison mist into Gohan's eyes and blinds him. Shin offers Gohan a Senzu bean to cure the poison, but Gohan refuses and says he wants to fight with his strength alone. Unable to see, Gohan uses his other senses to track Lavender and scores several blows. Lavender counters by levitating, which eliminates the sound of his footsteps. Gohan responds by powering up to Super Saiyan and bouncing his own ki off of Lavender's body, which uses it as a kind of active radar. Powering up also causes the poison to spread rapidly through Gohan's body. Lavender mounts a comeback. In desperation, Gohan grabs hold of Lavender and launches a kamikaze attack. He drives both of their bodies into the ring at high speed. Lavender is knocked out, but Gohan is so weakened by the poison that he cannot continue. With both fighters down, the match is declared a tie. After Goku feeds Gohan a Senzu bean, the Grand Minister announces to those in attendance that all universes that lose the Tournament of Power will be erased with their respective gods as well. However, Universes 1, 5, 8, and 12 will be exempt from erasure as will the Angels from all universes because their inhabitants are particularly strong. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had long believed that there were too many universes. He was planning to erase most of them anyway, but the tournament will afford one of the weaker universes the chance to be spared. With the announcement concluded, the ring is repaired in preparation for the final exhibition match where Goku will fight Bergamo (ベルガモ, Berugamo), Basil's oldest brother who is also a humanoid canine. \n\n\n81\n5\n\"Bergamo the Crusher Vs Son Goku! Which One Wields the Limitless Power?!\" /\n\"Tsubushi no Berugamo VS Son Gokū! Aotenjō no tsuyosa wa dotchida! ?\" (潰しのベルガモVS孫悟空! 青天井の強さはどっちだ!?) \nMarch 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBefore their battle begins, Bergamo denounces Goku before the assembled gods. Bergamo pleads with Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō to rescind the rule that the universes that lose the Tournament of Power be erased. Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō agree on the condition that Bergamo beats Goku in an all out battle. Grand Minister states that if Goku holds back to cancel the erasure, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō will immediately erase all of the universes. Both Goku and Bergamo agree to the terms. When the fight begins, Bergamo invites Goku to hit him and leaves himself exposed. Goku obliges and strikes Bergamo several times, but Bergamo absorbs the energy of Goku's attacks. He grows stronger and physically larger. Goku continues to attack, which causes Bergamo to grow so large that the ring begins to buckle under his weight. Goku transforms to Super Saiyan Blue, which shocks the gods and quickly overwhelms Bergamo with a Kaioken powered Kamehameha. Bergamo claims every universe participating in the Tournament of Power will seek vengeance on Goku for making them face erasure, but Goku relishes the idea of such a challenge. The Zen Exhibition Match comes to a close and the Tournament of Power will soon begin. The universe with the most fighters remaining or the last fighter standing will be declared the winner. Suddenly, a mysterious fighter from Universe 11 named Toppo (トッポ) appears and challenges Goku to a battle. Goku, who is unsatisfied after his short fight with Bergamo, agrees to fight Toppo. \n\n\n82\n6\n\"Never Forgive Son Goku! Toppo the Warrior of Justice Intrudes!!\" /\n\"Son Gokū yurusumaji! Seigi no senshi Toppo ran'nyū!!!\" (孫悟空許すまじ! 正義の戦士トッポ乱入!!) \nMarch 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAfter obtaining Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō blessing to proceed, Goku and Toppo begin their battle. Toppo quickly gains the upper hand and dislocates Goku's shoulder. Goku responds by attacking with a flurry of blows, but Toppo manages to grab Goku in a powerful bear hug. He begins squeezing the life out of Goku, which forces Goku to turn Super Saiyan Blue to escape. Goku gains the upper hand in this form and damages Toppo with a Kamehameha. Just as the two power up even more, the Grand Minister puts an end to the fight. As Toppo leaves, he reveals to Goku that Universe 11 has a warrior even stronger than him named Jiren (ジレン). The Grand Minister begins creating a martial arts arena suitable for the Tournament of Power. In the Sacred World of the Kais, Beerus and Goku get into an argument over Goku's constant relaxed and negligent attitude, which Whis breaks up. The group agrees to convene at the Capsule Corporation to discuss their future strategy. \n\n\n83\n7\n\"Form the Universe 7 Representing Team! Who are the Strongest Ten?!\" /\n\"Dai-7 uchū daihyō chīmu o kessei seyo! Saikyō no 10-ri wa dareda?\" (第7宇宙代表チームを結成せよ! 最強の10人は誰だ!?) \nMarch 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and the others arrive at Capsule Corporation. They discuss who should be on the team. Goku immediately suggests Monaka, but Beerus tells him that Monaka is sick and cannot participate. Goku and Gohan agree on Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, No. 18, and No. 17, which would bring the total number of fighters up to nine. Trunks and Goten are ruled out due to their inexperience. They proceed to ask Vegeta, who has been thinking of a name for his second child. Vegeta refuses to participate. He says he will not fight, while Bulma is pregnant. Whis uses his time warping ability to birth the baby sooner than expected in order to get Vegeta to agree to the fight. Everyone celebrates the baby's birth. Trunks is slightly disappointed he has a sister because he wanted to train with a younger brother. As soon as the baby is handed to Vegeta, he develops an attachment to her. Bulma names the baby Bulla even though Vegeta hoped to give her the Saiyan name Eschalot. However, Vegeta quickly accepts Bulla's name. Goku leaves to recruit members and heads to Krillin's house. \n\n\n84\n8\n\"Son Goku the Recruiter Invites Krillin and No. 18\" /\n\"Sukautoman Son Gokū – Kuririn to 18-gō o izanau\" (スカウトマン孫悟空 クリリンと18号を誘う) \nApril 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Gohan arrive at Krillin's house and ask him and No. 18 to join the Tournament of Power. No. 18 convinces Krillin to participate in order to put his newfound martial arts training to use. No. 18 is reluctant to join herself. She quickly suspects Goku and Gohan of hiding something from them, but Goku convinces her that the secret is a 10 million Zeni reward, which convinces her to participate. Gohan decides to test Krillin in a sparring match on the coast. After Gohan overpowers him in hand to hand combat, Krillin swiftly defeats Gohan by blinding him with his new move named Solar Flare x 100 and knocking him into the sea. Goku is excited by Krillin's new power. He challenges him to a sparring match as well. They relocate to a building owned by Mr. Satan, where Krillin's strategies make up for the gap in power, forcing Goku to go Super Saiyan. Goku then transforms into his Super Saiyan Blue form, and he and Krillin have a Kamehameha clash. As Goku increases his power and starts to overpower Krillin, No. 18 intervenes and blocks Goku's Kamehameha, just as Krillin collapses from exhaustion. She justifies herself by noting that the Tournament of Power will be a battle royal and that Goku cannot expect to fight one-on-one all the time. Goku concedes the match and realizes he will have to adjust his tactics in order to win the Tournament of Power. No. 18 reveals that No. 17 is currently working at a wildlife reserve, but she does not know where. Goku decides to ask Dende to find No. 17. \n\n\n85\n9\n\"The Universes Begin to Make Their Moves Their Individual Motives\" /\n\"Ugokidasu uchū – sorezore no omowaku\" (動き出す宇宙 – それぞれの思惑) \nApril 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan leaves to recruit Piccolo, while Goku prepares to head to the Lookout. He encounters Majin Buu and Mr. Satan training. Goku discovers that Buu has lost weight and has gotten much slimmer in appearance. The two spar together. Buu defeats Goku by overwhelming him with ki blasts and knocking him out of the fighting stage. Meanwhile, Khai (カイ), the Supreme Kai of Universe 11, gathers all of the Supreme Kais involved in the tournament except for Universe 7's, who is ostracized due to Goku's involvement with the creation of the tournament. Khai asks his fellow Supreme Kais to request that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō cancel the erasure of the universes, but they are all too afraid of his wrath to do so. Champa gathers all the Gods of Destruction involved in the tournament except Beerus after finding out about the Supreme Kai's meeting, and they discuss Goku. Toppo recruits his fellow Pride Troopers Kahseral (カーセラル, Kāseraru) and Dyspo (ディスポ, Disupo). Champa recruits Cabba and demands he find more powerful Saiyans. Goku meets Dende and Mr. Popo at the Lookout and learns No. 17's location. Gohan prepares to train with Piccolo. \n\n\n86\n10\n\"Fist Cross for the First Time! Android #17 VS Son Goku!!\" /\n\"Hajimete majiwaru kobushi! Jinzōningen Jūnana-gō VS Son Gokū!!\" (初めて交わる拳! 人造人間17号VS孫悟空!!) \nApril 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nOn their way to the island where No. 17 is working, Dende explains that since the conclusion of the Cell Games, No. 17 has started a family and gotten far stronger. Dende also reveals that Kid Buu has reincarnated as a young Earthling with massive fighting potential and asks Goku to train him when he is old enough. They reach the island as Goku arrives just in time to witness No. 17 defeat a group of armed poachers. As they introduce themselves to each other, a large army of poachers arrive. Goku and No. 17 team up to subdue them all. Afterwards, No. 17 explains that the poachers are after the last Minotaurus in order to steal its rare and valuable horns. The two decide to have a sparring match. No. 17 evenly matches Super Saiyan Goku, which causes him to turn Super Saiyan Blue. Goku launches a Kamehameha at No. 17, who easily deflects it with an energy shield. The two go toe-to-toe until No. 17 ends the match in order to avoid catching the island in the crossfire. Goku and No. 17 acknowledge that they were both holding back in the fight. Afterwards, Goku attempts to convince him to join the Tournament of Power, but No. 17 is uninterested. He remains indifferent even when Goku reveals that the losing universes will be erased. Meanwhile, alien poachers arrive on Earth and they set their sights on the Minotaurus. \n\n\n87\n11\n\"Hunt the Poachers! Goku and No. 17's United Front!!\" /\n\"Mitsuryō-dan o kare! Gokū to Jūnana-gō no kyōtō!!\" (密漁団を狩れ! 悟空と１７号の共闘!!) \nApril 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku entices No. 17 with a wish on the Super Dragon Balls. As he begins to consider Goku's offer, the alien poachers arrive and abduct all of the island's animals. Goku uses his Instant Transmission to teleport himself and No. 17 aboard their ship before it can escape. After defeating some of the poachers, No. 17 sets off to defeat the leader, while Goku remains behind to battle the rest of the poachers. No. 17 confronts and easily defeats the leader. Goku catches up just as the leader pulls out a switch and threatens to self-destruct if he is not released immediately. No. 17 smashes him out of a window, which vents both of them into deep space. Goku manages to use his Instant Transmission to teleport all three of them to King Kai's world. Dende contacts Goku and informs him that the leader's threat was a bluff. Afterwards, Goku and No. 17 return the animals to their rightful homes. Jaco arrives to arrest the alien poachers. No. 17 decides to leave his island in the hands of Goten and Trunks and accepts Goku's offer to fight in the Tournament of Power. He hopes to use the Super Dragon Balls to wish for an expensive boat and travel the world with his family. \n\n\n88\n12\n\"Gohan and Piccolo Teacher and Pupil Clash in Max Training!\" /\n\"Gohan to Pikkoro Shitei gekitotsu no Genkai shugyō!\" (悟飯とピッコロ 師弟激突の限界修業！) \nApril 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGohan and Piccolo engage in intense training. Piccolo explains that Goku has already informed him about the potential erasure of the universe and that he is going to participate in the Tournament of Power. He points out that Gohan's over eagerness to protect his loved ones is making him reckless. Gohan transforms into a Super Saiyan, and the two continue to spar. Meanwhile, Cabba heads to the residence of his retired captain and mentor, Renso (レンソウ). Cabba asks him to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power, but Renso refuses due to an injury to his leg. Renso suggests his sister, Caulifla (カリフラ, Karifura), instead, who he claims is even stronger than him. Back in Universe 7, Piccolo removes his weighted clothes to go all out and quickly defeats Gohan. Piccolo explains that Gohan has a tendency to become arrogant when he has the advantage in battle. After being encouraged by Piccolo, Gohan manages to reach the level of power he had against Super Buu. The two fight again, and Gohan successfully severs Piccolo's arm. However, Piccolo blasts him in the back with the severed arm and defeats Gohan, which proves Piccolo's point about Gohan's overconfidence. That night, Piccolo vows to push Gohan to new heights of power. They both agree to work on combination moves. \n\n\n89\n13\n\"An Unknown Beauty Appears! The Tenshin-Style Dojo's Mystery?!\" /\n\"Arawareta nazo no bijo! Tenshin-ryū Dōjō no kai!?\" (現れた謎の美女! 天津流道場の怪!?) \nMay 7, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku heads to Master Roshi's island, where Oolong informs him that Tien and Chiaotzu have started a martial arts dojo, and that Roshi has headed there to act as a special instructor. Goku decides to make Tien the tenth member of the team, and heads off to recruit him and Roshi. At Tien's dojo, a woman named Yurin (ユーリン, Yūrin) with a grudge against Tien arrives and requests to join the dojo. Although Tien denies her because her motivation of beauty was unfit for his dojo, Roshi drags Yurin off to ogle her. Goku arrives and asks Tien to join the Tournament of Power, but, even after Goku bribes him with 10 million Zeni, Tien refuses. Yurin escapes Roshi's advances and uses witchcraft to drive Tien's students on a rampage throughout town. Goku, Tien, Chiaotzu, and Roshi arrive at the village, where Yurin confronts them. Yurin explains that she is a former classmate of Tien's during his time at the Crane School and that she swore revenge on him after he left the school and refused to fight her. Meanwhile, Cabba sways Caulifla into joining Universe 6's team by promising to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. Back on Earth, while Goku, Chiaotzu, and Tien cure the students of their brainwashing, Roshi battles Yurin. He lowers his guard after catching a glimpse of Yurin's panties, which allows her to brainwash him. The brainwashed Roshi quickly defeats Tien, but Goku intervenes. While Chiaotzu temporarily disables Yurin, Goku subdues Roshi with a Kamehameha and cures him of the brainwashing. Tien orders Yurin to apologize to everyone she hurt and offers her a place at his dojo. Tien decides to join the Tournament of Power because he believes that the 10 million Zeni Goku promised will repair the village. After hearing about the 10 million Zeni, Master Roshi quickly agrees to join as well. \n\n\n90\n14\n\"See The Wall That Must Be Passed! Goku vs Gohan\" /\n\"Koerubeki kabe o misuete! Gokū bāsasu Gohan\" (超えるべき壁を見据えて! 悟空VS悟飯) \nMay 14, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Gohan finishes training with Piccolo, they go to meet with Goku, Master Roshi, and Tien. At Gohan's request, Goku and Tien have a fight against Gohan and Piccolo to practice for the tournament. Although Tien views this as a practice match and wants to avoid injuring anyone, Gohan and Goku take the fight seriously. As Gohan fights both his father and Tien, Piccolo spends the time charging a strong technique, which ultimately destroys the mountain fighting stage when it is launched. Tien calls the match off on the grounds that the fighting stage is now destroyed. Although Goku agrees, Gohan requests to have a one-on-one fight against his father. Goku accepts, and Gohan powers up while Goku goes Super Saiyan 2. Although Goku has the upper hand for much of the fight, Gohan turns the tables and begins to overpower Goku. Gohan begs Goku to use his full power. Goku responds by becoming a Super Saiyan Blue and using his Kaio-Ken technique, then defeats Gohan with a single blow. Impressed with his son's improvement, Goku assigns Gohan as the leader of their Universe 7 team. Meanwhile, Rumsshi (ラムーシ, Ramūshi) recruits a powerful fighter named Murichim (ムリチム, Murichimu) and his companions to represent Universe 10 in the tournament. \n\n\n91\n15\n\"Which Universe Will Survive?! The Strongest Warriors Are Gathering!!\" /\n\"Kachinokoru no wa dono Uchū da!? Zokuzoku to tsudou Saikyō no senshi-tachi!!\" (勝ち残るのはどの宇宙だ!? 続々と集う最強の戦士たち!!) \nMay 21, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGrand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō are suffering from extreme boredom again. They decide to observe the universes' progress in assembling their strongest warriors. In Universe 7, Vegeta prepares to enter the Hyperbolic Time Chamber for some intense training. Goku spars with Whis in Vegeta's gravity chamber. Master Roshi and Puar train to remove Roshi's weakness to seduction techniques, which fails miserably. In Universe 9, word has spread of the potential erasure of their universe. The populace has descended into anarchy. The three canine brothers have been unable to find any other fighters. In Universe 6, Hit tracks down the destitute Frost and forces him to join the Tournament of Power, while he relieves him of his poison needles in the process. In Universe 11, Toppo's comrade Kahseral is delayed from joining when he aids a cat stuck in a tree. In Universe 2, a magical girl named Brianne de Chateau (ブリアン・デ・シャトー, Burian de Shatō) transforms into her alter ego named Ribrianne (リブリアン, Riburian) and auditions for a spot in the tournament. In Universe 10, Murichim and his comrades record a dance video to improve team spirit. Back in Universe 7, Mr. Satan calls and unexpectedly reveals that Majin Buu has fallen into a deep sleep and cannot join the tournament, which horrifies everyone. \n\n\n92\n16\n\"Emergency Development! The Incomplete Ten Members!!\" /\n\"Kinkyū jitai hassei! Sorowanai jū nin no menbā!!\" (緊急事態発生! そろわない10人のメンバー!!) \nMay 28, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku races to Mr. Satan's house, where he proves unable to wake Majin Buu from his hibernation. Meanwhile, all of Universe 7's remaining warriors except Master Roshi and No. 17 gather at the Capsule Corporation. After Krillin brings up the 10 million Zeni prize that Goku had bribed him, Piccolo and Gohan reveal to Krillin, No. 18, and Tien that the prize of 10 million Zeni was a lie and that the universe will be erased if they lose. When Goku returns, Krillin berates him and threatens to withdraw from the team along with No. 18. After Goku fails to convince them otherwise, Beerus swiftly threatens Krillin into staying, while Bulma agrees to pay out the promised reward. In Universe 6, Cabba takes Caulifla to a deserted wasteland to teach her how to become a Super Saiyan. As Caulifla's protégée, Kale (ケール, Kēru), observes them, Cabba ineffectually attempts to provoke Caulifla in order to make her transform. When that fails, he teaches her to focus her energy on an area in her back. Caulifla successfully transforms into a Super Saiyan. Caulifla tests her newfound power and agrees to join Universe 6's team for the Tournament of Power. She beckons Kale over to attempt the transformation herself. In Universe 11, Kahseral arrives at the Pride Trooper headquarters, where he and Toppo agree to leave the universe in their trainees' hands so they can participate in the tournament. In Universe 3, two cyborg warriors named Nigrisshi (ニグリシ, Nigrisshi) and Narirama (ナリラマ, Narirāma) display their upgrades for the tournament to Universe 3's God of Destruction Mosco (モスコ, Mosuko), Supreme Kai Ea (エア), and Angel Campari (カンパーリ, Kanpāri). Back in Universe 7, Goku and his friends are unable to figure out who can replace Buu. When Beerus claims they have no suitable fighters because Goku destroyed the Frieza Force, Goku is inspired to recruit Frieza, which shocks everyone. \n\n\n93\n17\n\"You're The Tenth Warrior! Goku Goes To See Frieza!!\" /\n\"Jū ninme no senshi wa omē da! Gokū Furīza no moto e!!\" (10人目の戦士はおめえだ! 悟空 フリーザのもとへ!!) \nJune 4, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku's idea is met with much hesitance from his comrades. He explains that he intends to have Fortuneteller Baba resurrect Frieza for 24 hours to fight in the tournament. If Frieza betrays them then either he or Vegeta can defeat him. Goku's friends reluctantly agree, and he sets out to the afterlife. The Universe 7 team are unaware that a spy from Universe 4 is observing them. In Universe 6, Cabba and Caulifla attempt to teach Kale how to turn into a Super Saiyan but to no avail. Kale begins to despair over her own uselessness, and it enrages her enough to trigger her transformation into an extremely powerful Berserker Super Saiyan. Kale immediately goes berserk and attacks Cabba. Caulifla quickly deduces that Kale is jealous of her and Cabba's perceived relationship. She denies having any sort of feelings for Cabba. Kale calms down and collapses in Caulifla's arms. Cabba, who is impressed by Kale's power, decides to add her to Universe 6's team. Back in Universe 7, Goku arrives in the afterlife and receives King Yemma's permission to visit Frieza. He explains about the Tournament of Power and asks Frieza to join them. Frieza agrees to aid him on the condition that he be properly resurrected with Earth's Dragon Balls. When Goku hesitates to agree, Frieza goads him by playing to his desire to see how powerful Frieza can become. Goku accepts his terms. In Universe 4, Ganos (ガノス, Ganosu) reports Universe 7's latest actions to Universe 4's God of Destruction Quitela (キテラ, Kitera) and Supreme Kai Kuru (クル). Quitela immediately begins making plans to counter Beerus. \n\n\n94\n18\n\"The Emperor of Evil Returns! A Reception of Mysterious Assassins?!\" /\n\"Aku no Teiō fukkatsu! Demukaeru Nazo no Shikaku-tachi!?\" (悪の帝王復活! 出迎える謎の刺客たち!?) \nJune 11, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nQuitela contacts Universe 9's God of Destruction Sidra (シドラ, Shidora) and informs him that Universe 7 is planning to use Frieza to assassinate their rivals before the tournament begins and that the only way to counter them is to kill them first. Sidra and Roh agree to have Frieza killed. Meanwhile, Goku returns to the Capsule Corporation to update everyone on his success. As Master Roshi completes his training at Korin's tower, Krillin and No. 18 head to No. 17's island to pick him up and drop off Goten, Trunks, and Marron. Goku goes to Fortuneteller Baba's home, where she completes the ritual to resurrect Frieza. As Goku and Frieza prepare to depart, an army of assassins arrives to claim their heads. Despite the time pressure, Frieza wounds the assassins' leader, transforms into his Golden form, and prepares for battle. \n\n\n95\n19\n\"The Worst! The Most Evil! Frieza's Rampage!!\" /\n\"Saikyō! Saiaku! Furīza Ōabare!!\" (最凶! 最悪! フリーザ大暴れ!!) \nJune 18, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrieza explains to Goku that he spent his recent incarceration in Hell undergoing intense mental training to overcome the stamina issues that plagued him during his previous battles with the Z-Fighters. He quickly slaughters most of the assassins, which horrifies Goku. The assassins' leader, who has been directly empowered by Sidra, attacks Frieza with Sidra's power, but Frieza manages to overcome and hijack the attack. Frieza spitefully uses the attack on Goku and traps him. Frieza tortures and kills the assassins until they reveal that Roh and Sidra hired them. Frieza contacts Universe 9 and offers his services as a defector. Roh and Sidra begin arguing about whether or not to accept him. Roh fears Frieza's psychopathic and treasonous nature, while Sidra wants his power. Sidra is confident he could kill him if he stepped out of line. Their argument buys time for Beerus and Whis to arrive and rescue Goku. Frieza cuts the connection. He begins making plans to use the Tournament of Power to manipulate the gods to suit his own ends. Goku and Frieza have a brief sparring match, which ends in a draw. Goku, Frieza, Beerus, and Whis return to the Capsule Corporation. The Universe 7 team prepare to travel to the World of Void for the Tournament of Power. \n\n\n96\n20\n\"The Time Is Here! To The World Of Void For The Fate Of The Universe!!\" /\n\"Toki wa kita! Uchū no Meiun o kake Mu no Kai e!!\" (時はきた! 宇宙の命運をかけ無の界へ!!) \nJune 25, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nIn the World of Void, Universes 1, 5, and 8's Gods of Destruction Iwne (イワン, Iwan), Arack (アラク, Araku), and Liquiir (リキュール, Rikīru) have a brief exhibition match to test the durability of the Tournament of Power's fighting stage. Afterwards, the Grand Minister forces them all to clean up their mess and fix the stage. In Universe 7, Gohan and Shin's strategy is to have the team members stick together to conserve energy and use strength of numbers to defeat anyone who attacks them. This suggestion offends Goku and Vegeta's Saiyan pride. Whis transports the team to the World of Void. All of the other universes arrive. Frieza and Frost befriend each other and agree to work together, while Goku singles out Jiren as a potential rival due to his extreme power. As the Grand Minister introduces each team, Universe 4 seemingly has only 8 warriors on their team, which confuses most of Universe 7, except for Tien, who tells No. 18 that he can sense a faint presence. After a speech from the Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō, the 80 warriors prepare for battle. \n\n\n97\n21\n\"Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last!!\" /\n\"Ikinokore! Tsui ni kaimaku Chikara no Taikai!!\" (生き残れ! ついに開幕「力の大会」!!) \nJuly 2, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nThe Grand Minister reminds everyone of the rules and officially starts the tournament. A massive free-for-all ensues. Goku targets Toppo, but he is intercepted by Ganos. Disregarding Gohan's plan as well, No. 17, No. 18, Vegeta, and Frieza all jump into the fray. Universe 3 gains an early advantage when Narirama unleashes a spinning attack designed to knock its opponents off the stage, but Hit and Basil disable it. Universe 10's Lilibeu (リリベウ, Ririberu) attacks Basil, but Basil successfully knocks her off the stage. Meanwhile, the five Universe 7 warriors who stayed together are confronted by a gang of warriors from varying universes, but Universe 7 uses teamwork to fend them off. Basil nearly defeats Universe 10's Napapa, but Napapa is able to push his attacks away at the last moment. As Goku is pursuing Toppo, he comes face to face with Jiren until Universe 4's Nink (ニンク, Ninku) outflanks Goku by grappling and dragging him towards the edge of the stage with the intention of jumping off with him. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and knocks Nink off the stage. As Goku reverts back to his normal form to conserve energy, Basil, Lavender, Bergamo, and two other Universe 9 warriors surround him with 47 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n98\n22\n\"Oh, Uncertainty! A Universe Despairs!!\" /\n\"Ā mujou! Zetsubō suru Uchū!!\" (あぁ無常! 絶望する宇宙!!) \nJuly 9, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRoh orders his warriors to attack Goku to avenge their defeat at the Zen Exhibition Match. Goku is forced to avoid fighting at his fullest in order to conserve stamina for later in the tournament. He fights Team Universe 9, where the Trio de Dangers brothers manage to overwhelm him thanks to their teamwork. Vegeta notices Goku's plight and reinforces him. Roh sends over three more fighters. Team Universe 9 is able to push Goku and Vegeta to the brink until Vegeta tricks Lavender and Hop (ソレル, Hoppu) into accidentally hitting each other. Goku and Vegeta take advantage of the confusion to defeat five of the Universe 9 warriors. No. 18 and Frieza each defeat Sorrel (ソレル, Soreru) and Roselle. Only Basil, Lavender, and Bergamo remain in the tournament for Team Universe 9. Goku and Vegeta push them to the edge of the stage. The brothers use a combination beam as a last ditch effort, but Goku and Vegeta power up to Super Saiyan Blue and knock them off the stage with a Final Kamehameha. With all 10 members defeated, Universe 9 is eliminated from the tournament. As a result, Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō erase Universe 9, Roh, Sidra, and all of their fighters. This amuses Universe 9's angel Mojito (モヒイト, Mohi'ito) and horrifies everyone else. \n\n\n99\n23\n\"Show Them! Krillin's True Power!!\" /\n\"Misetsukero! Kuririn no sokojikara!!\" (見せつけろ! クリリンの底力!!) \nJuly 16, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs the other warriors recover from the shock of Universe 9's erasure, No. 17 reminds No. 18 that they have infinite stamina due to their cyborg bodies and have no reason to hold back. Vegeta tries to fight Hit, but he is blocked by Botamo, who is immune to damage. Vegeta manages to pick Botamo up and nearly throws him off the stage, but Magetta stops him at the last moment. Meanwhile, Universe 10's Jium (ジウム, Jiumu) attacks Gohan and his friends. Jium is swiftly defeated by Master Roshi. Universe 4's Shosa (ショイサ, Shōsa) tricks No. 18 into lowering her guard by faking his own death and nearly knocks her off the stage with a barrage of ki blasts. Krillin rescues No. 18, and the two defeat Shosa with a powerful combination attack. They are challenged by Universe 4's Majora (マジョラ), who is a blind fighter that uses his powerful sense of smell to locate his enemies in battle. Although Majora proves to be stronger than Krillin, Krillin disables his nose by throwing his smelly shoe at him and knocks him off the stage. Krillin boasts about his victory, which allows Frost to knock him off with a single blow. Beerus and Shin berate Krillin for his carelessness with 43 minutes remaining in the tournament. \n\n\n100\n24\n\"Out Of Control! The Savage Berserker Awakens!!\" /\n\"Daibōsō! Mezame araburu Kyōsenshi!!\" (大暴走! 目覚め荒ぶる狂戦士!!) \nJuly 23, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Universe 7 recovers from Krillin's defeat, Cabba defeats Nigrisshi and Universe 10's Murisam (ムリサーム) and confronts Vegeta. Hit blows off Narirama's limbs and uses his time skip ability to dodge his ultimate attack. He flicks him off the stage. Meanwhile, Kale is disabled by Universe 10's Napapa and Methiop (メチオープ). They knock her unconscious and attempt to throw her off the stage, but Caulifla rescues her and defeats Napapa. The two confront Goku, and Caulifla knocks away Universe 2's Jimeze (ジーミズ, Jimizu) and demands to know how to become a Super Saiyan Blue. Goku refuses, and Caulifla transforms into an Ultra Super Saiyan. However, her increased muscle mass cripples her speed and allows Goku to counterattack. With Goku's aid, Caulifla manages to become a Super Saiyan 2, and the two resume their fight. As Kale watches them, she is once again consumed by her feelings of uselessness and transforms into her Berserker Super Saiyan form. Hit uses his time skip to save Caulifla from getting caught in the crossfire. Kale flies into a jealous rage and attacks Goku for allegedly stealing Caulifla from her. Kale easily overwhelms Goku and forces him to power up to Super Saiyan Blue. He unleashes a powerful Kamehameha, but Kale powers through it unharmed. As Piccolo realizes she has lost control of her power, Kale begins firing ki blasts at everything in sight and defeats Methiop. When Universe 11's Vuon (ブーオン, Būon) attempts to stop her, Kale defeats him as well. Jiren knocks her unconscious with a single ki blast. As Hit and Caulifla retreat with Kale, Goku challenges Jiren. \n\n\n101\n25\n\"The Impending Warriors of Justice! The Pride Troopers!!\" /\n\"Semari kuru seigi no senshi! Puraido Torūpāsu!!\" (迫りくる正義の戦士！プライド・トルーパス！！) \nJuly 30, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku prepares to fight Jiren, Toppo suddenly ambushes him with a barrage of ki blasts. Toppo and Jiren decide to retreat and conserve their stamina. This leaves Goku to be dealt with by Kahseral and their fellow Pride Troopers Tupper (タッパー, Tappā), Zoiray (ゾイレー, Zoirē), Cocotte (ココット, Kokotto), and Kettol. The five declare their intent to defeat Caulifla and Kale to avenge Vuon's defeat. The two are forced to form a temporary alliance with Goku. Meanwhile, Master Roshi and Tien team up to defeat Universe 3's The Preecho (ザ・プリーチョ). They regroup with Gohan, Piccolo, Vegeta, and Frieza, where he has defeated Murichim. The Pride Troopers push Goku, Caulifla, and Kale to the brink, but No. 17 and No. 18 rescue them. No. 18 and Goku defeat Tupper, while No. 17 easily overpowers Kahseral. The remaining Pride Troopers regroup and focus their assault on the wounded Caulifla and Kale. Cocotte seals them in a separate dimension to ensure that Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 do not interfere. As the four beat Caulifla, Kale's self-hatred causes her to return to the Berserker Super Saiyan form, but she remains in control of herself this time. Caulifla and Kale use an extremely powerful combination ki blast to defeat Kahseral, Zoiray, and Kettol. Cocotte seals herself in a mini-dimension to avoid the blast, but No. 18 simply throws it off, eliminating Cocotte. Goku allows Caulifla and Kale to retreat so he can fight them at their full strength after they rest. The group is unaware that Brianne is observing them. \n\n\n102\n26\n\"The Power of Love Explodes?! Universe 2's Little Witch Warriors!!\" /\n\"Ai no chikara ga dai bakuhatsu!? dai ni uchu majo-kko senshi!!\" (愛の力が大爆発！？ 第２宇宙の魔女っ子戦士！！) \nAugust 6, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nBrianne and her companions Sanka Ku (サンカ・クー, Sanka Kū) and Su Roas (スー・ロース, Sū Rōsu) announce themselves to the other fighters and begin to transform into their magical girl alter-egos. No. 17 blasts them before they can transform, but Brianne, Goku, and Toppo berate him for his dishonorable tactics and browbeat him into allowing them to transform, much to Beerus' dismay. They assume their alter-egos Ribrianne, Kakunsa (カクンサ, Kakunsa), and Rozie (ロージィ, Rōjī) and barrage the arena with a powerful love-based attack that brainwashes some of the fighters. Universe 7's mental discipline allows them to overcome its effects. Gohan's group elects to split up and fight independently. Vegeta attacks Ribrianne, who counters with a rolling attack that knocks out Universe 10's Jirasen (ジラセン). Rozie attacks Goku with a flurry of blows that grows more powerful the longer she keeps it up, while Kakunsa battles No. 17 with her animalistic fighting style. No. 17 baits her into overextending herself and stuns her with a barrier. He attempts to knock her out of the stage, but her teammate Vikal (ビカル, Bikaru) rescues her. No. 17 decides to stop holding back and swiftly eliminates Vikal. He also eliminates Kakunsa with a powerful ki blast. Enraged by his actions, Ribrianne powers up and prepares to battle No. 17. \n\n\n103\n27\n\"Gohan, Show No Mercy! Showdown With Universe 10!!\" /\n\"Gohan yo hijōnare! Dai ju uchu to no kessen!!\" (悟飯よ非情なれ！第10宇宙との決戦!!) \nAugust 13, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne and No. 17 fiercely attack each other, while Rozie begins to overwhelm Goku's defenses. She surrounds him with ki balls and attempts to blow him up, but No. 17 protects him with a barrier. Goku, who has studied Rozie's techniques, hits her with a powerful ki blast. As he and No. 17 corner Rozie and Ribrianne, Jimeze arrives and rescues them with instant transmission. Elsewhere, Botamo challenges Gohan on Champa's orders. As Piccolo and Goku observe, Gohan attacks with a flurry of blows, which apparently have no effect. However, Gohan's attacks begin to lift Botamo off the ground and renders him unable to defend himself, allowing Gohan to knock him off the stage. Universe 10's Obuni (オブニ) and Rubalt (ルバルト, Rubaruto) appear to challenge Gohan and Piccolo. Jimeze defeats Universe 10's Jilcol (ジルコル Jirukoru). With 8 warriors eliminated, Gowasu accepts his imminent demise, while Rumsshi remains defiant. Obuni shifts his ki away from his body to render himself impossible to detect and wounds Gohan. Rubalt initially has the upper hand against Piccolo, but Piccolo uses his Hellzone Grenade attack to knock out Rubalt, leaving Universe 10 with only Obuni. Obuni begins to overwhelm Gohan, which makes Gowasu want to cling to life again. Gohan powers up and powers through one of Obuni's punches. He counterattacks Obuni's moves by locating and hitting Obuni after he gets hit. Obuni pauses the fight to show his respect for Gohan, but refuses to lose for the sake of Universe 10. Gohan battles and defeats Obuni with a Kamehameha. All of Universe 10's fighters have been eliminated. Right before Universe 10 is annihilated, Gohan discovers a locket containing a picture of Obuni and his wife and child. Gohan and Universe 10's angel, Cus (クス, Kusu), mourn Universe 10's erasure. \n\n\n104\n28\n\"The Ultimate High Speed Battle Begins! Goku and Hit Join Forces!!\" /\n\"Chōzetsu kōsoku batoru boppatsu! Gokū to hitto no kyōdō sensen!!\" (超絶光速バトル勃発! 悟空とヒットの共同戦線!!) \nAugust 20, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDyspo challenges Hit and uses his incredible speed to overwhelm Hit's Time Skip. Everyone quickly deduces that Dyspo is listening for the sound of Hit's body tensing up to determine when he is about to attempt to use Time Skip. Hit resorts to fighting him conventionally, but he is pushed to the edge of the stage. Toppo deduces that Hit has adjusted to Dyspo's fighting style and is luring him into a trap. Toppo sends fellow pride trooper Kunshi (クンシー, Kunshī) to back him up. Before Dyspo can land the finishing blow, Hit suddenly turns intangible and sends Dyspo over the edge. However, Kunshi uses ropes made of his energy to pull Dyspo back onto the stage before he is eliminated. The two launch a renewed assault against Hit and drive him into a corner. Before they can finish him off, Goku interferes and rescues Hit. Goku uses his Super Saiyan God form to counter Dyspo's speed, while Hit uses his assassination technique to injure Kunshi. The two switch places. Hit uses a fake Time Skip to throw Dyspo off and wound him, while Goku overwhelms Kunshi with his Super Saiyan Blue form. Hit attempts to eliminate Dyspo, but Kunshi rescues him again. Kunshi charges Hit, who turns intangible and knocks him off the stage. Dyspo retreats and regroups with his allies. Toppo abandons all notions of justice and decides to focus on survival. Hit decides not to battle Goku as thanks for lending a hand. Goku and Hit vow to settle their score if they both make it to the end of the tournament. \n\n\n105\n29\n\"A Desperate Battle! Master Roshi's Sacrifice!!\" /\n\"Funsen! Mutenroshi inochi o Moyasu!!\" (奮戦！ 武天老師命を燃やす！！) \nAugust 27, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nMaster Roshi quietly observes the battles from afar. He is challenged by an attractive warrior from Universe 4, Caway (キャウェイ, Kyauei), who attempts to seduce him. However, Caway's attempts to attack him brings him back to his senses. Roshi destroys her energy weapon, powers up, and drives her to jump off the stage. Roshi is next challenged by Dercori (ダーコリ, Dākori), who is a talisman-wielding warrior from Universe 4. She uses her talismans to confound Roshi with illusions and trap him in a single spot. Roshi uses the Evil Containment Wave to seal her in a small bottle and throw her off the arena. Quitela and Beerus get into an argument about the legality of the move, which is defused when Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō rule in Roshi's favor. Ganos, who is enraged at Roshi for eliminating his friends, challenges him and powers up into an avian form. Initially, Roshi is able to use his experience to predict, evade, and counter Ganos' attacks. However, Ganos is able to grow more powerful the longer a fight drags on. He rallies and delivers a fierce series of blows to Roshi. Roshi attempts to hypnotize Ganos into falling asleep, but he attacks himself to wake himself up. Ganos demands that Roshi accept his limits and give up, but Roshi refuses. He unleashes a Max Power Kamehameha that defeats Ganos. However, the effort is too much for Roshi's body to handle, and he collapses. Goku races over to him and successfully defibrillates him with his ki. Goku escorts Roshi to safety. \n\n\n106\n30\n\"Find Him! Death Match With An Invisible Attacker!!\" /\n\"Mikiwamero! Sugata naki atakkā to no shitō!!\" (見極めろ！ 姿なきアタッカーとの死闘!!) \nSeptember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku brings Master Roshi to an isolated part of the stage and leaves him to rest at his request. Gohan and Piccolo are confronted by Universe 6's Dr. Rota (Dr.ロタ, Dokutā Rota), but Rota is shot down by a sniper before he can reveal his ability. Gohan and Piccolo are unable to find the location of the sniper until they find a red orb on the ground. It is revealed that the sniper, Universe 2's Prum (プラン, Puran), can see through these orbs. The lasers ricochet off of the orbs so that his true location is a secret. Piccolo tries to create a smokescreen in order to blur the vision, but Prum can still see them via their heat signatures. Prum shoots Piccolo and destroys both of his arms, which forces him to painfully regenerate them. Gohan and Piccolo realize that the orbs depend on heat signatures and blast the surrounding area to create multiple heat signatures. Prum responds by coming out of his hiding spot and blasting the entire area. Gohan and Piccolo are forced into hiding. Tien analyzes Dr. Rota and deduces that he was hit by a sniper as Goku and Vegeta arrive. Vegeta berates Tien, who warns them about Prum, but Vegeta arrogantly brushes it off until he is almost incapacitated by one of Prum's blasts. As Goku and Tien observe Prum, they deduce that there is another shooter from behind as Prum is merely reflecting the blasts. Vegeta and Goku go after Prum, while Tien goes to save Gohan and Piccolo. Goku and Vegeta try to attack Prum, but their ki blasts are reflected off of his body. Tien navigates through the field of blasts and confronts the true sniper, Prum's teammate Hermila (ハーミラ, Hāmira). Realizing that Prum can deflect ki blasts and not physical attacks, Vegeta and Goku throw giant boulders at him. Tien uses his Multi-form technique in order to buy himself time against Hermila, but three of his clones are shot down. The fourth and final Tien defeats Hermila. Just as Tien is about to eliminate him, Hermila shoots the ground underneath Tien's feet and knocks him off the stage. However, Tien's other three clones come back and drag Hermila down with them. Tien and Hermila are eliminated from the tournament. Although Beerus praises Tien for forcing the battle into a draw, Tien is noticeably upset about being defeated. As Prum is confronted by Vegeta, Dr. Rota comes back and attacks Prum as revenge for shooting him. Shortly after, Vegeta eliminates Prum and Dr. Rota from the tournament. \n\n\n107\n31\n\"Revenge \"F\" The Cunning Trap?!\" /\n\"Fukushū no Efu! Shikakerareta Kōkatsu na Wana!?\" (復讐の「F」！ しかけられた狡猾な罠！？) \nSeptember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFrost recalls how Champa promised to pardon his crimes if he humiliated and defeated Universe 7. Elsewhere, Universe 3's Maji Kayo confronts Universe 11's remaining warriors. He entraps Dyspo with his liquid body, but Jiren effortlessly defeats him with a single blow. As Master Roshi attempts to recover from his previous fights, Frost corners and attacks him. Goku sees this and tries to rush to his aid, but he is confronted by Ribrianne. Roshi hits Frost with a flurry of blows and attempts to use the Evil Containment Wave, but the strain proves too much for him. He flubs the attack. Frost barrages Roshi with ki blasts and sends an attack towards Vegeta, which provokes him. Vegeta interferes before Frost can finish Roshi. Magetta arrives to reinforce Frost, and the two battle Vegeta. Frost goads Roshi into using the Evil Containment Wave on Magetta despite the risk of killing himself. When Roshi falls for it, Frost reflects the attack and seals Vegeta into a bottle. With the last of his strength, Roshi uses a small ki blast to destroy the bottle and free Vegeta. Vegeta immediately turns Super Saiyan Blue, and Frost flees. Vegeta knocks Magetta off the stage and tells Roshi to drop out so he can receive medical attention. Roshi jumps off the stage, and he is given a Senzu Bean. Beerus admits that Roshi has earned his respect. \n\n\n108\n32\n\"Frieza and Frost! Conjoined Malice?!\" /\n\"Furīza to Furosuto! Majiwaru Akui!?\" (フリーザとフロスト！交わる悪意！？) \nSeptember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku battles Ribrianne, the gods of the top four universes speculate on who will win the tournament. Meanwhile, Gohan is confronted by Jimeze. Jimeze makes use of his Instant Transmission technique to confound and damage Gohan. As he prepares to finish him, Frieza intervenes. When Frieza does not immediately attack Jimeze, Universe 7's spectators speculate he may intend to betray and defeat Gohan so he can seize the wish on the Super Dragon Balls for himself. Frieza steps aside and allows Jimeze to continue his fight with Gohan. Jimeze corners Gohan again and attempts to finish him, but Frieza destroys his attack with a ki blast. Enraged, Jimeze attacks Frieza, who swiftly tortures and eliminates him. Frost appears and declares his intention to defeat Gohan, and Frieza admits that the two intend to work together in order to exact revenge on the Saiyans. Frieza battles Gohan, who counterattacks. Frieza uses his Golden form to knock out Gohan. However, instead of eliminating him, he double-crosses and eliminates Frost. Gohan admits that he immediately figured out Frieza's plan and played along with him. An enraged Frost attempts to attack Frieza from the spectator stands, but Grand Zenō erases him, explaining that this is forbidden and Universe 6 would be erased upon a second offence. Meanwhile, Goku continues to battle Ribrianne. \n\n\n109\n33\n\"The Ultimate Enemy Approaches Goku! Now, Let Loose! The Killer Spirit Bomb!!\" /\n\"Goku ni Semaru Saikyo no Teki! Ima Koso Hanate! Hisassu no Genki-Dama!!\" (悟空に迫る最強の敵！今こそ放て！必殺の元気玉！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nRibrianne declares her intention to use the wish to become a love goddess adored by all beings using the Super Dragon Balls. Goku considers using the wish to benefit his family or meet a strong opponent. Ribrianne absorbs the love of her teammates and becomes Super Ribrianne. She attacks Goku with several ki blasts, and he counters by turning Super Saiyan Blue and knocking her away. Ribrianne lands near Jiren, and Goku sees him and prepares to finally battle him. Universe 11's God of Destruction, Belmod, telepathically orders Jiren to defeat Goku. Belmod hopes to demoralize the other universes by defeating the strongest fighter besides Jiren himself. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20, but that proves to be no match for Jiren's overwhelming power. Goku begins powering up a Spirit Bomb, and all of his teammates except Vegeta lend him their energy. Despite the time it takes to charge the attack, Jiren agrees to wait for him to complete it. Ribrianne attempts to attack Goku from behind, but she is stopped by Vegeta. Goku completes the Spirit Bomb and throws it, but Jiren deflects it. The two engage in a struggle to take control of the Spirit Bomb. This forces Goku to use Super Saiyan Blue Kaioken x20 to keep up. However, Jiren prevails and begins to overwhelm Goku with his own attack. \n\n\n110\n34\n\"Son Goku Wakes! New Level of the Awakened!!\" /\n\"Son Gokū kakusei! Mezameshi mono no aratanaru gokui!!\" (孫悟空覚醒！目覚めし者の新たなる極意！！) \nOctober 8, 2017[n 1]\nTBA\n\n\nGoku powers up himself and pushes the Spirit Bomb back towards Jiren, which locks him in a stalemate. Whis realizes that Jiren is at least as powerful as a God of Destruction. As the two struggle to overpower each other, the Spirit Bomb suddenly condenses into a small black hole, which absorbs Goku and causes him to vanish. The Grand Minister rules that since Goku's own attack apparently vaporized him, Jiren will not be disqualified for destroying him. As Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō prepare to eliminate Goku, he suddenly reappears and reaches a new level of power. Goku resumes the fight, and he is able to go toe-to-toe with Jiren. Whis theorizes that the clash between the Spirit Bomb and Goku's powers enabled him to break through his limits and trigered an ability called Ultra Instinct (身勝手の極意”兆”, Migatte no Gokui). Goku uses another powerful attack in an attempt to eliminate Jiren, but he fails, and exhausts his newfound power. Jiren knocks him away, and Hit attempts to take advantage of the opportunity and attacks Jiren. Vegeta demands to know what happened to Goku before preparing to fight Ribrianne, while Frieza appears to corner Goku and aims an attack at him. \n\n\n111\n35\n\"The Surreal Supreme Battle! Hit vs Jiren!!\" /\n\"I jigen no kyokuchi batoru! Hitto basasu Jiren!!\" (異次元の極致バトル! ヒットVSジレン!!) \nOctober 15, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nInstead of killing the defenseless Goku, Frieza shares with him some of his energy and repays his act of mercy during their fight on Planet Namek. Meanwhile, Hit uses his time-skip powers against Jiren, but his attacks fail to connect. Goku spectates the battle, but he is ambushed by Saonel (サオネル, Saoneru) and Pirina (ピリナ, Pirina), Namekians from Universe 6, who are confronted by Gohan and Piccolo. Elsewhere, Vegeta fights Ribrianne, and he is easily overpowering her in his base form until Rozie interferes and retreats with Ribrianne. Ribrianne loses hope due to the gap in power, but Rozie motivates her. Meanwhile, Hit keeps attacking Jiren to no avail, but he is able to react and block most of Jiren's punches. After being knocked back, Hit sneaks up behind Jiren and lands a strong punch on his heart. He knocks Jiren to the edge of the ring after a brief struggle. Hit uses his own time-skip powers continually on Jiren to stop his movement. Realizing that he cannot hold Jiren for long, Hit urges Cabba, Caulifla, and Kale to keep fighting for Universe 6. Hit pools all his energy in a final attack to defeat him, but Jiren stops Hit's attack only with his glare. Jiren breaks free and eliminates Hit. As the Tournament of Power reaches its midway point, Jiren begins to meditate. He is certain that there are no other warriors strong enough to fight him. Jiren leaves the fight to Toppo and Dyspo. Viara (ビアラ, Biara) and Katopesla (カトペスラ, Katopesura) of Universe 3 attempt to attack him while meditating, but Jiren's energy alone is enough to push them back. \n\n\n112\n36\n\"A Saiyan's Vow! Vegeta's Resolution!!\" /\n\"Saiya-jin no chikai! Bejīta no kakugo!!\" (サイヤ人の誓い！ ベジータの覚悟！！) \nOctober 22, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nDespite his exhaustion and low energy, Goku is determined to keep fighting. However, he is suddenly targeted by Koitsukai (コイツカイ, Koitukai), Panchia (パンチア, Panchia), and Bollarator (ボラレータ, Borarēta) of Universe 3. Gohan and Piccolo want to help him, but they are distracted by their own battle with Saonel and Pilina. Caulifla and Kale are discussing the battle between Goku and Jiren, when they are confronted by Monna (モンナ, Monna), a female warrior from Universe 4. Caulifla faces off against Monna, but Cabba appears and takes her place. He instructs Caulifla and Kale to retreat for now. Cabba turns Super Saiyan and battles Monna, but he is initially overpowered. Monna almost knocks Cabba off the stage, but Vegeta intervenes and catches him before he can fall. Vegeta and Cabba both promise that, if either of them wins the tournament, the winner will use the Super Dragon Balls to restore the other's erased universe and its inhabitants. Newly inspired, Cabba fights Monna again, but he is losing until he taps into his anger and unlocks Super Saiyan 2. With his new power, Cabba easily defeats and eliminates Monna. However, Frieza appears, fights Cabba, and easily eliminates him as well. Frieza reveals that he plans to win the tournament in order to use the Super Dragon Balls to control the gods. Meanwhile, Vegeta decides to challenge Jiren, but he is intercepted by Toppo. The two battle each other. Vegeta ends up meeting up with Goku, who is still having difficulty with his three opponents. However, Caulifla intervenes and knocks Koitsukai, Borareta, and Pancea away before powering up to Super Saiyan 2 and challenging Goku herself. \n\n\n113\n37\n\"With Great Joy! The Repeat Battle-Crazy Saiyan Fight!!\" /\n\"Kiki to Shite! Sentō-kyō Saiya-jin Batoru Futatabi!!\" (嬉々として! 戦闘狂サイヤ人バトル再び!!) \nOctober 29, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nCaulifla demands that Goku fight her and teach her how to unlock Super Saiyan 3 so that she can become strong enough to win the tournament. She begins fighting Goku, who does not initially power up beyond his base form. However, Goku's superior martial arts skills allow him to keep up with her even in her Super Saiyan 2 form. Eventually, she is able to adapt to his moves, which forces Goku to power up to Super Saiyan 2 himself. The two of them fight evenly for some time. Goku later calls in Kale to join the battle. His superior power and skill enables him to fight them both at once, but they are able to match him by working together. They land a massive combined attack on him, but Goku powers up to Super Saiyan 3 and easily deflects their attacks. However, Goku lacks the stamina to maintain that form and reverts to Super Saiyan 2. Kale's desire to become stronger inadvertently causes her to transform into her Berserker Super Saiyan form again. \n\n\n114\n38\n\"Intimidating Passion! The Birth of a New Super Warrior!!\" /\n\"Kiki semaru! Aratana chō sen-shi no bakutan!!\" (鬼気せまる! 新たな超戦士の爆誕!!) \nNovember 5, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta continues his battle with Toppo, while Caulifla is able to help Kale regain control of her Berserker form. Caulifla and Kale battle Goku together and are able to hold him off. Meanwhile, Frieza is confronted by Katopesla, but they are interrupted by Goku's battle with Caulifla and Kale. Frieza wants to fight Caulifla and Kale, but Goku insists that he will fight them himself. Frieza backs down and watches the fight. The three Saiyans resume their battle. After unsuccessfully attempting to use Instant Transmission as a strategy, Goku powers up to his Super Saiyan God form and easily overpowers the two of them. As Goku prepares to eliminate Caulifla and Kale with a powerful Kamehameha, it is revealed that the girls were given a pair of Potara earrings by Fuwa, Universe 6's Supreme Kai. They use the earrings and fuse to become a single being with immense power, who takes the name Kefla (ケフラ, Kefura). \n\n\n115\n39\n\"Goku VS Kefla! Super Saiyan Blue Defeated?!\" /\n\"Gokū vāsasu Kefura! Sūpāsaiya-jin Burū Yabureru!?\" (悟空VSケフラ! 超サイヤ人ブルー敗れる!?) \nNovember 12, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nAs Vegeta continues to fight Toppo, Gohan and Piccolo are engaged with Saonel and Pirina. No. 18 is attacked by Katopesla, but she is saved by No. 17. Meanwhile, Goku continues his fight with Kefla. The Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō approve Kefla's use of the Potara earrings. The other universes consider giving the Potara to their warriors as well. Pell (ペル, Peru), the Supreme Kai of Universe 2, gives his Potara to Rabanra (ラバンラ, Rabanra) and Zarbuto (ザーブト, Zābuto), but the earrings are destroyed by Kefla charging through them to continue fighting Goku. The battle becomes intense with Kefla gaining the upper hand. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue, but Kefla counters by powering up to Super Saiyan. However, Goku uses the Kaioken and regains the advantage. He appears to be winning, but Kefla lands a sneak attack that knocks him out of Super Saiyan Blue. She prepares to eliminate him, but Goku unexpectedly reawakens Ultra Instinct again and easily dodges her attacks. \n\n\n116\n40\n\"The Sign of a Comeback! Ultra Instinct's Huge Explosion!!\" /\n\"Gyakuten no kizashi! Migatte no gokui ga dai bakuhatsu!!\" (逆転の兆し！ 身勝手の極意が大爆発！！) \nNovember 19, 2017\nTBA\n\n\n\nTo counter Goku's increase in power, Kefla powers up to Super Saiyan 2, and the two of them face off. Goku still easily dodges Kefla's attacks, but his own attacks are not strong enough to take her down. Whis explains that when Goku launches his attacks, it interferes with his concentration and prevents him from using Ultra Instinct to its full potential. Jiren senses the energy from the battle, which prompts him to awaken from his meditation and rejoin Toppo and Dyspo. Vegeta realizes that Ultra Instinct is the level of skill that Whis was training him and Goku to attain, and decides that he must reach it too. Goku begins running low on stamina, so he declares that he will end the fight with his next attack. Kefla panics and unleashes a multitude of deadly energy beams. Her ultimate attack devastates the ring, but Goku easily dodges her blasts while charging a Kamehameha. Goku jumps into the air, so Kefla focuses all of her power into a single blast and launches it at him, taking advantage of his apparent inability to dodge. However, he backflips and uses the charged-up energy to slide over her attack, and launches his Kamehameha at point-blank range, blasting Kefla out of the ring and eliminating her. Her Potara earrings shatter, and she splits back into Kale and Caulifla. With both of them eliminated, Saonel and Pirina are the only remaining warriors from Team Universe 6.\n\nNOTE: This episode was dedicated in memory of Hiromi Tsuru, who passed away on November 16, 2017. \n\n\n117\n41\n\"Showdown of Love! Androids VS Universe 2!!\" /\n\"Ai no daikessen! Jinzōningen VS Dai ni uchū!!\" (愛の大決戦！人造人間VS第２宇宙！！) \nNovember 26, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku is left exhausted from his battle with Kefla. He is confronted by all five remaining warriors from Universe 2. Gohan and Piccolo try to help him, but they are intercepted by Saonel and Pirina. Elsewhere, Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and tries to unlock Ultra Instinct against him. However, he is unsuccessful, and resorts to his normal fighting style. Vegeta easily overpowers Katopesla. Rozie and Ribrianne launch a combined attack at Goku, but No. 17 and No. 18 arrive in time to deflect it. The androids battle Rozie and Ribrianne. No. 17 defeats and eliminates Rozie, while No. 18 knocks Ribrianne out of her powered-up transformation. This causes her to revert into Brianne. Brianne is able to catch No. 18 in an energy trap, while her comrades from Universe 2 send their love to her. This allows Brianne to transform into a giant manifestation of her Super Ribrianne form. No. 18 almost gives up until her love for Krillin and Marron gives her the determination to break free of Ribrianne's trap. With No. 17's help, No. 18 blasts through Ribrianne's giant form and eliminates her. Brianne realizes that she lost because of No. 18's strong love for Krillin, while Goku faces off against Zirloin (ザーロイン, Zāroin), Zarbuto, and Rabanra of Universe 2. \n\n\n118\n42\n\"Accelerated Tragedy Vanishing Universes...\" /\n\"Kasokusuru Higeki Kieyuku Uchū...\" (加速する悲劇消えゆく宇宙...) \nDecember 3, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nGoku battles against Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra from Universe 2, while Gohan and Piccolo are fighting against Saonel and Pirina. Saonel and Pirina's power suddenly increases, and it is revealed that they had each fused with many Namekians from their universe before coming to the tournament, which greatly increased their own powers. No. 17 and No. 18 join Goku to help in the battle against the remaining Universe 2 warriors. It is revealed that Universe 2's angel, Sour (サワア, Sawaa), has been broadcasting the tournament to the populace of their universe. Universe 2's inhabitants channel their love to Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, who are able to transform into forms similar to Ribrianne, Rozie, and Kakunsa's transformed states. Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 battle Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo continue fighting Saonel and Pirina. The Universe 2 trio unleash a legendary Universe 2 technique, the Pretty Black Hole, which traps and threatens to sink Goku, No. 17, and No. 18 through the fighting stage. Goku powers up to Super Saiyan Blue and breaks through the Pretty Black Hole with a Kamehameha that eliminates Zirloin, Zarbuto, and Rabanra, while Gohan and Piccolo blast Saonel and Pirina off the ring with a powerful combined attack that eliminates them as well. With all of their fighters eliminated, both Universe 2 and Universe 6 are erased. Brianne leads the Universe 2 team in a final happy moment before their erasure, while Cabba wishes Vegeta good luck. Champa taunts Beerus before being erased. Beerus remains impassive in the face of his brother's erasure. Vegeta faces off against Katopesla and warns him that he is in a bad mood. \n\n\n119\n43\n\"Unavoidable?! The Fierce Stealth Attack!!\" /\n\"Kaihi funō!? Suterusu kōgeki no mōi!!\" (回避不能!? ステルス攻撃の猛威!!) \nDecember 10, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta overpowers Katopesla and drives him to the edge of the ring. Katopesla is able to catch himself, but he is pushed over the edge and eliminated by an unseen force. Vegeta and Gohan are attacked by the same force, but Vegeta is able to stop himself from going over the edge, while Piccolo catches Gohan. No. 18 is attacked by the invisible fighter, who is revealed to be one of the missing Universe 4 fighters, Gamisaras (ガミサラス, Gamisarasu). Gohan creates a cloud of dust that coats Gamisaras, which allows Piccolo to see him. Piccolo easily eliminates Gamisaras. Undaunted, Quitela orders the remaining Universe 4 fighters to step up their game. Shantza (シャンツァ, Shantsa) generates a dome that envelops the Universe 7 team and manifests illusions of the defeated fighters from the erased universes. However, Piccolo spots Shantza and blasts him off the ring, which eliminates him and destroys the illusions. Universe 4's last fighter, Damon (ダモン, Damon), is also assumed to be invisible since no one can see him. Piccolo is able to sense Damon's attacks, but he proves unable to hit Damon, who knocks him out of the ring and eliminates him. No. 17 discovers the truth and exposes Damon as a tiny bug-like creature rather than an invisible person, which explains why none of the fighters were able to hit him. To solve this problem, Goku repeatedly punches the ring and creates shock waves that launch Damon into the air, which cancels out his agility and allows No. 17 to hit him with energy blasts. No. 17 traps Damon in a miniature force field and kicks him out of the ring to eliminate him. With all of their fighters eliminated, Universe 4 is promptly erased. \n\n\n120\n44\n\"The Perfect Survival Tactic! Universe 3's Menacing Assassin!!\" /\n\"Kanpeki na Seizon Senryaku! Dai san Uchū Kyōi no Shikaku!!\" (完璧なる生存戦略! 第３宇宙脅威の刺客!!) \nDecember 17, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nFollowing the elimination of Universe 4, the remaining fighters from Universe 3 take the offensive against Universe 7. While Viara is defeated and eliminated by No. 17 and No. 18's combined efforts, Paparoni (パパロニ, Paparoni) sends Panchia, Koitsukai, and Bollarator to attack Goku, Gohan, and Vegeta. To help Goku and Vegeta save their energy to confront Universe 11, Gohan decides to face the three robots alone. He gains the upper hand until Paparoni has them combine together into a much stronger robot called Koichiarator (コイチアレータ, Koichiarēta). Koichiarator overpowers Gohan until Goku and Vegeta step in. The two distract the enemy, while Gohan charges and strikes with an attack powerful enough to defeat it. With his robots defeated, Paparoni refuses to surrender and declares that he will unleash his trump card on Universe 7. \n\n\n121\n45\n\"All-Out War! The Ultimate Quadruple Merge vs Universe 7's Full-Scale Attack!!\" /\n\"Sōryokusen! Kyūkoku no Yontai Gattai VS Dai nana Uchū Sōkōgeki!!\" (総力戦！究極の4体合体VS第7宇宙総攻撃！！) \nDecember 24, 2017\nTBA\n\n\nPaparoni and Koichiarator merge to form Anilaza (アニラーザ, Anirāza), the most powerful warrior from Universe 3. Anilaza begins to overwhelm the Saiyans, which forces No. 17 and No. 18 to reinforce them. The five attempt to coordinate their attacks to catch Anilaza off-guard, but he deflects them all. It is revealed that Anilaza can use echolocation to detect his opponents' movements. Anilaza begins teleporting his punches, and he nearly knocks Goku off the stage until Frieza steps in and knocks him back onto the fighting stage. Realizing that the Universe 7 warriors will rescue each other from defeat, Anilaza attempts to eat No. 18, who is rescued by Goku. Anilaza corners No. 17 and overwhelms him. He knocks him off the fighting stage, but No. 18 sacrifices herself to kick No. 17 back onto the fighting stage. She is eliminated from the tournament. With no other options, the Universe 7 warriors power up to their maximum levels and engage in a ki clash with Anilaza. They buy time for No. 17 to pierce through Anilaza's attack and damage his energy reactor. This enables the others to overwhelm and eliminate Anilaza. With all of their warriors eliminated, Universe 3 is erased. As the Universe 7 warriors begin to celebrate, the remaining Universe 11 warriors step forward to challenge them. \n\n\n122\n46\n\"For One's Own Pride! Vegeta's Challenge to Be The Strongest!!\" /\n\"Onore no Hokori wo Kakete! Bejīta Saikyō he no Chōsen!!\" (己の誇りをかけて！ベジータ最強への挑戦！！) \nJanuary 7, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith only two universes remaining, the Grand Minister compresses the bleachers so that the remaining spectators are all close together. The final warriors begin their battle: Gohan and No. 17 battle Toppo, Frieza fights Dyspo, and Goku and Vegeta battle Jiren. Jiren overwhelms Goku with a flurry of punches, but Vegeta is able to analyze Jiren's attack patterns and dodges his attacks. He lands a solid blow to Jiren's midsection, but Jiren counters with a powerful blast that nearly rings Vegeta out. Meanwhile, Frieza blocks one of Dyspo's attacks with his tail, but Dyspo uses it as leverage to injure him. Jiren disparages Vegeta for his self-righteousness, but Vegeta declares that it is the source of his strength. He powers up a Final Flash and goads Jiren into taking it head-on. However, the attack fails to damage Jiren, who acknowledges the power of Vegeta's attack before incapacitating him. \n\n\n123\n47\n\"Body and Soul, Full Power Release! Goku and Vegeta!!\" /\n\"Zenshin Zenrei Zenryoku Kaihō! Gokū to Bejīta!!\" (全身全霊全力解放！悟空とベジータ！！) \nJanuary 14, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Vegeta down, Goku faces off against Jiren. Meanwhile, the other battles continue. Frieza decides to start fighting Dyspo seriously, while Gohan and No. 17 are outmatched against Toppo. Outmatched in power, Goku instead uses ki blasts to create a minefield around Jiren, but it has no effect. Goku then lures Jiren onto a large rock that extends out over the edge of the fighting stage and cuts through the rock with a Destructo Disc. This causes Jiren to fall, but Jiren is able to push off the falling debris and jumps back onto the fighting stage. Angered by his near-elimination, Jiren finally shows his real power and easily overwhelms Goku with a volley of punches. Goku and Vegeta both get back up and power up to Super Saiyan Blue. Goku uses his maximum Kaioken beyond his previous limitations, while Vegeta is able to surpass his limits by tapping into more ki in his body, and attains a transformation similar to the Ascended Super Saiyan form, the Super Saiyan Blue Evolution form. Fully powered up, Goku and Vegeta attack Jiren as a team, and they are able to catch him off guard with their un-coordinated attacks. \n\n\n124\n48\n\"The Fiercely Overwhelming Assault! Gohan's Last Stand!!\" /\n\"Shippū-Dotō no Mōshū! Gohan Haisui no Jin!!\" (疾風怒涛の猛襲！悟飯背水の陣!!) \nJanuary 21, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nAs Goku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, the battle between Dyspo and Frieza intensifies. The two seem evenly matched, until Frieza breaks off the fight and offers to help Universe 11 win the tournament if they promise to resurrect him with the Super Dragon Balls. Dyspo refuses the offer, so Frieza powers up to his Golden form and gains the advantage in the fight. Dyspo reveals his own ultimate technique, the Super Maximum Light Speed Mode, which increases his power and speed even further, and overwhelms Frieza. Gohan and No. 17 realize that Frieza is in danger of being knocked off the fighting stage, so No. 17 distracts Toppo, while Gohan goes to Frieza's aid. Gohan and Frieza take on Dyspo as a team, but they have little success. Gohan develops a strategy that has Frieza use his energy to form a cage around Dyspo, which prevents him from using his high-speed attacks and allows Gohan to gain the upper hand. Unfortunately, Frieza runs out of energy, and the cage dissolves before Gohan can land the finishing blow. However, Gohan is able to grab Dyspo and hold him in place, while Frieza launches a blast that knocks them off the fighting stage and eliminates them both from the tournament. \n\n\n125\n49\n\"With Imposing Presence! God of Destruction Toppo Descends!!\" /\n\"Ifu-Dōdō! Hakaishin Toppo Kōrin!\" (威風堂々! 破壊神トッポ降臨！！) \nJanuary 28, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nGoku and Vegeta continue their battle with Jiren, while No. 17 and Toppo fight. No. 17 and Toppo engage in a beam clash, which Toppo is winning. Frieza intervenes and strikes Toppo repeatedly from behind, which allows No. 17 to overpower Toppo's blast. In the wake of the explosion, Toppo appears to have been defeated. However, he gets back up and powers up, using the same type of energy as a God of Destruction. Belmod explains that Toppo is a candidate to be Universe 11's next God of Destruction, which is why he can wield the same kind of power. Toppo unleashes his new power, which damages the fighting stage and breaks a large portion of it. No. 17 and Frieza attack Toppo repeatedly, but his power is now far superior to theirs. Toppo easily defeats them both. Fortunately, they are able to stay on the fighting stage, but Toppo knocks Frieza unconscious and engages in another beam clash with No. 17. \n\n\n126\n50\n\"Surpass Even a God! Vegeta's Desperate Blow!!\" /\n\"Kami wo mo Koero! Bejīta Sutemi no Ichigeki!!\" (神をも超えろ！ベジータ捨て身の一撃！！) \nFebruary 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nToppo easily overpowers No. 17's blast. No. 17 is able to evade him for a while by using the broken fighting stage to his advantage, but Toppo effortlessly withstands No. 17's attacks. Toppo prepares to eliminate No. 17 with a giant energy blast. Frieza rejoins the battle and deflects Toppo's attack. Frieza uses his own energy attack to immobilize Toppo, which allows him and No. 17 to land numerous attacks, but none of them have any effect. Toppo is about to eliminate them both, when he is interrupted by Goku and Vegeta, who are still fighting Jiren. Frieza and No. 17 are hit by one of Jiren's attacks, which gives Toppo the opportunity to attack Vegeta instead. Toppo overwhelms Vegeta with his new power and states that he has cast aside everything else in order to become strong enough to win the tournament. However, Vegeta is inspired by his family, his promise to Cabba, and his Saiyan pride. He refuses to cast anything aside. Vegeta unleashes his full power and overwhelms Toppo. Vegeta and Toppo both use their ultimate attacks: Toppo unleashes his Energy of Destruction, while Vegeta uses the Final Explosion technique that he used against Majin Buu. Vegeta's attack overwhelms Toppo's attack, blasts Toppo out of the fighting stage, and eliminates him from the tournament. This also causes even more damage to the fighting stage. Due to Vegeta being much stronger than the last time he used the Final Explosion technique, he survives the blast, but his energy is almost completely drained. No. 17 also reappears, but he has been injured by Jiren's attack. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all face off against Jiren, who begins to unleash his full power. \n\n\n127\n51\n\"The Approaching Wall! The Final Barrier of Hope!!\" /\n\"Semari-kuru Shōheki! Kibō wo Takushita Saigo no Baria!!\" (迫りくる障壁！希望を託した最後のバリア！！) \nFebruary 11, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nJiren powers up to his maximum. Goku, Vegeta, and No. 17 all attack him simultaneously, but he easily overpowers them. However, No. 17 manages to land a sneak attack and injures Jiren. Jiren defeats Goku and Vegeta, while Frieza rejoins the fight and tries to kill Jiren in his golden form. However, Frieza is easily defeated as well. No. 17 asks Jiren what his wish on the Super Dragon Balls would be, and Belmod explains that Jiren's endless pursuit of strength was inspired when his parents, most of his comrades, and mentor were killed by a powerful villain. However, his abandonment by his surviving friends turned Jiren into a loner who distrusted friendship, and he now focuses solely on increasing his own strength. No. 17 admires Jiren's human qualities, but he accuses Jiren of using the rest of his universe's team for his own ends. Jiren rebuffs him and fires a powerful energy blast down at No. 17, Goku, and Vegeta. No. 17 uses a barrier to hold back Jiren's blast and forms force fields around Goku and Vegeta to protect them, before self-destructing to destroy Jiren's blast. Despite his exhausted state, Vegeta faces off against Jiren and declares that he will defeat him. \n\n\n128\n52\n\"Noble Pride to the End! Vegeta Falls!!\" /\n\"Kedakai Hokori Saigo Made! Bejīta Chiru!!\" (気高い誇り最後まで！ベジータ散る！！) \nFebruary 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nVegeta prepares for a final stand against Jiren. Although Vegeta is too exhausted to turn into even a Super Saiyan, he still decides to take on Jiren. Jiren easily dodges his attacks and continues to pummel Vegeta. Jiren injures Vegeta's left eye in the process. Vegeta is knocked to the brink of elimination, and he begins to think about the people in his life he cares about the most. He gets back up and continues to fight Jiren, who is impressed by Vegeta's pride. Vegeta nearly rings out again. His boot catches onto a floating piece of rubble, which narrowly allows him to stay in the fight because the pieces of rubble still count as part of the fighting stage. Vegeta hears Bulma's voice urging him to fight on, and he returns to fight Jiren once again. Jiren is unable to understand why Vegeta continues to fight him. Vegeta fires off a Final Flash, but Jiren is unfazed. Jiren knocks Vegeta out of the fighting stage and eliminates him from the tournament. Although Vegeta is upset at being unable to last until the end, he gives Goku his remaining energy at the last second before falling out of bounds. Goku turns Super Saiyan Blue and begins to fight Jiren with his remaining power. Even with Vegeta's energy, Goku is still overwhelmed by Jiren. He is knocked back into his base form. When Goku is pushed back to the edge of the fighting stage and only one punch away from defeat, Vegeta shouts at Goku. Goku thinks about how the others have all put their faith in him. As Jiren delivers the final blow, Goku suddenly reactivates Ultra Instinct and dodges the attack. With his new power, Goku is able to effortlessly dodge Jiren's attacks and lands a heavy blow on him. Both fighters face off and prepare for their final battle. \n\n\n129\n53\n\"Limits Super Surpassed! Ultra Instinct Mastered!!\" /\n\"Genkai Chōzetsu Toppa! Migatte no Gokui Kiwamaru!!\" (限界超絶突破！身勝手の極意極まる！！) \nMarch 4, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWhis points out that, since Goku has no allies to help him and no time to recover from the strain caused by Ultra Instinct, this will be his last chance to end the battle. Goku and Jiren resume their battle, but Goku has the same problem he experienced with Kefla, and is unable to attack at his full potential. Goku tries the same trick he used on Kefla by powering up a Kamehameha and firing it at Jiren, but Jiren is able to punch through the blast. Belmod is confident that Goku's incomplete Ultra Instinct will not be enough to win, but Vegeta points out that, throughout the tournament, all of the Saiyans have been able to surpass their limits and achieve higher levels of power. Jiren is able to trap Goku on a single floating rock and fires a barrage of attacks down at him in an attempt to knock him out, but Goku begins blocking Jiren's attacks with his own punches. Jiren launches a final blast down at Goku, but Goku suddenly powers up immensely. He easily blocks Jiren's blast and jumps back up to the fighting stage. Jiren attacks again, but this time Goku easily overpowers him with a flurry of punches. Whis reveals that Goku has completed his ascension. Goku's hair and eyes have turned silver, and he now has full mastery over Ultra Instinct. \n\n\n130\n54\n\"The Greatest Showdown of All Time! The Ultimate Survival Battle!!\" /\n\"Kūzenzetsugo no Chō Kessen! Kyūkyoku no Sabaibaru Batoru!!\" (空前絶後の超決戦！究極のサバイバルバトル！！) \nMarch 18, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nHaving mastered Ultra Instinct, Goku overpowers and corners Jiren, which forces Jiren to break through his own limits and power up even further. The two exchange attacks continuously. Despite almost being defeated twice, Goku stands up and recovers. When Jiren asks why Goku refuses to surrender, his friends claim that the source of Goku's strength comes from the trust between him and his companions. Refusing to accept it, an enraged Jiren launches an attack on the bleachers that is repelled by a furious Goku, who finally defeats him. However, just as Goku is about to knock Jiren out, his body collapses from the strain of using Ultra Instinct for too long. Jiren takes the opportunity to knock Goku off the fighting stage, but Goku is saved by Frieza. No. 17 is also revealed to have survived Jiren's blast. As Frieza and No. 17 prepare themselves to face Jiren, Goku writhes in pain. \n\n\n131\n55\n\"The Miraculous Conclusion! Farewell, Goku! Until We Meet Again!\" /\n\"Kiseki no ketchaku! Saraba Goku! Mataauhimade!!\" (奇跡の決着! さらば悟空! また会う日まで!!) \nMarch 25, 2018\nTBA\n\n\nWith Goku down, Frieza and No. 17 face off against Jiren. No. 17 manages to injure Jiren, who collapses from exhaustion. Frieza is about to eliminate Jiren, who accepts his impending defeat, but Toppo calls out to Jiren and inspires him to keep fighting despite his injuries. Jiren powers up and fires a massive blast at Frieza and No. 17. They form a barrier to shield themselves, but Frieza is running low on energy and loses his Golden form. Before Jiren can overpower them, Goku manages to get back up and rejoins the others. Goku adds his strength to the barrier and enables them to block Jiren's blast. Goku and Frieza take on Jiren together, while No. 17 provides cover fire. Working together, Goku and Frieza overpower Jiren and tackle him out of the ring. All three of them are eliminated from the tournament. With all of their fighters gone, Universe 11 is erased. As the only fighter remaining on the fighting stage, No. 17 is declared the winner of the Tournament of Power, and he is given the privilege of getting his wish granted from the Super Dragon Balls. After some consideration, No. 17 wishes to restore all of the universes that had been erased, which brings all their inhabitants back to life. As the erased universes are restored, the Grand Minister reveals that Grand Zenō and Future Grand Zenō had foresaw the outcome of a virtuous being winning the Tournament of Power who would make a selfless wish on the Super Dragon Balls. He also stated that they would have otherwise erased the entire multiverse if the winner had wished for selfish reasons, as this would have shown that the winning universe was no better than the erased universes and that the universes excluded from the tournament were not equally worthy of existing. As a reward for doing well in the tournament, Whis restores Frieza to life. In Universe 11, Jiren establishes a real friendship with Toppo and looks forward to having a rematch with Goku someday. The group from Universe 7 return home. Frieza leaves Earth and resumes leadership of his empire. Goku vows to defeat him if he starts causing trouble again. Goku and Vegeta meet for a sparring match in the place where they first fought. Goku reveals that he cannot use Ultra Instinct anymore and believes that he obtained it by accident during the tournament. Goku and Vegeta declare that they will keep finding new levels of strength. They race towards each other to fight. \n\n"
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Upwelling
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Upwelling - wikipedia Upwelling The replacement by deep water moving upwards of surface water driven offshore by wind If the wind blows parallel to the coast in the southern hemisphere ( such as along the coast of Peru , where the wind blows North ) , then Ekman transport can produce a net movement of surface water 90 ° to the left . This may result in coastal upwelling . If the wind blows parallel to the coast in the northern hemisphere ( such as the coast of California , where the wind blows South ) , then Ekman transport can produce a net movement of surface water 90 ° to the right . This may result in coastal upwelling . Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind - driven motion of dense , cooler , and usually nutrient - rich water towards the ocean surface , replacing the warmer , usually nutrient - depleted surface water . The nutrient - rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary producers such as phytoplankton . Due to the biomass of phytoplankton and presence of cool water in these regions , upwelling zones can be identified by cool sea surface temperatures ( SST ) and high concentrations of chlorophyll - a . The increased availability of nutrients in upwelling regions results in high levels of primary production and thus fishery production . Approximately 25 % of the total global marine fish catches come from five upwellings that occupy only 5 % of the total ocean area . Upwellings that are driven by coastal currents or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient - enriched waters and global fishery yields . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mechanisms 2 Types 2.1 Coastal 2.1. 1 Equatorial 2.1. 2 Southern Ocean 2.1. 3 Other sources 3 Variations 4 High productivity 5 Threats to upwelling ecosystems 6 References 7 External links Mechanisms ( edit ) The three main drivers that work together to cause upwelling are wind , Coriolis effect , and Ekman transport . They operate differently for different types of upwelling , but the general effects are the same . In the overall process of upwelling , winds blow across the sea surface at a particular direction , which causes a wind - water interaction . As a result of the wind , the water is transported a net of 90 degrees from the direction of the wind due to Coriolis forces and Ekman transport . Ekman transport causes the surface layer of water to move at about a 45 degree angle from the direction of the wind , and the friction between that layer and the layer beneath it causes the successive layers to move in the same direction . This results in a spiral of water movement down the water column . Then , it is the Coriolis forces that dictate which way the water will move ; in the Northern hemisphere , the water is transported to the right of the direction of the wind . In the Southern Hemisphere , the water is transported to the left of the wind . If this net movement of water is divergent , then upwelling of deep water occurs to replace the water that was lost . Types ( edit ) Areas of upwelling in red The major upwellings in the ocean are associated with the divergence of currents that bring deeper , colder , nutrient rich waters to the surface . There are at least five types of upwelling : coastal upwelling , large - scale wind - driven upwelling in the ocean interior , upwelling associated with eddies , topographically - associated upwelling , and broad - diffusive upwelling in the ocean interior . Coastal ( edit ) Coastal upwelling is the best known type of upwelling , and the most closely related to human activities as it supports some of the most productive fisheries in the world . Wind - driven currents are diverted to the right of the winds in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect . The result is a net movement of surface water at right angles to the direction of the wind , known as the Ekman transport ( See also Ekman Spiral ) . When Ekman transport is occurring away from the coast , surface waters moving away are replaced by deeper , colder , and denser water . Normally , this upwelling process occurs at a rate of about 5 -- 10 meters per day , but the rate and proximity of upwelling to the coast can be changed due to the strength and distance of the wind . Deep waters are rich in nutrients , including nitrate , phosphate and silicic acid , themselves the result of decomposition of sinking organic matter ( dead / detrital plankton ) from surface waters . When brought to the surface , these nutrients are utilized by phytoplankton , along with dissolved CO ( carbon dioxide ) and light energy from the sun , to produce organic compounds , through the process of photosynthesis . Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production ( the amount of carbon fixed by phytoplankton ) in comparison to other areas of the ocean . They account for about 50 % of global marine productivity . High primary production propagates up the food chain because phytoplankton are at the base of the oceanic food chain . The food chain follows the course of : Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Predatory zooplankton → Filter feeders → Predatory fish → Marine birds , marine mammals Worldwide , there are five major coastal currents associated with upwelling areas : the Canary Current ( off Northwest Africa ) , the Benguela Current ( off southern Africa ) , the California Current ( off California and Oregon ) , the Humboldt Current ( off Peru and Chile ) , and the Somali Current ( off Somalia and Oman ) . All of these currents support major fisheries . The four major eastern boundary currents in which coastal upwelling primarily occurs are the Canary Current , Benguela Current , California Current , and Humboldt Current . The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre and can be divided into a northern and southern sub-system with upwelling occurring in both areas . The subsystems are divided by an area of permanent upwelling off of Luderitz , which is the strongest upwelling zone in the world . The California Current System ( CCS ) is an eastern boundary current of the North Pacific that is also characterized by a north and south split . The split in this system occurs at Point Conception , California due to weak upwelling in the South and strong upwelling in the north . The Canary Current is an eastern boundary current of the North Atlantic Gyre and is also separated due to the presence of the Canary Islands . Finally , the Humboldt Current or the Peru Current flows west along the coast of South America from Peru to Chile and extends up to 1,000 kilometers offshore . These four eastern boundary currents comprise the majority of coastal upwelling zones in the oceans . Equatorial ( edit ) Effects of equatorial upwelling on surface chlorophyll concentrations in the Pacific ocean Upwelling at the equator is associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) which actually moves , and consequently , is often located just north or south of the equator . Easterly ( westward ) trade winds blow from the Northeast and Southeast and converge along the equator blowing West to form the ITCZ . Although there are no Coriolis forces present along the equator , upwelling still occurs just north and south of the equator . This results in a divergence , with denser , nutrient - rich water being upwelled from below , and results in the remarkable fact that the equatorial region in the Pacific can be detected from space as a broad line of high phytoplankton concentration . Southern ocean ( edit ) Upwelling in the Southern Ocean Large - scale upwelling is also found in the Southern Ocean . Here , strong westerly ( eastward ) winds blow around Antarctica , driving a significant flow of water northwards . This is actually a type of coastal upwelling . Since there are no continents in a band of open latitudes between South America and the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula , some of this water is drawn up from great depths . In many numerical models and observational syntheses , the Southern Ocean upwelling represents the primary means by which deep dense water is brought to the surface . In some regions of Antarctica , wind - driven upwelling near the coast pulls relatively warm Circumpolar deep water onto the continental shelf , where it can enhance ice shelf melt and influence ice sheet stability . Shallower , wind - driven upwelling is also found in off the west coasts of North and South America , northwest and southwest Africa , and southwest and south Australia , all associated with oceanic subtropical high pressure circulations ( see coastal upwelling above ) . Some models of the ocean circulation suggest that broad - scale upwelling occurs in the tropics , as pressure driven flows converge water toward the low latitudes where it is diffusively warmed from above . The required diffusion coefficients , however , appear to be larger than are observed in the real ocean . Nonetheless , some diffusive upwelling does probably occur . Other sources ( edit ) Local and intermittent upwellings may occur when offshore islands , ridges , or seamounts cause a deflection of deep currents , providing a nutrient rich area in otherwise low productivity ocean areas . Examples include upwellings around the Galapagos Islands and the Seychelles Islands , which have major pelagic fisheries . Upwelling can also occur when a tropical cyclone transits an area , usually when moving at speeds of less than 5 mph ( 8 km / h ) . The churning of a cyclone eventually draws up cooler water from lower layers of the ocean . This causes the cyclone to weaken . Artificial upwelling is produced by devices that use ocean wave energy or ocean thermal energy conversion to pump water to the surface . Ocean wind turbines are also known to produce upwellings . Ocean wave devices have been shown to produce plankton blooms . Variations ( edit ) Unusually strong winds from the east push warm ( red ) surface water towards Africa , allowing cold ( blue ) water to upwell along the Sumatran coast Upwelling intensity depends on wind strength and seasonal variability , as well as the vertical structure of the water , variations in the bottom bathymetry , and instabilities in the currents . In some areas , upwelling is a seasonal event leading to periodic bursts of productivity similar to spring blooms in coastal waters . Wind - induced upwelling is generated by temperature differences between the warm , light air above the land and the cooler denser air over the sea . In temperate latitudes , the temperature contrast is greatly seasonably variable , creating periods of strong upwelling in the spring and summer , to weak or no upwelling in the winter . For example , off the coast of Oregon , there are four or five strong upwelling events separated by periods of little to no upwelling during the six - month season of upwelling . In contrast , tropical latitudes have a more constant temperature contrast , creating constant upwelling throughout the year . The Peruvian upwelling , for instance , occurs throughout most of the year , resulting in one of the world 's largest marine fisheries for sardines and anchovies . In anomalous years when the trade winds weaken or reverse , the water that is upwelled is much warmer and low in nutrients , resulting in a sharp reduction in the biomass and phytoplankton productivity . This event is known as the El Nino - Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) event . The Peruvian upwelling system is particularly vulnerable to ENSO events , and can cause extreme interannual variability in productivity . Changes in bathymetry can affect the strength of an upwelling . For example , a submarine ridge that extends out from the coast will produce more favorable upwelling conditions than neighboring regions . Upwelling typically begins at such ridges and remains strongest at the ridge even after developing in other locations . High productivity ( edit ) Since upwelling regions are important sources of marine productivity , and they attract hundreds of species throughout the trophic levels , the diversity of these systems has been a focal point for marine research . While studying the trophic levels and patterns typical of upwelling regions , researchers have discovered that upwelling systems exhibit a wasp - waist richness pattern . In this type of pattern , the high and low trophic levels are well - represented by high species diversity . However , the intermediate trophic level is only represented by one or two species . This trophic layer , which consists of small , pelagic fish usually makes up about only three to four percent of the species diversity of all fish species present . The lower trophic layers are very well - represented with about 500 species of copepods , 2500 species of gastropods , and 2500 species of crustaceans on average . At the apex and near - apex trophic levels , there are usually about 100 species of marine mammals and about 50 species of marine birds . The vital intermediate trophic species however are small pelagic fish that usually feed on phytoplankton . In most upwelling systems , these species are either anchovies or sardines , and usually only one is present , although two or three species may be present occasionally . These fish are an important food source for predators , such as large pelagic fish , marine mammals , and marine birds . Although they are not at the base of the trophic pyramid , they are the vital species that connect the entire marine ecosystem and keep the productivity of upwelling zones so high Threats to upwelling ecosystems ( edit ) A major threat to both this crucial intermediate trophic level and the entire upwelling trophic ecosystem is the problem of commercial fishing . Since upwelling regions are the most productive and species rich areas in the world , they attract a high number of commercial fishers and fisheries . On one hand , this is another benefit of the upwelling process as it serves as a viable source of food and income for so many people and nations besides marine animals . However , just as in any ecosystem , the consequences of over-fishing from a population could be detrimental to that population and the ecosystem as a whole . In upwelling ecosystems , every species present plays a vital role in the functioning of that ecosystem . If one species is significantly depleted , that will have an effect throughout the rest of the trophic levels . For example , if a popular prey species is targeted by fisheries , fishermen may collect hundreds of thousands of individuals of this species just by casting their nets into the upwelling waters . As these fish are depleted , the food source for those who preyed on these fish is depleted . Therefore , the predators of the targeted fish will begin to die off , and there will not be as many of them to feed the predators above them . This system continues throughout the entire food chain , resulting in a possible collapse of the ecosystem . It is possible that the ecosystem may be restored over time , but not all species can recover from events such as these . Even if the species can adapt , there may be a delay in the reconstruction of this upwelling community . The possibility of such an ecosystem collapse is the very danger of fisheries in upwelling regions . Fisheries may target a variety of different species , and therefore they are a direct threat to many species in the ecosystem , however they pose the highest threat to the intermediate pelagic fish . Since these fish form the crux of the entire trophic process of upwelling ecosystems , they are highly represented throughout the ecosystem ( even if there is only one species present ) . Unfortunately , these fish tend to be the most popular targets of fisheries as about 64 percent of their entire catch consists of pelagic fish . Among those , the six main species that usually form the intermediate trophic layer represent over half of the catch . During an El Niño , wind indirectly drives warm water to the South American coast , reducing the effects of cold upwelling Besides directly causing the collapse of the ecosystem due to their absence , this can create problems in the ecosystem through a variety of other methods as well . The animals higher in the trophic levels may not completely starve to death and die off , but the decreased food supply could still hurt the populations . If animals do not get enough food , it will decrease their reproductive viability meaning that they will not breed as often or as successfully as usual . This can lead to a decreasing population , especially in species that do not breed often under normal circumstances or become reproductively mature late in life . Another problem is that the decrease in the population of a species due to fisheries can lead to a decrease in genetic diversity , resulting in a decrease in bio-diversity of a species . If the species diversity is decreased significantly , this could cause problems for the species in an environment that is so variable and quick - changing ; they may not be able to adapt , which could result in a collapse of the population or ecosystem . Another threat to the productivity and ecosystems of upwelling regions is El Niño - Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) system , or more specifically El Niño events . During the normal period and La Niña events , the easterly trade winds are still strong , which continues to drive the process of upwelling . However , during El Niño events , trade winds are weaker , causing decreased upwelling in the equatorial regions as the divergence of water north and south of the equator is not as strong or as prevalent . The coastal upwelling zones diminish as well since they are wind driven systems , and the wind is no longer a very strong driving force in these areas . As a result , global upwelling drastically decreases , causing a decrease in productivity as the waters are no longer receiving nutrient - rich water . Without these nutrients , the rest of the trophic pyramid can not be sustained , and the rich upwelling ecosystem will collapse . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anderson DM , Prell WL. ( 1993 ) . A 300 KYR record of upwelling off Oman during the late quaternary : evidence of the Asian southwest monsoon . Paleoceanography , 8 ( 2 ) : 193 - 208 . Jump up ^ Sarhan T , Lafuente JG , Vargas M , Vargas JM , Plaza F. ( 1999 ) . Upwelling mechanisms in the northwestern Alboran Sea . Journal of Marine Systems , 23 : 317 - 331 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , S. , Kaiser , M.J. , Reynolds , J.D. ( 2001 ) `` Marine Fisheries Ecology . '' Oxford : Blackwell Science Ltd . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05098 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Mann , K.H. , Lazier , J.R.N. ( 2006 ) Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems : Biological - Physical Interactions in the Oceans . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1118 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Bakun A. ( 1990 ) . Global climate change and intensification of coastal ocean upwelling . Science , 247 : 198 - 201 . Jump up ^ Chelton DB , Schlax MG , Freilich MH , Milliff RF . ( 2004 ) . Satellite measurements reveal persistent small - scale features in ocean winds . Science , 303 : 978 - 983 . Jump up ^ Bakun A , Nelson CS . ( 1991 ) . The seasonal cycle of wind - stress curl in subtropical eastern boundary current regions . Journal of Physical Oceanography , 21 : 1815 - 1834 . ^ Jump up to : Blanchette CA , Wieters EA , Briotman BR , Kinlan BP , Schiel DR. ( 2009 ) . Trophic structure and diversity in rocky intertidal upwelling ecosystems : a comparison of community patterns across California , Chile , South Africa , and New Zealand . Progress in Oceanography . doi : 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2009.07. 038 Jump up ^ Lalli , C.M. , Parsons , T.R. ( 1997 ) `` Biological Oceanography : An Introduction '' Oxford : Elsevier Publications . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 3384 - 0 Jump up ^ Brodeur RD , Ware DM. ( 2007 ) . Long - term variability in zooplankton biomass in the subarctic Pacific ocean . Fisheries Oceanography , 1 ( 1 ) : 32 - 38 . ^ Jump up to : Cury P , Bakun A , Crawford RJM , Jarre A , Quinones RA , Shannon LJ , Verheye HM. ( 2000 ) . Small pelagics in upwelling systems : patterns of interaction and structural changes in `` wasp - waist '' ecosystems . ICES Journal of Marine Science , 57 : 603 - 618 . Jump up ^ Greene , Chad A. ; Blankenship , Donald D. ; Gwyther , David E. ; Silvano , Alessandro ; Wijk , Esmee van ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Wind causes Totten Ice Shelf melt and acceleration '' . Science Advances. 3 ( 11 ) : e1701681 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1701681 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . Jump up ^ https://wiki.met.no/_media/windfarms/brostrom_jms_2008.pdf On the influence of large wind farms on the upper ocean circulation . Göran Broström , Norwegian Meteorological Institute , Oslo , Norway Jump up ^ US Research project , NSF and Oregon State University Archived August 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rasmussen EM , Carpenter TH. ( 1982 ) . Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the outer Oscillation / El Nino . Monthly Weather Review , 110 : 354 - 384 . External links ( edit ) Wind Driven Surface Currents : Upwelling and Downwelling Animation demonstrates the upwelling process . Coastal Upwelling On the influence of large wind farms on the upper ocean circulation . 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zones of upwelling near the shores of land masses have high primary production because such zones
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"Deep waters are rich in nutrients, including nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, themselves the result of decomposition of sinking organic matter (dead/detrital plankton) from surface waters. When brought to the surface, these nutrients are utilized by phytoplankton, along with dissolved CO2 (carbon dioxide) and light energy from the sun, to produce organic compounds, through the process of photosynthesis. Upwelling regions therefore result in very high levels of primary production (the amount of carbon fixed by phytoplankton) in comparison to other areas of the ocean. They account for about 50% of global marine productivity.[8] High primary production propagates up the food chain because phytoplankton are at the base of the oceanic food chain.[9]\n"
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"are rich in nutrients, including nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid"
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History of the kilt
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History of the kilt - wikipedia History of the kilt Jump to : navigation , search Highland chieftain Lord Mungo Murray wearing belted plaid , around 1680 . The history of the kilt stretches back to at least the end of the 16th century . The kilt first appeared as the belted plaid or great kilt , a full length garment whose upper half could be worn as a cloak draped over the shoulder , or brought up over the head as a hood . The small kilt or walking kilt ( similar to the ' modern ' kilt ) did not develop until the late 17th or early 18th century , and is essentially the bottom half of the great kilt . The word kilt comes from the Scots word kilt meaning to tuck up the clothes around the body , although the 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( vol. 15 , p. 798 ) says the word is Scandinavian in origin . The Scots word derives from the Old Norse kjalta . Contents ( hide ) 1 The great kilt 2 The small kilt or walking kilt 3 Proscription and revival of the kilt 4 Military use 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links The great kilt ( edit ) Highland soldier in 1744 , an early picture of a Government Tartan great kilt , with the plaid being used to protect the musket lock from rain and wind . The Breacan an Fhéilidh ( belted plaid ) or Feileadh Mòr ( great plaid ) is likely to have evolved over the course of the 16th century from the earlier ' brat ' or woollen cloak ( also known as a plaid ) which was worn over a tunic . This earlier cloak or brat may have been plain in colour or in various check or tartan designs , depending on the wealth of the wearer ; this earlier fashion of clothing had not changed significantly from that worn by Celtic warriors in Roman times . Over the course of the 16th century , with the increasing availability of wool , the cloak had grown to such a size that it began to be gathered up and belted . The belted plaid was originally a length of thick woollen cloth made up from two loom widths sewn together to give a total width of 54 to 60 inches , and up to 7 yards ( 6.4 m ) in length . This garment , also known as the great kilt , was gathered up into pleats and secured by a wide belt . Plaids with beltloops were in use by the 1700s . A surviving men 's belted plaid from 1822 has belt loops sewn inside it at each pattern repeat , such that it can be unpleated entirely into a blanket , or rapidly pleated with a drawstring belt ( with a second belt worn outside , to flatten the pleats , as in the portrait of Lord Mungo Murray above ) . The upper half could be worn as a cloak draped over the left shoulder , hung down over the belt and gathered up at the front , or brought up over the shoulders or head for protection against weather . It was worn over a léine ( a full - sleeved garment stopping below the waist ) and could also serve as a camping blanket . A description from 1746 states : The garb is certainly very loose , and fits men inured to it to go through great fatigues , to make very quick marches , to bear out against the inclemency of the weather , to wade through rivers , and shelter in huts , woods , and rocks upon occasion ; which men dressed in the low country garb could not possibly endure . For battle it was customary to take off the kilt beforehand and set it aside , the Highland charge being made wearing only the léine or war shirt . The exact age of the great kilt is still under debate . Earlier carvings or illustrations prior to the 16th century appearing to show the kilt may show the léine croich , a knee - length shirt of leather , linen or canvas , heavily pleated and sometimes quilted as protection . The earliest written source that definitely describes the belted plaid or great kilt comes from 1594 . The great kilt is mostly associated with the Scottish highlands , but was also used in poor lowland rural areas . Widespread use of this type of kilt continued into the 19th century , and some still wear it today . The small kilt or walking kilt ( edit ) Sometime in the late 17th or early 18th century the fèileadh beag ( the small kilt ) , or filibeg , or philabeg , using a single width of cloth worn hanging down below the belt came into use , becoming popular throughout the Highlands and northern Lowlands by 1746 , although the great kilt or belted plaid continued to be worn . The small kilt or philibeg is a development of the great kilt , being essentially the bottom half of the great kilt . A letter written by Ivan Baillie in 1768 and published in the Edinburgh Magazine in March 1785 states that the garment people would recognize as a kilt today was invented in the 1720s by Thomas Rawlinson , a Quaker from Lancashire . After the Jacobite campaign of 1715 the government opened the Highlands to outside exploitation , and Rawlinson went into partnership with Ian MacDonnell , chief of the MacDonnells of Glengarry to manufacture charcoal from the forests near Inverness and smelt iron ore there . The belted plaid worn by the Highlanders he employed was too `` cumbrous and unwieldy '' for this work , so , together with the tailor of the regiment stationed at Inverness , Rawlinson produced a kilt which consisted of the lower half of the belted plaid worn as a `` distinct garment with pleats already sewn '' . He wore it himself , as did his business partner , whose clansmen then followed suit . It has been suggested that there is evidence of Highlanders wearing only the bottom part of the belted plaid before this , possibly as early as the 1690s , but Rawlinson 's is the earliest documented example with sewn - in pleats , a distinctive feature of the kilt worn today . The tailored kilt was adopted by the Highland regiments of the British Army , and the military kilt and its formalised accessories passed into civilian usage during the early 19th century and has remained popular ever since . The earliest extant example of a tailored kilt is from 1792 ( currently in the possession of the Scottish Tartans Authority ) . Proscription and revival of the kilt ( edit ) Portrait by Henry Raeburn of Alexander Ranaldson MacDonell of Glengarry in 1812 . David Wilkie 's 1829 flattering portrait of the kilted King George IV , with lighting chosen to tone down the brightness of his kilt and his knees shown bare , without the pink tights he actually wore at the event in 1822 . A characteristic of the Highland clan system was that clansmen felt loyalty only to God , their monarch , and their Chief . The Jacobite risings demonstrated the dangers to central government of such warrior Highland clans , and as part of a series of measures the government of King George II imposed the `` Dress Act '' in 1746 , outlawing all items of Highland dress including kilts ( although an exception was made for the Highland Regiments ) with the intent of suppressing highland culture . The penalties were severe ; six months ' imprisonment for the first offense and seven years ' transportation for the second . The ban remained in effect for 35 years . Satirical caricature of European women curious about kilted Scottish soldiers , c. 1815 Thus , with the exception of the Army , the kilt went out of use in the Scottish Highlands , but during those years it became fashionable for Scottish romantics to wear kilts as a form of protest against the ban . This was an age that romanticized `` primitive '' peoples , which is how Highlanders were viewed . Most Lowlanders had viewed Highlanders with fear before 1745 , but many identified with them after their power was broken . The kilt , along with other features of Gaelic culture , had become identified with Jacobitism , and now that this had ceased to be a real danger it was viewed with romantic nostalgia . Once the ban was lifted in 1782 , Highland landowners set up Highland Societies with aims including `` Improvements '' ( which others would call the Highland clearances ) and promoting `` the general use of the ancient Highland dress '' . The Celtic Society of Edinburgh , chaired by Walter Scott , encouraged lowlanders to join this antiquarian enthusiasm . The kilt became identified with the whole of Scotland with the pageantry of the visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 , even though 9 out of 10 Scots now lived in the Lowlands . Scott and the Highland societies organised a `` gathering of the Gael '' and established entirely new Scottish traditions , including Lowlanders wearing a stylised version of the traditional garment of the Highlanders . At this time many other traditions such as clan identification by tartan were developed ( prior to this , tartans were identified with regions , not specific clans ) . After that point the kilt gathered momentum as an emblem of Scottish culture as identified by antiquarians , romantics , and others , who spent much effort praising the `` ancient '' and natural qualities of the kilt . King George IV had appeared in a spectacular kilt , and his successor Queen Victoria dressed her boys in the kilt , widening its appeal . The kilt became part of the Scottish national identity and the wider Celtic identity . Military use ( edit ) An officer of the Black Watch c. 1743 From 1624 the Independent Companies of Highlanders had worn kilts as government troops , and with their formation into the Highland regiment in 1739 their great kilt uniform was standardised with a new dark tartan . Many Jacobite rebels adopted kilts as an informal uniform , with even their English supporters wearing tartan items during the Jacobite rising of 1745 . In the aftermath of that rebellion the Government decided to form more Highland regiments for the army in order to direct the energies of Gaels , that `` hardy and intrepid race of men '' . In doing so they formed effective new army regiments to send to fight in India , North America , and other locations while lowering the possibility of rebellion at home . Army uniforms were exempt from the ban on wearing kilts in the `` Dress Act '' , and as a means of identification the regiments were given different tartans . These regiments opted for the modern kilts for dress uniforms , and while the great kilt remained as undress uniform this was phased out by the early 19th century . Men of the Queen 's Own Cameron Highlanders man a bunker at Aix , France ( 1939 ) Many Scottish units wore the kilt in combat during the First World War . In particular , the ferocious tactics of the Black Watch led to their acquiring the nickname `` Ladies from Hell '' from the German troops that faced them in the trenches . The Highland regiments of the Commonwealth armies entered the Second World War wearing the kilt , but it was rapidly recognized as impractical for modern warfare , and in the first year of the war was officially banned as combat dress . Nonetheless , individual exceptions continued , and it is believed the kilt was last widely worn in action at the evacuation of Dunkirk in May 1940 . However , on D - Day , June 1944 , Lord Lovat , commander of 1 Special Service Brigade , was accompanied by his personal piper Bill Millin , who wore a kilt -- and played the bagpipes -- while German bullets whizzed around him . The kerns of gaelic Ireland wore the long léine , or `` saffron shirt '' ( often misinterpreted as a kilt in depictions ) may have had connections with the predecessor of the modern kilt . This tradition has been continued in the pipe bands of the Republic of Ireland 's defence forces . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` kilt '' . Dictionary . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Newsome , Matthew Allen , The Early History of the Kilt , The Scottish Tartans Museum . Jump up ^ Sir John Murray MacGregor 's 1822 plaid Archived 5 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Forbes , Lord Culloden , Duncan ( 1815 ) , Culloden Papers , London : T Cadell & W Davies , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Hobsbawm & Ranger 1983 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Tartans Authority . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Lineage of the Scottish Regiments . Scottish Military History Society . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Millin , piper at the D - Day landings , died on August 17th , aged 88 '' . The Economist. 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Reconstructing History . References ( edit ) Trevor - Roper , Hugh ( 1983 ) , `` The Highland Tradition of Scotland '' , in Hobsbawm , Eric ; Ranger , Terence , The Invention of Tradition , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 15 -- 42 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 24645 - 8 . Dunbar , John Telfer ( 1962 ) , History of Highland Dress : A Definitive Study of the History of Scottish Costume and Tartan , both Civil and Military , Including Weapons : With an Appendix on Early Scottish Dyes , Edinburgh : Oliver & Boyd , ISBN 0 - 7134 - 1894 - X . External links ( edit ) Late 17th - century belted plaid `` We will remember '' , War detectives . Heroic and overlooked involvement in Dunkirk evacuation . Irish Air Corps Pipe Band , IE : Military . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_kilt&oldid=821193456 '' Categories : Scottish dress History of clothing ( Europe ) Social history of Scotland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 23 : 31 . About Wikipedia
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when was the kilt first worn in scotland
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Human rights in Argentina
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Human rights in Argentina - wikipedia Human rights in Argentina Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Argentina This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Argentina Executive ( show ) President ( List ) Mauricio Macri Vice President Gabriela Michetti Ministries Attorney General Legislative ( show ) Senate ( List ) Chamber of Deputies ( List ) Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court Council of Magistrates of the Nation Law ( show ) Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces ( Governors ) Departments Recent elections ( show ) General : 2011 2015 Legislative : 2013 2017 Political parties Foreign relations Other countries Atlas The Dirty War , a state - sponsored violence against Argentine citizenry from roughly 1976 to 1983 , was carried out primarily by Jorge Rafael Videla 's military government , ended years ago , and the human rights situation in Argentina has improved since . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Respect for the integrity of the person 2.1 Arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life 2.2 Disappearance 2.3 Torture and other cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment or punishment 2.4 Prison and detention center conditions 2.5 Arbitrary arrest or detention 2.6 Denial of fair public trial 2.7 Arbitrary interference with privacy , family , home , or correspondence 3 Civil liberties 3.1 Freedom of speech and press 3.2 Freedom of peaceful Assembly and Association 3.3 Freedom of religion 3.4 Freedom of movement within the country , foreign travel , emigration , and repatriation 4 Political rights 4.1 Elections and political participation 4.2 Government corruption and transparency 5 Governmental response to investigation of alleged human rights violations 6 Discrimination , societal abuses , and trafficking in persons 6.1 Women 6.2 Children 6.3 Human trafficking 6.4 Persons with disabilities 6.5 Indigenous people 6.6 LGBT rights 6.7 Intersex rights 7 Labor rights 7.1 Right of association 7.2 Right to organize and bargain collectively 7.3 Prohibition of forced or compulsory labor 7.4 Prohibition of child labor and minimum age for employment 7.5 Acceptable conditions of work 8 References History ( edit ) The history of human rights in Argentina is affected by the Dirty War and its aftermath . According to the Nunca Más report issued by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons ( CONADEP ) in 1984 , about 9,000 people had `` disappeared '' between 1976 and 1983 . According to a secret cable from DINA ( Chilean secret police ) in Buenos Aires , an estimate by the Argentine 601st Intelligence Battalion in mid-July 1978 , which started counting victims in 1975 , gave the figure of 22,000 persons . This estimate was first published by John Dinges in 2004 . Estimates by human rights organizations were up to 30,000 . The Montoneros admitted losing 5,000 guerrillas killed , and the ERP admitted the loss of another 5,000 of their own guerrillas killed . By comparison , Argentine security forces cite 775 deaths of their own . In contrast , there were 13,500 victims of left - wing terrorism in Argentina . There is no agreement on the actual number of detenidos - desaparecidos . In an interview with Buenos Aires daily Clarin in 2009 , Fernandez Meijide , who formed part of the 1984 truth commission , claimed that the documented number of Argentines killed or disappeared was closer to 9,000 . The Asemblea por los Derechos Humanos ( APDH or Permanent Assembly for Human Rights ) estimated the number of disappeared as 12,261 , which included `` definitive disappearances '' and PEN detainee survivors of the clandestine detention centres spread throughout Argentina . The total figure of official prisoners was 8,625 and of these PEN detainees 157 were killed after being released from detention . Between 1969 and 1979 left - wing guerrillas accounted for 3,249 kidnappings and murders . CONADEP also recorded 458 assassinations ( attributed to the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ) and about 600 forced disappearances during the period of democratic rule between 1973 and 1976 . The laws of Obediencia debida ( `` Due Obedience '' ) and Punto Final ( `` Stop '' ) known as the laws of impunity were annulled by the Supreme Court on June 14 , 2005 using the concept of crimes against humanity , after on April 19 , 2005 the Third Chamber of the Spanish National Court sentenced the naval officer , Adolfo Scilingo , for crimes against humanity , which was confirmed by the Spanish Supreme Court on October 1 , 2007 . The principle used by the sentence was ratified by the European Court of Human Rights in the case Petr Kislyiy against Estonia on January 17 , 2006 and Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling in the Case of Almonacid on September 26 , 2006 . The fact that these statements recognize the application of this concept of international law in ordinary courts is a milestone in the history of international human rights . This situation led to the opening of some trials in Cordoba , Corrientes , Tucumán and Buenos Aires and there are several on the procedural schedule . Sentences confirmed the implementation of the concept of `` crimes against humanity '' , but investigations were not adequate to international law , or have joined the investigation and prosecution procedures as consistent with the types of crimes arising from international criminal law . This affects , using ordinary criminal law standards , the type of testing needed and who may be charged . There procedural certainty is impossible to substantiate the thousands of lawsuits pending across the country and to keep the current procedure . Respect for the integrity of the person ( edit ) Arbitrary or unlawful deprivation of life ( edit ) While the government or its agents did not commit any politically motivated killings , there are reports that police committed killings involving unwarranted or excessive force . Generally , officers accused of wrongdoing are administratively suspended until completion of an investigation . Authorities investigated and in some cases detained , prosecuted , and convicted the officers involved . The nongovernmental organization ( NGO ) Coordinator Against Police Repression ( CORREPI ) reported that security forces using excessive force killed more than 200 persons each year . In January 2008 local victim advocacy organization Madres del Dolor filed a court case accusing two policemen of killing 21 - year - old Sergio Enciso in Buenos Aires Province . The case remained pending at year 's end . According to Madres del Dolor , a judge detained five police officers and the police chief of Ramos Mejia in Buenos Aires Province for the February death of 35 - year - old Gaston Duffau after an official autopsy confirmed that the victim died from multiple blows to the body and asphyxia . The police officials involved remained in pretrial detention at year 's end . There are no known developments in the case of Carlos Madrid , an off duty Buenos Aires police sergeant , who was in pretrial detention for the November 2007 killing of Daniel Ezequiel Cespedes . In July 2008 a court sentenced police officer Dario Poblete to life imprisonment for the April 2007 killing of school teacher Carlos Fuentealba during a teachers ' strike in Neuquen . In September a Jujuy provincial court sentenced one police officer to life imprisonment and another to four years in prison for the 2006 death of Saul Mendoza . The court acquitted a third officer and continued to investigate a fourth . There were no known developments in the trial of two former police officers and a civilian charged with homicide in the 2006 beating and shooting death of 15 - year - old Miguel Eduardo Cardozo . Human rights groups stated to the press that ex-police officer Marta Jorgelina Oviedo was serving her life imprisonment sentence for the 2002 killing of Andrea Viera under house arrest . In August 2008 the government , as recommended by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2003 , reopened an investigation into the 1991 killing by police forces of Walter Bulacio . The trial remained pending at year 's end . Disappearance ( edit ) In contrast with the systematic forced disappearance of persons under the military dictatorship , the situation has greatly improved and there were no reports of politically motivated disappearances in 2008 . Judicial proceedings related to killings , disappearances , and torture committed by the 1976 - 83 military dictatorship continue to this day . According to a human rights organization , the Center for Legal and Social Studies ( CELS ) , by the end of 2008 , there were 255 ongoing judicial investigations and an estimated 508 persons indicted for crimes against humanity committed during the Dirty War era . Of those indicted , 358 remained in pretrial detention . At least 14 former state security agents and their civilian allies were convicted of human rights crimes , including forced disappearances and kidnappings . A November 2008 Noticias Argentinas press report , compiling information provided by the National Prosecutor General 's Office , stated that 32 individuals had been convicted for crimes against humanity since 2003 , 371 suspects remained in pretrial detention , and 61 persons remained fugitives from justice . In March 2008 a federal court decided that crimes committed by the Argentine Anti Communism Alliance before and during the military dictatorship were crimes against humanity and therefore not subject to the statute of limitations . The press , civil society , and legal scholars express concern that the government 's efforts to pursue justice for human rights crimes committed during the military dictatorship does not include armed guerrilla groups that also were accused of committing abuses during the same time period . In January 2008 a court released the wife and two children of former naval official Hector Febres , who died of cyanide poisoning in prison while facing charges of torture . They still faced charges on suspicion that they helped Febres commit suicide . In March a federal court released two Coast Guard constables who were arrested in connection with the case . In March 2008 the National Human Rights Secretariat pressed homicide charges against former economy minister Jose Martinez de Hoz , who served under the military dictatorship , for the death of economist Juan Carlos Casariego Del Bel . In March 2008 former navy lieutenant commander Ricardo Cavallo was extradited from Spain to Argentina to face charges of crimes against humanity committed during the military dictatorship . Cavallo was indicted in July and remained in pretrial detention at year 's end . In May 2008 federal authorities indicted Ernesto Barreiro for his role in committing human rights abuses during the military dictatorship , when he served as an army officer and chief interrogator at the La Perla clandestine torture center . He remained in pretrial detention at year 's end . In April 2008 former police officers Fernando Esvedes and Carlos Vercellone were arrested for their alleged role in political kidnappings and torture in the clandestine detention center Pozo de Arana during the military dictatorship , and their trial remained pending at year 's end . In July former army chief Luciano Benjamin Menendez and former army officials Oreste Valentin Padovan , Ricardo Alberto Ramon Lardone , Carlos Alberto Diaz , and Luis Alberto Manzanelli were sentenced to life imprisonment for human rights violations committed during the military dictatorship . Former army officials Hermes Oscar Rodriguez , Jorge Exequiel Acosta , and Carlos Alberto Vega received sentences ranging from 18 to 22 years ' imprisonment . In August 2008 former army lieutenant colonel Julio Rafael Barreiro was sentenced to life imprisonment , while former captain Juan Carlos de Marchi and former colonel Horacio Losito were sentenced to 25 years ' imprisonment for their role in human rights violations during the military dictatorship . Former gendarmerie commander Raul Alfredo Reynoso was sentenced to 18 years . In August 2008 a human rights trial against former brigadier general Enrique Braulio Olea , former colonels Oscar Lorenzo Reinhold and Mario Alberto Gomez Arenas , former major Luis Alberto Farias Barrera , former military officers Jorge Eduardo Molina Ezcurra and Sergio Adolfo San Martin , and doctor Hilarion de la Paz Sosa began in Neuquen Province . The former military officials were accused of 17 counts of crimes against humanity committed during the military dictatorship . In September 2008 a federal judge resumed an investigation into the 1973 killing of General Labor Confederation leader Jose Ignacio Rucci , in which the armed guerrilla group , the Montoneros , was believed to have been involved . In October 2008 federal authorities indicted former National University Concentration chief Eduardo Cincotta , former member Nicolas Cafarello , three former air force officials , and former army colonel Roberto Atilio Bocalandro for human rights crimes committed in the clandestine detention center La Cueva in Mar del Plata . They remained in pretrial detention at year 's end . In October 2008 former army officials Alberto Barda , Hipolito Mariani , and Cesar Comes received sentences ranging from 25 years ' to life imprisonment for human rights violations committed in the clandestine detention centers of Mansion Sere and La Cueva . In December the Court of Criminal Appeals ordered that 21 military officials accused of human rights violations during the military dictatorship be freed on bail , including two of the most notorious suspects , ex-naval captains Alfredo Astiz and Jorge Acosta . The three - judge panel noted that the men had spent more than five years in detention without a trial , far in excess of the two - year legal limit for pretrial detention . The prosecutors , CELS , and the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo subsequently appealed the decision , and the officers remained in detention pending a Supreme Court decision . The government sought to impeach the judges who ordered the release . There were no developments in the 2006 missing persons case of Jorge Julio Lopez , a key witness in the case against Miguel Etchecolatz , former commissioner general of the Buenos Aires Province police . Judicial authorities continued to investigate cases of kidnapping and illegal adoption by members of the former military dictatorship of children born to detained dissidents . At year 's end , 96 of an estimated 500 persons born to detained and disappeared dissidents and illegally adopted had been identified and made aware of their true backgrounds . In April 2008 a court sentenced a military official to 10 years in prison for his role in facilitating the illegal adoption of Maria Eugenia Sampallo Barragan , the daughter of political dissidents killed during the military dictatorship . This was the first case of its kind , and Sampallo 's adoptive parents were sentenced to seven and eight years ' imprisonment . Torture and other Cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment or punishment ( edit ) Although the law prohibits such practices and provides penalties for torture similar to those for homicide , there are reports that some police and prison guards continue to employ torture and brutality . CELS reported police brutality and occasional alleged torture of suspects , particularly during prison transfers . While the government has investigated such reports , there were few convictions . In 2008 , according to CELS , a prison detainee in the Olmos , Buenos Aires , provincial prison asserted he had received knife injuries from a senior prison official in the presence of another prison official . A detainee in the Sierra Chica Prison in Buenos Aires Province filed a complaint for being subjected to solitary confinement for 45 days with no clothes or food . A 17 - year - old minor also filed a complaint alleging that police agents in a police station in Hurlingham , Buenos Aires Province , subjected him to electrical shocks . Two lower ranking navy officials and a civilian remained in pretrial detention for the 2006 kidnapping , beating , torture , and killing of 15 - year - old Lucas Ivarrola , were accused of stealing a television set . A trial date had not been set by year 's end . Prison and detention center conditions ( edit ) The country 's prisons remain in inhumane conditions , and prisoners often spend years in jail before trial . Police are still abusing this power , hitting and sometimes torturing people in police stations , and even been some instances of new desaparecidos ( `` disappeared '' ) . Prison conditions often are poor and life - threatening ; in many facilities , extreme overcrowding , poor nutrition , inadequate medical and psychological treatment , inadequate sanitation , limited family visits , and frequent inhuman and degrading treatment are common , according to various reports by human rights organizations and research centers . The research center Unidos por la Justicia estimated prison overcrowding at 20 percent nationwide , while credible press reports estimated prison overcrowding in Buenos Aires Province exceeded 25 percent . The Buenos Aires Provincial Memory Commission 's Committee Against Torture reported that , during the first 11 months of the year in Buenos Aires provincial prisons , there were 86 prisoner deaths and 5,169 violent incidents , resulting in injuries to 4,800 prisoners . According to an earlier report from the committee covering the first half of the year , authorities repressed violent incidents with rubber bullets and sticks on 564 occasions . The committee attributed the violence to inmate attacks on fellow prisoners and on prison officials . The committee also criticized the provincial prison health - care system . In April 2008 federal criminal prosecutor Francisco Mugnolo filed a case with the Supreme Court arguing that inadequate federal control over federal prisons resulted in human rights violations and torture of some prisoners . He also released a report claiming that 63 percent of federal prisoners in the second half of 2007 had experienced physical aggression . Also in April , Alfredo Emiliano Fleitas , a prisoner in Villa Devoto Prison , petitioned the courts for a writ of habeas corpus after having been beaten by prison guards in February during a transfer to Ezeiza Prison . Fleitas was hospitalized as a result of his injuries and underwent surgery to restore his vision . In August 2008 the Buenos Aires Provincial Supreme Court ordered the Provincial Criminal Court of Appeals to decide a collective habeas corpus case filed by CELS on behalf of provincial prisoners who were subject to mistreatment and violence during prison transfers . While women were held separately from men , the law permits children to stay in prison with their mothers until age four . Press reports estimated that 86 children under the age of four lived with their mothers in federal prisons , with an additional 75 in Buenos Aires provincial prisons . In general men 's prisons were more violent , dangerous , and crowded than the women 's prisons . Overcrowding in juvenile facilities often resulted in minors being held in police station facilities , although separate from adult detainees . According to a 2007 UN Children 's Fund and National Secretariat for Human Rights report , these institutions held approximately 20,000 children , 20 percent of whom were under age 16 . The overwhelming majority had not committed a crime ; rather , they were abandoned by their families or considered `` at risk '' for other reasons . Pretrial detainees often were held with convicted prisoners . CELS estimated that 53 percent of those in federal prison were awaiting trial . In November 2008 the Buenos Aires Provincial Court initiated trial proceedings in the case against Buenos Aires Magdalena Provincial Prison Director Carlos Tejeda and 15 prison guards and officials accused of abandoning prisoners in a 2005 fire that killed 33 prisoners . The government permitted prison visits by local and international human rights observers , and such visits have been taking place . Arbitrary arrest or detention ( edit ) The law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention , and the government generally observes these prohibitions ; however , police reportedly arrests and detains citizens arbitrarily on occasion . The federal police have jurisdiction for maintaining law and order in the federal capital and for federal crimes in the provinces . Other federal police authorities include the Airport Security Police , the Gendarmerie , the Coast Guard , and the Bureau of Prisons . Additionally , each province has its own police force that responds to a provincial security ministry or secretariat . Individual forces vary considerably in their effectiveness and respect for human rights . Corruption is widespread in some forces , and internal controls to counter police abuses are often weak . The most frequent abuses include extortion of , and protection for , those involved in drug trafficking , prostitution , and trafficking in persons . The federal security forces have the authority to conduct internal investigations into alleged abuses and to fire individuals who have allegedly committed a human rights violation . The federal government can also file complaints with the federal courts ; provincial governments may do the same for provincial security forces . Members of security forces convicted of a crime were subject to stiff penalties . In 2008 , authorities in Buenos Aires Province removed more than 700 police officers for corruption and other offenses . Police may detain suspects for up to 10 hours without an arrest warrant if the authorities have a well - founded belief that the suspects have committed , or are about to commit , a crime or are unable to determine the suspected person 's identity . Human rights groups report that the police often detains suspects longer than 10 hours . The law provides a person in detention with the right to a prompt determination of the legality of the detention , which entails appearance before a criminal lower court judge , who determines whether to proceed with an investigation . There are frequent delays in this process and in informing detainees of the charges against them . The law provides for the right to bail , except in cases involving narcotics , violent crimes , and firearms violations . Although the bail system was used , civil rights groups claimed that judges were more likely to order the holding of indicted suspects in preventive or pretrial detention than to allow suspects to remain free pending their trial . In November 2008 the highest penal court broadly ruled that pretrial detention should be the exception to the rule , except in cases where a suspect represents a flight risk or may act to obstruct justice . Detainees are allowed prompt access to counsel , and public defenders were provided for detainees unable to afford counsel , although such access sometimes was delayed due to an overburdened system . Strong demand and a lack of resources for the Public Defender 's Office results in an excessive caseload for public defense attorneys . Although there are no official statistics on the percentage of detainees requesting public defense attorneys , human rights organizations estimated that 80 percent requested public defense attorneys . Detainees also were allowed access to family members , although not always promptly . The law provides for investigative detention of up to two years for indicted persons awaiting or undergoing trial ; the period may be extended for one year in limited situations . The slow pace of the justice system often resulted in lengthy detentions beyond the period stipulated by law . CELS reported that prisoners waited an average of three years to be tried , with some cases taking as long as six years to go to trial . A convicted prisoner usually received credit for time already served . In 2008 , in Buenos Aires Province , provisional statistics from CELS indicated that nearly 75 percent of detainees were in pretrial detention , while the Buenos Aires Provincial Memory Commission Committee Against Torture reported that 78 percent of the approximately 26,000 detainees in provincial prisons were awaiting trial . According to several human rights organizations , 30 percent of pretrial detainees were eventually acquitted . According to the Memory Commission 's committee , there were approximately 6,500 complaints of human rights violations against juvenile detainees in provincial prisons and juvenile detention facilities , the majority of which were pending investigation . In July 2008 the Buenos Aires Provincial Supreme Court inaugurated an ad hoc juvenile justice system , which operated in eight out of 18 provincial districts . It provides minors age 16 to 18 the same procedural rights as adults and limits sentences to 180 days in prison . In August 2008 the minister of justice announced that he had instructed police forces to conform standard operating procedures for arresting minors to international standards ; however , by year 's end , there was no information on application of procedures . Denial of fair public trial ( edit ) The law provides for the right to a fair trial , and the judiciary generally enforced this right . However , there are complaints that some lower court federal judges , provincial judges , and judicial personnel were inefficient and at times subject to political manipulation . Justice organizations are particularly critical of the lack of independence of lower court judges with federal jurisdiction in many provinces . The judicial system is hampered by inordinate delays , procedural logjams , changes of judges , inadequate administrative support , and general inefficiency caused by remnants of the inquisitorial criminal justice system used in federal and many provincial courts . Judges have broad discretion as to whether and how to pursue investigations , contributing to a public perception that many decisions were arbitrary . Allegations of corruption in provincial courts as well as federal courts located in the provinces were more frequent than federal courts with jurisdiction over the city and province of Buenos Aires , reflecting strong connections between the executive and judicial branches at the provincial level . In May 2008 the Congress passed a law establishing a process to appoint temporary judges in response to a 2007 Supreme Court order . However , legal scholars expressed concern that the law encourages delays in the selection of permanent judges and increases the executive branch 's authority to appoint temporary judges without public vetting . At year 's end , there were 160 vacant judgeships nationwide . There were some criticisms in the press that interim judges were subject to political manipulation due to the temporary nature of their position . The judicial system is divided into federal and provincial courts , both headed by a supreme court with appellate courts and district courts below it . The federal courts are divided between the criminal and civil courts . In August 2008 the Congress voted to abolish the military justice system , thus making members of the military subject to civil proceedings for crimes committed during peacetime and to a new military disciplinary code for infractions of military rules . Trials are public , and defendants have the right to legal counsel and to call defense witnesses in the federal and some provincial courts that have an accusatory system of criminal justice . If needed , a public defender is provided at public expense when defendants face serious criminal charges . During the investigative stage , defendants can submit questions in writing to the investigating judge . A panel of judges decides guilt or innocence . Federal and provincial courts continued the transition to trials with oral arguments in criminal cases , replacing the old system of written submissions . Although the 1994 constitution provides for trial by jury , implementing legislation had not been passed by year 's end . In Cordoba Province , however , defendants accused of certain serious crimes have the right to a trial by jury . Lengthy delays in trials are a nationwide problem , with many cases taking five or more years to resolve . Defendants are presumed innocent and have the right to appeal , as do prosecutors . Minors under age 16 can not be criminally prosecuted . By law defendants and attorneys have access to government held evidence , but they may experience significant obstacles or delays in obtaining such evidence . In 2008 , the human rights organization Fundacion Sur noted that the country lacked a separate juvenile justice system that affords adolescents due process protections and the right to a legal defense in criminal cases and expressed concern that the broad discretion judges have in such cases increased the possibility of arbitrary rulings . The age of legal liability is 16 , and Fundacion Sur asserted that 16 - and 17 - year - old offenders frequently were transferred to adult criminal courts or held in juvenile detention centers for longer periods than warranted by their offenses . A December 2008 Supreme Court decision found that the country 's juvenile justice system did not comply with international conventions and highlighted the need for the legislative branch to remedy the situation . There were no reports of political prisoners or detainees . There is an independent and impartial judiciary in civil matters , and anyone may bring lawsuits seeking damages or the protection of rights provided by the constitution . Government agencies , professional bar associations , universities , and NGOs provide free legal counseling and may represent indigent persons before civil courts as well as assist them in alternative dispute resolution proceedings . Arbitrary interference with Privacy , family , home , or correspondence ( edit ) The constitution prohibits such actions , and the government generally respected these prohibitions in practice . Civil liberties ( edit ) Freedom of speech and press ( edit ) The constitution provides for freedom of speech and of the press , and the government generally respected these rights in practice . Individuals can criticize the government publicly or privately , but there are criminal penalties , including prison sentences , for libel and slander , and government officials have sought to use these against the political opposition and other critics . The government pressed criminal libel and slander charges against Elisa Carrio , head of the opposition Civic Coalition party , for accusing officials in 2004 of corruption . In September 2008 Carrio won a civil case brought by the son of a deceased Peronist leader whom she accused of being involved in official corruption , murder , and drug trafficking ; it was the second such case she had won . In December 2008 security forces arrested 26 `` neo-Nazis , '' including four minors , on discrimination charges for conducting a ceremony to commemorate the death of World War II German naval captain Hans Langsdorff . All individuals subsequently were released but still faced discrimination charges . The independent media arenumerous and active and expressed a wide variety of views without restriction . Numerous FM radio stations continue to broadcast with temporary licenses pending conclusion of a licensing normalization process . In August 2008 AM radio signal Radio Continental , which had been critical of the government , filed a complaint before the Federal Broadcasting Committee ( COMFER ) for its decision to suspend its FM broadcast . Although the complaint was not resolved by year 's end , COMFER did not enforce its decision , and the station continued to broadcast on the FM frequency . In August 2008 the Association for Civil Rights and the Open Society Justice Initiative published a report alleging that the government 's allocation of state advertising funds affected press freedom . The report claimed that the government abused the distribution of state advertising to benefit or punish the press according to the tone of their coverage of the administration . This assessment coincided with press reports and comments made in private by media organization leaders . According to the Association for Civil Rights , the Neuquen provincial government had not complied by the end of 2008 with a 2007 Supreme Court order to present an official advertising distribution plan that would not indirectly curtail freedom of speech . The 2006 lawsuit lodged by the country 's second largest media company , Grupo Editorial Perfil , against the federal government 's use of government advertising as a means of indirect censorship remained pending at year 's end . Journalist Sergio Poma died in January 2008 while awaiting appeal of a September 2007 Salta provincial court decision that sentenced him to a one - year suspended prison term and barred him from practicing journalism for one year for slandering the former governor of Salta . In November 2008 labor activists from the teamsters union , led by Hugo Moyano , vice president of the ruling Peronist Party and leader of the General Labor Confederation ( CGT ) , blocked a newspaper distribution center jointly run by the country 's two leading newspapers , Clarin and La Nacion . The union maintained that the protest was technically for better wage and working conditions for the teamsters that drive newspaper distribution trucks . However , media organizations and the opposition criticized the government failure to break up the blockade and called it a direct attack on press freedom ; the two newspapers filed criminal charges against the perpetrators . There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or reports that the government monitored e mail or Internet chat rooms . Individuals and groups can engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet , including by e mail . According to the government 's National Statistics and Census Institute , there are more than three million residential Internet users . There are no government restrictions on academic freedom or cultural events . Freedom of peaceful assembly and association ( edit ) The constitution provides for freedom of assembly and association , and the government generally respects these rights in practice . Freedom of religion ( edit ) The constitution provides for freedom of religion , and the government generally respected this right in practice . The constitution also states that the federal government `` sustains the apostolic Roman Catholic faith , '' and the government provided the Catholic Church with a variety of subsidies not available to other religious groups . Other religious faiths were practiced freely . In order to hold public worship services , obtain visas for foreign missionaries , and obtain tax exempt status , religious organizations must register with the Secretariat of Worship in the Ministry of Foreign Relations , International Trade , and Worship and report periodically to maintain their status . Acts of discrimination and vandalism against religious minorities , particularly the 300,000 member Jewish community , continued . During the year , the Delegation of Israeli Argentine Associations ( DAIA ) received approximately 202 complaints of anti Semitic acts . The most commonly reported incidents were desecration of Jewish cemeteries , anti Semitic graffiti , verbal slurs , and other forms of harassment . In August 2008 Raul Arenas Vega was sentenced to nine months ' imprisonment for the 2006 beating of an Orthodox Jewish teenager in Buenos Aires . The investigation continued into the 1994 bombing of the Argentine Jewish Mutual Aid Association ( AMIA ) building in Buenos Aires that killed 85 persons . In May 2008 a federal prosecutor called for the indictment of former President Carlos Menem , former federal judge Juan Galeano , and others for their alleged role in covering up and protecting those involved in the attack . Subsequently , the presiding federal judge , following recommendations from the AMIA Special Prosecutor , issued an international request for the seizure of assets belonging to eight Iranians and Hezbollah to cover damages being claimed by the civil suit brought against the perpetrators . In December the judge ordered the seizure of six commercial properties allegedly belonging to a former Iranian cultural attache who was among those accused of aiding in the attack . There are still no developments in DAIA 's case against activists from the left wing group Quebracho that prevented Jewish community groups from demonstrating in front of the Iranian Embassy in 2006 . The government continues to support a public dialogue to highlight past discrimination and to encourage improved religious tolerance . Freedom of movement within the country , foreign travel , emigration , and repatriation ( edit ) The constitution provides for freedom of movement within the country , foreign travel , emigration , and repatriation , and the government generally respected these rights in practice . The government cooperates with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and other humanitarian organizations in providing protection and assistance to refugees , asylum seekers , and other persons of concern . The law prohibits forced exile , and the government did not exile anyone . The law provides for the granting of asylum or refugee status in accordance with the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 protocol , and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees . The government granted refugee status or asylum . The law allows the government to provide temporary protection for humanitarian reasons , including family reunification , to individuals who may not qualify as refugees under the 1951 convention and the 1967 protocol . According to the government 's Refugee Eligibility Committee , in the first 11 months of 2008 , 745 persons sought asylum , and the government granted refugee status to 89 persons . The government continues to cooperate with the UNHCR to resettle at risk Colombian refugees . According to the UNHCR , the country also resettled 39 Colombians in the first six months of the year . In practice the government provides protection against the expulsion or return of refugees to countries where their lives or freedom would be threatened . The government grants refugee status and temporary protection for humanitarian reasons . Political rights ( edit ) Elections and political participation ( edit ) The law provides citizens the right to change their government peacefully , and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic , free , and fair elections based on universal suffrage . National presidential and legislative elections took place in October 2007 . At the national level , one half of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies and one third of those in the Senate were contested . The media , the Ministry of Justice , and various NGOs observed the elections and judged them free and fair , although several opposition parties filed a complaint alleging that ballots listing opposition candidates were not available at voting stations in some provinces . Provincial elections in Santiago del Estero Province took place in orderly fashion in November . Political parties generally operated without restriction . Decrees provide that one third of the members of both houses of congress must be women , a goal achieved through balanced election slates . There were 28 women in the 72 seat Senate and 103 women in the 256 seat Chamber of Deputies . The president , two of the seven Supreme Court justices , and four cabinet ministers were women . Women constituted approximately 17 percent of top executive - branch positions at the federal level . One indigenous person served in the Chamber of Deputies . There were no other known ethnic or racial minorities in the national legislature . There were no known indigenous , ethnic , or racial minorities in the cabinet or on the Supreme Court . Government corruption and transparency ( edit ) See also : Corruption in Argentina The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption ; however , there were frequent press reports that executive officials engaged in corrupt practices , suggesting a failure to implement the law effectively . According to the World Bank 's worldwide governance indicators , government corruption is a serious problem . Historically weak institutions and an often ineffective and politicized judicial system make rooting out corruption in any systemic fashion difficult . Public officials are subject to financial disclosure laws , and the Ministry of Justice 's Anti Corruption Office ( ACO ) is responsible for analyzing and investigating federal executive branch officials based on their financial disclosure forms . The ACO also is responsible for investigating corruption within the federal executive branch or in matters involving federal funds , except for funds transferred to the provinces . Although nominally a part of the judicial branch , the ACO does not have authority to prosecute cases independently , but it can refer cases to other agencies or serve as the plaintiff and request a judge to initiate a case . Individual judges investigated most high - profile corruption cases , but prosecutions were not expected in a number of such cases that began in 2007 . The minister of defense dismissed 31 senior officers and officials in August 2008 and another 13 in September 2008 following investigations into corrupt practices , and in September the army chief of staff resigned following his indictment over the illegal diversion of public funds in 2002 in another command . Judicial authorities were pursuing the investigations with the ministry 's support . According to press reports , the minister of health continued to push for greater transparency in the procurement of pharmaceuticals by the agency responsible for providing medicines to senior citizens following allegations of price fixing and overcharging by suppliers , many of whom were also reportedly prominent campaign contributors in 2007 . In November 2008 the agency head resigned at the government 's request . In December 2008 a foreign plea agreement by the German corporation Siemens identified by their initials and titles several high level officials in former governments as having accepted multimillion - dollar bribes in the controversial procurement of a national identification card system . Investigations conducted by the NGO Poder Ciudadano in June and the National Electoral Court in September 2008 cited irregularities in the campaign finance reports of the 2007 presidential candidates . Their findings concluded that some candidates underreported their official campaign expenses , particularly regarding advertising costs ; others overreported their expenses ; and some received anonymous donations , which is prohibited by law . Poder Ciudadano 's report also alleged that public resources were used to promote President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner 's campaign . An executive decree provides for public access to government information from executive agencies , which are required to answer requests for public information within 10 working days , with a possible 10 - day extension . The capacity to comply with this requirement , however , varies across executive agencies . Poder Ciudadano estimates that executive branch agencies answered such requests within the required timeframe approximately 70 percent of the time . The NGO notes that politically sensitive requests , such as the operational costs of the presidency , often were delayed or went unanswered . Governmental response to investigation of alleged human rights violations ( edit ) A wide variety of domestic and international human rights groups generally operates without government restriction , investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases . Government officials usually are cooperative and generally responsive to their views . While the government cooperates with some international and local NGOs , the local chapter of a well - known international organization expressed concern in 2008 that , despite repeated requests , the government did not provide information under a freedom of information decree . The government has a Human Rights Secretariat and a National Ombudsman 's Office . Discrimination , societal abuses , and trafficking in persons ( edit ) The law prohibits discrimination based on race , gender , disability , language , or social status , and the government generally enforced these prohibitions in practice . Women ( edit ) Main article : Women 's rights in Argentina Working woman in San Rafael , Mendoza , Argentina In 1985 , Argentina ratified the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) . Despite this , women are the constant target of aggressive machism . Domestical violence including marital rape , widespread pornography and teenaged female prostitution as well as political underrepresentation are effects of the Argentinian machist patriarchy . Domestic violence in Argentina against women is a serious problem . Rape , including spousal rape , is a crime , but the need for proof , either in the form of clear physical injury or the testimony of a witness , often presented difficulties in prosecuting such crimes . In August 2008 Amnesty International reported that a woman died every two days as a result of domestic violence . According to press reports quoting the Buenos Aires Provincial Ministry of Security statistics , 52,351 complaints of domestic abuse were filed at the Women 's Police Stations in Buenos Aires Province in the first 10 months of the year . Trafficking of women to and within the country for prostitution is a problem . Children ( edit ) Although the government voices strong commitment to children 's rights and welfare , many programs remain underfunded . In September 2008 the Congress passed a law that maintained the 40 - day timeframe in which parents can register the birth of their children but reduced from six years to 20 days the time thereafter for the state to register the births if parents failed to do so . For a birth occurring without medical assistance or outside a medical center , the government may authorize late registration up until one year after the birth ; thereafter , only judges may order birth registrations . While the law provides for free and compulsory education for 13 years , beginning at age five , it has not been enforced effectively . The governor of Buenos Aires estimates that there were approximately 400,000 children who neither worked nor attended school in Buenos Aires Province alone . Child abuse continues to occur and is not uncommon ; for example , a University of Buenos Aires study released in August 2008 noted that 56 kindergartens and primary schools in Buenos Aires Province had detected 1,590 cases of family violence in the previous year . The government does however take some measures to combat child abuse . The National Council for Children , Adolescents , and the Family continues to conduct public awareness campaigns and operates a national hot line , which children use to call for advice , make complaints , and report instances of abuse or other rights violations . Prosecutors and police pursue cases of Internet child pornography . In June 2008 the Congress passed a law criminalizing child pornography ; however , the law does not penalize possession by individuals for personal use . The press and local NGOs reported that children were involved in sexual exploitation , sex tourism , and drug trafficking . Drawing on police statistics , the press estimates that approximately 5,000 children are recruited every year for pornography activities and sex tourism . According to credible local press reports , dozens of child victims of violence from poor families are lodged in juvenile detention centers under judicial protection orders . City government observers are barred from visiting the centers . Local NGO Fundacion Sur express concern that the children may be subject to inhumane conditions and submitted a writ of habeas corpus in 2008 asking the courts to release the children and investigate the 2007 cases of two adolescents who allegedly committed suicide in separate incidents after having been raped while in detention . In December 2008 the Supreme Court rejected the petition but acknowledged the need to pass legislation to bring the juvenile justice system into compliance with international norms . In December 2008 the newspaper La Nacion reported that a local NGO estimated that 3,000 children under five years of age died from malnourishment in 2008 , down one - third since 2003 . Human trafficking ( edit ) Main article : Marita Veron See also : Human trafficking in Argentina In April 2008 the Congress passed a law criminalizing trafficking in persons , largely due to the Marita Veron case . The country is still a source , transit point , and destination for trafficked persons . Trafficking in persons primarily involves citizens trafficked within the country for the purposes of sexual and labor exploitation . They were trafficked mostly from the northern provinces to the central provinces and Buenos Aires and from Buenos Aires to several southern provinces . To a lesser degree , the country is a destination for victims , principally women and minors from Paraguay , the Dominican Republic , Bolivia , and Brazil . While there are no official reports on the activities of traffickers , the media reports that traffickers often present themselves as employment agencies or as individual recruiters . Credible sources also identify large organized crime networks , which sometimes consisted of extended families plus their business associates , including recruiters and brothel managers . Traffickers confiscated travel documents to prevent victims from appealing to authorities for protection . Victims , particularly women and girls in prostitution , at times are denied contact with the outside world . Victims often are threatened or beaten . Traffickers can be prosecuted under the new federal law , which provides penalties for trafficking ranging from three to 15 years in prison , depending on the nature of the violation and the age of the victim . Traffickers have been prosecuted on charges of prostitution through fraud , intimidation , and coercion or , in the case of minors , alien smuggling , indentured servitude , and similar abuses . Trafficking investigations and arrests increased in 2008 . According to Ministry of Justice statistics , internal security agencies conducted 118 raids , arrested 120 persons suspected of human trafficking , and rescued 133 victims in the six - month period after the law took effect in late April . However , only 33 of those arrested remained in detention as of November . Official statistics on the number of prosecutions and convictions for trafficking during the year were unavailable . The Ministry of Justice was the lead agency for coordinating antitrafficking efforts with internal security agencies . There are no allegations of federal government official involvement in trafficking . However , there are reports of widespread corruption and collusion with traffickers at provincial and local levels , which impeded prosecution . There are some efforts to investigate and prosecute local police and officials suspected of involvement in human trafficking . There are no developments in the investigation of local police and official involvement in a 2006 case where women were forced into prostitution in Chubut Province . Press reports indicated that the two former police officers , who were charged in 2006 , were reassigned without facing disciplinary actions . In March , 14 women were rescued from forced prostitution in brothels that continued to operate in the area . In December 2008 a federal judge summoned the police commissioner , his deputy , and three other police officials for deposition as part of an investigation into alleged police protection of a ring of brothels suspected of human trafficking in the Mataderos neighborhood of Buenos Aies . In the same case , a woman running the brothel was indicted as an accessory to human trafficking , and her sister was also under investigation at year 's end . Trafficking victims normally are not detained , jailed , or deported . The Ministry of Justice 's training seminars for internal security forces included a component emphasizing that they not blame trafficking victims for illegal activities they may have become involved in as a consequence of their exploitation . Limited victims ' assistance is provided by the Ministry of Justice 's First Responder Office for the Rescue and Immediate Assistance of Trafficking Victims . It refers minor and adult victims rescued in the city or province of Buenos Aires to the Ministry of Social Development 's Secretariat for Children , Adolescents , and the Family , which then may direct victims to existing social and medical assistance programs . Victims in other provinces usually were assisted by the relevant human rights secretariat . The Prosecutor General 's Office of Victim 's Assistance continues to provide assistance on an as - needed basis . Although it does not operate victim shelters dedicated to trafficking , the government funds one NGO to operate a victim 's shelter . Some victims qualified for federal government assistance , but most provincial officials are not trained to identify or help victims of trafficking specifically . The International Organization for Migration assists with repatriation and reintegration of foreign victims of trafficking . Persons with disabilities ( edit ) The constitution and laws prohibit discrimination against people with physical or mental disabilities in employment , education , access to health care , or the provision of other state services , but the government does not effectively enforce these laws . A specific law also mandates access to buildings for persons with disabilities ; however , the government does not effectively enforce it . Laws mandating greater access to buses and trains for persons with disabilities also are not enforced fully . In March 2008 a federal court ordered the Buenos Aires subway operator Metrovias to make subway stations handicapped accessible . According to the Association for Civil Rights , only 12 of 73 subway stations were handicapped accessible . According to the National Institute Against Discrimination , Xenophobia and Racism ( INADI ) , an estimated 20,000 children with disabilities were unable to attend school in Buenos Aires City in 2008 because the buildings were not handicapped accessible . In March 2008 the Buenos Aires City Ombudsman pressed charges against eight long distance bus companies for failing to provide free bus tickets to persons with disabilities , as required by decree . Thereafter , INADI established a permanent office at the main bus terminal in Buenos Aires City and maintained a presence at many train and bus stations throughout the city on a rotational basis . A 2007 study by CELS and international NGO Mental Disability Rights International reported that 25,000 persons were detained in psychiatric institutions , more than 80 percent for more than a year . The report documented egregious cases of abuse and neglect in psychiatric institutions , including patients burned to death in isolation cells , the use of sensory deprivation in long - term isolation , and physical and sexual violence . The report also detailed dangerous and unhygienic conditions , including the lack of running water , nonfunctioning sewer systems , and fire and safety hazards . The National Advisory Committee for the Integration of People with Disabilities , under the National Council for Coordination of Social Policies , has formal responsibility for actions to accommodate persons with disabilities . Indigenous people ( edit ) The constitution recognizes the ethnic and cultural identities of indigenous people and states that the Congress shall protect their right to bilingual education , recognize their communities and the communal ownership of their ancestral lands , and allow for their participation in the management of their natural resources . In practice indigenous people do not fully participate in the management of their lands or natural resources , in part because responsibility for implementing the law is delegated to the 23 provinces , only 11 of which have constitutions recognizing indigenous rights . Although there is no formal process to recognize indigenous tribes or determine who is an indigenous person , indigenous communities can register with the provincial or federal government as a civic association . Estimates of the indigenous population ranged from 700,000 to 1.5 million . Poverty rates are higher than average in areas with large indigenous populations . Indigenous people have greater than average rates of illiteracy , chronic disease , and unemployment . The lack of trained teachers hampers government efforts to offer bilingual education opportunities to indigenous people . According to indigenous rights experts , 75 percent of disputed territory in Jujuy , which had been the subject of court orders in 2006 and 2007 , was either returned to indigenous communities or in the titling process by the end of 2008 . In October 2008 the Supreme Court overruled a Salta provincial court decision to turn down an appeal by the Eben Ezer indigenous community , which asked the provincial court to issue an injunction preventing the sale of provincial land previously considered a natural reserve . The Supreme Court indicated that the provincial court 's decision violated the constitution and instructed the provincial court to take into consideration the rights of indigenous people to use the resources found on ancestral lands . In December 2008 , in response to a lawsuit filed by 18 indigenous communities , the Supreme Court ordered Salta Province to suspend plans to cut approximately 2 million acres ( 8,100 km ) of forest , pending the outcome of a further hearing . According to a Minority Rights Group International report from 2008 , many provinces evicted indigenous communities from ancestral lands to sell the land to multinational companies , particularly for petroleum , mining , soy industries , and tourism development . In December 2008 , after protesters from the Mapuche community staged a roadblock , the Chubut Provincial Supreme Court suspended a lower court order evicting a Mapuche family from land they had occupied since 1940 . The protesters expressed concern that Chubut Province would evict more indigenous families to provide concessions to mining companies . The land dispute between the Mbya Guaraní community and La Plata National University over claims to territory in Misiones Province is still without resolution . The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ( IACHR ) continues to evaluate a petition presented by the Lhaka Honhat indigenous association regarding the national government 's failure to implement a titling policy that would return their traditional land . The Lhaka Honhat association sent a letter to the IACHR in September 2008 asking for greater involvement and a timely resolution to the case . In October 2008 three Mapuche families occupied land in the National Park of Nahuel Huapi in Neuquen Province in an attempt to obtain 123,000 acres ( 500 km ) for other Mapuche communities . Park officials indicated that they already coexisted with five Mapuche communities in the area . Also in October 2008 the first indigenous radio station , the Indigenous Voice , began broadcasting programs aimed at indigenous communities in Salta Province . Lgbt rights ( edit ) Main articles : LGBT rights in Argentina and Transgender rights in Argentina During 2008 , INADI received 82 complaints of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity , 38 of which were resolved rapidly . In July 2008 authorities arrested Sergio Alfredo Nunez , Silvio Elias Soria , and Cesar Javier Ulivarri in connection with the 2006 killing of transgender activist Pelusa Liendro , who was found stabbed in her car 10 days after the broadcast of an undercover videotape she and other activists made of police harassment and abuse of transgender persons in Salta Province . Nunez and Soria remained in pretrial detention at year 's end . The court stayed legal proceedings against Rodolfo Aguilares and two other individuals . In August 2008 the National Social Security Administration granted widowed homosexual partners the rights to inherit their partner 's pension . Eligible partners must demonstrate that they lived with their partner for at least five years . INADI received 62 discrimination complaints on the basis of HIV positive status , 34 of which were resolved rapidly . The law prohibits termination of employment of HIV positive employees . Intersex rights ( edit ) Main article : Intersex rights in Argentina Intersex people in Argentina have no recognition of their rights to physical integrity and bodily autonomy , and no specific protections from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics . Cases also exist of children being denied access to birth certificates without their parents being pressured into consenting to medical interventions . Labor rights ( edit ) Right of association ( edit ) The law provides all workers , with the exception of military personnel , the right to form and join `` free and democratic labor unions , recognized by simple inscription in a special register , '' and workers exercised this right . An estimated 35 to 40 percent of the workforce was organized . The Argentine Workers Central ( CTA ) and other labor groups not affiliated with the CGT contends that the Trade Unions Law provision for the legal recognition of only one union per sector conflicts with the International Labor Organization 's ( ILO ) Convention 87 and prevents the CTA from obtaining full legal standing . In November 2008 the Supreme Court declared Article 41 of the Trade Unions Law unconstitutional and upheld the right of a workers ' union lacking official legal recognition to elect its own delegates . In addition the ruling asserted that the Ministry of Labor 's discretion in awarding official union recognition violates international treaties . The IACHR continues to review the CTA 's 2004 petition to this day . Unions have the right to strike , although those representing civil servants and workers in essential services are subject to the condition that undefined `` minimum services '' are rendered . In some cases `` minimum services '' have already been incorporated in union bargaining agreements , but since the law does not define `` minimum services , '' civil servants and workers in essential services have the right to strike only after a compulsory 15 - day conciliation process . Once that term expires , civil servants and workers in essential services must give five days ' notice to the administrative authority and the public agency that they intend to strike . All parties then negotiate which minimum services will continue to be provided and a schedule for their provision . The public agency , in turn , must provide two days ' notice to users about the intended strike . Other workers exercised the right to strike by conducting legal strikes . Right to organize and bargain collectively ( edit ) The law provides unions with the right to negotiate collective bargaining agreements and to have recourse to conciliation and arbitration . The Ministry of Labor , Employment , and Social Security ratifies collective bargaining agreements , which covers roughly 75 percent of the formally employed workforce . According to the ILO , the ratification process impedes free collective bargaining because the ministry considered not only whether a collective labor agreement contained clauses violating public order standards but also whether the agreement complied with productivity , investment , technology , and vocational training criteria . However , there are no known cases of government refusal to approve any collective agreements under these criteria . There are no special laws or exemptions from regular labor laws in the three functioning export processing zones . Prohibition of forced or compulsory labor ( edit ) While the law prohibits forced or compulsory labor , including by children , there were isolated reports that such practices occurred . In April police rescued 30 Bolivians , including children , who were working under exploitative conditions at a poultry farm in Capilla del Senor , Buenos Aires Province . In August 2008 the press reported that children and other workers were working in exploitative conditions at other farms owned by the same company . The provincial ministry of labor fined the company 364,000 pesos ( $117,400 ) and was reviewing additional forced labor complaints , including two deaths , lodged against the company . Press reports indicated the company had not paid the fine by year 's end . In September 2008 an appeals court reversed a lower court decision dismissing a case of forced labor against the owners of a prestigious garment company that employed Bolivians working in sweatshops under exploitative conditions . The lower court had dismissed the case on the basis that the Bolivians were culturally predisposed to working under such conditions . The case remains under investigation . In September 2008 a federal judge indicted the owner and the manager of a garment sweatshop that employed 50 Bolivians , including 20 minors . The judge froze 900,000 pesos ( $290,000 ) in assets belonging to the owner and seized and transferred sewing machines to a social organization of the employees ' choosing so they could continue working . The case remained pending at year 's end . A Buenos Aires city court released four individuals in 2008 on probation in a 2006 case of forced labor . According to a local antislavery NGO , the individuals were charged for their role in operating clothing sweatshops in the Flores Sur neighborhood that left six Bolivian citizens dead and affected potentially hundreds more . Prohibition of child labor and minimum age for employment ( edit ) The law protects children from exploitation in the workplace . In 2004 the National Commission for the Eradication of Child Labor ( CONAETI ) estimated that up to 1.5 million children , or 22 percent of children under the age of 15 , worked in some capacity , an estimate still considered valid . In June 2008 the Congress passed a law raising the minimum age for employment from 14 to 15 , which will increase to 16 ; in rare cases the Ministry of Education may authorize a younger child to work as part of a family unit . Children between the ages of 15 and 18 may work in a limited number of job categories and for limited hours if they have completed compulsory schooling , which normally ends at age 18 . Legal penalties for employing underage workers ranged from 1,000 to 5,000 pesos ( $303 to $1,515 ) for each child employed . Provincial governments and the city government of Buenos Aires are responsible for labor law enforcement . Most illegal child labor takes place in the informal sector , where inspectors have limited ability to enforce the law . Child labor includes such work as small scale garment production , trash recycling , street sales , domestic service , and food preparation and agricultural production . CONAETI conducts seminars with the 19 provincial commissions for the eradication of child labor to train provincial authorities responsible for enforcing labor laws and raising awareness regarding exploitive child labor . It also provides technical assistance to NGOs addressing child labor in the tobacco and trash - picking sectors , including workshops with tobacco producers to encourage corporate social responsibility on child labor issues . The government works with several NGOs to address the commercial sexual exploitation of children in the triborder area with Brazil and Paraguay , disseminating information on prevention and available assistance for victims . A trinational network involving local government and civil society was established in 2008 to help coordinate the antitrafficking efforts . The government participates in the MERCOSUR `` Nino Sur '' ( `` Southern Child '' ) initiative to defend the rights of children and adolescents in the region . The initiative includes unified public campaigns against commercial sexual exploitation , trafficking and child labor , mutual technical assistance , and the exchange of best practices related to victims protection and assistance . The Ministry of Education also provides scholarships to reintegrate school dropouts and supported children who work and attend school . The program also provides parents with job search assistance and job training . Acceptable conditions of work ( edit ) The government increased the monthly minimum wage in October , bringing the total monthly minimum wage to 1,440 pesos ( $387 ) . This exceeded the estimated amount of 1,013 ( $272 ) a month needed by a family of four to maintain a `` decent '' standard of living . Most workers in the formal sector earned significantly more than the minimum wage . The Ministry of Labor , which is responsible for enforcing legislation related to working conditions , continued inspections to get companies to register their informal workers . In November the Ministry of Labor reported informal urban unemployment at 40 percent . According to a 2007 ILO study , 60 percent of employed citizens ages 15 to 24 were engaged in informal labor . Federal labor law sets standards in the areas of health , safety , and hours . The maximum workday is eight hours , and the maximum workweek is 48 hours . Overtime pay is required for hours worked in excess of these limits . The law sets minimums for periods of rest , requiring a minimum of 12 hours of rest to start a new workday . Sundays are holidays , and those required to work on Sundays are paid double . However , laws governing acceptable conditions of work were not enforced universally , particularly for workers in the informal sector . The law requires employers to ensure their employees against accidents at the workplace and when traveling to and from work . Workers have the right to remove themselves from dangerous or unhealthy work situations without jeopardy to continued employment . However , workers who leave the workplace before it has been proven unsafe risk being fired ; in such cases the worker has the right to judicial appeal , but the process can be very lengthy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mid-July 1978 - ( Argentine Military Intelligence Estimates 22,000 people Dead or Disappeared , page A-8 ) , National Security Archive Jump up ^ El ex líder de los Montoneros entona un `` mea culpa '' parcial de su pasado , El Mundo , May 4 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` A 32 años de la caída en combate de Mario Roberto Santucho y la Dirección Histórica del PRT - ERP '' . Cedema.org . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Official website of victims of left - wing terrorism in Argentina Jump up ^ Argentines Argue Over How Many Were Killed by Junta Jump up ^ Rita Arditti ( 1999 ) . Searching for life : The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo and the Disappeared Children of Argentina . University of California Press . p. 44 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Political Injustice : Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil , Chile , and Argentina , Anthony W. Pereira , page 134 , University of Pittsburgh Press , 2005 . Books.google.ca . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Argenpress , 10 April 2006 . Represión en Argentina y memoria larga . Jump up ^ L'ancienne présidente argentine Isabel Peron arrêtée à Madrid , à la demande de Buenos Aires , Le Monde , January 13 , 2007 ( in French ) Jump up ^ Human Rights Watch , HRW Notocias Argentina : Corte Suprema anula leyes de amnistía , 14 - 06 - 05 , accessed 01 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Report on Human Rights Practices 2008 : Argentina . United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor ( March 6 , 2007 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Marcela Valente , Argentina : ' Cruel , Inhumane ' Prison Conditions in Mendoza , Inter Press Service , 24 - 11 - 2006 , accessed 01 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ocampo , Irene . Women 's human rights in Argentina : advances , setbacks and the tasks ahead . ( National Contexts ) . Women 's Health Collection . 01 - 01 - 03 . Accessed 01 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hoy a las mujeres , desde muy niñas , se les envía el mensaje de que es necesario ser joven , bonita y atractiva , así como tener un cuerpo delgado y bien formado : relegándolas a un rol pasivo , en el cual son dependientes de los hombres y buscan tenerlos satisfechos . Por lo general tienen un papel secundario y se las ubica en la casa , en la familia o en trabajos profesionales que dependen de figuras masculinas . '' , Buglione , Laura - Kremky , Ma . Eugenia ; La Televisión Argentina y el machismo , Monografias . Accessed 01 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Justicia Intersex ; Zwischengeschlecht.org ( March 2017 ) . `` NGO Report to the 6th and 7th Periodic Report of Argentina on the Convention Against Torture ( CAT ) '' ( PDF ) . Buenos Aires . Jump up ^ https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136098.htm This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . 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Birth of the Dragon
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Birth of the Dragon - wikipedia Birth of the Dragon Jump to : navigation , search Birth of the Dragon Theatrical release poster Directed by George Nolfi Produced by Michael London Janice Williams James H. Pang Leo Shi Young Written by Christopher Wilkinson Stephen J. Rivele Starring Philip Ng Xia Yu Billy Magnussen Music by Reza Safinia H. Scott Salinas Cinematography Amir Mokri Edited by Joel Viertel Production company Groundswell Productions Kylin Pictures Anomaly Entertainment Distributed by BH Tilt WWE Studios Release date September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) ( TIFF ) August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 89 minutes Country Canada China United States Language English Box office $7.1 million Birth of the Dragon is a 2016 martial arts action film directed by George Nolfi and written by Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele . The film stars Philip Ng , Xia Yu , and Billy Magnussen . The film is a fictional account on the supposedly true story revolving around the young martial artist Bruce Lee , who challenged kung fu master Wong Jack Man in 1965 in San Francisco . Principal photography began on November 17 , 2015 , in Vancouver . It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival , and was released on August 25 , 2017 , by Blumhouse Tilt and WWE Studios . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1965 , in San Francisco , Bruce Lee , spurred by his student , Steve McKee , challenges Shaolin monk and Tai Chi master Wong Jack Man to a martial arts fight . Cast ( edit ) Philip Ng as Bruce Lee , founder of Jeet Kune Do . Xia Yu as Wong Jack Man , the Tai chi and Northern Shaolin Master who Bruce Lee fights . Jin Xing as Auntie Blossom , a gangster . Billy Magnussen as Steve McKee , Bruce Lee 's student . Jingjing Qu 屈 菁菁 as Xiulan , McKee 's love interest . Simon Yin as Vinnie Wei Production ( edit ) On February 19 , 2013 , it was announced that a biopic titled Birth of the Dragon about young martial artist Bruce Lee was in development , writing Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele . QED International and Groundswell Productions would finance and produce the film along with their Bill Block and Michael London , respectively . While Wilkinson and Rivele would also produce the film . On May 30 , 2014 , George Nolfi was announced to be the director of the film , and Janice Williams was also attached as producer . In June 2015 , there was a casting call for the role of Lee , in search for a 20 to 30 years old martial arts expert . Mike Moh was under consideration for the titular role . On November 16 , 2015 , the film 's cast was announced and it included Billy Magnussen as a martial arts student , Steve McKee ; Philip Ng as Bruce Lee ; Xia Yu as Wong Jack Man ; Jingjing Qu as McKee 's love interest , Xiulan ; and Jin Xing as the brutal crime boss , Auntie Blossom . Chinese company Kylin Films came on board to finance the film , while QED left the project , Groundswell would still produce the film . London would be the producer along with Janice Williams , Wilkinson , Rivele , and Kylin 's James H. Pang , while Leo Shi Young , David Nicksay , and Nolfi would executive produce , and Helen Y . Zhong , Jaeson Ma , and Joel Viertel would co-produce the film . Corey Yuen came on board to design the film 's action sequences , which is set in 1965 in and around Oakland and San Francisco , about the actual fight between Shaolin Master Jack Man and the young Lee . Filming ( edit ) Filming was previously scheduled to begin on October 28 , 2015 , at the North Shore Studios in Vancouver , British Columbia . Principal photography on the film began on November 17 , 2015 , in the Metro Vancouver area . Filming would last through January 24 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In North America , Birth of the Dragon was released on August 25 , 2017 alongside All Saints and Leap ! , and was projected to gross around $3 million from 1,618 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $1.1 million on its first day and $2.7 million over the weekend , finishing 8th at the box office . The film 's low opening was attributed to Hurricane Harvey hitting Texas and surrounding areas causing theaters to close , the boxing match between Floyd Mayweather and Conor McGregor on Saturday , and a negative response from critics and fans . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 19 % based on 26 reviews , with an average rating of 4.1 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 35 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Tafoya , reviewer for Roger Ebert , gave the movie a thumbs down , writing , `` How , this far into the 21st century , does a film like this get made ? One that shunts Bruce Lee to the status of secondary character in a lazy and boringly familiar star - crossed romance ? There are entire books and countless articles about the Wong Jack Man & Bruce Lee fight , and this film invents things wholesale to pad its running time ? Why ? Who could possibly be expected to care about fictitious Steve McKee and his quest to save an equally fictitious love interest from a likely even more fictitious crime boss ? '' Andrew Parker , reviewer for The Globe and Mail , also gave the film a negative review , saying : `` In reality , it 's about a struggling white actor begging both martial - arts notables to help him free a girl he 's sweet on from Chinese mob - controlled sex slavery . '' The film has drawn accusations of `` whitewashing '' from fans and critics , who said that the Bruce Lee film unfairly focused on a fictional male Caucasian character , Steve McKee , who is presented as Lee 's friend . This also drew criticism to the film 's advertisement of being based on `` a true story '' as the main character is not real . Shannon Lee , the daughter of Bruce Lee , distanced herself from the film , saying that the film , like others about her father , `` lack a complete understanding of his philosophies and artistry . They have n't captured the essence of his beliefs in martial arts or storytelling . '' She went on to claim that one has to `` generate your own material '' to avoid misrepresentation . The film won the Golden Angel Award at the 12th Chinese American Film Festival . See also ( edit ) Portrayal of East Asians in Hollywood References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto To Open With ' The Magnificent Seven ' ; ' La La Land ' , ' Deepwater Horizon ' Among Galas & Presentations '' . Deadline . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/02/bruce-lee-birth-of-the-dragon-wong-jack-man-bh-tilt-wwe-studios-george-nolfi-1201899704/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/05/bruce-lee-pic-birth-of-the-dragon-late-august-release-1202092004/ ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Birth Of The Dragon ' Finds Its POV & Bruce Lee Ahead Of Kickoff '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bruce Lee Origin Story Heading to Big Screen '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bruce Lee Biopic Draws ' Adjustment Bureau ' Director ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Lee 's Biopic ' BIRTH OF THE DRAGON ' Lead Role Casting Call '' . projectcasting.com . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call Begins For BRUCE LEE Biopic BIRTH OF THE DRAGON ; MIKE MOH Being Considered '' . maactioncinema.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Philip Ng to Play Bruce Lee in George Nolfi 's ' Birth of the Dragon ' '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Lee biopic begins filming in Vancouver next month '' . CalgaryHerald.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` BIG BUDGET : Bruce Lee Origin Story BIRTH OF THE DRAGON to Film in Vancouver This Fall '' . yvrshoots.com . August 29 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Mayweather - McGregor PPV Fight Could Punch Up $700 M Worldwide , Making Domestic Box Office Meaningless '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : D'Allesandro , Anthony ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Tries To Deflect Hurricane Harvey & Mayweather - McGregor '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of the Dragon reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/birth-of-the-dragon-2017 Jump up ^ https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/film-reviews/review-birth-of-the-dragon-fails-at-almost-everything-it-attempts/article36078437/ ^ Jump up to : Chen , Heather ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Birth of the Dragon : Anger over Bruce Lee biopic '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Birth of the Dragon : anger over whitewashing of Bruce Lee biopic '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` 第 十 二 屆 中 美 電影 節 星光 熠熠 -- -- 開幕 式 暨 金 天使 獎 頒獎 典禮 耀 動 洛 城 '' . cafilmfestival.org . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Birth of the Dragon on IMDb Birth of the Dragon at Rotten Tomatoes Bruce Lee Filmography Awards and honors Media about Films directed Way of the Dragon Game of Death Books written Chinese Gung - Fu : The Philosophical Art of Self Defense Tao of Jeet Kune Do Bruce Lee 's Fighting Method Bruce Lee Library Techniques Jeet Kune Do One - inch punch Straight blast Works about Bruce Lee : The Man , The Myth Bruce Lee : The Man Only I Knew Spirit of the Dragon Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story Bruce Lee Bruce Lee : A Warrior 's Journey The Legend of Bruce Lee Bruce Lee , My Brother I Am Bruce Lee Birth of the Dragon Video games Bruce Lee Bruce Lee Lives Dragon : The Bruce Lee Story Bruce Lee : Quest of the Dragon Bruce Lee : Return of the Legend Family Lee Hoi - chuen ( father ) Robert Lee ( brother ) Linda Emery Lee ( wife ) Brandon Lee ( son ) Shannon Lee ( daughter ) Related topics Bruceploitation Bruce Li Statue in Hong Kong Statue in Los Angeles Statue in Mostar Ip Man Films by WWE Studios Co-produced The Scorpion King The Rundown Walking Tall Behind Enemy Lines : Colombia Christmas Bounty Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! Term Life Incarnate Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon Surf 's Up 2 : WaveMania The Resurrection of Gavin Stone The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! Distribution only The Day Road to Paloma Les reines du ring Sleight 2000s The Mania of WrestleMania See No Evil The Marine The Condemned 12 Rounds The Marine 2 2010s Legendary Knucklehead The Chaperone That 's What I Am Inside Out The Reunion Bending the Rules Barricade The Marine 3 : Homefront Dead Man Down The Call No One Lives 12 Rounds 2 : Reloaded Oculus Leprechaun : Origins See No Evil 2 Jingle All the Way 2 The Marine 4 : Moving Target Vendetta 12 Rounds 3 : Lockdown The Condemned 2 Santa 's Little Helper Countdown Interrogation Incarnate The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! The Marine 5 : Battleground Armed Response Birth of the Dragon Upcoming Blood Brother Fighting with My Family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birth_of_the_Dragon&oldid=802526056 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films Chinese - American films American action films American martial arts films American biographical films American drama films 2010s martial arts films 2010s action films 2010s drama films 2010s biographical films Films shot in Vancouver Films set in San Francisco Films set in Oakland , California Films set in 1965 Films set in the 1960s Films about Bruce Lee Martial arts films Action films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events Films directed by George Nolfi Films produced by Jason Blum Kung fu films Blumhouse Productions films WWE Studios films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 18 : 36 . 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when do birth of the dragon come out
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"Birth of the Dragon is a 2016 martial arts action film directed by George Nolfi and written by Christopher Wilkinson and Stephen J. Rivele. The film stars Philip Ng, Xia Yu, and Billy Magnussen. The film is a fictional account on the supposedly true story revolving around the young martial artist Bruce Lee, who challenged kung fu master Wong Jack Man in 1965 in San Francisco. Principal photography began on November 17, 2015, in Vancouver. It was selected to be screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival,[3] and was released on August 25, 2017, by Blumhouse Tilt and WWE Studios.[4][5]"
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"August 25, 2017"
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Underground nuclear weapons testing
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Underground nuclear weapons testing - wikipedia Underground nuclear weapons testing Jump to : navigation , search Preparation for an underground nuclear test at the Nevada Test Site in the 1990s Nuclear weapons Background History Warfare Design Testing Delivery Yield Effects and estimated megadeaths of explosions Winter Workers Ethics Arsenals Arms race Espionage Proliferation Disarmament Terrorism Opposition Nuclear - armed states NPT recognized United States Russia United Kingdom France China Others India Israel ( undeclared ) Pakistan North Korea Former South Africa Belarus Kazakhstan Ukraine Underground nuclear testing is the test detonation of nuclear weapons that is performed underground . When the device being tested is buried at sufficient depth , the explosion may be contained , with no release of radioactive materials to the atmosphere . The extreme heat and pressure of an underground nuclear explosion causes changes in the surrounding rock . The rock closest to the location of the test is vaporised , forming a cavity . Farther away , there are zones of crushed , cracked , and irreversibly strained rock . Following the explosion , the rock above the cavity may collapse , forming a rubble chimney . If this chimney reaches the surface , a bowl - shaped subsidence crater may form . The first underground test took place in 1951 ; further tests provided information that eventually led to the signing of the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963 , which banned all nuclear tests except for those performed underground . From then until the signing of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996 , most nuclear tests were performed underground , in order to prevent nuclear fallout from entering into the atmosphere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Early history of underground testing 3 Effects 4 International treaties 4.1 Monitoring 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Although public concern about fallout from nuclear testing grew in the early 1950s , fallout was discovered after the Trinity test in 1945 . Photographic film manufacturers would later report ' fogged ' films ; this was traced to packaging materials sourced from Indiana crops , contaminated by the Trinity and later tests at the Nevada Test Site , over 1,000 miles away . Intense fallout from the 1953 Simon test was documented as far as Albany , New York . The fallout from the March 1954 Bravo test in the Pacific would have `` scientific , political and social implications that have continued for more than 40 years '' . The multi-megaton test caused fallout to occur on the islands of the Rongerik and Rongelap atolls , and a Japanese fishing boat known as the Daigo Fukuryū Maru ( Lucky Dragon ) . Prior to this test , there was `` insufficient '' appreciation of the dangers of fallout . The test became an international incident . In a PBS interview , the historian Martha Smith argued : `` In Japan , it becomes a huge issue in terms of not just the government and its protest against the United States , but all different groups and all different peoples in Japan start to protest . It becomes a big issue in the media . There are all kinds of letters and protests that come from , not surprisingly , Japanese fishermen , the fishermen 's wives ; there are student groups , all different types of people ; that protest against the Americans ' use of the Pacific for nuclear testing . They 're very concerned about , first of all , why the United States even has the right to be carrying out those kinds of tests in the Pacific . They 're also concerned about the health and environmental impact . '' The Prime Minister of India `` voiced the heightened international concern '' when he called for the elimination of all nuclear testing worldwide . Knowledge about fallout and its effects grew , and with it concern about the global environment and long - term genetic damage . Talks between the United States , the United Kingdom , Canada , France , and the Soviet Union began in May 1955 on the subject of an international agreement to end nuclear tests . On August 5 , 1963 , representatives of the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom signed the Limited Test Ban Treaty , forbidding testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere , in space , and underwater . Agreement was facilitated by the decision to allow underground testing , eliminating the need for on - site inspections that concerned the Soviets . Underground testing was allowed , provided that it does not cause `` radioactive debris to be present outside the territorial limits of the State under whose jurisdiction or control such explosion is conducted '' . Early History of underground testing ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Following analysis of underwater detonations that were part of Operation Crossroads in 1946 , inquiries were made regarding the possible military value of an underground explosion . The Joint Chiefs of Staff thus obtained the agreement of the Atomic Energy Commission to perform experiments on both surface and sub-surface detonations . The island of Amchitka was initially selected for these tests in 1950 , but the site was later deemed unsuitable and the tests were moved to the Nevada Test Site . Buster - Jangle Uncle , the first underground nuclear explosion The first underground nuclear test was conducted on 29 November 1951 . This was the 1.2 kiloton Buster - Jangle Uncle , which detonated 5.2 m ( 17 ft ) beneath ground level . The test was designed as a scaled - down investigation of the effects of a 23 kiloton ground penetrating gun - type device that was then being considered for use as a cratering and bunker - buster weapon . The explosion resulted in a cloud that rose to 3,500 m ( 11,500 ft ) , and deposited fallout to the north and north - northeast . The resulting crater was 79 m ( 260 ft ) wide and 16 m ( 53 ft ) deep . Teapot Ess The next underground test was Teapot Ess , on 23 March 1955 . The 1 kiloton explosion was an operational test of an atomic demolition munition ( ADM ) . It was detonated 20.4 m ( 67 ft ) underground , in a shaft lined with corrugated steel , which was then back - filled with sandbags and dirt . Because the ADM was buried underground , the explosion blew tons of earth upwards , creating a crater 91 m ( 300 ft ) wide and 39 m ( 128 ft ) deep . The resulting mushroom cloud rose to a height of 3,657.6 m ( 12,000 ft ) and subsequent radioactive fallout drifted in an easterly direction , travelling as far as 225 km ( 140 mi ) from ground zero . On 26 July 1957 , Plumbbob Pascal - A was detonated at the bottom of a 148 m ( 486 ft ) shaft . According to one description , it `` ushered in the era of underground testing with a magnificent pyrotechnic Roman candle ! '' As compared with an above - ground test , the radioactive debris released to the atmosphere was reduced by a factor of ten . Theoretical work began on possible containment schemes . Dust raised by Plumbbob Rainier Layout of the Plumbbob Rainier tunnel Plumbbob Rainier was detonated at 899 ft underground on 19 September 1957 . The 1.7 kt explosion was the first to be entirely contained underground , producing no fallout . The test took place in a 1,600 -- 2,000 ft horizontal tunnel in the shape of a hook . The hook `` was designed so explosive force will seal off the non-curved portion of tunnel nearest the detonation before gases and fission fragments can be vented around the curve of the tunnel 's hook '' . This test would become the prototype for larger , more powerful tests . Rainier was announced in advance , so that seismic stations could attempt to record a signal . Analysis of samples collected after the test enabled scientists to develop an understanding of underground explosions that `` persists essentially unaltered today '' . The information would later provide a basis for subsequent decisions to agree to the Limited Test Ban Treaty . Cannikin , the last test at the Amchitka facility , was detonated on 6 November 1971 . At approximately 5 megatons , it was the largest underground test in US history . Effects ( edit ) Relative crater sizes and shapes resulting from various burst depths The effects of an underground nuclear test may vary according to factors including the depth and yield of the explosion , as well as the nature of the surrounding rock . If the test is conducted at sufficient depth , the test is said to be contained , with no venting of gases or other contaminants to the environment . In contrast , if the device is buried at insufficient depth ( `` underburied '' ) , then rock may be expelled by the explosion , forming a crater surrounded by ejecta , and releasing high - pressure gases to the atmosphere ( the resulting crater is usually conical in profile , circular , and may range between tens to hundreds of metres in diameter and depth ) . One figure used in determining how deeply the device should be buried is the scaled depth of burial , or - burst . This figure is calculated as the burial depth in metres divided by the cube root of the yield in kilotons . It is estimated that , in order to ensure containment , this figure should be greater than 100 . Zones in surrounding rock Name Radius Melt cavity 4 -- 12 m / kt Crushed zone 30 -- 40 m / kt Cracked zone 80 -- 120 m / kt Zone of irreversible strain 800 -- 1100 m / kt The energy of the nuclear explosion is released in one microsecond . In the following few microseconds , the test hardware and surrounding rock are vaporised , with temperatures of several million degrees and pressures of several million atmospheres . Within milliseconds , a bubble of high - pressure gas and steam is formed . The heat and expanding shock wave cause the surrounding rock to vaporise , or be melted further away , creating a melt cavity . The shock - induced motion and high internal pressure cause this cavity to expand outwards , which continues over several tenths of a second until the pressure has fallen sufficiently , to a level roughly comparable with the weight of the rock above , and can no longer grow . Although not observed in every explosion , four distinct zones ( including the melt cavity ) have been described in the surrounding rock . The crushed zone , about two times the radius of the cavity , consists of rock that has lost all of its former integrity . The cracked zone , about three times the cavity radius , consists of rock with radial and concentric fissures . Finally , the zone of irreversible strain consists of rock deformed by the pressure . The following layer undergoes only an elastic deformation ; the strain and subsequent release then forms a seismic wave . A few seconds later the molten rock starts collecting on the bottom of the cavity and the cavity content begins cooling . The rebound after the shock wave causes compressive forces to build up around the cavity , called a stress containment cage , sealing the cracks . Several minutes to days later , once the heat dissipates enough , the steam condenses , and the pressure in the cavity falls below the level needed to support the overburden , the rock above the void falls into the cavity . Depending on various factors , including the yield and characteristics of the burial , this collapse may extend to the surface . If it does , a subsidence crater is created . Such a crater is usually bowl - shaped , and ranges in size from a few tens of metres to over a kilometre in diameter . At the Nevada Test Site , 95 percent of tests conducted at a scaled depth of burial ( SDOB ) of less than 150 caused surface collapse , compared with about half of tests conducted at a SDOB of less than 180 . The radius r ( in feet ) of the cavity is proportional to the cube root of the yield y ( in kilotons ) , r = 55 * y 3 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( 3 ) ) ( y ) ) ) ; an 8 kiloton explosion will create a cavity with radius of 110 feet . Rubble mound formed by Whetstone Sulky Other surface features may include disturbed ground , pressure ridges , faults , water movement ( including changes to the water table level ) , rockfalls , and ground slump . Most of the gas in the cavity is composed of steam ; its volume decreases dramatically as the temperature falls and the steam condenses . There are however other gases , mostly carbon dioxide and hydrogen , which do not condense and remain gaseous . The carbon dioxide is produced by thermal decomposition of carbonates , hydrogen is created by reaction of iron and other metals from the nuclear device and surrounding equipment . The amount of carbonates and water in the soil and the available iron have to be considered in evaluating the test site containment ; water - saturated clay soils may cause structural collapse and venting . Hard basement rock may reflect shock waves of the explosion , also possibly causing structural weakening and venting . The noncondensible gases may stay absorbed in the pores in the soil . Large amount of such gases can however maintain enough pressure to drive the fission products to the ground . Radioactivity release during Baneberry Escape of radioactivity from the cavity is known as containment failure . Massive , prompt , uncontrolled releases of fission products , driven by the pressure of steam or gas , are known as venting ; an example of such failure is the Baneberry test . Slow , low - pressure uncontrolled releases of radioactivity are known as seeps ; these have little to no energy are not visible and have to be detected by instruments . Late - time seeps are releases of noncondensable gases days or weeks after the blast , by diffusion through pores and crack , probably assisted by a decrease of atmospheric pressure ( so called atmospheric pumping ) . When the test tunnel has to be accessed , controlled tunnel purging is performed ; the gases are filtered , diluted by air and released to atmosphere when the winds will disperse them over sparsely populated areas . Small activity leaks resulting from operational aspects of tests are called operational releases ; they may occur e.g. during drilling into the explosion location during core sampling , or during the sampling of explosion gases . The radionuclide composition differs by the type of releases ; large prompt venting releases significant fraction ( up to 10 % ) of fission products , while late - time seeps contain only the most volatile gases . Soil absorbs the reactive chemical compounds , so the only nuclides filtered through soil into the atmosphere are the noble gases , primarily krypton - 85 and xenon - 133 . The released nuclides can undergo bioaccumulation . Iodine - 131 , strontium - 90 and caesium - 137 are concentrated in milk of grazing cows ; cow milk is therefore a convenient , sensitive fallout indicator . Soft tissues of animals can be analyzed for gamma emitters , bones and liver for strontium and plutonium , and blood , urine and soft tissues are analyzed for tritium . Although there were early concerns about earthquakes arising as a result of underground tests , there is no evidence that this has occurred . However , fault movements and ground fractures have been reported , and explosions often precede a series of aftershocks , thought to be a result of cavity collapse and chimney formation . In a few cases , seismic energy released by fault movements has exceeded that of the explosion itself . International treaties ( edit ) Signed in Moscow on August 5 , 1963 by representatives of the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom , the Limited Test Ban Treaty agreed to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere , in space , and underwater . Due to the Soviet government 's concern about the need for the on - site inspections , underground tests were excluded from the ban . 108 countries would eventually sign the treaty , with the significant exception of China . In 1974 , the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Threshold Test Ban Treaty , which banned underground tests with yields greater than 150 kilotons . By the 1990s , technologies to monitor and detect underground tests had matured to the point that tests of one kiloton or over could be detected with high probability , and in 1996 negotiations began under the auspices of the United Nations to develop a comprehensive test ban . The resulting Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty was signed in 1996 by the United States , Russia , United Kingdom , France , and China . However , following the United States Senate decision not to ratify the treaty in 1999 , it is still yet to be ratified by 8 of the required 44 ' Annex 2 ' states and so has not entered into force as United Nations law . Monitoring ( edit ) In the late 1940s , the United States began to develop the capability to detect atmospheric testing using air sampling ; this system was able to detect the first Soviet test in 1949 . Over the next decade , this system was improved , and a network of seismic monitoring stations was established to detect underground tests . Development of the Threshold Test Ban Treaty in the mid-1970s led to an improved understanding of the relationship between test yield and resulting seismic magnitude . When negotiations began in the mid-1990s to develop a comprehensive test ban , the international community was reluctant to rely upon the detection capabilities of individual nuclear weapons states ( especially the United States ) , and instead wanted an international detection system . The resulting International Monitoring System consists of a network of a total of 321 monitoring stations and 16 radionuclide laboratories . Fifty `` primary '' seismic stations send data continuously to the International Data Center , along with 120 `` auxiliary '' stations which send data on request . The resulting data is used to locate the epicentre , and distinguish between the seismic signatures of an underground nuclear explosion and an earthquake . Additionally , eighty radionuclide stations detect radioactive particles vented by underground explosions . Certain radionuclides constitute clear evidence of nuclear tests ; the presence of noble gases can indicate whether an underground explosion has taken place . Finally , eleven hydroacoustic stations and sixty infrasound stations monitor underwater and atmospheric tests . See also ( edit ) Subsidence crater List of induced seismicity events Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty ( CTBT ) '' . The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization . ^ Jump up to : Ortmeyer , Pat ; Makhijani , Arjun ( November -- December 1997 ) . `` Worse Than We Know '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . External link in journal = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenbud , Merril ( July 1997 ) . `` Monitoring distant fallout : The role of the Atomic Energy Commission Health and Safety Laboratory during the Pacific tests , with special attention to the events following Bravo '' ( PDF ) . Health Physics. 73 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 27 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004032 - 199707000 - 00002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Martha Smith on : The Impact of the Bravo Test '' . Public Broadcasting Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere , in Outer Space and Under Water '' . US Department of State . ^ Jump up to : `` JFK in History : Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . ^ Jump up to : Gladeck , F ; Johnson A. ( 1986 ) . For the Record -- A History of the Nuclear Test Personnel Review Program , 1978 -- 1986 ( DNA 601F ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . Jump up ^ `` Amchitka Island , Alaska : Potential U.S. Department of Energy site responsibilities ( DOE / NV - 526 ) '' ( PDF ) . Department of Energy . December 1998 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Today in Technology History : November 29 '' . The Center for the Study of Technology and Society . ^ Jump up to : Adushkin , Vitaly V. ; Leith , William ( September 2001 ) . `` USGS Open File Report 01 - 312 : Containment of Soviet underground nuclear explosions '' ( PDF ) . US Department of the Interior Geological Survey . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Some sources identify later tests as the `` first '' . Adushkin ( 2001 ) defines such a test as `` the near - simultaneous detonation of one or more nuclear charges inside one underground excavation ( a tunnel , shaft or borehole ) '' , and identifies Uncle as the first . Jump up ^ Some sources refer to the test as Jangle Uncle ( e.g. , Adushkin , 2001 ) or Project Windstorm ( e.g. , DOE / NV - 526 , 1998 ) . Operation Buster and Operation Jangle were initially conceived as separate operations , and Jangle was at first known as Windstorm , but the AEC merged the plans into a single operation on 19 June 1951 . See Gladeck , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Buster - Jangle '' . The Nuclear Weapons Archive . Jump up ^ Ponton , Jean ; et al. ( June 1982 ) . Shots Sugar and Uncle : The final tests of the Buster - Jangle series ( DNA 6025F ) ( PDF ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . ^ Jump up to : Ponton , Jean ; et al. ( November 1981 ) . Shots Ess through Met and Shot Zucchini : The final Teapot tests ( DNA 6013F ) ( PDF ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Teapot '' . The Nuclear Weapons Archive . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Plumbbob '' . The Nuclear Weapons Archive . Jump up ^ According to the Nuclear Weapons Archive , the yield is described as `` slight '' , but was approximately 55 tons . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Bob ; et al. ( 1983 ) . `` Field Testing : The Physical Proof of Design Principles '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos Science . ^ Jump up to : `` Operation Plumbbob '' . Department of Energy . Jump up ^ Rollins , Gene ( 2004 ) . ORAU Team : NIOSH Dose Reconstruction Project ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control . ^ Jump up to : `` Plumbbob Photographs '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . ^ Jump up to : `` Accomplishments in the 1950s '' . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . Jump up ^ Miller , Pam . `` Nuclear Flashback : Report of a Greenpeace Scientific Expedition to Amchitka Island , Alaska -- Site of the Largest Underground Nuclear Test in U.S. History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : McEwan , A.C. ( 1988 ) . `` Environmental effects of underground nuclear explosions '' . In Goldblat , Jozef ; Cox , David . Nuclear Weapon Tests : Prohibition Or Limitation ? . Oxford University Press . pp. 75 -- 79 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829120 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hawkins , Wohletz ( 1996 ) . `` Visual Inspection for CTBT Verification '' ( PDF ) . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Jump up ^ Hawkins and Wohletz specify a figure of 90 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Making of the Limited Test Ban Treaty , 1958 -- 1963 '' . The George Washington University . ^ Jump up to : National Academy of Sciences ( 2002 ) . Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty . National Academies . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08506 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the Verification Regime '' . Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization . Jump up ^ `` Verification Technologies : Seismology '' . Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization . Jump up ^ `` Verification Technologies : Radionuclide '' . Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization . Jump up ^ `` Verification Technologies : Hydroacoustics '' . Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization . Jump up ^ `` Verification Technologies : Infrasound '' . Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization . Further reading ( edit ) `` The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions '' , Project Director Gregory E van der Vink , U.S. Congress , Office of Technology Assessment , OTA - ISC - 414 , ( Oct 1989 ) . IAEA review of the 1968 book : The constructive uses of nuclear explosions by Edward Teller . External links ( edit ) http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/publications/pdf/3_3-4Adushkin.pdf Nuclear Pursuits , The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , September / October 2003 http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications.html http://www.ingv.it/~roma/SITOINGLESE/research_projects/CTBTO/explosions.html http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/ugt.htm https://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/ugt-nts.htm http://www.atomictraveler.com/UndergroundTestOTA.pdf http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1215_web.pdf The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions , M.D. Nordyke , UCRL - ID - 12441O Rev 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20090227073933/http://www.princeton.edu/~globsec/publications/effects/effects.shtml Nuclear technology Science Chemistry Engineering Physics Atomic nucleus Fission Fusion Radiation ionizing braking Fuel Tritium Deuterium Helium - 3 Fertile material Fissile material Isotope separation Nuclear material Uranium enriched depleted Plutonium Thorium Neutron Activation Capture Poison Cross section Generator Radiation Reflector Temperature Thermal Fast Fusion Power by country Power plant Economics Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator Accidents and incidents Policy Fusion Radioisotope thermoelectric ( RTG ) Propulsion rocket Safety and security Medicine Imaging RadBall Scintigraphy Single - photon emission ( SPECT ) Positron - emission tomography ( PET ) Therapy Fast - neutron Neutron capture therapy of cancer Targeted alpha - particle Proton - beam Tomotherapy Brachytherapy Radiation therapy Radiosurgery Radiopharmacology Weapons Topics Arms race Delivery Design Disarmament Ethics Explosion effects History Proliferation Testing high - altitude underground Warfare Yield TNTe Lists Estimated death tolls from attacks States with nuclear weapons Tests United States WMD treaties Weapon - free zones Weapons Waste Products Actinide Reprocessed uranium Reactor - grade plutonium Minor actinide Activation Fission LLFP Actinide chemistry Disposal Fuel cycle High - level ( HLW ) Low - level ( LLW ) Repository Reprocessing Spent fuel pool cask Transmutation Debate Nuclear power Nuclear weapons Blue Ribbon Commission on America 's Nuclear Future Anti-nuclear movement Uranium mining Nuclear power phase - out ( hide ) Nuclear reactors Fission Moderator Light water Aqueous homogeneous Boiling BWR ABWR ESBWR Kerena Pressurized ACPR - 1000 AP1000 APR - 1400 APR+ APWR ATMEA1 CAP1400 CPR - 1000 EPR HPR - 1000 VVER many others Supercritical ( SCWR ) Natural fission Heavy water Pressurized ( PHWR ) CANDU CANDU 6 CANDU 9 EC6 AFCR ACR - 1000 AHWR Steam - generating ( SGHWR ) WR - 1 Graphite by coolant Water RBMK EGP - 6 Gas CO Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz ( UNGG ) Magnox Advanced gas - cooled ( AGR ) He Ultra-high - temperature experiment ( UHTREX ) Pebble - bed ( PBMR ) ( HTR - PM ) Gas - turbine modular - helium ( GTMHR ) Very - high - temperature ( VHTR ) Molten - salt Fluorides Fuji MSR Liquid - fluoride thorium reactor ( LFTR ) Molten - Salt Reactor Experiment ( MSRE ) Integral Molten Salt Reactor ( IMSR ) None ( fast - neutron ) Breeder ( FBR ) Integral ( IFR ) Liquid - metal - cooled ( LMFR ) Small sealed transportable autonomous ( SSTAR ) Traveling - wave ( TWR ) Energy Multiplier Module ( EM2 ) Reduced - moderation ( RMWR ) Fast Breeder Test Reactor ( FBTR ) Dual fluid reactor ( DFR ) Generation IV Sodium ( SFR ) BN - 600 BN - 800 BN - 1200 PFBR CEFR Lead ( LFR ) Helium gas ( GFR ) PRISM Others Organically moderated and cooled reactor Aircraft Reactor Experiment Fusion by confinement Magnetic Field - reversed configuration Levitated dipole Reversed field pinch Spheromak Stellarator Tokamak Inertial Bubble ( acoustic ) Fusor electrostatic Laser - driven Magnetized - target Z - pinch Other Dense plasma focus Migma Muon - catalyzed Polywell Pyroelectric Portal Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing&oldid=822392933 '' Categories : Nuclear weapons testing Underground nuclear weapons testing Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 03 : 10 . 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French nationality law
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French nationality law - wikipedia French nationality law Parliament of France An Act relating to French citizenship Enacted by Government of France Status : Current legislation French nationality law is historically based on the principles of jus soli ( Latin for `` right of soil '' ) , according to Ernest Renan 's definition , in opposition to the German definition of nationality , jus sanguinis ( Latin for `` right of blood '' ) , formalized by Johann Gottlieb Fichte . The 1993 Méhaignerie Law required children born in France of foreign parents to request French nationality at adulthood , rather than being automatically accorded citizenship . This `` manifestation of will '' requirement was subsequently abrogated by the Guigou Law of 1998 , but children born in France of foreign parents remain foreign until obtaining legal majority . Children born in France to tourists or other short - term visitors do not acquire French citizenship by virtue of birth in France : residency must be proven . Since immigration became increasingly a political theme in the 1980s , both left - wing and right - wing governments have issued several laws restricting the possibilities of being naturalized . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th Century 1.1. 1 Third Republic 2 Acquisition of citizenship 2.1 French citizenship by birth in metropolitan France and its overseas territories 2.2 French citizenship by birth abroad to at least one French citizen 2.3 French citizenship by birth in France 2.4 French citizenship by adoption 2.5 French citizenship by naturalization 2.5. 1 Eligibility resulting from residency 2.5. 2 Eligibility resulting from marriage to a French citizen 2.5. 3 Eligibility resulting from service in the French Foreign Legion 3 French citizenship and identity 3.1 Rights and obligations of French citizens 4 Travel freedom of French citizens 5 Dual citizenship 6 Citizenship of the European Union 7 Denaturalization 8 Previous law : Article 21 - 19 ( 5o ) 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) French nationality and citizenship were concepts that existed even before the French Revolution . 19th century ( edit ) There are three key dates in the legal history of naturalization : Naturalization Year Event 1804 Civil Code , which allowed the possibility of naturalization . 1851 third generation immigrants ( those with one parent born on French soil ) were allowed to naturalize . 1889 second generation immigrants ( those born on French soil ) were allowed to naturalize once they reached the age of majority . Third Republic ( edit ) Military service and state education were two processes central to the creation of a common national culture . Military conscription ( universal from 1872 , in theory if not in practice ) brought inhabitants of the state 's regions together for the first time , creating bonds of friendship and encouraging the use of French rather than regional languages . Universal education ( the aim of the Jules Ferry Laws , 1879 -- 1886 ) brought the whole of the population into contact with state - sanctioned version of French history and identity . State teachers , the `` Black hussars of the Republic , '' conveyed the national language to the people of the regions . Acquisition of citizenship ( edit ) There are various ways a person can acquire French citizenship , either at birth or later on in life . The attribution of French nationality can be due to filiation . ( Jus sanguinis ) The attribution of French nationality can be given by birth in France ( Jus soli ) if other requirements ( such as residence in France ) are also met . French citizenship by birth in metropolitan France and its overseas territories ( edit ) Children born in France ( including overseas territories ) to at least one parent who is also born in France automatically acquire French citizenship at birth ( double jus soli ) . A child born in France to foreign parents may acquire French citizenship : at birth , if stateless . at 18 , if resident in France with at least 5 years ' residence since age 11 . between 16 and 18 upon request by the child and if resident in France with at least 5 years ' residence since age 11 . between 13 and 16 upon request by the child 's parents and if resident in France continuously since age 8 . if born in France of parents born before independence in a colony / territory in the past under French sovereignty . at birth , if born in France before January 1 , 1994 . at age 18 , if born in France on or after January 1 , 1994 . A child who was born abroad and who has only one French parent can repudiate their French nationality during the six months prior to their reaching the age of majority , or in the year which follows it ( article 19 - 4 of the Civil Code ) . French citizenship by birth abroad to at least one French citizen ( edit ) The child ( legitimate or natural ) is French if at least one parent is French . In the case of an adoption , the child has French nationality only under the `` full adoption '' regime . Parentage to the parent from whom the French nationality is claimed , must be established while the child is still a minor ( under 18 ) . When the child is born abroad from a French parent , it is essential for the French parent to record the birth of the child in the French civil register . In the event of litigation or to establish definitive proof of French nationality ( or request a French passport ) French nationality may be established by petitioning for a French nationality certificate from the Tribunal d'Instance ( local court ) of the person 's place of residence , or if residing abroad , via the French Nationality Office in Paris having jurisdiction over French person 's residing abroad . French citizenship by birth in France ( edit ) The child ( legitimate or natural ) is French if born in France to at least one parent also born in France . Simply being born in France does not confer French nationality except in the case of a child born to unknown or stateless parents , or to aliens whose nationality is not transmitted to the child . A child born in France before January 1 , 1994 , to a parent born in a former French overseas territory prior to its acquisition of independence , is automatically French . The same is true for a child born after 1 January 1963 , to a parent born in Algeria before July 3 , 1962 . French citizenship by adoption ( edit ) Plenary adoption is the only act of filiation which carries direct effects on nationality . Unlike the process of simple adoption , a child adopted according to the procedure of plenary adoption breaks any bond with his family of origin . Filiation must be established while the child is a minor to take effect . Consequently , the recognition of a child older than the age of majority has no effect on his or her nationality . French citizenship by naturalization ( edit ) Eligibility resulting from residency ( edit ) A person aged 18 or above may apply for French citizenship by naturalization after five years ' habitual and continuous residence in France ( if married and with children , then the applicant must be living in France with his / her family ) . In addition , it is required that the applicant has his / her primary source of income in France during the five - year period . Those applying who are not European Union , European Economic Area or Swiss nationals are required to be in possession of a `` titre de séjour '' ( a residence permit ) . The residence period may be completely waived for those who have served in the French military , for refugees , or in other exceptional cases . The residence period can be reduced to two years for a person who has completed two years of higher education and successfully obtained a qualification in France or who has rendered exceptional service to France through his / her talents and abilities . The residence period is counted backwards from the date on which the applicant lodged his / her naturalization application . The applicant must show that he / she has been residing legally in France during the 5 or 2 year residence period . Any periods of irregular residence in France before the 5 or 2 year residence period will not be taken into account when the application is considered . If the applicant 's residence period is completely waived , he / she must have resided legally in France in the 2 years immediately preceding the date on which he / she lodged his / her naturalization application . Naturalization will only be successful for those who are judged to have integrated into French society ( i.e. by virtue of language skills and understanding of rights and responsibilities of a French citizen , to be demonstrated during an interview at the local prefecture , as well as an ability and / or potential to integrate in the labour market ) , and who respect the values of French society . The applicant must also be of good character ( no criminal offences with a sentence of 6 months ' imprisonment or more and no tax avoidance ) . In assessing the applicant 's character , the decision reached must be proportionate ( for example , a naturalization application should not be rejected solely because the applicant occasionally declared / paid taxes late ) . Naturalization through residency is accorded by publication of a decree in the Journal Officiel by decision of the Home Ministry and the prefecture of the region where the applicant has submitted his / her application . There is an obligatory delay of 12 months from the date of submission before the applicant is notified of the result of his / her naturalisation application . Eligibility resulting from marriage to a French citizen ( edit ) The spouse of a French national can apply for nationality , and must be able to prove that they have been married for five years and live together , ( four years if the couple can prove continuous residence in France for three years since the wedding , or if when living abroad , the French spouse has been registered as a French citizen living abroad ( article 79 of law 2006 - 911 published in the JO of 25 / 07 / 2006 ) . ) The applicant must also have a good knowledge of the French language , spoken and written , and the couple must appear in person together to sign documents . Eligibility resulting from service in the French foreign Legion ( edit ) Foreign nationals may apply for naturalization after three years of service in the French Foreign Legion , a wing of the French Army that is open to men of any nationality . Furthermore , a soldier wounded in battle during Legion service may immediately apply for naturalization under the principle of `` Français par le sang versé '' ( `` French by spilled blood '' ) . French citizenship and identity ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) According to the French Republic , the French people are those who are in possession of French nationality . According to the French Constitution , `` France shall be an indivisible , secular , democratic and social Republic . It shall ensure the equality of all citizens before the law , without distinction of origin , race or religion . It shall respect all beliefs . It shall be organised on a decentralised basis . '' Article 1 Since the middle of the 19th century , France has exhibited a very high rate of immigration , mainly from Southern Europe , Eastern Europe , the Maghreb , Africa and Asia . According to a 2004 report by INED researcher Michèle Tribalat France has approximately 14 million persons ( out of nearly 63 million ) ( see demographics of France ) of foreign ascendancy ( immigrants or with at least one parent or grandparent immigrant ) . The absence of official statistics on French citizens of foreign origin is deliberate . Under French law passed after the Vichy regime , it is forbidden to categorize people according to their ethnic origins . In France , like in many other European countries , censuses do not collect information on supposed ancestry . Moreover , all French statistics are forbidden to have any references concerning ethnic membership . Thus , the French government 's assimilationist stance towards immigration as well as towards regional identities and cultures , together with the political heritage of the French Revolution has led to the development of a French identity which is based more on the notion of citizenship than on cultural , historical or ethnic ties . For that reason , French identity must not necessarily be associated with the `` ethnic French people '' but can be associated with either a nationality and citizenship , or a culture and language - based group . The latter forms the basis for La Francophonie , a group of French - speaking countries , or countries with historical and cultural association to France . The concept of `` French ethnicity '' exists outside France 's borders , in particular in Quebec where some people claim membership to a `` French ethnic group '' , but again many view it as not so much ethnicity - based as language - based and would also include immigrants from , for example , Lebanon and Haiti . France 's particular self - perception means that French identity may include a naturalized , French - speaking ethnic Portuguese , Italian , Spaniard , Poles , Romanian , Lebanese , Vietnamese , Tunisian , Algerian or Moroccan . Nonetheless , like in other European countries , some level of discrimination occurs , and there are higher unemployment rates among job - seekers with foreign - sounding names . Rights and Obligations of French citizens ( edit ) In modern France , in general , the rights are fundamentally the same as those in other EU countries . Despite the official discourse of universality , French nationality has not meant automatic citizenship . Some categories of French people have been excluded , throughout the years , from full citizenship : Women : Until the Liberation , they were deprived of the right to vote . The provisional government of General de Gaulle accorded them this right by the April 21 , 1944 prescription . Military : For a long time , the military was called the Grande muette ( `` The Big Mute '' ) in reference to its prohibition against interfering in political life . During a large part of the Third Republic ( 1871 -- 1940 ) , the Army was in the main anti-republican ( and thus counterrevolutionary ) , the Dreyfus Affair and the May 16 , 1877 crisis that led to a monarchist coup d'état by MacMahon being examples of this anti-republican spirit . That character of the military would make them gain the right to vote only after the August 17 , 1945 prescription , the contribution of De Gaulle to the interior French Resistance , which reconciled the Army with the Republic . Nevertheless , the members of the military do not benefit from all public liberties , as the July 13 , 1972 law on the general statute of militaries specifies . Young people : The July 1974 law instituted at the instigation of president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing reduced the coming of age to 18 , which thus made some teenagers full citizens . Naturalized foreigners : Since January 9 , 1973 , foreigners who have acquired French nationality do not have to wait five years after their naturalization to be able to vote . Inhabitants of the colonies : The May 7 , 1946 law stated that soldiers from the `` Empire '' ( such as the tirailleurs ) killed during World War I and World War II were not citizens . Modern citizenship is linked to civic participation ( also called positive freedom ) , which includes voting , demonstrations , petitions , activism , etc . Travel freedom of French citizens ( edit ) Main article : Visa requirements for French citizens Visa requirements for French citizens Visa requirements for French citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of France . As of May 2018 , French citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 187 countries and territories , ranking the French passport 3rd in terms of travel freedom ( tied with the Finnish , Italian , South Korean , Spanish , and Swedish passports ) according to the Henley Passport Index . Dual citizenship ( edit ) Dual citizenship was officially recognized for both men and women on 9 January 1973 ; since then , possession of more than one nationality does not affect French nationality . In the period of 9 April 1954 until 8 January 1973 , only French men younger than the age of 50 were permitted to have dual citizenship , while a woman lost her French citizenship upon the acquisition of a foreign citizenship . France later denounced Chapter I of the Council of Europe Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality of May 6 , 1963 . The denunciation took effect March 5 , 2009 . Citizenship of the European Union ( edit ) Because France forms part of the European Union , French citizens are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament . When in a non-EU country where there is no French embassy , French citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country . French citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty . Denaturalization ( edit ) According to Giorgio Agamben , France was one of the first European countries to pass denaturalization laws , in 1915 , with regard to naturalized citizens of `` enemy '' origins . Its example was followed by most European countries . As early as July 1940 , Vichy France set up a special Commission charged with reviewing the naturalizations granted since the 1927 reform of the nationality law . Between June 1940 and August 1944 , 15,000 persons , mostly Jews , were denaturalized . This bureaucratic designation was instrumental in their subsequent internment and murder . Previous law : article 21 - 19 ( 5o ) ( edit ) In 2001 , as Bill Clinton finished his second term as President of the U.S. ( the legal limit of terms under the U.S. Constitution ) , a theory was published by CNN that he could claim citizenship of France and run for leadership there . The open - letter by historian Patrick Weil held that a little known `` law , passed in 1961 ( article 21 - 19 ( 5o ) ) , enables people from former French territories to apply for immediate naturalisation , bypassing the normal five - year residency requirement for would - be French citizens . '' As Clinton was born in Arkansas which had been part of French Louisiana before it was sold to the US , it was held that he would qualify under this law . And as a naturalised French citizen , he could run in the French presidential election . Clinton himself later repeated this claim in 2012 as an amusing thought when speaking to an interviewer . Clinton had always dismissed the idea , and at the time of his retelling of the story in 2012 , unknown to him , the possibility had already ended . This was because article 21 - 19 ( 5o ) of the Code civil was repealed ( by article 82 of law 2006 - 911 ) on July 25 , 2006 under the direction of Nicolas Sarkozy , who was then Minister of the Interior . Since `` Weil 's article made this provision of the French nationality law notorious , the French parliament abolished it '' . See also ( edit ) French Foreign Legion Immigration to France Illegal immigration History of French nationality References ( edit ) Jump up ^ French Embassy ( in French ) Jump up ^ from Charles Péguy 's L'Argent Jump up ^ Vink , Maarten P. ; de Groot , Gerard René ( November 2010 ) . `` Birthright Citizenship : Trends and Regulation in Europe '' ( PDF ) . EUDO Citizenship Obvservatory . Jump up ^ `` Bureau de la nationalité - Annuaire service-public.fr '' . lannuaire.service-public.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Civil Code of France , Article 343 Jump up ^ Le code civil des Français , Article 21 - 17 ^ Jump up to : `` Naturalisation '' . service-public.fr . Jump up ^ `` Circulaire INTK1207286C du 16 octobre 2012 relative aux procédures d'accès à la nationalité française '' ( PDF ) . interieur.gouv.fr . Jump up ^ `` Circulaire du 21 juin 2013 relative à l'accès à la nationalité française '' ( PDF ) . legifrance.gouv.fr . Jump up ^ `` Déclaration de nationalité française par mariage '' . service-public.fr . Jump up ^ `` The French Foreign Legion -- the last option for those desperate to escape the UK . '' The Daily Telegraph . 3 December 2008 . Retrieved on 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Loi n 2000 - 493 du 6 juin 2000 tendant à favoriser l'égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives ( in French ) Jump up ^ B. Villalba . `` Chapitre 2 - Les incertitudes de la citoyenneté '' ( in French ) . Catholic University of Lille , Law Department . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loi n ° 93 - 933 of 23 July 1993 '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . Jump up ^ `` Loi n ° 73 - 42 of 9 January 1973 '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . Jump up ^ `` Fac - similé JO du 10 / 04 / 1954 , page 03451 - Legifrance '' . www.legifrance.gouv.fr . Jump up ^ http://eudo-citizenship.eu/docs/CountryReports/France.pdf Jump up ^ `` Services aux citoyens '' . France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères . Jump up ^ `` France '' . European Union . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 20 ( 2 ) ( c ) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . Jump up ^ Rights abroad : Right to consular protection : a right to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of other Member States when in a non-EU Member State , if there are no diplomatic or consular authorities from the citizen 's own state ( Article 23 ) : this is due to the fact that not all member states maintain embassies in every country in the world ( 14 countries have only one embassy from an EU state ) . Antigua and Barbuda ( UK ) , Barbados ( UK ) , Belize ( UK ) , Central African Republic ( France ) , Comoros ( France ) , Gambia ( UK ) , Guyana ( UK ) , Liberia ( Germany ) , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( UK ) , San Marino ( Italy ) , São Tomé and Príncipe ( Portugal ) , Solomon Islands ( UK ) , Timor - Leste ( Portugal ) , Vanuatu ( France ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty on the Function of the European Union ( consolidated version ) '' ( PDF ) . Eur-lex.europa.eu . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ François Masure , `` Etat et identité nationale . Un rapport ambigu à propos des naturalisés , in Journal des anthropologues , hors - série 2007 , pp. 39 - 49 ( see p. 48 ) ( in French ) Jump up ^ Weil , Patrick ( 22 May 2018 ) . `` Bill Clinton : The French Years '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye White House ... bonjour Paris ? '' . CNN . January 17 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Grace Wyler ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Bill Clinton Has Figured Out How He Could Be President Again '' . Jump up ^ Joshua Keating Wednesday ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Sorry , Bill Clinton . You ca n't be president of France or Ireland '' . Jump up ^ `` No , Bill Clinton Ca n't Run for the French Presidency '' . March 11 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany , by Rogers Brubaker , Harvard University Press ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 674 - 13177 - 0 Peasants Into Frenchmen : The Modernization of Rural France , 1870 - 1914 , by Eugen Weber , Chatto and Windus ( 1977 ) ISBN 0 - 7011 - 2210 - 2 External links ( edit ) Acquisition de la nationalité française ( in French ) Acquiring another Citizenship ( France ) ( archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 ) official website of the CIMADE , an ecumenist NGO helping immigrants ( including illegal immigrants ) in their juridical demands . GISTI ( `` Groupe d'Information et de Soutien aux Travailleurs Immigrés '' ( same : `` Group of Information and Support of Immigrants Workers '' , although they also carry more directly activist actions , such as blocking controversial expelling by charter , mainly by informing all passengers of the plane : as the pilot is the only authority on board , he may refuse to embark an illegal alien , thus blocking police 's attempts ) CITIZENSHIP IN FRANCE. ; A NEW LAW WHICH CLASHES WITH AMERICAN IDEAS . '' The New York Times - August 6 , 1889 Geneanum : French naturalization records for genealogical purposes Further information : fr : Nationalité française Nationality laws By continent Africa Angola Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Egypt Ghana Liberia Morocco Namibia Nigeria Somalia South Africa South Sudan Tanzania Western Sahara Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Burma ( Myanmar ) China Cyprus Georgian Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal North Korea Northern Cyprus Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe European Union & Schengen Area Andorra Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Rest of Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia Turkey Ukraine North America Barbados Canada Greenland ( Kingdom of Denmark ) Grenada Jamaica Mexico Panama Honduras Guatemala Costa Rica Belize United States Oceania Australia Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Samoa Tonga South America Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela Rest of South America Chile Colombia Peru International organizations Commonwealth of Nations European Union By type Jus matrimonii Jus sanguinis Jus soli Naturalization Other Citizenship Act Birth aboard aircraft and ships Multiple citizenship Passport Internal Repatriation Right of return Second - class citizen Statelessness Travel visa Defunct Nazi Germany Ancient Rome British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia ( Artsakh ) and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_nationality_law&oldid=844940592 '' Categories : History of nationality Legal history of France Nationality law Politics of France French law Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 07 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what do you have to do to become a french citizen
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EuroMillions
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EuroMillions - wikipedia EuroMillions Jump to : navigation , search Participating countries in EuroMillions : original countries ( February 2004 ) other countries ( October 2004 ) EuroMillions tickets EuroMillions is a transnational lottery requiring 7 correct numbers to win the jackpot . It was launched on 7 February 2004 by France 's Française des Jeux , Spain 's Loterías y Apuestas del Estado and the United Kingdom 's Camelot . The first draw was held on Friday 13 February 2004 in Paris . Initially , only the UK , France and Spain participated , with the Austrian , Belgian , Irish , Luxembourgish , Portuguese and Swiss lotteries joining for the 8 October 2004 drawing . Draws are held every Tuesday and Friday night at 20 : 45 CET in Paris . A standard EuroMillions ticket costs € 2.50 , £ 2.50 or CHF 3.50 per line played , depending on the local currency . An option called Plus is currently available only in Ireland , adds € 1.00 per line ; as of February 2014 , a non-optional addition called `` My Million '' in France adds € 0.50 per line , while in Portugal it 's called `` M1lhão '' and represents € 0.30 of the whole € 2.50 bet . The cost of playing in the UK increased from £ 1.50 to £ 2.00 per line on 7 November 2009 , due to the combination of the EUR / GBP exchange rate , and an automatic entry in its Millionaire Raffle . From 24 September 2016 the cost per line increased from £ 2.00 to £ 2.50 in the UK . From September 24 , 2016 the amount of lucky stars changed from a pool of 11 to a pool of 12 numbers . Decreasing the jackpot winning odds from 1 : 117million to 1 : 140million . From September 24 , 2016 the cost of entry in Ireland and Spain rose to € 2.50 per line . All prizes , including the jackpot , are tax - free ( except in Switzerland , Spain and Portugal since 2013 ) and are paid as a lump sum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Play 2 Eligibility 3 Prize structure 4 EuroMillions Trust 5 Super Draws and Event draws 6 Distribution of revenue 7 Email scams making use of EuroMillions brand name 8 EuroMillions Plus ( Ireland only ) 9 UK Millionaire Maker 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Play ( edit ) The player selects five main numbers which can be any number from 1 to 50 . The player selects two different lucky star numbers from a pool of 12 numbers . Draws take place at 20 : 45 every Tuesday and Friday in Paris . The results are published shortly after the draw on associated and independent websites around 23 : 00 hours . To participate in the EuroMillions Lotto , tickets can be purchased from many outlets , namely at licensed stores and online websites . The gameplay changed on Tuesday 10 May 2011 with a second weekly draw and the number of `` lucky stars '' in the Pacquerette machine increasing from 9 to 11 . A prize for matching two main numbers and no lucky stars was also introduced on the same date . On Saturday 24 September 2016 the number of `` lucky stars '' increased again , from 11 to 12 . Eligibility ( edit ) According to the Euromillions rules page , no restriction on nationality of buyer exists . Tourists / Non-residents are eligible to participate in the EuroMillions lottery as long as they aged 18 or over . The minimum age differs in some countries , e.g. it is 16 years in the UK . The game is currently available to players in Andorra , Austria , Belgium , France ( including overseas regions and collectivities ) , Ireland , the Isle of Man , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Monaco , Portugal , Spain , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Prize structure ( edit ) As of 24 September 2016 the structure of the draw was changed , with the Lucky Star being drawn from a pool of 12 numbers instead of the old 11 . The prize structure as of Tuesday 27 September 2016 is as follows : Main numbers Lucky stars Probability of winning ( a ) % of prize fund ( b ) Expected winnings ( € ) Expected winnings ( £ ) Fraction % 0 1 in 22 4.57 % 18.25 % € 4 £ 3.30 1 in 49 2.03 % 14.85 % € 8 £ 6.00 1 in 188 0.53 % 4.95 % € 10 £ 7.60 0 1 in 314 0.32 % 3.50 % € 12 £ 9.00 1 in 706 0.14 % 1.85 % € 14 £ 10.70 1 in 985 0.10 % 1.75 % € 19 £ 14.20 0 1 in 13,811 0.0072 % 0.38 % € 58 £ 43.30 1 in 14,125 0.0071 % 0.67 % € 104 £ 78.00 1 in 31,075 0.0032 % 0.48 % € 164 £ 123.00 1 in 621,503 0.00016 % 0.45 % € 3,076 £ 2,307.30 5 0 1 in 3,107,515 0.000032 % 0.92 % € 31,448 £ 23,586.00 5 1 in 6,991,908 0.000014 % 3.95 % € 303,798 £ 227,848.80 5 1 in 139,838,160 0.00000072 % 43.2 % or 27 % ( X ) Jackpot Jackpot Booster fund 4.8 % or 21 % ( X ) Overall 1 in 13 7.71 % 100 % € 14 £ 10.70 The booster fund is available to contribute to the jackpot , for example to boost the initial jackpot in a sequence of growing jackpots . The amount utilized each week is determined in advance by the participating lotteries . ( a ) per entry ( b ) prize fund = 50 % of sales main draw ( b ) sales main draw = € 2.20 in pounds sterling per entry ( exchange rate ! ) times number of entries ( X ) draw 1 to 6 : 43.2 % + 4.8 % & draw 7 ( or higher ) : 27 % + 21 % expected winnings ( £ ) exchange rate : € 1.00 = £ 0.75 The odds of winning any prize at all are 1 in 13 The odds of getting none of the 50 main balls but getting both lucky stars is approximately 1 in 115 . This means that it is less likely than getting 2 main balls and one lucky star ( 1 in 49 ) . However , there is no prize for only getting 2 lucky stars . The figures for the estimated prize are just a guide , and the actual amount varies according to the total in the prize fund and the number of winners for each prize . ( Estimated prizes as per reverse of UK playslip ) If the Jackpot is not won , it rolls over to the next draw . Effective 7 November 2009 new rules were put in place regarding rollovers . The new rules introduce the Jackpot Pool Cap . The jackpot will continue to rollover until the Jackpot reaches or exceeds € 185,000,000 , the Jackpot will remain at € 185,000,000 and any additional prize money rolled over will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner ( 5 main numbers + 1 Lucky Star or possibly even just five main numbers ) . After winning the Jackpot with a Jackpot Pool Cap , the Jackpot Pool Cap grows by € 5,000,000 . ( In other words , after the capped Jackpot of € 185,000,000 is won , the next Jackpot Pool Cap is € 190,000,000 , then the next time € 195,000,000 etc . ) If the € 190,000,000 Jackpot is still not won , the Jackpot will continue to be € 190,000,000 for the next draw if it is won , and again any additional prize money will be added to the jackpot pool for the next lower prize level containing at least one winner . A new rule change of 12 January 2012 locks the Jackpot cap at € 190,000,000 permanently and if the jackpot is not won after two draws , the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level . A new rule change of 24 September 2016 : if the jackpot is not won after five draws , the prize money will be distributed amongst the winners at the next level . EuroMillions trust ( edit ) The participating national lotteries in the EuroMillions game have each established a EuroMillions Trust account . This is used for the settlement of all amounts due and for holding amounts in respect of future prizes . This trust arrangement protects the participating lotteries between them from a default from one of the national companies and ultimately the players ' interests . EuroMillions is the largest euro lottery , its history of creation is dated back to the distant year of 1994 when several EU countries first had the idea of launching a multi-European lottery . Super draws and event draws ( edit ) Super Draws and Event draws are special drawings when the Jackpot is set to a guaranteed amount - often € 100,000,000 . The difference being that a Super Draw jackpot will roll over to the next drawing if not won but an Event Draw jackpot will be distributed amongst the winners in the next lower tier ( i.e. match 5 + 1 ) . So far there has not been an event draw , until now , jackpots in a Super Draw have rolled over to the next drawing if not won The first Super draw of 2011 took place on Tuesday 10 May to mark the introduction of the second weekly Euromillions draw and changes to the game format ( 11 lucky stars instead of 9 and a new `` match 2 main numbers and no lucky stars '' prize tier ) . The first Super draw of 2016 took place on Friday 30 September to introduce the change to the game format ( 12 lucky stars instead of 11 and increased price ) . Super draws have been held to date on 9 February 2007 ( € 100 million ) ; 28 September 2007 ( € 130 million ) ; 8 February 2008 ( € 130 million ) ; 26 September 2008 ( € 130 million ) ; 6 March 2009 ( € 100 million ) ; 18 September 2009 ( € 100 million ) ; 5 February 2010 ( € 100 million ) ; 1 October 2010 ( € 100 million ) ; 10 May 2011 ( € 100 million ) ; 4 October 2011 ( € 100 million ) ; 28 September 2012 ( € 100 million ) ; 22 March 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 7 June 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 15 November 2013 ( € 100 million ) ; 7 March 2014 ( € 100 million ) ; 3 October 2014 ( € 100 million ) ; 6 March 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 5 June 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 6 November 2015 ( € 100 million ) ; 30 September 2016 ( € 130 million ) ; 30 June 2017 ( € 100 million ) ; 15 September 2017 ( € 130 million ) . 20 April 2018 ( € 130 million ) . ( A € 100,000,000 Super draw was planned for 6 June 2014 but was cancelled when the jackpot rolled over to € 105,000,000 ) . ( This is a change to the game rules as of 4 April 2011 when the Event Draw was added . ) Distribution of revenue ( edit ) In the UK , the total EuroMillions revenue is broken down as follows : Breakdown of UK EuroMillions revenue 0.5 % in profit to Camelot 4.5 % in operating costs 5 % in commission to the retailers . 12 % to the UK Government ( Lottery Duty ) 28 % for the `` Good Causes '' 50 % to winners Email scams making Use of EuroMillions brand name ( edit ) When Chris and Colin Weir , one couple who won the EuroMillions , pledged to donate their prize money to good causes , cyber criminals started using the couple 's name in their email scams to fool the general public and ultimately cheat them of money . EuroMillions Plus ( Ireland only ) ( edit ) In June 2007 , with the success of the main EuroMillions game , the Irish National Lottery launched EuroMillions Plus . For an extra € 1 per line , players could enter the additional draw with the top prize each week of € 500,000 . Sales of the main EuroMillions in Ireland for 2006 were over € 145 million ; this success led to the introduction of ' Plus ' . UK Millionaire Maker ( edit ) Since November 2009 at least one UK player every week has won a guaranteed £ 1,000,000 . With the introduction of the Tuesday EuroMillions Draw on Tuesday 10 May 2011 there were 2 Millionaire Raffle winners each week . The latest changes to Euromillions in September 2016 now mean that two guaranteed Millionaire Raffle winners are made per draw , or 4 per week across the two draws . According to the Euromillions website , the chances of winning the UK Millionaire Maker game on a Tuesday can be estimated as 1 in 1,900,000 but can shrink to 1 in 2,250,000 in the events of rollovers . On a Friday , it can be calculated as 1 in 2,950,000 but again the odds can fall to 1 in 3,400,000 in the events of a 4 times rollover . Winning in this game depends entirely on the number of the playslips sold so the odds fluctuate . The odds may also fluctuate during a super draw or a special event in the UK Millionaire Raffle . Prices per line in the UK increased by 50p to £ 2.00 . The 50p was added due to weak exchange rates between the pound and the euro and to cover the expense of the new Millionaire Maker . On 24 September 2016 the price per line in the UK was increased by an additional 50p to £ 2.50 . See also ( edit ) Eurojackpot - a similar transnational lottery in Croatia , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Germany , Hungary , Iceland , Italy , Latvia , Lithuania , the Netherlands , Norway , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Sweden . Lottery Vikinglotto - a similar transnational lottery in Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Finland , Iceland , Latvia , Lithuania , Estonia and Slovenia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Paragraph 7.1 ( Translation : `` The draws for the Euro Millions game take place on Tuesday and Friday evenings at the time specified by the organisers of the game , which is around 21 : 45 ( CET ) , Paris time . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Home '' . The National Lottery. 11 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 22 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Players ' Guide to EuroMillions '' . National Lottery . Archived from the original on 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions Interactive Game Procedures '' . The National Lottery. 27 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions draw : lottery postponed after jackpot naturally passes € 100 million mark after rollovers and strong ticket sales '' . The Independent . 5 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EuroMillions Game Procedures '' . The National Lottery. 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 22 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Correspondence with help at national-lottery.co.uk , 8 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Lottery win : Euromillions couple are ' tickled pink ' '' . BBC News . 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Slay Hoax : Chris and Colin Weir Email Scam '' . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Internet fraudsters pose as lotto millionaires Colin and Chris Weir - Daily Record '' . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . External links ( edit ) UK National Lottery Irish National Lottery Belgium National Lottery Portugal National Lottery Spain National Lottery Swiss Lottery Austrian National Lottery Luxembourg National Lottery French National Lottery Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EuroMillions&oldid=837709139 '' Categories : Lottery games Mega Ball lottery games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 14 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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do you win anything for getting both lucky stars
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List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 2015–present
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List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria , 2015 -- present - wikipedia List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria , 2015 -- present The following list contains the members , parties , states of origin or representation , and constituencies of all the members of Nigeria 's 8th House of Representatives as of the 2015 general election . Member Party State Constituency Ossy Prestige APGA Abia State Aba North / South Uko Ndokwe Nkole PDP Abia State Arochukwu - Ohafia Solomon Ezinwa O. Adaelu PDP Abia State Obingwa / Osisioma / Ugwunagbo Onyejeocha Nkeruka Chiduben PDP Abia State Umunneochi / Isuikwuato Nnenna Elendu Ukeje PDP Abia State Bende Samuel Ifeanyi Onuigbo PDP Abia State Ikwuano / Umuahia Nkem Uzoma PDP Abia State Ukwa East / Ukwa West Darlington Nwokocha PDP Abia State Isiala Ngwa North / South Adamu Kamale PDP Adamawa State Madagali / Michika Yusuf Buba APC Adamawa State Hong / Gombi Abdulrazak Namdas APC Adamawa State Mayo Belwa / Toungo / Jada / Ganye Abubakar Lawal APC Adamawa State Girei / Yola North / Yola South Talatu Yohanna APC Adamawa State Lamurde / Numan / Demsa Shuaibu Abdulraman APC Adamawa State Maiha / Mubi N / Mu S Philip Ahmad APC Adamawa State Shelleng / Guyuk Sadiq Ibrahim APC Adamawa State Song / Fufore Samuel Ikon PDP Akwa Ibom Nsit Ibom / Nsit Ubium / Etinan Owoidighe Ekpoatai PDP Akwa Ibom Eket / Esit Eket / Onna / Ibeno Okon Michael PDP Akwa Ibom Uruan / Uyo / Nsit Ata / Ibeskip Asutan Iboro Ekanem PDP Akwa Ibom Ini / Ikono Nse Ekpenyong PDP Akwa Ibom Oron / Mbo / Okobo / UrueOffong / Oruko / Udung - Uko Emmanuel Ukoete PDP Akwa Ibom Ukanafun / Orukanam Emmanuel Akpan PDP Akwa Ibom Ikor Ekpene / Essien Udim / Obot Akara Emmanuel Ekon PDP Akwa Ibom Abak / Etim Ekpo / Ika Francis Uduyok PDP Akwa Ibom Ikot Abasi / Mkpat Enin / Eastern Obolo Henry Archibong PDP Akwa Ibom Itu / Ibiono Ibom Samuel Ikon PDP Akwa Ibom Etinan / Nsit Ibom / Nsit Ubium Owoidighe Ekpoatai PDP Akwa Ibom Eket / Onna / Esit Eket / Ibeno Okon Michael PDP Akwa Ibom Uyo / Uruan / Nsit Ata / Ibeskip Asutan Chukwuka Onyema PDP Anambra State Ogbaru Okechukwu Eze PDP Anambra State Anaocha / Njikoka / Dunukofia Emeka Idu PDP Anambra State Onitsha North / South Chukwuemeka Anohu PDP Anambra State Ihiala Chidoka Obinna PDP Anambra State Idemili North / South Azubago Ifeanyi PDP Anambra State Nnewi North / South / Ekwusigo Gabriel Onyenwife All Progressives Grand Alliance Anambra State Oyi / Ayamelum Peter Madubueze APC Anambra State Anambra East / West Anayo Nnebe PDP Anambra State Awka North / South Eucharia Okwunna PDP Anambra State Aguta Sopuluchukqu Ezeonwuka PDP Anambra State Orumba North / South Omar Tata APC Bauchi State Zaki Dogara Yakubu APC Bauchi State Bogoro / Dass / Tafawa Balewa Isa Mohammed APC Bauchi State Jama'are / Itas - Gadau Muhammad Abdu APC Bauchi State Alkaleri / Kirfi Adamu Gurai APC Bauchi State Shira / Glade Zakari Salisu APC Bauchi State Ningi / Warji Ibrahim Baba APC Bauchi State Katagum Gumau Yahaya APC Bauchi State Toro Jika Haliru APC Bauchi State Darazo / Gunjuwa Shehu Musa APC Bauchi State Bauchi Ahmed Yerima APC Bauchi State Misau / Dambam Agbedi Yeitiemone PDP Bayelsa State Sagbama / Ekeremor Sodaguno Festus - Omoni PDP Bayelsa State Ogbia Douye Diri PDP Bayelsa State Yenagoa / Kolokuna / Opokuma Jephthah PDP Bayelsa State Brass / Nembe Ofongo Henry PDP Bayelsa State Southern Ijaw Ochepo Adamu PDP Benue State Apa / Agatu Iorember Wayo APC Benue State Kwande / Ushongo Orker - jev Yisa APC Benue State Buruku Memga Emmanuel PDP Benue State Katsina - Ala / Ukum / Logo Dickson Tarkighir APC Benue State Makurdi / Guma Adabah Christian PDP Benue State Ado / Obadigbo / Opkokwu Awulu Adaji PDP Benue State Otukpo / Ohimini Mark Gbillah APC Benue State Gwer East / Gwer West Aja Samson PDP Benue State Oju / Obi Herman Hembe APC Benue State Vandeikya / Konshisha John Dyegh APC Benue State Gboko / Tarka Mahhud Maina APC Borno State Dikwa / Mafaf / Konduga Shriff Mohammed APC Borno State Bama / Ngala / Kalabalge Mohammed Sanda APC Borno State Kaga / Gubio / Magumeri Asabe Bashir APC Borno State Damboa / Gwoza / Chibok Mohammed Monguno APC Borno State Jere Mallam Gana APC Borno State Kukawa / Mobbar / Abadam / Guzamalai Abdukadir Rahis APC Borno State Maiduguri ( Metropolitan ) Jibrin Santumari APC Borno State Askira - Uba / Hawul Aliyu Muktar APC Borno State Biu / Bayo / Shani / Kwaya Kusar Idagbo Ochiglegor PDP Cross River State Bekwarra / Obudu / Obanliku Irom Michael PDP Cross River State Obubra / Etung Effiong Daniel PDP Cross River State Akamkpa / Biase Essien Ayi PDP Cross River State Akpabuyo / Bakassi / Calabar South Edim Eta PDP Cross River State Calabar Municipal / Odukpani Ngoro Adigbe PDP Cross River State Ikom / Boki Bassey Ewah PDP Cross River State Yakurr / Abi Agom Jarigbe PDP Cross River State Ogoja Yala Evelyn Omavowan PDP Delta State Opke / Sapele / Uvwie Joan Mrakpor PDP Delta State Aniocha North / Aniocha South / Oshimili N&S Solomon Ahwinahwi PDP Delta State Ughelli North / South / Udu Ederin Idisi PDP Delta State Ethiope Daniel Reyenieju PDP Delta State Warri Nwokolo Victor PDP Delta State Ika Ogor Okuweh PDP Delta State Isoko North / South Nicholas Mutu PDP Delta State Bomadi / Patani Nicholas Ossai PDP Delta State Ndokwa / Ukwani Julius Pondi PDP Delta State Burutu Iduma Igariwey PDP Ebonyi State Afikpo North / Afikpo South Lazarus Ogbee PDP Ebonyi State Ikwo / Ezza South Sylvester Ogbaga PDP Ebonyi State Abakaliki / Izzi Chukwuma Nwazunku PDP Ebonyi State Ohaukwu / Ebonyi Edwin Anayo PDP Ebonyi State Ezza North / Ishielu Linus Okorie PDP Ebonyi State Ohaukwu / Ebonyi Aisowieren Patrick APC Edo State Orhionmwon / Uhunmwode Sergius Ogun PDP Edo State Esan North - East / Esan South - East Ogbeideihama Omoregie PDP Edo State Oredo Joseph Edionwele PDP Edo State Esan Central / West / Igueben Ohiozojeh Akpatason APC Edo State Akoko - Edo Omosede Igbinedion PDP Edo State Ovia South / West - Ovia North / East Johnson Oghuma APC Edo State Etsako East / West / Central Ehiozuwa Agbonayinma PDP Edo State Egor / Ikpoba - okha Pally Iriasse APC Edo State Owan West / East Thaddeus Aina PDP Ekiti State Ido / Osi , Moba / Ilejeme Kehinde Agboola PDP Ekiti State Ikole / Oye Sunday Oladimeji PDP Ekiti State Ado Ekiti / Irepodun - Ifelodun Akinyede Awodumila PDP Ekiti State Emure / Gbonyin / Ekiti East Olamide Oni PDP Ekiti State Ijero / Ekiti West / Efon Segun Adekola PDP Ekiti State Ekiti South West / Ikere / Ise / Orun Toby Okechukwu PDP Enugu State Aninri / Agwu / Oji - uzo Dennis Amadi PDP Enugu State Ezeagu / Udi Ebenyi Kingsley PDP Enugu State Enugu East / Isi - Uzo Stella Ngwu PDP Enugu State Igbo - Etiti / Uzo - Uwani Asadu Patrick PDP Enugu State Nsukka / Igbo - Eze South Chukwuemeka Ujam PDP Enugu State Enugu North / South Chime Oji PDP Enugu State Nkanu East / Nkanu West Angulu Zakari APC FCT Kuje / Abaji / Gwagwalada / Kwali Zaphaniah Jisalo PDP FCT Abuja Municipal / Bwari Barambu Kawuwa APC Gombe State Akko Yunusa Abubkar APC Gombe State Yamaltu - Deba Khamsiu Ahm Ahmed APC Gombe State Gombe , kwami &Funakaye Binta Bello PDP Gombe State Kaltungo / Shongom Ismaila Hassan APC Gombe State Akko Federal Constituency Aishattu Dukku APC Gombe State Dukku / Nafada Ali Isa PDP Gombe State Balanga / Billiri Eke Bede PDP Imo State Aboh Mbaise / Ngor Okpala Goodluck Opiah PDP Imo State Oguta / Ohaji - Egbema / Oru West Henry Nwawuba PDP Imo State Mbaitolu / ikeduru Jones Onyereri PDP Imo State Isu / Njaba / Nkwerre / Nwangele Oninubuariri Obinna PDP Imo State Isiala Mbano / Okigwe / Onuimo Igbokwe Nnanna PDP Imo State Ahiazu Mbaise / Ezinihitte Alagboso Jerry PDP Imo State Orlu / Oru East / Orsu Chukwukere Austine APC Imo State Ideato North / South Onyewuchi Ezenwa APGA Imo State Owerri Municipal / Owerri North / West Okafor John APC Imo State Ehimembano / ihitte Uboma / Obowo Usman Ibrahim APC Jigawa State Hadejia / Kafin Hausa / Auyo Rabiu Garba APC Jigawa State Mallam Madori / Kaugama Da'u Magaji APC Jigawa State Birnin - Kudu / Buji Ibrahim Abdullahi APC Jigawa State Dutse / Kiyawa Muhammed Gudaji APC Jigawa State Kazaure / Roni / Gwiwa / Yankwashi Muhammad Boyi APGA Jigawa State Ringim / Taura Hassan Yuguda APC Jigawa State Gwaram Adamu Muhammadu APC Jigawa State Babura / Garki Fulata Abubakar APC Jigawa State Birniwa / Guri / Kiri - Kasamma Sani Mohammed APC Jigawa State Gumel / Maigatari / Sule Tankarkar / Gagarawa Simon Arabo PDP Kaduna State Kauru Muhammad Soba APC Kaduna State Soba Umar Yakubu PDP Kaduna State Chikum / Kajuru Ahmed Rufai APC Kaduna State Kaduna South Adams Jagaba APC Kaduna State Kachia / Kagarko Bala Yusuf APC Kaduna State Ikara / Kubau Garba Muhammad APC Kaduna State Sabon Gari Muhammad Usman APC Kaduna State Makarfi / Kudan Gideon Gwani PDP Kaduna State Kaura Samaila Suleiman APC Kaduna State Kaduna North Nicholas Shehu PDP Kaduna State Jemaa / Sanga Marshal Sunday PDP Kaduna State Zangon Kataf / Jaba Muhammad Abubakar APC Kaduna State Igabi Hassan Adamu APC Kaduna State Birnin - 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Jump up ^ http://www.nigeriagalleria.com . `` Nigerian House of Representatives , Members of House of Representativess in Nigeria : : Nigeria Information & Guide '' . www.nigeriagalleria.com . Jump up ^ Assembly , Nigerian National . `` National Assembly - Federal Republic of Nigeria '' . www.nassnig.org . Jump up ^ Assembly , Nigerian National . `` National Assembly - Federal Republic of Nigeria '' . www.nassnig.org . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Nigeria,_2015 -- present&oldid = 855928563 '' Categories : Government of Nigeria Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 19 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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Chevrolet Monte Carlo
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Chevrolet Monte Carlo - wikipedia Chevrolet Monte Carlo Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chevrolet Monte Carlo Overview Manufacturer Chevrolet ( General Motors ) Production 1970 -- 1988 1995 -- 2007 Body and chassis Class Personal luxury car Body style Coupe The Chevrolet Monte Carlo is a two - door coupe manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet from 1970 to 2007 model years ( non-continuously ) , encompassing six generations . Chevrolet marketed the Monte Carlo as a personal luxury car , with the last generation classified as a full - sized coupé . The car was named for the city Monte Carlo in the Principality of Monaco , specifically the ward of Monte Carlo / Spélugues . The first four generations of the Monte Carlo ( 1970 -- 72 , 1973 -- 77 , 1978 -- 80 , and 1981 -- 88 ) were of a rear - wheel - drive , V8 - powered ( a V6 engine from 1978 ) coupe design , utilizing body - on - frame construction . The later rear - wheel - drive generations did not incorporate the trend of uni-body construction that became more prevalent in the early 1980s as automakers downsized their vehicle lines to satisfy increasing demand for fuel - economy after the 1973 oil crisis and the early 1980s recession . The SS model was reintroduced from mid-1983 to 1988 with a 305 cu in ( 5.0 L ) V8 . After the discontinuation of the rear - drive Monte Carlo after 1988 , the nameplate was revived in 1995 for the fifth - generation , a front - drive , V6 - powered coupe based on the Chevrolet Lumina sedan . The sixth and final - generation Monte Carlo in 2000 was built alongside the Chevrolet Impala , which succeeded the Lumina as Chevy 's mid-sized sedan . The Monte Carlo SS was revived from 2000 to 2007 , that was initially powered by 3.8 L V6 ( supercharged in 2004 and 2005 ) and by a 5.3 L V8 for 2006 and 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 1970 - 1972 ) 1.1 Development 1.2 1970 1.3 1971 1.4 1972 2 Second generation ( 1973 - 1977 ) 2.1 1973 2.3 1975 2.4 1976 2.5 1977 3 Third generation ( 1978 - 1980 ) 3.1 1978 3.2 1979 3.3 1980 4 Fourth generation ( 1981 - 1988 ) 4.1 1981 4.2 1982 4.3 1983 4.4 1984 4.5 1985 4.6 1986 4.7 1987 4.8 1988 5 Fifth generation ( 1995 - 1999 ) 5.1 1994 -- 1999 5.2 Production totals 5.3 Models 6 Sixth generation ( 2000 - 2005 ) 6.1 2000 -- 2005 6.2 Specialty nameplates 6.3 Pace cars 6.4 Models 6.5 Production totals 6.6 Refreshed sixth generation 6.7 2006 -- 2007 6.7. 1 Models 7 Discontinuation 8 NASCAR 9 Notes 10 External links First generation ( 1970 - 1972 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Production 1970 -- 1972 Assembly Flint , Michigan Baltimore , Maryland Lakewood Heights , Georgia Kansas City , Missouri Van Nuys , California Oshawa , Ontario , Canada Body and chassis Body style 2 - door hardtop Layout FR layout Platform A-body Related Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Pontiac Grand Prix Powertrain Engine 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) Turbo - Fire V8 400 cu in ( 6.55 L ) Turbo - Fire V8 402 cu in ( 6.59 L ) Turbo - Jet V8 454 cu in ( 7.44 L ) Turbo - Jet V8 Transmission 4 - speed manual 3 - speed manual 2 - speed automatic 3 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 116 in ( 2,946 mm ) Length 206.5 in ( 5,245 mm ) Width 76 in ( 1,930 mm ) Height 52.9 in ( 1,344 mm ) Development ( edit ) For the 1968 model year , GM instituted a split - wheelbase policy for its A-platform intermediate - sized cars . Two - door models would have a 112 in ( 2,845 mm ) wheelbase , 116 in ( 2,946 mm ) for sedans , and 121 in ( 3,073 mm ) for station wagons . In 1969 , GM introduced the Pontiac Grand Prix , a two - door that used A-platform layout that was stretched ahead of the firewall to make it 210.2 - inch ( 5,339 mm ) long . This gave the design an unusually long hood design helping the new Grand Prix to outsell its larger B - body predecessor , despite higher prices . The new layout was first known as the A-body Special , but would evolve into its own class known as the G - platform . The Monte Carlo started as Chevrolet 's version of Pontiac Grand Prix , as conceived by Elliot M. ( Pete ) Estes , general manager of Chevrolet , and Chevrolet 's chief stylist , David Holls . They modeled the styling on the contemporary Cadillac Eldorado , although much of the body and structure were shared with the Chevrolet Chevelle ( firewall , windshield , decklid , and rear window were the same ) . New exterior `` coke bottle styling '' featured concealed windshield wipers . A light monitoring system was optional . A mid-1990s article in the magazine Chevrolet High Performance stated that the first generation Monte Carlo was known to Chevrolet management under the working name Concours . Usual practice at the time was that all Chevrolet model development names started with a `` C '' . At one point , the proposal called for a formal coupe , sedan , and convertible . It has been noted that the sedan resembled a full - size Oldsmobile 98 prior to the use of the GM G platform with at least one photo showing the pull - up door handles that would be introduced on the 19701⁄2 Camaro and 1971 Vega and full - sized Chevys , but not appear on Monte Carlos until the second - generation model debuted in 1973 . When the car debuted for the 1970 model year , the only body style available was the two - door hardtop . Though the Monte Carlo was developed at Chevrolet under the leadership of Pete Estes , it was formally introduced in September , 1969 by John Z . DeLorean , who succeeded Estes as Chevrolet 's general manager earlier in the year after previously heading the Pontiac division , where he led the development of the Grand Prix . 1970 ( edit ) The styling of the 1970 model - year Monte Carlo is distinguished by its chromed rectangular grille having a fine grid pattern of 720 small squares with two horizontal dividers , and centered in it , a chrome and red crest emblem adorned by a Corinthian helmet ( commonly referred to as the `` knight 's crest '' ) , a thin hood spear with no vertical hood ornament , round headlamps with rounded chrome bezels ( which appeared on a prototype 1970 Chevelle front end proposal which was rejected for the 4 headlight design ) , circular parking lamps inset into the front bumper directly below the headlamps , and tail lights with chrome trim around the perimeter of the lens , only . The standard powertrain was the 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) Chevrolet `` Turbo - Fire '' small - block V8 with a two - barrel carburetor , rated at 250 hp ( 186 kW ) ( gross ) at 4500 rpm and 345 lb ft ( 468 Nm ) of torque at 2800 rpm , mated to a column - mounted 3 - speed Synchro - Mesh manual transmission . Front disc brakes were standard equipment . The dashboard was basically identical to the Chevelle except for fake wood trim , according to Holls a photographic reproduction of the elm trim used by Rolls - Royce , and higher grade nylon ( or vinyl ) upholstery and deep - twist carpeting were used . Base priced at US $3,123 , the Monte Carlo cost $218 more than a comparable Chevelle Malibu . Various options were available . A two - speed Powerglide automatic transmission ( on 350 CID engines only ) , three - speed Turbo - Hydramatic , or a four - speed manual ; most Monte Carlos were built with the Turbo - Hydramatic . Variable - ratio power steering , power windows , air conditioning , power seats , `` rally '' wheels , bucket seats , center console , full instrumentation , and other accessories were also available , bringing the price of a fully equipped Monte Carlo to more than $5,000 . Optional engines included the four - barrel carbureted Turbo - Fire 350 CID small block V8 , rated at 300 hp ( 224 kW ) at 4800 rpm and 380 lb ft ( 515 Nm ) at 3200 rpm , the Turbo - Fire 400 ( 400 CID / 6.5 L ) with a two - barrel carburetor , rated at 265 hp ( 198 kW ) at 4800 rpm and 400 lb ft ( 542 Nm ) at 3800 rpm , and the Turbo - Jet 400 ( 402 CID / 6.6 L ) with a four - barrel carburetor , rated at 330 hp ( 246 kW ) at 4800 rpm and 410 lb ft ( 515 Nm ) at 3200 rpm ) . Note that the two Chevrolet 400 CID V8s offered this year were actually two different designs . The two - barrel carbureted Turbo - Fire 400 was a Small Block Chevrolet V8 engine , similar , but different internally , to the 350 , while the Turbo - Jet 400 was a slightly enlarged version of the 396 CID big block V8 and had an actual displacement of 402 CID . The most sporty and powerful option was the Monte Carlo SS 454 package . Priced at $420 , it included a standard Turbo - Jet 454 of 454 CID ( 7.4 L ) with a four - barrel carburetor , rated at 360 hp ( 269 kW ) at 4800 rpm . It also included heavy - duty suspension , wider tires , `` SS 454 '' badging , and an automatic load - leveling rear suspension . The Turbo Hydra - Matic three - speed automatic was the only transmission available for this package . The rear axle came standard with a 3.06 ratio but was available in 2.56 and 3.31 , although it still cost $222 ( £ 142 ) extra . Weighing only a bit more than a comparably equipped Chevelle SS 454 , the Monte Carlo SS was quite a fast car , although it accounted for less than 3 % of Monte Carlos sold in 1970 . A labor strike at Chevrolet 's Flint , Michigan assembly plant ( where most Monte Carlo production was scheduled ) during the early months of the 1970 model year immediately following the car 's introduction on September 18 , 1969 limited overall model - year sales to 159,341 ; short of the projected 185,000 . During those early months , Monte Carlos were in short supply , with full - scale production not happening until February 1970 , leaving many would - be buyers disappointed after going to their Chevrolet dealers and finding no Monte Carlos in stock . Once full production was underway , Monte Carlos sold well and often at full list price ( usually being ordered with many extra-cost options ) , making it a profitable model for Chevrolet and its dealership networks . SS 454s , however , did not sell so well in 1970 , with only 3,823 of the 1970 Monte Carlos being the most powerful model in the range . Popular Mechanics reported 82 % of readers who bought a Monte Carlo got one for the styling , however 10.1 % of readers disliked the amount of rear leg room . 1971 ( edit ) The 1971 model saw minor styling changes , mostly cosmetic . The headlamp bezels were more of a squircle shape with rectangular front parking lamps , the grille had no horizontal divider and the openings were rectangular - shaped , the hood spear included a stand - up ornament with `` Chevrolet '' script lettering , the trunk lock keyhole had the Monte Carlo Crest surrounding it , and the tail lights now had two horizontal and one vertical chrome strips . Inside , the SS model got new `` European symbol knobs '' , and a four - spoke steering wheel became optional . Mechanically it was largely unchanged , although the small - block Turbo - Fire 400 two - barrel engine was dropped . Other engines had compression ratios lowered to allow the use of regular leaded , low - lead , or unleaded gasoline , per a GM corporate edict . Engine ratings fell to 245 hp ( 183 kW ) for the base Turbo - Fire 350 CID ( 5.7 L ) two - barrel , 270 hp ( 201 kW ) for the Turbo - Fire 350 - 4V , and 300 hp ( 224 kW ) for the Turbo - Jet 400 . The SS 454 engine was actually raised to a nominal 365 gross hp ( 272 kW ) despite the reduction in compression ratio . This increase in horsepower was a result of the 454 engine using the more aggressive camshaft from the 390 hp 454 used in the 1970 Chevrolet Corvette and full - sized sedans . Chevrolet listed both gross and SAE net horsepower figures in 1971 with the impending change to SAE net ratings in 1972 . The ratings compared as follows : Engine Carburetor Gross hp Net hp Turbo - Fire 350 CID V8 2 - bbl 245 hp 165 hp Turbo - Fire 350 CID V8 4 - bbl 270 hp 175 hp Turbo - Jet 400 CID V8 4 - bbl 300 hp 260 hp Turbo - Jet 454 CID V8 4 - bbl 365 hp 285 hp The SS 454 package would be discontinued after this year following production of only 1,919 units , but the 454 CID V8 engine would remain optional in Monte Carlos through 1975 . The reason given for discontinuing the SS was that the Monte Carlo was marketed as a luxury vehicle instead of a muscle car . The SS nameplate would be resurrected 12 years later . Yet , at the same time that the Monte Carlo SS was judged a failure in the marketplace and discontinued , the Monte 's reputation as a performance car on the race track was gaining strength because Ford and Chrysler were ending their factory - backed racing support due to declining muscle car sales and the need to divert dollars to meet costly Federal safety and emission regulations ( General Motors ' official policy had prohibited factory racing efforts since 1963 ) . As factory support ended at Ford and Chrysler , the stock - car racing mantle switched to independent teams and sponsors , who overwhelmingly chose Chevrolets over Ford and Chrysler products due to Chevy 's much greater availability and affordability of over-the - counter racing parts through the Chevy dealer network . The Monte Carlo was considered the best suited Chevrolet model for stock car racing by most NASCAR teams due to its 116 in ( 2,900 mm ) wheelbase ( only one inch above NASCAR 's minimum requirements at that time , the Chevelle 2 - doors had a shorter 112 - inch wheelbase ) and long - hood design which placed the engine further back in the chassis than most other vehicles for better weight traction . Thus the Monte Carlo became Chevy 's standard - bearer for NASCAR from 1971 to 1989 . Production of the 1971 Monte Carlo was slow at the start due to a labor strike due to a 67 - day corporate - wide walkout that coincided with the introduction of the 1971 models in September , 1970 , leaving dealerships with only a small shipment of 1971 models ( built before the strike ) in stock until the strike was settled in mid-November , 1970 and then slow - going in reaching normal production levels until around January 1 , 1971 . Model - year production ended at 128,600 including the 1,919 SS models . AM / FM stereo radios with 8 - track tape players were optional . A total of 12 1971 Monte Carlo 's were shipped to Australia in 1971 and converted to RH drive , 4 of these were SS models from the 1,919 produced . 1972 ( edit ) A Cadillac - like egg - crate grille similar to the 1971 Chevrolet Caprice , rectangular front parking lamps moved to the left and right edges of the grille , a wider hood spear without stand - up ornament , and a metal rear trim molding highlighted the changes to the 1972 Monte Carlo , the final year for the first generation design . The SS was dropped , but a new Monte Carlo Custom option appeared as a one - year only offering that included a special suspension and other items previously included with the SS option . Unlike the departed SS package , it was available with any engine on the roster . The Monte Carlo Custom badging was similar to the Impala Custom . The engines were largely unchanged , but an industry - wide switch to SAE net hp numbers led to a reduction in the rated power of all Chevrolet engines . Chevrolet did not list gross horsepower figures for 1972 . Compared to 1971 figures , only the 402 and 454 had a decrease in power . The new ratings for the Monte Carlo were : 350 CID ( 5.7 L ) , two - barrel : 165 hp 350 CID ( 5.7 L ) , four - barrel : 175 hp 402 CID ( 6.6 L ) , four - barrel : 240 hp 454 CID ( 7.4 L ) , four - barrel : 270 hp In California , which had emissions standards more stringent than federal law , the 4 - barrel carbureted 350 was the standard and only available engine . Also , the only transmission offered in California was the Turbo Hydramatic . 1972 Chevrolet Monte Carlo For 1972 , the four - speed manual transmission was discontinued from the option list as a line in the Monte Carlo brochure describing its market position as a personal luxury car stated `` Sorry , no four - on - the - floor . '' The standard three - speed manual and optional two - speed Powerglide automatic transmissions were offered only with the base 350 CID two - barrel engine , with the three - speed Turbo Hydramatic also available with this engine and a mandatory option with each of the optional engines . Mechanically , the most significant change was that variable - ratio power steering became standard equipment for the first time . Interior trim was relatively unchanged from 1971 other than the availability of all - vinyl upholstery with the standard bench seat in addition to the optional Strato bucket seats . Cloth interiors were also offered with both bench and bucket seats . Monte Carlo 1972 model year production increased to 180,819 to set a new record in the final year for the first - generation A-body . Monte Carlo and other Chevrolet models were promoted as part of a new ad campaign in which Chevys in print and broadcast ads were featured at various tourist attractions and sites around the United States under the tagline `` Chevrolet : Building a Better Way To See The USA . '' Second generation ( 1973 - 1977 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production 1972 -- 1977 Assembly Flint , Michigan Lakewood Heights , Georgia Van Nuys , California Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe Layout FR layout Platform A-body Related Chevrolet Chevelle Pontiac Le Mans Pontiac Grand Prix Oldsmobile Cutlass Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Buick Regal Powertrain Engine 305 cu in ( 5.00 L ) V8 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) V8 400 cu in ( 6.6 L ) V8 454 cu in ( 7.44 L ) V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 3 - speed automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 116 in ( 2,946 mm ) Length 212.7 in ( 5,403 mm ) Width 77.6 in ( 1,971 mm ) to 78.0 in ( 1,981 mm ) 1973 ( edit ) A redesigned Monte Carlo was introduced alongside other GM intermediates . Like other GM mid-size cars , the 1973 Monte Carlo was no longer a hardtop , but a pillared coupe with rear side opera windows and frameless door glass . Prominent styling features included an egg - crate grille with a Monte Carlo emblem in front and vertical taillights above the bumper . The front bumper was a large federally mandated 5 mph ( 8.0 km / h ) bumper that was among the required 1973 federal safety standards for all passenger cars sold in the U.S. with the 5 mph ( 8.0 km / h ) requirement extended to rear bumpers on 1974 models . Also new was a double - shell roof for improved noise reduction and rollover protection along with the flush - mounted pull - up exterior door handles first introduced on the 1970 ⁄ Camaro and 1971 full - sized Chevrolets and Vegas . The separate body - on - frame construction carried over for 1973 , as was the basic all - coil suspension . For improved ride and handling , the 1973 Monte Carlo featured a number of innovations ( for a large American car ) such as standard radial - ply tires , Pliacell shock absorbers , high - caster steering , and front and rear anti-roll bars ( previously offered only with the SS package ) . The standard Monte Carlo with manual transmission , retained `` traditional '' steering and bias - ply tires , but the radial - tuned system was included when the automatic transmission was ordered , earning the Monte Carlo S label . A new model for 1973 was the Monte Carlo Landau , which was basically an `` S '' with a rear quarter Landau vinyl roof , Turbine II wheels and driver and passenger - side sport mirrors . The interior of the 1973 Monte Carlo featured an all - new , wraparound cockpit - style instrument panel , similar to that found in some contemporary Pontiacs , Oldsmobiles and Buicks , in which gauges and various instruments were centered within easy reach of the driver . The simulated burl elm trim was retained . A split bench seat was standard , but `` Strato Bucket '' seats of a new design were optional , along with a floor console featuring an equally new shifter with knob and button similar to Pontiac 's Rally Sports Shifter replacing the Buick - like horseshoe shifter of previous years , and storage compartment . The bucket seats were of a one - piece high - back design with built - in headrests , and could swivel some 90 degrees to permit the driver and front passenger easier entry and exit . Cloth and vinyl trims were offered with both the bench and bucket seats . The standard engine was a 145 ( net ) hp ( 108 kW ) 350 CID ( 5.7 L ) Turbo - Fire V8 . Optional engines included a 175 ( net ) hp ( 30 kW ) 350 CID V8 with a four - barrel carburetor and a four - barrel carbureted 454 CID Turbo - Jet V8 rated at 245 ( net ) hp ( 183 kW ) . The 1973 Monte Carlo was named Motor Trend 's `` Car of the Year '' , due to its new styling and emphasis on Euro - style ride and handling . The 1973 Monte Carlo set a new sales record for Chevrolet , with nearly 250,000 sold for the model year . The success of the Monte Carlo and Pontiac 's similar Grand Prix led to several new personal luxury cars from competitors , including subsequent Mercury Cougar , the Ford Torino Elite , the Chrysler Cordoba and restyled Dodge Charger , and even high - line versions of the AMC Matador , which got a swoopy new coupe design for 1974 . 1974 Chevrolet Monte Carlo The 1974 Monte Carlo received minor detail changes from its 1973 predecessor , most notably a revised egg - crate grille in the front , flush mount taillights ( no longer recessed with horizontal chrome bars ) , a shorter trunk deck that housed the relocated license plate and the trunk lock mechanism . In 1973 the trunk lock was below the trunk deck and above the rear bumper in a space that no longer existed on the 1974 . A larger 5 mph ( 8.0 km / h ) rear bumper was added , and in the interior the driver and passenger door map pockets were no longer available . The base Monte Carlo with manual transmission , standard suspension and bias - ply tires was discontinued , leaving only the `` S '' and `` Landau '' models equipped with radial - ply tires and upgraded suspensions along with standard power steering and front disc brakes . A three - speed manual transmission was listed as standard equipment on 1974 `` S '' and `` Landau '' models equipped with the standard 350 CID V8 , and an automatic transmission was a required option with the larger 400 and 454 CID V8s . However , a number of sources indicate that Chevrolet built virtually all 1974 Monte Carlos with the Turbo Hydra - Matic transmission . The standard 350 CID Turbo - Fire V8 was again rated at 145 hp ( 108 kW ) with two - barrel carburetor in 49 states . For Californians , the standard engine was a 350 Turbo - Fire V8 with a four - barrel carburetor rated at 160 hp ( 120 kW ) that was not offered in the other 49 states . Reappearing on the Monte 's option list for the first time since 1970 was a 400 CID Turbo - Fire small block V8 rated at 150 hp ( 110 kW ) with a two - barrel carburetor ( not offered in California ) or 180 hp ( 134 kW ) with a four - barrel carburetor . The top engine was again the 454 CID Turbo - Jet big block V8 rated at 235 hp ( 183 kW ) . Despite the Arab Oil Embargo of late 1973 and early 1974 that greatly cut into sales of standard and intermediate - sized cars in favor of smaller compacts and imported subcompacts , the Monte Carlo went the other way on the sales charts by setting a new sales record this year of over 300,000 units despite the long lines at gas stations and record - high gasoline prices . The Monte Carlo continued to lead in intermediate personal luxury car sales with the Grand Prix placing second and the arrival of new competitors this year , including an upsized Mercury Cougar , Ford Torino Elite and AMC 's Matador coupe . Chrysler would introduce its entries in this field for 1975 including the Chrysler Cordoba and redesigned Dodge Charger . Interior Dimensions What Dimension Head room - front 37.5 '' Head room - rear 37.4 '' leg room - front 42.1 '' leg room - rear 32.9 '' 1975 Chevrolet Monte Carlo The 1975 Monte Carlo received only minor styling changes from the 1974 model , including a new grille with the Monte Carlo emblem moved to the center section and new vertically shaped taillights with horizontal louvers . All models received catalytic converters to meet the latest federal and California emission requirements that included bonuses such as improved fuel economy and drivability , along with longer spark plug and muffler life , but required more expensive and lower - octane unleaded gasoline . Engines were carryover from 1974 except for the addition of GM 's High Energy electronic ignition being made standard equipment . However , power ratings for all engines were decreased due to the addition of the catalytic converter . The 454 CID V8 no longer offered on California cars , leaving the 400 CID four - barrel the top engine in the Golden State . The base 350 CID two - barrel was rated at 145 hp ( 108 kW ) ( standard in 49 states ) , the 350 CID 4 - barrel was rated at 155 hp ( 116 kW ) ( available only in California ) , the 400 CID 4 - barrel 175 hp ( 130 kW ) , and the 454 CID 4 - barrel 215 hp ( 160 kW ) ( now equipped with single exhaust with dual exhaust as an option ) . A three - speed manual transmission was standard equipment with the base 350 CID V8 used in 49 states and California - only 350 four - barrel V8 . The Turbo Hydra - Matic optional and a required option for the 400 and 454 V8s . Chevrolet sources , however , report that virtually all 1975 Monte Carlos were equipped with the Turbo Hydra - Matic transmission , which became standard equipment for 1976 . New for 1975 was a Custom interior option that included a plusher cloth 50 / 50 bench seat with recliner on passenger side and lower door panel carpeting . The standard interior still consisted of a bench seat with knit - cloth and vinyl or all - vinyl upholstery . The swiveling Strato bucket seats plus console and floor shifter were still optional with knit cloth or vinyl upholstery . Also , white all - vinyl interiors were available for the first time this year with either bench or bucket seats with contrasting colors for carpeting and instrument panels including black , red , blue and green . A gauge that showed if one was using too much gas , a part of the `` Economider '' Gauge package , became optional . Sales dropped off a bit from 1974 's record - setting pace due to higher prices resulting from the addition of the catalytic converter , double - digit inflation and new competition from Chrysler 's Cordoba and Dodge 's Charger SE . Monte Carlo production ended up at around 250,000 units but would rebound to set a new record in 1976 . 1976 ( edit ) A new crosshatch grille and vertically mounted rectangular headlamps , along with reshaped taillights identified the 1976 Monte Carlo ( the reshaped taillight pattern was later incorporated into the fourth generation Monte Carlo ) . Under the hood , a new 140 hp ( 104 kW ) 305 CID 2 - barrel V8 became the standard engine with the 145 hp ( 108 kW ) 350 2 - barrel V8 and 175 hp ( 130 kW ) 400 CID V8 both optional . California cars got a 165 hp ( 123 kW ) 350 4 - barrel as the base engine ( not available in 49 states ) , and could be equipped with the 400 4 - barrel V8 . The big - block 454 CID V8 was discontinued from the option list this year . The Turbo Hydramatic transmission became standard equipment on all 1976 Monte Carlos . Interior trims remained the same as 1975 with both base and Custom levels , but the instrument panel and steering wheel featured a new rosewood trim replacing the burled elm of previous years . A new option was a two - toned `` Fashion Tone '' paint combination . Monte Carlo sales hit an all - time record with production of 353,272 units this year . 191,370 `` S '' Coupes were made . 161,902 Landau Coupes which were $293 more . 1977 ( edit ) 1977 Chevrolet Monte Carlo A revised grille with smaller segments with the Monte Carlo `` Knight 's Crest '' emblem moved to a stand - up hood ornament and revised taillight lenses marked the 1977 Monte Carlo , which was the last year for the 1973 - vintage design before the introduction of a downsized 1978 Monte Carlo . Engine offerings were reduced to two engines for 1977 . The base engine for 49 states was the 140 hp ( 100 kW ) 305 CID 2 - barrel V8 and the 170 hp ( 130 kW ) 350 4 - barrel V8 was optional ( standard in California ) . The 400 - cubic - inch V8 was dropped as an engine option . The Turbo Hydra - matic transmission was included standard equipment . Interior trim received only minor revisions this year with upholstery choices including cloth , velour and vinyl in both base and Custom trims . Swivel out seats and 8 - track were optional . This model year marks the only time in history when an intermediate model was larger in every dimension than a full - sized model , as the B - body Chevrolet Caprice / Impala had already been redesigned and downsized for 1977 . The Monte Carlo also weighed more . In 1977 sales totaled 224,327 S coupes and 186,711 Landau coupes . Third generation ( 1978 - 1980 ) ( edit ) Third generation Overview Production 1977 -- 1980 Assembly Arlington , Texas Pontiac , Michigan Lakewood Heights , Georgia Flint , Michigan Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe Layout FR layout Platform A-body ( RWD ) Referred to as a G - body from 1982 onwards Related Pontiac Grand Prix Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Buick Regal Powertrain Engine 200 cu in ( 3.3 L ) Chevrolet 90 - degree V6 229 cu in ( 3.8 L ) Chevrolet 90 - degree V6 231 cu in ( 3.8 L ) Buick V6 262 cu in ( 4.3 L ) Chevrolet 90 - degree V6 267 cu in ( 4.4 L ) Chevrolet V8 305 cu in ( 5.0 L ) Chevrolet V8 350 cu in ( 5.7 L ) Oldsmobile diesel V8 Transmission 3 - speed manual 4 - speed manual 3 - speed TH - 350 4 - speed 200 - 4R automatic or Saginaw standard for Mexican version Dimensions Wheelbase 108.0 in ( 2,740 mm ) Length 200.4 in ( 5,090 mm ) ( LS ) 202.4 in ( 5,140 mm ) ( SS ) Width 71.8 in ( 1,820 mm ) Height 54.4 in ( 1,380 mm ) ( LS ) 54.9 in ( 1,390 mm ) ( SS ) Curb weight 3,212 lb ( 1,457 kg ) ( LS ) 3,239 lb ( 1,469 kg ) ( SS ) 1978 ( edit ) All GM intermediate - sized cars including the Monte Carlo were downsized for the 1978 model year in response to the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and CAFE requirements . The 1978 model was 700 - 800 lb lighter and some 15 inches shorter than the 1977 model . The 1978 model also had more interior and trunk space than the earlier 1977 model . The engines offered in previous years were dropped in favor of a standard 231 CID V6 built by Buick or an optional Chevrolet 305 CID V8 . New one - piece wall - to - wall carpeting was standard . The three - speed manual transmission reappeared for the first time in several years as standard equipment on the base model with the V6 engine , and the automatic was optional . The optional V8 and all Landau models came standard with the automatic . A four - speed manual transmission with floor shifter was optional with the 305 V8 , the first time a four - speed manual was offered on the Monte Carlo since 1971 . 1979 ( edit ) 1979 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Only minor trim changes were made to the 1979 Monte Carlo which included a restyled grille , revised parking lamp detail and new wrap - around taillamps . Mechanical changes included a new Chevrolet - built 200 CID V6 ( the ancestor of the Vortec 4300 ) as the standard engine for the base Monte Carlo in 49 states while the Buick 231 CID V6 remained standard on base models in California and all Landau models . A new 125 hp ( 93 kW ) 267 CID V8 became optional and the 140 hp ( 100 kW ) 305 CID V8 continued as an option but was joined by a 160 hp 235 lbf ft ( 319 N m ) version with a four - barrel carburetor . The same transmissions were carried over from 1978 , including a standard three - speed manual and optional four - speed manual , or an optional three - speed Turbo Hydramatic automatic . This would be the last year that Chevrolet would offer manual transmissions on the Monte Carlo due to extremely low buyer interest . A black 1979 Monte Carlo was used by Michael Platt and William Matix during the 1986 FBI Miami shootout . A 1979 Monte Carlo modified to a lowrider , was also heavily featured in the 2001 movie Training Day . The car was driven by the main character Detective Alonzo Harris , played by actor Denzel Washington . 1980 ( edit ) The car had a mild frontal restyle , with quad headlights and amber indicators mounted beneath . The metric 200 3 - speed automatic transmission became standard on all models and a new Chevrolet - built 229 CID V6 with 2 - barrel Rochester carburetor replaced both the 200 CID V6 of 1979 and the Buick engine offered on all 1978 models and the 1979 Landau as the standard engine in 49 states ( California cars still got the Buick engine ) . A new option for 1980 was Buick 's turbocharged version of the 231 CID V6 rated at 170 hp ( 130 kW ) . Other optional engines included 267 and 305 CID versions of the Chevrolet small - block V8 with up to 155 hp ( 116 kW ) . Front head room was 37.6 inches , while rear head room was a little bigger , at 37.8 inches . A power trunk opener was still optional . There were a total of 13,839 turbo Monte Carlo 's for 1980 . A new 14 '' rally wheel option was introduced with 5 slots ( with squared ends and a pointed edge ) - later shared with subsequent Chevrolet / GMC A / G - bodies including the Chevrolet S10 light duty truck . Fourth generation ( 1981 - 1988 ) ( edit ) Fourth generation Overview Production 1980 -- 1987 Assembly Arlington , Texas Lakewood Heights , Georgia Pontiac , Michigan Ramos Arizpe , Mexico Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe Layout FR layout Platform A-body ( 1981 ) G - body ( 1982 -- 1988 ) Related Buick Regal Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Pontiac Grand Prix Powertrain Engine 3.75 L ( 229 cu in ) Chevrolet V6 3.8 L ( 230 cu in ) Buick V6 4.3 L ( 260 cu in ) 4300 V6 4.3 L ( 260 cu in ) LT6 Diesel V6 4.4 L ( 267 CID ) Small - Block V8 5.0 L ( 305 CID ) Small - Block V8 5.7 L ( 350 CID ) LF9 Diesel V8 Transmission 4 - speed 200 - 4R automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 108.0 in ( 2,740 mm ) Length 200.4 in ( 5,090 mm ) ( LS ) 202.4 in ( 5,140 mm ) ( SS ) Width 71.8 in ( 1,820 mm ) Height 54.0 in ( 1,370 mm ) ( LS ) 54.9 in ( 1,390 mm ) ( SS ) Curb weight 3,212 lb ( 1,457 kg ) ( LS ) 3,239 lb ( 1,469 kg ) ( SS ) 1981 ( edit ) The body was restyled with the other GM mid-size formal coupes ( Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme , Pontiac Grand Prix , Buick Regal ) . It featured a smoother profile than the previous models and new vertical taillights similar to the 1973 -- 1977 models . Engine offerings were carried over , including the standard 229 CID Chevrolet V6 ( 231 CID Buick V6 in California ) an optional 267 CID V8 ( not available in California ) , a 305 CID V8 in the base and Landau models , and a turbocharged 170 hp ( 130 kW ) 231 CID Buick V6 in the Monte Carlo Turbo . There were a total of 3,027 Monte Carlo Turbos for 1981 . This would make the Monte Carlo Turbo one of the rarest Monte Carlos built , even rarer than the 1987 Monte Carlo SS Aerocoupe . The Monte Carlo Turbo appeared slightly different from other Monte Carlos that year because in addition to the turbo motor it also was equipped with a small hood scoop on the left side of the hood . It also had Turbo 3.8 badges with Chevrolet bowtie on the sides of the hood scoop , on the trunk lid , and on the right side of the dash . An automatic transmission , power steering and power front disc brakes were standard equipment . While this car was considered by some to be much better looking ( and appeared more aerodynamic ) than its Buick Regal , Pontiac Grand Prix , and Olds Cutlass cousins , only one team tried to make a go of it in NASCAR cup racing . While the big Monte Carlo was the dominant body style in the late 1970s , winning 30 or so races , the downsized ( and cleaned - up ) 1981 body would only take two checkered flags in the 1981 and 1982 seasons when it was run . 1982 ( edit ) Few revisions were made on the 1982 Monte Carlo . All engines , except for the turbocharged 231 CID V6 , which was discontinued along with the Monte Carlo Turbo model , were carried over from 1981 . New for 1982 were the additions of a 260 CID V6 and an Oldsmobile 350 CID V8 , both of which were diesel engines . With the introduction of GM 's new mid-size platform that saw the introduction of the Buick Century , Chevrolet Celebrity , Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera and Pontiac 6000 , the chassis designations were shuffled up . The new mid-size cars were designated as A-body cars , whereas the cars previously designated as A-bodies were now called G - bodies . A black exterior was not offered in 1982 and also not available in 1982 for the first time in Monte Carlo history was a sportier interior option with Strato bucket seats and console , as only the standard notchback bench or optional 55 / 45 bench were offered this year . Weight distribution was 57 % in the front and 43 % in the rear . 1983 -- 1988 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS Receiving only minor updates , the 1983 model year Monte Carlo gained a revised grille and interior trim patterns . The standard engine continued to be the 229 in V6 , and the 165 hp 305 in V8 was optional . The Super Sport Package , Z65 was once again made an option in 1983 . The Monte Carlo SS was reintroduced in 1983 , following twelve years of being discontinued . The Monte Carlo SS featured European body color - coding , a new front fascia , a rear spoiler and a V8 . 1984 ( edit ) The 1984 year model coupe production totaled 112,730 with an additional 24,050 had the SS option ( with an 180 hp ( 130 kW ) 305 V8 that saw a 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ) boost from the previous year ) . The Monte Carlo SS was available with Strato bucket seats and floor console as extra-cost options for the first time in place of the standard split bench seat with armrest ( the Strato buckets also returned as an option on the regular Monte after a two - year absence ) . The regular Monte Carlo came standard with a 125 hp ( 93 kW ) 229 CID V6 ( 231 CID V6 for California ) and a 165 hp ( 123 kW ) 305 V8 was optional . Available for the last year in a base Monte Carlo was the 350 CID diesel engine , and there were only 168 manufactured . All engines for 1984 got the three - speed automatic transmission with the exception of three SSs at the end of the 1984 production run that received the Turbo Hydramatic 200 - 4R transmission with overdrive . In 1984 , there were a limited number of Monte Carlo SSs made in Mexico , for Mexican sale . The differences are many compared to US / Canadian SSs . There was no rear spoiler . The rims were 14 '' checker style , an option on the base Monte Carlos in the US . The side mirrors are a different style and black . The interior is from a Grand Prix and is blue in color . The engine was a 350 CID V8 , and the transmission was a 4 - speed manual with a Hurst shifter . Additional Information about the Mexican SS 1985 ( edit ) T - tops were re-introduced ( discontinued after the 1982 model year ) , and additional SS colors ( Black , maroon and silver in addition to white ) , pinstriping , and options were made available . The ( later to be highly sought after ) medium blue ( `` gun metal '' ) color for the SS was dropped . A four - speed automatic overdrive transmission , the Turbo Hydramatic 200 - 4R , with a revised sport rear axle ratio containing 3.73 : 1 gears became standard on the SS . Gone for good were the 229 CID V6 and 350 CID V8 diesel engines . Introduced in place of the 229 CID V6 was a 262 CID ( 4.3 L ) V6 ( RPO LB4 ) that was fuel - injected with throttle - body fuel injection . The V - 8 's were fitted with computer controlled quadrajet carburetors . The 1985 Chevrolet Monte Carlo , Chevy 's rear - wheel - drive personal - luxury car , got more power , but for the first time since 1981 , no diesel engine was offered in the Monte Carlo . In the 1985 Chevrolet Monte Carlo base model , the previously standard 3.8 L Chevy V - 6 gave way to a larger 4.3 L V - 6 with throttle - body fuel injection . That brought along 20 extra horsepower , for a new total of 130 . The optional 5.0 L V8 likewise gained some ponies , via a jump in compression ratio . It jumped from 150 horsepower to 165 . The High Output 5.0 L V8 in the 1985 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS remained at 180 horsepower . 10.5 - inch front disc brakes were standard . A / C was $730 . The V - 6 and base V8 could be backed by either a three - or four - speed automatic transmission , but the H.O. V8 in the SS came only with the four - speed automatic this year . Though the base coupe carried on visually unchanged , the SS was a different story . Previously offered only in white or dark blue metallic , color choices were expanded to include silver , maroon , and black . `` Removable glass roof panels '' ( T - tops ) came on board as a midyear option . Nearly 120,000 Monte Carlos found eager buyers in 1985 . Though the total was down somewhat from 1984 , the SS model saw sales climb from 24,050 to 35,484 , a sure sign that performance was making a comeback . The 1985 Monte Carlo SS also came stock with a 35 millimeter sway bar which added extra support for the high - performance rear end . 1986 ( edit ) For 1986 , there were four distinct body styles available . The base model Sport Coupe was still available with the same general body panels that it had since 1981 , but featured new `` aero '' side mirrors similar to those on Camaros and Chevrolet Corvette of the 1980s . New for the 1986 model year was a Luxury Sport model that had a revised front fascia , new `` aero '' side mirrors , and an updated sleek - looking rear fascia . The LS front fascia included `` Euro '' headlights with removable bulbs in a glass composite headlamp housing , versus the smaller sealed beam glass headlights of previous years . The rear bumper of the LS no longer had a `` notch '' between the bumper and trunk , and the taillights wrapped around so that they were visible from the sides of the car . The Super Sport model for 1986 incorporated the `` aero '' mirrors , yet still utilized the prior year 's styling for the rear bumper . Also new this year was the Aerocoupe model . The Aerocoupe was created by modifications to the Super Sport body , including a more deeply sloped rear window and a shorter trunk lid sporting a spoiler that lay more flat than previous Super Sports . Only 200 Aerocoupes were sold to the public , which happened to be the exact number NASCAR officials required for road model features to be incorporated into the racing cars . 1986 Monte Carlo SS Aerocoupe Registry & Information In 1987 , Chevrolet eliminated the Sport Coupe version of the Monte Carlo , leaving the LS , SS , and Aerocoupe . The Super Sport incorporated the `` smoothed '' rear bumper and tail lamps first introduced on the 1986 Luxury Sport and midway through the production year introduced the `` lay - down '' spoiler . The Aerocoupe made up 6,052 of the 39,251 total Super Sports that were produced that year . 39,794 Luxury Sports were produced in 1987 . 1988 ( edit ) This was the last year for the fourth - generation Monte Carlo . The 1988 models were actually built in late 1987 , with only 16,204 SSs made for an asking price of US $19,320 . Appearance and mechanicals were similar to the 1987 model . The 1988 model only came with the lay - down style spoiler , unlike the 1987 model , which came with either the lay - down or stand - up type spoiler . The Aerocoupe did not return , as Chevrolet had unveiled plans to produce the Lumina and race that body style in NASCAR . The new Lumina body style was much more aerodynamic and negated the need for a `` sleeker '' version of the Monte Carlo SS . The Lumina coupe was introduced as a 1990 model to replace the Monte Carlo . Total production numbers for the final year of the rear - wheel drive Monte Carlo was 30,174 -- almost half of the 1987 numbers . The final G - body Monte Carlo - a silver SS coupe -- was produced on December 12 , 1987 which rolled off the GM Arlington Assembly plant . Total SS production for ' 88 was 16,204 . Fifth generation ( 1995 - 1999 ) ( edit ) Fifth generation Overview Production February 14 , 1994 -- September 1999 ( 1995 - 1999 model years ) Assembly Oshawa , Ontario , Canada Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive Platform W - body 1.5 Gen Related Chevrolet Lumina Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme Pontiac Grand Prix Powertrain Engine 1995 - 99 3.1 L ( 190 cu in ) L82 V6 1995 - 97 3.4 L ( 210 cu in ) LQ1 DOHC V6 1998 - 99 3.8 L ( 230 cu in ) L36 V6 Transmission 4 - speed 4T60 - E automatic 4 - speed 4T65 - E automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 107.5 in ( 2,730 mm ) Length 200.7 in ( 5,100 mm ) Width 72.5 in ( 1,840 mm ) Height 53.8 in ( 1,370 mm ) 1994 -- 1999 ( edit ) For the 1995 model year , the mid-size Lumina was split into two models with the sedan continuing as the Lumina and the coupe reviving the Monte Carlo nameplate for its fifth generation . The new car rode on an updated W - body chassis shared with the Lumina , Pontiac Grand Prix , Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme , Oldsmobile Intrigue , Buick Century and Buick Regal , and by its nature was the first front - wheel drive Monte Carlo . For 1995 , the LS was $16,770 and the Z34 was $18,970 . All 1995 -- 2007 Monte Carlos were built in Oshawa , Ontario , Canada from February 14 , 1994 to September 1999 . Unlike Monte Carlos of previous years , the distinctive bulges to the front fenders and rear quarter panels were gone . A special run of 400 1995 Z34s were made called the Monte Carlo Brickyard 400 Pace Car . The $2195 option included interior ornamentation , embroidered leather 45 / 55 seating with full floor console , an aero wing spoiler , and an accent stripe package . 1997 Monte Carlo LS interior 1995 Brickyard 400 Pace Car Edition Throughout these five model years , the Monte Carlo was available in two trims , the LS and the Z34 . Appearances were largely identical between the two models . Styling changes consisted mainly of the special red - colored badging , a lower front air dam , and blacked out trim on the Z34 , the real difference being under the hood . LS models were powered by the 3.1 L 3100 V6 putting out 160 hp ( 120 kW ) at 5200 rpm ( 119 kW ) and 185 lb ft ( 251 Nm ) while Z34 's featured a more powerful 3.4 L DOHC V6 engine with 215 hp ( 160 kW ) and 220 lb ft ( 298 Nm ) . Aside from minor equipment changes , the fifth generation remained virtually unchanged during its run . In 1998 , the 3.4 L was replaced with the 3800 Series II which cranked out 200 hp and 225 lb ft of torque . All Z34 models came with 16 - inch alloy wheels , optional on LS models in place of the standard 15 - inch steel wheels with bolt - on wheel covers . 1998 -- 1999 Z34 models received redesigned 16 - inch wheels , though the previous - style Z34 alloys remained on the LS . Though derided by some for its indistinct lines ( called the ' Lumina Carlo ' ) and its front - wheel drive drivetrain , the fifth generation sold well enough for Chevrolet to continue the line with a more original redesign in 2000 . The 1995 bodystyle was also a favorite on the NASCAR circuit and enjoyed considerable success at the track . 1997 models added the new Daytime running lights as standard to the standard dual airbags and ABS . Rear visibility was poor . Also , again Chevrolet made a limited production run of Monte Carlo Brickyard 400 pace cars , though none were available for consumers . This generation of the Monte Carlo was the last 2 - door non-truck vehicle featuring 6 - passenger seating , although bucket seats were available as an option with a floor - mounted shifter . Production totals ( edit ) Year Total Z34 LS 1995 100,000 39,628 61,310 65,447 15,384 30,063 70,929 11,756 59,173 1998 69,390 20,688 48,702 1999 69,779 16,031 53,748 Total production 376,483 103,487 252,996 Models ( edit ) Model Years Engine Power Torque LS 1995 -- 1999 3.1 L 3100 V6 160 hp ( 120 kW ) 185 lb ft ( 251 N m ) Z34 1995 3.4 L LQ1 DOHC V6 210 hp ( 160 kW ) 215 lb ft ( 292 N m ) 1996 -- 1997 215 hp ( 160 kW ) 220 lb ft ( 298 N m ) 1998 -- 1999 3.8 L L36 3800 V6 200 hp ( 150 kW ) 225 lb ft ( 305 N m ) Sixth generation ( 2000 - 2005 ) ( edit ) Sixth generation Overview Production 1999 -- 2005 Model years 2000 -- 2005 Assembly Oshawa , Ontario , Canada Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive Platform GM W platform Related Buick Century Buick Regal Chevrolet Impala Oldsmobile Intrigue Pontiac Grand Prix Powertrain Engine 3.4 L LA1 V6 3.8 L L36 V6 3.8 L L67 SC V6 Transmission 4 - speed 4T65 - E automatic 4 - speed 4T65E - HD automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 110.5 in ( 2,810 mm ) Length 197.9 in ( 5,030 mm ) Width 72.7 in ( 1,850 mm ) Height 55.2 in ( 1,400 mm ) 2000 -- 2005 ( edit ) For 2000 , Chevrolet not only again called upon GM Motorsports for design inspiration , but also to Monte Carlos of the past . Among the traits carried over from older Monte Carlos were the stylized wheel flares , vertically oriented tail lamps , and a stylized rear bumper . Another classic trait for 2000 was the return of the `` Knight '' badging , as well as a full gauge cluster , not seen on the Monte Carlo since 1988 . Back again was the Super Sport moniker , replacing the Z34 designation of the fifth generation , which was a Lumina Coupe legacy . Chrevrolet also retired the Lumina name , bringing back the Impala nameplace for the Monte Carlo 's sedan counterpart . At the request of racing teams , Chevrolet stylists added a slight `` hump '' on the rear trunk -- similar to , although smaller than , a Lincoln Mark VIII . It was a distinct trait that stayed with Monte Carlo until its demise , even though later in the generation every trim level would get a spoiler that all but masked the hump . From the NASCAR circuit came the aerodynamic styling and duck tail spoiler . The 6th generation Monte Carlo is based on the Monte Carlo `` Intimidator '' concept car , produced in 1997 . Specialty nameplates ( edit ) Chevrolet released several models inspired by then - current NASCAR drivers : The first model released was the 2002 Dale Earnhardt `` Intimidator Edition . '' This car had two color schemes ; a black body with galaxy silver rocker panels and front and rear air dams , and an all black body with black ground effects . A thin red stripe above the silver ground effects was also included . Just behind the rear side windows , the Dale Number 3 logo was placed . The car also featured silver `` Intimidator '' SS badges on the right side of the trunk and standard Monte Carlo SS badges the bottom of the vehicle , just in front of the rear tires . An Intimidator badge with the number 3 also appeared on the dash , and Earnhardt 's signature appeared on the gauge cluster . The interior is all black ( `` charcoal '' ) leather . This edition also came with 5 spoke , diamond cut wheels and received GMs L36 3800 V6 engine . In 2003 , the Jeff Gordon edition was released . The vehicle came with a superior blue body and silver ground effects , just like the Intimidator Edition ; however , the Jeff Gordon edition also received lighter blue ghost flames on the body . It featured the number 24 behind the rear side windows . A Jeff Gordon signature was placed on the right side of the trunk and inside the car received a Jeff Gordon badge on the dash board and a two - tone gray a black leather - wrapped steering wheel and shift knob . It featured the 5 spoke , diamond cut wheels and received GMs L36 3800 V6 engine . In 2004 the Dale Jr . Edition came out , it was red in color and sported a black high sport kit . The number 8 , with an `` E '' stripe design carried from the doors to the rear bumper . The 5 spoke diamond cut wheels featured a black stripe through each spoke and Dale Jr. 's signature appeared on the right side of the trunk lid . On the sides , the vehicle received Supercharged SS badges . Inside on the dash a # 8 badge appeared and Dale Jr. 's signature on the cluster . This edition also got # 8 floor mats and headrests . This was also the first nameplate car to receive GMs L67 Supercharged 3800 V6 engine . They changed the fan speed for heat and air conditioning this year . previous years had 1 - 5 settings . Monte Carlo will now come with 10 dots to mark your fan speed . To compete , the Intimidator Edition was re-released in 2004 , this time , however the vehicle featured `` Intimidator '' badges on the trunk lid and both side panels of the vehicle . The car was all black in color , received the 5 spoke , diamond cut wheels and this time received GMs L67 Supercharged 3800 V6 engine . 2005 marked the next and final nameplate , the Tony Stewart edition . It was all black , but featured a white / orange line that thickened as it reached the back of the vehicle and contained number 20 just before the rear tires . Tony Stewart 's signature also appeared behind the rear windows on both sides . The Chevy bowtie on the trunk was white on this edition and another was painted on the front of the hood . The Monte Carlo badge was removed and instead replaced by the black Tony Stewart grille . The wheels were the same design as the Dale Jr . Edition , except the bowtie on the center cap was white this time . This edition also received GMs L67 Supercharged 3800 V6 engine . Pace cars ( edit ) 2003 Pace Car edition General Motors released several Monte Carlos branded as `` Pace Car '' replicas . Each year featured a different color and all cars were limited to production numbers , however ; all cars did have some things in common . All pace cars received : Galaxy Silver ground effects , Checkered Flagging on fenders & doors , TAZ decals on quarter panels and trunk lid behind the Monte Carlo script . It also has a `` Race Inspired '' rear spoiler that resembles the look of the NASCAR spoiler , Limited Edition Plaque on trunk lid , Monte Carlo script on the dash is replaced with `` PACE CAR '' , Gauge cluster displays `` LIMITED EDITION '' below the speedometer where it would say `` Apply Brake To Shift From Park , '' 16 - inch Diamond - Cut Cast - Aluminum Wheels , Door Opening Kick Plates Featuring the Monte Carlo Nameplate , and Stainless - Steel Dual Exhaust Tips . Interiors had two tone leather in 2000 through 2002 to match exterior with 2003 being solid black and Chevy `` Bow Tie '' embroidered headrests . All cars also came with GMs L36 3800 V6 engine . 2000 Pace Car : Production limited to 2,222 cars . Sports two - tone leather Black and Red . Exterior : Torch Red with Galaxy Silver ground effects . 2001 Pace Car : Production limited to 1,300 cars . Sports two - tone leather Black and Silver . Exterior : Black with Galaxy Silver ground effects . 2002 Pace Car : Production limited to 1,150 cars . Sports two - tone leather Black and Yellow . Exterior : Competition Yellow with Galaxy Silver ground effects . 2003 Pace Car : Production limited to 1,401 cars . Sports leather Ebony Black seats with Ebony and Gray leather - wrapped steering wheel . Exterior : Superior Blue Metallic with Galaxy Silver ground effects . Models ( edit ) Model Years Engine Power Torque Transmission LS 2000 -- 2005 3.4 L LA1 V6 180 hp ( 130 kW ) 205 lb ft ( 278 N m ) 4T65E LT 2005 3.8 L L36 V6 200 hp ( 150 kW ) 225 lb ft ( 305 N m ) 4T65E SS 2000 -- 2004 3.8 L L36 V6 200 hp ( 150 kW ) 225 lb ft ( 305 N m ) 4T65E SS Supercharged 2004 - 2005 3.8 L L67 supercharged V6 240 hp ( 180 kW ) ) 280 lb ft ( 380 N m ) 4T65E - HD Trim levels initially consisted of the LS , and SS , the latter being the first front - wheel drive SS in the Chevrolet lineup . The LS used a 3.4 L OHV V6 , while the SS got the 3.8 L V6 . A Supercharged SS model was added for 2004 and 2005 , though the naturally aspirated SS continued as well , but was relabeled as LT . Production totals ( edit ) Year Units 2000 64,347 71,268 2002 70,781 2003 71,129 64,771 2005 37,143 Total production 379,439 Refreshed sixth generation ( edit ) Refreshed Sixth Generation Overview Production 2006 - 2007 Assembly Oshawa , Ontario , Canada Body and chassis Body style 2 - door coupe Layout Transverse front - engine , front - wheel drive Platform GM W platform Related Buick LaCrosse / Allure Chevrolet Impala Pontiac Grand Prix Powertrain Engine 3.5 L LZE V6 3.9 L LZ9 V6 5.3 L LS4 V8 Transmission 4 - speed 4T65E automatic 4 - speed 4T65E - HD automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 110.5 in ( 2,810 mm ) Length 196.7 in ( 5,000 mm ) Width 72.9 in ( 1,850 mm ) Height 55.8 in ( 1,420 mm ) 2006 -- 2007 ( edit ) The facelifted 2006 Monte Carlo ( and the companion Impala sedan ) was introduced at the 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show . The base engine was a 3.5 L V6 producing 211 hp ( 156 kW ) . Trim series for this generation include the entry level LS , the mid level LT , the upper level LTZ and , the top of the line SS . Only 14,829 SS models were produced over the two years , 8,794 in 2006 and 6,035 in 2007 . The most notable news , though , was the SS model 's use of the generation IV small - block V8 -- the first V8 since the 1988 model . The 5.3 L V8 produced 303 hp ( 226 kW ) . The interior for 2006 was mildly redesigned . The revised model also adds an improved interior with expanded Driver Information Center ( DIC ) , enhanced ABS and traction control , as well as optional , seat - mounted side air bags for the front driver and passenger . A few Internet Discussion Forums reference the 2006 - 2007 model refresh as a Seventh Generation of the Monte Carlo . They cite the body panel updates , engine availability options , and interior changes as significant enough to warrant a change , while admitting that even GM considers those years part of the Sixth Generation . There are other makes and models of automobiles that have made similar changes , while staying within the same generation ( ex. the Fourth Generation Chevrolet Camaro , and even the earlier Second Generation of the Monte Carlo ) . Models ( edit ) Model Years Engine Power Torque Transmission Quantity LS - LT 2006 -- 2007 3.5 L LZE V6 211 hp ( 157 kW ) 214 lb ft ( 290 N m ) 4T65E ? ? LT - LTZ 2006 only 3.9 L LZ9 V6 ( 2006 only ) 242 hp ( 180 kW ) 242 lb ft ( 328 N m ) 4T65E ? ? SS 2006 -- 2007 5.3 L LS4 V8 303 hp ( 226 kW ) 323 lb ft ( 438 N m ) 4T65E - HD 14,829 The LT and LTZ model were available with the 3.9 L engine in 2006 . For 2007 the LTZ model was dropped along with the engine in favor of utilizing the Flex Fuel 3.5 L as the exclusive engine for non-SS models . Production totals Year Units 2006 32,567 2007 10,889 Total production 43,456 Discontinuation ( edit ) The Monte Carlo ceased production at Oshawa Car Assembly Plant # 1 on June 19 , 2007 , following an announcement in February 2007 of its demise . General Motors has released this statement : On Tuesday , June 19 , 2007 , the last two 2007 Chevrolet Monte Carlo models rolled off the line at the Oshawa Assembly Plant . The last two models were identical `` SS '' models with Precision Red exterior paint ; Silver Rally Stripes ; and Ebony Nuance leather interior . The two models features the `` SS '' 5.3 L V8 engine rated 303 hp ( 226 kW ) ; 18 - inch polished aluminum wheels ; heated exterior mirrors ; as well as an AM / FM / CD and XM Radio . The vehicle was discontinued due to declining sales in coupes in general and the company 's plans to revive the Chevrolet Camaro , which would cannibalize sales of the Monte Carlo . The final Monte Carlo off the production line was retained by GM for their Heritage Center collection . The second - to - last Monte off the line , the last `` saleable '' unit , was auctioned off on August 15 , at Manheim 's Statesville Auto Auction in Statesville , North Carolina . The winning bid went to Fred Simon , owner of Simon Chevrolet in Woonsocket , RI where it is on display on the dealership floor . This unit was at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over the weekend of July 27 -- 29 for the 2007 Allstate 400 at the Brickyard . While there , it was signed by all the current Team Chevrolet drivers who were active in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series . NASCAR ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chevrolet Monte Carlo painted to look like a stock car ( in this case , the # 29 car , driven by Kevin Harvick ) . From 1972 until the cars end of production , the Monte Carlo was campaigned in NASCAR racing . The 1973 -- 1977 cars were the dominant body style through the years until 1980 , when NASCAR mandated a move to the shorter 110 - inch ( 2,794 mm ) wheelbase cars being built by Detroit . The 1981 and 1982 ( referred to as the `` flat - nose '' ) Monte Carlo was raced by few teams and only won two races in those years . In 1983 , the addition of the SS nose became the Monte Carlo body style used in NASCAR until the car went out of production . The Monte Carlo returned for the 1995 season with the fifth - generation body , but NASCAR allowed the car to have wider rear fenders , and as such deviated from factory sheetmetal , that up until that time the race spec cars had to use . The car captured several NASCAR Manufacturers Cup awards until it again was discontinued from production , and replaced by the Impala for racing . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gunnell , John A. ( ed . ) . Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946 -- 1975 . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 027 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Badge : Cryptic Origins of Monte Carlo 's Red Knight 's Crest The News Wheel '' . TheNewsWheel.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Magazines , Hearst ( 1 April 1970 ) . `` Popular Mechanics '' . Hearst Magazines -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://oldcarbrochures.org/New-Brochures---August/1972-Chevrolet-Monte-Carlo-Brochure-Cdn/1972-Chevrolet-Monte-Carlo-Cdn--06-07 ^ Jump up to : `` 1977 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1974 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Gunnell , John A. ( ed . ) . Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946 -- 1975 . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 027 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 2007 - 07 - 31 ) . `` 1977 Chevrolet Monte Carlo '' . Auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.org . p. 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 Chevrolet Monte Carlo brochure '' . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : 1980 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Brochure . GM . 1980 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : World Cars 1982 . Herald Books . ISBN 0 - 910714 - 14 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : World Cars 1985 . Herald Books . 1985 . ISBN 0 - 910714 - 17 - 7 . Jump up ^ 1984 Monte Carlo Brochure . Oldcarbrochures.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Gunnell , John ( 2007 ) . standard catalog of American Muscle Cars 1973 -- 2006 . krause publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 490 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Reviews - Cars.com '' . Cars.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Chevrolet Monte Carlo Reviews - Cars.com '' . Cars.com . Jump up ^ Newbury , Stephen . The Car Design Yearbook 4 . Merrell . ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of American Cars , 2006 Edition Jump up ^ TopSpeed.com http://www.topspeed.com/cars/chevrolet/2006-chevrolet-monte-carlo-ar3431.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Monte Carlo production to end '' . Left Lane News . March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` GM Online Auction : News '' . General Motors . August 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chevrolet Monte Carlo . Chevrolet Monte Carlo at the Internet Movie Cars Database Chevrolet , a marque of General Motors , road car timeline , international market , 1950s -- 1970s -- next '' Type 1950s 1960s 1970s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact Chevette Chevette ( South America ) Vega Monza Compact Corvair Corvair 1700 Lakewood Firenza 400 Chevy Malibu Chevy II Chevy II Chevy II Chevy Nova Nova Nova Nova Mid-size Opala Opala Ascona Chevair Chevelle / Malibu Chevelle / Malibu Chevelle / Malibu Malibu Nomad Greenbrier Rekord Full - size Special 150 150 Delray Kommando Kommando Deluxe 210 210 Yeoman Constantia Constantia 350 / de Ville Fleetline Townsman Townsman Brookwood Townsman 2500 / 3800 / 4100 Biscayne Biscayne Biscayne Biscayne El Morocco Parkwood Brookwood Royale / Iran Senator Bel Air Bel Air Bel Air Bel Air Bel Air Bel Air Bel Air Bel Air Nomad Nomad Commodore Beauville Impala Impala Impala Impala Impala Impala Kingswood Kingswood Caprice Caprice Caprice Kingswood Estate Personal luxury Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Sports SS Chevelle Laguna Camaro Camaro Corvette Corvette Corvette `` previous -- Chevrolet , a marque of General Motors , road car timeline , United States market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Sprint Geo Metro Spark Spark Chevette Aveo Sonic Spectrum Bolt Monza Nova Compact Prizm Volt Volt Cavalier Cavalier Cavalier HHR Citation Corsica / Beretta Cobalt Cruze Cruze Mid-size Malibu Malibu Malibu Malibu Malibu Malibu Celebrity Lumina Lumina Full - size Impala Impala SS Impala Impala Impala SS Caprice Caprice Caprice Personal Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Monte Carlo Sports car Camaro Camaro Camaro Camaro Camaro Corvette Corvette Corvette Corvette Corvette Blue denotes vehicles which are available exclusively to police departments . 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The Book of Henry
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The Book of Henry - wikipedia The Book of Henry Jump to : navigation , search The Book of Henry Theatrical release poster Directed by Colin Trevorrow Produced by Sidney Kimmel Jenette Kahn Adam Richman Written by Gregg Hurwitz Starring Naomi Watts Jaeden Lieberher Jacob Tremblay Sarah Silverman Lee Pace Maddie Ziegler Dean Norris Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Kevin Stitt Production company Sidney Kimmel Entertainment Double Nickel Entertainment Distributed by Focus Features Release date June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) ( LAFF ) June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 million Box office $4.4 million The Book of Henry is a 2017 American drama film directed by Colin Trevorrow and written by Gregg Hurwitz . The film stars Naomi Watts , Jaeden Lieberher , Jacob Tremblay , Sarah Silverman , Lee Pace , Maddie Ziegler , and Dean Norris . The story concerns a plan hatched by a young genius to save the girl next door from abuse . The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14 , 2017 . It was released in theaters by Focus Features on June 16 , 2017 , and received generally negative reviews from critics , mostly focused on the film 's plot twists and tonal shifts , and Trevorrow 's direction , although the cast received some praise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In a small suburban town in the Hudson Valley , 11 - year - old boy genius Henry Carpenter and his younger brother Peter are being raised by their single mother Susan , a waitress who is working on writing children 's picture books . Henry has used his intellect to invest successfully in the stock market , building up a very substantial nest egg for his family . Henry also protects Peter from a school bully and builds Rube Goldberg machines in their tree house . Henry and Susan are both fond of their next - door neighbor ( and Henry 's classmate ) , Christina Sickleman , who has recently become glum . Henry sees Christina being abused by her stepfather , Glenn , the local police commissioner . Henry reports the abuse to social services and the school principal , Janice Wilder , but Glenn has connections throughout the local government , and Wilder is reluctant to challenge the commissioner without `` conclusive evidence '' . Henry is unable to get the authorities to launch a serious investigation that would protect Christina . Henry tells his mother that when someone is in trouble , those who can help must take action . He develops a detailed plan to rescue Christina that he memorializes in a notebook . After a violent seizure , Henry is taken to the hospital , where he is diagnosed with a brain tumor and undergoes surgery . Anticipating his death , he tells Peter to give Susan the notebook . Days later , Henry dies in Susan 's arms in the hospital . Susan is distraught at Henry 's death and has difficulty functioning , but when Peter gives her the notebook , she focuses on Henry 's plan . Susan tries , but fails , to interest a nearby social services agency in opening an investigation . One night , from the window in Peter 's bedroom , she sees Glenn in Christina 's room and decides to carry out the plan . The notebook and an accompanying cassette tape describe a step - by - step plan to kill Glenn with a sniper rifle while covering Susan 's tracks so that it will be impossible to trace the murder back to her . Susan 's alibi is to be provided by executing the murder while both Christina and Peter are performing at a school talent show . Susan slips away from the talent show and puts the plan into motion . As she is about to pull the trigger , however , she realizes that Henry 's plan , though ingenious , is the construct of a child , and that she must act as an adult . She immediately confronts Glenn and tells him that she is going to expose him for what he has done to Christina . Glenn replies that everyone will believe him , not her , and he tells her that he is going to call his police chief to come and bring her in . At the same time , affected by Christina 's dance performance at the talent show , Principal Wilder decides to follow through on the abuse accusation and contacts the authorities . Glenn returns home , calls his relative at Social Services , and learns that an investigation is being opened into his abuse of Christina . As the police arrive at his house in response to his report about Susan , Glenn kills himself . Susan legally adopts Christina as her daughter . She also finishes writing one of her children 's books , as Henry had urged her to do . Cast ( edit ) Jaeden Lieberher as Henry Carpenter , the title character and Susan 's older son . Jacob Tremblay as Peter Carpenter , Henry 's brother and Susan 's younger son Naomi Watts as Susan Carpenter , the mother of Henry and Peter Dean Norris as Glenn Sickleman , the police commissioner and Christina 's abusive stepfather Maddie Ziegler as Christina Sickleman , Glenn 's stepdaughter Sarah Silverman as Sheila , a waitress and Susan 's best friend Lee Pace as David Daniels , a neurosurgeon who operates on Henry Bobby Moynihan as John , Susan 's and Sheila 's boss at the diner Tonya Pinkins as Janice Wilder , the school principal Geraldine Hughes as Mrs. Evans , Henry 's and Christina 's teacher Jackson Nicoll as Morris , a boy who bullies Peter Production ( edit ) Hurwitz wrote the first draft of the screenplay by 1998 . The film was eventually optioned by Jenette Kahn , and Sidney Kimmel Entertainment joined as a producer . An executive at Kimmel Entertainment thought that Colin Trevorrow would be right to direct The Book of Henry . Trevorrow and Hurwitz found each other to be congenial , but then Trevorrow was hired to direct Jurassic World . Another director was considered . By early 2015 , after Trevorrow finished Jurassic World , he returned to The Book of Henry . Kimmel Entertainment and Double Nickel Entertainment financed and co-produced the film ; producers are Sidney Kimmel , Kahn and Adam Richman . Focus Features obtained worldwide distribution rights . Principal photography on the film began in September 2015 in and around New York City , and concluded in November . The music was composed by Michael Giacchino . Stevie Nicks sang a new song in the film . Release ( edit ) The Book of Henry was scheduled to be released on September 16 , 2016 , but Focus rescheduled the film 's release to June 16 , 2017 , concluding that during the summer , the film release schedule would offer fewer adult - oriented films that might compete against The Book of Henry for older viewers . The film premiered at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 14 , 2017 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $1.4 million from 579 theaters ( an average of $2,460 per theater ) , finishing 13th at the box office , and making it `` by far the biggest start among the new Specialties '' opening that weekend . The film was featured at the July 2017 Ischia Film Festival , where Trevorrow was honored with the Breakout Director award for the film . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 22 % based on 107 reviews , with an average rating of 4.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Book of Henry deserves a few points for ambition , but its tonal juggling act -- and a deeply maudlin twist -- may leave viewers gaping in disbelief rather than choking back tears . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 31 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote : `` There 's the kind of bad movie that just sits there , unfolding with grimly predictable monotony . Then there 's the kind where the badness expands and metastasizes , taking on a jaw - dropping life of its own , pushing through to ever - higher levels of garishness . The Book of Henry ... is of the latter , you 've - got - to - see - it - to - disbelieve - it variety . '' The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw , in a critical review , said that , `` in its pure misjudged ickiness , bad - acting ropiness , and its quirksy , smirksy passive - aggressive tweeness , this insidiously terrible film could hardly get any more skin - crawling . '' Writing for Vulture , Emily Yoshida opined , `` It does not suffice to call The Book of Henry bad ; it 's nonfunctional , so poorly conceived from the ground up as to slip out of the grasp of the usual standards one applies to narrative film . It might be admirable if it was n't such torture to watch . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote : `` Director Colin Trevorrow ... lacks any of the eccentricities that might make this quirky and contrived material work , even at face value , '' though he added , `` its above - average performances and insistence on following through on an off - beat premise give it a hint of battiness . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave it 1.5 stars out of 4 , saying : `` The Book of Henry starts well , begins flirting with absurdity in the middle -- and ends in crashing disaster . But the feeling persists that director Colin Treverrow believes every word in the shambles of a 20 - year - old screenplay by crime novelist Gregg Hurwitz . '' Stephen Schaefer of the Boston Herald was one of the minority of critics who praised the film , as was Colin Covert of the Chicago Tribune , who concluded : `` This is a poignant , frequently funny film that moves into unexpected dark subjects . '' Audience response has been more favorable than the critical response . Caroline McVitty commented in The Island Packet : `` It is a movie that critics hate and audiences love . '' while Metacritc 's `` User Score '' is 4.5 out of 10 , indicating mixed or average reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Book of Henry '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Seife , Ethan ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Director Colin Trevorrow Looks Ahead '' . Seven Days . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Rodrigo ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Colin Trevorrow Talks The Book of Henry & Going From Blockbusters to Indie Films Again '' . ThePlaylist.net . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow introduces young Book of Henry stars on Twitter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Manskar , Noah ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Naomi Watts movie The Book of Henry films in Williston Park '' . The Island Now . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Le , D. Dona ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive Q&A with Gregg Hurwitz ' 95 ( Orphan X , The Book of Henry ) '' . Harvardwood . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Director Colin Trevorrow Tackling ' Book of Henry ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World 's Colin Trevorrow to Direct Book of Henry for Sidney Kimmel '' . thewrap . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Jacob Tremblay , Jaeden Lieberher to Co-Star in Colin Trevorrow 's Book of Henry '' . Variety.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` Jurassic World Director Colin Trevorrow 's The Book of Henry Begins Filming '' . comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ `` Book of Henry Filming -- Update Village of South Nyack '' . southnyack.ny.gov . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferraro , Tom ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Our Town : The day the circus came to Williston Park '' . The Island Now . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow Tweets The Book Of Henry has Wrapped Filming '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Giacchino to Score Colin Trevorrow 's The Book of Henry '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stevie Nicks Releases New Song for The Book of Henry : Listen to ' Your Hand I Will Never Let It Go ' Now '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow 's The Book Of Henry to Hit Theaters in September '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow 's drama Book of Henry delayed until 2017 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow 's ' Book of Henry ' Pushed Back to 2017 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` L.A. Film Fest : Colin Trevorrow 's The Book of Henry Set for Opening Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Maudie ' , ' The Journey ' & ' Hare Krishna ' Open Solid -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ariston ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ischia Fest to Honor Colin Trevorrow , ' Beguiled ' to Open Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Book of Henry reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Book of Henry ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Book of Henry review -- icky revenge weepie pours syrup over everything '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Emily ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Book of Henry Must Be Seen to Be Believed ( But Please Do n't See It ) '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` A tween genius plots a murder in the contrived Book Of Henry '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Book of Henry ' Review : Boy Meets Girl , Ends Up in WTF Tearjerker - Thriller '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Book of Henry : Naomi Watts leads a coming - of - age tale that turns dark '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Book of Henry : Endearing , smart tale of child genius '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McVitty , Caroline ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Book of Henry : Most critics hate , but audiences will love captivating , enlightening movie '' . The Island Packet . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` What Colin Trevorrow Really Thinks About The Book of Henry 's Terrible Reviews '' . Cinemablend.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-book-of-henry/user-reviews External links ( edit ) Official website The Book of Henry on IMDb Trailer No. 1 Feature on the young stars of the film in Vanity Fair Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Gregg Hurwitz Novels Orphan X Thrillers series Orphan X ( 2016 ) Buy a Bullet ( 2016 ) The Nowhere Man ( 2017 ) Hellbent ( 2018 ) The Rains Brothers The Rains ( 2016 ) Last Chance ( 2017 ) Tim Rackley The Kill Clause ( 2004 ) The Program ( 2005 ) Troubleshooter ( 2006 ) Last Shot ( 2007 ) Individual The Tower ( 1999 ) Minutes to Burn ( 432 ) Do No Harm ( 2002 ) The Crime Writer ( 2008 ) Trust No One ( 2010 ) They 're Watching ( 2011 ) You 're Next ( 2011 ) The Survivor ( 2012 ) Tell No Lies ( 2013 ) Do n't Look Back ( 2014 ) Comic books DC Comics Batman : The Dark Knight ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Detective Comics ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Penguin : Pain and Prejudice ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Marvel comics Foolkiller vol. 2 ( 2007 ) Foolkiller : White Angels ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The New Avengers ( 2009 ) Punisher ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The Savage Axe of Ares ( 2011 ) Shadowland : Moon Knight ( 2010 ) The Vengeance of Moon Knight ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Wolverine Annual ( 2007 ) Wolverine : Flies to a Spider ( 2009 ) Wolverine : Switchback ( 2009 ) X-Men Forever ( 2009 ) Filmography Written TV Series Black Flags Queen of the South ( Season 1 Episode 8 : Billete de Magia ) V Films The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) Produced TV Series Black Flags V Films The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; co-produced with Colin Trevorrow ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Henry&oldid=825663868 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s drama films American films American drama films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films directed by Colin Trevorrow Films produced by Sidney Kimmel Films set in New York ( state ) Films shot in New York ( state ) Films shot in New York City Focus Features films Sidney Kimmel Entertainment films Fictional child prodigies Films about child abuse Films about cancer Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Kentucky Constitution
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Kentucky Constitution - wikipedia Kentucky Constitution Jump to : navigation , search The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the document that governs the Commonwealth of Kentucky . It was first adopted in 1792 and has since been rewritten three times and amended many more . The latter versions were adopted in 1799 , 1850 and 1891 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The 1792 Constitution 2 The 1799 Constitution 3 The 1850 Constitution 4 The 1891 Constitution 5 Notable amendments 5.1 1992 5.2 1996 5.3 2004 6 References 7 External links The 1792 Constitution ( edit ) The first constitutional convention of Kentucky was called by Colonel Benjamin Logan on December 27 , 1784 in Danville , the capital of Kentucky County , Virginia . Over the next eight years , ten constitutional conventions were called , each making some progress toward a viable constitution . The state 's first constitution was accepted by the United States Congress on June 1 , 1792 , making Kentucky the fifteenth state . The 1792 Constitution had several similarities to the United States Constitution in that it provided for three branches of government -- legislative , executive , and judicial -- and a bicameral legislature called the General Assembly . The document contained a bill of rights , and called for an electoral college to elect senators and the state 's governor . ( Representatives were chosen by popular election . ) Some relatively new ideas were included in the 1792 Constitution . One was the stipulation that the General Assembly vote by ballot instead of voice . There was also a requirement that representation to the General Assembly be based on population , not geography . The 1792 Constitution was seen as an experiment called for a re-evaluation of the document at the end of the century . The 1799 Constitution ( edit ) A second constitutional convention was called for by the voters of Kentucky in 1799 . The 1799 Constitution abolished the electoral college , allowing senators , representatives , the governor , and the newly created office of lieutenant governor to be directly elected . In addition to appointing judges , the governor was given the power to appoint a number of local offices including sheriffs , coroners , and justices of the peace . With all of these expansions in the governor 's power , the 1799 Constitution also placed term limits on the governor , stipulating that a governor could not succeed himself in office for a period of seven years . Membership in both houses of the General Assembly was also limited . In some ways , the 1799 Constitution was a regression . The progressive idea of voting by ballot in the General Assembly was removed . Neither of the first two Kentucky constitutions provided a method of amendment , and the 1799 Constitution made it even more difficult to call a constitutional convention . The 1799 Constitution was regressive for blacks as well . It retained the pro-slavery provisions of the original constitution untouched , but went a step further by disenfranchising free blacks , mulattoes and Indians ... The 1850 Constitution ( edit ) It was not long before some of the weaknesses in the 1799 Constitution were exposed . As early as 1828 , some in the General Assembly began calling for a new constitutional convention . However , because the 1799 Constitution made the calling of a convention such an arduous task , it took more than twenty years to call the convention , which finally convened in Frankfort on October 1 , 1849 . One major item of dissatisfaction with the 1799 Constitution was the appointment of so many officials by the governor . This was addressed in the 1850 Constitution by making all state officials , even judges , popularly elected and imposing term limits on these offices . While the Kentucky Constitution had always provided for protection of slave property , pro-slavery forces sought and received even greater protections in the 1850 Constitution . Among the new provisions were a requirement that slaves and their offspring remain in the state , and that ministers of religion -- thought to be largely anti-slavery -- were prohibited from holding the office of governor or seats in the General Assembly . The bulk of the reforms in the 1850 Constitution , however , were reserved for the General Assembly , whose spending had spiraled out of control . Membership in the Senate was fixed at 38 ; in the House the number was fixed at 100 . Sessions of the General Assembly were limited to sixty days biennially , requiring a two - thirds majority to extend them . The 1850 Constitution also created a sinking fund for the liquidation of the state 's debt , which had climbed to $4.5 million . To prevent the debt from climbing too high in the future , the 1850 Constitution mandated a maximum of $500,000 of indebtedness for the state . At the time , this represented about a year 's worth of revenue for the state , but this provision remains in the current Kentucky Constitution , even though receipts in the 2001 - 02 fiscal year were approximately $6.5 billion . Another dated provision of the 1850 Constitution that survives in the present Constitution is the ineligibility for public office of anyone who had participated in a duel since the ratification of the 1850 Constitution . While the relevance of this prohibition may be disputed now , it could potentially have derailed Governor William Goebel 's eligibility for public office in the 1890s . The 1891 Constitution ( edit ) Ratification of the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution following the Civil War provided the impetus for another constitutional convention , since much of the existing constitution provided protection for slave property and were now at odds with the Federal Constitution . However , this required a majority of the voters in the previous two elections to vote in favor of a convention , a measure that failed every two years from 1873 to 1885 , finally receiving the necessary majority in 1888 and 1889 after the General Assembly called for a registration of all eligible voters in 1887 . The convention began September 8 , 1890 . For the first time , ratification of the constitution required a referendum of the citizens . At the same time , the 1891 Constitution did little to ameliorate the difficult process of calling a constitutional convention . This resulted in failed calls for subsequent constitutional conventions in 1931 , 1947 , 1960 , and 1977 . The 1891 Convention did , for the first time , provide a means of amending itself that has been used by the General Assembly to keep a century - old document somewhat current . Judicial decisions have also helped to adapt the current constitution to modern times . For example , the 1891 Constitution limited state officials ' salaries to $5000 . A 1949 Amendment raised this number to $12,000 , but difficulty of keeping the number up - to - date quickly became apparent . The 1962 Kentucky Supreme Court case Matthews v. Allen addressed this problem by opining that the only way to keep circuit judge 's salaries adequate , as required by Section 133 of the constitution , was to allow the General Assembly to adjust the $12,000 figure in Section 246 to account for the value of a dollar in 1949 . Despite some provisions that some claim are antiquated , the 1891 Constitution ( as amended ) remains the constitution that governs the Commonwealth today . Notable amendments ( edit ) 1992 ( edit ) Several amendments to the Kentucky Constitution were enacted in 1992 . One important amendment lifted the restriction that the Governor could not succeed himself or herself in office . Per the 1992 amendment , the incumbent can seek one additional term before becoming ineligible for four years . The amendment was drafted so that it did not apply to the then - current holder of the office ( Brereton Jones ) , which meant that the first Governor to which the amendment applied was elected in 1995 ( Paul Patton ) . The 1992 amendments to Kentucky 's Constitution significantly changed the office of Lieutenant Governor . Previously , the Lieutenant Governor became acting Governor whenever the Governor was out of state . Since the amendments took effect , the Lieutenant Governor only takes over gubernatorial powers when the Governor is incapacitated . The amendments also removed the Lieutenant Governor 's duties in the Senate -- previously , the Lieutenant Governor had cast the tie breaking vote in the Senate . Finally , the amendments allow candidates for Governor and Lieutenant Governor to run on a single ticket . Prior to the amendments , the two offices were sometimes inhabited by members of different parties . See also Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky In 1996 , Sections 180 and 187 of Kentucky 's Constitution were amended to remove language that allowed local governments to levy a poll tax on each person residing within the county or the city , and to remove language requiring that separate schools for `` white '' and `` colored '' children be maintained . Main article : Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1 ( 2004 ) In 2004 , Kentucky became the fourth state to send a constitutional amendment banning same - sex unions to the state 's voters . On Election Day of that year , Kentucky joined 10 other states in passing such an amendment , with voters passing it by a 3 - to - 1 margin . The text of the amendment reads : Only a marriage between one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in Kentucky . A legal status identical or substantially similar to that of marriage for unmarried individuals shall not be valid or recognized . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constitutional Background '' . Kentucky Government : Informational Bulletin No. 137 ( Revised ) . Frankfort , Kentucky : Kentucky Legislative Research Commission . February 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Kleber , John E. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Constitutions '' . The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors : Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter . Lexington , Kentucky : The University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 1772 - 0 . Jump up ^ McQueen , Keven ( 2001 ) . `` William Goebel : Assassinated Governor '' . Offbeat Kentuckians : Legends to Lunatics . Ill. by Kyle McQueen . Kuttawa , Kentucky : McClanahan Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 913383 - 80 - 5 . Jump up ^ Information Bulletin # 59 . http://www.lrc.ky.gov/lrcpubs/ib59.pdf Jump up ^ Foust , Michael ( 2004 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Reversal : Ky. lawmakers send marriage amendment to voters '' . Baptist Press . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kavan ( 2004 - 11 - 03 ) . `` 50 - state rundown on gay marriage laws '' . StateLine.org . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2004 - Ballot Measures '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Constitution : Section 233A '' . Legislative Research Commission . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Full texts of the various versions of the Kentucky Constitution Report of the debates & proceedings of the Convention for the revision of the Constitution of the state of Kentucky ( Frankfort , A.G. Hodges & Co. , 1849 ) ( hide ) State constitution ( United States ) States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Constitution&oldid=778660854 '' Categories : Kentucky law State constitutions of the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2017 , at 14 : 25 . About Wikipedia
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Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
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Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? - Wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the general , international franchise . For the original version , see Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK game show ) . For other versions , see International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Genre Game show franchise Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Theme music composer Keith Strachan Matthew Strachan Country of origin United Kingdom Production Running time 30 -- 120 minutes ( depending on the version ) Production company ( s ) Celador ( 1998 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- 2014 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2008 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original release 4 September 1998 ( 1998 - 09 - 04 ) -- 11 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) External links Official UK version website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire ) is an international television game show franchise of British origin , created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight . In its format , currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television , large cash prizes are offered for correctly answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing ( or , in some cases , random ) difficulty . The maximum cash prize ( in the original British version ) was one million pounds . Most international versions offer a top prize of one million units of the local currency . The original British version of the show debuted on 4 September 1998 , and aired on ITV with Chris Tarrant as its host until 11 February 2014 . International variants have aired in around 160 countries worldwide . The show 's format is a twist on the game show genre -- only one contestant plays at a time ( similar to some radio quizzes ) , and the emphasis is on suspense rather than speed . In most versions there are no time limits to answer the questions , and contestants are given the question before they must decide whether to attempt an answer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Original rules 1.2 New formats and variations 1.3 Lifelines 1.4 Top prize winners 2 International versions 2.1 Australia 2.2 United States 2.3 Russia , Netherlands , Japan 2.4 India 2.5 Philippines 2.6 Other versions 3 Production 3.1 Creation 4 Hallmarks 4.1 Music 4.2 Set 4.3 Catchphrase 5 Reception 5.1 Awards , accolades and honours 5.2 Controversies 6 Other media 6.1 Merchandise 6.2 Disney Parks attraction 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Original rules ( edit ) The contestants must first play a preliminary round , called `` Fastest Finger First '' ( or , in the U.S. version , simply `` Fastest Finger '' ) , where they are all given a question and four answers from the host and are asked to put those four answers into a particular order ; in the first series of the British version and in pre-2003 episodes of the Australian version , the round instead required the contestants to answer one multiple - choice question correctly as quickly as possible . The contestant who does so correctly and in the fastest time goes on to play the main game for the maximum possible prize ( often a million units of the local currency ) . In the event that two or more contestants are tied for the fastest time , those contestants play another question to break the tie . If no one gets the question right , that question is discarded and another question is played in the same manner . If any contestants are visually impaired , the host reads the question and four choices all at once , then repeats the choices after the music begins . Main game contestants are asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host . Questions are multiple choice : four possible answers are given ( labelled A , B , C and D ) , and the contestant must choose the correct one . The ' D ' answer on the first question ( except in the Shuffle format like in the US version ) is always incorrect and humorous . Upon answering a question correctly , the contestant wins a certain amount of money . In most versions , there is no time limit to answer a question ; a contestant may ( and often does ) take as long as they need to ponder an answer . After the first few questions , the host will ask the contestant if that is their `` final answer '' . When a contestant says `` final '' in conjunction with one of the answers , it is official , and can not be changed . The first five questions usually omit this rule , because the questions are generally so easy that requiring a final answer would significantly slow the game down ; thus , there are five chances for the contestant to leave with no money if they were to provide a wrong answer before obtaining the first guaranteed amount ; going for 1,000 units of currency after winning 500 units is the last point in the game at which a contestant can still leave empty - handed . Subsequent questions are played for increasingly large sums , roughly doubling at each turn . The first few questions often have some joke answers . On episodes of the UK version aired between 1998 and 2007 , the payout structure was as follows : first going from £ 100 to £ 300 in increments of £ 100 , then from £ 500 to £ 64,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question , and finally from £ 125,000 to £ 1,000,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question . After viewing a question , the contestant can leave the game with the money already won rather than attempting an answer . If the contestant answers a question incorrectly , then all of their winnings are lost , except that the £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 prizes are guaranteed : if a player gets a question wrong above these levels , then the prize drops to the previous guaranteed prize . Answering the £ 2,000 and £ 64,000 questions wrong does not reduce the prize money . The prizes are generally non-cumulative ; that is , answering a question correctly does not result in the amount being played for being added to the amount already won , rather the amount already won is written off and replaced by a larger sum , usually twice as large . The game ends when the contestant answers a question incorrectly , decides not to answer a question , or answers all questions correctly . New formats and variations ( edit ) When the U.S. Millionaire 's syndicated version debuted in 2002 , Fastest Finger was eliminated for the reduced episode length ( 30 minutes as opposed to the previous network version 's length of 60 minutes ) . Thus , contestants immediately take the Hot Seat , each of them called in after their predecessors ' games end . Contestants are required to pass a more conventional game show qualification test at auditions ; however , when the U.S. Millionaire revived its primetime version for specials , it also restored the Fastest Finger round ; this was done in 2004 for the Super Millionaire series which raised the top prize to $10,000,000 and in August 2009 for an eleven - night special that celebrated the U.S. version 's tenth anniversary . Long after the U.S. version eliminated its Fastest Finger round , numerous other versions ( including the Australian , Italian , Turkish , British , Russian , Dutch and French versions ) followed suit by eliminating their respective Fastest Finger First rounds ; additionally , some versions ( such as the British , Dutch , French and Russian versions ) have eliminated their respective Fastest Finger First rounds for special events wherein celebrities play for charity . In 2007 , it was announced that the UK version was changing its format , reducing the number of questions in the game from fifteen to twelve . The new payout structure was as follows : first going from £ 500 to £ 2,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question , then from £ 5,000 to £ 20,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question , then to £ 50,000 , £ 75,000 and £ 150,000 , and finally from £ 250,000 to £ 1,000,000 with the prize value doubling for each new question . Whereas the first safe haven remained at £ 1,000 , the second safe haven was moved to £ 50,000 . The new rules debuted in an episode that aired on 18 August 2007 . Within a period of four years following its introduction to the British Millionaire , the 12 - question format was subsequently carried over to a number of international versions , including the Arab , Bulgarian , Dutch , French , Polish , Spanish , and Turkish versions . In 2007 , the German version modified its format , so that contestants would be allowed to choose the option of playing in a new variant called `` Risk Mode '' . If the contestant chooses to play this variant , they are given access to a fourth lifeline that allows them to discuss a question with a volunteer from the audience , but the tenth - question safe haven is forfeited . This means that if the contestant answers any of questions 11 -- 15 incorrectly , they drop all the way to the guaranteed winnings gained by answering question 5 correctly . If the contestant chooses to the play the classic format , they keep the second safe haven . The risk format was subsequently adopted by such markets as Austria , the Czech Republic , Hungary , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Switzerland and Venezuela . In 2008 , the U.S. version changed its format so that contestants were required to answer questions within a set time limit . The time limits were 15 seconds for questions 1 -- 5 , 30 seconds for questions 6 - 10 , and 45 seconds for questions 11 - 14 . After each of the 14 questions were answered correctly , the remaining time after giving an answer was banked for the million - dollar question . The clock for each question began counting down immediately after all of the question was revealed , and was temporarily paused when a lifeline was used . Contestants who exceeded the time limit were forced to walk away with any prize money they had won up to that point . The clock was later adopted by other international versions ; for example , the British version adopted it on 3 August 2010 , and the Indian version adopted it on 11 October the same year . In November 2008 , the Norway version introduced a new format , called the `` Hot Seat format '' , wherein 6 contestants play at once , with each taking turns to climb the money tree . Contestants are allowed to `` pass '' the onus of answering the question to the next contestant in line , who is unable to re-pass to the next contestant for that question . Also added were time limits on every question , with 15 seconds allocated for the first five questions , 30 for the middle five , and 45 for the last five . In addition , the option of walking away is eliminated , rendering several questions ' values pointless , as they can not be won . Also , if a player fails to give an answer within the time limit , it is considered an automatic pass . If a contestant can not pass on or correctly answer a question , he or she is eliminated and the highest value on the money tree is removed . The game ends either when all contestants are eliminated , or when the question for the highest value in the money tree is answered . If the final question is answered correctly , the answering player receives the amount of money ; if it is answered incorrectly or all contestants are eliminated before the final question is reached , the last contestant to be eliminated receives either nothing , or a smaller prize if the fifth question milestone is reached . This format was later introduced to various markets ( including Italy , Hungary , Vietnam , Indonesia , Australia , Chile and Spain ) over the course of a four - year period from 2009 to 2012 . In 2017 , Australia 's Hot Seat brought back the Fastest Finger First round , while the winner may select one of the lifelines - `` 50 : 50 '' , `` Ask a Friend '' or `` Switch the Question '' . On 13 September 2010 , the U.S. version adopted its `` shuffle format '' . Ten questions are asked in round one , each assigned one of ten different money amounts . The dollar values are randomised at the beginning of the game . The contestant is then shown the original order of difficulty for the ten questions as well as their categories , and those are then randomised as well . This means that the difficulty of the question is not tied to its value . The dollar values for each question remain hidden until a contestant either provides a correct answer or chooses to `` jump '' their question . In this format , the value of each question answered correctly is added to the contestant 's bank , for a maximum total of $68,600 . A contestant who completes the round successfully can walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank , or can walk before the round is completed with half that amount ( e.g. , a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000 ) . Contestants who give an incorrect answer at any point in the round leave with $1,000 . After completing round one , the contestant moves on to a second round of gameplay ( the `` Classic Millionaire '' round ) , in which four non-categorised questions are played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augments the contestant 's winnings to that point , as in the older formats . The contestant is now allowed to walk away with all the money in their bank ; an incorrect answer drops their winnings to $25,000 . The shuffle format was replaced with a modified version of the original format ( with only 14 questions ) for the fourteenth syndicated season ; the values of the last four questions remain unchanged . Lifelines ( edit ) Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions . After using a lifeline , the contestant can either answer the question , use another lifeline , or walk away and keep the money ( although using the `` Double Dip '' lifeline requires the contestant to immediately answer and using the `` Jump the Question '' lifeline naturally prevents them from continuing with that question ) . Except for the first three seasons of the `` Jump the Question '' lifeline 's use , each lifeline can only be used once . In the Hot Seat format , the concept of lifelines is discarded in favor of the option to pass . The show 's original three lifelines are `` 50 / 50 '' , in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers ; `` Phone a Friend '' , in which the contestant makes a thirty - second call to one of a number of friends ( who provide their phone numbers in advance ) and reads them the question and answer choices , after which the friend provides input ; and `` Ask the Audience '' , in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be , after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant . In countries where the show is broadcast live , friends selected for Phone - a-Friend are alerted when their contestant begins to play the main game , and are told to keep the phone free and to wait for three rings before answering . Phone - a-Friend was removed from the U.S. version beginning with the episode that aired on 11 January 2010 , after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using web search engines and other Internet resources to assist them , which unfairly privileged individuals who had computer access over those who did not , and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline , by which friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew . From 2004 to 2008 , the U.S. version had a fourth lifeline called `` Switch the Question '' , earned upon answering question ten , in which the computer replaced , at the contestant 's request , one question with another of the same monetary value ; however , any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question . Switch the Question returned as Cut the Question for a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 ( in the latter case , it could only be used on the first ten questions ) . During the U.S. Millionaire 's Super Millionaire spin - off , two new lifelines were introduced : `` Double Dip '' , which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question , but required them to play out the question , forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines ; and `` Three Wise Men '' , in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers ( one of which was usually a former Millionaire winner and at least one being female ) , appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds , which answer they believed was correct , within a time limit of thirty seconds . When the clock format was implemented , Double Dip replaced the 50 : 50 lifeline , and the show also introduced a new lifeline called `` Ask the Expert '' , similar to Three Wise Men but only had one person ( usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant ) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people , lacked the time limit of its predecessor , and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question . Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question , but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone - a-Friend was removed . In fact , the Hong Kong version introduced the `` Ask the Expert '' lifeline in an extra-length celebrity special in a one - off basis in 2001 ( once again in 2018 celebrity special over two episodes ) , while the celebrity contestants may ask a panel of the experts instead of the original Phone - a-Friend lifeline ; however , unlike the American version 's Ask the Expert , the experts were present in the audience , and the questions are visible to them . The U.S. version sometimes used corporate sponsorship for its lifelines . Phone - a-Friend was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version , then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes . From 2004 to 2006 , Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their contact list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers , to which the users replied with their choices . In addition , the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds . The German Millionaire 's risk format features an extra lifeline called `` Ask One of the Audience '' , in which the host will reread the question and ask the audience who think they would be able to answer that question to stand up . The contestant may choose one of these ( judging by looks only ) and discuss the question at length with said audience member . He may or may not choose an answer after that . If he chooses the suggested answer and it proves to be correct , the audience member will also receive a prize of € 500 . This lifeline is also implemented in the Costa Rican version , after the first milestone is reached . Starting in its thirteenth season , the U.S. syndicated version uses a variant of this lifeline , called `` Plus One '' , which allows the contestant to bring a companion with them for help , rather than having them select their companion from the audience . The U.S. Millionaire 's shuffle format introduced a new lifeline , `` Jump the Question '' , which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve of the syndicated version . At any point prior to selecting a final answer , a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one , thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer . However , if the contestant uses Jump the Question , they do not gain any money from the question they choose to skip ( for example , a contestant with a bank of $68,100 may jump the $100,000 question , but will still have only $68,100 instead of the typical $100,000 when they face the $250,000 question ) . Unlike other lifelines throughout the show 's history , this lifeline can not be used on the $1 million question , since it is the final question in the game . The introduction of Plus One reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one . On occasional specially designated weeks , starting with a Halloween - themed week that aired from 29 October to 2 November 2012 , the shuffle format uses a special lifeline called `` Crystal Ball '' , which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer . Jump the Question was removed from the show at the end of the thirteenth syndicated season . Top prize winners ( edit ) Main article : List of top prize winners of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Out of all contestants that have played the game , few have been able to win the top prize on any international version of the show . The first was John Carpenter , who won the top prize on the U.S. version on 19 November 1999 . Carpenter did not use a lifeline until the final question , using his Phone - a-Friend not for help but to call his father to tell him he had won the million . Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel , the first winner of the UK version ; Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version , who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million ; Martin Flood from the Australian version , who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated , much like Charles Ingram , but was later cleared ; and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version , who is often referred to in Western media as the `` real - life Slumdog Millionaire '' . Of all the international versions , the Japanese version has produced the most number ( 38 ) of top prize winners , including juniors . The most recent Millionaire winner is Yevgeny Malischuk from the Kazakh version , winning 10,000,000 tenge in the episode broadcast on 24 March 2018 . International versions ( edit ) Main article : International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chris Tarrant , host of the original British version The original British version of Millionaire , hosted by Chris Tarrant , debuted on the ITV network on 4 September 1998 . At its peak in 1999 , one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers ( one out of every three Britons ) . Originally the contestants were predominantly members of the general public , but in the show 's later years , only celebrities appeared on the show , in special live editions that coincided with holidays and the like . On 22 October 2013 , Tarrant decided to quit the show after 15 years , and ITV decided to cancel the show after his contract finished , stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned . Tarrant 's final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013 , and the final episode , a clip show entitled `` Chris ' Final Answer '' , aired on 11 February 2014 . Four years later , ITV announced that there will be a special 7 - episode revived series being broadcast in 2018 with Jeremy Clarkson presenting , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme . Australia ( edit ) The Australian version of the show debuted on the Nine Network on 18 April 1999 , and was hosted by Eddie McGuire until he became the CEO of the Nine Network , a position that required him to sacrifice his on - air commitments . The final episode of the original Australian series aired on 3 April 2006 ; however , after his resignation as Nine Network CEO , McGuire resumed his duties as Millionaire host for subsequent versions . Millionaire returned to Australia in 2007 , as six episodes with a new format aired during October and November of that year . This was followed by an abbreviated version called Millionaire Hot Seat which debuted on 20 April 2009 . United States ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire premiered in primetime on ABC on 16 August 1999 , and was originally hosted by Regis Philbin . The original network version was the highest - rated of all television shows in the 1999 -- 2000 season , reaching an average audience of approximately 29 million viewers , but before long , ABC overexposed the primetime series and the audience tired of the show , which ultimately grilled it to cancellation , with its final episode airing on 27 June 2002 . A daily syndicated version of the programme debuted on 16 September 2002 , and was launched by Meredith Vieira , who remained host for 11 seasons , with her final first - run episodes airing in May 2013 . Later hosts after Vieira 's departure included Cedric the Entertainer and Terry Crews , who each held one - season tenures as host in 2013 and 2014 respectively ; and Chris Harrison , who became host in the autumn of 2015 . Russia , netherlands , Japan ( edit ) A Russian version of Millionaire debuted as О , счастливчик ! ( `` Oh , lucky man ! ! ! '' ) on NTV from 1 October 1999 to 28 January 2001 . On 19 February 2001 , the show was relaunched as Кто хочет стать миллионером ? ( `` Who wants to become a millionaire ? '' ) , which aired on Channel One and was hosted by Maxim Galkin before 2008 , and Dmitry Dibrov after that . A Dutch version of the show , titled Lotto Weekend Miljonairs , first aired on SBS 6 from 1999 to 2006 with Robert ten Brink as its host , then was moved to RTL 4 , where it aired until 2008 ( later to be revived in 2011 ) with Jeroen van der Boom hosting . A Japanese version called Quiz $ Millionaire , hosted by Monta Mino , was launched by Fuji Television on 20 April 2000 ; it was a regular weekly programme for its first seven years , after which it only aired in occasional specials . India ( edit ) An Indian version of the program in Hindi , titled Kaun Banega Crorepati ( `` Who will become a millionaire '' ) , debuted on 3 July 2000 , with Amitabh Bachchan hosting in his first appearance on Indian television . Subsequent seasons of the show aired in 2005 -- 06 , 2007 , and every year since 2010 . The Indian version was immortalised by director Danny Boyle in his 2008 drama film Slumdog Millionaire , adapted from the 2005 Indian novel Q & A by Vikas Swarup , which won eight U.S. Academy Awards ( including Best Picture and Best Director ) and seven BAFTA Awards . Another Indian version in Malayalam titled Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran debuted on 9 April 2012 with Suresh Gopi as the anchor . Other Indian remakes include Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi in Tamil , Kannadada Kotyadhipati in Kannada , and Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu in Telugu . Philippines ( edit ) A Filipino version of Millionaire was broadcast from 2000 to 2002 by the government - sequestered Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation , produced by Viva Television , and was hosted by Christopher de Leon . On 23 May 2009 , the show returned with a new home on TV5 , with Vic Sotto as the new host . The show aired its season finale on 7 October 2012 to give way to another game show hosted by Sotto , The Million Peso Money Drop ( the Philippine version of The Million Pound Drop Live created by Endemol ) . However , the show returned to the air on 15 September 2013 for a new season together with Pinoy Explorer and Wow Mali ! Pa Rin after the cancellation of the talent show Talentadong Pinoy ( which would be revived just one year later ) . Other versions ( edit ) Millionaire has also existed in many other countries , including a Chinese version aired in 2007 and 2008 with Lǐ Fán as its host ; a French version on TF1 , which debuted on 3 July 2000 and is hosted by Jean - Pierre Foucault ; a German version launched by RTL Television on 3 September 1999 , hosted by Günther Jauch ; a Hong Kong version called Baak Maan Fu Yung , which was broadcast by Asia Television from 2001 to 2005 , with actor Kenneth Chan as its host ; and a Sri Lankan version called Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi , which premiered in 2010 on Sirasa TV of Maharaja Network . In total , over 100 different international variations of Millionaire have been produced since the original UK version made its 1998 debut . Production ( edit ) In March 2006 , original producer Celador announced that it was seeking to sell the worldwide rights to Millionaire , together with the rest of its British programme library , as the first phase of a sell - off of the company 's format and production divisions . Millionaire and all of Celador 's other programmes were ultimately acquired by Dutch company 2waytraffic . Two years later , Sony Pictures Entertainment purchased 2waytraffic for £ 137.5 million . The format of the show is currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television ; however , the U.S. version is distributed not by Sony but by the Walt Disney Company 's in - home sales and content distribution firm , Disney -- ABC Domestic Television . The idea to transform the UK programme into a global franchise was conceived by British television producer Paul Smith . He laid out a series of rules that the international variants in the franchise were to follow : for example , all hosts were required to appear on - screen wearing Armani suits , as Tarrant did in the UK ; producers were forbidden from hiring local composers to create original music , instead using the same music cues used by the British version ; and the lighting system and set design were required to adhere faithfully to the way they were presented on the British version . However , some of Smith 's rules have been slightly relaxed over the years as the franchise 's history has progressed . Creation ( edit ) The format of the show was created by David Briggs , Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight , who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant 's morning show on Capital FM radio , such as the bong game . Tentatively known as Cash Mountain , the show takes its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society , in which it was sung by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm . Since the original version launched , several individuals have claimed that they originated the format and that Celador had breached their copyright . Sponsored by the Daily Mail , Mike Bull , a Southampton - based journalist , took Celador to the High Court in March 2002 , claiming authorship of the lifelines , but Celador settled out of court with a confidentiality clause . In 2003 , Sydney resident John J. Leonard claimed to have originated a format substantially similar to that of Millionaire , but without the concept of lifelines . In 2004 , Alan Melville sued ITV for using the opening phrase `` Who wants to be a millionaire ? '' from his ideas for a game show based on the lottery , called Millionaires ' Row , for which he had sent his documents to Granada Television ; ITV counter-claimed , and the parties reached an out - of - court agreement / settlement . In 2002 , John Bachini started a claim against Celador , ITV , and five individuals who claimed that they had created Millionaire . Bachini claimed they had used ideas from his 1982 board game format , a two - page TV format concept known as Millionaire dating from 1990 , and the telephone mechanics from another of his concepts , BT Lottery , also dating from 1990 . Bachini submitted his documents to Paul Smith , from a sister company of Celador 's , in March 1995 and again in January 1996 , and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV in January 1996 . Bachini claimed that they used 90 % of his Millionaire format , which contained all of the same procedures as the actual British Millionaire 's pilot : twenty questions , three lifelines , two safe havens ( £ 1,000 and £ 32,000 ) , and even starting from £ 1.00 . Bachini 's lifelines were known by different names ; he never claimed he coined the phrase phone - a-friend , but Bull and Tim Boone claimed they did . Celador claimed the franchise originated from a format known as The Cash Mountain , a five - page document created by either Briggs or his wife Jo Sandilands in October 1995 . The defendants brought Bachini to a summary hearing , and lost . Bachini won the right to go to trial , but could not continue at trial due to serious illness , so Celador reached an out - of - court settlement with Bachini . Hallmarks ( edit ) Music ( edit ) The musical score most commonly associated with the franchise was composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . The Strachans ' score provides drama and tension , and unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song takes inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the £ 2,000 to the £ 32,000 / £ 25,000 level , and then from the £ 64,000 / £ 50,000 level onwards , take the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On Game Show Network ( GSN ) 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart '' , and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder , the music is `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse '' . The Strachans ' Millionaire soundtrack was honoured by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers with numerous awards , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the U.S. version 's clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favour of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . Set ( edit ) TV studio of ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? , the Salvadorian version of the show . The basic set design used in the Millionaire franchise was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley , and is the most reproduced scenic design in television history . Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the programme feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . The main game typically has the contestant and host sit in `` Hot Seats '' , which are slightly - modified , 3 foot ( 0.91 m ) - high Pietranera Arco All chairs situated in the center of the stage ; an LG computer monitor directly facing each seat displays questions and other pertinent information . The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporised , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside a prison while an escape was in progress . When the U.S. Millionaire introduced its shuffle format , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage . According to Vieira , the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernised look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colours and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . Catchphrase ( edit ) Millionaire has made catchphrases out of several lines used on the show . The most well - known of these catchphrases is the host 's question `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified . The question is asked because the rules require that the contestants must clearly indicate their choices before they are made official , the nature of the game allowing them to ponder the options before committing to an answer . Regularly on tier - three questions , a dramatic pause occurs between the contestant 's statement of their answer and the host 's acknowledgement of whether or not it is correct . Many parodies of Millionaire have capitalised on the `` final answer '' catchphrase . In the United States , the phrase was popularised by Philbin during his tenure as the host of that country 's version , to the extent that TV Land listed it in its special 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases , which aired in 2006 . On the Australian versions , McGuire replaces the phrase with `` Lock it in ? '' ; likewise , the Indian version 's hosts have used varying `` lock '' catchphrases . There are also a number of other non-English versions of Millionaire where the host does not ask `` ( Is that your ) final answer ? '' or a literal translation thereof . Besides the `` final answer '' question , other catchphrases used on the show include the contestants ' requests to use lifelines , such as `` I 'd like to phone a friend '' ; and a line that Tarrant spoke whenever a contestant was struggling with a particular question , `` Some questions are only easy if you know the answer . '' Reception ( edit ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? has been credited with single - handedly reviving interest in , and breaking new ground for , the television game show . It revolutionised the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the most popular game shows in television history , and is credited by some with paving the way for the phenomenon of reality programming . Awards , accolades and honours ( edit ) In 2000 , the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its `` BFI TV 100 '' list , which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country . The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme , and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005 . The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honoured with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 and another in 2009 , making her the second woman to win an Emmy Award for hosting a game show , and the first to win multiple times . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire No. 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it No. 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire No. 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honoured the show in January 2007 on its first , and so far only , Gameshow Hall of Fame special . Controversies ( edit ) Charles Ingram and his wife Diana in August 2006 In April 2003 , British Army Major Charles Ingram , his wife Diana , and college lecturer Tecwen Whittock were convicted of using fraudulent means to win £ 1 million on the UK version of the show when Ingram was a contestant on the show in September 2001 . The allegation was that when Tarrant asked a question , Whittock , one of that episode 's nine other Fastest Finger First contestants , would cough to guide Ingram to the correct answer . Ingram won the £ 1 million top prize , but members of the production staff raised suspicions over Whittock 's coughing along with the Ingrams ' behaviour after the recording , and the police were called in to investigate . The defence claimed that Whittock simply suffered from allergies ; however , all three were found guilty and given suspended sentences . After the trial , ITV aired a documentary about the scandal , along with Ingram 's entire game , complete with Whittock 's coughing sounds . As a joke , Benylin cough syrup paid to have the first commercial shown during the programme 's commercial break . In 2006 , a screenshot from the UKGameshows.com site was digitally altered and used in a piece on the satire site BS News . The image was also widely circulated as an email in which it was purported to show contestant Fiona Wheeler from the UK version , failing to answer her £ 100 question correctly after using all three lifelines because she was too sceptical of the assistance that was given ; the image was actually a digitally altered screenshot of Wheeler 's answering a different question from a higher tier ; in the actual screenshot , Wheeler is shown about to win her eventual prize of £ 32,000 . The hoax , an exaggeration of real - life incidents of contestants losing horribly , might have been inspired by an infamous moment from the French version of the show , in which a contestant requested help from the audience on a € 3,000 question which asked which celestial body orbits the Earth : the Moon , the Sun , Mars , or Venus . The majority of the audience provided the answer of `` the Sun '' , although the correct answer is the Moon , and the contestant ended up leaving with only € 1,500 as a result . The hoax also borrows elements from a number of infamous moments on the U.S. version , where numerous unlucky contestants won nothing after submitting a wrong answer to one of the first five questions . Other Media ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) Three board game adaptations of the UK Millionaire were released by Upstarts in 1998 , and a junior edition recommended for younger players was introduced in 2001 . The U.S. version also saw two board games of its own , released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 2000 . Other Millionaire board games have included a game based on the Australian version 's Hot Seat format , which was released by UGames ; a game based on the Italian version released by Hasbro ; and a game based on the French version which was released by TF1 's games division . An electronic tabletop version of the game was released by Tiger Electronics in 2000 . Six different DVD games based on the UK Millionaire , featuring Tarrant 's likeness and voice , were released by Zoo Digital Publishing and Universal Studios Home Entertainment between 2002 and 2008 . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD game based on the U.S. version , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . The UK Millionaire saw five video game adaptations for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation consoles , produced by Hothouse Creations and Eidos Interactive . Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five games based on the U.S. network version for PCs and the PlayStation , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . Two additional U.S. Millionaire games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the 2008 -- 10 clock format , with the Wii version offered on the show as a consolation prize to audience contestants during the 2010 -- 11 season . The second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format and was offered as a consolation prize during the next season ( 2011 -- 12 ) . Ludia also made a Facebook game based on Millionaire available to players in North America from 2011 to 2016 . This game featured an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one and four in round two . Contestants competed against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , with the top three playing round two alone . There was no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses were automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earned a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants were allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . Disney parks attraction ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building housing the California version after its 2004 closure A theme park attraction based on the show , known as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! , appeared at Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it . When a show started , a `` Fastest Finger '' question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theatre who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Showbiz ( 13 August 2007 ) . `` Fewer -- and Harder -- Questions on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Millionaire Is Looking for a Few Fast Fingers '' . Fox News . 17 February 2004 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , Neil ( 13 August 2007 ) . `` New prize levels for Millionaire '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . 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Archived from the original ( Article , Interview with Amitabh Bachchan ) on 22 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India scraps millionaire TV show '' . BBC News . 25 January 2006 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KBC 4 beats Bigg Boss 4 in its final episode '' . One India . Archived from the original on 14 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` Danny Boyle interview '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ The New York Times ( 11 November 2008 ) . `` Danny Boyle 's `` Slumdog Millionaire '' Captures Mumbai , a City of Extremes - NYTimes `` . Somini Sengupta . Jump up ^ `` The 81st Academy Awards ( 2009 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ningalkkum Akam Kodeeswaran 's debut '' . Kerala TV . 26 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be A Millionaire : Feature Show Archived retrieved via www.viva.com.ph 04 - 05 2009 Jump up ^ WWTBAM Feature Article coutesy of www.telebisyon.net retrieved via www.telebisyon.net 04 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ Fragment of the old show retrieved via www.youtube.com 04 - 05 - 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.pep.ph/news/21758/Vic-Sotto-hosts-his-first-game-show-via-%3Cem%3EWho-Wants-To-Be-A-Millionaire%3C-em%3E Jump up ^ Who Wants to be a Millionaire on TV5 hosted by Vic Sotto retrieved via www.tv5.com.ph 05 - 16 - 2009 Jump up ^ `` Millionaire dominates global TV '' . BBC News . 12 April 2005 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Tryhorn , Chris ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` Sony to buy Millionaire firm for £ 137.5 m '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN. 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Leonard , John J. ( 2005 ) . `` Millionaire 2nd Edition. qxd '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Daniel Dasey ( 30 March 2003 ) . `` The show that should have made me a million '' . The Sydney Sun - Herald . Jump up ^ Birmingham Sunday Mercury , 28 August 2005 ^ Jump up to : Smurthwaite , Nick ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ah2 Music Marks 10th Anniversary '' . TrailerMusicVibe. 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Season 23 , Episode 8 '' . Live ! with Regis and Kelly . 15 September 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` Anderson Live , Wendy Williams , Rachael Ray Among Syndicated Shows Getting Set Makeovers ( Photos ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Commentary provided by Tarrant on the DVD Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? : Magic Moments and More . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger. 11 December 2006 Jump up ^ Certain non-English Millionaire shows ' hosts , in their `` final answer '' phrases , translate these words as `` definitive answer '' , `` final decision '' , etc . Jump up ^ `` The BFI TV 100 at the BFI website '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira biography '' . www.hollywood.com . Archived from the original on 21 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . TV Guide . 27 January -- 2 February 2001 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . 31 August 2006 . GSN . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire trio escape jail '' . BBC News . 8 April 2003 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Day , Julian ( 22 April 2003 ) . `` The cough carries it off '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? '' . UKGameshows . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Urban Legends Reference Pages '' . Snopes.com. 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 2nd Edition ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hot Seat - Australia Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chi Vuol Essere Milionario - Italy Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Qui Veut Gagner des Millions - France Board Game '' . Millionaire Store . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/Who_Wants_to_be_a_Millionaire,_Tabletop.pdf Millionaire Tabletop instructions Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? DVD Game - UK '' . Myreviewer.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Retrieved 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 1999 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Second Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3rd Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN. 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ The rules of the Facebook game are sourced from the following page : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire on Facebook '' . Ludia . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( 29 December 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire - Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . External links ( edit ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? at the National Film and Sound Archive Original United Kingdom version Official website at itv.com Challenge TV Classic WWTBAM website Who Wants to be a Millionaire ? at Ukgameshow.com Major Charles Ingram affair in detail Internet Movie Database pages Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( UK ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US - 1999 - 2002 ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US - current ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? ( Argentina ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( Australia ) on IMDb Die Millionenshow ( Austria ) on IMDb Qui sera millionnaire ? ( Belgium - in French ) on IMDb Wie wordt multimiljonair ? ( Belgium - in Dutch ) on IMDb Tko želi biti milijunaš ? ( Croatia ) on IMDb Hvem vil være millionær ? ( Denmark ) on IMDb Haluatko miljonääriksi ? ( Finland ) on IMDb Qui veut gagner des millions ? ( France ) on IMDb Wer wird Millionär ? ( Germany ) on IMDb Ποιος Θέλει Να Γίνει Εκατομμυριούχος ( Greece ) on IMDb 百 萬 富翁 ( Hong Kong ) on IMDb Legyen ön is milliomos ! ( Hungary ) on IMDb Viltu vinna milljón ? ( Iceland ) on IMDb ? מי רוצה להיות מיליונר ( Israel ) on IMDb Kaun Banega Crorepati ( India ) on IMDb Chi vuol essere milionario ? ( Italy ) on IMDb クイズ $ ミリオネア ( Japan ) on IMDb Lotto Weekend Miljonairs ( Netherlands ) on IMDb Vil du bli millionær ? ( Norway ) on IMDb Milionerzy ( Poland ) on IMDb ¿ Quiere ser millonario ? ( Spain ) on IMDb Vem vill bli miljonär ? ( Sweden ) on IMDb ( hide ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? National variants and hosts Top prize winners Play It ! 50 -- 50 Slumdog Millionaire Millionaire Hot Seat Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F&oldid=835273248 '' Categories : Quiz shows Television series by Sony Pictures Television Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 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Endangered Species Act of 1973
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Endangered species Act of 1973 - wikipedia Endangered species Act of 1973 Jump to : navigation , search Endangered Species Act of 1973 Other short titles Endangered Species Act of 1973 Long title An Act to provide for the conservation of endangered and threatened species of fish , wildlife , and plants , and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) ESA Nicknames Endangered Species Conservation Act Enacted by the 93rd United States Congress Effective December 27 , 1973 Citations Public law 93 -- 205 Statutes at Large 87 Stat. 884 Codification Titles amended 16 U.S.C. : Conservation U.S.C. sections created 16 U.S.C. ch. 35 § 1531 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 1983 by Harrison A. Williams ( D -- NJ ) on June 12 , 1973 Committee consideration by Senate Commerce Committee Passed the Senate on July 24 , 1973 ( 92 -- 0 ) Passed the House on September 18 , 1973 ( 390 - 12 , in lieu of H.R. 37 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 19 , 1973 ; agreed to by the Senate on December 19 , 1973 ( agreed ) and by the House on December 20 , 1973 ( 355 -- 4 ) Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28 , 1973 Major amendments Pub. L. 95 -- 632 , 92 Stat. 3751 , enacted November 10 , 1978 Pub. L. 96 -- 159 , 93 Stat. 1225 , enacted December 28 , 1979 Pub. L. 97 -- 304 , 96 Stat. 1411 , enacted October 13 , 1982 United States Supreme Court cases Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife , 504 U.S. 555 ( 1992 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill , 437 U.S. 153 ( 1978 ) The Endangered Species Act of 1973 ( ESA ; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq . ) is one of the few dozens of US environmental laws passed in the 1970s , and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) . Designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a `` consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation '' , the ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28 , 1973 . The U.S. Supreme Court found that `` the plain intent of Congress in enacting '' the ESA `` was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction , whatever the cost . '' The Act is administered by two federal agencies , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and the Commerce Department 's National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing status 2 History 2.1 Act of 1966 2.2 Amendment of 1969 2.3 Endangered Species Act 3 Preventing extinction 3.1 Petition and listing 3.2 Listing process 3.3 Public notice , comments and judicial review 4 Species survival and recovery 4.1 Critical habitat 4.2 Plans , permits , and agreements 4.2. 1 Recovery plan 4.2. 2 Exemptions 4.2. 3 Habitat Conservation Plans 4.2. 4 `` No Surprises '' rule 4.2. 5 `` Safe Harbor '' agreements 4.2. 6 Candidate Conservation Agreements 4.2. 7 Experimental Populations 5 Delisting 6 Effectiveness 6.1 Positive effects 6.2 Criticism 7 State endangered species lists 7.1 Penalties 7.2 Use of money received through violations of the ESA 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 External links Listing status ( edit ) U.S. Endangered Species Act ( ESA ) Listing status and its abbreviations used in Federal Register and by federal agencies like the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service : E = endangered ( Sec. 3.6 , Sec. 4. a ) -- any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range other than a species of the Class Insecta determined by the Secretary to constitute a pest . T = threatened ( Sec. 3.20 , Sec. 4. a ) -- any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range Other categories : C = candidate ( Sec. 4. b. 3 ) -- a species under consideration for official listing E ( S / A ) , T ( S / A ) = endangered or threatened due to similarity of appearance ( Sec. 4. e ) -- a species not endangered or threatened , but so closely resembles in appearance a species which has been listed as endangered or threatened , that enforcement personnel would have substantial difficulty in attempting to differentiate between the listed and unlisted species . XE , XN = experimental essential or non-essential population ( Sec. 10. j ) -- any population ( including eggs , propagules , or individuals ) of an endangered species or a threatened species released outside the current range under authorization of the Secretary . Experimental , nonessential populations of endangered species are treated as threatened species on public land , for consultation purposes , and as species proposed for listing on private land . History ( edit ) The near - extinction of the bison and the disappearance of the passenger pigeon helped drive the call for wildlife conservation starting in the 1900s . Ornithologist George Bird Grinnell wrote articles on the subject in the magazine Forest and Stream , while Joel Asaph Allen , founder of the American Ornithologists ' Union , hammered away in the popular press . The public was introduced to a new concept : extinction . Whooping crane Market hunting for the millinery trade and for the table was one aspect of the problem . The early naturalists also killed birds and other wildlife for study , personal curio collections and museum pieces . While habitat losses continued as communities and farmland grew , the widespread use of pesticides and the introduction of non-native species also affected wildlife . One species in particular received widespread attention -- the whooping crane . The species ' historical range extended from central Canada south to Mexico , and from Utah to the Atlantic coast . Unregulated hunting and habitat loss contributed to a steady decline in the whooping crane population until , by 1890 , it had disappeared from its primary breeding range in the north central United States . It would be another eight years before the first national law regulating wildlife commerce was signed , and another two years before the first version of the endangered species act was passed . The whooping crane population by 1941 was estimated at about only 16 birds still in the wild . The Lacey Act of 1900 was the first federal law that regulated commercial animal markets . It prohibited interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws , and covered all fish and wildlife and their parts or products , as well as plants . Other legislation followed , including the Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929 , a 1937 treaty prohibiting the hunting of right and gray whales , and the Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940 . These later laws had a low cost to society -- the species were relatively rare -- and little opposition was raised . Whereas the Lacey Act dealt with game animal management and market commerce species , a major shift in focus occurred by 1963 to habitat preservation instead of take regulations . A provision was added by Congress in the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 that provided money for the `` acquisition of land , waters ... for the preservation of species of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction . '' Act of 1966 ( edit ) The predecessor of the ESA was the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 ( P.L. 89 - 669 ) . Passed by Congress , this act permitted the listing of native U.S. animal species as endangered and for limited protections upon those animals . It authorized the Secretary of the Interior to list endangered domestic fish and wildlife and allowed the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to spend up to $15 million per year to buy habitats for listed species . It also directed federal land agencies to preserve habitat on their lands . The Act also consolidated and even expanded authority for the Secretary of the Interior to manage and administer the National Wildlife Refuge System . Other public agencies were encouraged , but not required , to protect species . The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts . In March , 1967 the first list of endangered species was issued under the act . It included 14 mammals , 36 birds , 6 reptiles and amphibians and 22 fish . This first list is referred to as the `` Class of ' 67 '' in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty , Volume 1 , which concludes that habitat destruction , the biggest threat to those 78 species , is still the same threat to the currently listed species . It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior 's definition of `` fish and wildlife '' was limited to vertebrates . However , with time , researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection , thus further threatening their extinction . The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969 . Amendment of 1969 ( edit ) Main article : Endangered Species Act of 1969 The Endangered Species Conservation Act ( P.L. 91 -- 135 ) , passed in December , 1969 , amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of `` worldwide extinction '' by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States . It expanded the Lacey Act 's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals , reptiles , amphibians , mollusks and crustaceans . Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles . This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection . The amendment called for an international meeting to adopt a convention or treaty to conserve endangered species . That meeting was held in Washington , D.C. , in February , 1973 and produced the comprehensive multilateral treaty known as CITES or Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora . Endangered species Act ( edit ) President Richard Nixon declared current species conservation efforts to be inadequate and called on the 93rd United States Congress to pass comprehensive endangered species legislation . Congress responded with a completely rewritten law , the Endangered Species Act of 1973 , which was signed by Nixon on December 28 , 1973 ( Pub. L. 93 -- 205 ) . It was written by a team of lawyers and scientists , including Dr. Russell E. Train , the first appointed head of the Council on Environmental Quality ( CEQ ) , an outgrowth of the National Environmental Policy Act ( NEPA ) of 1969 . Dr. Train was assisted by a core group of staffers , including Dr. Earl Baysinger at EPA , Dick Gutting , and Dr. Gerard A. `` Jerry '' Bertrand , a marine biologist by training , who had transferred from his post as the scientific adviser to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , office of the Commandant of the Corps , to join the newly formed White House office . The staff , under Dr. Train 's leadership , incorporated dozens of new principles and ideas into the landmark legislation , crafting a document that completely changed the direction of environmental conservation in the United States . Dr. Bertrand is credited with writing the most challenged section of the Act , the `` takings '' clause -- Section 2 . The stated purpose of the Endangered Species Act is to protect species and also `` the ecosystems upon which they depend . '' California historian Kevin Starr was more emphatic when he said : `` The Endangered Species Act of 1982 is the Magna Carta of the environmental movement . '' The ESA is administered by two federal agencies , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) ( which includes the National Marine Fisheries Service , or NMFS ) . NOAA handles marine species , and the FWS has responsibility over freshwater fish and all other species . Species that occur in both habitats ( e.g. sea turtles and Atlantic sturgeon ) are jointly managed . In March 2008 , The Washington Post reported that documents showed that the Bush Administration , beginning in 2001 , had erected `` pervasive bureaucratic obstacles '' that limited the number of species protected under the act : From 2000 to 2003 , until a U.S. District Court overturned the decision , Fish and Wildlife Service officials said that if that agency identified a species as a candidate for the list , citizens could not file petitions for that species . Interior Department personnel were told they could use `` info from files that refutes petitions but not anything that supports '' petitions filed to protect species . Senior department officials revised a longstanding policy that rated the threat to various species based primarily on their populations within U.S. borders , giving more weight to populations in Canada and Mexico , countries with less extensive regulations than the U.S. Officials changed the way species were evaluated under the act by considering where the species currently lived , rather than where they used to exist . Senior officials repeatedly dismissed the views of scientific advisers who said that species should be protected . In 2014 , the House of Representatives passed the 21st Century Endangered Species Transparency Act , which would require the government to disclose the data it uses to determine species classification . Preventing extinction ( edit ) The ESA 's primary goal is to prevent the extinction of imperiled plant and animal life , and secondly , to recover and maintain those populations by removing or lessening threats to their survival . Petition and listing ( edit ) To be considered for listing , the species must meet one of five criteria ( section 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) ) : 1 . There is the present or threatened destruction , modification , or curtailment of its habitat or range . 2 . An over utilization for commercial , recreational , scientific , or educational purposes . 3 . The species is declining due to disease or predation . 4 . There is an inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms . 5 . There are other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence . Potential candidate species are then prioritized , with `` emergency listing '' given the highest priority . Species that face a `` significant risk to their well being '' are in this category . A species can be listed in two ways . The United States Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) or NOAA Fisheries ( also called the National Marine Fisheries Service ) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program , or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species . A `` species '' under the act can be a true taxonomic species , a subspecies , or in the case of vertebrates , a `` distinct population segment . '' The procedures are the same for both types except with the person / organization petition , there is a 90 - day screening period . During the listing process , economic factors can not be considered , but must be `` based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available . '' The 1982 amendment to the ESA added the word `` solely '' to prevent any consideration other than the biological status of the species . Congress rejected President Ronald Reagan 's Executive Order 12291 which required economic analysis of all government agency actions . The House committee 's statement was `` that economic considerations have no relevance to determinations regarding the status of species . '' The very opposite result happened with the 1978 amendment where Congress added the words `` ... taking into consideration the economic impact ... '' in the provision on critical habitat designation . The 1978 amendment linked the listing procedure with critical habitat designation and economic considerations , which almost completely halted new listings , with almost 2,000 species being withdrawn from consideration . Listing process ( edit ) After receiving a petition to list a species , the two federal agencies take the following steps , or rulemaking procedures , with each step being published in the Federal Register , the US government 's official journal of proposed or adopted rules and regulations : 1 . If a petition presents information that the species may be imperiled , a screening period of 90 days begins ( interested persons and / or organization petitions only ) . If the petition does not present substantial information to support listing , it is denied . 2 . If the information is substantial , a status review is started , which is a comprehensive assessment of a species ' biological status and threats , with a result of : `` warranted '' , `` not warranted , '' or `` warranted but precluded . '' A finding of not warranted , the listing process ends . Warranted finding means the agencies publish a 12 - month finding ( a proposed rule ) within one year of the date of the petition , proposing to list the species as threatened or endangered . Comments are solicited from the public , and one or more public hearings may be held . Three expert opinions from appropriate and independent specialists may be included , but this is voluntary . A `` warranted but precluded '' finding is automatically recycled back through the 12 - month process indefinitely until a result of either `` not warranted '' or `` warranted '' is determined . The agencies monitor the status of any `` warranted but precluded '' species . Essentially the `` warranted but precluded '' finding is a deferral added by the 1982 amendment to the ESA . It means other , higher - priority actions will take precedence . For example , an emergency listing of a rare plant growing in a wetland that is scheduled to be filled in for housing construction would be a `` higher - priority '' . 3 . Within another year , a final determination ( a final rule ) must be made on whether to list the species . The final rule time limit may be extended for 6 months and listings may be grouped together according to similar geography , threats , habitat or taxonomy . The annual rate of listing ( i.e. , classifying species as `` threatened '' or `` endangered '' ) increased steadily from the Ford administration ( 47 listings , 15 per year ) through Carter ( 126 listings , 32 per year ) , Reagan ( 255 listings , 32 per year ) , George H.W. Bush ( 231 listings , 58 per year ) , and Clinton ( 521 listings , 65 per year ) before decline to its lowest rate under George W. Bush ( 60 listings , 8 per year as of 5 / 24 / 08 ) . The rate of listing is strongly correlated with citizen involvement and mandatory timelines : as agency discretion decreases and citizen involvement increases ( i.e. filing of petitions and lawsuits ) the rate of listing increases . Citizen involvement has been shown to identify species not moving through the process efficiently , and identify more imperiled species . The longer species are listed , the more likely they are to be classified as recovering by the FWS . Public notice , comments and judicial review ( edit ) Public notice is given through legal notices in newspapers , and communicated to state and county agencies within the species ' area . Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing . A public hearing is mandatory if any person has requested one within 45 days of the published notice . `` The purpose of the notice and comment requirement is to provide for meaningful public participation in the rulemaking process . '' summarized the Ninth Circuit court in the case of Idaho Farm Bureau Federation v. Babbitt . Species survival and recovery ( edit ) Critical habitat ( edit ) The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals , requiring the identification and protection of all lands , water and air necessary to recover endangered species . To determine what exactly is critical habitat , the needs of open space for individual and population growth , food , water , light or other nutritional requirements , breeding sites , seed germination and dispersal needs , and lack of disturbances are considered . As habitat loss is the primary threat to most imperiled species , the Endangered Species Act of 1973 allowed the Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) to designate specific areas as protected `` critical habitat '' zones . In 1978 , Congress amended the law to make critical habitat designation a mandatory requirement for all threatened and endangered species . The amendment also added economics into the process of determining habitat : `` ... shall designate critical habitat ... on the basis of the best scientific data available and after taking into consideration the economic impact , and any other impact , of specifying ... area as critical habitat . '' The congressional report on the 1978 amendment described the conflict between the new Section 4 additions and the rest of the law : `` ... the critical habitat provision is a startling section which is wholly inconsistent with the rest of the legislation . It constitutes a loophole which could readily be abused by any Secretary ... who is vulnerable to political pressure or who is not sympathetic to the basic purposes of the Endangered Species Act . '' -- House of Representatives Report 95 - 1625 , at 69 ( 1978 ) The amendment of 1978 added economic considerations and the 1982 amendment prevented economic considerations . Several studies on the effect of critical habitat designation on species ' recovery rates have been done between 1997 and 2003 . Although it has been criticized , the Taylor study in 2003 found that , `` species with critical habitat were ... twice as likely to be improving ... '' Critical habitats are required to contain `` all areas essential to the conservation '' of the imperiled species , and may be on private or public lands . The Fish and Wildlife Service has a policy limiting designation to lands and waters within the U.S. and both federal agencies may exclude essential areas if they determine that economic or other costs exceed the benefit . The ESA is mute about how such costs and benefits are to be determined . All federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing , funding or carrying out actions that `` destroy or adversely modify '' critical habitats ( Section 7 ( a ) ( 2 ) ) . While the regulatory aspect of critical habitat does not apply directly to private and other non-federal landowners , large - scale development , logging and mining projects on private and state land typically require a federal permit and thus become subject to critical habitat regulations . Outside or in parallel with regulatory processes , critical habitats also focus and encourage voluntary actions such as land purchases , grant making , restoration , and establishment of reserves . The ESA requires that critical habitat be designated at the time of or within one year of a species being placed on the endangered list . In practice , most designations occur several years after listing . Between 1978 and 1986 the FWS regularly designated critical habitat . In 1986 the Reagan Administration issued a regulation limiting the protective status of critical habitat . As a result , few critical habitats were designated between 1986 and the late 1990s . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , a series of court orders invalidated the Reagan regulations and forced the FWS and NMFS to designate several hundred critical habitats , especially in Hawaii , California and other western states . Midwest and Eastern states received less critical habitat , primarily on rivers and coastlines . As of December , 2006 , the Reagan regulation has not yet been replaced though its use has been suspended . Nonetheless , the agencies have generally changed course and since about 2005 have tried to designate critical habitat at or near the time of listing . Most provisions of the ESA revolve around preventing extinction . Critical habitat is one of the few that focus on recovery . Species with critical habitat are twice as likely to be recovering as species without critical habitat . Plans , permits , and agreements ( edit ) The combined result of the amendments to the Endangered Species Act have created a law vastly different from the ESA of 1973 . It is now a flexible , permitting statute . For example , the law now permits `` incidental takes '' ( accidental killing or harming a listed species ) . Congress added the requirements for `` incidental take statement '' , and authorized a `` incidental take permit '' in conjunction with `` habitat conservation plans '' . More changes were made in the 1990s in an attempt by Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt to shield the ESA from a Congress hostile to the law . He instituted incentive - based strategies such as candidate conservation agreements and `` safe harbor '' agreements that would balance the goals of economic development and conservation . Recovery plan ( edit ) Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) and National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) are required to create an Endangered Species Recovery Plan outlining the goals , tasks required , likely costs , and estimated timeline to recover endangered species ( i.e. , increase their numbers and improve their management to the point where they can be removed from the endangered list ) . The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed . The FWS has a policy specifying completion within three years of the species being listed , but the average time to completion is approximately six years . The annual rate of recovery plan completion increased steadily from the Ford administration ( 4 ) through Carter ( 9 ) , Reagan ( 30 ) , Bush I ( 44 ) , and Clinton ( 72 ) , but declined under Bush II ( 16 per year as of 9 / 1 / 06 ) . The goal of the law is to make itself unnecessary , and recovery plans are a means toward that goal . Recovery plans became more specific after 1988 when Congress added provisions to Section 4 ( f ) of the law that spelled out the minimum contents of a recovery plan . Three types of information must be included : A description of `` site - specific '' management actions to make the plan as explicit as possible . The `` objective , measurable criteria '' to serve as a baseline for judging when and how well a species is recovering . An estimate of money and resources needed to achieve the goal of recovery and delisting . The amendment also added public participation to the process . There is a ranking order , similar to the listing procedures , for recovery plans , with the highest priority being for species most likely to benefit from recovery plans , especially when the threat is from construction , or other developmental or economic activity . Recovery plans cover domestic and migratory species . Exemptions ( edit ) Exemptions can and do occur . The ESA requires federal agencies to consult with the US Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) or the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) if any project occurs in the habitat of a listed species . An example of such a project might be a timber harvest proposed by the US Forest Service . If the timber harvest could impact a listed species , a biological assessment is prepared by the Forest Service and reviewed by the FWS or NMFS or both . The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and , if so , how the harm can be minimized . If harm can not be avoided , the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee , an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur . Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking ( to harass , harm , pursue , hunt , shoot , wound , kill , trap , capture , or collect , or significant habitat modification , or to attempt to engage in any such conduct ) of listed species . Long before the exemption is considered by the Endangered Species Committee , the Forest Service , and either the FWS or the NMFS will have consulted on the biological implications of the timber harvest . The consultation can be informal , to determine if harm may occur ; and then formal if the harm is believed to be likely . The questions to be answered in these consultations are whether the species will be harmed , whether the habitat will be harmed and if the action will aid or hinder the recovery of the listed species . Northern spotted owl If harm is likely to occur , the consultation evaluates whether `` reasonable and prudent alternatives '' exist to minimize harm . If an alternative does not exist , the FWS or NMFS will issue an opinion that the action constitutes `` jeopardy '' to the listed species either directly or indirectly . The project can not then occur unless exempted by the Endangered Species Committee . The Committee must make a decision on the exemption within 30 days , when its findings are published in the Federal Register . The findings can be challenged in federal court . In 1992 , one such challenge was the case of Portland Audubon Society v. Endangered Species Committee heard in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals . The court found that three members had been in illegal ex parte contact with the then - President George H.W. Bush , a violation of the Administrative Procedures Act . The committee 's exemption was for the Bureau of Land Management 's timber sale and `` incidental takes '' of the endangered northern spotted owl in Oregon . There have been six instances as of 2009 in which the exemption process was initiated . Of these six , one was granted , one was partially granted , one was denied and three were withdrawn . Donald Baur , in The Endangered Species Act : law , policy , and perspectives , concluded , '' ... the exemption provision is basically a nonfactor in the administration of the ESA . A major reason , of course , is that so few consultations result in jeopardy opinions , and those that do almost always result in the identification of reasonable and prudent alternatives to avoid jeopardy . '' Habitat conservation plans ( edit ) More than half of habitat for listed species is on non-federal property , owned by citizens , states , local governments , tribal governments and private organizations . Before the law was amended in 1982 , a listed species could be taken only for scientific or research purposes . The amendment created a permit process to circumvent the take prohibition called a Habitat Conservation Plan or HCP to give incentives to non-federal land managers and private landowners to help protect listed and unlisted species , while allowing economic development that may harm ( `` take '' ) the species . The US Fish and Wildlife Service defines the process as : `` The purpose of the habitat conservation planning process associated with the permit is to ensure there is adequate minimizing and mitigating of the effects of the authorized incidental take . The purpose of the incidental take permit is to authorize the incidental take of a listed species , not to authorize the activities that result in take . '' The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency ( FWS or NMFS ) , will be issued an Incidental Take Permit ( ITP ) which allows a certain number of `` takes '' of the listed species . The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time . For instance , the San Bruno Habitat Conservation Plan / Incidental Take Permit is good for 30 years and the Wal - Mart store ( in Florida ) permit expires after one year . Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party , it is a federal action - which means other federal laws can apply , such as the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA . A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins . The US Congress was urged to create the exemption by proponents of a conservation plan on San Bruno Mountain , California that was drafted in the early 1980s and is the first HCP in the nation . In the conference report on the 1982 amendments , Congress specified that it intended the San Bruno plan to act `` as a model '' for future conservation plans developed under the incidental take exemption provision and that `` the adequacy of similar conservation plans should be measured against the San Bruno plan '' . Congress further noted that the San Bruno plan was based on `` an independent exhaustive biological study '' and protected at least 87 % of the habitat of the listed butterflies that led to the development of the HCP . Growing scientific recognition of the role of private lands for endangered species recovery and the landmark 1981 court decision in Palila v. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources both contributed to making Habitat Conservation Plans / Incidental Take Permits `` a major force for wildlife conservation and a major headache to the development community '' , wrote Robert D. Thornton in the 1991 Environmental Law article , Searching for Consensus and Predictability : Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 . `` No Surprises '' rule ( edit ) The `` No Surprises '' rule is meant to protect the landowner if `` unforeseen circumstances '' occur which make the landowner 's efforts to prevent or mitigate harm to the species fall short . The `` No Surprises '' policy may be the most controversial of the recent reforms of the law , because once an Incidental Take Permit is granted , the Fish and Wildlife Service ( FWS ) loses much ability to further protect a species if the mitigation measures by the landowner prove insufficient . The landowner or permittee would not be required to set aside additional land or pay more in conservation money . The federal government would have to pay for additional protection measures . `` Safe Harbor '' agreements ( edit ) The `` Safe Harbor '' agreement is a voluntary agreement between the private landowner and FWS . The landowner agrees to alter the property to benefit or even attract a listed or proposed species in exchange for assurances that the FWS will permit future `` takes '' above a pre-determined level . The policy relies on the `` enhancement of survival '' provision of Section § 1539 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) . A landowner can have either a `` Safe Harbor '' agreement or an Incidental Take Permit , or both . The policy was developed by the Clinton Administration in 1999 . Candidate conservation agreements ( edit ) The Candidate Conservation Agreement is closely related to the `` Safe Harbor '' agreement , the main difference is that the Candidate Conservation Agreements With Assurances ( CCA ) are meant to protect unlisted species by providing incentives to private landowners and land managing agencies to restore , enhance or maintain habitat of unlisted species which are declining and have the potential to become threatened or endangered if critical habitat is not protected . The FWS will then assure that if , in the future the unlisted species becomes listed , the landowner will not be required to do more than already agreed upon in the CCA . Experimental populations ( edit ) The Experimental Population Provision encourages introductions of species into formerly occupied or new habitat without the full range of legal restrictions for endangered species . The provision was added to the act in 1982 to encourage landowner support for species survival and recovery . Experimental populations could be used for the assisted migration of endangered species . Delisting ( edit ) Northern flying squirrel To delist species , several factors are considered : the threats are eliminated or controlled , population size and growth , and the stability of habitat quality and quantity . Also , over a dozen species have been delisted due to inaccurate data putting them on the list in the first place . There is also `` downlisting '' of a species where some of the threats have been controlled and the population has met recovery objectives , then the species can be reclassified to `` threatened '' from `` endangered '' Two examples of animal species recently delisted are : the Virginia northern flying squirrel ( subspecies ) on August , 2008 , which had been listed since 1985 , and the gray wolf ( Northern Rocky Mountain DPS ) . On April 15 , 2011 , President Obama signed the Department of Defense and Full - Year Appropriations Act of 2011 . A section of that Appropriations Act directed the Secretary of the Interior to reissue within 60 days of enactment the final rule published on April 2 , 2009 , that identified the Northern Rocky Mountain population of gray wolf ( Canis lupus ) as a distinct population segment ( DPS ) and to revise the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife by removing most of the gray wolves in the DPS . The US Fish and Wildlife Service 's delisting report lists four plants that have recovered : Eggert 's sunflower ( Helianthus eggertii ) Robbins ' cinquefoil ( Potentilla robbinsiana ) , an alpine wildflower found only in the White Mountains of New Hampshire Maguire daisy ( Erigeron maguirei ) Tennessee purple coneflower ( Echinacea tennesseensis ) Effectiveness ( edit ) Positive effects ( edit ) As of September 2012 , fifty - six species have been delisted ; twenty - eight due to recovery , ten due to extinction ( seven of which are believed to have been extinct prior to being listed ) , ten due to changes in taxonomic classification practices , six due to discovery of new populations , one due to an error in the listing rule , and one due to an amendment to the Endangered Species Act specifically requiring the species delisting . Twenty - five others have been down listed from `` endangered '' to `` threatened '' status . Some have argued that the recovery of DDT - threatened species such as the bald eagle , brown pelican and peregrine falcon should be attributed to the 1972 ban on DDT by the EPA . rather than the Endangered Species Act , however , the listing of these species as endangered was a substantial cause of Congress instituting the ban and many non-DDT oriented actions were taken on their behalf under the Endangered Species Act ( i.e. captive breeding , habitat protection , and protection from disturbance ) . As of October 28 , 2012 , there are 2,052 total ( foreign and domestic ) species on the threatened and endangered lists . However , many species have become extinct while on the candidate list or otherwise under consideration for listing . Key deer Species which increased in population size since being placed on the endangered list include : Bald eagle ( increased from 417 to 11,040 pairs between 1963 and 2007 ) ; removed from list 2007 Whooping crane ( increased from 54 to 436 birds between 1967 and 2003 ) Kirtland 's warbler ( increased from 210 to 1,415 pairs between 1971 and 2005 ) Peregrine falcon ( increased from 324 to 1,700 pairs between 1975 and 2000 ) ; removed from list 1999 Gray wolf ( populations increased dramatically in the Northern Rockies and Western Great Lakes States ) Mexican wolf ( increased to minimum population of 109 wolves in 2014 in southwest New Mexico and southeast Arizona ) Red wolf ( increased from 17 in 1980 to 257 in 2003 ) Gray whale ( increased from 13,095 to 26,635 whales between 1968 and 1998 ) ; removed from list ( Debated because whaling was banned before the ESA was set in place and that the ESA had nothing to do with the natural population increase since the cease of massive whaling ( excluding Native American tribal whaling ) ) Grizzly bear ( increased from about 271 to over 580 bears in the Yellowstone area between 1975 and 2005 ) ; removed from list March 22 , 2007 California 's southern sea otter ( increased from 1,789 in 1976 to 2,735 in 2005 ) San Clemente Indian paintbrush ( increased from 500 plants in 1979 to more than 3,500 in 1997 ) Florida 's Key deer ( increased from 200 in 1971 to 750 in 2001 ) Big Bend gambusia ( increased from a couple dozen to a population of over 50,000 ) Hawaiian goose ( increased from 400 birds in 1980 to 1,275 in 2003 ) Virginia big - eared bat ( increased from 3,500 in 1979 to 18,442 in 2004 ) Black - footed ferret ( increased from 18 in 1986 to 600 in 2006 ) Criticism ( edit ) Opponents of the Endangered Species Act argue that with over 2,000 endangered species listed , and only 28 delisted due to recovery , the success rate of 1 % over nearly three decades proves that there needs to be serious reform in their methods to actually help the endangered animals and plants . Others argue that the ESA may encourage preemptive habitat destruction by landowners who fear losing the use of their land because of the presence of an endangered species ; known colloquially as `` Shoot , Shovel and Shut - Up . '' One example of such perverse incentives is the case of a forest owner who , in response to ESA listing of the red - cockaded woodpecker , increased harvesting and shortened the age at which he harvests his trees to ensure that they do not become old enough to become suitable habitat . While no studies have shown that the Act 's negative effects , in total , exceed the positive effects , many economists believe that finding a way to reduce such perverse incentives would lead to more effective protection of endangered species . According to research published in 1999 by Alan Green and the Center for Public Integrity ( CPI ) , loopholes in the ESA are commonly exploited in the exotic pet trade . Although the legislation prohibits interstate and foreign transactions for list species , no provisions are made for in - state commerce , allowing these animals to be sold to roadside zoos and private collectors . Additionally , the ESA allows listed species to be shipped across state lines as long as they are not sold . According to Green and the CPI , this allows dealers to `` donate '' listed species through supposed `` breeding loans '' to anyone , and in return they can legally receive a reciprocal monetary `` donation '' from the receiving party . Furthermore , an interview with an endangered species specialist at the US Fish and Wildlife Service revealed that the agency does not have sufficient staff to perform undercover investigations , which would catch these false `` donations '' and other mislabeled transactions . Green and the CPI further noted another exploit of the ESA in their discussion of the critically endangered cotton - top tamarin ( Saguinus oedipus ) . Not only had they found documentation that 151 of these primates had inadvertently made their way from the Harvard - affiliated New England Regional Primate Research Center into the exotic pet trade through the aforementioned loophole , but in October 1976 , over 800 cotton - top tamarins were imported into the United States in order to beat the official listing of the species under the ESA . State Endangered species lists ( edit ) Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act provided funding for development of programs for management of threatened and endangered species by state wildlife agencies . Subsequently , lists of endangered and threatened species within their boundaries have been prepared by each state . These state lists often include species which are considered endangered or threatened within a specific state but not within all states , and which therefore are not included on the national list of endangered and threatened species . Examples include Florida , Minnesota , Maine , Penalties ( edit ) There are different degrees of violation with the law . The most punishable offenses are trafficking , and any act of knowingly `` taking '' ( which includes harming , wounding , or killing ) an endangered species . The penalties for these violations can be a maximum fine of up to $50,000 or imprisonment for one year , or both , and civil penalties of up to $25,000 per violation may be assessed . Lists of violations and exact fines are available through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration web - site . One provision of this law is that no penalty may be imposed if , by a preponderance of the evidence that the act was in self - defense . The law also eliminates criminal penalties for accidentally killing listed species during farming and ranching activities . In addition to fines or imprisonment , a license , permit , or other agreement issued by a federal agency that authorized an individual to import or export fish , wildlife , or plants may be revoked , suspended or modified . Any federal hunting or fishing permits that were issued to a person who violates the ESA can be canceled or suspended for up to a year . Use of money received through violations of the ESA ( edit ) A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest , conviction , or revocation of a license , so long as they are not a local , state , or federal employee in the performance of official duties . The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish , wildlife , and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal . If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund . See also ( edit ) Critical habitat Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 List of endangered species in North America Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . `` International Affairs : CITES '' Retrieved on 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill '' , 437 U.S. 153 ( 1978 ) Retrieved 24 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered Species Program -- Species Status Codes '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Code of Federal Regulations , Title 50 : Wildlife and Fisheries '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Weidensaul , Scott ( 2006 ) . Of A Feather . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 135 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 101247 - 4 . Jump up ^ American Museum of Natural History 's webpage on the Whooping Crane . accessed 7 - 24 - 09 Jump up ^ Roman , Joe ( 2011 ) . Listed : Dispatches from America 's Endangered Species Act . Harvard University Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04751 - 8 . Jump up ^ Goble , Endangered Species Act at Thirty p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Native Fish and Wildlife Endangered Species , '' Federal Register , vol. 32 , no . 48 , March 11 , 1967 Jump up ^ Czech , Brian The Endangered Species Act p 21 Jump up ^ AP ( March 12 , 1967 ) . `` 78 Species Listed Near Extinction ; Udall Issues Inventory With Appeal to Save Them '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Wilcove , David S. ; Margaret McMillan ( 2006 ) . `` Class of ' 67 '' . In Dale Goble ; J. Micharl Scott ; Frank W. Davis . The Endangered Species Act at Thirty. 1 . Island Press . p. 48 . Jump up ^ ESA at Thirty , p 45 Jump up ^ Chadwick , Douglas ; Joel Sartore ( 1996 ) . The Company We Keep . National Geographic Society . pp. 19 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 3310 - 7 . Jump up ^ Nixon . R ( 1972 ) . `` Special Message to the Congress Outlining the 1972 Environmental Program '' . 51 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Protection Agency '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Permian Global '' . Jump up ^ Water on the Edge KVIE - Sacramento public television documentary ( DVD ) hosted by Lisa McRae . The Water Education Foundation , 2005 Jump up ^ Juliet Eilperin , `` Since ' 01 , Guarding Species Is Harder : Endangered Listings Drop Under Bush '' , Washington Post , March 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Notice '' . Endangered and Threatened Wildlife ; Final Listing Priority Guidance for FY 2000 . Federal Register . pp. 27114 -- 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1533 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ Stanford , p 40 ^ Jump up to : 16 U.S.C. 1533 ( b ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Stanford p. 23 Jump up ^ 16 U.S.C. 1533 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( C ) ( iii ) Jump up ^ ESA at Thirty p58 ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Noah ; K. Suckling ; M. Taylor ( 2006 ) . `` Factors affecting the rate and taxonomy of species listings under the U.S. Endangered Species Act '' . In D.D. Goble ; J.M. Scott ; F.W. Davis . The Endangered Species Act at 30 : Vol. 1 : Renewing the Conservation Promise . Washington , D.C. : Island Press . pp. 50 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Puckett , Emily E. ; Kesler , Dylan C. ; Greenwald , D. Noah ( 2016 ) . `` Taxa , petitioning agency , and lawsuits affect time spent awaiting listing under the US Endangered Species Act '' . Biological Conservation. 201 : 220 -- 229 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2016.07. 005 . Jump up ^ Brosi , Berry J. ; Biber , Eric G.N. ( 2012 ) . `` Citizen Involvement in the U.S. Endangered Species Act '' . Science . 337 ( 6096 ) : 802 -- 803 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1220660 . PMID 22903999 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , M.T. ; K.S. Suckling & R.R. Rachlinski ( 2005 ) . `` The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act : A quantitative analysis '' . BioScience. 55 ( 4 ) : 360 -- 367 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2005 ) 055 ( 0360 : TEOTES ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0006 - 3568 . Jump up ^ U.S.C 1533 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( A ) - ( E ) Jump up ^ Stanford p 50 Jump up ^ ESA at Thirty p89 Jump up ^ Stanford pp61 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stanford p. 68 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Endangered Species Act Works , Study Finds '' . Jump up ^ Center for Biological Diversity , authors K.F. Suckling , J.R. Rachlinski Jump up ^ Stanford p86 ^ Jump up to : Suckling , Kieran ; M. Taylor ( 2006 ) . `` Critical Habitat Recovery '' . In D.D. Goble ; J.M. Scott ; F.W. Davis . The Endangered Species Act at 30 : Vol. 1 : Renewing the Conservation Promise . Washington , D.C. : Island Press . p. 77 . Jump up ^ ESA at 30 , p10 Jump up ^ The ESA does allow FWS and NMFS to forgo a recovery plan by declaring it will not benefit the species , but this provision has rarely been invoked . It was most famously used to deny a recovery plan to the northern spotted owl in 1991 , but in 2006 the FWS changed course and announced it would complete a plan for the species . ^ Jump up to : 16 U.S.C. § 1533 ( f ) Jump up ^ Stanford p72 -- 3 Jump up ^ Stanford , p 198 Jump up ^ `` Endangered Species Act '' . US Fish and Wildlife Service . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 16 U.S.C. § 1536 ( e ) Jump up ^ 50 C.F.R. § 402.13 ( a ) ^ Jump up to : `` Portland Audubon Society v. Endangered Species Committee '' . Justia . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Earth accessed August 21 , 2009 Jump up ^ Donald C. Baur , William Robert Irvin The Endangered Species Act : law , policy , and perspectives Published by American Bar Association . 2002 Jump up ^ Stanford p127 Jump up ^ Habitat Conservation Plans : Section 10 of the Endangered Species Act p. 1 Jump up ^ Stanford pp147 -- 8 Jump up ^ ( H.R. Rep. No. 835 , 97th Cong. , 2nd Sess. 32 , 1982 . pp 31 -- 32 ) ( 1 ) Introduction to Habitat Conservation Planning By : Peter Aengst , Jeremy Anderson , Jay Chamberlin , Christopher Grunewald , Susan Loucks , Elizabeth Wheatley , and Steven Yaffee accessed August 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ Introduction to Habitat Conservation Planning Jump up ^ Stanford pp170 -- 1 Jump up ^ Stanford pp168 -- 9 Jump up ^ Shirey , P.D. ; Lamberti , G.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Assisted colonization under the U.S. Endangered Species Act '' . Conservation Letters. 3 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 52 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 263x. 2009.00083. x . Jump up ^ USFWS `` Delisting a Species '' accessed August 25 , 2009 Archived March 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register , Volume 76 Issue 87 ( Thursday , May 5 , 2011 ) '' . Jump up ^ FWS Delisting Report Archived 2007 - 07 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service Threatened and Endangered Species System Jump up ^ Service , U.S. Fish and Wildlife . `` Listed Species Summary ( Boxscore ) '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Service , U.S. Fish and Wildlife . `` Listed Plants '' . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Service , U.S. Fish and Wildlife . `` Listed Animals '' . Archived from the original on 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt , Unintended Consequences , New York Times Magazine , 20 January 2008 Jump up ^ Richard L. Stroup. ( 2 ) , The Endangered Species Act : Making Innocent Species the Enemy PERC Policy Series : April 1995 Jump up ^ Brown , Gardner M. Jr. ; Shogren , Jason F. ( 1998 ) . `` Economics of the Endangered Species Act '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 12 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 20 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 12.3. 3 . Jump up ^ Green & The Center for Public Integrity 1999 , pp. 115 & 120 . Jump up ^ Green & The Center for Public Integrity 1999 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Green & The Center for Public Integrity 1999 , pp. 113 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Green & The Center for Public Integrity 1999 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/usc_sec_16_00001535----000-.html Jump up ^ 16 U.S. Code 1535 Jump up ^ Florida Endangered & Threatened Species List Jump up ^ Minnesota Endangered & Threatened Species List Jump up ^ Compare : Maine State & Federal Endangered & Threatened Species Lists Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . with Maine Animals Jump up ^ http://www.gc.noaa.gov/schedules/6-ESA/EnadangeredSpeciesAct.pdf Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived April 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Corn , M. Lynne and Alexandra M. Wyatt . The Endangered Species Act : A Primer . Congressional Research Service 2016 . The Endangered Species Act at Thirty Dale Goble , J. Michael Scott ( editors ) Island Press 2006 . Green , Alan ; The Center for Public Integrity ( 1999 ) . Animal Underworld : Inside America 's Black Market for Rare and Exotic Species . Public Affairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 374 - 9 . Stanford Environmental Law Society , The Endangered Species Act Stanford University Press 2001 ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3842 - 4 . External links ( edit ) ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT OF 1973 accessed November 11 , 2011 Cornell University Law School - Babbit v. Sweet Home accessed July 25 , 2005 The 1995 decision on whether significant habitat modifications on private property that actually kill species constitute `` harm '' for purposes of the ESA . Center for Biological Diversity accessed July 25 , 2005 Endangered Species Program -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 Endangered Species Act -- National Marine Fisheries Service -- NOAA accessed June 16 , 2012 Species Status Categories and Codes -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 Habitat Conservation Plans -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 The 1978 decision related to the ESA and the snail darter . accessed July , 2005 Summary of Listed Species Listed Populations and Recovery Plans -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 Species Search -- US Fish & Wildlife Service accessed June 16 , 2012 Electronic Code of Federal Regulations : List of endangered species accessed June 16 , 2012 United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. Nixon Senate Watergate Committee impeachment process Resignation speech Pardon State of the Union Address ( 1970 1973 1974 ) Wilson desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life and politics Presidential Library and Museum Richard Nixon Foundation Birthplace and boyhood home Checkers speech Kitchen Debate Operation 40 `` Last press conference '' Florida White House `` La Casa Pacifica '' Nixon Center Nixon v. General Services Administration Death and funeral Books Six Crises ( 1962 ) Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 U.S. Senate election , 1950 California gubernatorial election , 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions , 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign , 1968 United States presidential elections , 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972 Popular culture Nixon goes to China ( phrase ) Millhouse ( 1971 film ) Four More Years ( 1972 film ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 film ) White House Madness ( 1975 film ) Nixon in China ( 1987 opera ) Nixon ( 1995 film ) Elvis Meets Nixon ( 1997 film ) Dick ( 1999 film ) The Frost - Nixon Interviews ( 2006 play , 2008 film ) Our Nixon ( 2013 film ) U.S. Postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Staff Colonel Jack Brennan ( aide de camp ) Manolo Sanchez ( valet ) Rose Mary Woods ( secretary ) Family Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( wife ) Tricia Nixon Cox ( daughter ) Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( daughter ) Frank Nixon ( father ) Hannah Nixon ( mother ) Donald Nixon ( brother ) Edward Nixon ( brother ) Donald A. Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973&oldid=822715714 '' Categories : 1973 in law Biota of the United States by conservation status Conservation in the United States United States federal environmental legislation United States Fish and Wildlife Service United States federal public land legislation 1973 in the environment Wildlife law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Català Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 02 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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the following are considered a takings under the endangered species act
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Will Jackson (Wentworth)
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Will Jackson ( Wentworth ) - wikipedia Will Jackson ( Wentworth ) Jump to : navigation , search Will Jackson Wentworth character First appearance `` No Place Like Home '' Created by Lara Radulovich Portrayed by Robbie Magasiva Status Alive Duration 2013 - Information Full name William Jackson Occupation Social worker ( formerly ) Correctional officer Affiliation Wentworth Prison Bea Smith ( formerly ) Vera Bennett Matthew Fletcher ( formerly ) Jake Stewart Franky Doyle Kaz Proctor Allie Novak Significant other ( s ) Meg Jackson ( wife ; deceased ) Rose Atkins William `` Will '' Jackson is a character in Wentworth Prison . Will is portrayed by Robbie Magasiva . Will is notable for his friendships with Matthew Fletcher and Bea Smith . Will has also been involved in a one - sided notable rivalry with Joan Ferguson and Kaz Proctor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Storylines 2.1 Backstory 2.2 2013 - 3 Reception 4 References Development ( edit ) Magasiva talked about getting the role . He said `` It was an interesting time . It was a learning curve for me . If the whole idea was to get into a room with a casting director and make an impression I did what I came for . They 've seen my work and have me in mind , so I 've achieved that . I came back thinking it was the most impossible thing to do , there 's no chance of me ever kind of making it there . But I came back and thought if I put in the hard work and keep on doing what I 'm doing it is doable . '' Storylines ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Before his wife 's death , Will seemed to be a very easy going officer . He was quite relaxed around the prisoners . Like his colleague , Vera Bennett , he cared about the women , and got involved in prison life , but unlike Vera , he did n't get too concerned with the prisoners problems . Will was a social worker before becoming a prison officer , during his time as a social worker , he removed a baby from a prisoner , who was later murdered because of her inappropriate relationship with an officer . 2013 - ( edit ) Will is first seen processing Bea ( Danielle Cormack ) when she is brought into Wentworth Prison . Will then is seen flirting with Meg and is caught by Matthew Fletcher ( Aaron Jeffery ) . Will then takes Bea out for a smoke when she is in the slots . The episode ends with Will finding Meg dead and Bea covered in her blood . Following Meg 's death , Will was seen watching the interviews of the prisoners on his laptop . When Doreen and Kaiya make a picture for Will , he rips it up in front of them . Will continues to investigate the death of his wife Meg , he the discovers how his friend Fletch and Meg had a peculiar relationship . Will later discovers that his wife Meg had an abortion sometime before she died , Fletch had to help him come to his senses after he got so high on cocaine and nearly overdosed . Soon after , Will is blackmailed by Jacs Holt when he confronts her about catching Brayden and Debbie doing drugs . Will supports Bea during the death of her daughter Debbie . When Bea is n't allowed to see the body , Will visits Debbie and spends some time with her and passes on that Bea loves her . In the season one finale , Will listens to a recording of Jacs convincing Brayden to kill Debbie . When Will confronts Jacs , she manipulates him to delete the recording in return for information about Meg 's murder . When Will and Fletch do a cell toss , Will finds Meg 's bracelet in Jacs ' cell but unknown to him Liz Birdsworth planted it there to protect Franky . A calmer Will returned for season two as he believed Meg 's killer , Jac 's Holt , had paid the ultimate price with her own life and moves on with prison nurse , Rose Atkins . Will gets quizzed by Joan Ferguson about his past as a social worker . Joan then tells him that the addiction programs would cease from that moment on . In Twist The Knife , Will learns that Fletch was having an affair with his wife Meg , Will brutually attacks Fletch in the boiler room during a prison lockdown . When Maxine Conway tries to escape prison , she is caught by Will . Will refuses to let Harry Smith see Bea , Harry then accuses Will of having an affair with Bea . Will and Rose later go on a date where a mysterious van runs them off the road . Will goes to Harry 's to confront him and smashes his van up . Will is then arrested for criminal damage . Ferguson gets Will off the charges but it is revealed in a flashback that Ferguson is trying to get revenge against Will . In the Season Two lead up to the finale , Bea has a battle with Franky where she slashes her wrists to avoid cuffing , Will leaves Bea unattended and Bea then escapes . Will then goes searching for Bea and speaks to Liz Birdsworth . Joan leads the police to believe that Bea and Will were working together . Will is later arrested . In Season Three it is revealed that Will received four months suspension for `` aiding '' Bea . Will holds a grudge against Bea for a while . Ferguson then has Will framed for murdering Harry Smith . Will continues to date Rose . In Failing Upwards , Will visits Fletch and finds it in himself to move on from his negative history with him . Will is also accused of murdering Harry . During the time trying to prove his innocence , Joan Ferguson plans the murder weapon in his garage and then presumably tips off the police . On the day of Franky 's parole , Ferguson sends Will a confession from Franky admitting that she killed Meg . Will then confronts Franky but ends up forgiving her which displeased Ferguson . Will is arrested again on suspicion of Harry 's murder but Bea manages to get him a name that she received from a vigilante . Will then helps Bea and Franky rescue Joshua and Ferguson from a fire in the prison that was started to cover up Jess Warner 's death . In Season 4 Will has been promoted to Deputy Governor and becomes a target for Kaz Proctor and The Red Right Hand as the one sided rivalry with Ferguson continues . Ferguson , having found protection in Kaz 's crew , cunningly blames Will for her brutal ganging , a move which only strengthens Kaz 's support for her . When Bea defends Will , it backfires dramatically . In the season finale Will is suspended . Bea forces Ferguson into stabbing her 13 times , providing the evidence needed to keep her incarcerated . The situation is witnessed by both Will and Vera . Will tries to keep her alive but shortly after Bea dies in his arms . Season 5 begins with the aftermath of the death of Bea Smith . Still shocked and saddened Will informs the women Bea is dead . Vera thanks Will at Bea 's funeral for organizing it and offers him to return to work despite his recent suspension , Will accepts with Franky keeping his faith in justice . Later Franky is framed for murder but Will believes she 's innocent . Will is determined to end the drug issue at Wentworth reinforcing security and is supported by Vera , he is successful . But soon former Governor Ferguson makes sure the drugs return to Wentworth with help of now Deputy Governor , Jake Stewart . Kaz is confident an officer is involved and blames Will , first to Vera and then informs the women why he had been suspended . Kaz is on her way to her sentence appeal with Will and another prison guard , taking fellow officer Linda Miles ' place so he could have a chance to confront Kaz . Moments later the van suddenly crashes into a river due to the tyre bolts being loosened by Franky , as she thought her trial hearing was that day so she would be in the van and therefore end up in hospital in an attempt to free herself from Wentworth and prove her innocence . Will risks his own life and almost drowns while saving Kaz from the back of the van . The two finally reach safety and go to hospital . On their arrival back at Wentworth , she thanks Will for saving her life and tells him things could possibly be different between the two of them from there on , Ferguson sees it , unknown to them . Will and Kaz , now friendly , find out Jake is the corrupt officer bringing drugs to the prison , Will asks Kaz to tell Allie Novak to speak to Vera , but Kaz refuses believing Vera would listen to Will . Kaz convinces Allie to talk but is blackmailed by Ferguson through Jake , threatening Franky 's sister , Will argues with a naive Vera and is informed of her relationship with Jake . After she does n't believe him Will calls general manager , Derek Channing , to expose Jake . Kaz shares with Will she does n't have his same faith in the system . Channing discovers the truth but supports Jake for his own gain and offers Will a transfer , Will , tired of all the injustice informs him he will resign . Privately , Will talks to Kaz and confesses his complete loss of faith in the system and tells her he 's leaving Wentworth . Kaz tries to convince him to stay saying the women need him more than ever but he says they can find someone else , until Kaz tearfully asks him to stay by telling him she needs him and also needs to know there 's at least one good man . Vera briefly holds a grudge against Will for her permant demotion from governorship by Channing , still unaware Will was right . After Ferguson confirms Will 's accusations were correct , she apologizes acknowledging he was the only one to see through Jake . Will concerned about Vera asks her if she 's okay , Vera informs him her relationship with Jake not only was false but orchestrated by Ferguson herself to get revenge on her . Will reflects on how both , despite all she 's done saved her life . After that conversation and a brief chat with Linda , Will makes a research and realizes Jake killed Nils Jespers for Ferguson , Will confronts Jake again , first he denies it then admits it , Will is upset Jake wo n't tell the police and leaves him crying on the floor . Later , in medical Ferguson begins to taunt him about the death of his wife , Meg , and how he did nothing to avenge her , thus revealing she was the one that sent him the recording of Franky 's confession . A very angry Will leaves Ferguson , then saddened , Will chats with Kaz and takes the blame of all of Ferguson 's victims since he saved her from the fire and fears Kaz will be next . Kaz admits maybe both were wrong for trying to save her , Will says Ferguson wo n't stop until she 's dead and Kaz agrees by saying sometimes to get justice you have to cross the line . Will , still angry with Jake ignores him when he tries to talk to him but Jake insists and informs him of Allie 's and Franky 's escape plan . In the final scene , it is revealed Will has teamed up with Jake and Allie and is burying Ferguson alive to end her reign of terror and avenge Bea . Reception ( edit ) In both 2014 and 2015 , Robbie Magasiva was nominated for Most Outstanding Male Performance in the ASTRA Awards for his role as Will Jackson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wentworth season 3 : Robbie Magasiva returns to prison life '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Episode 19 : The Fixer Jump up ^ Episode 1 : No Place Like Home Jump up ^ Episode 2 : Fly Me Away Jump up ^ Episode 4 : The Things We Do Jump up ^ Episode 7 : Something Dies Jump up ^ Episode 8 : Mind Games Jump up ^ Episode 9 : To The Moon Jump up ^ Episode 10 : Checkmate Jump up ^ http://www.sohotv.com.au/character/wentworth-will-jackson/ Jump up ^ Episode 11 : Born Again Jump up ^ Episode 15 : Twist The Knife Jump up ^ Episode 17 : Metamorphosis Jump up ^ Episode 21 : Into The Night Jump up ^ Episode 22 : Fear Her Jump up ^ Episode 24 : Failing Upwards Jump up ^ Episode 32 : A Higher Court Jump up ^ Episode 34 : Blood and Fire Jump up ^ Episode 35 : `` First Blood '' Jump up ^ Episode 38 : `` Screw Lover '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Dominates 2014 ASTRA Awards '' . Fremantle Media . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth and Devil 's Playground dominate nominations for 2015 ASTRA Awards '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . ( hide ) Wentworth Seasons Notable episodes `` No Place Like Home '' `` Fear Her '' `` First Blood '' Characters Maxine Conway Franky Doyle Joan Ferguson Jacs Holt Will Jackson Allie Novak Kaz Proctor Bea Smith Jess Warner Bridget Westfall Related Prisoner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Jackson_(Wentworth)&oldid=814303750 '' Categories : Wentworth characters Fictional indigenous people of Australia Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional social workers Fictional cocaine users Fictional prison officers and governors Fictional smokers Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 00 : 34 . About Wikipedia
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Who Put the Bomp (in the Bomp, Bomp, Bomp)
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Who Put the Bomp ( in the Bomp , Bomp , Bomp ) - wikipedia Who Put the Bomp ( in the Bomp , Bomp , Bomp ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Who Put the Bomp ( in the Bomp , Bomp , Bomp ) '' Single by Barry Mann B - side `` Love , True Love '' Released 1961 Genre Doo - wop Bubblegum pop ( Sugaryline version ) Length 2 : 46 Label ABC - Paramount Songwriter ( s ) Barry Mann Gerry Goffin `` Who Put the Bomp ( in the Bomp , Bomp , Bomp ) '' is a doo - wop style hit song from 1961 co-written ( with Gerry Goffin ) and recorded by Barry Mann . He was backed up by the Halos , who had previously backed Curtis Lee on `` Pretty Little Angel Eyes '' . The song was originally released as a single on the ABC - Paramount label ( 10237 ) . In this song , Mann sings about the frequent use of nonsense lyrics in doo - wop music , and how his girl fell in love with him after listening to several such songs . Examples of the type of song referred to include the Marcels ' version of `` Blue Moon '' ( in which they sing `` Bomp bomp ba bomp , ba bomp ba bomp bomp '' and `` dip - de-dip - de-dip '' ) and the Edsels ' `` Rama - Lama - Ding - Dong '' , both of which charted earlier the same year . The spoken part is a reference to the song `` Little Darlin ' '' by the Diamonds . `` Boogidy shoo '' can be found in the lyrics to `` Pony Time '' by Chubby Checker , released earlier that year . The song inspired the title of an eponymous music magazine . The song fits into the category of `` self - referential '' songs . Rock songs are often about rock , reggae songs about reggae , rap songs about rap , etc . In this particular song that aspect is accentuated by the fact that Mann is a songwriter singing about songwriters . Chart performance ( edit ) The single debuted on Billboard 's Hot 100 on August 7 , 1961 , and remained for twelve weeks , peaking at # 7 . Mann 's version did not chart in the UK , though a cover version by the Viscounts reached # 21 there in September , 1961 , and another version by Showaddywaddy charted at # 37 in August 1982 . In popular culture ( edit ) The song has been covered or referenced by : The Viscounts ( on the album Who Put the Bomp -- The Pye Anthology ) ( 1961 ) Showaddywaddy , `` Who put the Bomp in the Bomp a Bomp a Bomp a Bomp '' ( 1982 ) Sharon , Lois & Bram on their 1995 album Let 's Dance ! The Overtones on their 2013 album Saturday Night at the Movies Bobby and Jerry ( `` We 're the guys '' who put the bomp ... ) The Heebee - jeebees ( on their live album Surgical Strike ) Jan and Dean ( who claim `` We put the bomp ... '' ) Le Tigre ( `` Who took the bomp ? '' is incorporated into Deceptacon on their self - titled album Le Tigre ) Frankie Lymon ( who claims `` I put the bomp ... '' , and opens the song with the `` Oo - wah , oo - wah '' that opened his hit song with the Teenagers , `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' ) Me First and the Gimme Gimmes ( on the album Blow in the Wind ) The Muppets The Real Group ( on their album Debut ) The Wurzels Ol ' 55 on their album , The Vault ( 1980 ) . A parody , `` Who 'll Put a Bomb on Saddam Saddam Saddam '' was introduced in the political satirists Capitol Steps ' 1990 album , Sheik , Rattle and Roll . A later parody titled `` Who put the Bomb in Tehran , Tehran , Tehran '' was produced by Capitol Steps and included in their book Sixteen Scandals and the accompanying CD . The song `` We Go Together '' in the Broadway musical and subsequent film Grease includes a similar mix of nonsensical lyrics . The versions of `` We Go Together '' on the 1993 London cast recording and movie soundtrack include a bit of `` Who Put the Bomp '' sung in counterpoint at the end . A parody titled `` Who Put the Mush '' was written and performed by The McCalmans . In an inversion of the original song , the singer 's girlfriend leaves him due to the nonsense lyrics in his folk music . It was released in 1994 on the album Songs From Scotland . Bentley Rhythm Ace had a track called `` Who Put the Bom in the Bom Bom Diddleye Bom '' on their debut album . The Mugar Omni Theater at the Boston Museum of Science introduction / audio check is Leonard Nimoy reciting `` Who Put the Bomp '' The song was parodied by Bob Rivers as `` Who Put the Stump ? '' , involving , from the perspective of an angel on top of a Christmas tree , the tree being inserted up the angel 's rectum . The lyrics include `` Who put the stump in my rump ba - bump ba - bump '' . Sugaryline covered the song as the ending credits from the anime TV series Milk Premium . It was also featured in the album The Hit Days Over Him ! and the soundtrack Milk ! Milk ! Milk Premium ! Spits Of The TV Volume 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marv Goldberg 's R&B Notebooks - The Arthur Crier Story Jump up ^ Marsh , Dave , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , 1999 , Da Capo Press ; ISBN 0 - 306 - 80901 - X ^ Jump up to : Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1996 , © 1997 , Record Research Inc. ; ISBN 0 - 89820 - 122 - 5 Jump up ^ everyhit.com Jump up ^ Perhaps with good reason : their version of `` Heart and Soul '' , released earlier the same year , features their added lyrics `` Bom ba bom , bom ba dip , da dip , dip ... '' Jump up ^ Strauss , William ( Bill ) and Newport , Elaina , Sixteen Scandals : 20 Years of Sex , Lies and Other Habits of Our Great Leaders , 2002 , Sourcebooks MediaFusion ; ISBN 1 - 57071 - 890 - 3 . Jump up ^ Susannes Folksong Notizen - English Notes - Who Put The Mush , accessed 2013 - 09 - 22 Jump up ^ All Music - Who Put The Mush , accessed 2013 - 09 - 22 Jump up ^ ' Rump ' Song Got Us Suspended , Central Florida DJs Say , Orlando News . The lyrics are available on Rivers ' web site Jan and Dean Jan Berry Dean Torrence Albums Carnival of Sound ( 2010 ) Singles `` Baby Talk '' `` Clementine '' `` Gee '' `` Heart and Soul '' `` A Sunday Kind of Love '' `` Who Put the Bomp '' `` Frosty the Snowman '' `` She 's Still Talkin ' Baby Talk '' `` Linda '' `` Surf City '' `` Honolulu Lulu '' `` Drag City '' `` Dead Man 's Curve '' `` The New Girl In School '' `` The Little Old Lady ( from Pasadena ) '' `` Ride the Wild Surf '' `` Sidewalk Surfin ' '' `` I Found a Girl '' `` Norwegian Wood '' `` Batman ! '' `` Popsicle '' `` School Days '' `` Louisiana Man '' `` Yellow Balloon '' `` Tijuana '' `` Vegetables '' `` In the Still of the Night '' `` Gonna Hustle You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` Oh What a Beautiful Morning '' Songs `` Stay '' Related topics Discography Deadman 's Curve `` Barbara Ann '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Put_the_Bomp_(in_the_Bomp,_Bomp,_Bomp)&oldid=803070803 '' Categories : 1961 songs Songs with lyrics by Gerry Goffin Songs written by Barry Mann 1961 singles ABC Records singles 1982 singles Jan and Dean songs Doo - wop songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 07 : 55 . About Wikipedia
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who put the bop in the bop shoo bop shoo bop
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The New Colossus
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The New Colossus - wikipedia The New Colossus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Emma Lazarus sonnet . For the 2017 video game , see Wolfenstein II : The New Colossus . The New Colossus Emma Lazarus 's manuscript Created 1883 Location Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , New York City , New York , U.S. Author ( s ) Emma Lazarus Purpose Sonnet was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the monument in 1903 `` The New Colossus '' is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus ( 1849 -- 1887 ) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty . In 1903 , the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal 's lower level . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the poem 2 Contents 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links History of the poem ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty in New York City This poem was written as a donation to an auction of art and literary works conducted by the `` Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty '' to raise money for the pedestal 's construction . Lazarus 's contribution was solicited by fundraiser William Maxwell Evarts . Initially she refused but writer Constance Cary Harrison convinced her that the statue would be of great significance to immigrants sailing into the harbor . `` The New Colossus '' was the first entry read at the exhibit 's opening on November 2 , 1883 , and remained associated with the exhibit through a published catalog until the exhibit closed after the pedestal was fully funded in August 1885 , but was forgotten and played no role at the opening of the statue in 1886 . It was , however , published in Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World as well as The New York Times during this time period . In 1901 , Lazarus 's friend Georgina Schuyler began an effort to memorialize Lazarus and her poem , which succeeded in 1903 when a plaque bearing the text of the poem was put on the inner wall of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty . The line `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' is missing a comma , and reads `` Keep ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' on the plaque hanging inside the Statue of Liberty since its unveiling in 1903 . The original manuscript is held by the American Jewish Historical Society . Contents ( edit ) The Colossus of Rhodes , as depicted in an artist 's impression of 1880 Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame , With conquering limbs astride from land to land ; Here at our sea - washed , sunset gates shall stand A mighty woman with a torch , whose flame Is the imprisoned lightning , and her name MOTHER OF EXILES . From her beacon - hand Glows world - wide welcome ; her mild eyes command The air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame . `` Keep , ancient lands , your storied pomp ! '' cries she With silent lips . `` Give me your tired , your poor , Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free , The wretched refuse of your teeming shore . Send these , the homeless , tempest - tost to me , I lift my lamp beside the golden door ! '' The poem is a Petrarchan sonnet . The title of the poem and the first two lines refer to the Colossus of Rhodes , which was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , sometimes described as standing astride the harbor . The `` sea - washed , sunset gates '' are the mouths of the Hudson and East Rivers , to the west of Brooklyn . The `` imprisoned lightning '' refers to the electric light in the torch , then a novelty . The `` air - bridged harbor that twin cities frame '' refers to New York Harbor between New York City and Brooklyn , which were consolidated into one unit in 1898 , 15 years after the poem was written . The `` huddled masses '' are the many immigrants coming to the United States ( many of them through Ellis Island at the port of New York ) . Influence ( edit ) Bronze plaque inside the Statue of Liberty Paul Auster wrote that `` Bartholdi 's gigantic effigy was originally intended as a monument to the principles of international republicanism , but ' The New Colossus ' reinvented the statue 's purpose , turning Liberty into a welcoming mother , a symbol of hope to the outcasts and downtrodden of the world . '' John T. Cunningham wrote that `` The Statue of Liberty was not conceived and sculpted as a symbol of immigration , but it quickly became so as immigrant ships passed under the torch and the shining face , heading toward Ellis Island . However , it was ( Lazarus 's poem ) that permanently stamped on Miss Liberty the role of unofficial greeter of incoming immigrants . '' The poem has entered the political realm . It was quoted in John F. Kennedy 's book A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) as well as a 2010 political speech by President Obama advocating immigration policy reform . On August 2nd , 2017 , the poem and its importance to the Statue of Liberty 's symbolism and thus the effect on American immigration policy , was debated in a White House briefing . Classical composer David Ludwig set the poem to music , which was performed at the worship service of President Obama 's 2013 inauguration ceremony . Author and scholar Julia Gordon - Bramer theorizes that Sylvia Plath 's poem , `` Lady Lazarus , '' is about the Statue of Liberty and Lazarus in her book , Fixed Stars Govern a Life : Decoding Sylvia Plath , volume one ( 2014 , Stephen F. Austin State University Press ) . Parts of the poem also appear in popular culture . The Broadway musical Miss Liberty , with music and lyrics by Irving Berlin , an immigrant himself , used the final stanza beginning `` Give me your tired , your poor '' as the basis for a song . It was also read in the 1941 film Hold Back the Dawn as well as being recited by the heroine in Alfred Hitchcock 's wartime film Saboteur . Harpist and singer Joanna Newsom indirectly references the poem in her 2015 song `` Sapokanikan , '' in contrast to the forbidding colossus of Percy Bysshe Shelley 's Ozymandias . The poem is read aloud in the eponymous episode , `` New Colossus '' , in the 2016 Netflix web series The OA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . US : National Park Service . 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lazarus , Emma , The New Colossus , Liberty State Park Jump up ^ Sutherland , Cara A ( 2003 ) , The Statue of Liberty : The Museum of the City of New York , Barnes & Noble , p. 77 , ISBN 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 4 , auction of art and literary work ; Mark Twain also contributed . ^ Jump up to : Young , Bette Roth ( 1997 ) , Emma Lazarus in Her World : Life and Letters , The Jewish Publication Society , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0618 - 4 , ... fell into obscurity . At the unveiling of the statue ( ... ) both Emma and her sonnet were absent ( ... ) Georgina Schuyler set in motion a successful attempt to memorialize her friend by placing the poem , inscribed on a bronze tablet , inside the pedestal ... . Jump up ^ Felder , Deborah G ; Rosen , Diana L ( 2003 ) , Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World , Citadel , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2443 - X , ... William Maxwell Evert ( sic ; presumably a misspelling of `` William Maxwell Evarts ) asked ( ... ) Lazarus ( ... ) to compose original works ( ... ) who ( ... ) refused ( ... ) until ( ... ) Constance Cary Harrison ( ... ) suggested that she consider what the statue would mean to the thousand of immigrants who would see it as they sailed into New York ... . Jump up ^ `` Image - Art Loan Fund Exhibition in Aid of the Bartholdi Pedestal Fund for the Statue of Liberty Catalogue '' . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty - Engineering , Construction , and Crossing the Atlantic '' . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service - Statue of Liberty - Emma Lazarus '' . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Gary ( 2006 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Misprint is spied in Lazarus poem at Liberty island '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( 2011 ) , `` How a Sonnet Made a Statue the ' Mother of Exiles ' '' , New York Times , retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 Jump up ^ Auster , Paul ( 2005 ) , `` NYC = USA '' , Collected Prose : Autobiographical Writings , True Stories , Critical Essays , Prefaces , and Collaborations with Artists , Picador , p. 508 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42468 - X . Jump up ^ Cunningham , John T ( 2003 ) , Ellis Island : Immigration 's Shining Center , Arcadia Publishing , pp. 46 -- 48 , ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2428 - X . ^ Jump up to : McGill , Meredith L. ( 2008 ) . The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Rutgers University Press . p. 118 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Obama edits Emma Lazarus poem on Statue of Liberty '' . The Oval . USA Today . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Part of Inauguration Day Ceremonies '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Esther Schor , Emma Lazarus , Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group - 2008 , page 255 Jump up ^ Hicks , Michael ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) . `` '' ' The text will not yield ' : Fleeting Tesserae in Joanna Newsom 's Sapokanikan `` '' . Medium . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The OA Recap : Yearning to Breathe Free '' . Vulture . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The New Colossus Lazarus , Emma , `` The new Colossus '' , A Century of Immigration , 1820 -- 1924 ( handwritten ) ( sonnet ) , Library of Congress . The latter page says `` Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society , New York and Newton Centre , Massachusetts '' . The poem itself , having been published in 1883 or at the very latest 1903 is in the public domain -- -- -- , Schor , Esther , ed. , The New Colossus ( interactive ed . ) , Nextbook Press . Manuscript notebook from the Emma Lazarus collection at the American Jewish Historical Society . Includes an undated manuscript version of `` The New Colossus . '' Cavitch , Max ( 2008 ) . `` Emma Lazarus and the Golem of Liberty . '' In The Traffic in Poems : Nineteenth - Century Poetry and Transatlantic Exchange . Ed . Meredith L. McGill . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . 97 - 122 . Marom , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Who is the ' Mother of Exiles ' ? An Inquiry into Jewish Aspects of Emma Lazarus 's ' The New Colossus ' '' . Prooftexts. 20 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 61 . doi : 10.1353 / ptx. 2000.0020 . ( hide ) Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Colossus&oldid=825809919 '' Categories : 1883 poems American poems Sonnets Statue of Liberty Jewish American literature Works about immigration to the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what poem is engraved on the statue of liberty
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"\"The New Colossus\" is a sonnet that American poet Emma Lazarus (1849–1887) wrote in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty.[2] In 1903, the poem was engraved on a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level."
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"\"The New Colossus"
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Sylvester Stallone
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Sylvester Stallone - wikipedia Sylvester Stallone Jump to : navigation , search Sylvester Stallone Stallone in 2014 Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone ( 1946 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1946 ( age 71 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Residence Beverly Hills , California Other names Sly Education Miami Dade College University of Miami Occupation Actor , screenwriter , film director Years active 1969 -- present Net worth $400 million ( 2015 ) Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Sasha Czack ( m . 1974 ; div. 1985 ) Brigitte Nielsen ( m . 1985 ; div. 1987 ) Jennifer Flavin ( m . 1997 ) Children 5 , including Sage Stallone Parent ( s ) Frank Stallone Sr . Jackie Stallone Relatives Frank Stallone , Jr. ( brother ) Website www.sylvesterstallone.com Signature Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone ( / stəˈloʊn / ; born July 6 , 1946 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He is well known for his Hollywood action roles , including boxer Rocky Balboa in the Rocky series ' seven films from 1976 to 2015 ; soldier John Rambo in the four Rambo films , released between 1982 and 2008 ; and Barney Ross in the three The Expendables films from 2010 to 2014 . Stallone wrote or co-wrote most of the 14 films in all three franchises , and directed many of the films . Stallone 's film Rocky was inducted into the National Film Registry , and had its props placed in the Smithsonian Museum . His use of the front entrance to the Philadelphia Museum of Art in the Rocky series led the area to be nicknamed the Rocky Steps , and Philadelphia has a statue of his Rocky character placed permanently near the museum . It was announced on December 7 , 2010 that Stallone was voted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the non-participant category . In 1977 , Stallone was nominated for two Academy Awards for Rocky , Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor . He became the third man in history to receive these two nominations for the same film , after Charlie Chaplin and Orson Welles . Stallone received positive reviews , as well as his first Golden Globe Award win and a third Academy Award nomination , for reprising the role of Rocky Balboa in Ryan Coogler 's 2015 film Creed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Hollywood career 2.1 1969 -- 1971 : The Party at Kitty and Stud 's and Score 2.2 1970 -- 1975 : Early film roles 2.3 1976 : Success with Rocky 2.4 1978 -- 2005 : More Rocky , Rambo , and additional roles 2.5 2006 -- 2008 : Revisiting Rocky and Rambo 2.6 2010 -- present : The Expendables and Creed 3 Other film works 4 Soundtrack contributions 5 Boxing promoter 6 Personal life 6.1 Injuries 6.2 Sexual assault allegation 6.3 Religious views 6.4 Political views 7 Awards and honors 8 Selected filmography 9 References 10 External links Early life Stallone was born in the Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood , of Manhattan , New York City , the elder son of Frank Stallone Sr. ( 1919 -- 2011 ) , a hairdresser and beautician , and Jacqueline `` Jackie '' Stallone ( née Labofish , born in 1921 ) , an astrologer , former dancer , and promoter of women 's wrestling . Stallone 's father was born in Gioia del Colle , Apulia , Italy , and immigrated to the United States in the 1930s . Stallone 's mother is of half French ( from Brittany ) and half Ukrainian Jewish ( from Soviet Union , Odessa ) descent . His younger brother is actor and musician Frank Stallone . Complications his mother suffered during labor forced her obstetricians to use two pairs of forceps during his birth ; misuse of these accidentally severed a nerve and caused paralysis in parts of Stallone 's face . As a result , the lower left side of his face is paralyzed -- including parts of his lip , tongue , and chin -- an accident which has given Stallone his snarling look and slightly slurred speech . Stallone was baptized Catholic . His father moved the family to Washington , D.C. in the early 1950s , where he opened a beauty school . His mother opened a women 's gymnasium called Barbella 's in 1954 . He attended Notre Dame Academy and Lincoln High School in Philadelphia , and Charlotte Hall Military Academy , prior to attending Miami Dade College and the University of Miami . Hollywood career 1969 -- 1971 : the Party at Kitty and Stud 's and Score While Stallone was in Switzerland , he played a restaurant patron , in a scene with Robert Redford and Camilla Sparv , in the sports drama , Downhill Racer ( 1969 ) . Stallone had his first starring role in the soft core pornography feature film The Party at Kitty and Stud 's ( 1970 ) . He was paid US $200 for two days ' work . Stallone later explained that he had done the film out of desperation after being evicted from his apartment and finding himself homeless for several days . He has also said that he slept three weeks in the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City prior to seeing a casting notice for the film . In the actor 's words , `` it was either do that movie or rob someone , because I was at the end -- the very end -- of my rope '' . The film was released several years later as Italian Stallion , in order to cash in on Stallone 's newfound fame ( the new title was taken from Stallone 's nickname since Rocky and a line from the film ) . Stallone at the Ken Norton / Duane Bobick boxing match in 1977 Stallone also starred in the erotic off - Broadway stage play Score which ran for 23 performances at the Martinique Theatre from October 28 to November 15 , 1971 and was later made into the 1974 film Score by Radley Metzger . 1970 -- 1975 : early film roles In 1972 , Stallone appeared in the film No Place to Hide , which was re-cut and retitled Rebel , the second version featuring Stallone as its star . After the style of Woody Allen 's What 's Up , Tiger Lily ? , this film , in 1990 , was re-edited from outtakes from the original movie and newly shot matching footage , then redubbed into an award - winning parody of itself titled A Man Called ... Rainbo . Stallone 's other first few film roles were minor , and included brief uncredited appearances in Pigeons ( 1970 ) as a party guest , Woody Allen 's Bananas ( 1971 ) as a subway thug , in the psychological thriller Klute ( 1971 ) as an extra dancing in a club , and in the Jack Lemmon film The Prisoner of Second Avenue ( 1975 ) as a youth . In the Lemmon film , Jack Lemmon 's character chases , tackles and mugs Stallone , thinking that Stallone 's character is a pickpocket . According to actor Elliott Gould , Stallone confessed to being in MASH ( 1970 ) as an extra . He had his second starring role in The Lords of Flatbush , in 1974 . In 1975 , he played supporting roles in Farewell , My Lovely ; Capone ; and Death Race 2000 . He made guest appearances on the TV series Police Story and Kojak . 1976 : success with Rocky Stallone at the premiere of the movie F.I.S.T. , 1978 Sylvester Stallone in 1983 Stallone gained worldwide fame with his starring role in the smash hit Rocky ( 1976 ) . On March 24 , 1975 , Stallone saw the Muhammad Ali -- Chuck Wepner fight . That night Stallone went home , and after three days and 20 straight hours , he had written the script , but Stallone subsequently denied that Wepner provided any inspiration for it . Other possible inspirations for the film may have included Rocky Graziano 's autobiography Somebody Up There Likes Me , and the movie of the same name . Wepner filed a lawsuit which was eventually settled with Stallone for an undisclosed amount . Stallone attempted to sell the script to multiple studios , with the intention of playing the lead role himself . Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff became interested and offered Stallone US $350,000 for the rights , but had their own casting ideas for the lead role , including Robert Redford and Burt Reynolds . Stallone refused to sell unless he played the lead character and eventually , after a substantial budget cut to compromise , it was agreed he could be the star . Rocky was nominated for ten Academy Awards , including Best Actor and Best Original Screenplay nominations for Stallone . The film went on to win the Academy Awards for Best Picture , Best Directing and Best Film Editing . 1978 -- 2005 : more Rocky , Rambo , and additional roles Following the success of Rocky , Stallone made his directorial debut and starred in the 1978 film Paradise Alley , a family drama in which he played one of three brothers who enter the world of wrestling . That same year he starred in Norman Jewison 's F.I.S.T. , a social drama in which he plays a warehouse worker , very loosely modeled on James Hoffa , who becomes involved in the labor union leadership . In 1979 he wrote , directed and starred in the sequel to his 1976 hit : Rocky II ( replacing John G. Avildsen , who won an Academy Award for directing the first film ) , which also became a major success , grossing US $200 million . Stallone in 1988 In 1981 he starred alongside Michael Caine in Escape to Victory , a sports drama in which he plays a prisoner of war involved in a Nazi propaganda soccer game . That same year he starred in the thriller Nighthawks , in which he plays a New York city cop who plays a cat and mouse game with a foreign terrorist , played by Rutger Hauer . Stallone with Brigitte Nielsen , Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan at the White House , 1985 Stallone launched another major franchise success , starring as Vietnam veteran John Rambo , a former Green Beret , in the action - war film First Blood ( 1982 ) . The first installment of Rambo was both a critical and box office success . Critics praised Stallone 's performance , saying he made Rambo seem human , as opposed to the way he is portrayed in the book of the same name . Three Rambo sequels , Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) , Rambo III ( 1988 ) and Rambo ( 2008 ) , followed . He also continued his box office success with the Rocky franchise and wrote , directed , and starred in two more 1980s sequels to the series : Rocky III ( 1982 ) and Rocky IV ( 1985 ) . Stallone has portrayed these two characters in a total of eleven films . In preparation for these roles , Stallone embarked upon a vigorous training regimen , which often meant six days a week in the gym and further sit ups in the evenings . Stallone claims to have reduced his body fat percentage to his all - time low of 2.8 % for Rocky III . Stallone met former Mr. Olympia Franco Columbu to develop his character 's appearance for the films Rocky IV and Rambo II , just as if he were preparing for the Mr. Olympia competition . That meant two workouts a day , six days a week . During this time period , Stallone cultivated a strong overseas following . He also attempted , albeit unsuccessfully , roles in different genres . In 1984 he co-wrote and starred alongside Dolly Parton in the comedy film Rhinestone where he played a wannabe country music singer . For the Rhinestone soundtrack , he performed a song . Stallone turned down the lead male role in Romancing the Stone in order to make Rhinestone instead , a decision he later regretted . In 1987 , he starred in the family drama Over the Top as a struggling trucker who tries to make amends with his estranged son . These films did not do well at the box office and were poorly received by critics . It was around 1985 that Stallone was signed to a remake of the 1939 James Cagney classic Angels With Dirty Faces . The film would form part of his multi-picture deal with Cannon Films and was to co-star Christopher Reeve and be directed by Menahem Golan . The re-making of such a beloved classic was met with disapproval by Variety and horror by top critic Roger Ebert . Cannon opted to make Cobra instead . Cobra ( 1986 ) and the buddy cop action film Tango & Cash ( 1989 ) , the latter alongside Kurt Russell , did solid business domestically and blockbuster business overseas , grossing over US $100 million in foreign markets and over US $160 million worldwide . Stallone at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival Stallone 's 1990s began with starring in the fifth installment of the Rocky franchise , Rocky V . This film brought back the original film 's director John G. Avildsen . It was considered a box office disappointment . He attempted the comedy genre , starring in two comedies during the early 1990s , the critical and commercial disasters Oscar ( 1991 ) and Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot ( 1992 ) . In 1993 , he made a comeback with the hit Cliffhanger , which was a success in the US , grossing US $84 million , but even more successful worldwide , grossing US $171 million . Later that year , he starred with Wesley Snipes in the futuristic action film Demolition Man , which grossed over US $158 million worldwide . His string of hits continued with 1994 's The Specialist ( over US $170 million worldwide gross ) . In 1995 , he played the futuristic character Judge Dredd ( from the British comic book 2000 AD ) in the eponymous film Judge Dredd . His overseas box office appeal saved the domestic box office disappointment of Judge Dredd , which cost almost US $100 million and barely made its budget back , with a worldwide tally of US $113 million . He also appeared in the thriller Assassins ( 1995 ) with Julianne Moore and Antonio Banderas . In 1996 , he starred in the disaster film Daylight . That same year , Stallone , along with an all - star cast of celebrities , appeared in the Trey Parker and Matt Stone short comedy film `` Your Studio and You '' commissioned by the Seagram Company for a party celebrating their acquisition of Universal Studios and the MCA Corporation . Stallone speaks in his Rocky Balboa voice with subtitles translating what he is saying . At one point , Stallone starts yelling about how can they use his Balboa character , that he left it in the past ; the narrator calms him with a wine cooler and calling him `` brainiac . '' In response , Stallone says , `` Thank you very much . '' He then looks at the wine cooler and exclaims , `` Stupid cheap studio ! '' Following his breakthrough performance in Rocky , critic Roger Ebert had stated that Stallone could become the next Marlon Brando , though he barely recaptured the critical acclaim achieved with Rocky . Stallone did go on to receive acclaim for his role in the crime drama Cop Land ( 1997 ) , in which he starred alongside Robert De Niro and Ray Liotta . His performance led him to win the Stockholm International Film Festival Best Actor Award . In 1998 , he did voice - over work for the computer - animated film Antz , which was a big hit domestically . In 2000 , Stallone starred in the thriller Get Carter -- a remake of the 1971 British Michael Caine film of the same name -- but the film was poorly received by both critics and audiences . Stallone 's career declined considerably after his subsequent films Driven ( 2001 ) , Avenging Angelo ( 2002 ) and D - Tox ( 2002 ) also underachieved expectations to do well at the box office and were poorly received by critics . In 2003 , he played a villainous role in the third installment of the Spy Kids trilogy Spy Kids 3 - D : Game Over which was a huge box office success ( almost US $200 million worldwide ) . Stallone also had a cameo appearance in the 2003 French film Taxi 3 as a passenger . Following several poorly reviewed box office flops , Stallone started to regain prominence for his supporting role in the neo-noir crime drama Shade ( 2003 ) which was only released in a limited fashion but was praised by critics . He was also attached to star and direct a film tentatively titled Rampart Scandal , which was to be about the murder of rappers Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. and the surrounding Los Angeles Police Department corruption scandal . It was later titled Notorious but was shelved . In 2005 , he was the co-presenter , alongside Sugar Ray Leonard , of the NBC Reality television boxing series The Contender . That same year he also made a guest appearance in two episodes of the television series Las Vegas . In 2005 , Stallone also inducted wrestling icon Hulk Hogan , who appeared in Rocky III as a wrestler named Thunderlips , into the WWE Hall of Fame ; Stallone was also the person who offered Hogan the cameo in Rocky III . 2006 -- 2008 : revisiting Rocky and Rambo Sylvester Stallone Hollywood Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame After a three - year hiatus from films , Stallone had a comeback in 2006 with the sixth installment of his successful Rocky series , Rocky Balboa , which was a critical and commercial hit . After the critical and box office failure of the previous installment Rocky V , Stallone had decided to write , direct and star in a sixth installment which would be a more appropriate climax to the series . The total domestic box office came to US $70. 3 million ( and US $155.7 million worldwide ) . The budget of the movie was only US $24 million . His performance in Rocky Balboa has been praised and garnered mostly positive reviews . Stallone 's fourth installment of his other successful movie franchise is titled simply Rambo . The film opened in 2,751 theaters on January 25 , 2008 , grossing US $6,490,000 on its opening day and US $18,200,000 over its opening weekend . Its box office was US $113,244,290 worldwide with a budget of US $50 million . Asked in February 2008 which of the icons ( Rocky or Rambo ) he would rather be remembered for , Stallone said `` it 's a tough one , but Rocky is my first baby , so Rocky . '' 2010 -- present : the Expendables and Creed Stallone promoting The Expendables 3 at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival The Expendables was Stallone 's big success of 2010 . The movie , which was filmed during summer / winter 2009 , was released on August 13 , 2010 . Stallone wrote , directed and starred in the movie . Joining him in the film were fellow action stars Jason Statham , Jet Li , and Dolph Lundgren , as well as Terry Crews , Mickey Rourke , Randy Couture , Eric Roberts , and Stone Cold Steve Austin , and cameos by fellow ' 80s action icons Bruce Willis and Arnold Schwarzenegger . The movie took US $34,825,135 in its opening weekend , going straight in at No. 1 in the US box office . The figure marked the biggest opening weekend in Stallone 's career . In summer 2010 , Brazilian company O2 Filmes released a statement saying it was still owed more than US $2 million for its work on the film . A sequel , The Expendables 2 was released August 17 , 2012 , to a positive critical reception of 67 % on Rotten Tomatoes , as opposed to the original 's 41 % . As well as returning cast members from the first film , the ensemble cast also included Jean - Claude Van Damme and Chuck Norris . In 2013 , Stallone starred in the action film Bullet to the Head , directed by Walter Hill , based upon Alexis Nolent 's French graphic novel Du Plomb Dans La Tete . Also in 2013 , he starred in the action thriller Escape Plan , along with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jim Caviezel , and in the sports comedy Grudge Match alongside Robert De Niro . Stallone expressed interest in making a remake of the Spanish film No Rest for the Wicked and to star in a fifth Rambo film but both projects are now shelved . The Expendables 3 , the third installment in the ensemble action film series was released on August 15 , 2014 . The returning ensemble cast also added Wesley Snipes , Antonio Banderas , Mel Gibson and Harrison Ford . In 2015 , Stallone reprised his role as Rocky Balboa in a spin - off - sequel film , Creed , which focused on the son of his deceased friend / rival , Apollo Creed , becoming a boxer . The film , directed by Ryan Coogler , received critical acclaim . Portraying the iconic cinematic boxer for the seventh time , Stallone 's portrayal of the character received widespread acclaim and accolades , including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor , and his third Academy Award nomination ; this time for Best Supporting Actor . In 2017 , Stallone appeared in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 in which he portrayed Starhawk . On July 21 , 2017 , Stallone confirmed that he had completed a script for a sequel to Creed , featuring the return of Ivan Drago from Rocky IV . He is also working on an Escape Plan 3 , which would be the fourth character he has portrayed for a third time , after Rocky Balboa , John Rambo , and Barney Ross . Creed II went into production in March 2018 , with an aim for a release on Thanksgiving . Other film works Stallone in 2009 at the 66th Venice International Film Festival Stallone 's debut as a director came in 1978 with Paradise Alley , which he also wrote and starred in . In addition , he directed Staying Alive , the sequel to Saturday Night Fever , along with Rocky II , Rocky III , Rocky IV , Rocky Balboa , and Rambo . In August 2005 , Stallone released his book Sly Moves which claimed to be a guide to fitness and nutrition as well as a candid insight into his life and works from his own perspective . The book also contained many photographs of Stallone throughout the years as well as pictures of him performing exercises . In addition to writing all six Rocky films , Stallone also wrote Cobra , Driven , and Rambo . He has co-written several other films , such as F.I.S.T. , Rhinestone , Over the Top , and the first three Rambo films . His last major success as a co-writer came with 1993 's Cliffhanger . In addition , Stallone has continued to express his passion in directing a film on Edgar Allan Poe 's life , a script he has been preparing for years . In July 2009 , Stallone appeared in a cameo in the Bollywood movie Kambakkht Ishq where he played himself . Stallone also provided the voice of a lion in Kevin James ' comedy Zookeeper . Stallone has also mentioned that he would like to adapt Nelson DeMille 's novel , The Lion 's Game , and James Byron Huggins 's novel , Hunter , for which Stallone had the film rights several years ; he originally planned to use the plot from Hunter for Rambo V. In 2009 , Stallone expressed interest in starring in a remake of Charles Bronson 's 1974 film Death Wish . There are plans for a fourth film in The Expendables series that will conclude the saga . Soundtrack contributions Stallone has occasionally sung in his films . He sang `` Too Close To Paradise '' for Paradise Alley ( 1978 ) , with the music provided by Bill Conti ( who also collaborated with Stallone in prior years , having recorded the famous `` Gonna Fly Now '' theme for his Academy Award - nominated film , Rocky ( 1976 ) which was a U.S. # 1 hit ) . In Rocky IV ( 1985 ) , Stallone ( as Rocky Balboa ) sang `` Take Me Back '' to his on - screen wife , Adrian ( Talia Shire ) , as they lay in bed . The song was first performed by his younger brother , Frank , who had a small role in the original Rocky as a singer at a street corner , and then bit parts in several of the sequels . For Rhinestone ( 1984 ) , Stallone sang ( albeit , very badly ) such songs as `` Drinkenstein '' as well as duets with his co-star , and actual country music star , Dolly Parton . He also performed two songs when he guest - starred on The Muppet Show in the 1980s , at the height of his career . The last time Stallone sang in a film was in Grudge Match ( 2013 ) when he and Robert De Niro performed `` The Star Spangled Banner '' together . Stallone 's brother Frank achieved moderate success as a pop singer , releasing the # 10 U.S. hit `` Far From Over '' in 1983 for the film Staying Alive , which Stallone directed and had a cameo appearance in . Frank also portrayed the character Carl in the film . In addition to this , Frank has contributed songs to other films starring his brother , including Rambo : First Blood Part II , and The Expendables 2 . Boxing promoter Stallone became a boxing promoter in the 1980s . His boxing promoting company , `` Tiger Eye Productions '' , signed world champion boxers Sean O'Grady and Aaron Pryor . Personal life Stallone 's handprints Stallone has been married three times . At age 28 , on December 28 , 1974 , he married Sasha Czack from Pennsylvania . The couple had two sons , Sage Moonblood ( May 5 , 1976 -- July 13 , 2012 ) , who died of heart disease at age 36 , and Seargeoh ( b . 1979 ) . His younger son was diagnosed with autism at an early age . The couple divorced on February 14 , 1985 . He married model and actress Brigitte Nielsen on December 15 , 1985 , in Beverly Hills , California . Stallone and Nielsen 's marriage , which lasted two years , and their subsequent divorce , were highly publicized by the tabloid press . In May 1997 , Stallone married Jennifer Flavin , with whom he has three daughters : Sophia , Sistine , and Scarlet . His daughters were chosen to be Miss Golden Globe at the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Stallone was engaged to a former partner , Janice Dickinson , but they split up when Stallone discovered he was not the father of her daughter . Despite this , she was given his surname at birth . After Stallone 's request that his acting and life experiences be accepted in exchange for his remaining needed college credits to graduate , he was granted a Bachelor of Fine Arts ( BFA ) degree by the president of the University of Miami , in 1999 . In 2006 , Stallone partnered with a beverage company producing an upscale bottled water brand called Sly Water . In 2007 , customs officials in Australia discovered 48 vials of the synthetic human growth hormone Jintropin in his luggage . His 48 - year - old half - sister , Toni Ann Filiti , died of lung cancer on August 26 , 2012 , six weeks after the death of his son , Sage . She died at their mother Jackie Stallone 's Santa Monica home , after choosing to leave UCLA hospital . Stallone was the recipient of the Heart of Hollywood Award from the Board of Governors of the Cedars - Sinai Medical Center in 2016 . Injuries Known for physically demanding roles , and his willingness to do a majority of his own stunts , Stallone has suffered numerous injuries during his acting career . For a scene in Rocky IV , he told Dolph Lundgren `` Punch me as hard as you can in the chest . '' `` Next thing I know , I was in intensive care at St. John 's Hospital for four days . It 's stupid ! '' While filming a fight scene with actor and professional wrestler Steve Austin in The Expendables , he broke his neck , which required the insertion of a metal plate . During the filming of Escape to Victory , Stallone broke a finger trying to save a penalty kick from Pelé . Sexual assault allegation In November 2017 , a woman accused Stallone of sexually assaulting her at his Santa Monica office in the early 1990s . Stallone denied the claim . Religious views Stallone was raised a strict Catholic but stopped going to church as his acting career progressed . Later , he rediscovered his childhood faith , when his daughter was born ill in 1996 , and he again became an active Catholic . In late 2006 , the actor was interviewed by Pat Robertson from the CBN 's 700 Club . Stallone stated that before , in Hollywood , temptation abounded and he had `` lost his way '' , but later put things `` in God 's hands '' . In 2010 , he was interviewed by GQ magazine , to which he said that he considered himself a spiritual man , but was not part of any organized church institution . Political views Stallone is an outspoken supporter of the Republican Party . In 1994 , Stallone contributed $1,000 to the campaign of then - Congressman Rick Santorum , who was then running for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania . In 2008 , Stallone endorsed John McCain for that year 's presidential election . In the 2016 election he described Donald Trump as a `` Dickensian character '' and `` larger than life , '' but did not endorse him or any candidate in that year 's Republican primary . In December , he declined an offer to become Chair of the National Endowment for the Arts , citing a desire to work on issues related to veterans . Despite his otherwise Republican views , he is an advocate for gun control and has been described as `` the most anti-gun person working in Hollywood today '' . Awards and honors Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Sylvester Stallone Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame International Boxing Hall of Fame ( Class of 2010 ) 2015 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture Selected filmography Main article : Sylvester Stallone filmography 1970 : The Party at Kitty and Stud 's 1973 : No Place to Hide 1974 : The Lords of Flatbush 1975 : Capone 1975 : Death Race 2000 1975 : Farewell , My Lovely 1976 : Rocky 1978 : F.I.S.T. 1978 : Paradise Alley 1979 : Rocky II 1981 : Nighthawks 1981 : Escape to Victory 1982 : Rocky III 1982 : First Blood 1983 : Staying Alive 1984 : Rhinestone 1985 : Rambo : First Blood Part II 1985 : Rocky IV 1986 : Cobra 1987 : Over the Top 1988 : Rambo III 1989 : Lock Up 1989 : Tango & Cash 1990 : Rocky V 1991 : Oscar 1992 : Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot 1993 : Cliffhanger 1993 : Demolition Man 1994 : The Specialist 1995 : Judge Dredd 1995 : Assassins 1996 : Daylight 1997 : Cop Land 1998 : Antz 1999 : D - Tox 2000 : Get Carter 2001 : Driven 2002 : Avenging Angelo 2003 : Spy Kids 3 : Game Over 2003 : Shade 2006 : Rocky Balboa 2008 : Rambo 2010 : The Expendables 2011 : Zookeeper 2012 : The Expendables 2 2012 : Bullet to the Head 2013 : Escape Plan 2013 : Grudge Match 2014 : The Expendables 3 2014 : Reach Me 2015 : Creed 2016 : Ratchet & Clank 2017 : Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 2017 : Animal Crackers 2018 : Escape Plan 2 : Hades 2018 : Creed II References Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone ( estimated ) Net Worth '' , www.therichest.com , published 11 - 05 - 2015 . Retrieved 11 - 05 - 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Things You Probably Did n't Know About Sylvester Stallone '' . IFC . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul G Roberts ( 29 January 2015 ) . Style Icons Vol 2 - Hunks . Fashion Industry Broadcast . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62776 - 854 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone : Director , Producer , Screenwriter , Actor , Film Actor ( 1946 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone , hall of famer '' . Newsday . December 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 49th Academy Awards Memorable Moments '' . Oscars.org - Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone : the wacky people 's champ who battled his own ego '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ `` Video of Stallone visiting Italy '' . Youtube . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Polo Player and former Marylander Frank Stallone Dies '' . equiery.com . Jump up ^ Bloom , Nate . `` Interfaith Celebrities : Stallone 's Jewish Grandfather '' . www.interfaithfamily.com . interfaith family . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lightening , L.M. `` Sylvester Stallone 's Jewish Mom Forced Him To Become A Hairdresser '' . www.jewishbusinessnews.com . Jewish Business News . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cinéma . Stallone est de Brest `` même '' ! '' ( in French ) , Le Télégramme de Brest , October 6 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone 's mother visited Odessa '' . Official Site of Odessa . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mother of movie star Sylvester Stallone seeks grannie in Ukraine '' . ArtUkraine.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Biography Channel ( 2007 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone Biography '' . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stated on Inside the Actors Studio , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone can still pack a punch at 68 '' . mid-day . August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hainey , Michael ( September 2010 ) . `` Yo '' . GQ . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Are you a religious man ? I 'm pretty spiritual ; I believe a lot in the spirit of man . I 'm certainly not an atheist ... I was baptized Catholic , but I do n't belong to a structured church . I have no opposition to it . I think there 's great nuggets of knowledge in there , some wonderful rules to live by . Then the flip side is the amount of agony that 's caused , which is , excuse me ? Jump up ^ Stallone , Sylvester . Sly Moves : My Proven Program to Lose Weight , Build Strength , Gian Will Power and Live Your Dream , Rogue Marble Productions , 2005 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Aspen . `` Stallone , Sylvester ( Sly ) '' . Pabook libraries . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Hall Military Academy Alumni Archived November 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` stallone downhill racer facebook - Google Search '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Jump up ^ `` Total Film '' . United Kingdom . August 2010 : 111 . Stallone : `` I was broke and basically sleeping in the Port Authority bus station for three weeks straight . I read in a trade paper about this film ( The Party at Kitty and Studs , 1970 ) that was paying US $100 a day -- for a US $100 a day I would wreak havoc . Instead of doing something desperate , I worked for two days for US $200 and got myself out of the bus station . '' Jump up ^ Sylvester Stallone interview Archived June 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playboy , September 1978 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Steve ( Summer 1997 ) , `` The Libertine '' , Filmmaker Magazine , retrieved May 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` '' California Split , '' 40 Years Later : An Interview with Elliott Gould , George Segal , and Joseph Walsh in Three Parts - Los Angeles Review of Books `` . Jump up ^ The Rocky Story by Sly Stallone on YouTube Jump up ^ As told to Tony Robbins on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ' Real Rocky ' Wepner finally getting due '' . ESPN . 2011 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Feuerzeig , Jeff ( Director ) ( 2011 - 10 - 25 ) . The Real Rocky ( Motion picture ) . ESPN Films . Jump up ^ Nelson , Murray R. ( May 23 , 2013 ) . American Sports : A History of Icons , Idols , and Ideas ( 4 Volumes ) : A History of Icons , Idols , and Ideas . p. 1095 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Berg , Michael . Muscle & Fitness , Sept. 2004 . Jump up ^ Sylvester Stallone -- Four Archived September 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone : in his own words '' . Empire . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Home ' KOs ' Rocky V ' at Box Office : Movies : The comedy grabs US $17 million in receipts to take the No. 1 spot over Stallone 's much - hyped sequel '' . Los Angeles Times . November 20 , 1990 . Jump up ^ Your Studio and you ( From Google Video ) Archived October 20 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Shade '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Patel , Joseph ( June 6 , 2003 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone Making Movie About Biggie , Tupac Murders '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stallone 's Tupac / Biggie Movie a No Go : Actor was to play LAPD detective who found dirty cops at root of murders '' . EURWeb.com . December 7 , 2006 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone Rocky - Celebrity Scene Monthly By Don Aly Vol 36 '' . Donaly.com . August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Balboa '' . rottentomatoes.com . December 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sylvester Stallone : Rambo Returns , video interview with STV Archived May 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Action Movie Sequel Time : The Expendables 2 , And More Inglorious Basterds Prequel Talk '' . Slashfilm.com . July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Expendables ' Pump Up , ' Eat Pray Love ' Pigs Out , ' Scott Pilgrim ' Powers Down '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone pursued by Brazilian company for unexpendable debts '' . The Guardian . Rio de Janeiro . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Expendables 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Expendables '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet to the Head wraps filming '' . SylvesterStallone.com . August 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone talks Rambo 5 , No Rest For the Wicked Remake '' . March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramin Setoodeh ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone Retiring ' Rambo ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Reveals Who Star - Lord 's Dad Is , and It 's Stupendous ( Updated ! ) '' . io9 . July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Evry ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Drago Confirmed for Creed II as Stallone Finishes Script '' . ComingSoon . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaime King Joins Sylvester Stallone in ' Escape Plan 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone drops major announcment about ' Creed II ' '' . December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone And Denise Richards Nominated For Razzies Equivalent , The Golden Kela Awards '' . Moviesblog.mtv.com . February 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stallone On Death Wish Remake '' . Empire . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Expendables 4 Coming in 2018 '' . December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CalvinJohns ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Too Close To Paradise '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` 20 Insanely Great Dolly Parton Songs Only Hardcore Fans Know '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Muppet Show 's 10 Weirdest Moments - The Robot 's Voice '' . September 4 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipp , Chaz ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Blu - ray Review : Grudge Match '' . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone '' . boxrec.com . Jump up ^ Susan Zannos , Male Fitness Stars of TV and the Movies : Featuring Profiles of Sylvester Stallone , John Travolta , Bruce Willis , and Wesley Snipes , Mitchell Lane Publishers , 2000 , page 27 Jump up ^ Stallone divorce stops Tabloid presses , Sarasota Herald Tribune -- July 23 , 1987 Jump up ^ `` Stallone Seeks a Serious Turn for the Better '' , The New York Times , August 10 , 1997 Jump up ^ Michelle Miller ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone 's Daughters : What to Know About Miss Golden Globes Sophia , Sistine & Scarlet '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is this year 's Miss Golden Globe ? All three of Sylvester Stallone 's daughters '' . Los Angeles Times . January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.newser.com/story/175620/10-celebrity-love-child-scandals.html Jump up ^ University of Miami Alumni Page Archived April 16 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dietrich , Heidi ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone taps Mount Rainier for water sales '' . Puget Sound Business Journal . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Childs , Dan . `` Will Stallone 's HGH Secret Start a Trend ? '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Stricken sis new Sly tragedy '' . New York Post . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Nancy ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone 's half - sister Toni Ann Filiti dies of cancer at 48 '' . Daily News . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cedars - Sinai Board Of Governors Gala To Honor Adele & Beny Alagem and Sylvester Stallone '' . The Beverly Hills Courier . October 10 , 2016 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Expendables DVD : Comic - Con 2010 Panel Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone injures neck in fight scenes '' . BBC News . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League predictions : Lawro v Robert De Niro & Sly Stallone '' . BBC Sport . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone denies rape as police investigate '' . BBC News . 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Catholic Online . `` ' Rocky ' Stallone back in church as new movie in theaters '' . Catholic.org . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sylvester Stallone On Faith , Integrity , And Rocky . CBNTV . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone on Donald Trump , Republicans and Running for Office '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Like Rocky Balboa , Rick Santorum is a working class hero '' . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sylvester Stallone Is n't Interested in Trump 's Offer After All '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Asawin Suebsaeng ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Rambo Hates Guns : How Sylvester Stallone Became the Most Anti-Gun Celeb in Hollywood '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sylvester Stallone . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sylvester Stallone Official website Sylvester Stallone at Encyclopædia Britannica Sylvester Stallone on IMDb Sylvester Stallone at Box Office Mojo `` Sylvester Stallone collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Works by Sylvester Stallone Filmography Awards and nominations Director Paradise Alley ( 1978 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Staying Alive ( 1983 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Rambo ( 2008 ) The Expendables ( 2010 ) Writer The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) F.I.S.T. ( 1978 ) First Blood ( 1982 ) Rhinestone ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Cobra ( 1986 ) Over the Top ( 1987 ) Rambo III ( 1988 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) Driven ( 2001 ) Father Lefty ( 2002 ) The Expendables 2 ( 2012 ) Homefront ( 2013 ) The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Producer only Heart of a Champion : The Ray Mancini Story ( 1985 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Awards for Sylvester Stallone Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor Kevin Spacey / Ed Harris ( 1995 ) Cuba Gooding Jr. ( 1996 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1997 ) Billy Bob Thornton ( 1998 ) Michael Clarke Duncan ( 1999 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actor Laurence Olivier ( 1957 ) Marlon Brando / Charles Laughton ( 1958 ) Jean Gabin ( 1959 ) Cary Grant ( 1960 ) Charlton Heston ( 1961 ) Anthony Perkins / Spencer Tracy ( 1962 ) Gregory Peck ( 1963 ) Fredric March / Peter O'Toole ( 1964 ) Rex Harrison ( 1965 ) Richard Burton ( 1966 ) Richard Burton / Peter O'Toole ( 1967 ) Warren Beatty / Spencer Tracy ( 1968 ) Rod Steiger ( 1969 ) Dustin Hoffman / Peter O'Toole ( 1970 ) Ryan O'Neal ( 1971 ) Chaim Topol ( 1972 ) Yves Montand / Laurence Olivier ( 1973 ) Al Pacino / Robert Redford ( 1974 ) Burt Lancaster / Jack Lemmon / Walter Matthau ( 1975 ) Jack Nicholson / Philippe Noiret ( 1976 ) Dustin Hoffman / Sylvester Stallone ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Richard Gere / Michel Serrault ( 1979 ) Dustin Hoffman / Jack Lemmon ( 1980 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1981 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1982 ) Paul Newman ( 1983 ) Woody Allen ( 1984 ) Tom Hulce ( 1985 ) William Hurt ( 1986 ) Dexter Gordon ( 1987 ) Michael Douglas ( 1988 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1989 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1990 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1991 ) John Turturro ( 1992 ) Daniel Auteuil ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1994 ) John Travolta ( 1995 ) Harvey Keitel ( 1996 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Akim Tamiroff ( 1943 ) Barry Fitzgerald ( 1944 ) J. Carrol Naish ( 1945 ) Clifton Webb ( 1946 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1947 ) Walter Huston ( 1948 ) James Whitmore ( 1949 ) Edmund Gwenn ( 1950 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1951 ) Millard Mitchell ( 1952 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1953 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1954 ) Arthur Kennedy ( 1955 ) Earl Holliman ( 1956 ) Red Buttons ( 1957 ) Burl Ives ( 1958 ) Stephen Boyd ( 1959 ) Sal Mineo ( 1960 ) George Chakiris ( 1961 ) Omar Sharif ( 1962 ) John Huston ( 1963 ) Edmond O'Brien ( 1964 ) Oskar Werner ( 1965 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1966 ) Richard Attenborough ( 1967 ) Daniel Massey ( 1968 ) Gig Young ( 1969 ) John Mills ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Joel Grey ( 1972 ) John Houseman ( 1973 ) Fred Astaire ( 1974 ) Richard Benjamin ( 1975 ) Laurence Olivier ( 1976 ) Peter Firth ( 1977 ) John Hurt ( 1978 ) Melvyn Douglas / Robert Duvall ( 1979 ) Timothy Hutton ( 1980 ) John Gielgud ( 1981 ) Louis Gossett Jr. ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) Haing S. Ngor ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Tom Berenger ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) Martin Landau ( 1988 ) Denzel Washington ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) Jack Palance ( 1991 ) Gene Hackman ( 1992 ) Tommy Lee Jones ( 1993 ) Martin Landau ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1997 ) Ed Harris ( 1998 ) Tom Cruise ( 1999 ) Benicio del Toro ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Tim Robbins ( 2003 ) Clive Owen ( 2004 ) George Clooney ( 2005 ) Eddie Murphy ( 2006 ) Javier Bardem ( 2007 ) Heath Ledger ( 2008 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Christoph Waltz ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Aaron Taylor - Johnson ( 2016 ) Sam Rockwell ( 2017 ) Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Director 1980 -- 2000 Robert Greenwald ( 1980 ) Michael Cimino ( 1981 ) Ken Annakin / Terence Young ( 1982 ) Peter Sasdy ( 1983 ) John Derek ( 1984 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1985 ) Prince ( 1986 ) Norman Mailer / Elaine May ( 1987 ) Blake Edwards / Stewart Raffill ( 1988 ) William Shatner ( 1989 ) John Derek ( 1990 ) Michael Lehmann ( 1991 ) David Seltzer ( 1992 ) Jennifer Lynch ( 1993 ) Steven Seagal ( 1994 ) Paul Verhoeven ( 1995 ) Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) Kevin Costner ( 1997 ) Gus Van Sant ( 1998 ) Barry Sonnenfeld ( 1999 ) Roger Christian ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Tom Green ( 2001 ) Guy Ritchie ( 2002 ) Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Pitof ( 2004 ) John Asher ( 2005 ) M. Night Shyamalan ( 2006 ) Chris Sivertson ( 2007 ) Uwe Boll ( 2008 ) Michael Bay ( 2009 ) M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Dennis Dugan ( 2011 ) Bill Condon ( 2012 ) Elizabeth Banks , Steven Brill , Steve Carr , Rusty Cundieff , James Duffy , Griffin Dunne , Peter Farrelly , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Bob Odenkirk , Brett Ratner , and Jonathan van Tulleken ( 2013 ) Michael Bay ( 2014 ) Josh Trank ( 2015 ) Dinesh D'Souza and Bruce Schooley ( 2016 ) Tony Leondis ( 2017 ) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis , Eric Siegel and Mike White ( 2017 ) Hasty Pudding Men of the Year Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Paul Newman ( 1968 ) Bill Cosby ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) James Stewart ( 1971 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Peter Falk ( 1974 ) Warren Beatty ( 1975 ) Robert Blake ( 1976 ) Johnny Carson ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Robert De Niro ( 1979 ) Alan Alda ( 1980 ) John Travolta ( 1981 ) James Cagney ( 1982 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1983 ) Sean Connery ( 1984 ) Bill Murray ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Mikhail Baryshnikov ( 1987 ) Steve Martin ( 1988 ) Robin Williams ( 1989 ) Kevin Costner ( 1990 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1991 ) Michael Douglas ( 1992 ) Chevy Chase ( 1993 ) Tom Cruise ( 1994 ) Tom Hanks ( 1995 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Kevin Kline ( 1998 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2001 ) Bruce Willis ( 2002 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2003 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2004 ) Tim Robbins ( 2005 ) Richard Gere ( 2006 ) Ben Stiller ( 2007 ) Christopher Walken ( 2008 ) James Franco ( 2009 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2010 ) Jay Leno ( 2011 ) Jason Segel ( 2012 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chris Pratt ( 2015 ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) Paul Rudd ( 2018 ) Honorary César 1976 -- 2000 Ingrid Bergman ( 1976 ) Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Henri Langlois ( 1977 ) Jacques Tati ( 1977 ) Robert Dorfmann ( 1978 ) René Goscinny ( 1978 ) Marcel Carné ( 1979 ) Charles Vanel ( 1979 ) Walt Disney ( 1979 ) Pierre Braunberger ( 1980 ) Louis de Funès ( 1980 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1980 ) Marcel Pagnol ( 1981 ) Alain Resnais ( 1981 ) Georges Dancigers ( 1982 ) Alexandre Mnouchkine ( 1982 ) Jean Nény ( 1982 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Raimu ( 1983 ) René Clément ( 1984 ) Georges de Beauregard ( 1984 ) Edwige Feuillère ( 1984 ) Christian - Jaque ( 1985 ) Danielle Darrieux ( 1985 ) Christine Gouze - Rénal ( 1985 ) Alain Poiré ( 1985 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1986 ) Bette Davis ( 1986 ) Jean Delannoy ( 1986 ) René Ferracci ( 1986 ) Claude Lanzmann ( 1986 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 1987 ) Serge Silberman ( 1988 ) Bernard Blier ( 1989 ) Paul Grimault ( 1989 ) Gérard Philipe ( 1990 ) Jean - Pierre Aumont ( 1991 ) Sophia Loren ( 1991 ) Michèle Morgan ( 1992 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1992 ) Jean Marais ( 1993 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1993 ) Gérard Oury ( 1993 ) Jean Carmet ( 1994 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1995 ) Gregory Peck ( 1995 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Henri Verneuil ( 1996 ) Charles Aznavour ( 1997 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1997 ) Michael Douglas ( 1998 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1998 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 1998 ) Pedro Almodóvar ( 1999 ) Johnny Depp ( 1999 ) Jean Rochefort ( 1999 ) Josiane Balasko ( 2000 ) Georges Cravenne ( 2000 ) Jean - Pierre Léaud ( 2000 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Darry Cowl ( 2001 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2001 ) Agnès Varda ( 2001 ) Anouk Aimée ( 2002 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2002 ) Claude Rich ( 2002 ) Bernadette Lafont ( 2003 ) Spike Lee ( 2003 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Micheline Presle ( 2004 ) Jacques Dutronc ( 2005 ) Will Smith ( 2005 ) Hugh Grant ( 2006 ) Pierre Richard ( 2006 ) Marlène Jobert ( 2007 ) Jude Law ( 2007 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 2008 ) Roberto Benigni ( 2008 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2009 ) Harrison Ford ( 2010 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2011 ) Kate Winslet ( 2012 ) Kevin Costner ( 2013 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2014 ) Sean Penn ( 2015 ) Michael Douglas ( 2016 ) George Clooney ( 2017 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2018 ) The Life Career Award Fritz Lang ( 1976 ) Samuel Z . Arkoff ( 1977 ) Christopher Lee ( 1979 ) Gene Roddenberry ( 1980 ) William Shatner ( 1980 ) John Agar ( 1981 ) Ray Harryhausen ( 1982 ) Martin B. Cohen ( 1983 ) Vincent Price ( 1986 ) Leonard Nimoy ( 1987 ) Roger Corman ( 1988 ) Ray Walston ( 1990 ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( 1992 ) David Lynch ( 1993 ) Alfred Hitchcock ( 1994 ) Steve Reeves ( 1994 ) Whit Bissell ( 1994 ) Joel Silver ( 1995 ) Richard Fleischer ( 1995 ) Sean Connery ( 1995 ) Wes Craven ( 1995 ) Albert R. Broccoli ( 1996 ) Edward R. Pressman ( 1996 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Dino De Laurentiis ( 1997 ) John Frankenheimer ( 1997 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1997 ) James Coburn ( 1998 ) James Karen ( 1998 ) Michael Crichton ( 1998 ) Nathan H. Juran ( 1999 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 2000 ) George Barris ( 2000 ) Brian Grazer ( 2001 ) Robert Englund ( 2001 ) Drew Struzan ( 2002 ) Stan Lee ( 2002 ) Kurt Russell ( 2003 ) Sid and Marty Krofft ( 2003 ) Blake Edwards ( 2004 ) Stephen J. Cannell ( 2005 ) Tom Rothman ( 2005 ) Robert Halmi ( 2008 ) Lance Henriksen ( 2009 ) Irvin Kershner ( 2010 ) Bert Gordon ( 2011 ) Michael Biehn ( 2011 ) Frank Oz ( 2012 ) James Remar ( 2012 ) Jonathan Frakes ( 2013 ) Malcolm McDowell ( 2014 ) Nichelle Nichols ( 2016 ) Lee Majors ( 2017 ) National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor John Williams ( 1954 ) Charles Bickford ( 1955 ) Richard Basehart ( 1956 ) Sessue Hayakawa ( 1957 ) Albert Salmi ( 1958 ) Hugh Griffith ( 1959 ) George Peppard ( 1960 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1961 ) Burgess Meredith ( 1962 ) Melvyn Douglas ( 1963 ) Martin Balsam ( 1964 ) Harry Andrews ( 1965 ) Robert Shaw ( 1966 ) Paul Ford ( 1967 ) Leo McKern ( 1968 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1969 ) Frank Langella ( 1970 ) Ben Johnson ( 1971 ) Joel Grey / Al Pacino ( 1972 ) John Houseman ( 1973 ) Holger Löwenadler ( 1974 ) Charles Durning ( 1975 ) Jason Robards ( 1976 ) Tom Skerritt ( 1977 ) Richard Farnsworth ( 1978 ) Paul Dooley ( 1979 ) Joe Pesci ( 1980 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1981 ) Robert Preston ( 1982 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Klaus Maria Brandauer ( 1985 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) River Phoenix ( 1988 ) Alan Alda ( 1989 ) Joe Pesci ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1992 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 1993 ) Gary Sinise ( 1994 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1995 ) Edward Norton ( 1996 ) Greg Kinnear ( 1997 ) Ed Harris ( 1998 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 1999 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2000 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2001 ) Chris Cooper ( 2002 ) Alec Baldwin ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Jake Gyllenhaal ( 2005 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2006 ) Casey Affleck ( 2007 ) Josh Brolin ( 2008 ) Woody Harrelson ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2012 ) Will Forte ( 2013 ) Edward Norton ( 2014 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 2015 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2016 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2017 ) People 's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor John Wayne ( 1975 ) John Wayne ( 1976 ) John Wayne ( 1977 ) John Wayne ( 1978 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1979 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1980 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1981 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1982 ) Burt Reynolds ( 1983 ) Clint Eastwood / Burt Reynolds ( 1984 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1987 ) Michael Douglas ( 1988 ) Tom Cruise ( 1990 ) Mel Gibson ( 1991 ) Kevin Costner ( 1993 ) Tom Hanks ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Harrison Ford ( 1998 ) Tom Hanks ( 1999 ) Harrison Ford ( 2000 ) Mel Gibson ( 2001 ) Tom Hanks ( 2002 ) Mel Gibson ( 2003 ) Mel Gibson ( 2004 ) Johnny Depp ( 2005 ) Johnny Depp ( 2006 ) Johnny Depp ( 2007 ) Johnny Depp ( 2008 ) Will Smith ( 2009 ) Johnny Depp ( 2010 ) Johnny Depp ( 2011 ) Johnny Depp ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2013 ) Johnny Depp ( 2014 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2015 ) Channing Tatum ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) BNE : XX1649012 BNF : cb126403949 ( data ) GND : 118812076 ISNI : 0000 0001 1699 7544 LCCN : n77002638 MusicBrainz : 97c791de - e3b4 - 4421 - b12c - 4f80addc7937 NDL : 00457435 SNAC : w6640ctc SUDOC : 073938130 VIAF : 113742283 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylvester_Stallone&oldid=842554334 '' Categories : Sylvester Stallone 1946 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American film directors of Italian descent American gun control advocates American male film actors American male screenwriters American male television actors American people of Breton descent American people of French descent American people of Italian descent American people of Ukrainian - Jewish descent Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe ( film ) winners American boxing promoters Charlotte Hall Military Academy alumni David di Donatello winners Film directors from Maryland Action film directors International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees Male actors from Maryland Male actors from New York City Male actors from Philadelphia Male actors of Italian descent New York ( state ) Republicans People from Silver Spring , Maryland University of Miami alumni Writers from Philadelphia Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Articles with French - 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Biglow Canyon Wind Farm
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Biglow Canyon wind farm - wikipedia Biglow Canyon wind farm Biglow Canyon Wind Farm Part of the Biglow Canyon Wind Farm , with a turbine under construction Location of Biglow Canyon Wind Farm Country United States of America Location Sherman County , Oregon , United States Coordinates 45 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 120 ° 36 ′ 19 '' W / 45.63750 ° N 120.60528 ° W / 45.63750 ; - 120.60528 Coordinates : 45 ° 38 ′ 15 '' N 120 ° 36 ′ 19 '' W / 45.63750 ° N 120.60528 ° W / 45.63750 ; - 120.60528 Status Operational Commission date 2005 Owner ( s ) Portland General Electric Power generation Nameplate capacity 450 megawatts Map showing proposed wind farms in Sherman County ; Biglow is in pink Biglow Canyon Wind Farm is an electricity generating wind farm facility in Sherman County , Oregon , United States . It is owned by Portland , Oregon based Portland General Electric and began operations in 2007 . With the completion of phase 3 of the project it has a generating capacity of 450 megawatts . It is located roughly five miles ( 8 km ) northeast of Wasco , Oregon , and about ten miles ( 16 km ) southeast of Rufus , Oregon . Biglow Canyon Wind Farm covers 25,000 acres ( 10,000 ha ) in the Columbia River Gorge . Contents 1 History 2 Operations 3 Certification 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) In 2005 , Orion Energy announced plans to develop a 450 - megawatt wind farm with 225 turbines at Biglow Canyon in the Columbia River Gorge , at the time the largest project of its kind in Oregon . Portland General Electric ( PGE ) acquired Orion 's development right to the $200 million project in 2006 . In November 2006 , PGE purchased the first 76 turbines for the project from Vestas , with the project cost increasing to an estimated $256 million for the first phase . PGE broke ground on the site in February 2007 . In the middle of October 2007 , ten Vestas V82 wind turbines were energized to produce the first electricity at Biglow . The last of the 76 turbines in the first - phase of the wind farm development became operational in December 2007 . The turbines for phase 2 and 3 were purchased from Siemens Energy . There will be 141 SWT - 2.3 - 93 turbines , with a capacity of 2.3 MW each . Phase 2 of the project was completed in August 2009 , adding 65 turbines to the wind farm . The expansion brought generating capacity to 275 megawatts . Phase 3 will add an additional 76 wind turbines , with the cost of phases two and three totaling $700 to $800 million . Phase 3 will complete the project and allow for a maximum generating capacity of 450 megawatts , though the anticipated generation is estimated to average 150 megawatts . The final phase was completed in September 2010 , with the project totaling 217 turbines at a cost $1 billion . Operations ( edit ) A Vestas wind turbine The Biglow Canyon Wind Farm has an installed capacity of 275 megawatts . Additional phases , planned for construction in 2009 and 2010 , are expected to bring its total generating capacity to between 400 and 450 megawatts . The site covers 25,000 acres ( 10,000 ha ) in Sherman County . The wind farm uses a feeder transmission line from the canyon to high - voltage transmission lines via a power substation located near The Dalles . PGE does not own this line . Additionally , the line connects this and other wind farms to the Bonneville Power Administration run power grid built for use with the hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River . Certification ( edit ) The facility is authorized to install up to 225 wind turbines totaling 450 MW and averaging 150 MW distributed over 25,000 acres ( 10,000 ha ) . Each turbine 's supporting tower must be 265 -- 280 feet ( 81 -- 85 m ) tall ; combined with wind turbine blades , each unit may be 400 -- 445 feet ( 122 -- 136 m ) in height . The turbines may be aligned in up to 30 corridors 500 feet ( 150 m ) wide on private farmland leased from the appropriate landowners . The initial construction -- termed phase I -- provides a completed capacity of 125 MW or enough to power 34,000 homes . Phase I cost some $250 million . Energy Trust of Oregon contributed $6 million . Turbine output is around 600 V AC and is converted to 34.5 kV by a transformer at the base of each tower . The output is gathered by a substation which combines the individual turbine contributions . Most collector cabling and associated control and monitoring fiber optic cable ( up to 99 miles ) is buried 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) underground . Exceptions are made for aerial cables to span terrain such as canyons , wetlands , and cultivated areas to protect the environment . Up to 15 miles ( 24 km ) of aerial cabling is permitted . Bonneville Power Administration built a 12 - mile 230 kV transmission line to collect the power . It has capacity for an expected additional 450 MW from two other proposed wind farms in Sherman County . The substation may be up to 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) including transformers , switching equipment , maintenance shops , control room , and offices . As many as ten meteorological observation towers up to 279 ft ( 85 m ) are allowed throughout the wind farm to collect wind resource data . Construction must be completed by June 30 , 2011 . Visual impact restrictions are in force for the John Day Wildlife Refuge , John Day Wild and Scenic River , and the John Day State Scenic Waterway ( from Parish Creek to Tumwater Falls ) . Wildlife protection must be provided for nesting bald eagles , peregrine falcons , Swainson 's hawk , golden eagle , Burrowing owl , Ferruginous hawk and minimization of harm to other wildlife . Noise levels during construction and operation of the facility must not contribute more than 50 dBA at 24 identified noise sensitive sites . See also ( edit ) Oregon portal Weather portal Renewable energy portal List of wind farms in the United States Wind power in Oregon References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Oregon Energy Facility Siting Council ( October 31 , 2008 ) . `` Third Amended Site Certificate for the Biglow Canyon Wind Farm '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Department of Energy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hill , Gail Kinsey . Wind farm in gorge may blow others away . The Oregonian . August 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hill , Gail Kinsey . PGE power project rides on the wind . The Oregonian. April 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hill , Gail Kinsey . PGE has the wind and adds the mills . The Oregonian . November 28 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Sickinger , Ted . Demand for wind dwarfs supply . The Oregonian , November 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : PGE Completes Biglow Canyon Wind Farm . Renewable Energy Access . Retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Siemens Energy to supply wind farm turbines . The Engineer Online . Retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` PGE completes second phase of wind farm '' . Portland Business Journal . August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sickinger , Ted ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` PGE completes final phase of Biglow Canyon wind farm '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Confusingly , the power substation near The Dalles is named John Day substation . See `` Pacific Northwest - Pacific Southwest Intertie '' . US Bureau of Reclamation . Archived from the original on 18 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : PGE 's Biglow Canyon Wind Farm Helps Make Holiday Lights Greener , PGE press release , December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Klondike III / Biglow Canyon Interconnection '' . Bonneville Power Administration . September 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Oregon DOE : all Oregon certificates for Biglow Canyon Wind Farm Wind power in the United States American Wind Energy Association NASA wind turbines United States Wind Energy Policy Wind farms in the US Offshore wind farms in the US Wind Powering America Wind power by state Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Large wind farms Alta Wind Energy Center Altamont Pass Biglow Canyon Buffalo Gap Capricorn Ridge Cedar Creek Fowler Ridge Highland Horse Hollow Klondike Lone Star Meadow Lake Panther Creek Peetz Peñascal Roscoe San Gorgonio Pass Shepherds Flat Tehachapi Pass Windy Point / Windy Flats Wind power companies Aermotor Windmill Company Deepwater Wind GE Wind Energy Iberdrola Renovables Infigen Energy Invenergy National Wind Native Wind NextEra Energy Resources Siemens Wind Power UGE International Vestas Wind Capital Group Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biglow_Canyon_Wind_Farm&oldid=818542741 '' Categories : Energy infrastructure completed in 2007 Energy infrastructure completed in 2009 Energy infrastructure completed in 2010 Buildings and structures in Sherman County , Oregon Wind farms in Oregon Portland General Electric 2005 establishments in Oregon Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 04 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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why is the columbia river gorge on the west coast a desirable location for a wind farm
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Viennese waltz
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Viennese waltz - wikipedia Viennese waltz genre of ballroom dance For the figure skating compulsory dance of the same name , see Compulsory dances . Dancers Viennese waltz ( German : Wiener Walzer ) is a genre of ballroom dance . At least four different meanings are recognized . In the historically first sense , the name may refer to several versions of the waltz , including the earliest waltzes done in ballroom dancing , danced to the music of Viennese waltz . What is now called the Viennese waltz is the original form of the waltz . It was the first ballroom dance performed in the closed hold or `` waltz '' position . The dance that is popularly known as the waltz is actually the English or slow waltz , danced at approximately 90 beats per minute with 3 beats to the bar ( the international standard of 30 measures per minute ) , while the Viennese waltz is danced at about 180 beats ( 58 - 60 measures ) per minute . To this day however , in Germany , Austria , Scandinavia , and France , the words Walzer ( German ) , vals ( Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish ) , and valse ( French ) still implicitly refer to the original dance and not the slow waltz . The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either toward the leader 's right ( natural ) or toward the leader 's left ( reverse ) , interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . Furthermore , in a properly danced Viennese waltz , couples do not pass but turn continuously left and right while traveling counterclockwise around the floor following each other . As the waltz evolved , some of the versions that were done at about the original fast tempo came to be called specifically `` Viennese waltz '' to distinguish them from the slower waltzes . In the modern ballroom dance , two versions of Viennese waltz are recognized : International Style and American Style . Today the Viennese waltz is a ballroom and partner dance that is part of the International Standard division of contemporary ballroom dance . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 2 Technique and styles 2.1 International - style Viennese waltz 2.2 American - style Viennese waltz 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The Viennese waltz , so called to distinguish it from the waltz and the French waltz , is the oldest of the current ballroom dances . It emerged in the second half of the 18th century from the German dance and the Ländler in Austria and was both popular and subject to criticism . At that time , the waltz , as described in a magazine from 1799 , was performed by dancers who held on to their long gowns to prevent them from dragging or being stepped on . The dancers would lift their dresses and hold them high like cloaks , and this would bring both their bodies under one cover . This action also required the dancers ' bodies to be very close together , and this closeness attracted moral disparagement . In 1797 , Wolf published a pamphlet against the dance entitled `` Proof that Waltzing is the Main Source of Weakness of the Body and Mind of our Generation '' . But even when faced with all this negativity , it became very popular in Vienna . Large dance halls like the Zum Sperl in 1807 and the Apollo in 1808 were opened to provide space for thousands of dancers . The dance reached and spread to England sometime before 1812 . It was introduced as the German waltz and became a huge hit . It gained ground through the Congress of Vienna at the beginning of the 19th century and by the famous compositions by Josef Lanner , Johann Strauss I and his son , Johann Strauss II . Early waltz steps , 1816 from Thomas Wilson Treatise on Waltzing Initially , the waltz was significantly different from its form today . In the first place , the couples did not dance in the closed position as today . The illustrations and descriptions make it clear that the couples danced with arm positions similar to that of the precursor dances , the Ländler and the Allemande . The hold was at times semi-closed and at times side by side . Arms were intertwined and circling movements were made under raised arms . No couple in Wilson 's plate are shown in close embrace , but some are in closed hold facing each other . Another significant difference from the present technique was that the feet were turned out and the rise of foot during the dance was much more pronounced . This can be seen quite clearly in the figure , and such a style imposes its limitations on how the dance can be performed . To understand why Quirey says `` The advent of the Waltz in polite society was quite simply the greatest change in dance form and dancing manners that has happened in our history '' we need to realize that all European social dances before the waltz were communal sequence dances -- communal , because all the dancers on the floor took part in a preset pattern ( often chosen by a master of ceremony . Dancers separately , and as couples , faced outwards to the spectators as much as they faced inwards . Thus all present took part as dancers or as onlookers . This was the way with the country dance and all previous popular dances . With the waltz , couples were independent of each other and were turned towards each other ( though not in close contact ) . Lord Byron wrote a furious letter , which precedes his poem `` The Waltz '' , in which he decries the anti-social nature of the dance , with the couple `` like two cockchafers spitted on the same bodkin . '' Technique and styles ( edit ) The Viennese waltz is a rotary dance where the dancers are constantly turning either in a clockwise ( natural ) or anti-clockwise ( reverse ) direction interspersed with non-rotating change steps to switch between the direction of rotation . A true Viennese waltz consists only of turns and change steps . Other moves such as the fleckerls , American - style figures and side sway or underarm turns are modern inventions and are not normally danced at the annual balls in Vienna . Furthermore , in a properly danced Viennese waltz , couples do not pass , but turn continuously left and right while travelling counterclockwise around the floor following each other . The competitive style of Viennese waltz has a reduced number of steps : change steps , passing changes , hesitations , hovers , the contra check , and natural and reverse turns . International - style Viennese waltz ( edit ) International - style Viennese waltz is danced in closed position . The syllabus is limited to natural and reverse turns , closed and open changes , fleckerls , contra check , left whisk , and canter - time pivot turns ( canter pivots ) . In World Dance Council competition , canter pivots are excluded . American - style Viennese waltz ( edit ) American - style Viennese waltz has much more freedom , both in dance positions and syllabus . See also ( edit ) Austrian folk dancing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Brief Outline Regarding the Origin of the Waltz in Relation to Piano Music '' . www.amsinternational.org . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Richardson P.J.S. 1960 . Social dances of the 19th century in England . p44 Jump up ^ Sachs , Curt . 1937 . World History of the Dance . Norton . ^ Jump up to : Quirey , Belinda 1976 . May I have the pleasure ? The story of popular dancing . p. 66 ; `` The Century of Waltz '' . Jump up ^ Richardson P.J.S. 1960 . Social dances of the 19th century in England . p63 Jump up ^ `` Competition Rules '' ( PDF ) . DanceWDC.org . World Dance Council . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 26 . Dance Did you know ? Today 's article Today 's biography Today 's picture Participation Solo Partner Group Circle Line Round Square Contra Social context Ceremonial Competitive Concert Erotic Fad Folk Participation Sacred Social Street War Major present - day genres Acro Ballet Ballroom Belly Breaking Contemporary Country -- western Hip - hop Jazz Latin Modern Postmodern Swing Tap Technique Ballet technique Choreography Connection Dance theory Graham Lead and follow Pole dance Moves ( glossary ) Musicality Pointe Sequence dance Spotting Turnout Turns Regional traditions Arab Africa Assyrian Burma ( Myanmar ) Cambodia China Cuba Denmark Europe Georgian India Indonesia Israel Ireland Japan Korea Kurdish Middle Eastern Netherlands Persian Philippines Poland Romani Russia Thailand Ukraine United States African - American Venezuela Related Dance and disability Dance and health Dance costume Dance etiquette Dance notation Dance in film Dance in mythology and religion Dance on television Dance research Dance science Dance technology Dancing mania History of dance List of dances Outline of dance Women in dance Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viennese_waltz&oldid=857029131 '' Categories : Waltz Ballroom dance Dance in Austria Triple time dances Culture of Vienna Hidden categories : Articles with short description Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español 한국어 Հայերեն Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 02 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the difference between waltz and viennese waltz
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Packed red blood cells
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Packed red blood cells - wikipedia Packed red blood cells Jump to : navigation , search Packed red blood cells Bag of packed red blood cells . Clinical data Synonyms stored packed red blood cells , packed cells , red cell concentrate Routes of administration IV ATC code B05AX01 ( WHO ) Identifiers ChemSpider none Packed red blood cells , also known as red cell concentrate and packed cells , are red blood cells that have been separated for blood transfusion . They are typically used in anemia that is either resulting in symptoms or when the hemoglobin is less than 70 -- 80 g / L ( 7 -- 8 g / dL ) . One unit brings up hemoglobin levels by about 10 g / L ( 1 g / dL ) . Repeated transfusions may be required in people receiving cancer chemotherapy or who have hemoglobin disorders . Cross matching is typically required before the blood is given . It is given by injection into a vein . Side effects include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , red blood cell breakdown , infection , volume overload , and lung injury . With current preparation methods in the developed world the risk of viral infections such as hepatitis C and HIV / AIDS are less than one in a million . Packed red blood cells are gotten from whole blood or by apheresis . They typically last for three to six weeks . The widespread use of packed red blood cells began in the 1960s . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . In the United Kingdom they cost about 120 pounds per unit . A number of other versions also exist including whole blood , leukocyte reduced red blood cells , and washed red blood cells . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Side effects 3 Compatibility testing 4 Collection , processing , and use 5 Name 6 See also 7 References Medical uses ( edit ) Blood transfusion is typically recommended when hemoglobin levels reach 70 g / L ( 7 g / dL ) in those who have stable vital signs . For those with heart disease or having surgery it is recommended at 8 g / dL . RBCs are used to restore oxygen - carrying capacity in people with anemia due to trauma or other medical problems , and are by far the most common blood component used in transfusion medicine . Historically they were transfused as part of whole blood , are now typically used separately as RBCs and plasma components . The process of identifying a compatible blood product for transfusion is complicated . Side effects ( edit ) Side effects can include allergic reactions including anaphylaxis , red blood cell breakdown , infection , and lung injury . Giving incompatible RBCs to a person can be fatal . Compatibility testing ( edit ) To avoid transfusion reactions , the donor and recipient blood are tested , typically ordered as a `` type and screen '' for the recipient . The `` type '' in this case is the ABO and Rh type , specifically the phenotype , and the `` screen '' refers to testing for atypical antibodies that might cause transfusion problems . The typing and screening are also performed on donor blood . The blood groups represent antigens on the surface of the red blood cells which might react with antibodies in the recipient . The ABO blood group system has four basic phenotypes : O , A , B , and AB . In the former Soviet Union these were called I , II , III , and IV , respectively . There are two important antigens in the system : A and B. Red cells without A or B are called type O , and red cells with both are called AB . Except in unusual cases like infants or seriously immunocompromised individuals , all people will have antibodies to any ABO blood type that is n't present on their own red blood cells , and will have an immediate hemolytic reaction to a unit that is not compatible with their ABO type . In addition to the A and B antigens , there are rare variations which can further complicate transfusions , such as the Bombay phenotype . The Rh blood group system consists of nearly around 50 different antigens , but the one of the greatest clinical interest is the `` D '' antigen , though it has other names and is commonly just called `` negative '' or `` positive . '' Unlike the ABO antigens , a recipient will not usually react to the first incompatible transfusion because the adaptive immune system does not immediately recognize it . After an incompatible transfusion the recipient may develop an antibody to the antigen and will react to any further incompatible transfusions . This antibody is important because it is the most frequent cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn . Incompatible red blood cells are sometimes given to recipients who will never become pregnant , such as males or postmenopausal women , as long as they do not have an antibody , since the greatest risk of Rh incompatible blood is to current or future pregnancies . For RBCs , type O negative blood is considered a `` universal donor '' as recipients with types A , B , or AB can almost always receive O negative blood safely . Type AB positive is considered a `` universal recipient '' because they can receive the other ABO / Rh types safely . These are not truly universal , as other red cell antigens can further complicate transfusions . There are many other human blood group systems and most of them are only rarely associated with transfusion problems . A screening test is used to identify if the recipient has any antibodies to any of these other blood group systems . If the screening test is positive , a complex set of tests must follow to identify which antibody the recipient has by process of elimination . Finding suitable blood for transfusion when a recipient has multiple antibodies or antibodies to extremely common antigens can be very difficult and time - consuming . Because this testing can take time , doctors will sometimes order a unit of blood transfused before it can be completed if the recipient is in critical condition . Typically two to four units of O negative blood are used in these situations , since they are unlikely to cause a reaction . A potentially fatal reaction is possible if the recipient has pre-existing antibodies , and uncrossmatched blood is only used in dire circumstances . Since O negative blood is not common , other blood types may be used if the situation is desperate . Collection , processing , and use ( edit ) Most frequently , whole blood is collected from a blood donation and is spun in a centrifuge . The red blood cells are denser and settle to the bottom , and the majority of the liquid blood plasma remains on the top . The plasma is separated and the red blood cells are kept with a minimal amount of fluid . Generally , an additive solution of citrate , dextrose , and adenine is mixed with the cells to keep them alive during storage . This process is sometimes done as automated apheresis , where the centrifuging and mixing take place at the donation site . Red blood cells are sometimes modified to address specific patient needs . The most common modification is leukoreduction , where the donor blood is filtered to remove white cells , although this is becoming increasingly universal throughout the blood supply ( over 80 % in the US , 100 % in Europe ) . The blood may also be irradiated , which destroys the DNA in the white cells and prevents graft versus host disease , which may happen if the blood donor and recipient are closely related , and is also important for immunocompromized patients . Other modifications , such as washing the RBCs to remove any remaining plasma , are much less common . With additive solutions , RBCs are typically kept at refrigerated temperatures for up to 45 days . In some patients , use of RBCs that are much fresher is important ; for example , US guidelines call for blood less than seven days old to be used for neonatals , to `` ensure optimal cell function '' . However , the phenomenon of RBC storage lesion and its implications for transfusion efficacy are complex and remain controversial ( see blood bank and blood transfusion articles ) . With the addition of glycerol or other cryoprotectants , RBCs can be frozen and thus stored for much longer ( this is not common ) . Frozen RBCs are typically assigned a ten - year expiration date , though older units have been transfused successfully . The freezing process is expensive and time - consuming and is generally reserved for rare units such as ones that can be used in patients that have unusual antibodies . Since frozen RBCs have glycerol added , the added glycerol must be removed by washing the red blood cells using special equipment , such as the IBM 2991 cell processor in a similar manner to washing RBCs . The processing ( often termed `` manufacture '' , since the end result is deemed a biologic biopharmaceutical product ) and the storage can occur at a collection center and / or a blood bank . RBCs are mixed with an anticoagulant and storage solution which provides nutrients and aims to preserve viability and functionality of the cells ( limiting their so - called `` storage lesion '' ) , which are stored at refrigerated temperatures for up to 42 days ( in the US ) , except for the rather unusual long - term storage in which case they can be frozen for up to 10 years . The cells are separated from the fluid portion of the blood after it is collected from a donor , or during the collection process in the case of apheresis . The product is then sometimes modified after collection to meet specific patient requirements . Name ( edit ) The product is typically abbreviated RBC , pRBC , PRBC , and sometimes StRBC or even LRBC ( the latter being to indicate those that have been leukoreduced , which is now true for the vast majority of RBC units ) . The name `` Red Blood Cells '' with initial capitals indicates a standardized blood product in the United States . Without capitalization , it is simply generic without specifying whether or not the cells comprise a blood product , patient blood , etc. ( with other generic terms for it being `` erythrocyte '' and `` red cell '' ) . See also ( edit ) Blood bank Blood donation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Connell , NT ( December 2016 ) . `` Transfusion Medicine '' . Primary care . 43 ( 4 ) : 651 -- 659 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pop. 2016.07. 004 . PMID 27866583 . Jump up ^ Carson , JL ; Guyatt , G ; Heddle , NM ; Grossman , BJ ; Cohn , CS ; Fung , MK ; Gernsheimer , T ; Holcomb , JB ; Kaplan , LJ ; Katz , LM ; Peterson , N ; Ramsey , G ; Rao , SV ; Roback , JD ; Shander , A ; Tobian , AA ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Clinical Practice Guidelines From the AABB : Red Blood Cell Transfusion Thresholds and Storage '' . JAMA. 316 ( 19 ) : 2025 -- 2035 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.9185 . PMID 27732721 . Jump up ^ Plumer , Ada Lawrence ( 2007 ) . Plumer 's Principles and Practice of Intravenous Therapy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 423 . ISBN 9780781759441 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Linton , Adrianne Dill ( 2015 ) . Introduction to Medical - Surgical Nursing . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 287 . ISBN 9781455776412 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Parsons , Polly E. ; Wiener - Kronish , Jeanine P. ( 2012 ) . Critical Care Secrets5 : Critical Care Secrets . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 385 . ISBN 0323085008 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Das , P.C. ; Smit - Sibinga , C.T. h ; Halie , M.R. ( 2012 ) . Supportive therapy in haematology . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 190 . ISBN 9781461325772 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Yentis , Steven M. ; Hirsch , Nicholas P. ; Ip , James ( 2013 ) . Anaesthesia and Intensive Care A-Z : An Encyclopedia of Principles and Practice . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 147 . ISBN 9780702053757 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Carson , Jeffrey L. ; Guyatt , Gordon ; Heddle , Nancy M. ; Grossman , Brenda J. ; Cohn , Claudia S. ; Fung , Mark K. ; Gernsheimer , Terry ; Holcomb , John B. ; Kaplan , Lewis J. ; Katz , Louis M. ; Peterson , Nikki ; Ramsey , Glenn ; Rao , Sunil V. ; Roback , John D. ; Shander , Aryeh ; Tobian , Aaron A.R. ( 12 October 2016 ) . `` Clinical Practice Guidelines From the AABB '' . JAMA . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.9185 . Jump up ^ `` Complications of Transfusion : Transfusion Medicine : Merck Manual Professional '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines for Blood Component Substitution in Adults '' ( PDF ) . Provincial Blood Coordinating Program , Newfoundland and Labrador . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells '' ( PDF ) . National Health Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Circular of information for the use of human blood and blood components '' ( PDF ) . AABB . p. 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Circular of information for the use of human blood and blood components '' ( PDF ) . AABB . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 21 CFR 640.10 '' . GPO . Archived from the original on 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Intravenous therapy Infused substances Blood - based product Whole blood PF24 / Fresh frozen plasma ( Cryosupernatant + Cryoprecipitate ) Blood substitute Hemoglobin - based Volume expander Lactated Ringer 's Normal saline Sugar solution Buffers Lactated Ringer 's , Sodium bicarbonate Medications Intravenous immunoglobulin Parenteral nutrition Sugar Other Drug injection Access points Peripheral venous catheter Peripherally inserted central catheter ( Seldinger technique ) Central venous catheter Other equipment Infusion pump CVC SLC MLC PICC Implantable catheters Ports Thermodilution catheters Hemodialysis catheters Specific risks Air embolism Extravasation Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Packed_red_blood_cells&oldid=832354209 '' Categories : Blood cells Blood products Hematology Transfusion medicine World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned Chemical articles without CAS registry number Articles without EBI source Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Articles without UNII source Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the percentage of packed red blood cells in a volume of blood is known as the
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Greek alphabet
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Greek alphabet - wikipedia Greek alphabet Jump to : navigation , search Greek alphabet Type Alphabet Languages Greek Time period c. 800 BC -- present Parent systems Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto - Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Greek alphabet Child systems Gothic Glagolitic Cyrillic Coptic Armenian Old Italic Latin Georgian Direction Left - to - right ISO 15924 Grek , 200 Unicode alias Greek Unicode range U + 0370 -- U + 03FF Greek and Coptic U + 1F00 -- U + 1FFF Greek Extended The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC . It was derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet , and was the first alphabetic script to have distinct letters for vowels as well as consonants . It is the ancestor of the Latin and Cyrillic scripts . Apart from its use in writing the Greek language , in both its ancient and its modern forms , the Greek alphabet today also serves as a source of technical symbols and labels in many domains of mathematics , science and other fields . In its classical and modern forms , the alphabet has 24 letters , ordered from alpha to omega . Like Latin and Cyrillic , Greek originally had only a single form of each letter ; it developed the letter case distinction between upper - case and lower - case forms in parallel with Latin during the modern era . Sound values and conventional transcriptions for some of the letters differ between Ancient Greek and Modern Greek usage , because the pronunciation of Greek has changed significantly between the 5th century BC and today . Modern and Ancient Greek use different diacritics . The traditional orthography , which is used for Ancient Greek and sometimes for Modern Greek , has many diacritics , such as accent marks for pitch accent ( `` polytonic '' ) , the breathing marks for the presence and absence of the initial / h / sound , and the iota subscript for the final historical / i / sound . In standard Modern Greek spelling , orthography has been simplified to a monotonic system , which uses only two diacritics : the acute accent and diaeresis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Letters 1.1 Sound values 1.2 Digraphs and letter combinations 1.3 Diacritics 1.4 Romanization 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 Archaic variants 2.3 Letter names 2.4 Letter shapes 3 Derived alphabets 4 Other uses 4.1 Use for other languages 4.1. 1 Antiquity 4.1. 2 Middle Ages 4.1. 3 Early modern 4.2 In mathematics and science 4.3 Astronomy 4.4 International Phonetic Alphabet 4.5 Use as numerals 4.6 Use in naming student fraternities and sororities 5 Glyph variants 6 Computer encodings 6.1 ISO / IEC 8859 - 7 6.2 Greek in Unicode 6.2. 1 Combining and letter - free diacritics 6.3 Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet 7 Chapter letters 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Letters Letter Name Sound Ancient Modern Α α alpha , άλφα ( a ) ( aː ) Β β beta , βήτα Γ γ gamma , γάμμα ( ɡ ) , ( ŋ ) ( ɣ ) ~ ( ʝ ) , ( ŋ ) ~ ( ɲ ) Δ δ delta , δέλτα ( d ) ( ð ) Ε ε epsilon , έψιλον Ζ ζ zeta , ζήτα ( zd ) ( z ) Η η eta , ήτα ( ɛː ) ( i ) Θ θ theta , θήτα ( th ) ( θ ) Ι ι iota , ιώτα ( i ) ( iː ) ( i ) , ( ç ) , ( ʝ ) , ( ɲ ) Κ κ kappa , κάππα ( k ) ( k ) ~ ( c ) Λ λ lambda , λάμδα ( l ) Μ μ mu , μυ ( m ) Or ( dz ) . Letter Name Sound Ancient Modern Ν ν nu , νυ ( n ) Ξ ξ xi , ξι ( ks ) Ο ο omicron , όμικρον ( o ) Π π pi , πι ( p ) Ρ ρ rho , ρώ ( r ) Σ σ / ς sigma , σίγμα ( s ) ( s ) ~ ( z ) Τ τ tau , ταυ Υ υ upsilon , ύψιλον ( y ) ( yː ) ( i ) Φ φ phi , φι ( ph ) ( f ) Χ χ chi , χι ( kh ) ( x ) ~ ( ç ) Ψ ψ psi , ψι ( ps ) Ω ω omega , ωμέγα ( ɔː ) ( o ) Examples Jump up ^ For example , ἀγκών . Jump up ^ For example , εγγραφή . Jump up ^ For example , εγγεγραμμένος . Jump up ^ For example , ηλίθιος . Jump up ^ For example , βια . Jump up ^ For example , μια . Sound values Main article : Greek orthography Further information : Manners of articulation In both Ancient and Modern Greek , the letters of the Greek alphabet have fairly stable and consistent symbol - to - sound mappings , making pronunciation of words largely predictable . Ancient Greek spelling was generally near - phonemic . For a number of letters , sound values differ considerably between Ancient and Modern Greek , because their pronunciation has followed a set of systematic phonological shifts that affected the language in its post-classical stages . Among consonant letters , all letters that denoted voiced plosive consonants ( / b , d , g / ) and aspirated plosives ( / ph , th , kh / ) in Ancient Greek stand for corresponding fricative sounds in Modern Greek . The correspondences are as follows : Former voiced plosives Former aspirates Letter Ancient Modern Letter Ancient Modern Labial Β β / b / / v / Φ φ / ph / / f / Dental Δ δ / d / / ð / Θ θ / th / / θ / Dorsal Γ γ / ɡ / ( ɣ ) ~ ( ʝ ) Χ χ / kh / ( x ) ~ ( ç ) Among the vowel symbols , Modern Greek sound values reflect the radical simplification of the vowel system of post-classical Greek , merging multiple formerly distinct vowel phonemes into a much smaller number . This leads to several groups of vowel letters denoting identical sounds today . Modern Greek orthography remains true to the historical spellings in most of these cases . As a consequence , the spellings of words in Modern Greek are often not predictable from the pronunciation alone , while the reverse mapping , from spelling to pronunciation , is usually regular and predictable . The following vowel letters and digraphs are involved in the mergers : Letter Ancient Modern Letter Ancient Modern Η η ɛː > i Ω ω ɔː > o Ι ι i ( ː ) Ο ο o ΕΙ ει eː Ε ε > e Υ υ u ( ː ) > y ΑΙ αι ai ΟΙ οι oi > y ΥΙ υι yː > y Modern Greek speakers typically use the same , modern symbol -- sound mappings in reading Greek of all historical stages . In other countries , students of Ancient Greek may use a variety of conventional approximations of the historical sound system in pronouncing Ancient Greek . Digraphs and letter combinations Several letter combinations have special conventional sound values different from those of their single components . Among them are several digraphs of vowel letters that formerly represented diphthongs but are now monophthongized . In addition to the four mentioned above ( ⟨ ει , αι , οι , υι ⟩ ) , there is also ⟨ ου ⟩ , pronounced / u / . The Ancient Greek diphthongs ⟨ αυ ⟩ , ⟨ ευ ⟩ and ⟨ ηυ ⟩ are pronounced ( av ) , ( ev ) and ( iv ) in Modern Greek . In some environments they are devoiced to ( af ) , ( ef ) and ( if ) respectively . The Modern Greek consonant combinations ⟨ μπ ⟩ and ⟨ ντ ⟩ stand for ( b ) and ( d ) ( or ( mb ) and ( nd ) ) respectively ; ⟨ τζ ⟩ stands for ( dz ) and ⟨ τσ ⟩ stands for ( t͡s ) . In addition , both in Ancient and Modern Greek , the letter ⟨ γ ⟩ , before another velar consonant , stands for the velar nasal ( ŋ ) ; thus ⟨ γγ ⟩ and ⟨ γκ ⟩ are pronounced like English ⟨ ng ⟩ . In analogy to ⟨ μπ ⟩ and ⟨ ντ ⟩ , ⟨ γκ ⟩ is also used to stand for ( g ) . There are also the combinations ⟨ γχ ⟩ and ⟨ γξ ⟩ . Combination Pronunciation Devoiced pronunciation ⟨ αυ ⟩ ( av ) ( af ) ⟨ ευ ⟩ ( ev ) ( ef ) ⟨ ηυ ⟩ ( iv ) ( if ) ⟨ μπ ⟩ ( b ) ⟨ ντ ⟩ ( d ) ⟨ τζ ⟩ ( dz ) ⟨ τσ ⟩ ( t͡s ) Diacritics Main article : Greek diacritics In the polytonic orthography traditionally used for ancient Greek , the stressed vowel of each word carries one of three accent marks : either the acute accent ( ά ) , the grave accent ( ὰ ) , or the circumflex accent ( α̃ or α̑ ) . These signs were originally designed to mark different forms of the phonological pitch accent in Ancient Greek . By the time their use became conventional and obligatory in Greek writing , in late antiquity , pitch accent was evolving into a single stress accent , and thus the three signs have not corresponded to a phonological distinction in actual speech ever since . In addition to the accent marks , every word - initial vowel must carry either of two so - called `` breathing marks '' : the rough breathing ( ἁ ) , marking an / h / sound at the beginning of a word , or the smooth breathing ( ἀ ) , marking its absence . The letter rho ( ρ ) , although not a vowel , also carries a rough breathing in word - initial position . If a rho was geminated within a word , the first ρ always had the smooth breathing and the second the rough breathing ( ῤῥ ) leading to the transiliteration rrh . The vowel letters ⟨ α , η , ω ⟩ carry an additional diacritic in certain words , the so - called iota subscript , which has the shape of a small vertical stroke or a miniature ⟨ ι ⟩ below the letter . This iota represents the former offglide of what were originally long diphthongs , ⟨ ᾱι , ηι , ωι ⟩ ( i.e. / aːi , ɛːi , ɔːi / ) , which became monophthongized during antiquity . Another diacritic used in Greek is the diaeresis ( _̈ ) , indicating a hiatus . In 1982 , a new , simplified orthography , known as `` monotonic '' , was adopted for official use in Modern Greek by the Greek state . It uses only a single accent mark , the acute ( also known in this context as tonos , i.e. simply `` accent '' ) , marking the stressed syllable of polysyllabic words , and occasionally the diaeresis to distinguish diphthongal from digraph readings in pairs of vowel letters , making this monotonic system very similar to the accent mark system used in Spanish . The polytonic system is still conventionally used for writing Ancient Greek , while in some book printing and generally in the usage of conservative writers it can still also be found in use for Modern Greek . Although it is not a diacritic , the comma has a similar function as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words , principally distinguishing ό , τι ( ó , ti , `` whatever '' ) from ότι ( óti , `` that '' ) . Romanization Main article : Romanization of Greek There are many different methods of rendering Greek text or Greek names in the Latin script . The form in which classical Greek names are conventionally rendered in English goes back to the way Greek loanwords were incorporated into Latin in antiquity . In this system , ⟨ κ ⟩ is replaced with ⟨ c ⟩ , the diphthongs ⟨ αι ⟩ and ⟨ οι ⟩ are rendered as ⟨ ae ⟩ and ⟨ oe ⟩ ( or ⟨ æ , œ ⟩ ) respectively ; and ⟨ ει ⟩ and ⟨ ου ⟩ are simplified to ⟨ i ⟩ and ⟨ u ⟩ respectively . In modern scholarly transliteration of Ancient Greek , ⟨ κ ⟩ will usually be rendered as ⟨ k ⟩ , and the vowel combinations ⟨ αι , οι , ει , ου ⟩ as ⟨ ai , oi , ei , ou ⟩ respectively . The letters ⟨ θ ⟩ and ⟨ φ ⟩ are generally rendered as ⟨ th ⟩ and ⟨ ph ⟩ ; ⟨ χ ⟩ as either ⟨ ch ⟩ or ⟨ kh ⟩ ; and word - initial ⟨ ρ ⟩ as ⟨ rh ⟩ . For Modern Greek , there are multiple different transcription conventions . They differ widely , depending on their purpose , on how close they stay to the conventional letter correspondences of Ancient Greek - based transcription systems , and to what degree they attempt either an exact letter - by - letter transliteration or rather a phonetically based transcription . Standardized formal transcription systems have been defined by the International Organization for Standardization ( as ISO 843 ) , by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names , by the Library of Congress , and others . History Main article : History of the Greek alphabet Origins Dipylon inscription , one of the oldest known samples of the use of the Greek alphabet , c. 740 BC During the Mycenaean period , from around the 16th century to the 12th century BC , Linear B was used to write the earliest attested form of the Greek language , known as Mycenaean Greek . This writing system , unrelated to the Greek alphabet , last appeared in the 13th century BC . In the late 9th century BC or early 8th century BC , the Greek alphabet emerged . The period between the use of the two writing systems , during which no Greek texts are attested , is known as the Greek Dark Ages . The Greeks adopted the alphabet from the earlier Phoenician alphabet , one of the closely related scripts used for the West Semitic languages . However , the Phoenician alphabet is limited to consonants . When it was adopted for writing Greek , certain consonants were adapted to express vowels . The use of both vowels and consonants makes Greek the first alphabet in the narrow sense , as distinguished from the abjads used in Semitic languages , which have letters only for consonants . Greek initially took over all of the 22 letters of Phoenician . Five were reassigned to denote vowel sounds : the glide consonants / j / ( yodh ) and / w / ( waw ) were used for ( i ) ( Ι , iota ) and ( u ) ( Υ , upsilon ) respectively ; the glottal stop consonant / ʔ / ( aleph ) was used for ( a ) ( Α , alpha ) ; the pharyngeal / ʕ / ( ʿayin ) was turned into ( o ) ( Ο , omicron ) ; and the letter for / h / ( he ) was turned into ( e ) ( Ε , epsilon ) . A doublet of waw was also borrowed as a consonant for ( w ) ( Ϝ , digamma ) . In addition , the Phoenician letter for the emphatic glottal / ħ / ( heth ) was borrowed in two different functions by different dialects of Greek : as a letter for / h / ( Η , heta ) by those dialects that had such a sound , and as an additional vowel letter for the long / ɛː / ( Η , eta ) by those dialects that lacked the consonant . Eventually , a seventh vowel letter for the long / ɔː / ( Ω , omega ) was introduced . Greek also introduced three new consonant letters for its aspirated plosive sounds and consonant clusters : Φ ( phi ) for / ph / , Χ ( chi ) for / kh / and Ψ ( psi ) for / ps / . In western Greek variants , Χ was instead used for / ks / and Ψ for / kh / . The origin of these letters is a matter of some debate . Phoenician Greek aleph / ʔ / Α alpha / a / , / aː / beth / b / Β beta / b / gimel / ɡ / Γ gamma / ɡ / daleth / d / Δ delta / d / he / h / Ε epsilon / e / , / eː / waw / w / Ϝ ( digamma ) / w / zayin / z / Ζ zeta ( zd ) ( ? ) heth / ħ / Η eta / h / , / ɛː / teth / tʕ / Θ theta / th / yodh / j / Ι iota / i / , / iː / kaph / k / Κ kappa / k / lamedh / l / Λ lambda / l / mem / m / Μ mu / m / nun / n / Ν nu / n / Phoenician Greek samekh / s / Ξ xi / ks / ʿayin / ʕ / Ο omicron / o / , / oː / pe / p / Π pi / p / ṣade / sʕ / Ϻ ( san ) / s / qoph / q / Ϙ ( koppa ) / k / reš / r / Ρ rho / r / šin / ʃ / Σ sigma / s / taw / t / Τ tau / t / ( waw ) / w / Υ upsilon / u / , / uː / -- Φ phi / ph / -- Χ chi / kh / -- Ψ psi / ps / -- Ω omega / ɔː / Early Greek alphabet on pottery in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens Three of the original Phoenician letters dropped out of use before the alphabet took its classical shape : the letter Ϻ ( san ) , which had been in competition with Σ ( sigma ) denoting the same phoneme / s / ; the letter Ϙ ( qoppa ) , which was redundant with Κ ( kappa ) for / k / , and Ϝ ( digamma ) , whose sound value / w / dropped out of the spoken language before or during the classical period . Greek was originally written predominantly from right to left , just like Phoenician , but scribes could freely alternate between directions . For a time , a writing style with alternating right - to - left and left - to - right lines ( called boustrophedon , literally `` ox - turning '' , after the manner of an ox ploughing a field ) was common , until in the classical period the left - to - right writing direction became the norm . Individual letter shapes were mirrored depending on the writing direction of the current line . Archaic variants Main article : Archaic Greek alphabets There were initially numerous local variants of the Greek alphabet , which differed in the use and non-use of the additional vowel and consonant symbols and several other features . A form of western Greek native to Euboea , which among other things had Χ for / ks / , was transplanted to Italy by early Greek colonists , and became the ancestor of the Old Italic alphabets and ultimately , through Etruscan , of the Latin alphabet . Athens used a local form of the alphabet until the 5th century BC ; it lacked the letters Ξ and Ψ as well as the vowel symbols Η and Ω . The classical 24 - letter alphabet that became the norm later was originally the local alphabet of Ionia ; this was adopted by Athens in 403 BC under archon Eucleides and in most other parts of the Greek - speaking world during the 4th century BC . Letter names When the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet , they took over not only the letter shapes and sound values , but also the names by which the sequence of the alphabet could be recited and memorized . In Phoenician , each letter name was a word that began with the sound represented by that letter ; thus ʾaleph , the word for `` ox '' , was used as the name for the glottal stop / ʔ / , bet , or `` house '' , for the / b / sound , and so on . When the letters were adopted by the Greeks , most of the Phoenician names were maintained or modified slightly to fit Greek phonology ; thus , ʾaleph , bet , gimel became alpha , beta , gamma . The Greek names of the following letters are more or less straightforward continuations of their Phoenician antecedents . Between Ancient and Modern Greek they have remained largely unchanged , except that their pronunciation has followed regular sound changes along with other words ( for instance , in the name of beta , ancient / b / regularly changed to modern / v / , and ancient / ɛː / to modern / i / , resulting in the modern pronunciation vita ) . The name of lambda is attested in early sources as λάβδα besides λάμβδα ; in Modern Greek the spelling is often λάμδα , reflecting pronunciation . Similarly , iota is sometimes spelled γιώτα in Modern Greek ( ( ʝ ) is conventionally transcribed ⟨ γ ( ι , η , υ , ει , οι ) ⟩ word - initially and intervocalically before back vowels and / a / ) . In the tables below , the Greek names of all letters are given in their traditional polytonic spelling ; in modern practice , like with all other words , they are usually spelled in the simplified monotonic system . Greek alphabet The names of the letters in spoken Standard Modern Greek Problems playing this file ? See media help . Letter Name Pronunciation Greek Phoenician original English Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Modern ) English Α ἄλφα aleph alpha ( alpha ) ( ˈalfa ) / ˈælfə / ( listen ) Β βῆτα beth beta ( bɛːta ) ( ˈvita ) / ˈbiːtə / , US : / ˈbeɪtə / Γ γάμμα gimel gamma ( ɡamma ) ( ˈɣama ) / ˈɡæmə / Δ δέλτα daleth delta ( delta ) ( ˈðelta ) / ˈdɛltə / Η ἦτα heth eta ( hɛːta ) , ( ɛːta ) ( ˈita ) / ˈiːtə / , US : / ˈeɪtə / Θ θῆτα teth theta ( thɛːta ) ( ˈθita ) / ˈθiːtə / , US : / ˈθeɪtə / ( listen ) Ι ἰῶτα yodh iota ( iɔːta ) ( ˈʝota ) / aɪ ˈoʊtə / ( listen ) Κ κάππα kaph kappa ( kappa ) ( ˈkapa ) / ˈkæpə / ( listen ) Λ λάμβδα lamedh lambda ( lambda ) ( ˈlamða ) / ˈlæmdə / ( listen ) Μ μῦ mem mu ( myː ) ( mi ) / mjuː / ( listen ) ; occasionally US : / muː / Ν νῦ nun nu ( nyː ) ( ni ) / nj uː / Ρ ῥῶ reš rho ( rɔː ) ( ro ) / roʊ / ( listen ) Τ ταῦ taw tau ( tau ) ( taf ) / taʊ , tɔː / In the cases of the three historical sibilant letters below , the correspondence between Phoenician and Ancient Greek is less clear , with apparent mismatches both in letter names and sound values . The early history of these letters ( and the fourth sibilant letter , obsolete san ) has been a matter of some debate . Here too , the changes in the pronunciation of the letter names between Ancient and Modern Greek are regular . Letter Name Pronunciation Greek Phoenician original English Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Modern ) English Ζ ζῆτα zayin zeta ( zdɛːta ) ( ˈzita ) / ˈziːtə / , US : / ˈzeɪtə / Ξ ξεῖ , ξῖ samekh xi ( kseː ) ( ksi ) / zaɪ , ksaɪ / Σ σίγμα šin siɡma ( siɡma ) ( ˈsiɣma ) / ˈsɪɡmə / In the following group of consonant letters , the older forms of the names in Ancient Greek were spelled with - εῖ , indicating an original pronunciation with - ē . In Modern Greek these names are spelled with - ι . Letter Name Pronunciation Greek English Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Modern ) English Ξ ξεῖ , ξῖ xi ( kseː ) ( ksi ) / zaɪ , ksaɪ / Π πεῖ , πῖ pi ( peː ) ( pi ) / paɪ / Φ φεῖ , φῖ phi ( pheː ) ( fi ) / faɪ / Χ χεῖ , χῖ chi ( kheː ) ( çi ) / kaɪ / ( listen ) Ψ ψεῖ , ψῖ psi ( pseː ) ( psi ) / saɪ / , / psaɪ / ( listen ) The following group of vowel letters were originally called simply by their sound values as long vowels : ē , ō , ū , and ɔ . Their modern names contain adjectival qualifiers that were added during the Byzantine period , to distinguish between letters that had become confusable . Thus , the letters ⟨ ο ⟩ and ⟨ ω ⟩ , pronounced identically by this time , were called o mikron ( `` small o '' ) and o mega ( `` big o '' ) respectively . The letter ⟨ ε ⟩ was called e psilon ( `` plain e '' ) to distinguish it from the identically pronounced digraph ⟨ αι ⟩ , while , similarly , ⟨ υ ⟩ , which at this time was pronounced ( y ) , was called y psilon ( `` plain y '' ) to distinguish it from the identically pronounced digraph ⟨ οι ⟩ . Letter Name Pronunciation Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Medieval ) Greek ( Modern ) English Greek ( Ancient ) Greek ( Modern ) English Ε εἶ ἐ ψιλόν ἔψιλον epsilon ( eː ) ( ˈepsilon ) / ˈɛpsɪlɒn / , some UK : / ɛpˈsaɪlən / Ο οὖ ὀ μικρόν ὄμικρον omicron ( oː ) ( ˈomikron ) / ˈɒmɪkrɒn / ( listen ) , traditional UK : / oʊ ˈmaɪkrɒn / Υ ὖ ὐ ψιλόν ὔψιλον upsilon ( uː ) , ( yː ) ( ˈipsilon ) / juː pˈsaɪlən , ˈʊpsɪlɒn / , also UK : / ʌpˈsaɪlən / , US : / ˈʌpsɪlɒn / Ω ὦ ὠ μέγα ὠμέγα omega ( ɔː ) ( oˈmeɣa ) US : / oʊ ˈmeɪɡə / , traditional UK : / ˈoʊmɪɡə / Some dialects of the Aegean and Cypriot have retained long consonants and pronounce ( ˈɣamːa ) and ( ˈkapha ) ; also , ήτα has come to be pronounced ( ˈitha ) in Cypriot . Letter shapes A 16th - century edition of the New Testament ( Gospel of John ) , printed in a renaissance typeface by Claude Garamond Theocritus Idyll 1 , lines 12 - 14 , in script with abbreviations and ligatures from a caption in an illustrated edition of Theocritus . Lodewijk Caspar Valckenaer : Carmina bucolica , Leiden 1779 . Like Latin and other alphabetic scripts , Greek originally had only a single form of each letter , without a distinction between uppercase and lowercase . This distinction is an innovation of the modern era , drawing on different lines of development of the letter shapes in earlier handwriting . The oldest forms of the letters in antiquity are majuscule forms . Besides the upright , straight inscriptional forms ( capitals ) found in stone carvings or incised pottery , more fluent writing styles adapted for handwriting on soft materials were also developed during antiquity . Such handwriting has been preserved especially from papyrus manuscripts in Egypt since the Hellenistic period . Ancient handwriting developed two distinct styles : uncial writing , with carefully drawn , rounded block letters of about equal size , used as a book hand for carefully produced literary and religious manuscripts , and cursive writing , used for everyday purposes . The cursive forms approached the style of lowercase letter forms , with ascenders and descenders , as well as many connecting lines and ligatures between letters . In the 9th and 10th century , uncial book hands were replaced with a new , more compact writing style , with letter forms partly adapted from the earlier cursive . This minuscule style remained the dominant form of handwritten Greek into the modern era . During the Renaissance , western printers adopted the minuscule letter forms as lowercase printed typefaces , while modelling uppercase letters on the ancient inscriptional forms . The orthographic practice of using the letter case distinction for marking proper names , titles etc. developed in parallel to the practice in Latin and other western languages . Inscription Manuscript Modern print Archaic Classical Uncial Minuscule Lowercase Uppercase α Α β Β γ Γ δ Δ ε Ε ζ Ζ η Η θ Θ ι Ι κ Κ λ Λ μ Μ ν Ν ξ Ξ ο Ο π Π ρ Ρ σς Σ τ Τ υ Υ φ Φ χ Χ ψ Ψ ω Ω Derived alphabets The earliest Etruscan abecedarium , from Marsiliana d'Albegna , still almost identical with contemporaneous archaic Greek alphabets A page from the Codex Argenteus , a 6th - century Bible manuscript in Gothic The Greek alphabet was the model for various others : The Latin alphabet , together with various other ancient scripts in Italy , adopted from an archaic form of the Greek alphabet brought to Italy by Greek colonists in the late 8th century BC , via Etruscan The Gothic alphabet , devised in the 4th century AD to write the Gothic language , based on a combination of Greek and Latin uncial models The Glagolitic alphabet , devised in the 9th century AD for writing Old Church Slavonic The Cyrillic script , which replaced the Glagolitic alphabet shortly afterwards It is also considered a possible ancestor of the Armenian alphabet , which in turn influenced the development of the Georgian alphabet . Other uses Use for other languages Apart from the daughter alphabets listed above , which were adapted from Greek but developed into separate writing systems , the Greek alphabet has also been adopted at various times and in various places to write other languages . For some of them , additional letters were introduced . Antiquity Most of the alphabets of Asia Minor , in use c. 800 -- 300 BC to write languages like Lydian and Phrygian , were the early Greek alphabet with only slight modifications -- as were the original Old Italic alphabets . Some Paleo - Balkan languages , including Thracian . For other neighboring languages or dialects , such as Ancient Macedonian , isolated words are preserved in Greek texts , but no continuous texts are preserved . The Greco - Iberian alphabet was used for writing the ancient Iberian language in parts of modern Spain . Gaulish inscriptions ( in modern France ) used the Greek alphabet until the Roman conquest The Hebrew and Aramaic text of the Bible was written in Greek letters in Origen 's Hexapla . The Bactrian language , an Iranian language spoken in what is now Afghanistan , was written in the Greek alphabet during the Kushan Empire ( 65 -- 250 AD ) . It adds an extra letter ⟨ þ ⟩ for the sh sound ( ʃ ) . The Coptic alphabet adds eight letters derived from Demotic . It is still used today , mostly in Egypt , to write Coptic , the liturgical language of Egyptian Christians . Letters usually retain an uncial form different from the forms used for Greek today . Middle Ages An 8th - century Arabic fragment preserves a text in the Greek alphabet . An Old Ossetic inscription of the 10th -- 12th centuries found in Arxyz , the oldest known attestation of an Ossetic language . The Old Nubian language of Makuria ( modern Sudan ) adds three Coptic letters , two letters derived from Meroitic script , and a digraph of two Greek gammas used for the velar nasal sound . Various South Slavic dialects , similar to the modern Bulgarian and Macedonian languages , have been written in Greek script . The modern South Slavic languages now use modified Cyrillic alphabets . Early modern 18th century title page of a book printed in Karamanli Turkish Turkish spoken by Orthodox Christians ( Karamanlides ) was often written in Greek script , and called Karamanlidika . Tosk Albanian was often written using the Greek alphabet , starting in about 1500 . The printing press at Moschopolis published several Albanian texts in Greek script during the 18th century . It was only in 1908 that the Monastir conference standardized a Latin orthography for both Tosk and Gheg . Greek spelling is still occasionally used for the local Albanian dialects ( Arvanitika ) in Greece . Aromanian ( Vlach ) has been written in Greek characters . There is not yet a standardized orthography for Aromanian , but it appears that one based on the Romanian orthography will be adopted . Gagauz , a Turkic language of the northeast Balkans . Surguch , a Turkic language spoken by a small group of Orthodox Christians in northern Greece . Urum or Greek Tatar . Pomak language in Western Thrace . Judaeo - Spanish language , a Jewish dialect of Spanish , has occasionally been published in Greek characters in Greece . In mathematics and science Main article : Greek letters used in mathematics , science , and engineering Greek symbols are used as symbols in mathematics , physics and other sciences . Many symbols have traditional uses , such as lower case epsilon ( ε ) for an arbitrarily small positive number , lower case pi ( π ) for the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter , capital sigma ( Σ ) for summation , and lower case sigma ( σ ) for standard deviation . Astronomy Main article : Bayer designation Greek letters are used to denote the brighter stars within each of the eighty - eight constellations . In most constellations the brightest star is designated Alpha and the next brightest Beta etc . For example , the brightest star in the constellation of Centaurus is known as Alpha Centauri . For historical reasons , the Greek designations of some constellations begin with a lower ranked letter . International phonetic alphabet Several Greek letters are used as phonetic symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) . Several of them denote fricative consonants ; the rest stand for variants of vowel sounds . The glyph shapes used for these letters in specialized phonetic fonts is sometimes slightly different from the conventional shapes in Greek typography proper , with glyphs typically being more upright and using serifs , to make them conform more with the typographical character of other , Latin - based letters in the phonetic alphabet . Nevertheless , in the Unicode encoding standard , the following three phonetic symbols are considered the same characters as the corresponding Greek letters proper : β beta U + 03B2 voiced bilabial fricative θ theta U + 03B8 voiceless dental fricative χ chi U + 03C7 voiceless uvular fricative On the other hand , the following phonetic letters have Unicode representations separate from their Greek alphabetic use , either because their conventional typographic shape is too different from the original , or because they also have secondary uses as regular alphabetic characters in some Latin - based alphabets , including separate Latin uppercase letters distinct from the Greek ones . Greek letter Phonetic letter Uppercase φ phi ɸ U + 0278 Latin small letter phi Voiceless bilabial fricative -- γ gamma ɣ U + 0263 Latin small letter gamma Voiced velar fricative Ɣ U + 0194 ε epsilon ɛ U + 025B Latin small letter open e ( alias : epsilon ) Open - mid front unrounded vowel Ɛ U + 0190 α alpha ɑ U + 0251 Latin small letter alpha Open back unrounded vowel Ɑ U + 2C6D υ upsilon ʊ U + 028A Latin small letter upsilon near - close near - back rounded vowel Ʊ U + 01B1 ι iota ɩ U + 0269 Latin small letter iota Obsolete for near - close near - front unrounded vowel now ɪ Ɩ U + 0196 The symbol in Americanist phonetic notation for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is the Greek letter lambda ⟨ λ ⟩ , but ⟨ ɬ ⟩ in the IPA . The IPA symbol for the palatal lateral approximant is ⟨ ʎ ⟩ , which looks similar to lambda , but is actually an inverted lowercase y . Use as numerals Main article : Greek numerals Greek letters were also used to write numbers . In the classical Ionian system , the first nine letters of the alphabet stood for the numbers from 1 to 9 , the next nine letters stood for the multiples of 10 , from 10 to 90 , and the next nine letters stood for the multiples of 100 , from 100 to 900 . For this purpose , in addition to the 24 letters which by that time made up the standard alphabet , three otherwise obsolete letters were retained or revived : digamma ⟨ Ϝ ⟩ for 6 , koppa ⟨ Ϙ ⟩ for 90 , and a rare Ionian letter for ( ss ) , today called sampi ⟨ Ͳ ⟩ , for 900 . This system has remained in use in Greek up to the present day , although today it is only employed for limited purposes such as enumerating chapters in a book , similar to the way Roman numerals are used in English . The three extra symbols are today written as ⟨ ϛ ⟩ , ⟨ ϟ ⟩ and ⟨ ϡ ⟩ respectively . To mark a letter as a numeral sign , a small stroke called keraia is added to the right of it . Αʹ αʹ alpha Βʹ βʹ beta Γʹ γʹ gamma Δʹ δʹ delta Εʹ εʹ epsilon 5 ϛʹ digamma ( stigma ) 6 Ζʹ ζʹ zeta 7 Ηʹ ηʹ eta 8 Θʹ θʹ theta 9 Ιʹ ιʹ iota 10 Κʹ κʹ kappa 20 Λʹ λʹ lambda 30 Μʹ μʹ mu 40 Νʹ νʹ nu 50 Ξʹ ξʹ xi 60 Οʹ οʹ omicron 70 Πʹ πʹ pi 80 ϟʹ koppa 90 Ρʹ ρʹ rho 100 Σʹ σʹ sigma 200 Τʹ τʹ tau 300 Υʹ υʹ upsilon 400 Φʹ φʹ phi 500 Χʹ χʹ chi 600 Ψʹ ψʹ psi 700 Ωʹ ωʹ omega 800 ϡʹ sampi 900 Use in naming student fraternities and sororities In North America , many college fraternities and sororities are named with combinations of Greek letters , and are hence also known as `` Greek letter organizations '' . This naming tradition was initiated by the foundation of the Phi Beta Kappa Society , in 1776 . Glyph variants Some letters can occur in variant shapes , mostly inherited from medieval minuscule handwriting . While their use in normal typography of Greek is purely a matter of font styles , some such variants have been given separate encodings in Unicode . The symbol β ( `` curled beta '' ) is a cursive variant form of beta ( β ) . In the French tradition of Ancient Greek typography , β is used word - initially , and β is used word - internally . The letter delta has a form resembling a cursive capital letter D ; while not encoded as its own form , this form is included as part of the symbol for the drachma ( a Δρ digraph ) in the Currency Symbols block , at U + 20AF ( ₯ ) . The letter epsilon can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants , either shaped ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon \ , \ ! ) ( ' lunate epsilon ' , like a semicircle with a stroke ) or ε ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon \ , \ ! ) ( similar to a reversed number 3 ) . The symbol ε ( U + 03F5 ) is designated specifically for the lunate form , used as a technical symbol . The symbol θ ( `` script theta '' ) is a cursive form of theta ( θ ) , frequent in handwriting , and used with a specialized meaning as a technical symbol . The symbol κ ( `` kappa symbol '' ) is a cursive form of kappa ( κ ) , used as a technical symbol . The symbol π ( `` variant pi '' ) is an archaic script form of pi ( π ) , also used as a technical symbol . The letter rho ( ρ ) can occur in different stylistic variants , with the descending tail either going straight down or curled to the right . The symbol ρ ( U + 03F1 ) is designated specifically for the curled form , used as a technical symbol . The letter sigma , in standard orthography , has two variants : ς , used only at the ends of words , and σ , used elsewhere . The form ς ( `` lunate sigma '' , resembling a Latin c ) is a medieval stylistic variant that can be used in both environments without the final / non-final distinction . The capital letter upsilon ( Υ ) can occur in different stylistic variants , with the upper strokes either straight like a Latin Y , or slightly curled . The symbol Υ ( U + 03D2 ) is designated specifically for the curled form , ( Υ ( \ displaystyle \ , \ Upsilon ) ) used as a technical symbol , e.g. in physics . The letter phi can occur in two equally frequent stylistic variants , either shaped as φ ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ phi \ , \ ! ) ( a circle with a vertical stroke through it ) or as φ ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ varphi \ , \ ! ) ( a curled shape open at the top ) . The symbol φ ( U + 03D5 ) is designated specifically for the closed form , used as a technical symbol . The letter omega ( Ω ) has at least three stylistic variants of its capital form . The `` open omega , '' resembling an open partial circle with the opening downward and the ends curled outward , is the standard . The two other stylistic variants , seen more often in modern typography , resemble an underscored full circle , where the underscore may or may not be touching the circle on a tangent ( in the former case it resembles a superscript omicron similar to that found in the numero sign or masculine ordinal indicator ; in the latter , it closely resembles some forms of the Latin letter Q ) . The open omega is always used in symbolic settings and is encoded in Letterlike Symbols ( U + 2126 ) as a separate code point for backward compatibility . Computer encodings For the usage in computers , a variety of encodings have been used for Greek online , many of them documented in RFC 1947 . The two principal ones still used today are ISO / IEC 8859 - 7 and Unicode . ISO 8859 - 7 supports only the monotonic orthography ; Unicode supports both the monotonic and polytonic orthographies . ISO / IEC 8859 - 7 For the range A0 -- FF ( hex ) it follows the Unicode range 370 -- 3CF ( see below ) except that some symbols , like © , 1⁄2 , § etc. are used where Unicode has unused locations . Like all ISO - 8859 encodings it is equal to ASCII for 00 -- 7F ( hex ) . Greek in Unicode Main articles : Greek and Coptic and Greek Extended Unicode supports polytonic orthography well enough for ordinary continuous text in modern and ancient Greek , and even many archaic forms for epigraphy . With the use of combining characters , Unicode also supports Greek philology and dialectology and various other specialized requirements . Most current text rendering engines do not render diacritics well , so , though alpha with macron and acute can be represented as U + 03B1 U + 0304 U + 0301 , this rarely renders well : ᾱ́ . There are two main blocks of Greek characters in Unicode . The first is `` Greek and Coptic '' ( U + 0370 to U + 03FF ) . This block is based on ISO 8859 - 7 and is sufficient to write Modern Greek . There are also some archaic letters and Greek - based technical symbols . This block also supports the Coptic alphabet . Formerly most Coptic letters shared codepoints with similar - looking Greek letters ; but in many scholarly works , both scripts occur , with quite different letter shapes , so as of Unicode 4.1 , Coptic and Greek were disunified . Those Coptic letters with no Greek equivalents still remain in this block ( U + 03E2 to U + 03EF ) . To write polytonic Greek , one may use combining diacritical marks or the precomposed characters in the `` Greek Extended '' block ( U + 1F00 to U + 1FFF ) . Greek and Coptic Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 037x Ͱ ͱ Ͳ ͳ ʹ ͵ Ͷ ͷ _ͅ ͻ ͼ ͽ ; Ϳ U + 038x _́ _̈́ Ά Έ Ή Ί Ό Ύ Ώ U + 039x ΐ Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο U + 03Ax Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω Ϊ Ϋ ά έ ή ί U + 03Bx ΰ α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο U + 03Cx π ρ ς σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω ϊ ϋ ό ύ ώ Ϗ U + 03Dx β θ Υ Ύ Ϋ φ π ϗ Ϙ ϙ Ϛ ϛ Ϝ ϝ Ϟ ϟ U + 03Ex Ϡ ϡ Ϣ ϣ Ϥ ϥ Ϧ ϧ Ϩ ϩ Ϫ ϫ Ϭ ϭ Ϯ ϯ U + 03Fx κ ρ ς ϳ Θ ε ϶ Ϸ ϸ Σ Ϻ ϻ ϼ Ͻ Ͼ Ͽ Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 10.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points Greek Extended Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) 0 5 6 7 8 9 U + 1F0x ἀ ἁ ἂ ἃ ἄ ἅ ἆ ἇ Ἀ Ἁ Ἂ Ἃ Ἄ Ἅ Ἆ Ἇ U + 1F1x ἐ ἑ ἒ ἓ ἔ ἕ Ἐ Ἑ Ἒ Ἓ Ἔ Ἕ U + 1F2x ἠ ἡ ἢ ἣ ἤ ἥ ἦ ἧ Ἠ Ἡ Ἢ Ἣ Ἤ Ἥ Ἦ Ἧ U + 1F3x ἰ ἱ ἲ ἳ ἴ ἵ ἶ ἷ Ἰ Ἱ Ἲ Ἳ Ἴ Ἵ Ἶ Ἷ U + 1F4x ὀ ὁ ὂ ὃ ὄ ὅ Ὀ Ὁ Ὂ Ὃ Ὄ Ὅ U + 1F5x ὐ ὑ ὒ ὓ ὔ ὕ ὖ ὗ Ὑ Ὓ Ὕ Ὗ U + 1F6x ὠ ὡ ὢ ὣ ὤ ὥ ὦ ὧ Ὠ Ὡ Ὢ Ὣ Ὤ Ὥ Ὦ Ὧ U + 1F7x ὰ ά ὲ έ ὴ ή ὶ ί ὸ ό ὺ ύ ὼ ώ U + 1F8x ᾀ ᾁ ᾂ ᾃ ᾄ ᾅ ᾆ ᾇ ᾈ ᾉ ᾊ ᾋ ᾌ ᾍ ᾎ ᾏ U + 1F9x ᾐ ᾑ ᾒ ᾓ ᾔ ᾕ ᾖ ᾗ ᾘ ᾙ ᾚ ᾛ ᾜ ᾝ ᾞ ᾟ U + 1FAx ᾠ ᾡ ᾢ ᾣ ᾤ ᾥ ᾦ ᾧ ᾨ ᾩ ᾪ ᾫ ᾬ ᾭ ᾮ ᾯ U + 1FBx ᾰ ᾱ ᾲ ᾳ ᾴ ᾶ ᾷ Ᾰ Ᾱ Ὰ Ά ᾼ _̓ ι _̓ U + 1FCx _͂ _̈͂ ῂ ῃ ῄ ῆ ῇ Ὲ Έ Ὴ Ή ῌ _̓̀ _̓́ _̓͂ U + 1FDx ῐ ῑ ῒ ΐ ῖ ῗ Ῐ Ῑ Ὶ Ί _̔̀ _̔́ _̔͂ U + 1FEx ῠ ῡ ῢ ΰ ῤ ῥ ῦ ῧ Ῠ Ῡ Ὺ Ύ Ῥ _̈̀ _̈́ ` U + 1FFx ῲ ῳ ῴ ῶ ῷ Ὸ Ό Ὼ Ώ ῼ _́ _̔ Notes 1. ^ As of Unicode version 10.0 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points Combining and letter - free diacritics Combining and spacing ( letter - free ) diacritical marks pertaining to Greek language : Combining Spacing Sample Description U + 0300 U + 0060 ( ̀ ) `` varia / grave accent '' U + 0301 U + 00B4 , U + 0384 ( ́ ) `` oxia / tonos / acute accent '' U + 0304 U + 00AF ( ̄ ) `` macron '' U + 0306 U + 02D8 ( ̆ ) `` vrachy / breve '' U + 0308 U + 00A8 ( ̈ ) `` dialytika / diaeresis '' U + 0313 U + 02BC ( ̓ ) `` psili / comma above '' ( spiritus lenis ) U + 0314 U + 02BD ( ̔ ) `` dasia / reversed comma above '' ( spiritus asper ) U + 0342 ( ͂ ) `` perispomeni '' ( circumflex ) U + 0343 ( ̓ ) `` koronis '' ( = U + 0313 ) U + 0344 U + 0385 ( ̈́ ) `` dialytika tonos '' ( deprecated , = U + 0308 U + 0301 ) U + 0345 U + 037A ( ͅ ) `` ypogegrammeni / iota subscript '' . Encodings with a subset of the Greek alphabet IBM code pages 437 , 860 , 861 , 862 , 863 , and 865 contain the letters ΓΘΣΦΩαδεπστφ ( plus β as an alternate interpretation for ß ) . Chapter letters Not to be confused with the Greek - letter acronyms for the names of entire fraternities ( or sororities ) , different chapters within the same fraternity are almost always ( with a handful of exceptions ) named using Greek letters as serial numbers . The founding chapter of each respective organization is its A Chapter . As an organization expands , it establishes a B Chapter , a Γ Chapter , and so on and so forth . In an organization that expands to more than 24 chapters , the chapter after Ω Chapter is AA Chapter , followed by AB Chapter , etc . Each of these is still a `` Chapter Letter , '' albeit a double - digit letter just as 10 through 99 are double - digit numbers . The Roman alphabet has a similar extended form with such double - digit letters when necessary , but it is used for columns in a table or chart rather than chapters of an organization . See also Greek ligatures Palamedes Notes Jump up ^ The letter sigma ⟨ Σ ⟩ has two different lowercase forms , ⟨ σ ⟩ and ⟨ ς ⟩ , with ⟨ ς ⟩ being used in word - final position and ⟨ σ ⟩ elsewhere . ( In some 19th - century typesetting , ⟨ ς ⟩ was also used word - medially at the end of a compound morpheme , e.g. `` δυςκατανοήτων '' , marking the morpheme boundary between `` δυς - κατανοήτων '' ( `` difficult to understand '' ) ; modern standard practice is to spell `` δυσκατανοήτων '' with a non-final sigma . ) ^ Jump up to : Epsilon ⟨ ε ⟩ and omicron ⟨ ο ⟩ originally could denote both short and long vowels in pre-classical archaic Greek spelling , just like other vowel letters . They were restricted to the function of short vowel signs in classical Greek , as the long vowels / eː / and / oː / came to be spelled instead with the digraphs ⟨ ει ⟩ and ⟨ ου ⟩ , having phonologically merged with a corresponding pair of former diphthongs / ei / and / ou / respectively . References Jump up ^ Swiggers 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston 2003 . Jump up ^ The date of the earliest inscribed objects ; A.W. Johnston , `` The alphabet '' , in N. Stampolidis and V. Karageorghis , eds , Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva : Interconnections in the Mediterranean 2003 : 263 - 76 , summarizes the present scholarship on the dating . Jump up ^ Cook 1987 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ The Development of the Greek Alphabet within the Chronology of the ANE ( 2009 ) , Quote : `` Naveh gives four major reasons why it is universally agreed that the Greek alphabet was developed from an early Phoenician alphabet . 1 According to Herodutous `` the Phoenicians who came with Cadmus ... brought into Hellas the alphabet , which had hitherto been unknown , as I think , to the Greeks . '' 2 The Greek Letters , alpha , beta , gimmel have no meaning in Greek but the meaning of most of their Semitic equivalents is known . For example , ' aleph ' means ' ox ' , ' bet ' means ' house ' and ' gimmel ' means ' throw stick ' . 3 Early Greek letters are very similar and sometimes identical to the West Semitic letters . 4 The letter sequence between the Semitic and Greek alphabets is identical . ( Naveh 1982 ) '' ^ Jump up to : Coulmas 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Woodard 2008 , pp. 15 -- 17 ^ Jump up to : Holton , Mackridge & Philippaki - Warburton 1998 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Hinge 2001 , pp. 212 -- 234 Jump up ^ Nicholas , Nick ( 2004 ) . `` Sigma : final versus non-final '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Horrocks 2006 , pp. 231 -- 250 Jump up ^ Additionally , the more ancient combination ⟨ ωυ ⟩ or ⟨ ωϋ ⟩ can occur in ancient especially in Ionic texts or in personal names . Jump up ^ Nicolas , Nick . `` Greek Unicode Issues : Punctuation Archived 2012 - 08 - 06 at Archive.is '' . 2005 . Accessed 7 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ ISO ( 2010 ) . `` ISO 843 : 1997 ( Conversion of Greek characters into Latin characters ) '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems ( 2003 ) . `` Greek '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Greek ( ALA - LC Romanization Tables ) '' . 2010 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Daniels & Bright 1996 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Liddell & Scott 1940 , s.v. `` λάβδα '' Jump up ^ Newton , B.E. ( 1968 ) . `` Spontaneous gemination in Cypriot Greek '' . Lingua. 20 : 15 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / 0024 - 3841 ( 68 ) 90130 - 7 . ISSN 0024 - 3841 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 1912 , pp. 102 -- 103 Jump up ^ Murdoch 2004 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Stevenson 2007 , p. 1158 Jump up ^ Macrakis 1996 . Jump up ^ Sims - Williams 1997 . Jump up ^ Miletich 1920 . Jump up ^ Mazon & Vaillant 1938 . Jump up ^ Kristophson 1974 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Peyfuss 1989 . Jump up ^ Elsie 1991 . Jump up ^ Verba Hispanica X : Los problemas del estudio de la lengua sefardí Archived 2008 - 04 - 07 at the Wayback Machine. , Katja Šmid , Ljubljana , pages 113 -- 124 : Es interesante el hecho que en Bulgaria se imprimieron unas pocas publicaciones en alfabeto cirílico búlgaro y en Grecia en alfabeto griego ... Jump up ^ Handbook of the International Phonetic Association . Cambridge : University Press . 1999 . pp. 176 -- 181 . Jump up ^ For chi and beta , separate codepoints for use in a Latin - script environment were added in Unicode versions 7.0 ( 2014 ) and 8.0 ( 2015 ) respectively : U + AB53 `` Latin small letter chi '' ( ꭓ ) and U + A7B5 `` Latin small letter beta '' ( ꞵ ) . As of 2017 , the International Phonetic Association still lists the original Greek codepoints as the standard representations of the IPA symbols in question ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Vincent , Fran. The history of college fraternities.Greeklife.com , 1996 , p. 1 . Bibliography Cook , B.F. ( 1987 ) . Greek inscriptions . University of California Press / British Museum . Coulmas , Florian ( 1996 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers Ltd . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21481 - X . Daniels , Peter T ; Bright , William ( 1996 ) . The World 's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press . Elsie , Robert ( 1991 ) . `` Albanian Literature in Greek Script : the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth - Century Orthodox Tradition in Albanian Writing '' ( PDF ) . Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies . 15 ( 20 ) . Hinge , George ( 2001 ) . Die Sprache Alkmans : Textgeschichte und Sprachgeschichte ( Ph. D . ) . University of Aarhus . Holton , David ; Mackridge , Peter ; Philippaki - Warburton , Irini ( 1998 ) . Grammatiki tis ellinikis glossas . Athens : Pataki . Horrocks , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Ellinika : istoria tis glossas kai ton omiliton tis . Athens : Estia . ( Greek translation of Greek : a history of the language and its speakers , London 1997 ) Johnston , A.W. ( 2003 ) . `` The alphabet '' . In Stampolidis , N. ; Karageorghis , V. Sea Routes from Sidon to Huelva : Interconnections in the Mediterranean 16th -- 6th c . B.C . Athens : Museum of Cycladic Art . pp. 263 -- 276 . Kristophson , Jürgen ( 1974 ) . `` Das Lexicon Tetraglosson des Daniil Moschopolitis '' . Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. 10 : 4 -- 128 . Liddell , Henry G ; Scott , Robert ( 1940 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon . Oxford : Clarendon . Macrakis , Stavros M ( 1996 ) . `` Character codes for Greek : Problems and modern solutions '' . In Macrakis , Michael . Greek letters : from tablets to pixels . Newcastle : Oak Knoll Press . p. 265 . Mazon , André ; Vaillant , André ( 1938 ) . L'Evangéliaire de Kulakia , un parler slave de Bas - Vardar . Bibliothèque d'études balkaniques. 6 . Paris : Librairie Droz . -- selections from the Gospels in Macedonian . Miletich , L. ( 1920 ) . `` Dva bŭlgarski ru̐kopisa s grŭtsko pismo '' . Bŭlgarski starini. 6 . Murdoch , Brian ( 2004 ) . `` Gothic '' . In Murdoch , Brian ; Read , Malcolm . Early Germanic literature and culture . Woodbridge : Camden House . pp. 149 -- 170 . Peyfuss , Max Demeter ( 1989 ) . Die Druckerei von Moschopolis , 1731 -- 1769 : Buchdruck und Heiligenverehrung in Erzbistum Achrida . Wiener Archiv für Geschichte des Slawentums und Osteuropas. 13 . Böhlau Verlag . Sims - Williams , Nicholas ( 1997 ) . `` New Findings in Ancient Afghanistan -- the Bactrian documents discovered from the Northern Hindu - Kush '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Swiggers , Pierre ( 1996 ) . `` Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West '' . In Daniels ; Bright . The World 's Writing Systems . Oxford : University Press . pp. 261 -- 270 . Stevenson , Jane ( 2007 ) . `` Translation and the spread of the Greek and Latin alphabets in Late Antiquity '' . In Harald Kittel ; et al. Translation : an international encyclopedia of translation studies . 2 . Berlin : de Gruyter . pp. 1157 -- 1159 . Thompson , Edward M ( 1912 ) . An introduction to Greek and Latin palaeography . Oxford : Clarendon . Woodard , Roger D. ( 2008 ) . `` Attic Greek '' . In Woodard , Roger D . The ancient languages of Europe . Cambridge : University Press . pp. 14 -- 49 . External links Look up Appendix : Greek script in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greek alphabet . Greek and Coptic character list in Unicode Examples of Greek handwriting Greek Unicode Issues ( Nick Nicholas ) at Archive.is ( archived 2012 - 08 - 05 ) Unicode FAQ -- Greek Language and Script alphabetic test for Greek Unicode range ( Alan Wood ) numeric test for Greek Unicode range Classical Greek keyboard , a browser - based tool Collection of free fonts : greekfontsociety.gr Greek language Origin and genealogy Proto - Greek Pre-Greek substrate Graeco - Armenian Graeco - Aryan Graeco - Phrygian Hellenic languages Periods Mycenaean Greek ( c. 1600 -- 1100 BC ) Ancient Greek ( c. 800 -- 300 BC ) Koine Greek ( c. 300 BC -- AD 330 ) Medieval Greek ( c. 330 -- 1453 ) Modern Greek ( since 1453 ) Varieties Ancient Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic and Ionic Doric Homeric Locrian Pamphylian Macedonian Koine Jewish Koine Greek Modern Cappadocian Misthiotika Cretan Cypriot Demotic Himariote Italiot Greco / Calabrian Griko / Apulian Katharevousa Maniot Mariupolitan Pontic Tsakonian Yevanic Phonology Ancient ( accent / teaching ) Koine Standard Modern Grammar Ancient ( tables ) Koine Greek grammar Standard Modern Writing systems Cypriot syllabary Linear B Greek alphabet History Archaic forms Attic numerals Greek numerals Orthography Diacritics Braille Cyrillization and Romanization Greeklish Literature Ancient Byzantine Modern Promotion and study Hellenic Foundation for Culture Center for the Greek Language Other Exonyms Morphemes in English Terms of endearment Place names Proverbs Greek language question Types of writing systems Overview History of writing Grapheme Lists Writing systems undeciphered inventors constructed Languages by writing system / by first written accounts ( hide ) Types Abjads Numerals Aramaic Hatran Arabic Pitman shorthand Hebrew Ashuri Cursive Rashi Solitreo Tifinagh Manichaean Nabataean Old North Arabian Pahlavi Pegon Phoenician Paleo - 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what is the fifth letter of the greek alphabet
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[
"\n\nLetter\nName\nSound\n\n\nAncient[7]\nModern[8]\n\n\nΑ α\nalpha, άλφα\n[a] [aː]\n[a]\n\n\nΒ β\nbeta, βήτα\n[b]\n[v]\n\n\nΓ γ\ngamma, γάμμα\n[ɡ], [ŋ][ex 1]\n[ɣ] ~ [ʝ],\n[ŋ][ex 2] ~ [ɲ][ex 3]\n\n\nΔ δ\ndelta, δέλτα\n[d]\n[ð]\n\n\nΕ ε\nepsilon, έψιλον\n[e]\n\n\nΖ ζ\nzeta, ζήτα\n[zd]A\n[z]\n\n\nΗ η\neta, ήτα\n[ɛː]\n[i]\n\n\nΘ θ\ntheta, θήτα\n[tʰ]\n[θ]\n\n\nΙ ι\niota, ιώτα\n[i] [iː]\n[i], [ç],[ex 4] [ʝ],[ex 5] [ɲ][ex 6]\n\n\nΚ κ\nkappa, κάππα\n[k]\n[k] ~ [c]\n\n\nΛ λ\nlambda, λάμδα\n[l]\n\n\nΜ μ\nmu, μυ\n[m]\n\n"
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"epsilon"
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-4747376294163039679
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Thyroid disease
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Thyroid disease - wikipedia Thyroid disease Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Thyroid disease in women Thyroid disease An illustration of goiter , a type of thyroid disease Classification and external resources Specialty Biochemical Genetics , medical genetics ICD - 10 E00 - E07 , Q89. 1 - Q89. 2 ICD - 9 - CM 240 - 246 , 759.1 - 759.2 MeSH D013959 ( edit on Wikidata ) Thyroid disease is a medical condition that affects the function of the thyroid gland ( the endocrine organ found at the front of the neck that produces thyroid hormones ) . The symptoms of thyroid disease vary depending on the type . There are four general types : 1 ) hypothyroidism ( low function ) caused by not having enough thyroid hormones ; 2 ) hyperthyroidism ( high function ) caused by having too much thyroid hormones ; 3 ) structural abnormalities , most commonly an enlargement of the thyroid gland ; and 4 ) tumors which can be benign or cancerous . It is also possible to have abnormal thyroid function tests without any clinical symptoms . Common hypothyroid symptoms include fatigue , low energy , weight gain , inability to tolerate the cold , slow heart rate , dry skin and constipation . Common hyperthyroid symptoms include irritability , weight loss , fast heartbeat , heat intolerance , diarrhea , and enlargement of the thyroid . In both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism , there may be swelling of a part of the neck , which is also known as goiter . Diagnosis can often be made through laboratory tests . The first is thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) , which is generally below normal in hyperthyroidism and above normal in hypothyroidism . The other useful laboratory test is non-protein - bound thyroxine or free T4 . Total and free triiodothyronine ( T3 ) levels are less commonly used . Anti-thyroid autoantibodies can also be used , where elevated anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies are commonly found in hypothyroidism from Hashimoto 's thyroiditis and TSH - receptor antibodies are found in hyperthyroidism caused by Graves ' disease . Procedures such as ultrasound , biopsy and a radioiodine scanning and uptake study may also be used to help with the diagnosis . Treatment of thyroid disease varies based on the disorder . Levothyroxine is the mainstay of treatment for people with hypothyroidism , while people with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves ' disease can be managed with iodine therapy , antithyroid medication , or surgical removal of the thyroid gland . Thyroid surgery may also be performed to remove a thyroid nodule or lobe for biopsy , or if there is a goiter that is unsightly or obstructs nearby structures . Hypothyroidism affects 3 - 10 % percent of adults , with a higher incidence in women and the elderly . An estimated one - third of the world 's population currently lives in areas of low dietary iodine levels , making iodine - deficiency the most common cause of hypothyroidism and endemic goiter . In regions of severe iodine deficiency , the prevalence of goiter is as high as 80 % . In areas where iodine - deficiency is not found , the most common type of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune subtype called Hashimoto 's thyroiditis , with a prevalence of 1 - 2 % . As for hyperthyroidism , Graves ' disease , another autoimmune condition , is the most common type with a prevalence of 0.5 % in males and 3 % in females . Although thyroid nodules are common , thyroid cancer is rare . Thyroid cancer accounts for less than 1 % of all cancer in the UK , though it is the most common endocrine tumor and makes up greater than 90 % of all cancers of the endocrine glands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Diseases 2.1 Low function 2.2 High function 2.3 Structural abnormalities 2.4 Tumors 2.5 Medication side effects 3 Diagnosis 3.1 Blood tests 3.1. 1 Thyroid function tests 3.1. 2 Antithyroid antibodies 3.1. 3 Other markers 3.2 Ultrasound 3.3 Radioiodine scanning and uptake 3.4 Biopsy 4 Treatment 4.1 Medication 4.2 Surgery 4.3 Radioiodine 5 References 6 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Symptoms of the condition vary with type : hypo - vs. hyperthyroidism , which are further described below . Possible symptoms of hypothyroidism are : Tiredness Unexplained weight gain Slow movement Muscle cramps Slow heart rate ( bradycardia ) Sensitivity to cold temperatures Constipation Depressed mood Memory difficulty Possible symptoms of hyperthyroidism are : Difficulty sleeping ( insomnia ) Unexplained weight loss Tremors Fast heart rate ( tachycardia ) or palpitations Sensitivity to hot temperatures , excess sweating Diarrhea Anxiety , irritability Note : certain symptoms and physical changes can be seen in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism -- fatigue , fine / thinning hair , menstrual cycle irregularities , muscle weakness / aches ( myalgia ) , and different forms of myxedema . Diseases ( edit ) Low function ( edit ) Main article : Hypothyroidism Hypothyroidism is a state in which the body is not producing enough thyroid hormones , or is not able to respond to / utilize existing thyroid hormones properly . The main categories are : Thyroiditis : an inflammation of the thyroid gland Hashimoto 's thyroiditis / Hashimoto 's disease Ord 's thyroiditis Postpartum thyroiditis Silent thyroiditis Acute thyroiditis Riedel 's thyroiditis ( the majority of cases do not affect thyroid function , but approximately 30 % of cases lead to hypothyroidism ) Iatrogenic hypothyroidism Postoperative hypothyroidism Medication - or radiation - induced hypothyroidism Thyroid hormone resistance Euthyroid sick syndrome Congenital hypothyroidism : a deficiency of thyroid hormone from birth , which untreated can lead to cretinism High function ( edit ) Main article : Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is a state in which the body is producing too much thyroid hormone . The main hyperthyroid conditions are : Graves ' disease Toxic thyroid nodule Thyroid storm Toxic nodular struma ( Plummer 's disease ) Hashitoxicosis : transient hyperthyroidism that can occur in Hashimoto 's thyroiditis Structural abnormalities ( edit ) Endemic goiter Goiter : an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland Endemic goiter Diffuse goiter Multinodular goiter Lingual thyroid Thyroglossal duct cyst Tumors ( edit ) Thyroid adenoma : benign / non-cancerous tumor Thyroid cancer Papillary Follicular Medullary Anaplastic Lymphomas and metastasis from elsewhere ( rare ) Medication side effects ( edit ) Certain medications can have the unintended side effect of affecting thyroid function . While some medications can lead to significant hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and those at risk will need to be carefully monitored , some medications may affect thyroid hormone lab tests without causing any symptoms or clinical changes , and may not require treatment . The following medications have been linked to various forms of thyroid disease : Amiodarone ( more commonly can lead to hypothyroidism , but can be associated with some types of hyperthyroidism ) Lithium salts ( hypothyroidism ) Some types of interferon and IL - 2 ( thyroiditis ) Glucocorticoids , dopamine agonists , and somatostatin analogs ( block TSH , which can lead to hypothyroidism ) Diagnosis ( edit ) Diagnosis of thyroid disease depends on symptoms and whether or not a thyroid nodule is present . Most patients will receive a blood test . Others might need an ultrasound , biopsy or a radioiodine scanning and uptake study . Blood tests ( edit ) Overview of the thyroid system and the various hormones involved . Thyroid function tests ( edit ) Further information : Thyroid function tests There are several hormones that can be measured in the blood to determine how the thyroid gland is functioning . These include the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine ( T3 ) and its precursor thyroxine ( T4 ) , which are produced by the thyroid gland . Thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) is another important hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary cells in the brain . Its primary function is to increase the production of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland . The most useful marker of thyroid gland function is serum thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) levels . TSH levels are determined by a classic negative feedback system in which high levels of T3 and T4 suppress the production of TSH , and low levels of T3 and T4 increase the production of TSH . TSH levels are thus often used by doctors as a screening test , where the first approach is to determine whether TSH is elevated , suppressed , or normal . Elevated TSH levels can signify inadequate thyroid hormone production ( hypothyroidism ) Suppressed TSH levels can point to excessive thyroid hormone production ( hyperthyroidism ) Because a single abnormal TSH level can be misleading , T3 and T4 levels must be measured in the blood to further confirm the diagnosis . When circulating in the body , T3 and T4 are bound to transport proteins . Only a small fraction of the circulating thyroid hormones are unbound or free , and thus biologically active . T3 and T4 levels can thus be measured as free T3 and T4 , or total T3 and T4 , which takes into consideration the free hormones in addition to the protein - bound hormones . Free T3 and T4 measurements are important because certain drugs and illnesses can affect the concentrations of transport proteins , resulting in differing total and free thyroid hormone levels . There are differing guidelines for T3 and T4 measurements . Free T4 levels should be measured in the evaluation of hypothyroidism , and low free T4 establishes the diagnosis . T3 levels are generally not measured in the evaluation of hypothyroidism . Free T4 and total T3 can be measured when hyperthyroidism is of high suspicion as it will improve the accuracy of the diagnosis . Free T4 , total T3 or both are elevated and serum TSH is below normal in hyperthyroidism . If the hyperthyroidism is mild , only serum T3 may be elevated and serum TSH can be low or may not be detected in the blood . Free T4 levels may also be tested in patients who have convincing symptoms of hyper - and hypothyroidism , despite a normal TSH . Anti-thyroid antibodies ( edit ) Autoantibodies to the thyroid gland may be detected in various disease states . There are several anti-thyroid antibodies , including anti-thyroglobulin antibodies ( TgAb ) , anti-microsomal / anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies ( TPOAb ) , and TSH receptor antibodies ( TSHRAb ) . Elevated anti-thryoglobulin ( TgAb ) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies ( TPOAb ) can be found in patients with Hashimoto 's thyroiditis , the most common autoimmune type of hypothyroidism . TPOAb levels have also been found to be elevated in patients who present with subclinical hypothyroidism ( where TSH is elevated , but free T4 is normal ) , and can help predict progression to overt hypothyroidism . The American Association Thyroid Association thus recommends measuring TPOAb levels when evaluating subclinical hypothyroidism or when trying to identify whether nodular thyroid disease is due to autoimmune thyroid disease . When the etiology of hyperthyroidism is not clear after initial clinical and biochemical evaluation , measurement of TSH receptor antibodies ( TSHRAb ) can help make the diagnosis . In Grave 's disease , TSHRAb levels are elevated as they are responsible for activating the TSH receptor and causing increased thyroid hormone production . Other markers ( edit ) There are two markers for thyroid - derived cancers . Thyroglobulin ( TG ) levels can be elevated in well - differentiated papillary or follicular adenocarcinoma . It is often used to provide information on residual , recurrent or metastatic disease in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer . However , serum TG levels can be elevated in most thyroid diseases . Routine measurement of serum TG for evaluation of thyroid nodules is thus currently not recommended by the American Thyroid Association . Elevated calcitonin levels in the blood have been shown to be associated with the rare medullary thyroid cancer . However , the measurement of calcitonin levels as a diagnostic tool is currently controversial due to falsely high or low calcitonin levels in a variety of diseases other than medullary thyroid cancer . Very infrequently , TBG and transthyretin levels may be abnormal ; these are not routinely tested . To differentiate between different types of hypothyroidism , a specific test may be used . Thyrotropin - releasing hormone ( TRH ) is injected into the body through a vein . This hormone is naturally secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the pituitary gland . The pituitary responds by releasing thyroid - stimulating hormone ( TSH ) . Large amounts of externally administered TRH can suppress the subsequent release of TSH . This amount of release - suppression is exaggerated in primary hypothyroidism , major depression , cocaine dependence , amphetamine dependence and chronic phencyclidine abuse . There is a failure to suppress in the manic phase of bipolar disorder . Ultrasound ( edit ) Many people may develop a thyroid nodule at some point in their lives . Although many who experience this worry that it is thyroid cancer , there are many causes of nodules that are benign and not cancerous . If a possible nodule is present , a doctor may order thyroid function tests to determine if the thyroid gland 's activity is being affected . If more information is needed after a clinical exam and lab tests , medical ultrasonography can help determine the nature of thyroid nodule ( s ) . There are some notable differences in typical benign vs. cancerous thyroid nodules that can particularly be detected by the high - frequency sound waves in an ultrasound scan . The ultrasound may also locate nodules that are too small for a doctor to feel on a physical exam , and can demonstrate whether a nodule is primarily solid , liquid ( cystic ) , or a mixture of both . It is an imaging process that can often be done in a doctor 's office , is painless , and does not expose the individual to any radiation . The main characteristics that can help distinguish a benign vs. malignant ( cancerous ) thyroid nodule on ultrasound are as follows : Possible thyroid cancer More likely benign irregular borders smooth borders hypoechoic ( less echogenic than the surrounding tissue ) hyperechoic incomplete `` halo '' spongiform appearance significant intranodular / central blood flow by power Doppler marked peripheral blood flow microcalcifications larger , broad calcifications ( note : these can be seen in medullary thyroid cancer ) nodule appears more tall than wide on transverse study `` comet tail '' artifact as sound waves bounce off intranodular colloid documented progressive increase in size of nodule on ultrasound Although ultrasonography is a very important diagnostic tool , this method is not always able to separate benign from malignant nodules with certainty . In suspicious cases , a tissue sample is often obtained by biopsy for microscopic examination . Radioiodine scanning and uptake ( edit ) Five scintigrams taken from thyroids with different syndromes : A ) normal thyroid , B) Graves disease , diffuse increased uptake in both thyroid lobes , C ) Plummer 's disease , D ) Toxic adenoma , E ) Thyroiditis . Thyroid scintigraphy , in which the thyroid is imaged with the aid of radioactive iodine ( usually iodine - 123 , which does not harm thyroid cells , or rarely , iodine - 131 ) , is performed in the nuclear medicine department of a hospital or clinic . Radioiodine collects in the thyroid gland before being excreted in the urine . While in the thyroid , the radioactive emissions can be detected by a camera , producing a rough image of the shape ( a radioiodine scan ) and tissue activity ( a radioiodine uptake ) of the thyroid gland . A normal radioiodine scan shows even uptake and activity throughout the gland . Irregular uptake can reflect an abnormally shaped or abnormally located gland , or it can indicate that a portion of the gland is overactive or underactive . For example , a nodule that is overactive ( `` hot '' ) -- to the point of suppressing the activity of the rest of the gland -- is usually a thyrotoxic adenoma , a surgically curable form of hyperthyroidism that is rarely malignant . In contrast , finding that a substantial section of the thyroid is inactive ( `` cold '' ) may indicate an area of non-functioning tissue , such as thyroid cancer . The amount of radioactivity can be quantified and serves as an indicator of the metabolic activity of the gland . A normal quantitation of radioiodine uptake demonstrates that about 8 - 35 % of the administered dose can be detected in the thyroid 24 hours later . Overactivity or underactivity of the gland , as may occur with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism , is usually reflected in increased or decreased radioiodine uptake . Different patterns may occur with different causes of hypo - or hyperthyroidism . Biopsy ( edit ) A medical biopsy refers to the obtaining of a tissue sample for examination under the microscope or other testing , usually to distinguish cancer from noncancerous conditions . Thyroid tissue may be obtained for biopsy by fine needle aspiration ( FNA ) or by surgery . Fine needle aspiration has the advantage of being a brief , safe , outpatient procedure that is safer and less expensive than surgery and does not leave a visible scar . Needle biopsies became widely used in the 1980s , but it was recognized that the accuracy of identification of cancer was good , but not perfect . The accuracy of the diagnosis depends on obtaining tissue from all of the suspicious areas of an abnormal thyroid gland . The reliability of fine needle aspiration is increased when sampling can be guided by ultrasound , and over the last 15 years , this has become the preferred method for thyroid biopsy in North America . Treatment ( edit ) Medication ( edit ) Levothyroxine is a stereoisomer of thyroxine ( T4 ) which is degraded much more slowly and can be administered once daily in patients with hypothyroidism . Natural thyroid hormone from pigs is sometimes also used , especially for people who can not tolerate the synthetic version . Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves ' disease may be treated with the thioamide drugs propylthiouracil , carbimazole or methimazole , or rarely with Lugol 's solution . Additionally , hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors may be treated with radioactive iodine . Ethanol injections for the treatment of recurrent thyroid cysts and metastatic thyroid cancer in lymph nodes can also be an alternative to surgery . Surgery ( edit ) Thyroid surgery is performed for a variety of reasons . A nodule or lobe of the thyroid is sometimes removed for biopsy or because of the presence of an autonomously functioning adenoma causing hyperthyroidism . A large majority of the thyroid may be removed ( subtotal thyroidectomy ) to treat the hyperthyroidism of Graves ' disease , or to remove a goiter that is unsightly or impinges on vital structures . A complete thyroidectomy of the entire thyroid , including associated lymph nodes , is the preferred treatment for thyroid cancer . Removal of the bulk of the thyroid gland usually produces hypothyroidism unless the person takes thyroid hormone replacement . Consequently , individuals who have undergone a total thyroidectomy are typically placed on thyroid hormone replacement ( e.g. Levothyroxine ) for the remainder of their lives . Higher than normal doses are often administered to prevent recurrence . If the thyroid gland must be removed surgically , care must be taken to avoid damage to adjacent structures , the parathyroid glands and the recurrent laryngeal nerve . Both are susceptible to accidental removal and / or injury during thyroid surgery . The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone ( PTH ) , a hormone needed to maintain adequate amounts of calcium in the blood . Removal results in hypoparathyroidism and a need for supplemental calcium and vitamin D each day . In the event that the blood supply to any one of the parathyroid glands is endangered through surgery , the parathyroid gland ( s ) involved may be re-implanted in surrounding muscle tissue . The recurrent laryngeal nerves provide motor control for all external muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle , which also runs along the posterior thyroid . Accidental laceration of either of the two or both recurrent laryngeal nerves may cause paralysis of the vocal cords and their associated muscles , changing the voice quality . Radioiodine ( edit ) Radioiodine therapy with iodine - 131 can be used to shrink the thyroid gland ( for instance , in the case of large goiters that cause symptoms but do not harbor cancer -- after evaluation and biopsy of suspicious nodules has been done ) , or to destroy hyperactive thyroid cells ( for example , in cases of thyroid cancer ) . The iodine uptake can be high in countries with iodine deficiency , but low in iodine sufficient countries . To enhance iodine - 131 uptake by the thyroid and allow for more successful treatment , TSH is raised prior to therapy in order to stimulate the existing thyroid cells . This is done either by withdrawal of thyroid hormone medication or injections of recombinant human TSH ( Thyrogen ) , released in the United States in 1999 . Thyrogen injections can reportedly boost uptake up to 50 - 60 % . Radioiodine treatment can also cause hypothyroidism ( which is sometimes the end goal of treatment ) and , although rare , a pain syndrome ( due to radiation thyroiditis ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ C. , Guyton , Arthur . Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology . OCLC 434319356 . ^ Jump up to : Bauer , DC ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Pathophysiology of Disease : An Introduction to Clinical Medicine , Seventh Edition . New York , NY. : McGraw - Hill -- via AccessMedicine . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hypothyroidism ( Underactive Thyroid ) '' . www.niddk.nih.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperthyroidism '' . www.niddk.nih.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Garber , Jeffrey ; Cobin , Rhoda ; Gharib , Hossein ; Hennessey , James ; Klein , Irwin ; Mechanick , Jeffrey ; Pessah - Pollack , Rachel ; Singer , Peter ; Woeber , Kenneth ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults : Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association '' . Endocrine Practice. 18 ( 6 ) : 988 -- 1028 . doi : 10.4158 / ep12280.gl . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Douglas S. ; Burch , Henry B. ; Cooper , David S. ; Greenlee , M. Carol ; Laurberg , Peter ; Maia , Ana Luiza ; Rivkees , Scott A. ; Samuels , Mary ; Sosa , Julie Ann ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis '' . Thyroid. 26 ( 10 ) : 1343 -- 1421 . ISSN 1050 - 7256 . doi : 10.1089 / thy. 2016.0229 . Jump up ^ Gharib H , Tuttle RM , Baskin HJ , Fish LH , Singer PA , McDermott MT ( 2004 ) . `` Subclinical thyroid dysfunction : a joint statement on management from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists , the American Thyroid Association , and the Endocrine Society '' . Endocr Pract. 10 ( 6 ) : 497 -- 501 . PMID 16033723 . doi : 10.4158 / ep. 10.6. 497 . Jump up ^ Fatourechi V ( 2009 ) . `` Subclinical hypothyroidism : an update for primary care physicians '' . Mayo Clin. Proc. 84 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 71 . PMC 2664572 . PMID 19121255 . doi : 10.4065 / 84.1. 65 . Jump up ^ Villar HC , Saconato H , Valente O , Atallah AN ( 2007 ) . Villar HC , ed . `` Thyroid hormone replacement for subclinical hypothyroidism '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev ( 3 ) : CD003419 . PMID 17636722 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD003419. pub2 . ^ Jump up to : Vanderpump , M.P.J. ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . `` The epidemiology of thyroid disease '' . British Medical Bulletin . 99 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 51 . ISSN 0007 - 1420 . doi : 10.1093 / bmb / ldr030 . Jump up ^ Burch , Henry B. ; Cooper , David S. ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Management of Graves Disease '' . JAMA. 314 ( 23 ) . ISSN 0098 - 7484 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2015.16535 . Jump up ^ `` Hypothyroidism - American Thyroid Association '' . www.thyroid.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Choices , NHS . `` Underactive thyroid ( hypothyroidism ) - Symptoms - NHS Choices '' . www.nhs.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperthyroidism - American Thyroid Association '' . www.thyroid.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hyperthyroidism - American Thyroid Association '' . www.thyroid.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hypothyroidism - American Thyroid Association '' . www.thyroid.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Vitti , Paolo ; Latrofa , Francesco ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . Surgery , Paolo Miccoli MDessor of ; Chairman , David J. Terris MD , FACS Surgical Director , Georgia Health Thyroid / Parathyroid Center , Porubskyessor and ; Surgery , Michele N. Minuto MD , Assistantessor of ; Seybt , Melanie W. , eds . Thyroid Surgery . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd . pp. 291 -- 303 . ISBN 9781118444832 . doi : 10.1002 / 9781118444832. ch32 / summary . Jump up ^ Batcher , Elizabeth L. ; Tang , X . Charlene ; Singh , Bramah N. ; Singh , Steven N. ; Reda , Domenic J. ; Hershman , Jerome M. ( October 2007 ) . `` Thyroid Function Abnormalities during Amiodarone Therapy for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation '' . The American Journal of Medicine . 120 ( 10 ) : 880 -- 885 . PMID 17904459 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjmed. 2007.04. 022 . ^ Jump up to : Haugen , Bryan R. ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Drugs that suppress TSH or cause central hypothyroidism '' . Best practice & research . Clinical endocrinology & metabolism . 23 ( 6 ) : 793 -- 800 . ISSN 1521 - 690X . PMC 2784889 . PMID 19942154 . doi : 10.1016 / j. beem. 2009.08. 003 . Jump up ^ Jameson , J ; et al. ( 2015 ) . Harrison 's Principal of Internal Medicine , 19e . New York : NY : McGraw - Hill . pp. Ch 405 -- via Access Medicine . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Haugen , Bryan R. ; Alexander , Erik K. ; Bible , Keith C. ; Doherty , Gerard M. ; Mandel , Susan J. ; Nikiforov , Yuri E. ; Pacini , Furio ; Randolph , Gregory W. ; Sawka , Anna M. ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) . `` 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer : The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer '' . Thyroid. 26 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 133 . ISSN 1050 - 7256 . PMC 4739132 . PMID 26462967 . doi : 10.1089 / thy. 2015.0020 . Jump up ^ Wells , Samuel A. ; Asa , Sylvia L. ; Dralle , Henning ; Elisei , Rossella ; Evans , Douglas B. ; Gagel , Robert F. ; Lee , Nancy ; Machens , Andreas ; Moley , Jeffrey F. ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Revised American Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma '' . Thyroid. 25 ( 6 ) : 567 -- 610 . ISSN 1050 - 7256 . PMC 4490627 . PMID 25810047 . doi : 10.1089 / thy. 2014.0335 . Jump up ^ Giannini AJ , Malone DA , Loiselle RH , Price WA ( 1987 ) . `` Blunting of TSH response to TRH in chronic cocaine and phencyclidine abusers '' . J Clin Psychiatry . 48 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 6 . PMID 3100509 . Jump up ^ `` Thyroid Nodules - American Thyroid Association '' . www.thyroid.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Diagnostic approach to and treatment of thyroid nodules '' . www.uptodate.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioactive Iodine - American Thyroid Association '' . www.thyroid.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kinjal K Shah ; Valentina D. Tarasova ; Michael Davidian ; Robert J Anderson ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) . Non-Neoplastic Thyroid Disorders - Clinical and Case Reports . Meeting Abstracts . Endocrine Society . pp. SAT -- 0523 -- SAT -- 0523 . doi : 10.1210 / endo - meetings. 2014. thpta. 3. sat - 0523 . External links ( edit ) Thyroid disease at DMOZ Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia entry for Thyroid Disease Thyroid Disease Manager A group of thyroid experts offer an up - to - date analysis of all aspects of human thyroid disease and thyroid physiology Medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Clinical Thyroidology - Free online monthly magazine The Editor searches for the best new thyroid studies , summarizes them and provides expert commentary Clinical Thyroidology - Patient version The more accessible version of the magazine Clinical Thyroidology , directed at the patient National Institutes of Health Diseases of the endocrine system ( E00 -- E35 , 240 -- 259 ) Pancreas / glucose metabolism Hypofunction Diabetes mellitus types : type 1 type 2 gestational MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6 complications coma angiopathy ketoacidosis nephropathy neuropathy retinopathy cardiomyopathy insulin receptor ( Rabson -- Mendenhall syndrome ) Insulin resistance Hyperfunction Hypoglycemia beta cell ( Hyperinsulinism ) G cell ( Zollinger -- Ellison syndrome ) Hypothalamic / pituitary axes Hypothalamus gonadotropin Kallmann syndrome Adiposogenital dystrophy CRH ( Tertiary adrenal insufficiency ) vasopressin ( Neurogenic diabetes insipidus ) general ( Hypothalamic hamartoma ) Pituitary Hyperpituitarism anterior Acromegaly Hyperprolactinaemia Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion posterior ( SIADH ) general ( Nelson 's syndrome ) Hypopituitarism anterior Kallmann syndrome Growth hormone deficiency Hypoprolactinemia ACTH deficiency / Secondary adrenal insufficiency GnRH insensitivity FSH insensitivity LH / hCG insensitivity posterior ( Neurogenic diabetes insipidus ) general Empty sella syndrome Pituitary apoplexy Sheehan 's syndrome Lymphocytic hypophysitis Thyroid Hypothyroidism Iodine deficiency Cretinism Congenital hypothyroidism Myxedema Euthyroid sick syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroxinemia Thyroid hormone resistance Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia Hashitoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis factitia Graves ' disease Thyroiditis Acute infectious Subacute De Quervain 's Subacute lymphocytic Autoimmune / chronic Hashimoto 's Postpartum Riedel 's Goitre Endemic goitre Toxic nodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid nodule Parathyroid Hypoparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Primary Secondary Tertiary Osteitis fibrosa cystica Adrenal Hyperfunction aldosterone : Hyperaldosteronism / Primary aldosteronism Conn syndrome Bartter syndrome Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism AME Liddle 's syndrome 17α CAH cortisol : Cushing 's syndrome ( Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome ) sex hormones : 21α CAH 11β CAH Hypofunction / Adrenal insufficiency ( Addison 's , WF ) aldosterone : Hypoaldosteronism 21α CAH 11β CAH cortisol : CAH Lipoid 3β 11β 17α 21α sex hormones : 17α CAH Gonads ovarian : Polycystic ovary syndrome Premature ovarian failure testicular : enzymatic 5α - reductase deficiency 17β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency aromatase excess syndrome ) Androgen receptor ( Androgen insensitivity syndrome ) general : Hypogonadism ( Delayed puberty ) Hypergonadism Precocious puberty Hypoandrogenism Hypoestrogenism Hyperandrogenism Hyperestrogenism Postorgasmic illness syndrome Height Dwarfism / Short stature Midget Laron syndrome Psychosocial Ateliosis Gigantism Multiple Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome multiple APS1 APS2 Carcinoid syndrome Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A 2B Progeria Werner syndrome Acrogeria Metageria Woodhouse - Sakati syndrome Congenital endocrine disorders ( Q89. 1 -- Q89. 2 , 759.1 -- 759.2 ) Pituitary Congenital hypopituitarism Thyroid Thyroid disease Persistent thyroglossal duct Thyroglossal cyst Congenital hypothyroidism Thyroid dysgenesis Thyroid dyshormonogenesis Pendred syndrome Parathyroid Congenital absence of parathyroid Adrenal Absent adrenal gland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thyroid_disease&oldid=800774464 '' Categories : Thyroid disease Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Italiano 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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List of first overall National Football League draft picks
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List of first overall National Football League Draft Picks - wikipedia List of first overall National Football League Draft Picks This is a list of first overall National Football League draft picks . The National Football League draft is an annual sports draft in which NFL teams select newly eligible players for their rosters . To be eligible , a player must be out of high school at least three years . Each NFL franchise seeks to add new players through the annual NFL draft . The draft rules were last updated in 2009 . The team with the worst record the previous year picks first , the next - worst team second , and so on . Teams also have the option to trade with another team to move up to a better draft position . Teams that did not make the playoffs are ordered by their regular - season record , with any remaining ties broken by strength of schedule . Playoff participants are sequenced after non-playoff teams , based on their round of elimination ( wild card , division , conference , and Super Bowl ) . From 1947 through 1958 the first selection was awarded by a random draw . The team which received this `` bonus '' pick forfeited its selection in the final round of the draft . The winner of the `` bonus pick '' was eliminated from the draw in future years . By 1958 all twelve clubs in the league at the time had received a bonus choice and the system was abolished . Before the merger agreements in 1966 , the American Football League ( AFL ) operated in direct competition with the NFL and held a separate draft . This led to a massive bidding war over top prospects between the two leagues , along with the subsequent drafting of the same player in each draft . As part of the merger agreement on June 8 , 1966 , the two leagues held a multiple round `` Common Draft '' . Once the AFL officially merged with the NFL in 1970 , the `` Common Draft '' simply became the NFL Draft . Through the 2018 NFL draft , 83 players have been selected first overall , with the most recent being Baker Mayfield . The Indianapolis Colts -- formerly the Baltimore Colts -- have made the most first overall selections in history with seven . Of the first overall draft picks , 43 have been selected to a Pro Bowl and of those 43 , twelve have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . While the Heisman Trophy is awarded annually to the most outstanding player in U.S. college football , only 21 of those Heisman winners have been selected first overall in the NFL draft . Only five first overall draft pick players have been selected the NFL Rookie of the Year : Earl Campbell ( 1978 ) ; Billy Sims ( 1980 ) ; George Rogers ( 1981 ) ; Sam Bradford ( 2010 ) ; and Cam Newton ( 2011 ) . Contents 1 Key 2 List of first overall picks 3 Statistics 4 First overall draft picks per team 5 First overall draft picks by school 6 First overall draft picks by position 7 Notes 8 References 9 See also Key ( edit ) Back Kicker NT Nose tackle Center LB Linebacker FB Fullback DB Defensive back Punter HB Halfback DE Defensive end QB Quarterback WR Wide receiver DT Defensive tackle RB Running back Guard End Offensive tackle TE Tight end * Selected to a Pro Bowl ‡ Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( all were also selected to a Pro Bowl ) List of first overall Picks ( edit ) Tom Harmon was selected with the first overall pick in 1941 by the Chicago Bears . Billy Cannon was the first pick in the 1960 NFL draft . O.J. Simpson was drafted first overall by Buffalo Bills in 1969 . John Elway was the first pick in the 1983 NFL draft . Orlando Pace was drafted first overall by the St. Louis Rams in 1997 . Cam Newton was the first overall pick in the 2011 NFL draft . The Indianapolis Colts chose Andrew Luck with the first overall pick in 2012 . First overall draft picks Year Name Position College Team Notes 1936 Jay Berwanger HB Chicago Philadelphia Eagles Heisman Trophy ( 1935 ) 1937 Sam Francis FB Nebraska Philadelphia Eagles -- 1938 Corbett Davis FB Indiana Cleveland Rams -- 1939 Ki Aldrich * TCU Chicago Cardinals NFL All - Star Game ( 1939 , 1942 ) 1940 George Cafego HB Tennessee Chicago Cardinals -- 1941 Tom Harmon HB Michigan Chicago Bears Heisman Trophy ( 1940 ) 1942 Bill Dudley HB Virginia Pittsburgh Steelers NFL All - Star Game ( 1950 , 1951 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1966 ) NFL MVP ( 1946 ) 1943 Frank Sinkwich HB Georgia Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy ( 1942 ) 1944 Angelo Bertelli QB Notre Dame Boston Yanks Heisman Trophy ( 1943 ) 1945 Charley Trippi HB Georgia Chicago Cardinals Pro Bowl ( 1952 , 1953 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1968 ) NFL Champion ( 1947 ) 1946 Frank Dancewicz QB Notre Dame Boston Yanks -- 1947 Bob Fenimore HB Oklahoma A&M Chicago Bears -- 1948 Harry Gilmer * QB Alabama Washington Redskins Pro Bowl ( 1950 , 1952 ) 1949 Chuck Bednarik C , LB Penn Philadelphia Eagles Pro Bowl ( 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1960 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1967 ) NFL Champion ( 1949 , 1960 ) 1950 Leon Hart * Notre Dame Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy ( 1949 ) Pro Bowl ( 1951 ) 1951 Kyle Rote * HB SMU New York Giants Pro Bowl ( 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 ) 1952 Bill Wade * QB Vanderbilt Los Angeles Rams Pro Bowl ( 1958 , 1963 ) 1953 Harry Babcock Georgia San Francisco 49ers -- 1954 Bobby Garrett QB Stanford Cleveland Browns -- 1955 George Shaw QB Oregon Baltimore Colts NFL Champion ( 1958 ) 1956 Gary Glick DB Colorado A&M Pittsburgh Steelers -- 1957 Paul Hornung HB Notre Dame Green Bay Packers Heisman Trophy ( 1956 ) Pro Bowl ( 1959 , 1960 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1986 ) NFL Champion ( 1961 , 1962 , 1965 ) Super Bowl champion ( I ) NFL MVP ( 1961 ) 1958 King Hill QB Rice Chicago Cardinals -- 1959 Randy Duncan QB Iowa Green Bay Packers -- 1960 Billy Cannon RB LSU Los Angeles Rams Heisman Trophy ( 1959 ) 1961 Tommy Mason * RB Tulane Minnesota Vikings Pro Bowl ( 1962 , 1963 , 1964 ) 1962 Ernie Davis RB Syracuse Washington Redskins Heisman Trophy ( 1961 ) 1963 Terry Baker QB Oregon State Los Angeles Rams Heisman Trophy ( 1962 ) 1964 Dave Parks * WR Texas Tech San Francisco 49ers Pro Bowl ( 1964 , 1965 , 1966 ) 1965 Tucker Frederickson * RB Auburn New York Giants Pro Bowl ( 1965 ) 1966 Tommy Nobis * LB Texas Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl ( 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1970 , 1972 ) 1967 Bubba Smith * DE Michigan State Baltimore Colts Pro Bowl ( 1970 , 1971 ) Super Bowl champion ( V ) 1968 Ron Yary USC Minnesota Vikings Pro Bowl ( 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2001 ) 1969 O.J. Simpson RB USC Buffalo Bills Heisman Trophy ( 1968 ) Pro Bowl ( 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1985 ) NFL MVP ( 1973 ) 1970 Terry Bradshaw QB Louisiana Tech Pittsburgh Steelers Pro Bowl ( 1975 , 1978 , 1979 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1989 ) Super Bowl champion ( IX , X , XIII , XIV ) Super Bowl MVP ( XIII , XIV ) NFL MVP ( 1978 ) 1971 Jim Plunkett QB Stanford New England Patriots Heisman Trophy ( 1970 ) Super Bowl champion ( XV , XVIII ) Super Bowl MVP ( XV ) 1972 Walt Patulski DE Notre Dame Buffalo Bills -- 1973 John Matuszak DE Tampa Houston Oilers Super Bowl champion ( XI , XV ) Ed Jones * DE Tennessee State Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl ( 1981 , 1982 , 1983 ) Super Bowl champion ( XII ) Steve Bartkowski * QB California Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl ( 1980 , 1981 ) 1976 Lee Roy Selmon DE Oklahoma Tampa Bay Buccaneers Pro Bowl ( 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) 1977 Ricky Bell RB USC Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- 1978 Earl Campbell RB Texas Houston Oilers Heisman Trophy ( 1977 ) Pro Bowl ( 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 1991 ) NFL MVP ( 1979 ) Rookie of the Year ( 1978 ) 1979 Tom Cousineau LB Ohio State Buffalo Bills -- 1980 Billy Sims * RB Oklahoma Detroit Lions Heisman Trophy ( 1978 ) Pro Bowl ( 1980 , 1981 , 1982 ) Rookie of the Year ( 1980 ) 1981 George Rogers * RB South Carolina New Orleans Saints Heisman Trophy ( 1980 ) Pro Bowl ( 1981 , 1982 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXII ) Rookie of the Year ( 1981 ) 1982 Kenneth Sims DE Texas New England Patriots -- John Elway QB Stanford Baltimore Colts Pro Bowl ( 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2004 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXII , XXXIII ) Super Bowl MVP ( XXXIII ) NFL MVP ( 1987 ) 1984 Irving Fryar * WR Nebraska New England Patriots Pro Bowl ( 1985 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 ) 1985 Bruce Smith DE Virginia Tech Buffalo Bills Pro Bowl ( 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) 1986 Bo Jackson * RB Auburn Tampa Bay Buccaneers Heisman Trophy ( 1985 ) Pro Bowl ( 1990 ) Vinny Testaverde * QB Miami ( FL ) Tampa Bay Buccaneers Heisman Trophy ( 1986 ) Pro Bowl ( 1996 , 1998 ) 1988 Aundray Bruce LB Auburn Atlanta Falcons -- 1989 Troy Aikman QB UCLA Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl ( 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2006 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXVII , XXVIII , XXX ) Super Bowl MVP ( XXVII ) 1990 Jeff George QB Illinois Indianapolis Colts -- 1991 Russell Maryland * DT Miami ( FL ) Dallas Cowboys Pro Bowl ( 1993 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXVII , XXVIII , XXX ) 1992 Steve Emtman DE Washington Indianapolis Colts -- 1993 Drew Bledsoe * QB Washington State New England Patriots Pro Bowl ( 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2002 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXVI ) 1994 Dan Wilkinson DT Ohio State Cincinnati Bengals -- 1995 Ki - Jana Carter RB Penn State Cincinnati Bengals -- Keyshawn Johnson * WR USC New York Jets Pro Bowl ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXVII ) 1997 Orlando Pace Ohio State St. Louis Rams Pro Bowl ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 ) Pro Football Hall of Fame ( 2016 ) Super Bowl champion ( XXXIV ) 1998 Peyton Manning * QB Tennessee Indianapolis Colts Pro Bowl ( 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) Super Bowl champion ( XLI , 50 ) Super Bowl MVP ( XLI ) NFL MVP ( 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 ) 1999 Tim Couch QB Kentucky Cleveland Browns -- 2000 Courtney Brown DE Penn State Cleveland Browns -- 2001 Michael Vick * QB Virginia Tech Atlanta Falcons Pro Bowl ( 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2010 ) 2002 David Carr QB Fresno State Houston Texans Super Bowl champion ( XLVI ) 2003 Carson Palmer * QB USC Cincinnati Bengals Heisman Trophy ( 2002 ) Pro Bowl ( 2005 , 2006 , 2015 ) Eli Manning * QB Ole Miss San Diego Chargers Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) Super Bowl champion ( XLII , XLVI ) Super Bowl MVP ( XLII , XLVI ) 2005 Alex Smith * QB Utah San Francisco 49ers Pro Bowl ( 2013 , 2016 , 2017 ) 2006 Mario Williams * DE North Carolina State Houston Texans Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 ) 2007 JaMarcus Russell QB LSU Oakland Raiders -- 2008 Jake Long * Michigan Miami Dolphins Pro Bowl ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ) 2009 Matthew Stafford * QB Georgia Detroit Lions Pro Bowl ( 2014 ) Sam Bradford QB Oklahoma St. Louis Rams Heisman Trophy ( 2008 ) Rookie of the Year ( 2010 ) 2011 Cam Newton * QB Auburn Carolina Panthers Heisman Trophy ( 2010 ) Pro Bowl ( 2011 , 2013 , 2015 ) Rookie of the Year ( 2011 ) NFL MVP ( 2015 ) 2012 Andrew Luck * QB Stanford Indianapolis Colts Pro Bowl ( 2012 , 2013 , 2014 ) 2013 Eric Fisher Central Michigan Kansas City Chiefs -- 2014 Jadeveon Clowney * DE South Carolina Houston Texans Pro Bowl ( 2016 , 2017 ) 2015 Jameis Winston * QB Florida State Tampa Bay Buccaneers Heisman Trophy ( 2013 ) Pro Bowl ( 2015 ) 2016 Jared Goff * QB California Los Angeles Rams Pro Bowl ( 2017 ) 2017 Myles Garrett DE Texas A&M Cleveland Browns -- 2018 Baker Mayfield QB Oklahoma Cleveland Browns Heisman Trophy ( 2017 ) Statistics ( edit ) The following teams have never had the first overall pick Denver Broncos Jacksonville Jaguars Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks Eight teams have made the playoffs in the same season in which they made the first overall selection in the draft . They were the 1968 Minnesota Vikings , 1978 Houston Oilers , 1982 New England Patriots , 1991 Dallas Cowboys , 2004 San Diego Chargers , 2008 Miami Dolphins , 2012 Indianapolis Colts , and 2013 Kansas City Chiefs . No team has ever gone from the first overall pick to a Super Bowl win in the same season . The Minnesota Vikings lost Super Bowl IV the year after they had the first overall pick . First overall Draft Picks per team ( edit ) The Indianapolis Colts and the Los Angeles Rams have each held the first overall pick a total of seven times , the most of any NFL team . This includes the Colts ' time in Baltimore and the Rams ' time in Cleveland and St. Louis . Only four teams in the league have never held the first overall pick in the NFL draft : the Denver Broncos , the Jacksonville Jaguars , the Seattle Seahawks and the Baltimore Ravens . The Boston Yanks are the only defunct franchise to have held a first overall pick . Team Total number Year ( s ) Notes Ref Indianapolis Colts 7 1955 , 1967 , 1983 , 1990 1992 , 1998 , 2012 3 as the Baltimore Colts 4 as the Indianapolis Colts Los Angeles Rams 7 1938 , 1952 , 1960 1963 , 1997 , 2010 , 2016 1 as the Cleveland Rams 2 as the St. Louis Rams 4 as the Los Angeles Rams Tampa Bay Buccaneers 5 1976 , 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 2015 Also had first selection in the 1984 NFL supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players . Cleveland Browns 5 1954 , 1999 , 2000 , 2017 , 2018 Arizona Cardinals 1939 , 1940 , 1945 , 1958 4 as the Chicago Cardinals Detroit Lions 1943 , 1950 , 1980 , 2009 Atlanta Falcons 1966 , 1975 , 1988 , 2001 Buffalo Bills 1969 , 1972 , 1979 , 1985 Also had first selection in the 1961 AFL Draft New England Patriots 1971 , 1982 , 1984 , 1993 Also had first selection in the 1964 AFL Draft ( as the Boston Patriots ) Philadelphia Eagles 1936 , 1937 , 1949 Pittsburgh Steelers 1942 , 1956 , 1970 San Francisco 49ers 1953 , 1964 , 2005 Dallas Cowboys 1974 , 1989 , 1991 Cincinnati Bengals 1994 , 1995 , 2003 Houston Texans 2002 , 2006 , 2014 Chicago Bears 1941 , 1947 Boston Yanks 1944 , 1946 Washington Redskins 1948 , 1962 New York Giants 1951 , 1965 Green Bay Packers 1957 , 1959 Minnesota Vikings 1961 , 1968 Tennessee Titans 1973 , 1978 2 as the Houston Oilers New Orleans Saints 1981 New York Jets Also had first selection in the 1965 AFL Draft San Diego Chargers Oakland Raiders 2007 Also had first selection in the 1962 AFL Draft Miami Dolphins 2008 Also had first selection in the 1966 AFL Draft Carolina Panthers 2011 Kansas City Chiefs 2013 Also had first selection in the 1963 AFL Draft First overall draft picks by school ( edit ) School Total number Year ( s ) Notre Dame 5 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1957 , 1972 USC 5 1968 , 1969 , 1977 , 1996 , 2003 Oklahoma 1976 , 1980 , 2010 , 2018 Georgia 1943 , 1945 , 1953 , 2009 Auburn 1965 , 1986 , 1988 , 2011 Stanford 1954 , 1971 , 1983 , 2012 Texas 1966 , 1978 , 1982 Ohio State 1979 , 1994 , 1997 Nebraska 1937 , 1984 Miami ( FL ) 1987 , 1991 Tennessee 1940 , 1998 Penn State 1995 , 2000 Virginia Tech 1985 , 2001 LSU 1960 , 2007 Michigan 1941 , 2008 South Carolina 1981 , 2014 California 1975 , 2016 Chicago 1936 Indiana 1938 TCU 1939 Virginia 1942 Oklahoma State 1947 Alabama 1948 Penn 1949 SMU 1951 Vanderbilt 1952 Oregon 1955 Colorado State 1956 Rice 1958 Iowa 1959 Tulane 1961 Syracuse 1962 Oregon State 1963 Texas Tech 1964 Michigan State 1967 Louisiana Tech 1970 Tampa 1973 Tennessee State UCLA 1989 Illinois 1990 Washington 1992 Washington State 1993 Kentucky 1999 Fresno State 2002 Ole Miss Utah 2005 North Carolina State 2006 Central Michigan 2013 Florida State 2015 Texas A&M 2017 First overall draft picks by position ( edit ) First overall selections by position played Position Number of selections Last year selected Quarterbacks 31 2018 Running backs 23 1995 Defensive linemen 15 2017 Offensive linemen 7 2013 Wide receivers Linebackers 1988 Defensive backs 1956 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In American and Canadian football , a back is a player who is lined up behind the linemen , the players who line up closest to the line of scrimmage . Jump up ^ Jay Berwanger did not sign with the Philadelphia Eagles . The Eagles traded his rights to the Chicago Bears ; he did not sign with them either . Jump up ^ Billy Cannon signed with the AFL team Houston Oilers rather than the Los Angeles Rams . Jump up ^ Ernie Davis was subsequently traded to the Cleveland Browns after being drafted by the Washington Redskins . ^ Jump up to : Because of the NFL -- AFL merger agreement , the history of the AFL is officially recognized by the NFL and therefore this list includes the Common Draft for the years 1967 , 1968 , and 1969 . Jump up ^ The Buffalo Bills were a part of the AFL when they selected Simpson with the first overall pick in the 1969 draft . The Bills joined the NFL the next year , in 1970 . Jump up ^ Tom Cousineau chose to sign with the CFL team Montreal Alouettes over the Buffalo Bills . Jump up ^ John Elway was subsequently traded to the Denver Broncos after being drafted by the Baltimore Colts . Jump up ^ College seniors who had already signed with the USFL or CFL were not eligible for the regular draft . Instead the NFL held a three round special draft on June 5 , 1984 . The Tampa Bay Buccaneers selected Steve Young first overall in that draft . Jump up ^ Bo Jackson did not sign with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and chose to enter the 1987 NFL draft the following year . Jump up ^ The Cleveland Browns -- via the Buffalo Bills originally -- possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Bernie Kosar in the 1985 Supplemental Draft , the pick was subsequently given to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Jump up ^ The Dallas Cowboys originally possessed the number one overall pick but because they selected Steve Walsh in the 1989 Supplemental Draft , the pick was given to the Indianapolis Colts who originally held the second overall pick . Jump up ^ Eli Manning was subsequently traded to the New York Giants after being drafted by the San Diego Chargers . References ( edit ) General `` Heisman Winners '' . Heisman Trophy . All Things Media LLC . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` All Time Number 1 Draft Picks '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Players drafted between 1936 and 2013 , in the 1st round , with the 1st pick '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Heisman Memorial Trophy Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` NFL Hall of Fame Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . `` Super Bowl History '' . National Football League . NFL Enterprises LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2009 . `` Associated Press Offensive Rookie of the Year '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Draft order to change for playoff teams '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , John ; Marini , Matt , eds. ( 2013 ) . Official 2013 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . p. 525 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 603 - 20980 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Draft History : 1940 's '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cross , B. Duane ( 2001 - 01 - 22 ) . `` The AFL : A Football Legacy '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History by Decade : 1961 -- 1970 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Time Changes for 2008 NFL Draft '' . NFL . 2008 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ki Aldrich NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Dudley NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Trippi NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 Chicago Cardinals '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gilmer NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chuck Bednarik NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1949 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1960 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Leon Hart NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Rote NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Wade NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1958 Baltimore Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Hornung NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1961 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 Green Bay Packers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Mason NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Parks NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tucker Frederickson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Nobis NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bubba Smith NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 Baltimore Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Yary NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` O.J. Simpson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Terry Bradshaw NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1980 Oakland Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Los Angeles Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Plunkett NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Oakland Raiders '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Too Tall Jones NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Bartkowski NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Roy Selmon NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earl Campbell NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Sims NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` George Rogers NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Washington Redskins '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Elway NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Denver Broncos '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Denver Broncos '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Irving Fryar NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruce Smith NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Jackson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Vinny Testaverde NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Troy Aikman NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1995 Dallas Cowboys '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Maryland NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Bledsoe NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 New England Patriots '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Keyshawn Johnson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando Pace NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 St. Louis Rams '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton Manning NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Indianapolis Colts '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Jackson NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eli Manning NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 New York Giants '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 New York Giants '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Williams NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Long NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Luck NFL Statistics '' . Sports Reference LLC . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Yanks Draft History '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Rams Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bengals Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Redskins Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Green Bay Packers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Chiefs Number One Draft Picks '' . Draft Finder . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Mr. Irrelevant -- the list of last overall National Football League draft picks National Football League Draft NFL Drafts Early era ( 1936 -- 1959 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 AFL and NFL era ( 1960 -- 1966 ) AFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 NFL 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Common draft ( 1967 -- 1969 ) 1967 1968 1969 Modern era ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Expansion drafts 1960 1961 1966 1967 1976 1995 1999 2002 Others 1950 AAFC dispersal draft 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL players See also List of first overall National Football League draft picks Mr. Irrelevant List of NFL supplemental draft picks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_overall_National_Football_League_draft_picks&oldid=841610568 '' Categories : National Football League first overall draft picks Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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Genus
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Genus - wikipedia Genus Jump to : navigation , search `` Genera '' redirects here . For the operating system , see Genera ( operating system ) . For other uses , see Genus ( disambiguation ) . The hierarchy of biological classification 's eight major taxonomic ranks . A family contains one or more genera . Intermediate minor rankings are not shown . A genus ( / ˈdʒiːnəs / , pl . genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology . In the hierarchy of biological classification , genus comes above species and below family . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus . E.g. Felis catus and Felis silvestris are two species within the genus Felis . Felis is a genus within the family Felidae . The composition of a genus is determined by a taxonomist . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified , so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera . There are some general practices used , however , including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful : monophyly -- all descendants of an ancestral taxon are grouped together ( i.e. phylogenetic analysis should clearly demonstrate both monophyly and validity as a separate lineage ) . reasonable compactness -- a genus should not be expanded needlessly ; and distinctness -- with respect to evolutionarily relevant criteria , i.e. ecology , morphology , or biogeography ; DNA sequences are a consequence rather than a condition of diverging evolutionary lineages except in cases where they directly inhibit gene flow ( e.g. postzygotic barriers ) . Moreover , genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of the same kind as other ( analogous ) genera . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Use 2.1 Binomial nomenclature 2.2 Type 2.3 Identical names ( synonyms and homonyms ) 2.4 Higher classifications 3 Size 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Name ( edit ) The term comes from the Latin genus ( `` origin ; type ; group ; race '' ) , a noun form cognate with gignere ( `` to bear ; to give birth to '' ) . Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort ( 1656 -- 1708 ) is considered `` the founder of the modern concept of genera '' . Use ( edit ) The scientific name of a genus may be called the generic name or generic epithet : it is always capitalized . It plays a pivotal role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms . Binomial nomenclature ( edit ) Main articles : Binomial nomenclature , Trinomen , and Infraspecific names The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in the Nomenclature Codes , which are employed by the speakers of all languages , giving each species a single unique Latinate name . The standard way of scientifically describing species and other lower - ranked taxa is by binomial nomenclature . The generic name forms its first half . For example , the gray wolf 's binomial name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Lat . `` dog '' ) being the generic name shared by the wolf 's close relatives and lupus ( Lat . `` wolf '' ) being the specific name particular to the wolf . The specific name is written in lower - case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . Especially with these longer names , when the generic name is known from context , it is typically shortened to its initial letter . Because animals are typically only grouped within subspecies , it is simply written as a trinomen with a third name . For example , because dogs are still so similar to wolves as to form part of their species but so distinct as to require separate treatment , they are described as C. lupus familiaris ( Lat . `` domestic '' ) , while the `` wolves '' form many distinct subspecies , including the common wolf ( C. lupus lupus ) and the dingo ( C. lupus dingo ) . Dog breeds , meanwhile , are not scientifically distinguished . There are several divisions of plant species and therefore their infraspecific names generally include contractions explaining the relation . For example , the genus Hibiscus ( Lat . `` marshmallow '' ) includes hundreds of other species apart from the Rose of Sharon or common garden hibiscus ( H. syriacus , from Lat . `` Syrian '' ) . Rose of Sharon does n't have subspecies but has cultivars that carry desired traits , such as the bright red H. syriaca ' Diana ' . `` Hawaiian hibiscus '' , meanwhile , includes several separate species . Since not all botanists agree on the divisions or names between species , it is common to specify the source of the name using author abbreviations . For example , H. arnottianus A. Gray was first specified in a work by Asa Gray . Sister Roe identified an immaculate white hibiscus on Molokai as a separate species , but D.M. Bates later reclassified it as a subspecies of H. arnottianus . It thus now appears as H. arnottianus ssp . immaculatus or as H. arnottianus A. Gray subsp . immaculatus ( M.J. Roe ) D.M. Bates . When it is considered a mere variety of H. arnottianus , it is written H. arnottianus var . immaculatus . Type ( edit ) See also : type genus , type species , and type specimen Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one . In zoology , this is the type species and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species . Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus , the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed . Identical names ( synonyms and homonyms ) ( edit ) Within the same kingdom one generic name can apply to only one genus . However , many names have been assigned ( usually unintentionally ) to two or more different genera . For example , the platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 ( these two names are thus synonyms ) . However , the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793 . A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia , the name could not be used for both . Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800 . However , a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name ( or the name of a taxon in another rank ) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code . Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called `` homonyms '' . Although this is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom . For instance , Anura is the name of the order of frogs but also is the name of a non-current genus of plants ; Aotus is the generic name of both golden peas and night monkeys ; Oenanthe is the generic name of both wheatears and water dropworts ; Prunella is the generic name of both accentors and self - heal ; and Proboscidea is the order of elephants and the genus of devil 's claws . The name of the genus Paramecia ( an extinct red algae ) is also the plural of the name of the genus Paramecium ( which is in the SAR supergroup ) , which can also lead to confusion . A list of generic homonyms has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera ( IRMNG ) Higher classifications ( edit ) The type genus forms the base for higher taxonomic ranks , such as the family name Canidae ( `` Canids '' ) based on Canis . However , this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels : the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ( `` Carnivores '' ) . Size ( edit ) Number of reptile genera with a given number of species . Most genera have only one or a few species but a few may have hundreds . Based on data from the Reptile Database ( as of May 2015 ) . The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups . For instance , among ( non-avian ) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera , the most ( > 300 ) have only 1 species , ~ 360 have between 2 and 4 species , 260 have 5 - 10 species , ~ 200 have 11 - 50 species , and only 27 genera have more than 50 species ( see figure ) . However , some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each . Which species are assigned to a genus is somewhat arbitrary . Although all species within a genus are supposed to be `` similar '' there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera . There is much debate among zoologists whether large , species - rich genera should be maintained , as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species . Hence , many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera . For instance , the lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~ 400 species to smaller , more manageable subsets . See also ( edit ) List of the largest genera of flowering plants Genus -- differentia definition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gill , F.B. ; Slikas , B. ; Sheldon , F.H. ( 2005 ) . `` Phylogeny of titmice ( Paridae ) : II . Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome - b gene '' . Auk. 122 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 143 . doi : 10.1642 / 0004 - 8038 ( 2005 ) 122 ( 0121 : POTPIS ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ De la Maza - Benignos , M. , Lozano - Vilano , M.L. , & García - Ramírez , M.E. ( 2015 ) . Response paper : Morphometric article by Mejía et al. 2015 alluding genera Herichthys and Nosferatu displays serious inconsistencies . Neotropical Ichthyology , 13 ( 4 ) , 673 - 676. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1679-62252015000400673&script=sci_arttext Jump up ^ De la Maza - Benignos , M. , Lozano - Vilano , M.L. , & García - Ramírez , M.E. ( 2015 ) . Response paper : Morphometric article by Mejía et al. 2015 alluding genera Herichthys and Nosferatu displays serious inconsistencies . Neotropical Ichthyology , 13 ( 4 ) , 673 - 676. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1679-62252015000400673&script=sci_arttext Jump up ^ Merriam Webster Dictionary Jump up ^ Stuessy , T.F. ( 2009 ) . Plant Taxonomy : The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 9780231147125 . Jump up ^ `` Hibiscus syriacus ' Diana ' '' , Plants , Royal Horticultural Society , 2015 , retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 under the Command of Charles Wilkes , U.S.N. , Vol . XV : Botany , Pt . I , Philadelphia , 1854 . Jump up ^ Roe , Margaret James ( 1961 ) , `` A Taxonomic Study of the Indigenous Hawaiian Species of the Genus Hibiscus ( Malvaceae ) '' ( PDF ) , Pacific Science , Vol. 15 , No. 1 . Jump up ^ Bates , David Martin ( 1989 ) , Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethology and Natural History , Vol. 29 , No. 104 . Jump up ^ `` IRMNG - Homonyms '' . www.irmng.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ The Reptile Database Jump up ^ Nicholson , K.E. ; B.I. Crother , C. Guyer & J.M. Savage ( 2012 ) It is time for a new classification of anoles ( Squamata : Dactyloidae ) . Zootaxa 3477 : 1 -- 108 External links ( edit ) Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera ( IRMNG ) Nomenclator Zoologicus : Index of all genus and subgenus names in zoological nomenclature from 1758 to 2004 . Fauna Europaea Database for Taxonomy ( hide ) Taxonomic ranks Domain / Superkingdom Kingdom Subkingdom Infrakingdom / Branch Superphylum / Superdivision Phylum / Division Subphylum Infraphylum Microphylum Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Parvclass Legion Cohort Magnorder Superorder Order Suborder Infraorder Parvorder Section ( zoo. ) Superfamily Family Subfamily Supertribe Tribe Subtribe Genus Subgenus Section ( bot. ) Series ( bot. ) Species Subspecies Variety Form Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genus&oldid=812405778 '' Categories : Genera Botanical nomenclature Plant taxonomy Zoological nomenclature Bacterial nomenclature Hidden categories : Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 18 : 10 . 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what is the general name for a group of wolves
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UEFA Euro 2004
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UEFA Euro 2004 - wikipedia UEFA Euro 2004 This article is about the sporting event . For the video game based on this event , see UEFA Euro 2004 ( video game ) . UEFA Euro 2004 Campeonato da Europa de Futebol 2004 ( in Portuguese ) Official logo Tournament details Host country Portugal Dates 12 June -- 4 July Teams 16 Venue ( s ) 10 ( in 8 host cities ) Final positions Champions Greece ( 1st title ) Runners - up Portugal Tournament statistics Matches played 31 Goals scored 77 ( 2.48 per match ) Attendance 1,156,473 ( 37,306 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Milan Baroš ( 5 goals ) Best player Theodoros Zagorakis ← 2000 2008 → The 2004 UEFA European Championship , commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2004 or simply Euro 2004 , was the 12th edition of the UEFA European Championship , a quadrennial football competition contested by the men 's national teams of UEFA member associations . The final tournament was hosted for the first time in Portugal , from 12 June to 4 July 2004 , after their bid was selected on 12 October 1999 , over those of Spain and Austria / Hungary . A total of thirty - one matches were played in ten venues across eight cities -- Aveiro , Braga , Coimbra , Guimarães , Faro / Loulé , Leiria , Lisbon and Porto . As in the 1996 and 2000 editions , the final tournament was contested by 16 teams -- the hosts plus the 15 teams that successfully overcame the qualification round , which began in September 2002 . Latvia secured their first participation in a major tournament after overcoming Turkey in the play - offs , while Greece returned to the European Championship after 24 years . The tournament was rich in surprises and upsets : Germany , Spain and Italy were eliminated in the group stage , while France , the defending champions , were knocked out in the quarter - finals by Greece . The Portuguese team recovered from an opening defeat against Greece to reach the final , eliminating England and the Netherlands along the way . For the first time in a major football tournament , the last match featured the same teams as the opening match . Portugal was defeated by Greece with a goal from Angelos Charisteas . Greece 's triumph was unexpected , considering that they had only qualified for two other major tournaments , the UEFA Euro 1980 and the 1994 FIFA World Cup , where they failed to win a single match . As winners , Greece earned the right to represent Europe at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup . During the opening ceremony , one of the tableaux depicted a ship -- symbolising the voyages of the Portuguese explorers -- sailing through a sea that transformed into the flags of all competing countries . In the closing ceremony , Portuguese - Canadian singer Nelly Furtado performed her single and official tournament theme song , `` Força '' . Contents 1 Bid process 2 Summary 3 Qualification 3.1 Qualified teams 3.2 Final draw 4 Venues 4.1 Ticketing 4.2 Team base camps 5 Squads 6 Match officials 7 Group stage 7.1 Tiebreakers 7.2 Group A 7.3 Group B 7.4 Group C 7.5 Group D 8 Knockout stage 8.1 Bracket 8.2 Quarter - finals 8.3 Semi-finals 8.4 Final 9 Statistics 9.1 Goalscorers 9.2 Awards 9.3 Prize money 9.4 Discipline 10 Marketing 10.1 Logo , mascot and official song 10.2 Match ball 10.3 Trophy tour 10.4 Merchandise and memorabilia 10.5 Sponsorship 11 Broadcasting 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Bid process ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 bids Portugal were announced as hosts for UEFA Euro 2004 on 12 October 1999 , in Aachen , Germany , beating Spain and the joint bid of Austria and Hungary . Summary ( edit ) Group A opened with a shock as Greece , ranked outsiders from start , defeated the hosts 2 -- 1 . Giorgos Karagounis put the Greeks ahead after only seven minutes , and Angelos Basinas made it 2 -- 0 from the penalty spot on 51 minutes . A stoppage time goal by Cristiano Ronaldo proved no more than a consolation . Greece then drew with Spain , before losing to Russia in their last group stage game . Portugal , meanwhile , recovered from their opening defeat by defeating Russia 2 -- 0 , who had their keeper Sergei Ovchinnikov sent off . Nuno Gomes scored the winning goal against Spain , which ensured Portugal finished first place in Group A. Greece advanced to the quarter - finals as runners - up , ahead of Spain on goals scored . France , the holders , and England ended their Group B encounter in furious fashion as the French scored twice in stoppage time to go from 1 -- 0 down to 2 -- 1 winners . Zinedine Zidane scored in the first minute of stoppage time and two minutes later , an error by the English defence gave a France penalty and Zidane fired in the winner . England 's other two games were memorable for the performances of their young star Wayne Rooney . Only 18 at the time , Rooney 's goal - scoring ability proved instrumental in victories over Switzerland ( 3 -- 0 ) and Croatia ( 4 -- 2 ) . France and England qualified from the group as winners and runners - up , respectively . Opening ceremony at the Estádio do Dragão in Porto Group C featured a three - way tie between Sweden , Denmark and Italy for first spot . All matches between the three sides had ended in draws and all three had beaten Bulgaria . Italy were ultimately eliminated on the number of goals scored between the three sides , after Sweden and Denmark drew 2 -- 2 and qualified to the quarter - finals as group winners and runners - up . The Italians went so far as to accuse Sweden and Denmark of fixing their match , as both sides knew that a 2 -- 2 result would advance them both over Italy , but UEFA disregarded such an idea . The Czech Republic took the first place in Group D after becoming the only team to win all three of their group matches . They defeated Latvia 2 -- 1 , the Netherlands 3 -- 2 , and Germany 2 -- 1 . It was another disappointing European campaign for Germany , which failed to advance from the group stage for the second consecutive time . The Netherlands claimed a quarter - final berth as runners - up . Swedish striker Henrik Larsson taking a free kick against the Netherlands in the quarter - finals In the first quarter - final match between England and Portugal , the English opened the score after only two minutes , through Michael Owen . Portugal 's constant attacking pressure from then on resulted in Hélder Postiga 's 83rd - minute equaliser . In the dying minutes , Owen hit the Portuguese crossbar , resulting in a Sol Campbell header that appeared to have given England the lead again , but was ruled out by the referee Urs Meier due to a foul on the Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo . The sides exchanged goals in extra-time , sending the match to a penalty shoot - out . Portugal won 6 -- 5 , as goalkeeper Ricardo saved a penalty from Darius Vassell , and then scored himself the winning goal . The Greeks , meanwhile , continued to stun everybody . Firm defensive play and an Angelos Charisteas goal on 65 minutes helped them defeat France 1 -- 0 and send Greece through to the semi-finals . This victory made Greece the first team to defeat both the holders and the hosts in the same tournament . Sweden and the Netherlands played out an exciting encounter , but neither side could find a breakthrough and the match ended goalless , even after a dramatic extra-time , in which Sweden , through Fredrik Ljungberg , came as close to scoring as hitting the inside of the Dutch goalpost . The Dutch ultimately progressed after winning the penalty shoot - out 5 -- 4 , their first ever victory on penalties in a major tournament . The last quarter - final match saw the Czechs dispatch Denmark , as a two - goal effort from Milan Baroš helped seal a 3 -- 0 win . Angelos Charisteas ( first from left with white shirt ) , scoring Greece 's winner against Portugal in the final . Portugal and the Netherlands faced each other in the first semi-final . Cristiano Ronaldo put the hosts in the lead from a corner kick midway through the first half , and just before the hour mark Maniche made it 2 -- 0 for Portugal with a spectacular goal from the corner of the penalty area . An own goal from Jorge Andrade gave the Netherlands a glimmer of hope . Portugal came close to scoring a third goal that was only stopped by Wilfred Bouma 's blocking attempt . The game ended 2 -- 1 to Portugal and the hosts , after their opening day failure , were through to the final of their European Championship . The Czech Republic looked likely candidates to face the hosts in the final . They were favorites to take the trophy , having won all four games . However , they would have to see off the upstart Greeks to do so . The Czechs had several chances , including a shot from Tomáš Rosický that struck the bar . The game remained goalless , until the dying moments of the first half of extra-time , when Traianos Dellas headed home the winner , the first and only silver goal in a European Championship . The final was a repeat of the opening game of the tournament and Portugal were hoping to avenge their opening day loss . Portugal furiously attacked and dominated the possession but once again , sturdy defending and goalkeeping from Greece kept the Portuguese hosts off the scoreboard . Just before the hour mark , Greece earned a corner kick from which Angelos Charisteas scored . Portugal continued to press after the goal but even with five minutes of stoppage time they could not find an equaliser . Greece won the match 1 -- 0 and were crowned European champions , a title that they were given a 150 -- 1 chance of winning before the tournament . All of Greece 's wins in the knockout stage came in an identical manner : a 1 -- 0 win , with the goal being a header off a cross from the right wing . Portugal became the first host nation to lose in a European Championship final . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying The draw for the qualifying round was held on 25 January 2002 at the Europarque Congress Centre , in Santa Maria da Feira , Portugal . Fifty teams were divided into ten groups of five and each team played two matches against all its opponents , on a home - and - away basis . Qualification matches took place from September 2002 to November 2003 . The first - placed teams from each group qualified automatically to the final tournament , whereas the ten runners - up took part in a two - legged play - off to select the remaining five teams that would join the host nation in the final tournament . Qualified teams ( edit ) Ten of the sixteen finalists participated in the previous tournament in 2000 . Latvia made its first appearance in a major football competition , while Greece returned to the European Championship finals after a 24 - year absence . Bulgaria , Croatia , Russia and Switzerland also took part in their second tournament finals since their debut in 1996 . Team Qualified as Qualified on Previous appearances in tournament Portugal Host 12 October 1999 3 ( 1984 , 1996 , 2000 ) France Group 1 winner 10 September 2003 5 ( 1960 , 1984 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Czech Republic Group 3 winner 10 September 2003 5 ( 1960 , 1976 , 1980 , 1996 , 2000 ) Sweden Group 4 winner 10 September 2003 2 ( 1992 , 2000 ) Bulgaria Group 8 winner 10 September 2003 1 ( 1996 ) Denmark Group 2 winner 11 October 2003 6 ( 1964 , 1984 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Germany Group 5 winner 11 October 2003 8 ( 1972 , 1976 , 1980 , 1984 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Greece Group 6 winner 11 October 2003 1 ( 1980 ) England Group 7 winner 11 October 2003 6 ( 1968 , 1980 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Italy Group 9 winner 11 October 2003 5 ( 1968 , 1980 , 1988 , 1996 , 2000 ) Switzerland Group 10 winner 11 October 2003 1 ( 1996 ) Croatia Play - off winner 19 November 2003 1 ( 1996 ) Latvia Play - off winner 19 November 2003 0 ( debut ) Netherlands Play - off winner 19 November 2003 6 ( 1976 , 1980 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 , 2000 ) Spain Play - off winner 19 November 2003 6 ( 1964 , 1980 , 1984 , 1988 , 1996 , 2000 ) Russia Play - off winner 19 November 2003 7 ( 1960 , 1964 , 1968 , 1972 , 1988 , 1992 , 1996 ) Jump up ^ Bold indicates champion for that year . Italic indicates host for that year . Jump up ^ From 1960 to 1980 , the Czech Republic competed as Czechoslovakia . Jump up ^ From 1972 to 1988 , Germany competed as West Germany . Jump up ^ From 1960 to 1988 , Russia competed as the Soviet Union , and in 1992 as CIS . Final draw ( edit ) The draw for the group stage took place on 30 November 2003 at the Pavilhão Atlântico in Lisbon , Portugal , where the 16 finalists were divided into four groups . The pot allocations were based on the UEFA national team coefficient which measured performance of teams in the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying and UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying . The coefficient was calculated by dividing the number of all points scored ( three points for a win , one for a draw ) by the number of all matches played . Results from the final tournaments , play - off matches and friendly games were all ignored . As host country , Portugal were automatically placed in position A1 . The remaining 15 teams were split into four pots , with title - holders France seeded alongside Sweden and the Czech Republic in the first pot . Pot 1 Team Coeff Rank France 3.000 Sweden 2.389 Czech Republic 2.333 Pot 2 Team Coeff Rank Italy 2.313 5 Spain 2.313 6 England 2.313 7 Germany 2.188 9 Pot 3 Team Coeff Rank Netherlands 2.167 10 Croatia 2.125 11 Russia 2.056 13 Denmark 2.056 14 Pot 4 Team Coeff Rank Bulgaria 1.889 18 Switzerland 1.611 22 Greece 1.563 23 Latvia 1.250 32 Jump up ^ Hosts Portugal ( coefficient 2.400 ; rank 2nd ) were automatically assigned to position A1 . Jump up ^ Defending champions France ( coefficient 3.000 ; rank 1st ) were automatically assigned to Pot 1 . The Pot 1 teams were assigned to the first positions of their groups , while the positions of all other teams were drawn separately ( for the purposes of determining the match schedules in each group ) . The draw resulted in the following groups : Group A Pos Team A1 Portugal A2 Greece A3 Spain A4 Russia Group B Pos Team B1 France B2 England B3 Switzerland B4 Croatia Group C Pos Team C1 Sweden C2 Bulgaria C3 Denmark C4 Italy Group D Pos Team D1 Czech Republic D2 Latvia D3 Germany D4 Netherlands Venues ( edit ) The final tournament was played in ten venues located in eight different cities . Lisbon and Porto , the two biggest cities , had two venues each , while Aveiro , Braga , Coimbra , Faro - Loulé , Guimarães and Leiria had one venue . In order to meet UEFA 's requirements on venue capacity and infrastructure , seven new stadiums were built -- Estádio Municipal de Aveiro ( Aveiro ) , Estádio Municipal de Braga ( Braga ) , Estádio Algarve ( Faro - Loulé ) , Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa ( Leiria ) , Estádio da Luz ( Lisbon ) , Estádio José Alvalade ( Lisbon ) , and Estádio do Dragão ( Porto ) -- and three underwent renovation works -- Estádio Cidade de Coimbra ( Coimbra ) , Estádio D. Afonso Henriques ( Guimarães ) , and Estádio do Bessa ( Porto ) . The Estádio da Luz was the largest stadium with a tournament capacity of 65,647 seats , and served as the venue for the final . The opening ceremony and match took place at the Estádio do Dragão . This was the first European Championship where matches took place in more than eight venues , since the tournament was expanded to sixteen teams in 1996 . As of the Euro 2016 , the final tournament will be contested by twenty - four teams and matches will be played in ten venues . The table below lists stadium capacity for the final tournament , which may not correspond to their effective maximum capacity . Lisbon Aveiro Porto Coimbra Braga Guimarães Faro / Loulé Leiria Lisbon Aveiro Estádio da Luz Estádio José Alvalade Estádio Municipal de Aveiro Capacity : 65,647 Capacity : 50,095 Capacity : 32,830 Porto Coimbra Estádio do Dragão Estádio do Bessa Estádio Cidade de Coimbra Capacity : 50,033 Capacity : 28,263 Capacity : 29,622 Braga Guimarães Faro / Loulé Leiria Estádio Municipal de Braga Estádio D. Afonso Henriques Estádio Algarve Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa Capacity : 30,286 Capacity : 30,000 Capacity : 30,305 Capacity : 28,642 Ticketing ( edit ) A total of 1.2 million tickets were available for the 31 matches of the final tournament , of which 77 % were to be sold to the general public , and the remainder reserved for sponsors and partners ( 13 % ) , media ( 5 % ) , and corporate hospitality ( 5 % ) . Public sales for an initial batch of 450,000 tickets ( 38 % ) were launched on 28 April 2003 , in a ceremony in Lisbon which gathered former European football stars Eusébio and Ruud Gullit . Ticket prices were divided in three categories , ranging from € 35 ( group matches ) to € 270 ( final ) . In a first phase lasting until 16 June 2003 , supporters could apply for tickets via UEFA 's tournament website or through forms available at the Portuguese Football Federation and match venues . Applicants could request a maximum of four tickets per match but were limited to one match per day . In parallel to individual match tickets , UEFA created a new category of tickets called `` Follow My Team '' , which allowed supporters to see all the matches of their favourite team ( group stage and , if qualified , knockout stage matches ) . If there were oversubscribed matches by the end of the first phase of sales , a match - specific draw would take place to select the successful applicants . Between 1 August and 24 November 2003 , available tickets were placed again on sale in a first - come , first - served basis . After the draw for the group stage on 30 November , a third phase of public sales began on 9 December , which included a second batch of tickets ( 39 % ) that could be bought until March 2004 through the national associations of the finalist teams . Every national association was awarded 20 % of the venue capacity for each of their team 's matches . From 1 to 30 April 2004 , surplus tickets from UEFA or national associations were made available to the public for the last time . Ticket distribution began in May , after sales were officially closed . Team base camps ( edit ) Each team was provided a base camp for residence and daily training between tournament matches . An initial list of 25 bases approved by the Portuguese Football Federation , following a selection process started in November 2001 , was announced by the organisation on 5 February 2003 . Team Base camp Bulgaria Póvoa de Varzim Croatia Coruche Czech Republic Sintra Denmark Portimão England Oeiras France Santo Tirso Germany Almancil Greece Vila do Conde Italy Lisbon Latvia Anadia Netherlands Albufeira Portugal Alcochete Russia Vilamoura Spain Braga Sweden Estoril Switzerland Óbidos Squads ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 squads Each national team had to submit a squad of 23 players , three of whom must be goalkeepers , at least ten days before the opening match of the tournament . If a player became injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team 's first match , he would be replaced by another player . Match officials ( edit ) On 4 December 2003 , UEFA revealed the twelve referees and four fourth officials . Each refereeing team was composed by one main referee and two assistant referees from the same country . Country Referee Assistant referees Matches refereed Denmark Kim Milton Nielsen Jens Larsen Jørgen Jepsen Croatia 2 -- 2 France ( group B) Netherlands 3 -- 0 Latvia ( group D ) England Mike Riley Philip Sharp Glenn Turner Sweden 5 -- 0 Bulgaria ( group C ) Latvia 0 -- 0 Germany ( group D ) France Gilles Veissière Frédéric Arnault Serge Vallin Russia 2 -- 1 Greece ( group A ) Czech Republic 2 -- 1 Latvia ( group D ) Germany Markus Merk Christian Schraer Jan - Henrik Salver France 2 -- 1 England ( group B) Denmark 2 -- 2 Sweden ( group C ) Portugal 0 -- 1 Greece ( Final ) Italy Pierluigi Collina Marco Ivaldi Narciso Pisacreta Portugal 1 -- 2 Greece ( group A ) Croatia 2 -- 4 England ( group B) Greece 1 -- 0 Czech Republic ( semi-final ) Norway Terje Hauge Ole Hermann Borgan Steinar Holvik Russia 0 -- 2 Portugal ( group A ) Germany 1 -- 2 Czech Republic ( group D ) Portugal Lucílio Batista José Cardinal Paulo Januário Switzerland 0 -- 0 Croatia ( group B) Bulgaria 0 -- 2 Denmark ( group C ) Russia Valentin Ivanov Gennady Krasyuk Vladimir Eniutin England 3 -- 0 Switzerland ( group B) Italy 2 -- 1 Bulgaria ( group C ) Czech Republic 3 -- 0 Denmark ( quarter - final ) Slovakia Ľuboš Micheľ Igor Sramka Martin Balko Greece 1 -- 1 Spain ( group A ) Switzerland 1 -- 3 France ( group B) Sweden 0 -- 0 Netherlands ( quarter - final ) Spain Manuel Mejuto González Oscar Martínez Samaniego Rafael Guerrero Alonso Denmark 0 -- 0 Italy ( group C ) Netherlands 2 -- 3 Czech Republic ( group D ) Sweden Anders Frisk Kenneth Petersson Peter Ekström Spain 0 -- 1 Portugal ( group A ) Germany 1 -- 1 Netherlands ( group D ) France 0 -- 1 Greece ( quarter - final ) Portugal 2 -- 1 Netherlands ( semi-final ) Switzerland Urs Meier Francesco Buragina Rudolf Käppeli Spain 1 -- 0 Russia ( group A ) Italy 1 -- 1 Sweden ( group C ) Portugal 2 -- 2 England ( quarter - final ) Country Fourth official Belgium Frank De Bleeckere Greece Kyros Vassaras Luxembourg Alain Hamer Scotland Stuart Dougal Group stage ( edit ) UEFA Euro 2004 finalists and their result UEFA announced the match schedule for the final tournament on 10 March 2003 , in Porto , Portugal . In a change from the previous tournament schedule , where two quarter - final matches were played per day , over two days , the quarter - finals at the Euro 2004 were to be played over four consecutive days , with one match per day . All times are local , WEST ( UTC + 1 ) . Tiebreakers ( edit ) If two or more teams finished level on points after completion of the group matches , the following tie - breakers are used to determine the final ranking : greater number of points in the matches between the teams in question ; greater goal difference in matches between the teams in question ; greater number of goals scored in matches between the teams in question ; greater goal difference in all group games ; greater number of goals scored in all group games ; higher coefficient derived from Euro 2004 and 2002 World Cup qualifiers ( points obtained divided by number of matches played ) ; fair play conduct in Euro 2004 ; drawing of lots . If two teams playing the final group match have identical records going into that match , and it ends in a draw , then a penalty shoot - out would be played , rather than using the above criteria . Euro 2004 marked the introduction of this procedure , although it did not need to be used . The same procedure was also used at Euro 2008 . Group A ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Portugal ( H ) 0 + 2 6 Advance to knockout stage Greece 0 Spain 0 Russia 0 − 2 Source : UEFA ( H ) Host . 12 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 12 ) 17 : 00 Portugal 1 -- 2 Greece Ronaldo 90 + 3 ' Report Karagounis 7 ' Basinas 51 ' ( pen . ) Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 48,761 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) 12 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 12 ) 19 : 45 Spain 1 -- 0 Russia Valerón 60 ' Report Estádio Algarve , Faro / Loulé Attendance : 28,182 Referee : Urs Meier ( Switzerland ) 16 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 16 ) 17 : 00 Greece 1 -- 1 Spain Charisteas 66 ' Report Morientes 28 ' Estádio do Bessa , Porto Attendance : 25,444 Referee : Ľuboš Micheľ ( Slovakia ) 16 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 16 ) 19 : 45 Russia 0 -- 2 Portugal Report Maniche 7 ' Rui Costa 89 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 59,273 Referee : Terje Hauge ( Norway ) 20 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) 19 : 45 Spain 0 -- 1 Portugal Report Nuno Gomes 57 ' Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 47,491 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 20 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 20 ) 19 : 45 Russia 2 -- 1 Greece Kirichenko 2 ' Bulykin 17 ' Report Vryzas 43 ' Estádio Algarve , Faro / Loulé Attendance : 24,347 Referee : Gilles Veissière ( France ) Group B ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 7 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 + 4 6 Croatia 0 6 − 2 Switzerland 0 6 − 5 Source : UEFA 13 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 13 ) 17 : 00 Switzerland 0 -- 0 Croatia Report Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , Leiria Attendance : 24,090 Referee : Lucílio Batista ( Portugal ) 13 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 13 ) 19 : 45 France 2 -- 1 England Zidane 90 + 1 ' , 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Lampard 38 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 62,487 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) 17 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 17 ) 17 : 00 England 3 -- 0 Switzerland Rooney 23 ' , 75 ' Gerrard 82 ' Report Estádio Cidade de Coimbra , Coimbra Attendance : 28,214 Referee : Valentin Ivanov ( Russia ) 17 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 17 ) 19 : 45 Croatia 2 -- 2 France Rapaić 48 ' ( pen . ) Pršo 52 ' Report Tudor 22 ' ( o.g. ) Trezeguet 64 ' Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa , Leiria Attendance : 29,160 Referee : Kim Milton Nielsen ( Denmark ) 21 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) 19 : 45 Croatia 2 -- 4 England N. Kovač 5 ' Tudor 73 ' Report Scholes 40 ' Rooney 45 + 1 ' , 68 ' Lampard 79 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 57,047 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) 21 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 21 ) 19 : 45 Switzerland 1 -- 3 France Vonlanthen 26 ' Report Zidane 20 ' Henry 76 ' , 84 ' Estádio Cidade de Coimbra , Coimbra Attendance : 28,111 Referee : Ľuboš Micheľ ( Slovakia ) Group C ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 8 + 5 5 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 2 5 Italy 0 + 1 5 Bulgaria 0 0 9 − 8 0 Source : UEFA Notes : ^ Jump up to : Tied on head - to - head points ( 2 ) and goal difference ( 0 ) . Head - to - head goals for : Sweden 3 , Denmark 2 , Italy 1 . 14 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 14 ) 17 : 00 Denmark 0 -- 0 Italy Report Estádio D. Afonso Henriques , Guimarães Attendance : 29,595 Referee : Manuel Mejuto González ( Spain ) 14 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 14 ) 19 : 45 Sweden 5 -- 0 Bulgaria Ljungberg 32 ' Larsson 57 ' , 58 ' Ibrahimović 78 ' ( pen . ) Allbäck 90 + 1 ' Report Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 31,652 Referee : Mike Riley ( England ) 18 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 18 ) 17 : 00 Bulgaria 0 -- 2 Denmark Report Tomasson 44 ' Grønkjær 90 + 2 ' Estádio Municipal de Braga , Braga Attendance : 24,131 Referee : Lucílio Batista ( Portugal ) 18 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 18 ) 19 : 45 Italy 1 -- 1 Sweden Cassano 37 ' Report Ibrahimović 85 ' Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 44,926 Referee : Urs Meier ( Switzerland ) 22 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 22 ) 19 : 45 Italy 2 -- 1 Bulgaria Perrotta 48 ' Cassano 90 + 4 ' Report M. Petrov 45 ' ( pen . ) Estádio D. Afonso Henriques , Guimarães Attendance : 16,002 Referee : Valentin Ivanov ( Russia ) 22 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 22 ) 19 : 45 Denmark 2 -- 2 Sweden Tomasson 28 ' , 66 ' Report Larsson 47 ' ( pen . ) Jonson 89 ' Estádio do Bessa , Porto Attendance : 26,115 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) Group D ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Czech Republic 0 0 7 + 3 9 Advance to knockout stage Netherlands 6 + 2 Germany 0 − 1 Latvia 0 5 − 4 Source : UEFA 15 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 Czech Republic 2 -- 1 Latvia Baroš 73 ' Heinz 85 ' Report Verpakovskis 45 + 1 ' Estádio Municipal de Aveiro , Aveiro Attendance : 21,744 Referee : Gilles Veissière ( France ) 15 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 15 ) 19 : 45 Germany 1 -- 1 Netherlands Frings 30 ' Report Van Nistelrooy 81 ' Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 48,197 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 19 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 19 ) 17 : 00 Latvia 0 -- 0 Germany Report Estádio do Bessa , Porto Attendance : 22,344 Referee : Mike Riley ( England ) 19 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 19 ) 19 : 45 Netherlands 2 -- 3 Czech Republic Bouma 4 ' Van Nistelrooy 19 ' Report Koller 23 ' Baroš 71 ' Šmicer 88 ' Estádio Municipal de Aveiro , Aveiro Attendance : 29,935 Referee : Manuel Mejuto González ( Spain ) 23 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 23 ) 19 : 45 Netherlands 3 -- 0 Latvia Van Nistelrooy 27 ' ( pen . ) , 35 ' Makaay 84 ' Report Estádio Municipal de Braga , Braga Attendance : 27,904 Referee : Kim Milton Nielsen ( Denmark ) 23 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 23 ) 19 : 45 Germany 1 -- 2 Czech Republic Ballack 21 ' Report Heinz 30 ' Baroš 77 ' Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 46,849 Referee : Terje Hauge ( Norway ) Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 knockout stage The knockout stage was a single - elimination tournament involving the eight teams that advanced from the group stage . There were three rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round , culminating in the final to decide the champions . Any game in the knockout stage that was not decided by the end of the regular 90 minutes was followed by up to 30 minutes of extra time ( two 15 - minute halves ) . For the first time in an international football tournament , the silver goal system was applied , whereby the team that led the game at the half - time break during the extra time period would be declared the winner . If the scores were still level after the initial 15 minutes of extra time , play would continue for a further 15 minutes . If the teams could still not be separated after the extra time , there would be a penalty shoot - out ( at least five penalties each ) to determine which team progressed to the next round . The silver goal replaced the golden goal from the previous two championships and was used in the semi final between Greece and the Czech Republic . As with every tournament since UEFA Euro 1984 , there was no third place play - off . All times are local , WEST ( UTC + 1 ) . Bracket ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 24 June -- Lisbon ( Luz ) Portugal ( p ) 2 ( 6 ) 30 June -- Lisbon ( Alvalade ) England 2 ( 5 ) Portugal 26 June -- Faro / Loulé Netherlands Sweden 0 ( 4 ) 4 July -- Lisbon ( Luz ) Netherlands ( p ) 0 ( 5 ) Portugal 0 25 June -- Lisbon ( Alvalade ) Greece France 0 1 July -- Porto ( Dragão ) Greece Greece ( silver goal ) 27 June -- Porto ( Dragão ) Czech Republic 0 Czech Republic Denmark 0 Quarter - finals ( edit ) 24 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 24 ) 19 : 45 Portugal 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) England Postiga 83 ' Rui Costa 110 ' Report Owen 3 ' Lampard 115 ' Penalties Deco Simão Rui Costa Ronaldo Maniche Postiga Ricardo 6 -- 5 Beckham Owen Lampard Terry Hargreaves A. Cole Vassell Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 65,000 Referee : Urs Meier ( Switzerland ) 25 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 25 ) 19 : 45 France 0 -- 1 Greece Report Charisteas 65 ' Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 45,390 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 26 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 26 ) 19 : 45 Sweden 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Report Penalties Källström Larsson Ibrahimović Ljungberg Wilhelmsson Mellberg 4 -- 5 Van Nistelrooy Heitinga Reiziger Cocu Makaay Robben Estádio Algarve , Faro / Loulé Attendance : 30,000 Referee : Ľuboš Micheľ ( Slovakia ) 27 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 27 ) 19 : 45 Czech Republic 3 -- 0 Denmark Koller 49 ' Baroš 63 ' , 65 ' Report Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 41,092 Referee : Valentin Ivanov ( Russia ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 30 June 2004 ( 2004 - 06 - 30 ) 19 : 45 Portugal 2 -- 1 Netherlands Ronaldo 26 ' Maniche 58 ' Report Andrade 63 ' ( o.g. ) Estádio José Alvalade , Lisbon Attendance : 46,679 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 1 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 01 ) 19 : 45 Greece 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Czech Republic Dellas 105 + 1 ' Report Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 42,449 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) Final ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 Final 4 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 04 ) 19 : 45 Portugal 0 -- 1 Greece Report Charisteas 57 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 62,865 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) Statistics ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 statistics Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 77 goals scored in 31 matches , for an average of 2.48 goals per match . 5 goals Milan Baroš 4 goals Wayne Rooney Ruud van Nistelrooy 3 goals Jon Dahl Tomasson Frank Lampard Zinedine Zidane Angelos Charisteas Henrik Larsson 2 goals Marek Heinz Jan Koller Thierry Henry Antonio Cassano Rui Costa Maniche Cristiano Ronaldo Zlatan Ibrahimović 1 goal Martin Petrov Niko Kovač Dado Pršo Milan Rapaić Igor Tudor Vladimír Šmicer Jesper Grønkjær Steven Gerrard Michael Owen Paul Scholes David Trezeguet Michael Ballack Torsten Frings Angelos Basinas Traianos Dellas Giorgos Karagounis Zisis Vryzas Simone Perrotta Māris Verpakovskis Wilfred Bouma Roy Makaay Nuno Gomes Hélder Postiga Dmitri Bulykin Dmitri Kirichenko Fernando Morientes Juan Carlos Valerón Marcus Allbäck Mattias Jonson Freddie Ljungberg Johan Vonlanthen 1 own goal Igor Tudor ( against France ) Jorge Andrade ( against Netherlands ) Source : UEFA Awards ( edit ) UEFA Team of the Tournament The UEFA Technical Team was charged with naming a squad composed of the 23 best players over the course of the tournament . The group of eight analysts watched every game at the tournament before making their decision after the final . Five players from the winning Greek team were named to the team of the tournament . Michael Ballack and Gianluca Zambrotta were the only players to be included whose teams were knocked out in the group stage . Theodoros Zagorakis , UEFA Player of the Tournament Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Petr Čech Antonios Nikopolidis Sol Campbell Ashley Cole Traianos Dellas Giourkas Seitaridis Gianluca Zambrotta Ricardo Carvalho Olof Mellberg Pavel Nedvěd Frank Lampard Zinedine Zidane Michael Ballack Theodoros Zagorakis Luís Figo Maniche Milan Baroš Jon Dahl Tomasson Wayne Rooney Angelos Charisteas Ruud van Nistelrooy Cristiano Ronaldo Henrik Larsson Golden Boot The Golden Boot was awarded to Milan Baroš , who scored five goals in all three group stage matches and in the quarter - finals against Denmark . Milan Baroš ( 5 goals ) UEFA Player of the Tournament Theodoros Zagorakis Prize money ( edit ) Overall , CHF 200 million was awarded to the 16 teams , a boost from the CHF120 million in the previous event . Below is a complete list of the allocations : Prize for participating : CHF7. 5 million Extra payment based on teams performance : Winner : CHF10 million Runner - up : CHF6 million Semi-finals : CHF4 million Quarter - finals : CHF3 million Group stage ( per match ) : Win : CHF1 million Draw : CHF500 , 000 Discipline ( edit ) If a player was shown a red card -- whether as a result of two bookable offences or a straight red -- he would become suspended from playing in his team 's next match . A player would also become suspended for one match for picking up two yellow cards in separate matches . However , any yellow cards accumulated would be cancelled once a team was eliminated from the tournament or reached the semi-finals . In extreme cases of ill - discipline , UEFA could choose to have a disciplinary panel examine the incident in order to determine whether or not further suspension would be required . The following players were suspended for one or more games as a result of red cards or yellow card accumulation : Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s ) Roman Sharonov in Group A v Spain Group A v Portugal Giorgos Karagounis in Group A v Portugal in Group A v Spain Group A v Russia in quarter - final v France in semi-final v Czech Republic Final v Portugal Zisis Vryzas in Group A v Portugal in Group A v Russia Quarter - final v France Sergei Ovchinnikov in Group A v Portugal Group A v Greece Alexey Smertin in Group A v Spain in Group A v Portugal Group A v Greece Carlos Marchena in Group A v Russia in Group A v Greece Group A v Portugal Johann Vogel in Group B v Croatia Group B v England Bernt Haas in Group B v England Group B v France Rosen Kirilov in Group C v Sweden in Group C v Denmark Group C v Italy Stiliyan Petrov in Group C v Denmark Group C v Italy Tobias Linderoth in Group C v Bulgaria in Group C v Italy Group C v Denmark Erik Edman in Group C v Italy in Group C v Denmark Quarter - final v Netherlands Fabio Cannavaro in Group C v Denmark in Group C v Sweden Group C v Bulgaria Gennaro Gattuso in Group C v Denmark in Group C v Sweden Group C v Bulgaria Francesco Totti Spat on Christian Poulsen in Group C v Denmark Group C v Sweden Group C v Bulgaria World Cup qualifying v Norway John Heitinga in Group D v Czech Republic Group D v Latvia Marketing ( edit ) Logo , mascot and official song ( edit ) UEFA Euro 2004 mascot , Kinas The official tournament logo was created by Euro RSCG Wnek Gosper agency and unveiled on 13 May 2002 at a ceremony held in Lisbon 's Belém Cultural Center . It represents a football in the centre of a heart , surrounded by seven green dots . The football -- displaying typical Portuguese folk artistic motifs on its panels -- and the heart -- shaped in the traditional style of the filigree art -- conveyed the football passion of the host country . The seven dots represent significant Portuguese elements and achievements , such as the number of castles in the national coat of arms or the conquest of the seven seas during the Age of Discoveries . The logo 's colour palette was based on the Portuguese flag and its warm tones recall the light and sun associated with the Portuguese landscape and climate . The competition slogan used was `` Vive O 2004 ! '' ( Portuguese : Live 2004 ! ) . The official mascot was a boy named Kinas -- derived from quinas ( English : inescutcheons ) , one of the symbols of the Portuguese coat of arms -- who wore a football kit with the Portuguese colors ( red shirt and green shorts ) and was constantly playing with a football . He possessed the knowledge and talent of generations of highly gifted football players , and embodied the energy and passion of football . Created by Warner Bros. , Kinas was officially unveiled on 29 March 2003 at the Casa de Serralves , in Porto , Portugal . The official song , called `` Força '' ( Portuguese : Strength ) , was written and performed by Portuguese - Canadian singer Nelly Furtado . The song was taken from her second studio album , Folklore , and released as its third single , soon after the start of the tournament . Furtado was selected to sing the official song of the tournament , because of her familial connection to the host country ( her parents are both Portuguese from the Azores ) . She wrote `` Força '' with `` the passion the Portuguese people have for football '' in mind . The song was played at every match , and performed live by Furtado at the closing ceremony prior to the final . Match ball ( edit ) Main article : Adidas Roteiro The official match ball was presented during the final draw ceremony on 30 November 2003 in Lisbon . It was produced by Adidas and named Adidas Roteiro , after the logbook ( Portuguese : roteiro ) used by the Portuguese maritime explorers , such as Vasco da Gama . Roteiro was the first official tournament football to employ the new thermal - bonding technique in its production , which resulted in a seamless surface and a more homogenous design . Portuguese Football Federation president Gilberto Madaíl praised the ball , stating : `` Adidas has delivered a stunning , modern and state - of the - art Portuguese football . This is very much how we envisage the UEFA Euro 2004 event to be '' . Roteiro was also used at the 2004 AFC Asian Cup , and during the mid-season of the 2004 -- 05 German Bundesliga . The new ball received mixed reactions from players and technical staffs . England midfielder David Beckham , who was asked by Adidas to test it , was pleased with Roteiro 's performance , particularly in free - kicks . France midfielder Zinedine Zidane believed the ball would `` improve the game '' . Several Spanish players , however , regarded it as `` horrible , difficult to control and to pass '' , with Real Madrid footballer Iván Helguera describing it as a `` beach ball '' . Notable players of the Italy national team , such as Francesco Totti , Andrea Pirlo and goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon also voiced criticisms . Trophy tour ( edit ) During the two months ahead of the tournament , the Henri Delaunay Trophy travelled across Portugal to promote the European Championship finals in the host country . The tour began on 8 April 2004 at the Praça do Comércio in Lisbon , where the launching ceremony took place with the presence of Portuguese football legend and tournament ambassador Eusébio . A total of twenty towns and cities were visited by the trophy tour caravan , including the ten that would host matches . Trophy tour stops and dates Lisbon ( 8 -- 11 April ) Setúbal ( 10 -- 14 April ) Faro / Loulé ( 15 -- 18 April ) Beja ( 20 -- 22 April ) Évora ( 23 -- 25 April ) Portalegre ( 27 -- 29 April ) Santarém ( 30 April -- 2 May ) Leiria ( 4 -- 6 May ) Castelo Branco ( 7 -- 8 May ) Coimbra ( 10 -- 13 May ) Aveiro ( 13 -- 15 May ) Guarda ( 16 -- 17 May ) Viseu ( 18 -- 19 May ) Bragança ( 21 -- 23 May ) Vila Real ( 24 -- 25 May ) Viana do Castelo ( 27 -- 28 May ) Guimarães ( 29 May -- 1 June ) Braga ( 2 -- 4 June ) Porto ( 6 -- 11 June ) Merchandise and memorabilia ( edit ) In November 2002 , UEFA appointed Warner Bros. Consumer Products ( WBCP ) as the tournament 's exclusive worldwide licensing agent . As the global licensing rights owner , WBCP was responsible for negotiating product license contracts with third parties on the behalf of UEFA and delineate product sales strategies across the host country . Other tasks included setting up and managing marketing plans , product distribution and prices , and prevent illegal use of trademarks and product sales . Over 2,000 merchandise items were developed by the 28 licensees chosen by WBCP , and were distributed not only within Portugal but also in major European and Asian markets . To celebrate Portugal 's hosting of the Euro 2004 finals , commemorative coin and stamp collections were issued by the Imprensa Nacional - Casa da Moeda , the Portuguese national mint and printing house , and CTT , the national postal service . Sponsorship ( edit ) UEFA distinguishes between global sponsors and national sponsors . Global Euro sponsors can come from any country and have together exclusive worldwide sponsorship rights for a UEFA European Football Championship . National sponsors come from the host country and do only have sponsorship rights within that country . Eight sponsors were announced by UEFA in December 2002 . Global sponsors National sponsors Adidas BenQ Canon Carlsberg Coca - Cola Hyundai JVC MasterCard McDonald 's NTT / Verio PT T - Mobile BPI CTT Galp Energia Portucel Soporcel Vista Alegre Atlantis Group Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2004 broadcasting rights Nineteen cameras were used in each of the ten venues to broadcast the live matches , with three additional cameras in the opening and knockout stage matches . See also ( edit ) Vive O 2004 ! , the official album for UEFA Euro 2004 UEFA Euro 2004 , the official video game for UEFA Euro 2004 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Euro Championships lowdown '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium deals inked '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 March 2003 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holland , Phil ; Williamson , Martin ( 29 April 2012 ) . `` History of the Euros : European Championships 2004 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Charisteas the hero as Greece defy the odds '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 build - up in pictures '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 12 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 1 -- 2 Greece '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 12 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greece 1 -- 1 Spain '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 2 -- 1 Greece '' . 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Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Republic 3 -- 0 Denmark '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 27 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 2 -- 1 Holland '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 30 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greece 1 -- 0 Czech Rep '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 1 July 2004 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 July 2004 ) . `` Greece win Euro 2004 '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bull , Andy ; Doyle , Paul ; Bandini , Paolo ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` The Joy of Six : memorable sporting moments of the decade '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight on Euro 2004 TM draw '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 24 January 2002 . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Play - off draws on horizon '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Leiria '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Lisbon Luz '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Lisbon Jose Alvalade '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Porto Dragao '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Coimbra '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Guimaraes '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Venues Guide -- Porto Bessa '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy removed from list of Euro 2016 venues '' . Reuters. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1.5 million Euro fans for Portugal '' . CNN.com ( Cable News Network ) . 5 April 2004 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tickets go on sale for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 29 April 2003 . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Matos Pereira , Rui ( 24 April 2003 ) . `` Just the ticket for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Matos Pereira , Rui ( 29 April 2003 ) . `` Legends gather for ticket launch '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket sales soar for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 31 July 2003 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fans warned over ticket purchases '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 December 2003 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` High demand for finals tickets '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 2 April 2004 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Training centres revealed '' . Union of European Football Associations. 5 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 24 June 2003 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 TM referees named '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2003 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 TM schedule decided '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 March 2003 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Match Schedule UEFA Euro 2004 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiebreakers explained '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 7 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Burkert , Sturmius ; Sivritepe , Erdinç ( 7 July 2004 ) . `` European Championship 2004 '' . rsssf.com . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Format '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 3 August 2002 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal vs. Greece - 4 July 2004 '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goals scored '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Archived from the original on 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goals scored ( continued ) '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Own goals against '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2008 Information '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . p. 88 . Retrieved 30 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro stars to be named '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 2 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Net gains for brilliant Baroš '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Chaplin , Mark ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Zagorakis is Euro 's finest '' . Lisbon : UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 prize money up 66 percent '' . ESPN . Entertainment Sports Programming Network . Reuters. 6 November 2003 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA announces total income for Euro 2004 '' . Sportcal. 1 June 2004 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2004 TM logo unveiled '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 14 May 2002 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The significance of seven '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 1 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Passion Concept -- Storyline '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal to unite for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 July 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Unite for Euro 2004 '' . Algarve Resident. 1 August 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kinas TM makes Porto debut '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 29 March 2003 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kinas '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 16 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Furtado flying high '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 1 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Força ' unveiled as official song '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 April 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 7 July 2004 ) . `` A-Z of UEFA Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Going out with a bang '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 July 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adidas on the ball for Euro '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 30 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas presents Roteiro as the official match vall of UEFA Euro 2004 '' . Adidas. 1 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football Year 2004 -- The most successful for Adidas '' . Adidas. 16 December 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gowar , Rex ( 11 June 2004 ) . `` New Roteiro ball makes waves '' . Rediffmail India Limited . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2004 ball criticised '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 20 February 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Euro 2004 ball under fire from players '' . Daily Times . Pakistan . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy tour for Portugal '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 9 April 2004 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy embarks on Portuguese adventure '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 3 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Appoints Warner Bros. Consumer Products Worldwide Licensing Agent for UEFA Euro 2004 '' . Business Wire . FindArticles.com. 6 November 2002 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA seeks licensing agent for Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 6 May 2002 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lisbon launch for licensing programme '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 February 2004 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Second series of coins revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 24 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stamps depict host cities '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 21 April 2004 . Retrieved 14 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2012 official sponsors '' ( PDF ) . Prasowy Warszawa . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eight partners sign - up for UEFA Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 1 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` adidas becomes UEFA Euro 2004 TM National Supporter '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 21 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BenQ on board for Portugal '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 20 November 2003 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canon on board for UEFA Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 27 January 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsberg first to back Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 22 March 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola to sponsor Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 17 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai in driving seat for Portugal '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` JVC becomes Euro 2004 TM partner '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 4 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MasterCard continue UEFA partnership '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 12 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's supports Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 17 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA announce NTT Com partnership '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 13 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Telecom answers call '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 14 March 2003 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile ring in for Portugal '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 22 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BPI banking on finals success '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 24 April 2003 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Stamp of approval for CTT '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 6 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Galp Energia named as National Supporter '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 17 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Navigator joins journey to Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 11 April 2003 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vista Alegre Atlantis Group joins Euro 2004 TM '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 24 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2004 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Teixeira , Diogo ( 3 June 2003 ) . `` Lisbon holds broadcasters gathering '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . Archived from the original on 26 June 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting tops workshop agenda '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 27 June 2003 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to UEFA Euro 2004 . UEFA Euro 2004 at UEFA.com Official website at the Wayback Machine ( archived 3 September 2004 ) UEFA Euro 2004 Stages Qualification Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Knockout stage Final General information Bids Broadcasting Squads Statistics Official symbols Roteiro ( ball ) Kinas ( mascot ) UEFA Euro 2004 ( video game ) `` Força '' ( song ) Vive O 2004 ! ( album ) UEFA Euro 2004 finalists Champions Greece Runners - up Portugal Eliminated in the semi-finals Czech Republic Netherlands Eliminated in the quarter - finals Denmark England France Sweden Eliminated in the group stage Group A Russia Spain Group B Croatia Switzerland Group C Bulgaria Italy Group D Germany Latvia UEFA Euro 2004 stadiums Estádio da Luz ( Lisbon ) Estádio José Alvalade ( Lisbon ) Estádio do Dragão ( Porto ) Estádio do Bessa ( Porto ) Estádio Municipal de Braga ( Braga ) Estádio Municipal de Aveiro ( Aveiro ) Estádio Cidade de Coimbra ( Coimbra ) Estádio D. Afonso Henriques ( Guimarães ) Estádio Dr. Magalhães Pessoa ( Leiria ) Estádio Algarve ( Faro / Loulé ) UEFA European Championship Tournaments France 1960 Spain 1964 Italy 1968 Belgium 1972 Yugoslavia 1976 Italy 1980 France 1984 West Germany 1988 Sweden 1992 England 1996 Belgium / Netherlands 2000 Portugal 2004 Austria / Switzerland 2008 Poland / Ukraine 2012 France 2016 Pan-European 2020 TBA 2024 TBA 2028 Qualifying 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Finals 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Squads 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Bids 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 Tournament statistics 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Broadcasting rights 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Records and lists Team appearances Teams with no appearances Goalscorers Hat - tricks Own goals Penalty shoot - outs Records Red cards Miscellaneous Awards Anthems and Songs Mascots Balls Video games Qualifying broadcasting rights 2003 -- 04 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia ' 03 ' 04 Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 03 ' 04 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 03 ' 04 Faroe Islands ' 03 ' 04 Finland ' 03 ' 04 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 03 ' 04 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 03 ' 04 Latvia ' 03 ' 04 Lithuania ' 03 ' 04 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 03 ' 04 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 03 ' 04 Romania Russia ' 03 ' 04 San Marino Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 03 ' 04 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 03 ' 04 Finland ' 03 ' 04 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland ' 03 ' 04 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 03 ' 04 Latvia ' 03 ' 04 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 03 ' 04 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 03 ' 04 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia and Montenegro Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 03 ' 04 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Finland ' 03 ' 04 France Germany Iceland ' 03 ' 04 Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland ' 03 ' 04 Scotland Wales UEFA competitions Champions League ( Qualifying rounds , Group stage , Knockout stage , Final ) UEFA Cup ( Final ) Intertoto Cup Super Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UEFA_Euro_2004&oldid=855794325 '' Categories : UEFA Euro 2004 UEFA European Championship tournaments 2003 -- 04 in European football 2003 -- 04 in Portuguese football International association football competitions hosted by Portugal June 2004 sports events in Europe July 2004 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 21 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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who did greece beat to win euro 2004
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"The tournament was rich in surprises and upsets: Germany, Spain and Italy were eliminated in the group stage, while France, the defending champions, were knocked out in the quarter-finals by Greece. The Portuguese team recovered from an opening defeat against Greece to reach the final, eliminating England and the Netherlands along the way. For the first time in a major football tournament, the last match featured the same teams as the opening match.[3] Portugal was defeated by Greece with a goal from Angelos Charisteas.[4] Greece's triumph was unexpected, considering that they had only qualified for two other major tournaments, the UEFA Euro 1980 and the 1994 FIFA World Cup, where they failed to win a single match. As winners, Greece earned the right to represent Europe at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup.\n"
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Atmospheric entry
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Atmospheric entry - wikipedia Atmospheric entry Jump to : navigation , search `` Reentry '' redirects here . For other uses , see Reentry ( disambiguation ) . Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) aeroshell , artistic rendition Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet , dwarf planet or natural satellite . There are two main types of atmospheric entry : uncontrolled entry , such as the entry of astronomical objects , space debris or bolides ; and controlled entry ( or reentry ) of a spacecraft capable of being navigated or following a predetermined course . Technologies and procedures allowing the controlled atmospheric entry , descent and landing of spacecraft are collectively abbreviated as EDL . Animated illustration of different phases as a meteoroid enters the Earth 's atmosphere to become visible as a meteor and land as a meteorite Atmospheric drag and aerodynamic heating can cause atmospheric breakup capable of completely disintegrating smaller objects . These forces may cause objects with lower compressive strength to explode . Manned space vehicles must be slowed to subsonic speeds before parachutes or air brakes may be deployed . Such vehicles have kinetic energies typically between 50 and 1800 MJoules , and atmospheric dissipation is the only way of expending the kinetic energy . The amount of rocket fuel required to slow the vehicle would be nearly equal to the amount used to accelerate it initially , and it is thus highly impractical to use retro rockets for the entire Earth re-entry procedure . While the high temperature generated at the surface of the heat shield is due to adiabatic compression , the vehicle 's kinetic energy is ultimately lost to gas friction ( viscosity ) after the vehicle has passed by . Other smaller energy losses include black body radiation directly from the hot gasses and chemical reactions between ionized gasses . Ballistic warheads and expendable vehicles do not require slowing at re-entry , and in fact , are made streamlined so as to maintain their speed . For Earth , atmospheric entry occurs above the Kármán line at an altitude of more than 100 km ( 62 mi . ) above the surface , while at Venus atmospheric entry occurs at 250 km ( 155 mi . ) and at Mars atmospheric entry at about 80 km ( 50 mi . ) . Uncontrolled , objects accelerate through the atmosphere at extreme velocities under the influence of Earth 's gravity . Most controlled objects enter at hypersonic speeds due to their suborbital ( e.g. , intercontinental ballistic missile reentry vehicles ) , orbital ( e.g. , the Space Shuttle ) , or unbounded ( e.g. , meteors ) trajectories . Various advanced technologies have been developed to enable atmospheric reentry and flight at extreme velocities . An alternative low velocity method of controlled atmospheric entry is buoyancy which is suitable for planetary entry where thick atmospheres , strong gravity or both factors complicate high - velocity hyperbolic entry , such as the atmospheres of Venus , Titan and the gas giants . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Terminology , definitions and jargon 3 Blunt body entry vehicles 4 Entry vehicle shapes 4.1 Sphere or spherical section 4.2 Sphere - cone 4.3 Biconic 4.4 Non-axisymmetric shapes 5 Shock layer gas physics 5.1 Perfect gas model 5.2 Real ( equilibrium ) gas model 5.3 Real ( non-equilibrium ) gas model 5.4 Frozen gas model 6 Thermal protection systems 6.1 Ablative 6.1. 1 SLA - 561V 6.1. 2 Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator 6.1. 2.1 PICA - X 6.1. 3 SIRCA 6.1. 4 AVCOAT 6.2 Thermal soak 6.3 Passively cooled 6.4 Actively cooled 7 Feathered reentry 8 Inflatable heat shield reentry 8.1 NASA IRVE 8.2 NASA HIAD 9 Entry vehicle design considerations 10 Notable atmospheric entry accidents 11 Uncontrolled and unprotected reentries 11.1 Deorbit disposal 12 Successful atmospheric re-entries from orbital velocities 13 Selected atmospheric re-entries 14 See also 15 Further reading 16 Notes and references 17 External links History ( edit ) Apollo Command Module flying at a high angle of attack for lifting entry , artistic rendition . The concept of the ablative heat shield was described as early as 1920 by Robert Goddard : `` In the case of meteors , which enter the atmosphere with speeds as high as 30 miles per second ( 48 km / s ) , the interior of the meteors remains cold , and the erosion is due , to a large extent , to chipping or cracking of the suddenly heated surface . For this reason , if the outer surface of the apparatus were to consist of layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between , the surface would not be eroded to any considerable extent , especially as the velocity of the apparatus would not be nearly so great as that of the average meteor . '' Practical development of reentry systems began as the range and reentry velocity of ballistic missiles increased . For early short - range missiles , like the V - 2 , stabilization and aerodynamic stress were important issues ( many V - 2s broke apart during reentry ) , but heating was not a serious problem . Medium - range missiles like the Soviet R - 5 , with a 1200 km range , required ceramic composite heat shielding on separable reentry vehicles ( it was no longer possible for the entire rocket structure to survive re-entry ) . The first ICBMs , with ranges of 8000 to 12,000 km , were only possible with the development of modern ablative heat shields and blunt - shaped vehicles . In the U.S. , this technology was pioneered by H. Julian Allen at Ames Research Center . Terminology , definitions and jargon ( edit ) Over the decades since the 1950s , a rich technical jargon has grown around the engineering of vehicles designed to enter planetary atmospheres . It is recommended that the reader review the jargon glossary before continuing with this article on atmospheric reentry . When atmospheric entry is part of a spacecraft landing or recovery , particularly on a planetary body other than Earth , entry is part of a phase referred to as `` entry , descent , and landing '' , or EDL . When the atmospheric entry returns to the same body that the vehicle had launched from , the event is referred to as reentry ( almost always referring to Earth entry ) . Blunt body entry vehicles ( edit ) Various reentry shapes ( NASA ) using shadowgraphs to show high - velocity flow These four shadowgraph images represent early reentry - vehicle concepts . A shadowgraph is a process that makes visible the disturbances that occur in a fluid flow at high velocity , in which light passing through a flowing fluid is refracted by the density gradients in the fluid resulting in bright and dark areas on a screen placed behind the fluid . In the United States , H. Julian Allen and A.J. Eggers , Jr. of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) made the counterintuitive discovery in 1951 that a blunt shape ( high drag ) made the most effective heat shield . From simple engineering principles , Allen and Eggers showed that the heat load experienced by an entry vehicle was inversely proportional to the drag coefficient , i.e. the greater the drag , the less the heat load . If the reentry vehicle is made blunt , air can not `` get out of the way '' quickly enough , and acts as an air cushion to push the shock wave and heated shock layer forward ( away from the vehicle ) . Since most of the hot gases are no longer in direct contact with the vehicle , the heat energy would stay in the shocked gas and simply move around the vehicle to later dissipate into the atmosphere . The Allen and Eggers discovery , though initially treated as a military secret , was eventually published in 1958 . Entry vehicle shapes ( edit ) Main article : Nose cone design There are several basic shapes used in designing entry vehicles : Sphere or spherical section ( edit ) The simplest axisymmetric shape is the sphere or spherical section . This can either be a complete sphere or a spherical section forebody with a converging conical afterbody . The aerodynamics of a sphere or spherical section are easy to model analytically using Newtonian impact theory . Likewise , the spherical section 's heat flux can be accurately modeled with the Fay - Riddell equation . The static stability of a spherical section is assured if the vehicle 's center of mass is upstream from the center of curvature ( dynamic stability is more problematic ) . Pure spheres have no lift . However , by flying at an angle of attack , a spherical section has modest aerodynamic lift thus providing some cross-range capability and widening its entry corridor . In the late 1950s and early 1960s , high - speed computers were not yet available and computational fluid dynamics was still embryonic . Because the spherical section was amenable to closed - form analysis , that geometry became the default for conservative design . Consequently , manned capsules of that era were based upon the spherical section . Pure spherical entry vehicles were used in the early Soviet Vostok and Voskhod and in Soviet Mars and Venera descent vehicles . The Apollo Command / Service Module used a spherical section forebody heat shield with a converging conical afterbody . It flew a lifting entry with a hypersonic trim angle of attack of − 27 ° ( 0 ° is blunt - end first ) to yield an average L / D ( lift - to - drag ratio ) of 0.368 . This angle of attack was achieved by precisely offsetting the vehicle 's center of mass from its axis of symmetry . Other examples of the spherical section geometry in manned capsules are Soyuz / Zond , Gemini and Mercury . Even these small amounts of lift allow trajectories that have very significant effects on peak g - force ( reducing g - force from 8 - 9g for a purely ballistic ( slowed only by drag ) trajectory to 4 - 5g ) as well as greatly reducing the peak reentry heat . Sphere - cone ( edit ) The sphere - cone is a spherical section with a frustum or blunted cone attached . The sphere - cone 's dynamic stability is typically better than that of a spherical section . The vehicle enters sphere - first . With a sufficiently small half - angle and properly placed center of mass , a sphere - cone can provide aerodynamic stability from Keplerian entry to surface impact . ( The `` half - angle '' is the angle between the cone 's axis of rotational symmetry and its outer surface , and thus half the angle made by the cone 's surface edges . ) Prototype of the Mk - 2 Reentry Vehicle ( RV ) , based on blunt body theory The original American sphere - cone aeroshell was the Mk - 2 RV ( reentry vehicle ) , which was developed in 1955 by the General Electric Corp . The Mk - 2 's design was derived from blunt - body theory and used a radiatively cooled thermal protection system ( TPS ) based upon a metallic heat shield ( the different TPS types are later described in this article ) . The Mk - 2 had significant defects as a weapon delivery system , i.e. , it loitered too long in the upper atmosphere due to its lower ballistic coefficient and also trailed a stream of vaporized metal making it very visible to radar . These defects made the Mk - 2 overly susceptible to anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) systems . Consequently , an alternative sphere - cone RV to the Mk - 2 was developed by General Electric . Mk - 6 RV , Cold War weapon and ancestor to most of the U.S. missile entry vehicles This new RV was the Mk - 6 which used a non-metallic ablative TPS ( nylon phenolic ) . This new TPS was so effective as a reentry heat shield that significantly reduced bluntness was possible . However , the Mk - 6 was a huge RV with an entry mass of 3360 kg , a length of 3.1 meters and a half - angle of 12.5 ° . Subsequent advances in nuclear weapon and ablative TPS design allowed RVs to become significantly smaller with a further reduced bluntness ratio compared to the Mk - 6 . Since the 1960s , the sphere - cone has become the preferred geometry for modern ICBM RVs with typical half - angles being between 10 ° to 11 ° . `` Discoverer '' type reconnaissance satellite film Recovery Vehicle ( RV ) Reconnaissance satellite RVs ( recovery vehicles ) also used a sphere - cone shape and were the first American example of a non-munition entry vehicle ( Discoverer - I , launched on 28 February 1959 ) . The sphere - cone was later used for space exploration missions to other celestial bodies or for return from open space ; e.g. , Stardust probe . Unlike with military RVs , the advantage of the blunt body 's lower TPS mass remained with space exploration entry vehicles like the Galileo Probe with a half angle of 45 ° or the Viking aeroshell with a half angle of 70 ° . Space exploration sphere - cone entry vehicles have landed on the surface or entered the atmospheres of Mars , Venus , Jupiter and Titan . Galileo Probe during final assembly Biconic ( edit ) The biconic is a sphere - cone with an additional frustum attached . The biconic offers a significantly improved L / D ratio . A biconic designed for Mars aerocapture typically has an L / D of approximately 1.0 compared to an L / D of 0.368 for the Apollo - CM . The higher L / D makes a biconic shape better suited for transporting people to Mars due to the lower peak deceleration . Arguably , the most significant biconic ever flown was the Advanced Maneuverable Reentry Vehicle ( AMaRV ) . Four AMaRVs were made by the McDonnell - Douglas Corp. and represented a significant leap in RV sophistication . Three AMaRVs were launched by Minuteman - 1 ICBMs on 20 December 1979 , 8 October 1980 and 4 October 1981 . AMaRV had an entry mass of approximately 470 kg , a nose radius of 2.34 cm , a forward frustum half - angle of 10.4 ° , an inter-frustum radius of 14.6 cm , aft frustum half angle of 6 ° , and an axial length of 2.079 meters . No accurate diagram or picture of AMaRV has ever appeared in the open literature . However , a schematic sketch of an AMaRV - like vehicle along with trajectory plots showing hairpin turns has been published . The DC - X , shown during its first flight , was a prototype single stage to orbit vehicle , and used a biconic shape similar to AMaRV . Opportunity rover 's heat shield lying inverted on the surface of Mars . AMaRV 's attitude was controlled through a split body flap ( also called a `` split - windward flap '' ) along with two yaw flaps mounted on the vehicle 's sides . Hydraulic actuation was used for controlling the flaps . AMaRV was guided by a fully autonomous navigation system designed for evading anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) interception . The McDonnell Douglas DC - X ( also a biconic ) was essentially a scaled - up version of AMaRV . AMaRV and the DC - X also served as the basis for an unsuccessful proposal for what eventually became the Lockheed Martin X-33 . Non-axisymmetric shapes ( edit ) Non-axisymmetric shapes have been used for manned entry vehicles . One example is the winged orbit vehicle that uses a delta wing for maneuvering during descent much like a conventional glider . This approach has been used by the American Space Shuttle and the Soviet Buran . The lifting body is another entry vehicle geometry and was used with the X-23 PRIME ( Precision Recovery Including Maneuvering Entry ) vehicle . The FIRST ( Fabrication of Inflatable Re-entry Structures for Test ) system was an Aerojet proposal for an inflated - spar Rogallo wing made up from Inconel wire cloth impregnated with silicone rubber and silicon carbide dust . FIRST was proposed in both one - man and six man versions , used for emergency escape and reentry of stranded space station crews , and was based on an earlier unmanned test program that resulted in a partially successful reentry flight from space ( the launcher nose cone fairing hung up on the material , dragging it too low and fast for the thermal protection system ( TPS ) , but otherwise it appears the concept would have worked ; even with the fairing dragging it , the test article flew stably on reentry until burn - through ) . The proposed MOOSE system would have used a one - man inflatable ballistic capsule as an emergency astronaut entry vehicle . This concept was carried further by the Douglas Paracone project . While these concepts were unusual , the inflated shape on reentry was in fact axisymmetric . Shock layer gas physics ( edit ) At typical reentry temperatures , the air in the shock layer is both ionized and dissociated . This chemical dissociation necessitates various physical models to describe the shock layer 's thermal and chemical properties . There are four basic physical models of a gas that are important to aeronautical engineers who design heat shields : Perfect gas model ( edit ) Almost all aeronautical engineers are taught the perfect ( ideal ) gas model during their undergraduate education . Most of the important perfect gas equations along with their corresponding tables and graphs are shown in NACA Report 1135 . Excerpts from NACA Report 1135 often appear in the appendices of thermodynamics textbooks and are familiar to most aeronautical engineers who design supersonic aircraft . The perfect gas theory is elegant and extremely useful for designing aircraft but assumes that the gas is chemically inert . From the standpoint of aircraft design , air can be assumed to be inert for temperatures less than 550 K at one atmosphere pressure . The perfect gas theory begins to break down at 550 K and is not usable at temperatures greater than 2,000 K. For temperatures greater than 2,000 K , a heat shield designer must use a real gas model . Real ( equilibrium ) gas model ( edit ) An entry vehicle 's pitching moment can be significantly influenced by real - gas effects . Both the Apollo - CM and the Space Shuttle were designed using incorrect pitching moments determined through inaccurate real - gas modelling . The Apollo - CM 's trim - angle angle of attack was higher than originally estimated , resulting in a narrower lunar return entry corridor . The actual aerodynamic centre of the Columbia was upstream from the calculated value due to real - gas effects . On Columbia 's maiden flight ( STS - 1 ) , astronauts John W. Young and Robert Crippen had some anxious moments during reentry when there was concern about losing control of the vehicle . An equilibrium real - gas model assumes that a gas is chemically reactive , but also assumes all chemical reactions have had time to complete and all components of the gas have the same temperature ( this is called thermodynamic equilibrium ) . When air is processed by a shock wave , it is superheated by compression and chemically dissociates through many different reactions . Direct friction upon the reentry object is not the main cause of shock - layer heating . It is caused mainly from isentropic heating of the air molecules within the compression wave . Friction based entropy increases of the molecules within the wave also account for some heating . The distance from the shock wave to the stagnation point on the entry vehicle 's leading edge is called shock wave stand off . An approximate rule of thumb for shock wave standoff distance is 0.14 times the nose radius . One can estimate the time of travel for a gas molecule from the shock wave to the stagnation point by assuming a free stream velocity of 7.8 km / s and a nose radius of 1 meter , i.e. , time of travel is about 18 microseconds . This is roughly the time required for shock - wave - initiated chemical dissociation to approach chemical equilibrium in a shock layer for a 7.8 km / s entry into air during peak heat flux . Consequently , as air approaches the entry vehicle 's stagnation point , the air effectively reaches chemical equilibrium thus enabling an equilibrium model to be usable . For this case , most of the shock layer between the shock wave and leading edge of an entry vehicle is chemically reacting and not in a state of equilibrium . The Fay - Riddell equation , which is of extreme importance towards modeling heat flux , owes its validity to the stagnation point being in chemical equilibrium . The time required for the shock layer gas to reach equilibrium is strongly dependent upon the shock layer 's pressure . For example , in the case of the Galileo Probe 's entry into Jupiter 's atmosphere , the shock layer was mostly in equilibrium during peak heat flux due to the very high pressures experienced ( this is counterintuitive given the free stream velocity was 39 km / s during peak heat flux ) . Determining the thermodynamic state of the stagnation point is more difficult under an equilibrium gas model than a perfect gas model . Under a perfect gas model , the ratio of specific heats ( also called `` isentropic exponent '' , adiabatic index , `` gamma '' or `` kappa '' ) is assumed to be constant along with the gas constant . For a real gas , the ratio of specific heats can wildly oscillate as a function of temperature . Under a perfect gas model there is an elegant set of equations for determining thermodynamic state along a constant entropy stream line called the isentropic chain . For a real gas , the isentropic chain is unusable and a Mollier diagram would be used instead for manual calculation . However , graphical solution with a Mollier diagram is now considered obsolete with modern heat shield designers using computer programs based upon a digital lookup table ( another form of Mollier diagram ) or a chemistry based thermodynamics program . The chemical composition of a gas in equilibrium with fixed pressure and temperature can be determined through the Gibbs free energy method . Gibbs free energy is simply the total enthalpy of the gas minus its total entropy times temperature . A chemical equilibrium program normally does not require chemical formulas or reaction - rate equations . The program works by preserving the original elemental abundances specified for the gas and varying the different molecular combinations of the elements through numerical iteration until the lowest possible Gibbs free energy is calculated ( a Newton - Raphson method is the usual numerical scheme ) . The data base for a Gibbs free energy program comes from spectroscopic data used in defining partition functions . Among the best equilibrium codes in existence is the program Chemical Equilibrium with Applications ( CEA ) which was written by Bonnie J. McBride and Sanford Gordon at NASA Lewis ( now renamed `` NASA Glenn Research Center '' ) . Other names for CEA are the `` Gordon and McBride Code '' and the `` Lewis Code '' . CEA is quite accurate up to 10,000 K for planetary atmospheric gases , but unusable beyond 20,000 K ( double ionization is not modelled ) . CEA can be downloaded from the Internet along with full documentation and will compile on Linux under the G77 Fortran compiler . Real ( non-equilibrium ) gas model ( edit ) A non-equilibrium real gas model is the most accurate model of a shock layer 's gas physics , but is more difficult to solve than an equilibrium model . The simplest non-equilibrium model is the Lighthill - Freeman model . The Lighthill - Freeman model initially assumes a gas made up of a single diatomic species susceptible to only one chemical formula and its reverse ; e.g. , N → N + N and N + N → N ( dissociation and recombination ) . Because of its simplicity , the Lighthill - Freeman model is a useful pedagogical tool , but is unfortunately too simple for modelling non-equilibrium air . Air is typically assumed to have a mole fraction composition of 0.7812 molecular nitrogen , 0.2095 molecular oxygen and 0.0093 argon . The simplest real gas model for air is the five species model , which is based upon N , O , NO , N , and O . The five species model assumes no ionization and ignores trace species like carbon dioxide . When running a Gibbs free energy equilibrium program , the iterative process from the originally specified molecular composition to the final calculated equilibrium composition is essentially random and not time accurate . With a non-equilibrium program , the computation process is time accurate and follows a solution path dictated by chemical and reaction rate formulas . The five species model has 17 chemical formulas ( 34 when counting reverse formulas ) . The Lighthill - Freeman model is based upon a single ordinary differential equation and one algebraic equation . The five species model is based upon 5 ordinary differential equations and 17 algebraic equations . Because the 5 ordinary differential equations are loosely coupled , the system is numerically `` stiff '' and difficult to solve . The five species model is only usable for entry from low Earth orbit where entry velocity is approximately 7.8 km / s . For lunar return entry of 11 km / s , the shock layer contains a significant amount of ionized nitrogen and oxygen . The five species model is no longer accurate and a twelve species model must be used instead . High speed Mars entry which involves a carbon dioxide , nitrogen and argon atmosphere is even more complex requiring a 19 species model . An important aspect of modelling non-equilibrium real gas effects is radiative heat flux . If a vehicle is entering an atmosphere at very high speed ( hyperbolic trajectory , lunar return ) and has a large nose radius then radiative heat flux can dominate TPS heating . Radiative heat flux during entry into an air or carbon dioxide atmosphere typically comes from asymmetric diatomic molecules ; e.g. , cyanogen ( CN ) , carbon monoxide , nitric oxide ( NO ) , single ionized molecular nitrogen etc . These molecules are formed by the shock wave dissociating ambient atmospheric gas followed by recombination within the shock layer into new molecular species . The newly formed diatomic molecules initially have a very high vibrational temperature that efficiently transforms the vibrational energy into radiant energy ; i.e. , radiative heat flux . The whole process takes place in less than a millisecond which makes modelling a challenge . The experimental measurement of radiative heat flux ( typically done with shock tubes ) along with theoretical calculation through the unsteady Schrödinger equation are among the more esoteric aspects of aerospace engineering . Most of the aerospace research work related to understanding radiative heat flux was done in the 1960s , but largely discontinued after conclusion of the Apollo Program . Radiative heat flux in air was just sufficiently understood to ensure Apollo 's success . However , radiative heat flux in carbon dioxide ( Mars entry ) is still barely understood and will require major research . Frozen gas model ( edit ) The frozen gas model describes a special case of a gas that is not in equilibrium . The name `` frozen gas '' can be misleading . A frozen gas is not `` frozen '' like ice is frozen water . Rather a frozen gas is `` frozen '' in time ( all chemical reactions are assumed to have stopped ) . Chemical reactions are normally driven by collisions between molecules . If gas pressure is slowly reduced such that chemical reactions can continue then the gas can remain in equilibrium . However , it is possible for gas pressure to be so suddenly reduced that almost all chemical reactions stop . For that situation the gas is considered frozen . The distinction between equilibrium and frozen is important because it is possible for a gas such as air to have significantly different properties ( speed - of - sound , viscosity etc . ) for the same thermodynamic state ; e.g. , pressure and temperature . Frozen gas can be a significant issue in the wake behind an entry vehicle . During reentry , free stream air is compressed to high temperature and pressure by the entry vehicle 's shock wave . Non-equilibrium air in the shock layer is then transported past the entry vehicle 's leading side into a region of rapidly expanding flow that causes freezing . The frozen air can then be entrained into a trailing vortex behind the entry vehicle . Correctly modelling the flow in the wake of an entry vehicle is very difficult . Thermal protection shield ( TPS ) heating in the vehicle 's afterbody is usually not very high , but the geometry and unsteadiness of the vehicle 's wake can significantly influence aerodynamics ( pitching moment ) and particularly dynamic stability . Thermal protection systems ( edit ) A thermal protection system or TPS is the barrier that protects a spacecraft during the searing heat of atmospheric reentry . A secondary goal may be to protect the spacecraft from the heat and cold of space while in orbit . Multiple approaches for the thermal protection of spacecraft are in use , among them ablative heat shields , passive cooling and active cooling of spacecraft surfaces . Ablative ( edit ) Ablative heat shield ( after use ) on Apollo 12 capsule The ablative heat shield functions by lifting the hot shock layer gas away from the heat shield 's outer wall ( creating a cooler boundary layer ) . The boundary layer comes from blowing of gaseous reaction products from the heat shield material and provides protection against all forms of heat flux . The overall process of reducing the heat flux experienced by the heat shield 's outer wall by way of a boundary layer is called blockage . Ablation occurs at two levels in an ablative TPS : the outer surface of the TPS material chars , melts , and sublimes , while the bulk of the TPS material undergoes pyrolysis and expels product gases . The gas produced by pyrolysis is what drives blowing and causes blockage of convective and catalytic heat flux . Pyrolysis can be measured in real time using thermogravimetric analysis , so that the ablative performance can be evaluated . Ablation can also provide blockage against radiative heat flux by introducing carbon into the shock layer thus making it optically opaque . Radiative heat flux blockage was the primary thermal protection mechanism of the Galileo Probe TPS material ( carbon phenolic ) . Carbon phenolic was originally developed as a rocket nozzle throat material ( used in the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster ) and for re-entry vehicle nose tips . Early research on ablation technology in the USA was centered at NASA 's Ames Research Center located at Moffett Field , California . Ames Research Center was ideal , since it had numerous wind tunnels capable of generating varying wind velocities . Initial experiments typically mounted a mock - up of the ablative material to be analyzed within a hypersonic wind tunnel . Testing of ablative materials occurs at the Ames Arc Jet Complex . Many spacecraft thermal protection systems have been tested in this facility , including the Apollo , space shuttle , and Orion heat shield materials . Mars Pathfinder during final assembly showing the aeroshell , cruise ring and solid rocket motor The thermal conductivity of a particular TPS material is usually proportional to the material 's density . Carbon phenolic is a very effective ablative material , but also has high density which is undesirable . If the heat flux experienced by an entry vehicle is insufficient to cause pyrolysis then the TPS material 's conductivity could allow heat flux conduction into the TPS bondline material thus leading to TPS failure . Consequently , for entry trajectories causing lower heat flux , carbon phenolic is sometimes inappropriate and lower density TPS materials such as the following examples can be better design choices : SLA - 561V ( edit ) SLA in SLA - 561V stands for super light - weight ablator . SLA - 561V is a proprietary ablative made by Lockheed Martin that has been used as the primary TPS material on all of the 70 ° sphere - cone entry vehicles sent by NASA to Mars other than the Mars Science Laboratory ( MSL ) . SLA - 561V begins significant ablation at a heat flux of approximately 110 W / cm2 , but will fail for heat fluxes greater than 300 W / cm2 . The MSL aeroshell TPS is currently designed to withstand a peak heat flux of 234 W / cm2 . The peak heat flux experienced by the Viking - 1 aeroshell which landed on Mars was 21 W / cm2 . For Viking - 1 , the TPS acted as a charred thermal insulator and never experienced significant ablation . Viking - 1 was the first Mars lander and based upon a very conservative design . The Viking aeroshell had a base diameter of 3.54 meters ( the largest used on Mars until Mars Science Laboratory ) . SLA - 561V is applied by packing the ablative material into a honeycomb core that is pre-bonded to the aeroshell 's structure thus enabling construction of a large heat shield . NASA 's Stardust sample return capsule successfully landed at the USAF Utah Range . Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator ( edit ) Phenolic impregnated carbon ablator ( PICA ) , a carbon fiber preform impregnated in phenolic resin , is a modern TPS material and has the advantages of low density ( much lighter than carbon phenolic ) coupled with efficient ablative ability at high heat flux . It is a good choice for ablative applications such as high - peak - heating conditions found on sample - return missions or lunar - return missions . PICA 's thermal conductivity is lower than other high - heat - flux ablative materials , such as conventional carbon phenolics . PICA was patented by NASA Ames Research Center in the 1990s and was the primary TPS material for the Stardust aeroshell . The Stardust sample - return capsule was the fastest man - made object ever to reenter Earth 's atmosphere ( 12.4 km / s ( 28,000 mph ) at 135 km altitude ) . This was faster than the Apollo mission capsules and 70 % faster than the Shuttle . PICA was critical for the viability of the Stardust mission , which returned to Earth in 2006 . Stardust 's heat shield ( 0.81 m base diameter ) was made of one monolithic piece sized to withstand a nominal peak heating rate of 1.2 kW / cm . A PICA heat shield was also used for the Mars Science Laboratory entry into the Martian atmosphere . PICA - X ( edit ) An improved and easier to produce version called PICA - X was developed by SpaceX in 2006 - 2010 for the Dragon space capsule . The first re-entry test of a PICA - X heat shield was on the Dragon C1 mission on 8 December 2010 . The PICA - X heat shield was designed , developed and fully qualified by a small team of only a dozen engineers and technicians in less than four years . PICA - X is ten times less expensive to manufacture than the NASA PICA heat shield material . The Dragon 1 spacecraft initially used PICA - X version 1 and was later equipped with version 2 . The Dragon V2 spacecraft uses PICA - X version 3 . SpaceX has indicated that each new version of PICA - X primarily improves upon heat shielding capacity rather than the manufacturing cost . SIRCA ( edit ) Deep Space 2 impactor aeroshell , a classic 45 ° sphere - cone with spherical section afterbody enabling aerodynamic stability from atmospheric entry to surface impact Silicone - impregnated reusable ceramic ablator ( SIRCA ) was also developed at NASA Ames Research Center and was used on the Backshell Interface Plate ( BIP ) of the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover ( MER ) aeroshells . The BIP was at the attachment points between the aeroshell 's backshell ( also called the afterbody or aft cover ) and the cruise ring ( also called the cruise stage ) . SIRCA was also the primary TPS material for the unsuccessful Deep Space 2 ( DS / 2 ) Mars impactor probes with their 0.35 m base diameter aeroshells . SIRCA is a monolithic , insulating material that can provide thermal protection through ablation . It is the only TPS material that can be machined to custom shapes and then applied directly to the spacecraft . There is no post-processing , heat treating , or additional coatings required ( unlike Space Shuttle tiles ) . Since SIRCA can be machined to precise shapes , it can be applied as tiles , leading edge sections , full nose caps , or in any number of custom shapes or sizes . As of 1996 , SIRCA had been demonstrated in backshell interface applications , but not yet as a forebody TPS material . Avcoat ( edit ) AVCOAT is a NASA - specified ablative heat shield , a glass - filled epoxy - novolac system . NASA originally used it for the Apollo capsule and then utilized the material for its next - generation beyond low Earth - orbit Orion spacecraft . The Avcoat to be used on Orion has been reformulated to meet environmental legislation that has been passed since the end of Apollo . Thermal soak ( edit ) Astronaut Andrew S.W. Thomas takes a close look at TPS tiles underneath Space Shuttle Atlantis . Rigid black LI - 900 tiles were used on the Space Shuttle . Thermal soak is a part of almost all TPS schemes . For example , an ablative heat shield loses most of its thermal protection effectiveness when the outer wall temperature drops below the minimum necessary for pyrolysis . From that time to the end of the heat pulse , heat from the shock layer convects into the heat shield 's outer wall and would eventually conduct to the payload . This outcome is prevented by ejecting the heat shield ( with its heat soak ) prior to the heat conducting to the inner wall . Typical Space Shuttle TPS tiles ( LI - 900 ) have remarkable thermal protection properties . An LI - 900 tile exposed to a temperature of 1000 K on one side will remain merely warm to the touch on the other side . However , they are relatively brittle and break easily , and can not survive in - flight rain . Passively cooled ( edit ) In some early ballistic missile RVs ( e.g. , the Mk - 2 and the suborbital Mercury spacecraft ) , radiatively cooled TPS were used to initially absorb heat flux during the heat pulse , and , then , after the heat pulse , radiate and convect the stored heat back into the atmosphere . However , the earlier version of this technique required a considerable quantity of metal TPS ( e.g. , titanium , beryllium , copper , etc . ) . Modern designers prefer to avoid this added mass by using ablative and thermal - soak TPS instead . The Mercury capsule design ( shown here with its escape tower ) originally used a radiatively cooled TPS , but was later converted to an ablative TPS . Radiatively cooled TPS can still be found on modern entry vehicles , but reinforced carbon - carbon ( RCC ) ( also called carbon - carbon ) is normally used instead of metal . RCC was the TPS material on the Space Shuttle 's nose cone and wing leading edges , and was also proposed as the leading - edge material for the X-33 . Carbon is the most refractory material known , with a one - atmosphere sublimation temperature of 3825 ° C for graphite . This high temperature made carbon an obvious choice as a radiatively cooled TPS material . Disadvantages of RCC are that it is currently expensive to manufacture , is heavy , and lacks robust impact resistance . Some high - velocity aircraft , such as the SR - 71 Blackbird and Concorde , deal with heating similar to that experienced by spacecraft , but at much lower intensity , and for hours at a time . Studies of the SR - 71 's titanium skin revealed that the metal structure was restored to its original strength through annealing due to aerodynamic heating . In the case of the Concorde , the aluminium nose was permitted to reach a maximum operating temperature of 127 ° C ( approximately 180 ° C warmer than the , normally sub-zero , ambient air ) ; the metallurgical implications ( loss of temper ) that would be associated with a higher peak temperature were the most significant factors determining the top speed of the aircraft . A radiatively cooled TPS for an entry vehicle is often called a hot - metal TPS . Early TPS designs for the Space Shuttle called for a hot - metal TPS based upon a nickel superalloy ( dubbed René 41 ) and titanium shingles . This Shuttle TPS concept was rejected , because it was believed a silica - tile - based TPS would involve lower development and manufacturing costs . A nickel superalloy - shingle TPS was again proposed for the unsuccessful X-33 single - stage - to - orbit ( SSTO ) prototype . Recently , newer radiatively cooled TPS materials have been developed that could be superior to RCC . Known as Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics , they were developed for the prototype vehicle Slender Hypervelocity Aerothermodynamic Research Probe ( SHARP ) . These TPS materials are based on zirconium diboride and hafnium diboride . SHARP TPS have suggested performance improvements allowing for sustained Mach 7 flight at sea level , Mach 11 flight at 100,000 ft ( 30,000 m ) altitudes , and significant improvements for vehicles designed for continuous hypersonic flight . SHARP TPS materials enable sharp leading edges and nose cones to greatly reduce drag for airbreathing combined - cycle - propelled spaceplanes and lifting bodies . SHARP materials have exhibited effective TPS characteristics from zero to more than 2,000 ° C , with melting points over 3,500 ° C. They are structurally stronger than RCC , and , thus , do not require structural reinforcement with materials such as Inconel . SHARP materials are extremely efficient at reradiating absorbed heat , thus eliminating the need for additional TPS behind and between the SHARP materials and conventional vehicle structure . NASA initially funded ( and discontinued ) a multi-phase R&D program through the University of Montana in 2001 to test SHARP materials on test vehicles . Actively cooled ( edit ) Various advanced reusable spacecraft and hypersonic aircraft designs have been proposed to employ heat shields made from temperature - resistant metal alloys that incorporated a refrigerant or cryogenic fuel circulating through them . Such a TPS concept was proposed for the X-30 National Aerospace Plane ( NASP ) . The NASP was supposed to have been a scramjet powered hypersonic aircraft , but failed in development . In the early 1960s various TPS systems were proposed to use water or other cooling liquid sprayed into the shock layer , or passed through channels in the heat shield . Advantages included the possibility of more all - metal designs which would be cheaper to develop , be more rugged , and eliminate the need for classified technology . The disadvantages are increased weight and complexity , and lower reliability . The concept has never been flown , but a similar technology ( the plug nozzle ) did undergo extensive ground testing . Feathered reentry ( edit ) In 2004 , aircraft designer Burt Rutan demonstrated the feasibility of a shape - changing airfoil for reentry with the suborbital SpaceShipOne . The wings on this craft rotate upward into the feather configuration that provides a shuttlecock effect . Thus SpaceShipOne achieves much more aerodynamic drag on reentry while not experiencing significant thermal loads . The configuration increases drag , as the craft is now less streamlined and results in more atmospheric gas particles hitting the spacecraft at higher altitudes than otherwise . The aircraft thus slows down more in higher atmospheric layers which is the key to efficient reentry . Secondly the aircraft will automatically orient itself in this state to a high drag attitude . However , the velocity attained by SpaceShipOne prior to reentry is much lower than that of an orbital spacecraft , and engineers , including Rutan , recognize that a feathered reentry technique is not suitable for return from orbit . On 4 May 2011 , the first test on the SpaceShipTwo of the feathering mechanism was made during a glideflight after release from the White Knight Two . The feathered reentry was first described by Dean Chapman of NACA in 1958 . In the section of his report on Composite Entry , Chapman described a solution to the problem using a high - drag device : It may be desirable to combine lifting and nonlifting entry in order to achieve some advantages ... For landing maneuverability it obviously is advantageous to employ a lifting vehicle . The total heat absorbed by a lifting vehicle , however , is much higher than for a nonlifting vehicle ... Nonlifting vehicles can more easily be constructed ... by employing , for example , a large , light drag device ... The larger the device , the smaller is the heating rate . Nonlifting vehicles with shuttlecock stability are advantageous also from the viewpoint of minimum control requirements during entry . ... an evident composite type of entry , which combines some of the desirable features of lifting and nonlifting trajectories , would be to enter first without lift but with a ... drag device ; then , when the velocity is reduced to a certain value ... the device is jettisoned or retracted , leaving a lifting vehicle ... for the remainder of the descent . Inflatable heat shield reentry ( edit ) NASA engineers check IRVE Deceleration for atmospheric reentry , especially for higher - speed Mars - return missions , benefits from maximizing `` the drag area of the entry system . The larger the diameter of the aeroshell , the bigger the payload can be . '' An inflatable aeroshell provides one alternative for enlarging the drag area with a low - mass design . Such an inflatable shield / aerobrake was designed for the penetrators of Mars 96 mission . Since the mission failed due to the launcher malfunction , the NPO Lavochkin and DASA / ESA have designed a mission for Earth orbit . The Inflatable Reentry and Descent Technology ( IRDT ) demonstrator was launched on Soyuz - Fregat on 8 February 2000 . The inflatable shield was designed as a cone with two stages of inflation . Although the second stage of the shield failed to inflate , the demonstrator survived the orbital reentry and was recovered . The subsequent missions flown on the Volna rocket failed due to launcher failure . NASA IRVE ( edit ) NASA launched an inflatable heat shield experimental spacecraft on 17 August 2009 with the successful first test flight of the Inflatable Re-entry Vehicle Experiment ( IRVE ) . The heat shield had been vacuum - packed into a 15 - inch ( 380 mm ) diameter payload shroud and launched on a Black Brant 9 sounding rocket from NASA 's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island , Virginia . `` Nitrogen inflated the 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) diameter heat shield , made of several layers of silicone - coated ( Kevlar ) fabric , to a mushroom shape in space several minutes after liftoff . '' The rocket apogee was at an altitude of 131 miles ( 211 km ) where it began its descent to supersonic speed . Less than a minute later the shield was released from its cover to inflate at an altitude of 124 miles ( 200 km ) . The inflation of the shield took less than 90 seconds . NASA HIAD ( edit ) Following the success of the initial IRVE experiments , NASA developed the concept into the more ambitious Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator ( HIAD ) . The current design is shaped like a shallow cone , with the structure built up as a stack of circular inflated tubes of gradually increasing major diameter . The forward ( convex ) face of the cone is covered with a flexible thermal protection system robust enough to withstand the stresses of atmospheric entry ( or re-entry ) . Entry vehicle design considerations ( edit ) There are four critical parameters considered when designing a vehicle for atmospheric entry : Peak heat flux Heat load Peak deceleration Peak dynamic pressure Peak heat flux and dynamic pressure selects the TPS material . Heat load selects the thickness of the TPS material stack . Peak deceleration is of major importance for manned missions . The upper limit for manned return to Earth from Low Earth Orbit ( LEO ) or lunar return is 10 Gs . For Martian atmospheric entry after long exposure to zero gravity , the upper limit is 4 Gs . Peak dynamic pressure can also influence the selection of the outermost TPS material if spallation is an issue . Starting from the principle of conservative design , the engineer typically considers two worst case trajectories , the undershoot and overshoot trajectories . The overshoot trajectory is typically defined as the shallowest allowable entry velocity angle prior to atmospheric skip - off . The overshoot trajectory has the highest heat load and sets the TPS thickness . The undershoot trajectory is defined by the steepest allowable trajectory . For manned missions the steepest entry angle is limited by the peak deceleration . The undershoot trajectory also has the highest peak heat flux and dynamic pressure . Consequently , the undershoot trajectory is the basis for selecting the TPS material . There is no `` one size fits all '' TPS material . A TPS material that is ideal for high heat flux may be too conductive ( too dense ) for a long duration heat load . A low density TPS material might lack the tensile strength to resist spallation if the dynamic pressure is too high . A TPS material can perform well for a specific peak heat flux , but fail catastrophically for the same peak heat flux if the wall pressure is significantly increased ( this happened with NASA 's R - 4 test spacecraft ) . Older TPS materials tend to be more labor - intensive and expensive to manufacture compared to modern materials . However , modern TPS materials often lack the flight history of the older materials ( an important consideration for a risk - averse designer ) . Based upon Allen and Eggers discovery , maximum aeroshell bluntness ( maximum drag ) yields minimum TPS mass . Maximum bluntness ( minimum ballistic coefficient ) also yields a minimal terminal velocity at maximum altitude ( very important for Mars EDL , but detrimental for military RVs ) . However , there is an upper limit to bluntness imposed by aerodynamic stability considerations based upon shock wave detachment . A shock wave will remain attached to the tip of a sharp cone if the cone 's half - angle is below a critical value . This critical half - angle can be estimated using perfect gas theory ( this specific aerodynamic instability occurs below hypersonic speeds ) . For a nitrogen atmosphere ( Earth or Titan ) , the maximum allowed half - angle is approximately 60 ° . For a carbon dioxide atmosphere ( Mars or Venus ) , the maximum allowed half - angle is approximately 70 ° . After shock wave detachment , an entry vehicle must carry significantly more shocklayer gas around the leading edge stagnation point ( the subsonic cap ) . Consequently , the aerodynamic center moves upstream thus causing aerodynamic instability . It is incorrect to reapply an aeroshell design intended for Titan entry ( Huygens probe in a nitrogen atmosphere ) for Mars entry ( Beagle - 2 in a carbon dioxide atmosphere ) . Prior to being abandoned , the Soviet Mars lander program achieved one successful landing ( Mars 3 ) , on the second of three entry attempts ( the others were Mars 2 and Mars 6 ) . The Soviet Mars landers were based upon a 60 ° half - angle aeroshell design . A 45 degree half - angle sphere - cone is typically used for atmospheric probes ( surface landing not intended ) even though TPS mass is not minimized . The rationale for a 45 ° half - angle is to have either aerodynamic stability from entry - to - impact ( the heat shield is not jettisoned ) or a short - and - sharp heat pulse followed by prompt heat shield jettison . A 45 ° sphere - cone design was used with the DS / 2 Mars impactor and Pioneer Venus Probes . Notable atmospheric entry accidents ( edit ) Re-entry window A - Friction with air , B - In air flight . C - Expulsion lower angle , D - Perpendicular to the entry point , E - Excess friction 6.9 ° to 90 ° , F - Repulsion of 5.5 ° or less , G - Explosion friction , H - plane tangential to the entry point Not all atmospheric re-entries have been successful and some have resulted in significant disasters . Voskhod 2 -- The service module failed to detach for some time , but the crew survived . Soyuz 1 -- The attitude control system failed while still in orbit and later parachutes got entangled during the emergency landing sequence ( entry , descent and landing ( EDL ) failure ) . Lone cosmonaut Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov died . Soyuz 5 -- The service module failed to detach , but the crew survived . Soyuz 11 -- After Tri Module Sep , a valve was weakened by the blast and failed on re-entry . The cabin depressurized killing all three crew members . Mars Polar Lander -- Failed during EDL . The failure was believed to be the consequence of a software error . The precise cause is unknown for lack of real - time telemetry . Space Shuttle Columbia during STS - 1 -- a combination of launch damage , protruding gap filler , and tile installation error resulted in serious damage to the orbiter , only some of which the crew was privy to . Had the crew known the true extent of the damage before attempting re-entry , they would have flown the shuttle to a safe altitude and then bailed out . Nevertheless , re-entry was successful , and the orbiter proceeded to a normal landing . Space Shuttle Columbia during STS - 107 -- The failure of an RCC panel on a wing leading edge caused by debris impact at launch led to breakup of the orbiter on reentry resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members . Genesis entry vehicle after crash Genesis -- The parachute failed to deploy due to a G - switch having been installed backwards ( a similar error delayed parachute deployment for the Galileo Probe ) . Consequently , the Genesis entry vehicle crashed into the desert floor . The payload was damaged , but most scientific data were recoverable . Soyuz TMA - 11 -- The Soyuz propulsion module failed to separate properly ; fallback ballistic reentry was executed that subjected the crew to forces about eight times that of gravity . The crew survived . Uncontrolled and unprotected reentries ( edit ) Of satellites that reenter , approximately 10 - 40 % of the mass of the object is likely to reach the surface of the Earth . On average , about one catalogued object reenters per day . Due to the Earth 's surface being primarily water , most objects that survive reentry land in one of the world 's oceans . The estimated chances that a given person will get hit and injured during his / her lifetime is around 1 in a trillion . In 1978 , Cosmos 954 reentered uncontrolled and crashed near Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada . Cosmos 954 was nuclear powered and left radioactive debris near its impact site . In 1979 , Skylab reentered uncontrolled , spreading debris across the Australian Outback , damaging several buildings and killing a cow . The re-entry was a major media event largely due to the Cosmos 954 incident , but not viewed as much as a potential disaster since it did not carry nuclear fuel . The city of Esperance , Western Australia , issued a fine for littering to the United States , which was finally paid 30 years later ( not by NASA , but by privately collected funds from radio listeners ) . NASA had originally hoped to use a Space Shuttle mission to either extend its life or enable a controlled reentry , but delays in the program combined with unexpectedly high solar activity made this impossible . On February 7 , 1991 Salyut 7 underwent uncontrolled reentry with Kosmos 1686 . It reentered over Argentina and scattered much of its debris over the town of Capitan Bermudez . Deorbit disposal ( edit ) Salyut 1 , the world 's first space station , was deliberately de-orbited into the Pacific Ocean in 1971 following the Soyuz 11 accident . Its successor , Salyut 6 , was de-orbited in a controlled manner as well . On June 4 , 2000 the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was deliberately de-orbited after one of its gyroscopes failed . The debris that did not burn up fell harmlessly into the Pacific Ocean . The observatory was still operational , but the failure of another gyroscope would have made de-orbiting much more difficult and dangerous . With some controversy , NASA decided in the interest of public safety that a controlled crash was preferable to letting the craft come down at random . In 2001 , the Russian Mir space station was deliberately de-orbited , and broke apart in the fashion expected by the command center during atmospheric re-entry . Mir entered the Earth 's atmosphere on March 23 , 2001 , near Nadi , Fiji , and fell into the South Pacific Ocean . On February 21 , 2008 , a disabled US spy satellite , USA 193 , was hit at an altitude of approximately 246 kilometers ( 153 mi ) with an SM - 3 missile fired from the U.S. Navy cruiser Lake Erie off the coast of Hawaii . The satellite was inoperative , having failed to reach its intended orbit when it was launched in 2006 . Due to its rapidly deteriorating orbit it was destined for uncontrolled reentry within a month . United States Department of Defense expressed concern that the 1,000 - pound ( 450 kg ) fuel tank containing highly toxic hydrazine might survive reentry to reach the Earth 's surface intact . Several governments including those of Russia , China , and Belarus protested the action as a thinly - veiled demonstration of US anti-satellite capabilities . China had previously caused an international incident when it tested an anti-satellite missile in 2007 . On September 7 , 2011 , NASA announced the impending uncontrolled re-entry of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite and noted that there was a small risk to the public . The decommissioned satellite reentered the atmosphere on September 24 , 2011 , and some pieces are presumed to have crashed into the South Pacific Ocean over a debris field 500 miles ( 800 km ) long . Closeup of Gemini 2 heat shield Cross section of Gemini 2 heat shield Successful atmospheric re-entries from orbital velocities ( edit ) Manned orbital re-entry , by country / governmental entity China - Shenzhou Soviet Union / Russia - Vostok , Voskhod , Soyuz United States - Mercury , Gemini , Apollo , Space Shuttle Manned orbital re-entry , by commercial entity None to date Unmanned orbital re-entry , by country / governmental entity China European Space Agency India / Indian Space Research Organisation Japan Soviet Union / Russia United States Unmanned orbital re-entry , by commercial entity SpaceX - Dragon Selected atmospheric reentries ( edit ) This list shows atmospheric entries in which the spacecraft is not intended to be recovered , but is destroyed in the atmosphere . What Re-entry Year Phobos - Grunt 2012 ROSAT 2011 UARS 2011 Mir Skylab 1979 See also : List of large reentering space debris See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Van Allen radiation belt Aerocapture Decelerated micrometeorites Ionization blackout Intercontinental ballistic missile Lander ( spacecraft ) Landing footprint NASA reentry prototypes Skip reentry Space capsule Space Shuttle thermal protection system Further reading ( edit ) Launius , Roger D. ; Jenkins , Dennis R. ( October 10 , 2012 ) . Coming Home : Reentry and Recovery from Space . NASA . ISBN 9780160910647 . OCLC 802182873 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Martin , John J. ( 1966 ) . Atmospheric Entry - An Introduction to Its Science and Engineering . Old Tappan , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Regan , Frank J. ( 1984 ) . Re-Entry Vehicle Dynamics ( AIAA Education Series ) . New York : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Inc . ISBN 0 - 915928 - 78 - 7 . Etkin , Bernard ( 1972 ) . Dynamics of Atmospheric Flight . New York : John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 24620 - 4 . Vincenti , Walter G. ; Kruger Jr , Charles H. ( 1986 ) . Introduction to Physical Gas Dynamics . Malabar , Florida : Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 88275 - 309 - 6 . Hansen , C. Frederick ( 1976 ) . Molecular Physics of Equilibrium Gases , A Handbook for Engineers . NASA . NASA SP - 3096 . Hayes , Wallace D. ; Probstein , Ronald F. ( 1959 ) . Hypersonic Flow Theory . New York and London : Academic Press . A revised version of this classic text has been reissued as an inexpensive paperback : Hayes , Wallace D. ( 1966 ) . Hypersonic Inviscid Flow . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43281 - 5 . reissued in 2004 Anderson , Jr. , John D. ( 1989 ) . Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics . New York : McGraw - Hill , Inc . ISBN 0 - 07 - 001671 - 2 . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.jpaerospace.com/atohandout.pdf Jump up ^ GROSS , F. Unmanned Spacecraft Meeting 1965 . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . doi : 10.2514 / 6.1965 - 1407 -- via American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . Jump up ^ Goddard , Robert H. ( Mar 1920 ) . `` Report Concerning Further Developments '' . The Smithsonian Institution Archives . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . In the case of meteors , which enter the atmosphere with speeds as high as 30 miles per second , the interior of the meteors remains cold , and the erosion is due , to a large extent , to chipping or cracking of the suddenly heated surface . For this reason , if the outer surface of the apparatus were to consist of layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between , the surface would not be eroded to any considerable extent , especially as the velocity of the apparatus would not be nearly so great as that of the average meteor . Jump up ^ Boris Chertok , `` Rockets and People '' , NASA History Series , 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/501326main_TA09-EDL-DRAFT-Nov2010-A.pdf Jump up ^ Hansen , James R. ( Jun 1987 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Hypersonics and the Transition to Space '' . Engineer in Charge : A History of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory , 1917 -- 1958 . The NASA History Series . sp - 4305 . United States Government Printing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 318 - 23455 - 7 . Jump up ^ Allen , H. Julian ; Eggers , Jr. , A.J. ( 1958 ) . `` A Study of the Motion and Aerodynamic Heating of Ballistic Missiles Entering the Earth 's Atmosphere at High Supersonic Speeds '' ( PDF ) . NACA Annual Report . NASA Technical Reports . 44.2 ( NACA - TR - 1381 ) : 1125 -- 1140 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Przadka , W. ; Miedzik , J. ; Goujon - Durand , S. ; Wesfreid , J.E. `` The wake behind the sphere ; analysis of vortices during transition from steadiness to unsteadiness . '' ( PDF ) . Polish french cooperation in fluid research . Archive of Mechanics. , 60 , 6 , pp. 467 -- 474 , Warszawa 2008 . Received May 29 , 2008 ; revised version November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fay , J.A. ; Riddell , F.R. ( February 1958 ) . `` Theory of Stagnation Point Heat Transfer in Dissociated Air '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences . 25 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 85 . doi : 10.2514 / 8.7517 . Archived from the original ( PDF Reprint ) on 2005 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hillje , Ernest R. , `` Entry Aerodynamics at Lunar Return Conditions Obtained from the Flight of Apollo 4 ( AS - 501 ) , '' NASA TN D - 5399 , ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Whittington , Kurt Thomas . `` A Tool to Extrapolate Thermal Reentry Atmosphere Parameters Along a Body in Trajectory Space '' ( PDF ) . NCSU Libraries Technical Reports Repository . A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Aerospace Engineering Raleigh , North Carolina 2011 , pp. 5 . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Regan , Frank J. and Anadakrishnan , Satya M. , `` Dynamics of Atmospheric Re-Entry , '' AIAA Education Series , American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Inc. , New York , ISBN 1 - 56347 - 048 - 9 , ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ `` Equations , tables , and charts for compressible flow '' ( PDF ) . NACA Annual Report . NASA Technical Reports . 39 ( NACA - TR - 1135 ) : 613 -- 681 . 1953 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Iliff and Mary Shafer , Space Shuttle Hypersonic Aerodynamic and Aerothermodynamic Flight Research and the Comparison to Ground Test Results , Page 5 - 6 Jump up ^ Lighthill , M.J. ( Jan 1957 ) . `` Dynamics of a Dissociating Gas . Part I. Equilibrium Flow '' . Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Bibcode : 1957JFM ... 2 ... 1L . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112057000713 . Jump up ^ Freeman , N.C. ( Aug 1958 ) . `` Non-equilibrium Flow of an Ideal Dissociating Gas '' . Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 4 ( 4 ) : 407 -- 425 . Bibcode : 1958JFM ... 4 ... 407F . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112058000549 . Jump up ^ Parker , John and C. Michael Hogan , `` Techniques for Wind Tunnel assessment of Ablative Materials , '' NASA Ames Research Center , Technical Publication , August , 1965 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael , Parker , John and Winkler , Ernest , of NASA Ames Research Center , `` An Analytical Method for Obtaining the Thermogravimetric Kinetics of Char - forming Ablative Materials from Thermogravimetric Measurements '' , AIAA / ASME Seventh Structures and Materials Conference , April , 1966 Jump up ^ `` Arc Jet Complex '' . www.nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Di Benedetto , A.T. ; Nicolais , L. ; Watanabe , R. ( 1992 ) . Composite materials : proceedings of Symposium A4 on Composite Materials of the International Conference on Advanced Materials -- ICAM 91 , Strasbourg , France , 27 -- 29 May 1991 . Amsterdam : North - Holland . p. 111 . ISBN 0444893563 . Jump up ^ Tran , Huy ; Michael Tauber ; William Henline ; Duoc Tran ; Alan Cartledge ; Frank Hui ; Norm Zimmerman ( 1996 ) . Ames Research Center Shear Tests of SLA - 561V Heat Shield Material for Mars - Pathfinder ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . NASA Ames Research Center . NASA Technical Memorandum 110402 . Jump up ^ Lachaud , Jean ; N. Mansour , Nagi ( June 2010 ) . A pyrolysis and ablation toolbox based on OpenFOAM ( PDF ) . 5th OpenFOAM Workshop . Gothenburg , Sweden . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Tran , Huy K , et al. , `` Qualification of the forebody heat shield of the Stardust 's Sample Return Capsule , '' AIAA , Thermophysics Conference , 32nd , Atlanta , GA ; 23 -- 25 June 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust - Cool Facts '' . stardust.jpl.nasa.gov . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , Andrew ; Dan Rasky ( 2010 - 11 - 14 ) . `` NASA + SpaceX Work Together '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . SpaceX undertook the design and manufacture of the reentry heat shield ; it brought speed and efficiency that allowed the heat shield to be designed , developed , and qualified in less than four years . ' Jump up ^ `` SpaceX Manufactured Heat Shield Material Passes High Temperature Tests Simulating Reentry Heating Conditions of Dragon Spacecraft '' . www.spaceref.com . Jump up ^ Dragon could visit space station next Archived May 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , msnbc.com , 2010 - 12 - 08 , accessed 2010 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Andrew ( January 2012 ) . `` 1 visionary + 3 launchers + 1,500 employees = ? : Is SpaceX changing the rocket equation ? '' . Air & Space Smithsonian . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . SpaceX 's material , called PICA - X , is 1 / 10th as expensive than the original ( NASA PICA material and is better ) , ... a single PICA - X heat shield could withstand hundreds of returns from low Earth orbit ; it can also handle the much higher energy reentries from the Moon or Mars . Jump up ^ Tran , Huy K. , et al. , `` Silicone impregnated reusable ceramic ablators for Mars follow - on missions , '' AIAA - 1996 - 1819 , Thermophysics Conference , 31st , New Orleans , LA , June 17 -- 20 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Flight - Test Analysis Of Apollo Heat - Shield Material Using The Pacemaker Vehicle System NASA Technical Note D - 4713 , pp. 8 , 1968 - 08 , accessed 2010 - 12 - 26 . `` Avcoat 5026 - 39 / HC - G is an epoxy novolac resin with special additives in a fiberglass honeycomb matrix . In fabrication , the empty honeycomb is bonded to the primary structure and the resin is gunned into each cell individually ... The overall density of the material is 32 lb / ft3 ( 512 kg / m3 ) . The char of the material is composed mainly of silica and carbon . It is necessary to know the amounts of each in the char because in the ablation analysis the silica is considered to be inert , but the carbon is considered to enter into exothermic reactions with oxygen ... At 2160O R ( 12000 K ) , 54 percent by weight of the virgin material has volatilized and 46 percent has remained as char ... In the virgin material , 25 percent by weight is silica , and since the silica is considered to be inert the char - layer composition becomes 6.7 lb / ft3 ( 107.4 kg / m3 ) of carbon and 8 lb / ft3 ( 128.1 kg / m3 ) of silica . '' Jump up ^ NASA.gov NASA Selects Material for Orion Spacecraft Heat Shield , 2009 - 04 - 07 , accessed 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Flightglobal.com NASA 's Orion heat shield decision expected this month 2009 - 10 - 03 , accessed 2011 - 01 - 02 Jump up ^ `` Company Watch - NASA . - Free Online Library '' . www.thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Columbia Accident Investigation Board report . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Shuttle Evolutionary History . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) X-33 Heat Shield Development report . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ sharp structure homepage w left Archived October 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` - J2T - 200K & J2T - 250K '' . Jump up ^ `` How SpaceShipOne Works '' . 20 June 2004 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Dean R. ( May 1958 ) . `` An approximate analytical method for studying reentry into planetary atmospheres '' ( PDF ) . NACA Technical Note 4276 : 38 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : NASA Launches New Technology : An Inflatable Heat Shield , NASA Mission News , 2009 - 08 - 17 , accessed 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Inflatable Re-Entry Technologies : Flight Demonstration and Future Prospects '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Inflatable Reentry and Descent Technology ( IRDT ) Factsheet , ESA , September , 2005 Jump up ^ IRDT demonstration missions Jump up ^ Hughes , Stephen J. `` Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator ( HIAD ) Technology Development Overview '' ( pdf ) . www.nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheatwood , Neil ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator ( HIAD ) Technology '' ( pdf ) . www.nasa.gov . NASA . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pavlosky , James E. , St. Leger , Leslie G. , `` Apollo Experience Report - Thermal Protection Subsystem , '' NASA TN D - 7564 , ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ William Harwood ( 2008 ) . `` Whitson describes rough Soyuz entry and landing '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Spacecraft Reentry FAQ : How much material from a satellite will survive reentry ? Archived March 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ NASA - Frequently Asked Questions : Orbital Debris Archived March 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Animation52 - desktop '' . www.aerospace.org . Jump up ^ `` 3 - 2 - 2 - 1 Settlement of Claim between Canada and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics for Damage Caused by `` Cosmos 954 '' ( Released on April 2 , 1981 ) `` . www.jaxa.jp . Jump up ^ Hanslmeier , Arnold ( 2002 ) . The sun and space weather . Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 269 . ISBN 9781402056048 . Jump up ^ Mitnik , Donald ( 2009 ) . Death of a Trillion Dreams . lulu.com ( October 19 , 2009 ) . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0557156016 . Jump up ^ Littering fine paid Archived July 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lamprecht , Jan ( 1998 ) . Hollow planets : a feasibility study of possible hollow worlds . Austin , TX : World Wide Pub . p. 326 . ISBN 9780620219631 . Jump up ^ Elkins - Tanton , Linda ( 2006 ) . The Sun , Mercury , and Venus . New York : Chelsea House . p. 56 . ISBN 9780816051939 . Jump up ^ aero.org , Spacecraft Reentry FAQ : Archived May 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Astronautix , Salyut 7 . Jump up ^ NYT , Salyut 7 , Soviet Station in Space , Falls to Earth After 9 - Year Orbit Jump up ^ Gray , Andrew ( 2008 - 02 - 21 ) . `` U.S. has high confidence it hit satellite fuel tank '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 25 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ David , Leonard ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` Huge Defunct Satellite to Plunge to Earth Soon , NASA Says '' . Space.com . Retrieved 10 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Final Update : NASA 's UARS Re-enters Earth 's Atmosphere '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Look up Appendix : Glossary of atmospheric reentry in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atmospheric entry . Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies ( The Aerospace Corporation ) Apollo Atmospheric Entry Phase , 1968 , NASA Mission Planning and Analysis Division , Project Apollo . video ( 25 : 14 ) . Buran 's heat shield Encyclopedia Astronautica article on the history of space rescue crafts , including some re-entry craft designs . GND : 4189827 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atmospheric_entry&oldid=802092183 '' Categories : Spaceflight technologies Flight phases Atmospheric entry Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1996 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles that may contain original research from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 23 : 20 . 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what speed does the space shuttle re-enter earth
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"For Earth, atmospheric entry occurs above the Kármán line at an altitude of more than 100 km (62 mi.) above the surface, while at Venus atmospheric entry occurs at 250 km (155 mi.) and at Mars atmospheric entry at about 80 km (50 mi.). Uncontrolled, objects accelerate through the atmosphere at extreme velocities under the influence of Earth's gravity. Most controlled objects enter at hypersonic speeds due to their suborbital (e.g., intercontinental ballistic missile reentry vehicles), orbital (e.g., the Space Shuttle), or unbounded (e.g., meteors) trajectories. Various advanced technologies have been developed to enable atmospheric reentry and flight at extreme velocities. An alternative low velocity method of controlled atmospheric entry is buoyancy[1] which is suitable for planetary entry where thick atmospheres, strong gravity or both factors complicate high-velocity hyperbolic entry, such as the atmospheres of Venus, Titan and the gas giants.[2]"
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"100 km"
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Rumours (Glee)
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Rumours ( Glee ) - wikipedia Rumours ( Glee ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Rumours '' Glee episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 19 Directed by Tim Hunter Written by Ryan Murphy Featured music `` Dreams '' `` Never Going Back Again '' `` Songbird '' `` The Chain '' `` I Do n't Want to Know '' `` Nice to Meet You , Have I Slept with You ? '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Do n't Stop '' Production code 2ARC19 Original air date May 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 03 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Kristin Chenoweth as April Rhodes Harry Shum , Jr. as Mike Chang Chord Overstreet as Sam Evans Ashley Fink as Lauren Zizes Josh Sussman as Jacob Ben Israel James Earl as Azimio Cathy Doe as the barista Ava Chelsea Ingram as Stacey Evans Cody Hamilton as Stevie Evans Lauren Potter as Becky Jackson Episode chronology ← Previous `` Born This Way '' Next → `` Prom Queen '' List of Glee episodes `` Rumours '' is the nineteenth episode of the second season of the American musical television series Glee , and the forty - first overall . The episode was written by series co-creator Ryan Murphy , directed by Tim Hunter , first aired on May 3 , 2011 on Fox in the United States , and it features the return of guest star Kristin Chenoweth . In `` Rumours '' , the glee club is swept by rumors that strain the friendships and relationships of the members , so director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) has them perform songs from Fleetwood Mac 's 1977 album Rumours . The episode is a tribute to that album , and all the songs covered in the episode are from it . This generated strong interest in the album : Rumours reentered the Billboard 200 chart at number eleven the week after the show was aired in the US , and the Australian album charts at number two five days after the show was aired in that country . The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times wrote that `` the episode had its moments that made lovin ' Glee fun '' , but called the Sue Sylvester subplot `` tired '' . Many critics were impressed with how well the album 's music was incorporated into the episode including Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone , who wrote `` the songs of Rumours fit the New Directions ' drama in an organic way . '' The `` Fondue for Two '' segments were a favorite of reviewers , and were developed from an idea by one of the show 's fans . The musical performances received mostly praise , especially `` Never Going Back Again '' and `` Go Your Own Way '' . Five of the six Rumours cover versions debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 , and four of these were featured on the subsequent Glee : The Music , Volume 6 soundtrack album . Upon its initial airing , the `` Rumours '' episode was viewed by 8.85 million American viewers and garnered a 3.7 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The total viewership and ratings for this episode was up slightly from the previous episode , `` Born This Way '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical response 3.3 Music and performances 3.4 Chart history 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) revives the student newspaper The Muckraker . She wants to publish libel about the McKinley High glee club to cause conflict between the club 's members and destroy it from within . Brittany 's ( Heather Morris ) new internet talk show -- `` Fondue for Two '' -- gives the newspaper some grist when she seems to out Santana ( Naya Rivera ) on it . Santana berates Brittany for her ill - chosen words , and Finn ( Cory Monteith ) nearly comes to blows with Sam ( Chord Overstreet ) over another item that pairs Sam and Finn 's girlfriend Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) . Although Quinn and Sam both deny dating , Finn plans a stakeout with Rachel 's help to see if it is true . Their surveillance of a shabby motel instead finds Sam and Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) leaving a room , after which Sam goes back inside alone . Kristin Chenoweth ( pictured ) makes her third appearance as April Rhodes April Rhodes ( Kristin Chenoweth ) visits Will to ask for his help with her new Broadway project : a one - woman show entitled CrossRhodes . He tells her about the current glee club tensions , which she likens to Fleetwood Mac when they made their Rumours album . Will and April sing `` Dreams '' to the club , and he assigns them to perform songs from the album , to focus them back on music . Artie Abrams ( Kevin McHale ) confronts Brittany : he becomes upset that Brittany can not recognize that she is cheating on him with Santana , and calls her stupid . Brittany walks away in tears , stating that he was the only one who never called her that up until then , and he sings `` Never Going Back Again '' . Santana further opens up to Brittany about her true feelings by singing `` Songbird '' to her . She agrees to go on Brittany 's online talk show to let Brittany ask her to the prom , but she backs out at the last minute . Brittany later overhears Santana claim in an interview for The Muckraker that she is in love with Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) , her running mate for prom king and queen . Most of New Directions , minus Kurt and Sam , meet for coffee and speculate about the absent pair . Quinn maintains that Kurt would never cheat on his boyfriend Blaine ( Darren Criss ) , and states that Sam is not gay . When Finn and Rachel resume their stakeout that night , they see Quinn leaving the same motel room , and Sam giving her a hug before going back inside . The next day , the newspaper has an item about Finn and Rachel , who were spotted on their stakeout . Quinn is furious with Finn , and Finn is already mad about seeing Quinn with Sam . They confront each other , then sing a barbed version of the duet `` I Do n't Want to Know '' as their glee club assignment . Quinn then gives an ultimatum : if Finn wants their relationship to continue , he can not sing any more duets with Rachel . Rachel has other ideas , and later sings `` Go Your Own Way '' to Finn , who accompanies her on the drums . Some sharp accusations are thrown before Sam bitterly reveals that he was at the motel because his parents are unemployed and his family lives there now that their house has been foreclosed on -- Kurt was bringing Sam some clothes , and Quinn was helping Sam babysit his younger brother and sister . Sam storms out . When the club discovers from Quinn that Sam has pawned his guitar , they buy it back for him and offer their support . Sam brings his siblings to a glee club rehearsal , and everyone sings `` Do n't Stop '' . Production ( edit ) `` We ( Glee co-creators ) have always wanted to do an episode that is a tribute not to a musical act but to an album ... One of the albums that we all three love , that meant a lot to us : Rumours by Fleetwood Mac ... We can get Stevie Nicks on the phone now , and we can get Lindsey Buckingham , who has kids , who 's like , ' Oh my God , I 'd love that ' , so twelve hours later you get the rights to Rumours . '' -- Ryan Murphy , PaleyFest 2011 . The show 's co-creators Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan had long `` wanted to do an episode '' that would be a tribute to a single album rather than to a `` musical act '' . Glee had covered `` Landslide '' by Stevie Nicks several weeks earlier in the episode `` Sexy '' ; Nicks had visited the set to watch the song being filmed , and stayed for six hours . This relationship helped them obtain the rights to cover the songs on the 1977 Fleetwood Mac studio album from which the episode is named . The idea for Brittany 's `` Fondue for Two '' segments in the episode came from a Glee fan . Teresa Musumeci went to the 2010 Glee Live ! In Concert ! show at Radio City Music Hall in New York , and she had a letter delivered to Cory Monteith that mentioned she was writing her own internet program : `` More like a Youtube show called ' Fondue for Two . ' '' According to wsvn.com , `` Heather Morris who plays Brittany admits the idea came from a letter '' , and the show later sent Musumeci an autographed copy of the script and an autographed cast picture in thanks . Chenoweth 's reappearance marks her third time on the series as April . She last appeared in the season one episode `` Home '' . Murphy explained the reason for her return as the failure of her attempt at an all - white musical production of The Wiz . Other recurring guest stars in the episode include glee club members Mike Chang ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , and Lauren Zizes ( Ashley Fink ) , school bully Azimio ( James Earl ) , school reporter Jacob Ben Israel ( Josh Sussman ) , and cheerleader Becky Jackson ( Lauren Potter ) . Additional guests include Sam 's sister Stacey and brother Stevie , played by Ava Chelsea Ingram and Cody Hamilton respectively , a barista played by Cathy Doe , and a coffee shop patron played by Connie Ventress . All six songs from Rumours covered in the episode were released as singles , available for digital download . Chenoweth and Morrison were featured on `` Dreams '' , McHale sang `` Never Going Back Again '' , Rivera covered `` Songbird '' , Monteith and Agron duetted on `` I Do n't Want to Know '' , Michele sang `` Go Your Own Way '' , and the glee club combined on `` Do n't Stop '' . The episode also included a portion of an original song , `` Nice to Meet You , Have I Slept with You ? '' -- written by Brennan and Adam Anders and sung by Chenoweth and Morrison -- which was not released . `` The Chain '' , also from Rumours , was used as backing music in the second motel stakeout scene . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` Rumours '' was first broadcast on May 3 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . It garnered a 3.7 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , and received 8.85 million American viewers during its initial airing . It was the third most - watched scripted show of the week among adults aged 18 -- 49 . The total viewership and ratings for this episode were slightly up from those of the previous episode , `` Born This Way '' , which was watched by 8.62 million American viewers and acquired a 3.4 / 11 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic upon first airing . The episode 's Canadian broadcast , also on May 3 , 2011 , drew 1.49 million viewers and was the eighteenth most - watched program of the week . It dropped three places from the previous episode , which attained 82,000 more viewers . In Australia , `` Rumours '' was watched by 959,000 viewers , which made Glee the twelfth most - watched show of the night . The episode was the thirty - second most - watched program of the week , but ranked fifth in the 16 -- 39 demographic . Viewership again increased from `` Born This Way '' , which drew 805,000 viewers and ranked fourteenth on the night of broadcast . In the UK , the episode was watched by 2.50 million viewers -- 2.07 million on E4 , and 432,000 on E4 + 1 . It was the most - watched show on E4 and E4 + 1 for the week , and the second most - watched on cable . Here , viewership registered a slight decline on the previous episode , which attained 20,000 more viewers and ranked first on cable . Critical response ( edit ) `` Rumours '' was met with mixed to favorable reviews from the critics , though many of the latter listed significant caveats . Amy Reiter of the Los Angeles Times wrote that `` the episode had its moments that made lovin ' Glee fun '' . MTV 's Aly Semigran said `` It was n't a perfect episode , but it was certainly an improvement over the last few '' . Lisa Respers France of CNN `` had a whole ball of tissue '' in her hand by the time the cast sang the `` Do n't Stop '' finale , and concluded , `` Well played , Glee . '' Brittany 's ( Morris , pictured ) `` Fondue for Two '' segment was deemed an episode highlight Time 's James Poniewozik said `` while ' Rumours ' had its flaws ... the structure allowed the show to serve the stories , rather than feeling like the stories were there to service the songs '' , and particularly praised how `` the songs were integrated into the drama '' . Semigran and Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone concurred with the latter point , and Futterman wrote that `` despite a forced theme premise , the songs of Rumours fit the New Directions ' drama in an organic way . '' The Atlantic 's Kevin Fallon called the episode 's focus on the Fleetwood Mac songs `` a refreshing change of pace '' . Robert Canning of IGN liked the album concept , but felt it `` did n't fully deliver '' . He gave `` Rumours '' a `` good '' rating of 7 out of 10 , and wrote , `` What made the episode at least mildly entertaining were the comedy bits . Brittany 's ' Fondue For Two ' segments were fantastic '' . Most other reviewers were similarly smitten with the `` Fondue for Two '' segments , including the aforementioned Reiter , Poniewozik , Semigran , and Respers France . Futterman praised the return of Chenoweth 's character April Rhodes , and The Wall Street Journal 's Raymund Flandez said that she `` brings such lightness , humor and zaniness that 's endearingly button - nose cute '' . Fallon wrote , `` Chenoweth 's every sly smirk , eyebrow tick , and note sung -- well , that was my week 's highlight . '' Reiter was unenthusiastic : she acknowledged `` Chenoweth 's amazing pipes '' , but added `` her character , which was thin to start with , has kind of worn out its welcome '' . The subplot of Will thinking about going to Broadway with April was roundly criticized : both Meghan Brown of The Atlantic and Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle said there was no tension at all because the viewer knows that he will stay . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen called the entire scenario `` ludicrous '' , made even more so by the highly compressed time frame , and their dress rehearsal `` bizarre '' , criticisms echoed by Brown . Sue 's scenes were generally not well - liked . Although Canning wrote that the newspaper `` delivered on the laughs '' , Entertainment Weekly 's Sandra Gonzalez characterized the newspaper subplot was `` neither important nor substantive '' and was unimpressed with the `` random , frightening costume changes '' , and Reiter said Sue 's storyline was one that `` felt as tired as secondhand news '' . Poniewozik said that the episode `` recognized that she is not really a character but a human obstacle '' , which he suggested was `` a better way for the show to use her '' . According to Hankinson , `` One of the best parts of the episode centered around Brittany and Santana , but I think all the principals -- Artie , Finn , Rachel , and Quinn too -- did a great job portraying the tension and distrust pervading the team . '' Anthony Benigno of The Faster Times felt the show was `` absurdly preachy '' on the matter of rumors , though he said the episode was `` decent '' . The scene in the motel room with Sam , Rachel , Finn and Sam 's brother and sister was called `` arguably the most affecting scene of the entire episode '' by Handlen , and Poniewozik wrote that `` Chord Overstreet sold Sam 's feeling of loss '' . Canning felt otherwise : `` It may have had a better impact if we cared more about Sam or if Chord Overstreet had delivered more believable tears , but as things were , it was just some ordinary , blah drama . '' The developments in the relationship between Brittany and Santana received considerable attention . John Kubicek of BuddyTV thought the plot was pointless , and said it `` boiled down to : I 'm not ready to come out . I 'm ready . Now I 'm not again . '' He added , `` If you 're going to have Santana question herself , at least show it and do n't have it all happen off screen . '' Both Hankinson and Respers France were impressed by the acting of both Morris and Rivera . Hankinson wrote , `` It feels like their relationship is developing organically '' , while Respers France commended Morris for Brittany 's breakup scene with Artie , and Rivera for far surpassing her expectations . Music and performances ( edit ) Reviewers hailed Artie 's ( McHale , pictured ) performance of `` Never Going Back Again '' All of the musical numbers were generally praised , though not every number was received with the same enthusiasm . Benigno was disappointed that there was `` nothing special '' in any of the arrangements , but Futterman saw the performances from a different perspective : `` They 're not as visually stunning , but they 're vocally some of the more impressive renditions Glee has done all season . '' She said of the `` Dreams '' rendition by Chenoweth with Morrison , `` The harmonies and bare - bones arrangement make for one of Glee 's most faithful covers yet . '' Most critics welcomed the Chenoweth version . Gonzalez gave the song a `` B + '' and Brett Berk of Vanity Fair awarded it four stars of five ; both praised Chenoweth but criticized Morrison . Semigran and Kubicek simply gave kudos to Chenoweth alone . Benigno wondered why the pair were trying to imitate Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham when he felt they were better singers than those two , and gave the song a `` B '' . Hankinson wrote , `` I enjoyed all the smaller numbers tonight because I felt like the kids really sold the performances and infused some nice emotional context . '' Of these , `` Never Going Back Again '' received the most consistent approval . Futterman said it was `` better than Artie 's post-Tina ' Stronger ' '' , and Kubicek declared it `` proof that he 's quite good at hitting emotional notes '' , while Semigran said she was `` blown away '' . Both Gonzalez and Benigno gave it an `` A − '' , while Berk gave it all five stars . Berk also gave five stars to `` Songbird '' , which Gonzalez again gave an `` A − '' , while Benigno was slightly less generous with a `` B + '' . Futterman described Santana 's vocals as `` raw and restrained '' , and called her rendition of the song a `` heartbreaking performance '' , but while Semigran called it `` sweet enough '' , she also wrote `` Rivera 's voice does n't pack quite the punch the tune requires '' . Kubicek , however , said it was `` easily the best song from the episode '' . The first full - length vocal duet between Quinn ( Agron , left ) and Finn ( Monteith , right ) is featured in this episode , and drew praise from many reviewers Many reviewers appreciated the pointed `` I Do n't Want to Know '' performance . Kubicek called it `` quite entertaining '' , Gonzalez felt the `` angry singing '' was `` hot '' and gave it an `` A − '' , the same grade as Benigno , who said the song had `` a bit more oomph than the original '' , though he added that Finn `` sings with the subtlety of an artillery barrage '' and he was happy with Quinn 's `` strong foundation in the back '' . Futterman wrote that it was `` better than Quinn and Sam 's ' Lucky ' '' , but Berk gave the song only two stars out of five , the same grade he gave to `` Go Your Own Way '' . Although both Kubicek and Gonzalez criticized Rachel 's motivations in singing the song , the latter still gave it an `` A '' and noted `` if I had to listen to someone cover this song , it 'd be her '' . Semigran called it `` one of Lea Michele 's strongest outings all season '' , while Benigno said `` this is one of those rare times her balls - to - the - walls delivery works with the arrangement instead of distracting from it '' and gave it an `` A '' . Hankinson was `` particularly fond '' of the song , and added that it had `` great energy '' . The group finale of `` Do n't Stop '' received good grades -- `` A '' from Gonzales and `` B + '' from Benigno , and four of five stars from Berk . Kubicek found a bright spot in that Sam got to sing a solo . The performance received encomiums such as `` pretty great '' from Semigran and `` inspired '' from Futterman . The portion of an original song for the April Rhodes musical sung by April and Will , `` Nice to Meet You , Have I Slept with You ? '' , received little commentary , though Flandez made specific mention of `` her operatic range , and their charismatic stage presence '' . Chart history ( edit ) See also : Glee discography Five of the six Rumours cover versions debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 : `` Go Your Own Way '' debuted at number forty - five , `` Songbird '' at number sixty - eight , `` Do n't Stop '' at number seventy - nine , `` Never Going Back Again '' at number eighty - one , and `` Dreams '' at number ninety - two . The sixth , `` I Do n't Want to Know '' , did not chart . The first four Glee songs on the Hot 100 also charted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 : `` Go Your Own Way '' debuted at number thirty - one , `` Do n't Stop '' at number sixty - five , `` Songbird '' at number seventy , and `` Never Going Back Again '' at number eighty . The peak positions attained by `` Songbird '' and `` Go Your Own Way '' were fifty - four and thirty , in the UK and Australia respectively . Out of the six songs from Rumours that were featured in the episode , four were also featured on the eighth soundtrack album of the series , Glee : The Music , Volume 6 : `` Songbird '' , `` Do n't Stop '' , `` Go Your Own Way '' , and `` Dreams '' . The episode also sparked renewed interest in Fleetwood Mac and its most commercially successful album , and Rumours reentered the Billboard 200 chart at number twelve , the same week that Nicks ' new solo album In Your Dreams debuted at number six . The two recordings sold a little less than 30,000 and 52,000 units , respectively . Music downloads accounted for ninety - one percent of the Rumours sales . The spike in sales for Rumours represented an uptick of 1,951 % , and it had the highest US chart entry by a previously issued album since The Rolling Stones ' reissue of Exile on Main St. entered the chart at number two on June 5 , 2010 . In Australia , the interest had an even more profound effect : five days after the episode aired , the Rumours album entered the Australian charts at number two , and was at number three the following week . Most sales came from digital downloads . In all , the album was in the top forty for nine consecutive weeks . Rumours received its 13 × Platinum certification in Australia at the end of May 2011 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiter , Amy ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : The ' Rumours ' fly '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Futterman , Erica ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rumour Has It : ' Glee ' Takes on Fleetwood Mac '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( GLE - 219 ) `` Rumours '' `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wedemeyer , Jessica ( March 18 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Creator Reveals Secrets of Season 3 '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac and a Man for Mercedes '' . Hulu . Fox Broadcasting Company . March 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Azzopardi , Chris ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Before her show at the Verizon Theater tonight , Stevie Nicks talks ' Glee ' and gays '' . Dallas Voice . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jillian ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' to Tackle Fleetwood Mac 's ' Rumours , ' Paltrow and Chenoweth to Return '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Patrick ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Help Me Howard : Glee '' . WSVN . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Hear the ' Rumours ' Songs '' . TV Squad . AOL . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ACE Title Search : Nice To Meet You , Have I Slept With You ? '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Flandez , Raymund ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' , Season 2 , Episode 19 , ' Rumours ' : TV Recap with Kristin Chenoweth '' . Speakeasy . The Wall Street Journal . Les Hinton . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Sound Off : Glee Dreams & Fleetwood Mac Rumours '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Dancing With The Stars , ' ' Glee , ' ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Hellcats ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope , ' ' Traffic Light ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' NCIS ' Top Week 33 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Body Of Proof , ' ' Raising Hope , ' ' Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) : May 2 - May 8 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) : April 25 - May 1 , 201 '' ( PDF ) . BBM Canada . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dale , David ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` The Ratings Race : Week 21 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dale , David ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't stop thinking about yesterday '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved June 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dale , David ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` The Ratings Race : Week 20 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Semigran , Aly ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : ' Rumours ' '' . Hollywood Crush . MTV Networks . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Respers France , Lisa ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rumor has it ' Glee ' was fantastic '' . CNN . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Watch : When Times Go Bad , When Times Go Rough '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ; Brown , Meghan ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Is All About ' Rumours , ' But Do We Care ? '' . The Atlantic . Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Canning , Robert ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Glee : `` Rumours '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hankinson , Bobby ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Glee : ' Rumours ' has it . It being Fleetwood Mac '' . Houston Chronicle . Jack Sweeney . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` '' Rumours `` '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : Fondue for Two , Rumors for All '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Benigno , Anthony ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap ( Season 2 , Episode 19 ) : Rumour Has It '' . The Faster Times . Sam Apple . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : No Money , Mo ' Problems '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Berk , Brett ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` The Gay Guide to Glee : Season 2 , Episode 19 , `` Rumors '' `` . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions for season 2 singles in the United States : `` Go Your Own Way '' , `` Songbird '' , `` Do n't Stop '' , `` Never Going Back Again '' , and `` Dreams '' `` Hot 100 : Week of May 21 , 2011 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending May 8 , 2011 . Songs : Rolling In The Dough '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of May 21 , 2011 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Glee Cast '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Glee Cast '' . Chart Stats . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Glee : The Music , Volume 6 Available Monday , May 23 '' ( Press release ) . New York : Columbia Records . PR Newswire . May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Beastie Boys Score No. 2 Debut on Billboard 200 , Adele Holds at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac - Rumours ( album ) '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Week Commencing 6 June 2011 '' ( PDF ) ( 1110 ) . Pandora Archive . June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Glee portal `` Rumours '' at Fox.com `` Rumours '' on IMDb `` Rumours '' at TV.com Glee episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Showmance '' `` Acafellas '' `` Preggers '' `` The Rhodes Not Taken '' `` Vitamin D '' `` Throwdown '' `` Mash - Up '' `` Wheels '' `` Ballad '' `` Hairography '' `` Mattress '' `` Sectionals '' `` Hell - O '' `` The Power of Madonna '' `` Home '' `` Bad Reputation '' `` Laryngitis '' `` Dream On '' `` Theatricality '' `` Funk '' `` Journey to Regionals '' Season 2 `` Audition '' `` Britney / Brittany '' `` Grilled Cheesus '' `` Duets '' `` The Rocky Horror Glee Show '' `` Never Been Kissed '' `` The Substitute '' `` Furt '' `` Special Education '' `` A Very Glee Christmas '' `` The Sue Sylvester Shuffle '' `` Silly Love Songs '' `` Comeback '' `` Blame It on the Alcohol '' `` Sexy '' `` Original Song '' `` A Night of Neglect '' `` Born This Way '' `` Rumours '' `` Prom Queen '' `` Funeral '' `` New York '' Season 3 `` The Purple Piano Project '' `` I Am Unicorn '' `` Asian F '' `` Pot O ' Gold '' `` The First Time '' `` Mash Off '' `` I Kissed a Girl '' `` Hold On to Sixteen '' `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' `` Yes / No '' `` Michael '' `` The Spanish Teacher '' `` Heart '' `` On My Way '' `` Big Brother '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' `` Dance with Somebody '' `` Choke '' `` Prom - asaurus '' `` Props '' `` Nationals '' `` Goodbye '' Season 4 `` The New Rachel '' `` Britney 2.0 '' `` Makeover '' `` The Break Up '' `` The Role You Were Born to Play '' `` Glease '' `` Dynamic Duets '' `` Thanksgiving '' `` Swan Song '' `` Glee , Actually '' `` Sadie Hawkins '' `` Naked '' `` Diva '' `` I Do '' `` Girls ( and Boys ) On Film '' `` Feud '' `` Guilty Pleasures '' `` Shooting Star '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Lights Out '' `` Wonder - ful '' `` All or Nothing '' Season 5 `` Love , Love , Love '' `` Tina in the Sky with Diamonds '' `` The Quarterback '' `` A Katy or a Gaga '' `` The End of Twerk '' `` Movin ' Out '' `` Puppet Master '' `` Previously Unaired Christmas '' `` Frenemies '' `` Trio '' `` City of Angels '' `` 100 '' `` New Directions '' `` New New York '' `` Bash '' `` Tested '' `` Opening Night '' `` The Back - up Plan '' `` Old Dog , New Tricks '' `` The Untitled Rachel Berry Project '' Season 6 `` Loser Like Me '' `` Homecoming '' `` Jagged Little Tapestry '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part One '' `` The Hurt Locker , Part Two '' `` What the World Needs Now '' `` Transitioning '' `` A Wedding '' `` Child Star '' `` The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester '' `` We Built This Glee Club '' `` 2009 '' `` Dreams Come True '' Fleetwood Mac Mick Fleetwood John McVie Christine McVie Lindsey Buckingham Stevie Nicks Peter Green Jeremy Spencer Bob Brunning Danny Kirwan Bob Welch Bob Weston Dave Walker Billy Burnette Rick Vito Bekka Bramlett Dave Mason Studio albums Fleetwood Mac Mr. Wonderful Then Play On Kiln House Future Games Bare Trees Penguin Mystery to Me Heroes Are Hard to Find Fleetwood Mac Rumours Tusk Mirage Tango in the Night Behind the Mask Time Say You Will EPs Extended Play Compilations English Rose The Pious Bird of Good Omen Fleetwood Mac in Chicago Black Magic Woman The Original Fleetwood Mac Greatest Hits Vintage Years Greatest Hits 25 Years -- The Chain Madison Blues The Vaudeville Years The Complete Blue Horizon Sessions 1967 -- 1969 Show - Biz Blues The Best of Peter Green 's Fleetwood Mac The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac The Essential Fleetwood Mac Live albums Live Live in Boston Live at the BBC The Dance Shrine ' 69 Live in Boston Tribute albums Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac 1960s songs `` I Believe My Time Ai n't Long '' `` Hellhound on My Trail '' `` Shake Your Moneymaker '' `` Stop Messin ' Around '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` Madison Blues '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Black Magic Woman '' `` Albatross '' `` When You Say '' `` Man of the World '' `` Somebody 's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked in Tonite '' `` Rattlesnake Shake '' `` Oh Well '' 1970s songs `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two Prong Crown ) '' `` Dragonfly '' `` Jewel - Eyed Judy '' `` Sentimental Lady '' `` For Your Love '' `` Hypnotized '' `` Angel '' `` Monday Morning '' `` Warm Ways '' `` Blue Letter '' `` Over My Head '' `` Say You Love Me '' `` Rhiannon '' `` Landslide '' `` World Turning '' `` I 'm So Afraid '' `` Second Hand News '' `` Dreams '' `` Never Going Back Again '' `` Do n't Stop '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Songbird '' `` The Chain '' `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` I Do n't Want to Know '' `` Oh Daddy '' `` Gold Dust Woman '' `` Silver Springs '' `` Tusk '' `` Sara '' `` Think About Me '' `` Not That Funny '' `` Sisters of the Moon '' `` Walk a Thin Line '' `` Angel '' `` I Know I 'm Not Wrong '' `` Brown Eyes '' 1980s songs `` Hold Me '' `` Gypsy '' `` Oh Diane '' `` Love in Store '' `` Ca n't Go Back '' `` Big Love '' `` Seven Wonders '' `` Little Lies '' `` Everywhere '' `` Family Man '' `` Tango in the Night '' `` Is n't It Midnight '' `` As Long as You Follow '' `` No Questions Asked '' 1990s -- 2010s songs `` Skies the Limit '' `` In the Back of My Mind '' `` Love Is Dangerous '' `` Save Me '' `` Love Shines '' `` Paper Doll '' `` I Do '' `` Temporary One '' `` Murrow Turning Over in His Grave '' `` Peacekeeper '' `` Say You Will '' `` Sad Angel '' Concert tours Heroes Are Hard to Find tour Fleetwood Mac tour Rumours Tour Tusk tour Mirage tour Shake the Cage Tour Behind the Mask Tour Say You Will tour Unleashed 2013 tour On with the Show Related people Ken Caillat Richard Dashut Clifford Davis John Mayall Keith Olsen Related articles Discography List of Fleetwood Mac band members Buckingham Nicks Lindsey Buckingham / Christine McVie Bekka & Billy Stretch ( `` Bogus Fleetwood Mac '' ) `` Rumours '' ( Glee episode ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumours_(Glee)&oldid=800016412 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes Fleetwood Mac Glee ( season 2 ) episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 04 : 14 . 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Grand Slam (tennis)
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Grand Slam ( Tennis ) - wikipedia Grand Slam ( Tennis ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Grand Slam . Tennis Grand Slam tournaments ATP ATP Finals ATP Masters 1000 ATP 500 series ATP 250 series ATP Challenger Tour Finals ATP Challenger WTA WTA Finals WTA Premier tournaments WTA International tournaments WTA 125s ITF Men 's Circuit ITF Women 's Circuit Wheelchair Tennis Masters Summer Paralympics Team tournaments Summer Olympics Davis Cup Fed Cup World Team Cup Hopman Cup Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Location of the four major tennis championships The Grand Slam tournaments , also called majors , are the four most important annual tennis events . They offer the most ranking points , prize money , public and media attention , the greatest strength and size of field , and greater number of `` best of '' sets for men . The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January , the French Open in May and June , Wimbledon in July , and the US Open in August and September . Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks . The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts , the French on clay , and Wimbledon on grass . Wimbledon is the oldest , founded in 1877 , followed by the US in 1881 , the French in 1891 , and the Australian in 1905 . However , of these four , only Wimbledon was a major before 1924 -- 25 , when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments . Skipping Grand Slam tournaments -- especially the Australian Open because of the remoteness , the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money -- was not unusual before 1982 , which was the start of the norm of counting Grand Slam titles . Grand Slam tournaments are not operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) or the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) , which were formally founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively , though the ATP and WTA do award ranking points based on a player 's performance at a major . The term Grand Slam , without qualification , and also originally , refers to the achievement of winning all four major championships within a single calendar year within one of the five events : men 's and women 's singles ; men 's , women 's , and mixed doubles . In doubles , one team may accomplish a Grand Slam playing together or one player may achieve it with different partners . Winning the four majors in consecutive tournaments but not in the same year is known as a Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam , while winning all four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a Career Grand Slam . Winning the gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in addition to the four majors in one calendar year is known as a `` Golden Grand Slam '' or more commonly the `` Golden Slam '' . Also , winning the Year - End Championship ( known as ATP Finals for men 's singles and doubles disciplines , and WTA Finals for both women 's disciplines ) in the same period is known as a `` Super Slam '' . Together , all four Majors in all three disciplines ( singles , doubles , and mixed doubles ) are called a `` boxed set '' of Grand Slam titles . No male or female player has won all twelve events in one calendar year , although a `` career boxed set '' has been achieved by three female players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term `` Grand Slam '' 2 History 3 Tournament details 4 Winners 4.1 Grand Slam champions 4.2 Players who completed the Grand Slam 4.2. 1 Chronological 4.2. 2 Per player 5 Non-calendar year Grand Slam 5.1 Controversy over terminology 5.2 Achievements and near misses 6 Career Grand Slam 6.1 Men 's singles 6.2 Women 's singles 6.3 Men 's doubles 6.4 Women 's doubles 6.5 Mixed doubles 6.6 Boys ' singles 6.7 Boys ' doubles 6.8 Men 's wheelchair doubles 6.9 Women 's wheelchair doubles 7 Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles 7.1 Men 's singles 7.2 Women 's singles 7.3 Men 's doubles 7.4 Women 's doubles 7.5 Mixed doubles 7.6 Men 's wheelchair singles 7.7 Women 's wheelchair singles 7.8 Men 's wheelchair doubles 7.9 Women 's wheelchair doubles 8 Most consecutive Grand Slam singles finals 8.1 Men 8.2 Women 8.3 Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss 8.4 Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss 9 Golden Slam 9.1 Non-calendar year Golden Slam 9.2 Career Golden Slam 10 Super Slam 10.1 Non-calendar year Super Slam 10.2 Career Super Slam 11 Three Major tournament titles in a year 12 Triple Crown 13 Boxed Set 13.1 Career Boxed Set 14 Multiple Career Grand Slams 15 Pro Slam 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Origin of the term `` Grand Slam '' ( edit ) The term slam for winning all of the tricks in the whist family card games ( see also whist terms ) is attested from early in the 17th century . Grand slam for all of the tricks , in contrast to small slam or little slam for all but one , dates from early in the 19th century . This use was inherited by contract bridge , a modern development of whist defined in 1925 that became very popular in Britain and America by 1930 . Grand slam has been used in golf since 1930 , when Bobby Jones won the four major championships , two British and two American tournaments . Although John F. Kieran of The New York Times is widely credited with first applying the term `` grand slam '' to tennis to describe the winning of all four major tennis tournaments in a calendar year , sports columnist Alan Gould had used the term in that connection almost two months before Kieran . History ( edit ) The possibility of being the reigning champion of all the current four Majors did not exist until 1924 -- 25 , when the International Lawn Tennis Federation designated the Australasian , French ( before 1925 only open to members of French tennis clubs ) , British and American championship tournaments as the four Majors . Before that time only three events : Wimbledon , the World Hard Court Championships ( held in Paris & once in Brussels ) and the World Covered Court Championships ( held in various locations ) were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF . Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those earlier majors in one year : 1913 . It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925 . It was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon , the Australian and French opens due to the Second World War , the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles , and 1986 when there was no Australian Open at all . Phil Dent has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments -- especially the Australian Open -- was not unusual then , before counting major titles became the norm . Thus , many players had never played the Austral ( as ) ian amateur or open championships : the Doherty brothers , William Larned , Maurice McLoughlin , Beals Wright , Bill Johnston , Bill Tilden , René Lacoste , Henri Cochet , Bobby Riggs , Jack Kramer , Ted Schroeder , Pancho Gonzales , Budge Patty , Manuel Santana , Jan Kodeš and others , while Brookes , Ellsworth Vines , Jaroslav Drobný , Manuel Orantes , Ilie Năstase ( at 35 years old ) and Björn Borg came just once . Beginning in 1969 , when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane , the tournament was open to all players , including professionals , who at that point were prohibited from playing the traditional circuit . Nevertheless , except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments , many of the best players missed this championship until 1982 , because of the remoteness , the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money . In 1970 , George MacCall 's National Tennis League , which employed Rod Laver , Ken Rosewall , Andrés Gimeno , Pancho Gonzales , Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle , prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient . The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe . In terms of the current four majors , the first to win all four in a single year was Don Budge , who completed the feat in 1938 . To date , 17 players have completed a Grand Slam , though only six in the most prestigious singles titles . Of these players , three have won multiple Grand Slams : Rod Laver accomplished the feat twice in men 's singles ; Margaret Court accomplished the feat three times , in two different disciplines -- once in women 's singles and twice in mixed doubles ; and Esther Vergeer completed a grand slam twice in Women 's wheelchair doubles . The four Junior disciplines , boys ' and girls ' singles and doubles , provide limited opportunities to achieve a Grand Slam . Players are only eligible from age 13 to 18 , with 18 - year - olds likely to hold a physical advantage . Only Stefan Edberg has completed the Grand Slam in a Junior discipline . Tournament details ( edit ) Event Dates Venue Current champion ( s ) Men 's Singles Women 's Singles Men 's Doubles Women 's Doubles Mixed Doubles Australian Open mid / late January Melbourne Park , Melbourne Roger Federer Serena Williams Henri Kontinen John Peers Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Abigail Spears Juan Sebastián Cabal French Open late May / early June Stade Roland Garros , Paris Rafael Nadal Jeļena Ostapenko Ryan Harrison Michael Venus Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Gabriela Dabrowski Rohan Bopanna Wimbledon late June / early July All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , London Roger Federer Garbiñe Muguruza Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina Martina Hingis Jamie Murray US Open late August / early September USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center , New York City Rafael Nadal Sloane Stephens Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău Chan Yung - jan Martina Hingis Martina Hingis Jamie Murray Winners ( edit ) Grand Slam champions ( edit ) Per discipline ( all - time ) List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam women 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' singles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' doubles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' singles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' doubles champions List of wheelchair tennis champions Per tournament ( Open Era only ) List of Australian Open champions List of French Open champions List of Wimbledon Open Era champions List of US Open ( tennis ) champions Players who completed the Grand Slam ( edit ) Chronological ( edit ) # Year Player Discipline Notes 1938 Don Budge Men 's singles Part of a total of 6 consecutive titles 1951 Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Men 's doubles Part of a total of 7 consecutive titles ( 8 consecutive for Sedgman ) 1953 Maureen Connolly Women 's singles Part of 6 consecutive titles 1960 Maria Bueno Women 's doubles With Christine Truman and Darlene Hard 5 1962 Rod Laver Men 's singles 6 1963 Margaret Court Ken Fletcher Mixed doubles Part of consecutive titles ( Court 7 , Fletcher 6 ) 7 1965 Margaret Court Mixed doubles With John Newcombe , Ken Fletcher and Fred Stolle -- part of 5 consecutive titles 8 1967 Owen Davidson Mixed doubles With Lesley Turner and Billie Jean King 9 1969 Rod Laver Men 's singles Only player to complete the singles ' Grand Slam twice 10 1970 Margaret Court Women 's singles Six consecutive titles 11 Stefan Edberg ( in junior tennis ) Boys ' singles Only Junior to complete a Grand Slam 12 1984 Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Women 's doubles Eight consecutive titles 13 1988 Steffi Graf Women 's singles Five consecutive titles 14 1998 Martina Hingis Women 's doubles With Mirjana Lučić and Jana Novotná 15 2009 Esther Vergeer Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of 14 consecutive titles for Vergeer 16 2011 Esther Vergeer Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of consecutive titles ( Vergeer 8 , Walraven 7 ) 17 2013 Aniek van Koot Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 18 2014 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles With Joachim Gérard and Shingo Kunieda 19 2014 Yui Kamiji Jordanne Whiley Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of 5 consecutive titles Per player ( edit ) Player Grand Slams Singles Doubles Mixed Total Margaret Court Rod Laver Esther Vergeer ( wheelchair tennis ) Don Budge Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Maureen Connolly Maria Bueno Ken Fletcher Owen Davidson Stefan Edberg ( junior tennis ) Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Steffi Graf Martina Hingis Korie Homan ( wheelchair tennis ) Sharon Walraven ( wheelchair tennis ) Aniek van Koot ( wheelchair tennis ) Jiske Griffioen ( wheelchair tennis ) Stéphane Houdet ( wheelchair tennis ) Yui Kamiji ( wheelchair tennis ) Jordanne Whiley ( wheelchair tennis ) Non-calendar year Grand Slam ( edit ) Controversy over terminology ( edit ) In 1982 , the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) began offering a $1 million bonus to any singles player to win four consecutive major titles , no matter the time of completion . Although groups variously identified as the Men 's International Professional Tennis Council , `` abetted primarily by some British tennis writers '' , and `` European tennis journalists '' had advocated for the ITF to change the definition of `` Grand Slam '' , ITF General Secretary David Gray made it clear that this was not going to happen . In a 1983 letter to tennis journalist Paul Fein , Gray clarified : There seems to be some confusion . The ITF 's only initiative in this matter has been the organisation of the offer of a bonus of $1 m. to any player who holds all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously ( ... ) In spite of all that we have read on this matter , it has never been my Committee of Management 's intention to alter the basis of the classic Grand Slam i.e. , the capture of all four titles in a year . The ITF 's plan was to offer the cash bonus for three years , apparently to encourage players to compete in all four major tournaments as much as to reward success at them . Even before the ITF had announced their bonus , the Grand Slam controversy had taken on a life of its own . Writing in 1982 , Neil Amdur claimed , `` Now the sport spins nervously under the influence of big dollars and even bigger egos , and tradition has almost gone the way of white balls and long flannels ( ... ) If the four major tournaments want to offer a $1 million incentive for any player in the future who can sweep their titles -- and such talks have been rumored -- that bonus would be a welcome addition . But changing what the Grand Slam is all about is like a baseball player believing that he ' hit for the cycle ' after slugging a single , double and triple in the first game of a doubleheader and a home run in his first time at bat in the second game . '' Despite seeming clarity from the ITF , some journalists suggested that the sport 's organizing body had turned its back on history and changed the `` rules '' of tennis by redefining a Grand Slam . Such confusion continued for years . For instance , when Steffi Graf completed the Grand Slam in 1988 , George Vecsey wrote , `` Even the International Tennis Federation , which should have more respect for history , ruled in 1982 that winning any four straight majors constituted a Grand Slam -- and offered a $1 million bonus for it ( ... ) But many tennis people , and most writers , and probably most fans , too , did not accept the new rules , and the I.T.F. has dropped the gimmick . '' Vecsey was only half right : the ITF dropped the `` gimmick '' of the cash bonus , but it had never changed any rules . However , the ambiguous way the ITF described the Grand Slam in their Constitution led to journalists continuing to make the same assumption as Vecsey over two decades later . For instance , when Rafael Nadal was on the verge of completing a non-calendar year Grand Slam at the 2011 Australian Open , one writer observed , `` Most traditionalists insist that the ' Grand Slam ' should refer only to winning all four titles in a calendar year , although the constitution of the International Tennis Federation , the sports governing body , spells out that ' players who hold all four of these titles at the same time achieve the Grand Slam ' . '' This was true until later in 2011 , when the ITF edited the description to eliminate all confusion . As it now stands , `` The Grand Slam titles are the championships of Australia , France , the United States of America and Wimbledon . Players who hold all four of these titles in one calendar year achieve the ' Grand Slam ' . '' When Martina Navratilova won the 1984 French Open and became the reigning champion of all four women 's singles events , she was the first player to receive the bonus prize in recognition of her achievement . Some media outlets did , indeed , say that she had won a Grand Slam . Others simply noted the ongoing controversy : `` Whether the Slam was Grand or Bland or a commercial sham tainted with an asterisk the size of a tennis ball , Martina Navratilova finally did it . '' Although the ITF recognizes what is now unofficially known as the `` non-calendar year Grand Slam '' on its Roll of Honour , no subsequent player to win four or more majors in a row -- Steffi Graf , Serena Williams , or Novak Djokovic -- has received bonus prize money . Combining the Grand Slam and non-calendar year Grand Slam , the total number of times that players achieved the feat ( of being the reigning champion in all four majors ) expands to 18 . Achievements and near misses ( edit ) Three women have won four or more consecutive major titles since 1970 , with Navratilova taking six in a row in 1983 -- 1984 . On the men 's side , Novak Djokovic was the first singles player since Rod Laver to hold all four major titles at once , which he accomplished between Wimbledon 2015 and the 2016 French Open . Prior to the Open Era , Don Budge received the same accolades in winning the French Championships in 1938 , but then completed the more prestigious Grand Slam at the 1938 US Championships , giving him six majors in a row , the only male to ever win more than four consecutive major tournaments . The Bryan brothers ( Bob and Mike ) were the last to achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam in men 's doubles . Several players and teams came up one title short . Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde , known collectively as The Woodies , reached the final of the 1997 French Open while holding all the other three titles , but lost to Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Daniel Vacek . In singles , Pete Sampras lost the 1994 French Open quarterfinal to fellow countryman Jim Courier , having won the previous three majors . Roger Federer in 2006 and 2007 and Novak Djokovic in 2012 repeated this , both ultimately losing the French Open final to Rafael Nadal . Nadal himself was prevented from achieving this feat by his countryman David Ferrer , who defeated him in the quarterfinal of the 2011 Australian Open , which Nadal entered holding the other three major titles . In women 's doubles , Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza had won three Majors from Wimbledon 2015 to the 2016 Australian Open , but lost in the third round of the 2016 French Open to Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková . In 2017 , Bethanie Mattek - Sands and Lucie Šafářová had the chance to win four consecutive titles at Wimbledon , but withdrew from their scheduled second round match following an acute knee injury suffered by Mattek - Sands in the second round of the Ladies ' Singles competition . This list is for those players who achieved a non-calendar Grand Slam , but who failed to win the Grand Slam during the same streak . Men 's singles : Novak Djokovic ( 2015 -- 16 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2015 Wimbledon to 2016 French Open Women 's singles : Martina Navratilova ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Six consecutive major titles from 1983 Wimbledon to US Open 1984 Steffi Graf ( 1993 -- 94 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1993 French Open to the 1994 Australian Open Serena Williams ( 2002 -- 03 , 2014 -- 15 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2002 French Open to the 2003 Australian Open Four consecutive major titles from 2014 US Open to 2015 Wimbledon Men 's doubles : Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan ( 2012 -- 13 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2012 US Open to 2013 Wimbledon Women 's doubles : Louise Brough ( 1949 -- 50 ) Four consecutive major titles from the 1949 French Championships to 1950 Australian Championships ( three times with Margaret Osborne duPont and the 1950 Australian Championships won with Doris Hart ) Pam Shriver and Martina Navratilova ( 1986 -- 87 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1986 Wimbledon to the 1987 French Open Navratilova also won the 1986 French Open with Andrea Temesvári , totaling 5 consecutive major titles for her Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Six consecutive major titles from the 1992 French Open to 1993 Wimbledon Natasha Zvereva ( 1996 -- 97 ) Four consecutive major titles from the 1996 US Open to 1997 Wimbledon ( three times with Gigi Fernández and the 1997 Australian Open won with Martina Hingis ) Serena Williams and Venus Williams ( 2009 -- 10 ) Four consecutive titles from 2009 Wimbledon to the 2010 French Open Mixed doubles : Billie Jean King ( 1967 -- 68 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1967 French Championships to the 1968 Australian Championships ( three times with Owen Davidson and the 1968 Australian Championships won with Dick Crealy ) . Men 's wheelchair doubles : Stéphane Houdet ( 2009 -- 10 ) Five consecutive titles from the 2009 French Open to 2010 French Open ( the first two with Michaël Jeremiasz , the 2009 US Open won with Stefan Olsson and the last two with Shingo Kunieda ) Shingo Kunieda ( 2014 -- 15 ) Four consecutive titles from the 2014 Wimbledon to 2015 French Open ( the first three with Stéphane Houdet and the 2015 French Open with Gordon Reid ) Note ^ From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Career Grand Slam ( edit ) The career achievement of all four major championships in one format is termed a Career Grand Slam in that format . Dozens of players have accomplished that ( column two ) and 17 have doubled it : won a second championship in each of the four majors in one format ( column three ) . Two or more career championships in all four majors is sometimes called a `` Multiple Slam Set '' . Three players have Multiple Slam Sets in two formats , one in three formats , so 22 players are counted in the table ( column three ) . Their achievements are tabulated below . Career Grand Slams by format Format Numbers of players Completed the Career GS Completed at least 2 Men 's singles 8 players ( 2 Golden , 1 Super ) 2 players Women 's singles 10 players ( 2 Golden , 2 Super ) 5 players Men 's doubles 21 players ( 14 as teams ) 5 players ( 2 as a team ) Women 's doubles 21 players ( 10 as teams ) 8 players ( 6 as teams ) Mixed doubles 17 players ( 7 as teams ) 4 players ( 2 as teams ) Eight men and ten women have won Career Grand Slams in singles play ( rows one and two ) ; among them two men and five women have at least two Career Grand Slams in singles ( column three ) . Since the beginning of the open era , five men and six women have achieved this ( Rod Laver , Andre Agassi , Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic ; Margaret Court , Chris Evert , Martina Navratilova , Steffi Graf , Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova ) . Several singles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam , grouped by the missing Grand Slam tournament : Australian Open : René Lacoste , Henri Cochet , Helen Wills , Althea Gibson , Tony Trabert , Margaret Osborne duPont , and Manuel Santana French Open : Frank Sedgman , Ashley Cooper , Louise Brough Clapp , Virginia Wade , Arthur Ashe , Pete Sampras , John Newcombe , Jimmy Connors , Boris Becker , Stefan Edberg , Martina Hingis , and Lindsay Davenport Wimbledon : Ken Rosewall , Hana Mandlíková , Ivan Lendl , Monica Seles , Guillermo Vilas , Mats Wilander , Justine Henin , and Stan Wawrinka US Open : Jean Borotra , Jack Crawford , Lew Hoad , and Evonne Goolagong Cawley Several doubles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam : Australian Open : John Van Ryn , Helen Wills , Elizabeth Ryan , Margaret Osborne duPont , Darlene Hard , Billie Jean King , Betty Stöve , Robert Seguso , Mahesh Bhupathi , Lindsay Davenport , Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina . French Open : John Bromwich , Nancy Richey , Arantxa Sánchez Vicario , Cara Black , and Sania Mirza Wimbledon : Vic Seixas , Ashley Cooper , Virginia Wade , Virginia Ruano Pascual , Paola Suárez , Bethanie Mattek - Sands , and Lucie Šafářová US Open : Jean Borotra , Jacques Brugnon , Jack Crawford , Althea Gibson , and Rod Laver Only six players have completed a Career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles : one male ( Roy Emerson ) and five female ( Margaret Court , Doris Hart , Shirley Fry Irvin , Martina Navratilova , and Serena Williams ) . Court , Hart and Navratilova are the only three players to have completed a `` Career Boxed Set '' , winning all four titles in singles , doubles , and mixed doubles ; this has never been done by a male player . The remainder of this section is a complete list , by format , of all players who have won the Career Grand Slam . Players are ordered chronologically by their completion of the Slam . Men 's singles ( edit ) Eight men have won all four grand slam tournaments . Two of the eight men achieved a double career Slam . Originally , the grand slams were held on grass ( Australian , Wimbledon , and US Open ) and clay ( French ) and the first four players achieved their grand slams on two surfaces . The US Open changed its surface from grass to clay in 1975 and then to hard court in 1978 . The Australian Open changed from grass to hard court in 1988 . The last four players ( Agassi , Federer , Nadal , Djokovic ) achieved their grand slam on three different surfaces : hard court , clay , and grass . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Fred Perry 26 1934 1935 1934 1933 Don Budge 23 1938 1938 1937 1937 Rod Laver 24 1960 1962 1961 1962 Roy Emerson 27 1961 1963 1964 1961 5 Andre Agassi 29 1995 1999 1992 1994 6 Roger Federer 27 2009 2003 7 Rafael Nadal 24 2009 2005 2008 8 Novak Djokovic 29 2008 2016 2011 2011 Women 's singles ( edit ) Each woman 's `` first wins '' in the four Majors are listed chronologically and their ages upon completion of the Slam are given in brackets . Five of the ten women achieved at least two career Slams , two of the ten have achieved three careers slams and Steffi Graf is the only player to achieve four career Slams . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Maureen Connolly 18 1953 1953 1952 1951 Doris Hart 28 1949 1950 1951 1954 Shirley Fry Irvin 29 1957 1951 1956 1956 Margaret Court 20 1960 1962 1963 1962 5 Billie Jean King 28 1968 1972 1966 1967 6 Chris Evert 27 1982 7 Martina Navratilova 26 1981 1982 1978 8 Steffi Graf 19 1988 1988 1988 9 Serena Williams 21 2003 2002 2002 1999 10 Maria Sharapova 25 2008 2012 2006 Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Men 's doubles ( edit ) At Men 's Doubles , 21 players have won the career Slam including fourteen who `` slammed '' with a unique partner . The latter are listed first , as seven teams , ignoring any major wins with other partners . Five of the 21 men achieved at least a double career Slam at Men 's Doubles , led by Roy Emerson and John Newcombe with triple Slams . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Adrian Quist 26 1936 1935 1935 1939 Frank Sedgman 24 1951 1951 1948 1950 Ken McGregor 23 1951 1951 1951 1951 Lew Hoad 21 1953 1953 1953 1956 Ken Rosewall 22 1953 1953 1956 1956 6 Neale Fraser 25 1957 1958 1959 1957 7 Roy Emerson 25 1962 1960 1959 1959 8 John Newcombe 23 1965 1967 1965 1967 Tony Roche 24 1965 1967 1965 1967 10 Bob Hewitt 37 1963 1972 1962 1977 11 John Fitzgerald 28 1982 1986 1989 1984 Anders Järryd 29 1989 13 Jacco Eltingh 28 1994 1995 1998 1994 Paul Haarhuis 32 1994 1995 1998 1994 15 Todd Woodbridge 29 1992 2000 1993 1995 Mark Woodforde 34 1992 2000 1993 1989 17 Jonas Björkman 32 1998 2005 2002 2003 18 Bob Bryan 28 2006 2003 2006 2005 Mike Bryan 28 2006 2003 2006 2005 20 Daniel Nestor 35 2002 2007 2008 21 Leander Paes 38 2012 1999 1999 2006 Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Women 's doubles ( edit ) At Women 's Doubles , 21 players have won the career Slam including ten who `` slammed '' with a unique partner . Eight of the 22 achieved at least a double career Slam at Women 's Doubles , led by Martina Navratilova with seven or more titles in each Major . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Louise Brough Clapp 27 1950 1946 1946 1942 Doris Hart 26 1949 1951 1951 1951 Shirley Fry Irvin 30 1957 1950 1951 1951 Maria Bueno 20 1960 1960 1958 1960 5 Margaret Court 22 1961 1964 1964 1963 Lesley Turner Bowrey 21 1964 1964 1964 1961 7 Judy Tegart Dalton 32 1964 1966 1969 1970 8 / Martina Navratilova 23 1980 1976 1977 9 Kathy Jordan 21 1981 1980 1980 1981 Anne Smith 21 1981 1980 1980 1981 11 Pam Shriver 21 1982 1984 1981 12 Helena Suková 25 1990 1990 1985 13 Gigi Fernández 28 1993 1991 1992 1988 / Natasha Zvereva 21 1993 1989 1991 1991 15 / Jana Novotná 25 1990 1990 1989 1994 16 Martina Hingis 17 1997 1998 1998 17 Serena Williams 19 2001 1999 2000 1999 Venus Williams 20 2001 1999 2000 1999 19 Lisa Raymond 33 2000 2006 2001 2001 20 Sara Errani 27 2013 2012 2014 2012 Roberta Vinci 31 2013 2012 2014 2012 Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Mixed doubles ( edit ) At Mixed Doubles , a total of 17 players have won the career Slam , including seven who `` slammed '' as a pair ( won all four with same partner ) -- an odd number because Margaret Court has accomplished a career Grand Slam separately with Ken Fletcher and Marty Riessen . The other four of the seven are Doris Hart , Frank Sedgman , Leander Paes , and Martina Hingis . Also three of the 15 players have accomplished multiple career Grand Slams in mixed doubles , led by Margaret Court 's quadruple Slam . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jean Borotra 29 1928 1927 1925 1926 Doris Hart 26 1949 1951 1951 1951 Frank Sedgman 21 1949 1951 1951 1951 Margaret Court 20 1963 1963 1963 1961 5 Ken Fletcher 23 1963 1963 1963 1963 6 Owen Davidson 23 1965 1967 1967 1966 7 Billie Jean King 24 1968 1967 1967 1967 8 Marty Riessen 33 1969 1969 1969 9 Bob Hewitt 39 1961 1970 1977 1979 10 Todd Woodbridge 24 1993 1992 1994 1990 11 Mark Woodforde 27 1992 1995 1993 1992 12 / Martina Navratilova 46 2003 1985 1985 13 Daniela Hantuchová 22 2002 2005 2001 2005 14 Mahesh Bhupathi 29 2006 1997 2002 1999 15 Cara Black 30 2002 2008 16 Leander Paes 42 2003 2016 1999 2008 Martina Hingis 35 2006 2016 2015 2015 Boys ' singles ( edit ) Stefan Edberg ( 1983 ) Boys ' doubles ( edit ) Mark Kratzmann ( 1983 French Open , Wimbledon & US Open ; 1984 Australian Open ) Men 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Kunieda , Shingo Shingo Kunieda ( JPN ) 24 2007 2008 2006 2007 Jeremiasz , Michael Michael Jeremiasz ( FRA ) 32 2003 2009 2009 2005 Houdet , Stéphane Stéphane Houdet ( FRA ) 40 2007 2009 2009 Scheffers , Maikel Maikel Scheffers ( NED ) 28 2011 2008 2011 5 Peifer , Nicolas Nicolas Peifer ( FRA ) 25 2016 2011 2015 2011 6 Reid , Gordon Gordon Reid ( GBR ) 25 2017 2015 2016 2015 Women 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer ( NED ) 27 2007 2009 2005 Homan , Korie Korie Homan ( NED ) 29 2009 2009 2009 2005 Walraven , Sharon Sharon Walraven ( NED ) 40 2011 Griffioen , Jiske Jiske Griffioen ( NED ) 27 2006 2008 2012 2006 5 van Koot , Aniek Aniek van Koot ( NED ) 23 2013 2012 2013 6 Kamiji , Yui Yui Kamiji ( JPN ) 20 2014 2014 2014 2014 Whiley , Jordanne Jordanne Whiley ( GRB ) 22 2014 2014 2014 2014 Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) 6 : Don Budge ( from the 1937 Wimbledon to the 1938 U.S. Championships ) . Women 's singles ( edit ) 6 : Maureen Connolly ( from the 1952 Wimbledon to the 1953 U.S. Championships ) . 6 : Margaret Court ( from the 1969 US Open to the 1971 Australian Open ) . 6 : Martina Navratilova ( from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1984 US Open ) . Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Men 's doubles ( edit ) Team : 7 : Ken McGregor and Frank Sedgman ( from the 1951 Australian Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon ) Player : 8 : Frank Sedgman ( from the 1950 U.S. Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon ) Women 's doubles ( edit ) Team and Player : 8 : Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver ( from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1985 French Open ) Mixed doubles ( edit ) Team : 6 : Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher ( from the 1963 Australian Championships to the 1964 French Championships ) Player : 7 : Margaret Court ( from the 1962 US Championships to the 1964 French Championships ) Men 's wheelchair singles ( edit ) 13 : Shingo Kunieda ( from the 2007 Australian Open to the 2011 French Open ) Women 's wheelchair singles ( edit ) 13 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open ) 7 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 Wimbledon ) Men 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) Player : 5 : Stéphane Houdet ( from the 2009 French Open to the 2010 French Open ) 5 : Stéphane Houdet ( from the 2014 Australian Open to the 2015 Australian Open ) Women 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) Team : 7 : Esther Vergeer and Sharon Walraven ( from the 2010 Wimbledon to 2012 Australian Open ) Player : 14 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open ) 8 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 French Open ) Most consecutive Grand Slam singles Finals ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Rank Player Cons . finals From To Roger Federer 10 2005 Wimbledon Championships 2007 US Open Roger Federer 8 2008 French Open 2010 Australian Open Jack Crawford 7 1933 Australian Championships 1934 Wimbledon Championships Don Budge 6 1937 Wimbledon Championships 1938 U.S. Championships = Rod Laver 6 1961 Wimbledon Championships 1962 U.S. Championships = Novak Djokovic 6 2015 Australian Open 2016 French Open 7 Fred Perry 5 1934 Wimbledon Championships 1935 Wimbledon Championships = Frank Sedgman 5 1951 U.S. Championships 1952 U.S. Championships = Fred Stolle 5 1964 Wimbledon Championships 1965 Wimbledon Championships = Rafael Nadal 5 2011 French Open 2012 French Open Women ( edit ) Rank Player Cons . finals From To Steffi Graf 13 1987 French Open 1990 French Open Martina Navratilova 11 1985 French Open 1987 US Open Maureen Connolly 6 1952 Wimbledon Championships 1953 US Championships = Margaret Court 6 1969 US Open 1971 Australian Open = Martina Navratilova 6 1983 Wimbledon Championships 1984 US Open = Chris Evert 6 1984 French Open 1985 Wimbledon Championships = / Monica Seles 6 1991 US Open 1993 Australian Open 8 Margaret Court 5 1963 Wimbledon Championships 1964 Wimbledon Championships = Margaret Court 5 1965 Australian Championships 1966 Australian Championships = Steffi Graf 5 1993 Australian Open 1994 Australian Open = Martina Hingis 5 1997 Australian Open 1998 Australian Open Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss ( edit ) Helen Wills Moody won all 16 of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she played beginning with the 1924 U.S. Championships and extending to the 1933 Wimbledon Championships ( not counting her defaults in the 1926 French and Wimbledon Championships ) . During this period , she won 6 Wimbledons , 4 French Championships , and 6 U.S. Championships . She also won the 1924 Summer Olympics during this period . Moody never entered the Australian Championships . Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss ( edit ) Doris Hart won all 13 of the Grand Slam mixed doubles tournaments she played beginning with the 1951 French Championships and extending to the 1955 U.S. Championships . During this period , she won 5 Wimbledons , 3 French Championships , and 5 U.S. Championships . Golden Slam ( edit ) Tennis was an Olympic sport from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics through the 1924 Games , then was dropped for the next 64 years ( except as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984 ) before returning in 1988 . As there were only three Major championships designated by the International Lawn Tennis Federation before 1925 , none of the tennis players who participated in the Olympics between 1896 and 1924 had a chance to complete a Golden Grand Slam . However , there was a possibility to complete a Career Golden Grand Slam by winning the 1920 Olympics or 1924 Olympics plus each of the four grand slams , all of which were present from 1925 onwards . The term Golden Slam ( initially `` Golden Grand Slam '' ) was coined in 1988 . Only one player has completed the Golden Slam : Steffi Graf ( 1988 Australian Open , 1988 French Open , 1988 Wimbledon Championships , 1988 US Open , and 1988 Olympic gold medal ) Non-calendar year Golden Slam ( edit ) Winning four consecutive Grand Slam tournaments and Olympic event in the period of twelve months , although not in the same year , is called a `` Non-calendar year Golden Slam '' . Only Bob and Mike Bryan have achieved this by winning the 2012 Olympics , 2012 US Open , 2013 Australian Open , 2013 French Open and 2013 Wimbledon Championships . After they won the final at Wimbledon , this was coined the `` Golden Bryan Slam '' . Career Golden Slam ( edit ) A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic gold medal during his or her career is said to have achieved a Career Golden Slam . # Player Discipline Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Olympics Pam Shriver Women 's doubles 1982 1984 1981 1988 Steffi Graf Women 's singles 1988 1988 1988 1988 Gigi Fernández Women 's doubles 1993 1991 1992 1988 1992 Andre Agassi Men 's singles 1995 1999 1992 1994 5 Todd Woodbridge Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 Mark Woodforde Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 7 Serena Williams Women 's doubles 2001 1999 2000 1999 2000 Venus Williams Women 's doubles 2001 1999 2000 1999 2000 9 Shingo Kunieda Men 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2008 2006 2007 10 Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2009 2009 2005 2008 11 Esther Vergeer Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2005 2000 12 Daniel Nestor Men 's doubles 2002 2007 2009 2000 13 Michaël Jeremiasz Men 's wheelchair doubles 2003 2009 2009 2005 2008 14 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2009 2008 15 Rafael Nadal Men 's singles 2009 2005 2008 2008 16 Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles 2011 2011 2008 17 Bob Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 Mike Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 19 Serena Williams Women 's singles 2003 2002 2002 1999 2012 20 Aniek van Koot Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2012 2013 2016 Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2012 2006 2016 22 Nicolas Peifer Men 's wheelchair doubles 2016 2011 2015 2011 2016 Super Slam ( edit ) Soon after the Open Era began in 1968 , the new professional tours each held a year - end championship ( YEC ) , which are elite tournaments involving only the top performers of the given season . The subsequent return of tennis to the Olympics in 1988 gave rise to the notion of a Super Slam as a combination of Golden Slam and YEC title . Eligible YECs are currently called the ATP Finals for men , WTA Finals for women , and the Wheelchair Tennis Masters . No player has ever completed the Super Slam in a single season . Non-calendar year Super Slam ( edit ) Only one player has completed the Super Slam in a period of twelve months : Steffi Graf ( 1987 Virginia Slims Championships , 1988 Australian Open , 1988 French Open , 1988 Wimbledon Championships , 1988 US Open and 1988 Olympic gold medal ) Career Super Slam ( edit ) # Player Discipline Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Olympics Year - end Pam Shriver Women 's doubles 1982 1984 1981 1988 1981 Steffi Graf Women 's singles 1988 1988 1988 1988 Gigi Fernández Women 's doubles 1993 1991 1992 1988 1992 1993 Andre Agassi Men 's singles 1995 1999 1992 1994 1990 5 Todd Woodbridge Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 1992 Mark Woodforde Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 1992 7 Esther Vergeer Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2005 2000 2001 8 Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2009 2009 2005 2008 9 Daniel Nestor Men 's doubles 2002 2007 2009 2000 2007 10 Michaël Jeremiasz Men 's wheelchair doubles 2003 2009 2009 2005 2008 2008 11 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2009 2008 2006 12 Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles 2011 2011 2008 13 Bob Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 2003 Mike Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 2003 15 Serena Williams Women 's singles 2003 2002 2002 1999 2012 2001 16 Shingo Kunieda Men 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2008 2006 2007 2012 17 Aniek van Koot Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2012 2013 2016 2012 Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2012 2006 2016 19 Nicolas Peifer Men 's wheelchair doubles 2016 2011 2015 2011 2016 2016 Three major tournament titles in a year ( edit ) Players who have won three of the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year . Jack Crawford , Lew Hoad , Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams won the first three events , but lost the last grand slam tournament . Crawford , an asthmatic , won two of the first three sets of the 1933 U.S. Championships final against Fred Perry , then tired in the heat and lost the last two sets and the match . Key SF QF # R RR Q # NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( NH ) not held . To avoid confusion and double counting , these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament , or when the player 's participation in the tournament has ended . Men 's singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jack Crawford 1933 Fred Perry 1934 QF Tony Trabert 1955 SF Lew Hoad 1956 5 Ashley Cooper 1958 SF 6 Roy Emerson 1964 QF 7 Jimmy Connors 8 Mats Wilander 1988 QF 9 Roger Federer 3R 10 Roger Federer 2006 11 Roger Federer 2007 12 Rafael Nadal QF 13 Novak Djokovic 2011 SF 14 Novak Djokovic 2015 Women 's singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Helen Wills 1928 Helen Wills 1929 Margaret Court 1962 2R Margaret Court 1965 5 Margaret Court 1969 SF 6 Billie Jean King 1972 7 Margaret Court 1973 SF 8 Martina Navratilova 4R 9 Martina Navratilova 1984 SF 10 Steffi Graf 1989 11 Monica Seles 1991 12 / Monica Seles 1992 13 Steffi Graf 1993 14 Steffi Graf 1995 15 Steffi Graf 16 Martina Hingis 1997 17 Serena Williams 2002 18 Serena Williams 2015 SF Men 's doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jacques Brugnon 1928 SF John Van Ryn 1933 SF Jack Crawford 1935 UR John Bromwich 1950 SF 5 Ken McGregor 1952 Frank Sedgman 1952 7 Ken Rosewall 1953 UR Lew Hoad 1953 UR 9 Ken Rosewall 1956 Lew Hoad 1956 11 Tony Roche 1967 QF John Newcombe 1967 QF 13 John Newcombe 1973 14 Anders Järryd SF 15 Anders Järryd 1991 3R John Fitzgerald 1991 3R 17 Jacco Eltingh 1998 18 Bob Bryan 2013 SF Mike Bryan 2013 SF note : UR = Unknown Result . Please help us find this information . Women 's doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Osborne duPont 1946 Louise Brough 1946 Margaret Osborne duPont 1949 Louise Brough 1949 5 Louise Brough 1950 6 Doris Hart 1951 Shirley Fry Irvin 1951 8 Doris Hart 1952 Shirley Fry Irvin 1952 10 Doris Hart 1953 Shirley Fry Irvin 1953 12 Darlene Hard 1960 13 Lesley Turner Bowrey 1964 14 Nancy Richey 1966 2R 15 Betty Stöve 1972 16 Margaret Court 1973 QF Virginia Wade 1973 QF 18 Martina Navratilova 1982 SF 19 Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver 21 Martina Navratilova 1986 NH 22 Martina Navratilova QF Pam Shriver QF 24 Helena Suková 1990 Jana Novotná 1990 26 Gigi Fernández 1992 QF Natasha Zvereva 1992 SF 28 Gigi Fernández 1993 SF Natasha Zvereva 1993 SF 30 Gigi Fernández 1994 SF Natasha Zvereva 1994 SF 32 Natasha Zvereva 1997 33 Jana Novotná 1998 34 Virginia Ruano Pascual SF Paola Suárez SF 36 Serena Williams 2009 3R Venus Williams 2009 3R Mixed doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Eric Sturgess 1949 Frank Sedgman 1951 Doris Hart 1951 Frank Sedgman 1952 Doris Hart 1952 6 Vic Seixas 1953 Doris Hart 1953 8 Margaret Court 1964 9 Billie Jean King 1967 10 Marty Riessen 1969 QF Margaret Court 1969 SF 12 Bob Hewitt 1979 NH 13 Martina Navratilova 1985 NH 14 Mark Woodforde 1992 3R 15 Martina Hingis 2015 2R Leander Paes 2015 2R Boys ' singles Mark Kratzmann 1984 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Nicolás Pereira 1988 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Gaël Monfils 2004 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Girls ' singles Natalia Zvereva 1987 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Magdalena Maleeva 1990 : Australian Open , French Open , US Open Boys ' doubles Mark Kratzmann 1983 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Simon Youl 1983 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Jason Stoltenberg 1988 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Todd Woodbridge 1988 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Ben Ellwood 1994 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Brendan Evans 2004 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Scott Oudsema 2004 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Girls ' doubles Beth Herr 1982 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Corina Morariu 1995 : Australian Open , French Open , US Open Ludmilla Varmuzova 1995 : Australian Open , French Open , US Open Victoria Azarenka 2005 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 2006 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Urszula Radwańska 2007 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Tímea Babos 2010 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Sloane Stephens 2010 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Taylor Townsend 2012 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Barbora Krejčíková 2013 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Kateřina Siniaková 2013 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Men 's wheelchair singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Shingo Kunieda 2007 NH Shingo Kunieda 2009 NH Shingo Kunieda NH Shingo Kunieda 2014 NH 5 Shingo Kunieda 2015 NH Women 's wheelchair singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Esther Vergeer 2007 NH Esther Vergeer 2009 NH Esther Vergeer 2011 NH Yui Kamiji 2017 SF Men 's wheelchair doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stéphane Houdet 2009 SF Shingo Kunieda 2013 SF Shingo Kunieda 2014 SF Gordon Reid 2017 Women 's wheelchair doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Esther Vergeer 2007 NH Yui Kamiji 2016 NH Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Triple Crown ( edit ) Winning singles , doubles and mixed doubles titles at one Grand Slam event is called a Triple Crown . It has become a rare accomplishment in tennis . This is partly because the final match in all three disciplines often takes place concurrently in the same day if not in consecutive days . Doris Hart for example attained her first Triple Crown after playing three Wimbledon final matches held in one single day . Notes : This list excludes the 1909 triple crown of Jeanne Matthey and the 1920 , 1921 , 1922 and 1923 triple crown wins of Suzanne Lenglen . The French Championship tennis tournament at the time was a domestic competition not recognized as an international major . At the time the major clay court event ( actual precursor of the French Open in its current international format ) was the World Hard Court Championships , where Suzanne Lenglen also attained triple championship in 1921 and 1922 ) . Also the 1941 triple championship of Alice Weiwers is not listed due to its disputed official status : French championships held in Vichy France from 1941 to 1945 are currently not recognized by Fédération Française de Tennis . Men Total Player Year Triple champion of 3 times Don Budge 1937 Wimbledon 1938 Wimbledon 1938 US Championships 2 times Bill Tilden 1922 US Championships 1923 US Championships Frank Sedgman 1951 US Championships 1952 Wimbledon Neale Fraser 1959 US Championships 1960 US Championships 1 time Jack Hawkes 1926 Australian Championships Jean Borotra 1928 Australian Championships Jack Crawford 1932 Australian Championships Bobby Riggs 1939 Wimbledon Vic Seixas 1954 US Championships Ken Rosewall 1956 US Championships Women Total Player Year Triple champion of 5 times Suzanne Lenglen 1920 Wimbledon 1922 Wimbledon 1925 French Championships 1925 Wimbledon 1926 French Championships Margaret Court 1963 Australian Championships 1964 French Championships 1965 Australian Championships 1969 Australian Open 1970 US Open 4 times Alice Marble 1938 US Championships 1939 Wimbledon 1939 US Championships 1940 US Championships Doris Hart 1951 Wimbledon 1952 French Championships 1952 Wimbledon 1954 US Championships 3 times Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 1909 US Championships 1910 US Championships 1911 US Championships Mary Browne 1912 US Championships 1913 US Championships 1914 US Championships Daphne Akhurst Cozens 1925 Australian Championships 1928 Australian Championships 1929 Australian Championships Nancye Wynne Bolton 1940 Australian Championships 1947 Australian Championships 1948 Australian Championships Louise Brough Clapp 1947 US Championships 1948 Wimbledon 1950 Wimbledon Billie Jean King 1967 Wimbledon 1967 US Championships 1973 Wimbledon 2 times Mabel Cahill 1891 US Championships 1892 US Championships Helen Wills Moody 1924 US Championships 1928 US Championships 1 time Juliette Atkinson 1895 US Championships Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1917 US Championships Helen Jacobs 1934 US Championships Simonne Mathieu 1938 French Championships Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1941 US Championships Margaret Osborne duPont 1950 US Championships Thelma Coyne Long 1952 Australian Championships Maureen Connolly 1954 French Championships Martina Navratilova US Open Boxed set ( edit ) Another Grand Slam - related accomplishment is winning a `` boxed set '' of Grand Slam titles -- which is at least one of every possible type of Major championship available to a player : the singles , doubles , and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year . This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years . Career boxed set ( edit ) The Career Boxed Set refers to winning one of every possible grand slam title ( singles , doubles , mixed ) over the course of an entire career . No male player has completed this , although Frank Sedgman came close . He only missed out on the French Open singles title . Men who participate in top / elite level singles have played comparatively few doubles , and very few mixed doubles . So far , only three women have completed the boxed set during their careers : Boxed Sets Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Court 22 ( Pre-Open Era ) 1960 ( WS ) 1961 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1962 ( WS ) 1964 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1963 ( WS ) 1964 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1962 ( WS ) 1963 ( WD ) 1961 ( XD ) 31 ( Post-Open Era ) 1969 ( WS ) 1969 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) 1969 ( WS ) 1973 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) 1970 ( WS ) 1969 ( WD ) 1968 ( XD ) 1969 ( WS ) 1968 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) Doris Hart 29 1949 ( WS ) 1950 ( WD ) 1949 ( XD ) 1950 ( WS ) 1948 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) 1951 ( WS ) 1947 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) 1954 ( WS ) 1951 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) Martina Navratilova 46 1981 ( WS ) 1980 ( WD ) 2003 ( XD ) 1982 ( WS ) 1975 ( WD ) 1974 ( XD ) 1978 ( WS ) 1976 ( WD ) 1985 ( XD ) 1983 ( WS ) 1977 ( WD ) 1985 ( XD ) Court is not only unique in having two boxed sets , but is also unique in the timing of her accomplishments . Her first boxed set was completed before the start of the open era , and she has a boxed set achieved solely within the open era . Martina Hingis has come closer than any other currently active player to joining this elite group . She just needs the French Open singles , having reached the final in 1997 and 1999 . Prior to Hingis , it was Billie Jean King who came close at completing a career boxed set . She only needed the Australian Open women 's doubles title and although she reached the final twice ( in 1965 and 1969 ) , she failed to win the title . Multiple career Grand Slams ( edit ) Of the many players who have managed to win a full set of four majors , there is a small number who have gone on to win all four majors a second or more times . The completion of `` Multiple Career Grand Slams '' or sometimes called `` multiple slam sets '' ( MSS ) has been achieved by only 22 unique players up to the end of the 2015 Wimbledon . MSS players can be found in each of the five tennis disciplines : men 's or women 's singles , men 's or women 's doubles , mixed doubles . It can also be found in women 's wheelchair doubles . Of these , five players have completed MSS in more than one discipline : Roy Emerson , Martina Navratilova , Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams have MSS in two disciplines , Margaret Court has MSS in three disciplines . This table shows each multiple occurrence of a complete MSS for each of the players who have accomplished multiple slams in a particular tennis discipline . The year shown for each of the four majors is the year that particular major win was repeated as part of that player 's achievement of their second ( all 22 players ) and third ( 8 players ) and fourth ( 4 players ) and fifth through seventh ( Martina Navratilova , in women 's doubles ) complete slam set of Major wins . For example , the fourth row shows that Margaret Court completed her third career slam set in Women 's Singles -- winning each of the four majors three times -- during the 1970 Wimbledon Championships ( bold ) . More specific , she won : Australian open 11 times , the third in 1962 ; French Open five times , the third in 1969 ; Wimbledon three times ( determines the maximum of sets ) , the third in 1970 and finally US Open five times , the third in 1969 . Grey background shades lesser achievements by the same player in the same discipline ( e.g. , Court in the eighth row ) ; yellow highlights the greatest achievement in the discipline ( e.g. , Graf in the third row ) . Slam Sets completed , second and subsequent sets ( chronological sequence in column one ) Name Country Discipline MSS Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 09 Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Singles 1963 1967 1965 1964 13 Laver , Rod Rod Laver AUS Men 's Singles 1962 1969 1962 1969 34 Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf GER Women 's Singles 1994 1995 1992 1995 15 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Singles 1962 1969 1970 1969 49 Williams , Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Singles 2007 2015 2009 2008 21 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Singles 1984 1979 1984 22 Evert , Chris Chris Evert USA Women 's Singles 1984 1976 1976 06 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Singles 1961 1964 1965 1965 30 Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf FRG Women 's Singles 1989 1988 1989 1989 31 Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf GER Women 's Singles 1990 1993 1991 1993 42 Williams , Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Singles 2005 2013 2003 2002 16 Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Doubles 1969 1962 1971 1965 18 Newcombe , John John Newcombe AUS Men 's Doubles 1971 1973 1968 1973 01 Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Men 's Doubles 1952 1952 1951 1951 04 Fraser , Neale Neale Fraser AUS Men 's Doubles 1958 1960 1961 1960 10 Stolle , Fred Fred Stolle AUS Men 's Doubles 1964 1968 1964 1966 14 Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Men 's Doubles 1956 1968 1956 1969 43 Bryan , Bob Bob Bryan USA Men 's Doubles 2007 2013 2011 2008 44 Bryan , Mike Mike Bryan USA Men 's Doubles 2007 2013 2011 2008 07 Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Doubles 1966 1961 1961 1960 17 Newcombe , John John Newcombe AUS Men 's Doubles 1967 1969 1966 1971 28 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 7 1988 1988 1986 29 Shriver , Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1985 1988 1984 35 Zvereva , Natasha Natasha Zvereva BLR Women 's Doubles 1997 1993 1993 1995 12 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Doubles 1962 1965 1969 1968 32 Fernández , Gigi Gigi Fernández USA Women 's Doubles 1994 1992 1993 1990 36 Novotná , Jana Jana Novotná CZE Women 's Doubles 1995 1991 1990 1997 37 Williams , Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Doubles 2003 2002 2009 38 Williams , Venus Venus Williams USA Women 's Doubles 2003 2002 2009 50 Hingis , Martina Martina Hingis SUI Women 's Doubles 1998 2000 1998 2015 19 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1982 1982 1979 1978 20 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1981 1980 23 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1985 1982 25 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 5 1985 1986 1984 26 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 6 1984 1986 24 Shriver , Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1985 1982 1984 27 Shriver , Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1986 33 Zvereva , Natasha Natasha Zvereva BLR Women 's Doubles 1994 1992 1992 1992 11 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1969 1969 1968 1964 02 Hart , Doris Doris Hart USA Mixed Doubles 1950 1952 1952 1952 03 Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Mixed Doubles 1950 1952 1952 1952 40 Bhupathi , Mahesh Mahesh Bhupathi IND Mixed Doubles 2009 2012 2005 2005 05 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1964 1964 1965 1962 08 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1965 1965 1966 1963 41 Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2011 2007 45 Griffioen , Jiske Jiske Griffioen NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2013 2013 2007 51 van Koot , Aniek Aniek van Koot NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2013 2013 2015 39 Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2006 48 Houdet , Stéphane Stéphane Houdet FRA Men 's wheelchair doubles 2015 2014 2014 47 Kunieda , Shingo Shingo Kunieda JPN Men 's wheelchair doubles 2008 2013 2014 46 Houdet , Stéphane Stéphane Houdet FRA Men 's wheelchair doubles 2014 2009 2013 2011 By discipline ( numbers of players and table entries ) Men 's Singles ( 2 people ; 2 entries ) Women 's Singles ( 5 people ; 9 entries ) Men 's Doubles ( 8 people ; 10 entries ) Women 's Doubles ( 9 people ; 17 entries ) Mixed Doubles ( 4 people , 6 entries ) Men 's Wheelchair Doubles ( 2 people ; 3 entries ) Women 's Wheelchair Doubles ( 3 people ; 4 entries ) Pro Slam ( edit ) Before the Open Era began in 1968 , only amateur players were allowed to compete in the four majors . Many male top players `` went pro '' in order to win prize money legally , competing on a professional world tour comprising completely different events . From 1927 through 1967 , the three oldest pro events were considered `` majors '' of the pro tour : the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships , French Pro Championship and Wembley Championships . A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered to achieve a `` Professional Grand Slam '' , or `` Pro Slam '' . The feat was accomplished twice : Ken Rosewall in 1963 ; Rod Laver in 1967 . Three other players won those three major trophies during their pro careers : Ellsworth Vines , Hans Nüsslein and Don Budge . The pro slams did not have a women 's draw . See also ( edit ) Tennis portal List of Grand Slam related tennis records Lists of tennis records and statistics List of wheelchair tennis champions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Australian Open is played on Plexicushion while the US Open is played on DecoTurf . Jump up ^ In 1984 , the Australian Open was the last event held , rather than the first . ^ Jump up to : Until 2016 , Wimbledon have never hosted singles tournament for wheelchairs . ^ Jump up to : Notwithstanding year when the US Open did not take place due to date clashes with the Paralympics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Q. What is the points breakdown for all tournament categories ? '' . RANKINGS : Frequently Asked Questions ( 10 ) . ATP World Tour -- Official Site of Men 's Professional Tennis ( atpworldtour.com ) . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . ITFTennis.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sport and the Media : Managing the Nexus '' . Google Books . 2016 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ USOpen.org . Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Grandslamhistory.com `` STATS '' . Grand Slam History Reference Book ( grandslamhistory.com ) . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( 22 May 1994 ) . LA Times `` Return to Grand Slam Glory : Rod Laver Was the Last Man to Sweep Four Major Titles and Thinks It Can Be Done Again '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Slam '' . Online Etymological Dictionary ( etymonline.com ) . Douglas Harper . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , John ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Writings Offer Encyclopedic Insight on Winners of Grand Slams . '' The New York Times p . SP8 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gould , Alan ( 18 July 1933 ) . `` Sports Slants : ( subsection ) Tennis ' Grand Slam ' `` . The Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) . p. 10 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( 6 ) 1912 -- 1914 : The first World Clay Court Championships '' . Histoire du tennis : La légende du grand chelem ( www.histoiredutennis.com ) . 30 April 2001 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Max ( 1974 ) . The Encyclopedia of Tennis . The Viking Press . p. 33 . ISBN 067029408X . Jump up ^ Bonnie DeSimoneArchive ( 26 May 2007 ) . `` Chris Evert owned Roland Garros like no other '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Milton Tennis Centre '' . Australian Stadiums . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Nikki Tugwell ( 14 January 2008 ) . `` Hewitt chases amazing slam win '' . The Daily Telegraph . news.com.au . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Fein , Paul . Tennis Confidential ( 2002 ) . 218 . Jump up ^ Amdur , Neil . ( 17 August 1982 ) . `` Leave Grand Slam of Tennis Alone '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Fein , Paul . Tennis Confidential ( 2002 ) . 221 . Jump up ^ Amdur , Neil . ( 17 August 1982 ) . `` Leave Grand Slam of Tennis Alone '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George . ( 11 September 1988 ) . `` A Champion For All Seasons '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul . ( 13 January 2011 ) . `` Nadal : ' This will be my only shot at doing the Grand Slam ' '' The Independent Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ITF Constitution landing page . Full text of the Memorandum , Articles of Association and Bye - laws of ITF LIMITED . Jump up ^ Stratte - McClure , Joel ( 25 June 1984 ) . `` Martina Navratilova Takes the Grand Slam and Nets a Cool Million While She 's at It '' . People . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Curry. ( 18 June 1984 ) . `` Worthy of Really High Fives '' Sports Illustrated Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Kamakshi ( 5 January 2009 ) . `` Gold Standard : Graf mints Golden Slam in 1988 '' . TENNIS ( tennis.com ) . Archived from the original on 14 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness world records '' . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steffi Graf : The Queen Returns to Centre Court -- Golden Grand Slam definition '' . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Matt ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` Bryan Twins on Verge of Golden Slam '' . 10sBalls.com . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 6 July 2013 ) . `` Bob and Mike Bryan complete the ' Golden Bryan Slam ' at Wimbledon '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # 7 : Andre Agassi '' . Sports Illustrated . Photo Gallery : Top 10 Men 's Tennis Players of All Time . p. 4 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kay , Dimitri ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` Rafael Nadal Will Bid To Emulate Andre Agassi at the World Tour Finals '' . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Murry R. , ed. ( 2013 ) . American Sports : A History of Icons , Idols , and Ideas . Greenwood Press . p. 26 . ISBN 9780313397523 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 11 September 1988 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; A Champion For All Seasons '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Connors at the Association of Tennis Professionals . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon announces Wheelchair Tennis Singles events from 2016 '' . www.wimbledon.com . AELTC. 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Open -- The Unbelievable , Unbreakable Records '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Martina Navratilova '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 40 Important Women 's Moments : 1987 , Martina 's Triple Crown '' . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hingis and Paes complete career mixed slam '' . rolandgarros.com . Fédération Française de Tennis ( FFT ) . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Max ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of Tennis . pp. 60 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Geist , Robert ( 1999 ) . Ken Rosewall : Der Grosse Meister . Austria . p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Raymond ( September 2007 ) . `` Greatest Player of All Time : A Statistical Analysis '' . Tennis Week Magazine . Jump up ^ Craig , Hunt . `` Legends of the game # 3 -- Ken Rosewall '' . Tennis Sydney . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` The Greatest ? Do n't Forget Laver 's Lost Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Slam ( tennis ) . Official website of the Australian Open Official website of the French Open Official website of Wimbledon Official website of the US Open All - times Grand Slam tournaments finals -- Reference book . Grand Slam tournaments Open era ( 1968 -- present ) Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Pre-open era ( amateur ) ( 1924 -- 67 ) Australian Championships French Championships Wimbledon Championships US National Championships Pre-open era ( professional ) ( 1927 -- 67 ) US Pro French Pro Wembley Pro ILTF ( 1913 -- 23 ) World Hard Court Championships World Grass Court Championships World Covered Court Championships History of tennis Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Grand Slam tournament venues Australian Open Melbourne Park Rod Laver Arena Hisense Arena Margaret Court Arena French Open Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court 1 Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Centre Court No. 1 Court No. 2 Court No. 3 Court US Open USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Arthur Ashe Stadium Louis Armstrong Stadium Grandstand Grand Slam / non-calendar year / career Grand Slam - winning singles / doubles tennis players Grand Slam Men 's singles 1938 : Don Budge 1962 : Rod Laver 1969 : Rod Laver Women 's singles 1953 : Maureen Connolly 1970 : Margaret Court 1988 : Steffi Graf Men 's doubles 1951 : Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman Women 's doubles 1960 : Maria Bueno 1984 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1998 : Martina Hingis Mixed doubles 1963 : Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher 1965 : Margaret Court 1967 : Owen Davidson Non-calendar year Grand Slam Men 's singles 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1983 -- 84 : Martina Navratilova 1993 -- 94 : Steffi Graf 2002 -- 03 : Serena Williams 2014 -- 15 : Serena Williams Men 's doubles 2012 -- 13 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Women 's doubles 1949 -- 50 : Louise Brough 1986 -- 87 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1992 -- 93 : Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1996 -- 97 : Natasha Zvereva 2009 -- 10 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams Mixed doubles 1967 -- 68 Billie Jean King Career Grand Slam Men 's singles 1933 - 34 - 35 : Fred Perry 1937 - 38 : Don Budge 1960 - 61 - 62 : Rod Laver 1961 - 63 - 64 : Roy Emerson 1992 - 94 - 95 - 99 : Andre Agassi 2003 - 04 - 09 : Roger Federer 2005 - 08 - 09 - 10 : Rafael Nadal 2008 - 11 - 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1951 - 52 - 53 : Maureen Connolly 1949 - 50 - 51 - 54 : Doris Hart 1951 - 56 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1960 - 62 - 63 : Margaret Court 1966 - 67 - 68 - 72 : Billie Jean King 1974 - 75 - 82 : Chris Evert 1978 - 81 - 82 - 83 : Martina Navratilova 1987 - 88 : Steffi Graf 1999 - 2002 - 03 : Serena Williams 2004 - 06 - 08 - 12 : Maria Sharapova Men 's doubles 1935 - 36 - 39 : Adrian Quist 1948 - 50 - 51 Frank Sedgman 1951 : Ken McGregor 1953 -- 56 : Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall 1957 - 58 - 59 : Neale Fraser 1959 - 60 - 62 : Roy Emerson 1965 -- 67 : John Newcombe / Tony Roche 1962 - 64 - 67 - 77 : Bob Hewitt 1982 - 84 - 86 - 89 : John Fitzgerald 1983 - 87 - 89 : Anders Järryd 1994 - 95 - 98 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1989 - 92 -- 93 - 2000 : Mark Woodforde 1992 -- 93 - 95 - 2000 : Todd Woodbridge 1998 - 2002 - 03 - 05 : Jonas Björkman 2003 - 05 - 06 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2002 - 04 - 07 - 08 : Daniel Nestor 1999 - 2006 - 12 : Leander Paes Women 's doubles 1942 - 46 - 50 : Louise Brough Clapp 1947 - 48 - 50 - 51 : Doris Hart 1950 - 51 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1956 -- 1957 : Althea Gibson 1958 -- 60 : Maria Bueno 1961 -- 64 : Lesley Turner Bowrey 1961 - 63 - 64 : Margaret Court 1964 - 66 - 69 - 70 : Judy Tegart Dalton 1980 -- 81 : Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1975 - 76 - 77 - 80 : / Martina Navratilova 1981 - 82 - 83 - 84 : Pam Shriver 1989 - 90 - 93 : Helena Suková 1988 -- 90 - 91 - 92 : Gigi Fernández 1989 - 90 - 91 - 93 : / Natasha Zvereva 1989 - 90 - 94 : Jana Novotná 1996 - 97 - 98 : Martina Hingis 1999 - 2000 - 01 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000 - 01 - 06 : Lisa Raymond 2012 - 13 - 14 : Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci Mixed doubles 1925 - 26 - 27 - 28 Jean Borotra 1949 -- 51 : Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman 1961 - 1963 : Margaret Court 1962 - 1963 : Ken Fletcher 1965 - 66 - 67 : Owen Davidson 1967 -- 68 : Billie Jean King 1969 -- 75 : Marty Riessen 1961 - 70 - 77 - 79 : Bob Hewitt 1992 -- 93 - 95 : Mark Woodforde 1990 - 93 - 94 - 95 : Todd Woodbridge 1974 - 85 - 2003 : Martina Navratilova 2001 - 02 - 05 : Daniela Hantuchová 1997 - 99 - 2005 - 06 : Mahesh Bhupathi 2002 - 04 - 08 - 10 : Cara Black 1999 - 2003 - 08 - 16 : Leander Paes 2006 - 15 - 16 : Martina Hingis Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League International Premier Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Slam_(tennis)&oldid=815757568 '' Categories : Tennis terminology Grand Slam ( tennis ) Tennis tournaments Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 23 : 04 . 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Cost–benefit analysis
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Cost -- benefit analysis - wikipedia Cost -- benefit analysis Jump to : navigation , search Cost benefit analysis ( CBA ) , sometimes called benefit costs analysis ( BCA ) , is a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives ( for example in transactions , activities , functional business requirements or projects investments ) ; it is used to determine options that provide the best approach to achieve benefits while preserving savings . The CBA is also defined as a systematic process for calculating and comparing benefits and costs of a decision , policy ( with particular regard to government policy ) or ( in general ) project . Broadly , CBA has two main purposes : To determine if an investment / decision is sound ( justification / feasibility ) -- verifying whether its benefits outweigh the costs , and by how much ; To provide a basis for comparing projects -- which involves comparing the total expected cost of each option against its total expected benefits . CBA is related to ( but distinct from ) cost - effectiveness analysis . In CBA , benefits and costs are expressed in monetary terms , and are adjusted for the time value of money , so that all flows of benefits and flows of project costs over time ( which tend to occur at different points in time ) are expressed on a common basis in terms of their net present value . Closely related , but slightly different , formal techniques include cost - effectiveness analysis , cost -- utility analysis , risk -- benefit analysis , economic impact analysis , fiscal impact analysis , and social return on investment ( SROI ) analysis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theory 2 Process 3 Evaluation 4 Time and discounting 5 Risk and uncertainty 6 History 6.1 Public policy 6.2 Transportation investment 6.3 CBA and Regulation under various US Administrations 7 Accuracy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Theory ( edit ) Cost -- benefit analysis is often used by organizations to appraise the desirability of a given policy . It is an analysis of the expected balance of benefits and costs , including an account of foregone alternatives and the status quo . CBA helps predict whether the benefits of a policy outweigh its costs , and by how much relative to other alternatives , so that one can rank alternate policies in terms of the cost -- benefit ratio . Generally , accurate cost -- benefit analysis identifies choices that increase welfare from a utilitarian perspective . Assuming an accurate CBA , changing the status quo by implementing the alternative with the lowest cost -- benefit ratio can improve Pareto efficiency . While CBA can offer a well - educated estimate of the best alternative -- perfect appraisal of all present and future costs and benefits is difficult -- , perfection in terms of economic efficiency and social welfare are not guaranteed . Process ( edit ) The following is a list of steps that comprise a generic cost -- benefit analysis . Define the goals and objectives of the project / activities List alternative projects / programs . List stakeholders . Select measurement ( s ) and measure all cost / benefit elements . Predict outcome of cost and benefits over relevant time period . Convert all costs and benefits into a common currency . Apply discount rate . Calculate net present value of project options . Perform sensitivity analysis . Adopt recommended choice . Evaluation ( edit ) CBA attempts to measure the positive or negative consequences of a project , which may include : Effects on users or participants Effects on non-users or non-participants Externality effects Option value or other social benefits . A similar breakdown is employed in environmental analysis of total economic value . Both costs and benefits can be diverse . Financial costs tend to be most thoroughly represented in cost - benefit analyses due to relatively abundant market data . The net benefits of a project may incorporate cost savings or public willingness to pay compensation ( implying the public has no legal right to the benefits of the policy ) or willingness to accept compensation ( implying the public has a right to the benefits of the policy ) for the welfare change resulting from the policy . The guiding principle of evaluating benefits is to list all ( categories of ) parties affected by an intervention and add the ( positive or negative ) value , usually monetary , that they ascribe to its effect on their welfare . The actual compensation an individual would require to have their welfare unchanged by a policy is inexact at best . Surveys ( stated preference techniques ) or market behavior ( revealed preference techniques ) are often used to estimate the compensation associated with a policy . Stated preference technique is a direct way of assessing willingness to pay . Because it involves asking people directly to indicate their willingness to pay for some environmental feature , or some outcome that is closely connected to the state of the environment . However , survey respondents often have strong incentives to misreport their true preferences and market behavior does not provide any information about important non-market welfare impacts . Revealed preference technique is an indirect approaches to individual willingness to pay . People make market choices among certain items that have different characteristics related to the environment , they reveal the value they place on these environmental factors . One controversy is valuing a human life , e.g. when assessing road safety measures or life - saving medicines . However , this can sometimes be avoided by using the related technique of cost - utility analysis , in which benefits are expressed in non-monetary units such as quality - adjusted life years . For example , road safety can be measured in terms of cost per life saved , without formally placing a financial value on the life . However , such non-monetary metrics have limited usefulness for evaluating policies with substantially different outcomes . Additionally , many other benefits may accrue from the policy , and metrics such as ' cost per life saved ' may lead to a substantially different ranking of alternatives than traditional cost -- benefit analysis . Another controversy is valuing the environment , which in the 21st century is typically assessed by valuing ecosystem services to humans , such as air and water quality and pollution . Monetary values may also be assigned to other intangible effects such as business reputation , market penetration , or long - term enterprise strategy alignment . Time and discounting ( edit ) CBA usually tries to put all relevant costs and benefits on a common temporal footing using time value of money calculations . This is often done by converting the future expected streams of costs and benefits into a present value amount using a discount rate . Empirical studies and a technical framework suggest that in reality , people do discount the future like this . The choice of discount rate is subjective . A smaller rate values future generations equally with the current generation . Larger rates ( e.g. a market rate of return ) reflects humans ' attraction to time inconsistency -- valuing money that they receive today more than money they get in the future . The choice makes a large difference in assessing interventions with long - term effects . One issue is the equity premium puzzle , in which long - term returns on equities may be rather higher than they should be . If so then arguably market rates of return should not be used to determine a discount rate , as doing so would have the effect of undervaluing the distant future ( e.g. climate change ) . Risk and uncertainty ( edit ) Risk associated with project outcomes is usually handled using probability theory . This can be factored into the discount rate ( to have uncertainty increasing over time ) , but is usually considered separately . Particular consideration is often given to risk aversion -- the preference for avoiding loss over achieving gain . Expected return calculations do not account for the detrimental effect of uncertainty . Uncertainty in CBA parameters ( as opposed to risk of project failure etc . ) can be evaluated using a sensitivity analysis , which shows how results respond to parameter changes . Alternatively a more formal risk analysis can be undertaken using Monte Carlo simulations . History ( edit ) The French engineer and economist Jules Dupuit , credited with the creation of cost -- benefit analysis . The concept of CBA dates back to an 1848 article by Jules Dupuit and was formalized in subsequent works by Alfred Marshall . The Corps of Engineers initiated the use of CBA in the US , after the Federal Navigation Act of 1936 effectively required cost -- benefit analysis for proposed federal waterway infrastructure . The Flood Control Act of 1939 was instrumental in establishing CBA as federal policy ; it demanded that `` the benefits to whomever they accrue ( be ) in excess of the estimated costs . '' Public policy ( edit ) The application for broader public policy started from the work of Otto Eckstein , who in 1958 laid out a welfare economics foundation for CBA and its application for water resource development . Over the 1960s , CBA was applied in the US for water quality , recreation travel , and land conservation . During this period , the concept of option value was developed to represent the non-tangible value of preserving resources such as national parks . CBA was later expanded to address both intangible and tangible benefits of public policies relating to mental illness , substance abuse , college education , and chemical waste policies . In the US , the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 first required the application of CBA for regulatory programs , and since then , other governments have enacted similar rules . Government guidebooks for the application of CBA to public policies include the Canadian guide for regulatory analysis , Australian guide for regulation and finance , US guide for health care programs , and US guide for emergency management programs . Transportation investment ( edit ) CBA application for transport investment started in the UK with the M1 motorway project , and was later applied on many projects including London Underground 's Victoria line . Later , the New Approach to Appraisal ( NATA ) was introduced by the then Department for Transport , Environment and the Regions . This presented cost -- benefit results and detailed environmental impact assessments in a balanced way . NATA was first applied to national road schemes in the 1998 Roads Review but subsequently rolled out to all transport modes . As of 2011 it was a cornerstone of transport appraisal in the UK and is maintained and developed by the Department for Transport . The EU 's ' Developing Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment ' ( HEATCO ) project , part of its Sixth Framework Programme , reviewed transport appraisal guidance across EU member states and found that significant differences exist between countries . HEATCO 's aim was to develop guidelines to harmonise transport appraisal practice across the EU . Transport Canada promoted the use of CBA for major transport investments with the 1994 issuance of its Guidebook . In the US , both federal and state transport departments commonly apply CBA , using a variety of available software tools including HERS , BCA.Net , StatBenCost , Cal - BC , and TREDIS . Guides are available from the Federal Highway Administration , Federal Aviation Administration , Minnesota Department of Transportation , California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) , and the Transportation Research Board Transportation Economics Committee . CBA and regulation under various US administrations ( edit ) The increased usage of CBA in the US regulatory process is often associated with President Ronald Reagan 's administration . Though the use of CBA in US policy making dating back many decades , Reagan 's Executive Order 12291 mandated the use of CBA in the regulatory process . Reagan campaigned on a deregulation platform , and once he took office in 1981 quickly issued this EO , which vested the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs ( OIRA ) with the authority to review agency regulations and required federal agencies to produce regulatory impact analyses when the annual impact could be estimated over $100 M. Shortly thereafter , in the 1980s , academic and institutional critiques of CBA started to emerge . The three main criticisms were : That CBA could be used for political goals . Debates on the merits of cost and benefit comparisons can be used to sidestep political or philosophical goals , rules and regulations . That CBA is inherently anti-regulatory , therefore not a neutral analysis tool . This is an ethical argument : that the monetization of policy impacts is an inappropriate tool for assessing things such as mortality risks and distributional impacts . That the length of time necessary to complete CBA can create significant delays , which can impede policy regulations . These criticisms continued through the 1990s under the Clinton administration , who furthered the anti-regulatory environment through his Executive Order 12866 . EO 12866 changed some of Reagan 's language , requiring benefits to justify , rather than exceed costs , and added `` reduction of discrimination or bias '' as one of the benefits to be analyzed . Criticisms of aspects of CBA , including uncertainly valuations , discounting future values , and the calculation of risk , were used to argue that CBA should play no part in the regulatory process . The use of CBA in the regulatory process continues today under the Obama administration , though the debate over its practical and objective value continues . Some analysts oppose the use of CBA in policy making , while those in favor of its use favor improvements to the analysis and calculations . Accuracy ( edit ) The value of a cost -- benefit analysis depends on the accuracy of the individual cost and benefit estimates . Comparative studies indicate that such estimates are often flawed , preventing improvements in Pareto and Kaldor - Hicks efficiency . Causes of these inaccuracies include : Over-reliance on data from past projects ( often differing markedly in function or size and the skill levels of the team members ) Use of subjective impressions in assessment Inappropriate use of heuristics to derive money cost of the intangible elements Confirmation bias among project supporters ( looking for reasons to proceed ) . Interest groups may attempt to include or exclude significant costs from an analysis to influence the outcome . In the case of the Ford Pinto ( where , because of design flaws , the Pinto was liable to burst into flames in a rear - impact collision ) , the company 's decision was not to issue a recall . Ford 's cost -- benefit analysis had estimated that based on the number of cars in use and the probable accident rate , deaths due to the design flaw would cost it about $49.5 million to settle wrongful death lawsuits versus recall costs of $137.5 million . Ford overlooked ( or considered insignificant ) the costs of the negative publicity that would result , which forced a recall and damaged sales . In health economics , some analysts think cost -- benefit analysis can be an inadequate measure because willingness - to - pay methods of determining the value of human life can be influenced by income level . They support use of variants such as cost -- utility analysis , QALY and DALY to analyze the effects of health policies . For some environmental effects cost - benefit analysis can be substituted with cost - effectiveness analysis . This is especially true when there is only one type of physical outcome that is sought , such as the reduction of energy use by increasing energy efficiency . Using cost - effectiveness analysis is less laborious and time - consuming as it does not involve the monetization of outcomes , which can be difficult in some cases . In environmental and occupational health regulation , it has been argued that if modern cost -- benefit analyses had been applied prospectively to decisions such as whether to mandate the removal of lead from gasoline , block the construction of two proposed dams just above and below the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River , and regulate workers ' exposure to vinyl chloride , these measures would not have been implemented even though they are considered to be highly successful in retrospect . The Clean Air Act has been cited in retrospective studies as a case where benefits exceeded costs , but the knowledge of the benefits ( attributable largely to the benefits of reducing particulate pollution ) was not available until many years later . See also ( edit ) Business case Calculus of negligence Economic forecasting Guns versus butter model Have one 's cake and eat it too Opportunity cost Scarcity Social impact assessment Tax choice There ai n't no such thing as a free lunch Trade - off Triple Bottom Line Cost Benefit Analysis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David , Rodreck ; Ngulube , Patrick ; Dube , Adock ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` A cost - benefit analysis of document management strategies used at a financial institution in Zimbabwe : A case study '' . SA Journal of Information Management . 15 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.4102 / sajim. v15i2. 540 . Jump up ^ Hemakumara , GPTS. ( 2017 ) . COST - BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED GODAGAMA DEVELOPMENT NODE UNDER THE GREATER MATARA DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROGRAM . International Research Journal of Management and Commerce , 4 ( 9 ) , 9 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cellini , Stephanie Riegg ; Kee , James Edwin . `` Cost - Effectiveness and Cost - Benefit Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ http://www.finance.gov.au/obpr/docs/Decision-Rules.pdf Jump up ^ Weimer , D. ; Vining , A. ( 2005 ) . Policy Analysis : Concepts and Practice ( Fourth ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 183001 - 5 . Jump up ^ Boardman , N.E. ( 2006 ) . Cost - benefit Analysis : Concepts and Practice ( 3rd ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 143583 - 3 . Jump up ^ Field , Barry C ; Field , Martha K ( 2016 ) . ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS : AN INTRODUCTION , SEVENTH EDITION . America : McGraw - Hill . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 802189 - 3 . Jump up ^ Field , Barry C ; Field , Martha K ( 2016 ) . ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS : AN INTRODUCTION , SEVENTH EDITION . America : McGraw - Hill . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 802189 - 3 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Harry F. ; Brown , Richard ( 2003 ) . `` Valuing Traded and Non-Traded Commodities in Benefit - Cost Analysis '' . Benefit - Cost Analysis : Financial and Economic Appraisal using Spreadsheets . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52898 - 4 . Ch. 8 provides a useful discussion of non-market valuation methods for CBA . Jump up ^ Dunn , William N. ( 2009 ) . Public Policy Analysis : An Introduction . New York : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 615554 - 6 . Jump up ^ Newell , R.G. ( 2003 ) . `` Discounting the Distant Future : How Much Do Uncertain Rates Increase Valuations ? '' . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management . 46 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / S0095 - 0696 ( 02 ) 00031 - 1 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Harry F. ; Brown , Richard ( 2003 ) . `` Incorporating Risk in Benefit - Cost Analysis '' . Benefit - Cost Analysis : Financial and Economic Appraisal using Spreadsheets . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 52898 - 4 . Ch. 9 provides a useful discussion of sensitivity analysis and risk modelling in cost benefits analysis . CBA . Jump up ^ Wiener , Jonathan B. ( 2013 ) . `` The Diffusion of Regulatory Oversight '' . In Livermore , Michael A. ; Revesz , Richard L. The Globalization of Cost - Benefit Analysis in Environmental Policy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 93438 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` History of Benefit - Cost Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the 2006 Cost Benefit Conference . Jump up ^ Guess , George M. ; Farnham , Paul G. ( 2000 ) . Cases in Public Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Georgetown University Press . pp. 304 -- 308 . ISBN 0 - 87840 - 768 - 5 . Jump up ^ Eckstein , Otto ( 1958 ) . Water Resource Development : The Economics of Project Evaluation . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ Kneese , A.V. ( 1964 ) . The Economics of Regional Water Quality Management . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Jump up ^ Clawson , M. ; Knetsch , J.L. ( 1966 ) . Economics of Outdoor Recreation . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Jump up ^ Krutilla , J.V. ( 1967 ) . `` Conservation Reconsidered '' . American Economic Review . 57 ( 4 ) : 777 -- 786 . JSTOR 1815368 . Jump up ^ Weisbrod , Burton A. ( 1964 ) . `` Collective - Consumption Services of Individual - Consumption Goods '' . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 78 ( 3 ) : 471 -- 477 . doi : 10.2307 / 1879478 . Jump up ^ Weisbrod , Burton A. ( 1981 ) . `` Benefit - Cost Analysis of a Controlled Experiment : Treating the Mentally Ill '' . Journal of Human Resources . 16 ( 4 ) : 523 -- 548 . JSTOR 145235 . Jump up ^ Plotnick , Robert D. ( 1994 ) . `` Applying Benefit - Cost Analysis to Substance Abuse Prevention Programs '' . International Journal of the Addictions. 29 ( 3 ) : 339 -- 359 . doi : 10.3109 / 10826089409047385 . Jump up ^ Weisbrod , Burton A. ; Hansen , W. Lee ( 1969 ) . Benefits , Costs , and Finance of Public Higher Education . Markham . Jump up ^ Moll , K.S. ; et al. ( 1975 ) . Hazardous wastes : A Risk - Benefit Framework Applied to Cadmium and Asbestos . Menlo Park , CA : Stanford Research Institute . Jump up ^ Canadian Cost -- Benefit Guide : Regulatory Proposals , Treasury Canada , 2007 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Australian Government , 2006 . Introduction to Cost -- Benefit Analysis and Alternative Evaluation Methodologies and Handbook of Cost -- Benefit Analysis , Finance Circular 2006 / 01 . http://www.finance.gov.au/publications/finance-circulars/2006/01.html Jump up ^ US Department of Health and Human Services , 1993 . Feasibility , Alternatives , And Cost / Benefit Analysis Guide , Administration for Children and Families , and Health Care Finance Administration . http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/systems/sacwis/cbaguide/index.htm Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Administration , 1022 . Guide to Benefit Cost Analysis . http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/bca.shtm Jump up ^ Hugh Coombs ; Ellis Jenkins ; David Hobbs ( 18 April 2005 ) . Management Accounting : Principles and Applications . SAGE Publications . pp. 278 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84787 - 711 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` HEATCO project site '' . Heatco.ier.uni-stuttgart.de . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Guide to Cost - Benefit Analysis of Major Projects . Evaluation Unit , DG Regional Policy , European Commission , 2008 . Jump up ^ Guide to Benefit - Cost Analysis in Transport Canada . Transport Canada . Economic Evaluation Branch , Transport Canada , Ottawa , 1994 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ US Federal Highway Administration : Economic Analysis Primer : Benefit - Cost Analysis 2003 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ US Federal Highway Administration : Cost - Benefit Forecasting Toolbox for Highways , Circa 2001 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ US Federal Aviation Administration : Airport Benefit - Cost Analysis Guidance , 1999 ( 7 ) ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Minnesota Department of Transportation : Benefit Cost Analysis . MN DOT Office of Investment Management ( 9 ) Jump up ^ California Department of Transportation : Benefit - Cost Analysis Guide for Transportation Planning ( 10 ) Jump up ^ Transportation Research Board , Transportation Economics Committee : Transportation Benefit - Cost Analysis ( 11 ) Jump up ^ http://regulation.huji.ac.il/papers/jp5.pdf Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 12866 : Regulatory Planning and Review '' . govinfo.library.unt.edu . Jump up ^ Heinzerling , L. ( 2000 ) , ' The Rights of Statistical People ' , Harvard Environmental Law Review 24 , 189 - 208 . Jump up ^ Pamela , Misuraca ( 2014 ) . `` The Effectiveness of a Costs and Benefits Analysis in Making Federal Government Decisions : A Literature Review '' ( PDF ) . Center for National Security . The MITRE Corporation . Jump up ^ Huesemann , Michael H. , and Joyce A. Huesemann ( 2011 ) . Technofix : Why Technology Wo n't Save Us or the Environment , Chapter 8 , `` The Positive Biases of Technology Assessments and Cost Benefit Analyses '' , New Society Publishers , Gabriola Island , British Columbia , Canada , ISBN 0865717044 , 464 pp . Jump up ^ `` Ford Fuel Fires '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Phelps , Charles ( 2009 ) . Health Economics ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Pearson / Addison - Wesley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 59457 - 0 . Jump up ^ Buekers , J ( 2015 ) . `` Health impact model for modal shift from car use to cycling or walking in Flanders : application to two bicycle highways '' . Journal of Transport and Health . doi : 10.1016 / j. jth. 2015.08. 003 . Jump up ^ Pekka Tuominen , Francesco Reda , Waled Dawoud , Bahaa Elboshy , Ghada Elshafei , Abdelazim Negm : Economic Appraisal of Energy Efficiency in Buildings Using Cost - effectiveness Assessment . Procedia Economics and Finance , Volume 21 , 2015 , Pages 422 -- 430 . ^ Jump up to : Ackerman ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Applying Cost - Benefit to Past Decisions : Was Environmental Protection Ever a Good Idea ? '' . Administrative Law Review . 57 : 155 . Further reading ( edit ) Campbell , Harry ; Brown , Richard ( 2003 ) . Benefit - Cost Analysis : Financial and Economic Appraisal Using Spreadsheets . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82146 - 0 . Chakravarty , Sukhamoy ( 1987 ) . `` Cost - benefit analysis '' . The New Palgrave : A Dictionary of Economics . 1 . London : Macmillan . pp. 687 -- 690 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 37235 - 2 . David , R. , Ngulube , P. & Dube , A. , 2013 , ' A cost - benefit analysis of document management strategies used at a financial institution in Zimbabwe : A case study ' , SA Journal of Information Management 15 ( 2 ) , Art . # 540 , 10 pages . http://www.sajim.co.za/index.php/SAJIM/article/view/540/640 Dupuit , Jules ( 1969 ) . `` On the Measurement of the Utility of Public Works '' . In Arrow , Kenneth J. ; Scitovsky , Tibor . Readings in Welfare Economics . London : Allen and Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 338038 - 7 . Eckstein , Otto ( 1958 ) . Water - resource Development : The Economics of Project Evaluation . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . Folland , Sherman ; Goodman , Allen C. ; Stano , Miron ( 2007 ) . The Economics of Heath and Health Care ( Fifth ed . ) . New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . pp. 83 -- 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 227942 - 0 . Ferrara , A. ( 2010 ) . Cost - Benefit Analysis of Multi-Level Government : The Case of EU Cohesion Policy and US Federal Investment Policies . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 56821 - 0 . Frank , Robert H. ( 2000 ) . `` Why is Cost - Benefit Analysis so Controversial ? '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 29 ( S2 ) : 913 -- 930 . doi : 10.1086 / 468099 . Hirshleifer , Jack ( 1960 ) . Water Supply : Economics , Technology , and Policy . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Huesemann , Michael H. , and Joyce A. Huesemann ( 2011 ) . Technofix : Why Technology Wo n't Save Us or the Environment , Chapter 8 , `` The Positive Biases of Technology Assessments and Cost Benefit Analyses '' , New Society Publishers , Gabriola Island , British Columbia , Canada , ISBN 0865717044 , 464 pp . Maass , Arthur , ed. ( 1962 ) . Design of Water - resource Systems : New Techniques for Relating Economic Objectives , Engineering Analysis , and Governmental Planning . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . McKean , Roland N. ( 1958 ) . Efficiency in Government through Systems Analysis : With Emphasis on Water Resources Development . New York : Wiley . Nas , Tevfik F. ( 1996 ) . Cost - Benefit Analysis : Theory and Application . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . ISBN 0 - 8039 - 7133 - 8 . Richardson , Henry S. ( 2000 ) . `` The Stupidity of the Cost - Benefit Analysis '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 29 ( S2 ) : 971 -- 1003 . doi : 10.1086 / 468102 . Quigley , John ; Walls , Lesley ( 2003 ) . `` Cost - Benefit Modelling for Reliability Growth '' . Journal of the Operational Research Society . 54 ( 12 ) : 1234 -- 1241 . doi : 10.1057 / palgrave. jors. 2601633 . Sen , Amartya ( 2000 ) . `` The Discipline of Cost - Benefit Analysis '' . Journal of Legal Studies . 29 ( S2 ) : 931 -- 952 . doi : 10.1086 / 468100 . External links ( edit ) Benefit - Cost Analysis Center at the University of Washington 's Daniel J. Evans School of Public Affairs Intro to Cost - Benefit Analysis Microeconomics Major topics Aggregation Bilateral monopoly Budget Consumer Convexity and non-convexity Cost Cost -- benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Duopoly Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibria Exchange Expected utility Externality Firms General equilibrium Household Income -- consumption curve Information Indifference curve Intertemporal choice Marginal cost Market failure Market structure Monopoly Monopsony Oligopoly Preferences Production Profit Public goods Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Social choice Sunk costs Supply & demand Surplus Uncertainty Utility Welfare Subfields Behavioral Business Computational Statistical decision theory Econometrics Experimental Game theory Industrial organization Labor Managerial Mathematical economics Microfoundations of macroeconomics Operations research Optimization Health care quality Concepts of quality Evidence - based medicine Medical guideline Medical consensus Health care evaluations Clinical audit Health care ratings Health impact assessment Health services research Routine health outcomes measurement Independent medical review Clinical peer review Accreditation Hospital accreditation International healthcare accreditation List of international healthcare accreditation organizations Costs and benefits Cost per procedure Cost - effectiveness analysis Cost - minimization analysis Incremental cost - effectiveness ratio Tools Incremental cost - effectiveness ratio Clinical Quality Management System Quality - adjusted life year GND : 4032589 - 1 NDL : 00563296 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost -- benefit_analysis&oldid = 808428230 '' Categories : Costs Decision analysis Evaluation methods Project management Public finance Welfare economics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 20 : 24 . 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Lori Alan
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Lori Alan - wikipedia Lori Alan Jump to : navigation , search Lori Alan ( 1966 - 07 - 18 ) July 18 , 1966 ( age 51 ) Potomac , Maryland , United States Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actress , comedian , voice actress Years active 1990 -- present Website www.lorialan.com Lori Alan ( born July 18 , 1966 ) is an American actress , comedian , and voice actress . She has played a long - running role as Pearl Krabs on the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . She also voiced Diane Simmons on Family Guy , the Invisible Woman on The Fantastic Four , and The Boss in the Metal Gear video game series . Alan is active with animal rescue and politics , and she currently lives in Los Angeles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 3.4 Video games 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Alan was born in Potomac , Maryland . She had a mixed - faith family : her mother is a Southern Baptist and her father is Jewish . Both of her parents were performers and supported her choice to be an actress . She started acting at the age five making her television debut in a Shakey 's Pizza commercial . Her theater debut was as Annie 's youngest sister in a local community theater production of Annie Get Your Gun . A longtime member of New York 's Gotham City Improv ( Groundlings East ) , she went on to Emerson College and graduated with honors from Tisch School of the Arts . Alan has spoken out against animal cruelty and has campaigned for the anti-dog meat charity World Protection for Dogs and Cats in the Meat Trade . She is also on the board of Pickle Pants Rescue , an animal rescue organization in Los Angeles . Career ( edit ) Alan has done vocal work for over three decades . Her process of getting to the authentic personality of the character she is providing the voice for is to improvise and trust her own choices , something she learned at her first voice acting job . Alan voices Pearl the Whale on SpongeBob SquarePants , Sue Richards ( the Invisible Woman ) on Marvel Comics ' The Fantastic Four , newsreader - turned - murderer Diane Simmons on Family Guy , and The Boss in the Metal Gear series . Lori has done voices in feature films : Monsters University , Toy Story 3 , Despicable Me 2 , WALL E , Inside Out , and each movie in the SpongeBob SquarePants film series . She has also voiced roles for Henry Hugglemonster , Cow and Chicken , Animaniacs , and Futurama . Her work as The Boss was praised as the `` most amazing female character of gaming at the time '' according to Rizwan Anwer . Her rendition of The Boss was also rated as one of the top 25 `` Greatest Acting Performances in Video Games '' by Complex . In 2005 , she joined Warren Beatty , Rob Reiner , Kurtwood Smith and Jason George to help voice commercials against proposals made by California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In 2014 , she won a Voice Arts Award ( VAA ) for outstanding body of work and outstanding national television commercial . Alan 's on - camera roles include Desperate Housewives , Ray Donovan , Comedy Central 's Workaholics , Bones , Southland , CSI , 90210 , Law & Order : LA , Law & Order and many more . On stage credits include The Pee - wee Herman Show , solo show Lori Alan : The Musical , Queen Celia in the hit musical Sneaux ! , and the award - winning musical Reefer Madness . Her 1999 performance in Reefer Madness as a `` Reefer Madam '' was praised by the Los Angeles Times . She revisited her role in the Reefer Madness tenth Anniversary Cast in 2015 . Her vocals on the song `` The Stuff '' was considered both sultry and comical by Broadway World . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Holy Matrimony Cleopatra 1994 The Rockford Files : `` I Still Love L.A. '' Karen Kupfer Television film 1995 Boys on the Side Girl with Attitude 1995 Father of the Bride Part II Wife Mrs. Habib The Oz Kids Toto Lost in New York Mother and Wife ( voice ) Direct - to - video The Oz Kids Virtual Oz Auntie Scraps ( voice ) Direct - to - video The Oz Kids Underground Adventure Auntie Scraps ( voice ) Direct - to - video Garage Sale Gwen Short film Larry & Steve Cindy , Loudspeaker Voice ( voice ) Short film 2001 The Fluffer Harmony Comic Book : The Movie Anita Levine Direct - to - video The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie Pearl Krabs ( voice ) 2008 WALL - E Axiom Passenger # 8 2008 Tokyo Mater Additional voices Short film 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Additional voices 2009 Divorce Sale Hot Chick Short film Pee - Wee Gets an iPad ! Chairry , Magic Screen ( voice ) Video short Toy Story 3 Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) 2011 Hawaiian Vacation Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) Short film 2011 Small Fry Bonnie 's Mom , Tae - Kwon Doe ( voice ) Short film 2012 Partysaurus Rex Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) Short film 2013 Monsters University Bus Driver ( voice ) 2013 Despicable Me 2 Additional voices 2013 Dean Slater : Resident Advisor Mrs. Harris 2013 Meet My Rapist Mom Short film 2015 The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Pearl Krabs ( voice ) 2015 Inside Out Mom 's Sadness ( voice ) 2015 Minions Additional voices 2015 Riley 's First Date ? Mom 's Sadness ( voice ) Short film 2017 Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Mrs. Teevee ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2017 Despicable Me 3 Additional voices 2019 Toy Story 4 Bonnie 's Mom ( voice ) In production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Martha Episode : `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' Phenom Beverly Episode : `` Answered Prayers '' 1994 Dave 's World The T.A. Episode : `` Family Membership '' 1994 SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron Lt. Felina Feral ( voice ) 6 episodes 1995 The George Carlin Show Nurse Episode : `` George Tells the Truth '' 1995 Ned and Stacey Theresa Episode : `` Reality Check '' 1995 Buford 's Got a Gun Estelle Television short 1994 -- 1996 The Fantastic Four Invisible Woman , additional voices 27 episodes Boston Common Liz 3 episodes Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters Mom , Girl ( voice ) Episode : `` Eye Full of Wander / Lifestyles of the Rich and Scary '' Touched by an Angel Rachel Carson Episode : `` Into the Light '' 1997 The Angry Beavers Porcupine , Skunk ( voice ) Episode : `` Enter the Daggett / Bugaboo '' 1997 Cow and Chicken Winney ( voice ) Episode : `` I Am Ambassador '' 1997 -- 1999 , 2001 Hey Arnold ! Brooke Lloyd , School Secretary , Chocolate Woman , Police Officer Pudney , Announcer ( voice ) 5 episodes 1999 -- 2002 , 2005 -- 2010 Family Guy Diane Simmons , additional voices 63 episodes 1999 Animaniacs Sharon Stone , additional voices Episode : `` Hooray for North Hollywood : Part 2 '' 1999 Johnny Bravo Production Assistant , Robot Walla ( voice ) Episode : `` Karma Krisis / A Star Is Bruised / The Prince and the Pinhead '' 1999 -- present SpongeBob SquarePants Pearl Krabs , additional voices All seasons 1999 The Kids from Room 402 Nurse Pitts ( voice ) Episode : `` Son of Einstein '' 1999 The Brothers Flub Additional voices 2001 Will and Grace Jean Episode : `` Coffee & Commitment '' 2002 The Tick District Attorney Episode : `` The Tick vs. Justice '' 2002 Charmed Cynthia Episode : `` Lost and Bound '' 2002 Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Sabrina 's Car ( voice ) Episode : `` Driving Mr. Goodman '' 2002 Rocket Power Game Voice ( voice ) Episode : `` Sim Sammy / Otto Hangs 11 '' 2002 3 South Felicity , Various ( voice ) 2 episodes 2003 Friends Sonya Episode : `` The One Where Monica Sings '' 2003 Good Morning , Miami Loretta Episode : `` Mutt and Jake '' 2003 Six Feet Under Macy 's Saleswoman Episode : `` The Eye Inside '' The Wild Thornberrys Elder 's Daughter ( voice ) Episode : `` Eliza Unplugged '' 2005 The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Librarian , Rosella , Girl # 2 ( voice ) Episode `` Duck ! / Are n't You Chupacabra to See Me ? '' 2005 Stroker and Hoop Leslie , Helena St. Chloe - Butz , Coed , Grandma , Reporter , Woman , Porche , Tour Guide , Sunshine ( voice ) 3 episodes 2005 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Valerie Esposito Episode : `` Still Life '' 2006 W.I.T.C.H. Brenda ( voice ) Episode : `` U is for Undivided '' 2007 Cory in the House Mrs. Flowers 4 episodes 2007 -- 2009 Rick & Steve : The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World Ivory , Nerds , Dr. Joy , Various Characters , Dixie , Nerd , Eunice , Mail Lady ( voice ) 7 episodes 2008 Days of Our Lives Java Café Patron Episode : `` Episode # 1.10942 '' 2009 Chuck Judy Roberts Episode : `` Chuck Versus the First Kill '' 2009 Chowder Lady # 2 , Lady # 6 , Lady # 8 ( voice ) Episode : `` Won Ton Bombs '' 2009 Southland D.A. Deborah Janowitz 3 episodes 2009 The Closer Kathy Weber Episode : `` Strike Three '' 2010 -- 2011 Mater 's Tall Tales Additional voices 4 episodes The Hard Times of RJ Berger Linda Robbins 2 episodes 90210 Realtor Episode : `` Holiday Madness '' Futurama Additional voices Fanboy & Chum Chum Additional voices 2011 BlackBoxTV Joanna Haywood Episode : `` The Family Circus '' 2011 McCracken Live ! Lauren Hanson Episode : `` The Pilot Lot '' 2011 Law & Order : LA Robbi Nathan Episode : `` Benedict Canyon '' 2011 Workaholics Betsy Russ Episode : `` 6 Hours Til Hedonism II '' 2012 Lab Rats Edie ( voice ) Episode : `` Commando App '' 2012 School Board Susan 4 episodes 2012 Bones Gina Carson Episode : `` The Gunk in the Garage '' 2013 Rolling with Dad Brenda Stickle Television short 2013 -- 2014 Henry Hugglemonster Momma ( voice ) 43 episodes 2013 Ray Donovan Darlene Episode : `` Road Trip '' 2013 Mighty Med Mrs. Gleason Episode : `` Evil Gus '' 2013 Doc McStuffins Gloria the Gorilla Episode : `` You Crack Me Up '' 2014 Castle Ms. Papen Episode : `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' 2014 Acting Dead Zombietologist 2 episodes 2014 Grey 's Anatomy Ellen Weaver Episode : `` Do n't Let 's Start '' 2014 Toy Story That Time Forgot Bonnie 's Mom Television short 2015 Natasha Natasha 's Mother Episode : `` A Finale '' 2015 The League Mrs. Shtotelman Episode : `` Deflategate '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Hollywood is Like High School with Money Iris Whitaker 9 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Metal Gear Solid 3 : Snake Eater The Boss 2005 Area 51 Additional voices 2006 Metal Gear Solid 3 : Subsistence The Boss 2006 Family Guy Video Game ! Diane Simmons 2008 CSI : NY Amy Yablans , Olivia Moretti , Eloise Stanwick - Lourdes 2009 Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 Newscaster Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker The Boss / The Boss AI Pod 2012 Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure Bonnie 's Mom 2015 Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain The Boss AI Pod References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Our Team '' . NoToDogMeat . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kang , K. Connie ( 27 December 2003 ) . `` Spiritual Blend Appeals to People of Many Faiths '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fix , Annette ( 2008 ) . `` 20 Questions Answered by Lori Alan '' . Wow ! Women on Writing . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Alan , Lori . `` Bio '' . Lori Alan . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/julia-de-cadenet-/animal-cruelty_b_6557208.html Jump up ^ Levy , Carmi ( 9 November 2014 ) . `` Voice Arts Awards Celebrate The Industry 's Best And Brightest '' . Voice Over Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gaskins , Rudy ; Baker , Joan ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` 6 Inspiring Teachable Moments for Voice Actors '' . Back Stage . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anwer , Rizwan ( 12 May 2014 ) . `` Phantom Pain Could See The Return of `` The Boss '' , Voice Actress Confirms `` . WCCF Tech . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hester , Larry ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Voice Acting Performances in Video Games '' . Complex . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , William ( 6 November 2005 ) . `` The Terminatee '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Smart , Jack ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` The Oscars for Voice '' . Back Stage. 55 ( 46 ) : 11 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Krystal ( 8 October 2010 ) . `` Watch the Pee - Wee Herman Show Preview '' . Screen Crave . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hohenadel , Kristin ( 8 August 1999 ) . `` In a Sense , It 's High Comedy '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( 6 May 1999 ) . `` A Pot Parody and a Sea Spoof '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , David ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` Reefer Madness Tenth Anniversary Reunion Concert Leaves Audience High '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lori Alan Filmography '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Konami . Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain . Konami . Scene : Prologue , 4 : 14 in , Opening Credits . External links ( edit ) Lori Alan on IMDb VIAF : 7204068 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lori_Alan&oldid=806425669 '' Categories : 1966 births American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses People from Potomac , Maryland Actresses from Maryland Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American people of Jewish descent Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does the voice of diane on family guy
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"Lori Alan (born July 18, 1966) is an American actress, comedian, and voice actress. She has played a long-running role as Pearl Krabs on the animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. She also voiced Diane Simmons on Family Guy, the Invisible Woman on The Fantastic Four, and The Boss in the Metal Gear video game series. Alan is active with animal rescue and politics, and she currently lives in Los Angeles.[1]"
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"Lori Alan"
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I Am Frankie
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I Am Frankie - wikipedia I Am Frankie Jump to : navigation , search I Am Frankie Genre Drama Created by Marcela Citterio Starring Alex Hook Uriel Baldesco Armani Barrett Kristi Beckett Kyson Facer Sophia Forest Mohana Krishnan Jayce Mroz Nicole Alyse Nelson Carson Rowland J.D. Ballard Todd Allen Durken Joy Kigin Michael Laurino Carrie Schroeder Voices of Mark Jacobson Opening theme `` Getting Real '' by Matthew Tishler and Jeannie Lurie Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 19 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Eric Gaunaurd Tatiana Rodríguez Producer ( s ) Danny Mendoza Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Paradiso Pictures Nickelodeon Productions Release Original network Nickelodeon Original release September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Yo soy Franky External links Website www.nick.com/i-am-frankie/ I Am Frankie is an American drama television series created by Marcela Citterio that first aired a sneak peek of the pilot on September 4 , 2017 , and later officially premiered on Nickelodeon on September 11 , 2017 . The series stars Alex Hook in the titular role of Frankie Gaines , who is an android attempting to pass herself off as a normal school girl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Pilot ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2. 1 Notes 4.3 Special 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot Sigourney is a scientist working for the company EGG who has developed a teenage android girl named Frankie . When the head of EGG , Mr. Kingston , plans to use Frankie for the military company WARPA for Project Q , Sigourney quits her job , smuggles Frankie out of EGG , and moves her family as far away from EGG as possible so that Frankie can live a normal life . As Frankie adapts to a normal life as a high school student at Sepulveda High , she befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a rival named Tammy . While she and her family work to keep her secret safe so that EGG does n't find her Mr. Kingston is determined to do whatever it takes to locate Frankie . Unbeknownst to Mr. Kingston , he 's not the only one who 's after her . Cast and characters Main Alex Hook as Frankie , an android girl who was created by Sigourney who used to work for EGG and seeks to become a real human . Uriel Baldesco as Lucia , a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad . Armani Barrett as Byron , a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad who is into robotics . Kristi Beckett as Makayla , a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad . Kyson Facer as Andrew , a student at Sepulveda High School who is one of Frankie and Tammy 's love interests . He is later revealed to be an android created by James . Sophia Forest as Jenny , the daughter of Sigourney who gets Frankie as an older sister . Mohana Krishnan as Tammy , a girl and leader of Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad who becomes Frankie 's rival and seeks to find the truth about her . Jayce Mroz as Robbie , an intelligent student who follows Frankie and Dayton around . Nicole Alyse Nelson as Dayton , a girl who becomes Frankie 's best friend and one of a few people to know the truth about Frankie . Carson Rowland as Cole , the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie 's love interests . J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston , the head of EGG who seeks to reclaim Frankie to be used in WARPA 's Project Q. In `` I Am ... Bound for Glory '' , he is later revealed to be Dayton and Cole 's father Tom operating under an alias . Todd Allen Durkin as James , a former EGG scientist who used to work with Sigourney and wants to destroy Frankie . Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough , the principal of Sepulveda High School . Michael Laurino as Will , the father of Jenny and husband of Sigourney who gains Frankie as a daughter . Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney , a former EGG scientist who built Frankie . Mark Jacobson as the Voice of `` PEGS1 '' , a small floating egg - shaped robot that works for Mr. Kingston . Recurring Justin Jarzombeck as John Rachael Thompson as Engineer Production On January 20 , 2016 , Nickelodeon announced that it had green - lit I Am Frankie to series with its first season to contain 20 episodes . The series is the first global series to be produced at the new Viacom International Studio in Miami , Florida . The series was originally produced as Yo Soy Franky by Nickelodeon Latin America in Colombia and Catharina Ledeboer , who has previously worked on Every Witch Way and Talia in the Kitchen , adapted the series into English for global audiences . It was stated that production of the series would begin sometime in 2016 . The series officially debuted on September 11 , 2017 , after a special sneak peek of the premiere aired on September 4 , 2017 . The premiere episode was made available on Nickelodeon streaming platforms starting on August 21 , 2017 . Nickelodeon renewed the series for a second season on November 13 , 2017 . Episodes Pilot ( 2017 ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am ... a Gaines '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 101 1.27 EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter , Jenny , as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG , Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James Peters . Once enrolled in school , Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1 , Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am ... in Danger '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 101 -- 102 1.47 EGG scientist Sigourney Gaines invents an android called Frankie and sneaks her out of EGG to be a birthday present for her daughter , Jenny , as a way to keep Mr. Gilford Kingston from having WARPA use her for Project Q. In order to keep Frankie from being found by EGG , Sigourney moves her family to the next town over and they settle in with the help of former EGG employee James . Once enrolled in school , Frankie befriends a girl named Dayton and gains a girl named Tammy as a rival . Later , after Cole saves Frankie from the rain , Sigourney works to dry her out and finds that some of her circuits got fused together . Meanwhile , Mr. Kingston sends PEGS1 to search Sigourney 's old house to find the whereabouts of the Gaines family . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Kevin Harrison as Night Guard 1 , Michael Sanchez as Night Guard 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie `` I Am ... a Rom - Com Fan '' Steve Wright Jeff Sayers September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) 103 1.32 Guest stars : Katelyn Adair as Student 1 , Brian Dijols as Student 2 Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough `` I Am ... a Radio ? '' Siobhan Devine Charotte Owen Elle Andrews September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 104 1.46 Guest stars : Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough `` I Am ... My Enemy 's Friend ? '' Siobhan Devine Charlotte Owen September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) 105 1.29 Guest stars : Jeanne Bennett as Ms. Kagan , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer , Zachery Robbins as Football Player Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Todd Allen Durkin as James 5 `` I Am ... Battery Operated '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 106 1.30 Guest stars : Bob Schenkel as Elderly Man , Fern Katz as Elderly Woman Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew , Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 6 `` I Am ... Heartbroken '' Siobhan Devine Charotte Owen Elle Andrews September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 107 1.14 Guest star : Justin Jarzombeck as John 7 `` I Am ... Lost '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) 108 1.22 Guest stars : Constance Fields as Judge , Eric Garduno as Competition Student , Justin Jarzombeck as John 8 `` I Am ... Disconnected '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 109 1.19 Guest stars : Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Uriel Baldesco as Lucia , Kristi Beckett as Makayla 9 `` I Am ... Crashing '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 110 1.10 Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Michael Laurino as Will 10 `` I Am ... Speechless '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 111 1.33 Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Katherine McDonald as Mrs. Mulligan , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Michael Laurino as Will 11 `` I Am ... Hungry '' Siobhan Devine Elle Andrews September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 112 1.17 As Sepulveda High 's halls have been vandalized by an unknown person , Frankie discovers that she has two dates to the prom . To help her blend in with her dates , Dayton works with Frankie and Sigourney into making an E-Stomach so that Frankie can eat food easily . Meanwhile at EGG , Mr. Kingston and PEGS1 start to put their plans to reclaim Frankie into motion . Guest stars : JC Casely as Casey , Anna Hinsley as Figueroa Team Member , Justin Jarzombeck as John , Nicole Kinzel as Smoothie Barista , Rita Manyette as Proctor , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson 12 `` I Am ... Remote Controlled '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 113 1.07 Guest stars : Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson , Welder Santos as Busboy Absent : Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Todd Allen Durkin as James , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 13 `` I Am ... Suspended '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 114 1.11 In light of the recent actions at Sepulvada High , Ms. Hough blames Frankie and has her suspended from school for the recent violent conduct . James orchestrates events that involves him deleting specific files from Frankie which leads to Sigourney having to take an action to keep Frankie from becoming a violent android . Meanwhile , representatives from WARPA confiscate PEGS1 upon Mr. Kingston 's failure to reclaim Frankie as he finds a clue on where Sigourney is hiding Frankie . At the same time , Tammy is still wanting to prove that Frankie is a robot and plans to get her unsuspended by pinning the blame of recent happenings at Sepulvada High on someone else . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Victor Jones as Mr. Manhart , David Kelley as Warpa Agent , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson Absent : Kyson Facer as Andrew 14 `` I Am ... Not Alone '' Steve Wright Jeff Sayers September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 115 1.09 Now that Tammy 's plot to get Frankie unsuspended has succeeded , she still makes plans to expose Frankie as a robot where she , Lucia , and Mikayla work on a pulley - activated device that will enable her to spill water on Frankie at the Emoji - themed dance . Suspicious at the bounty fliers that Mr. Kingston has printed out , Sigourney forbids Frankie to go to the dance just in case someone catches her . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Elgin Aponte as DJ Absent : Jayce Mroz as Robbie , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough 15 `` I Am ... Hot on the Trail '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 116 1.35 Now that Frankie and Dayton know that Andrew is an android , they plan to find out who created him . Ms. Hough begins an investigation on who attempted the water prank on Frankie . Meanwhile , operatives from WARPA plan to use PEGS1 as leverage on Mr. Kingston in order to reclaim Frankie , but PEGS1 plans his escape from WARPA . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Elgin Aponte as DJ , Susan Dean as Ms. Fleckenstein , David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : J.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston 16 `` I Am ... Hanging Out with a Boy '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 117 1.29 Andrew begs Frankie not to tell Sigourney about him . After her Sepulveda High School 's Brain Squad rejects her upon learning the truth , Tammy comes clean to Ms. Hough about falsely accusing Robbie of the school vandalism . Ms. Hough announces to the school that Robbie is exonerated , but she threatens to punish the entire school if the person responsible for the vandalism does n't come forward . Meanwhile , Frankie plays minigolf with Cole . Also , James orders Andrew to lure Frankie into a trap that James and Mr. Kingston have devised . Guest stars : Justin Jarzombeck as John , Katrina Rose Tandy as Girl with Phone , David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1 17 `` I Am ... Bound for Glory '' Siobhan Devine Jeff Sayers October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 118 1.19 WARPA has started making threats to Mr. Kingston and James to get them Frankie or else . This causes James to have Andrew lure Frankie to a position where he must get Frankie near WARPA 's clutches or else be deactivated . After Mr. Kingston visits his children in his true name of Tom Reyes , Dayton enlists Jenny to help warn Frankie as Cole wonders if Tammy is right about Frankie being a robot . Guest stars : Richard Litz as Large Student , South Miami Senior High School Cobra Band and Color Guard as Marching Band , Rachael Thompson as Engineer Anderson , Dan Johnson as Mechanic , David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : Michael Laurino as Will , Carrie Schroeder as Sigourney , Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' 18 `` I Am ... Caught '' Steve Wright Elle Andrews October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 119 1.28 After Cole figures out that Frankie is a robot , Dayton frantically tries to warn Frankie that her father and WARPA are closing in . Upon hearing about what happened when Cole visited Frankie , Sigourney considers moving the family again to keep Frankie safe . In addition , Dayton persuades Tammy to help her get into WARPA 's classified website in order to find out more about WARPA . Guest star : David Kelley as Warpa Agent Absent : Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' 19 `` I Am ... a Sitting Duck '' Steve Wright Charlotte Owen October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 120 1.13 Before the competition starts Tammy returns to the team after being taken by WARPA , who did something to her so that the team question her actions . During the Brain Squad competition , Dayton and Cole work to try to warn Frankie that WARPA is closing in on her as Andrew starts to reveal his true allegiance . Meanwhile , a girl arrives at the Gaines residence who is revealed to be Eliza , an android that Doctor Gaines made before Frankie who has a evil agenda , as Sigourney and Will look for possible places to relocate . Guest stars : Alex Hook as Eliza , David Kelley as Warpa Agent 1 , Eric Gaunaurd as Stage Manager , Jake Little as Morlock Player 1 , Natalia Patino as Morlock Player 2 , Ame Livinston as Head Judge , Rob Iberg as Brain Squad Security 1 Absent : Sophia Forest as Jenny , Joy Kigin as Ms. Hough , Mark Jacobson as Voice of `` PEGS1 '' Notes ^ Jump up to : The first half of `` I Am ... in Danger '' was aired as the sneak peek on Nickelodeon on September 4 , 2017 , and is titled `` I Am ... a Gaines '' . The full episode was then shown as part of the official Nickelodeon premiere on September 11 , 2017 . The second half is also known as `` I Am ... in a Math Bee '' . Special Title Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` I Am Frankie ... the Download '' September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 998 1.14 A clip show on what has transpired through `` I Am ... Not Alone '' , as well as clips from the remaining episodes of the season . Ratings Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 19 September 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11 ) 1.47 October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 1.13 1.24 References Jump up ^ `` Kally 's MashUp , nueva serie musical coproducida por Nickelodeon LatAm y Telefe '' . thedailytelevision.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Sets First Global Series I Am Frankie '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights First New Global Series to Be Produced in the Viacom International Studios in Miami '' ( Press release ) . Nickelodeon . January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Leo Barraclough ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's I Am Frankie to Be First Series to Shoot at Viacom Intl . Studios in Miami '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ I Am Frankie Brand New Series Official Super Trailer . Nickelodeon . August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's New Daily Scripted Series , `` I Am Frankie , '' Bows Monday , Sept. 11 , at 7 : 30 P.M. ( ET / PT ) '' ( Press release ) . Nickelodeon . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Greenlights Star Falls Buddy Comedy Series ; Renews I Am Frankie for Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Frankie Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Frankie Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 9.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 9.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 9.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 9.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 10.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 10.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 10.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 9.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . External links I Am Frankie on IMDb Nickelodeon original programming Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 90 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! 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who is the second robot in i am frankie
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[
"\nAlex Hook as Frankie, an android girl who was created by Sigourney who used to work for EGG and seeks to become a real human.\nUriel Baldesco as Lucia, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad.\nArmani Barrett as Byron, a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad who is into robotics.\nKristi Beckett as Makayla, a follower of Tammy and a member of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad.\nKyson Facer as Andrew, a student at Sepulveda High School who is one of Frankie and Tammy's love interests. He is later revealed to be an android created by James.\nSophia Forest as Jenny, the daughter of Sigourney who gets Frankie as an older sister.\nMohana Krishnan as Tammy, a girl and leader of Sepulveda High School's Brain Squad who becomes Frankie's rival and seeks to find the truth about her.\nJayce Mroz as Robbie, an intelligent student who follows Frankie and Dayton around.\nNicole Alyse Nelson as Dayton, a girl who becomes Frankie's best friend and one of a few people to know the truth about Frankie.\nCarson Rowland as Cole, the brother of Dayton who is one of Frankie's love interests.\nJ.D. Ballard as Mr. Kingston, the head of EGG who seeks to reclaim Frankie to be used in WARPA's Project Q. In \"I Am ... Bound for Glory\", he is later revealed to be Dayton and Cole's father Tom operating under an alias.\nTodd Allen Durkin as James, a former EGG scientist who used to work with Sigourney and wants to destroy Frankie.\nJoy Kigin as Ms. Hough, the principal of Sepulveda High School.\nMichael Laurino as Will, the father of Jenny and husband of Sigourney who gains Frankie as a daughter.\nCarrie Schroeder as Sigourney, a former EGG scientist who built Frankie.\nMark Jacobson as the Voice of \"PEGS1\", a small floating egg-shaped robot that works for Mr. Kingston.\n"
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[
"Andrew"
] |
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