Split (2)

train · 307k rows

id stringlengths 15 20	title stringlengths 1 116	document stringlengths 629 523k	question stringlengths 15 100	long_answers list	short_answers list
9113322762060048738	California gubernatorial election, 2018	California gubernatorial election , 2018 - wikipedia California gubernatorial election , 2018 Jump to : navigation , search California gubernatorial election , 2018 ← 2014 November 6 , 2018 2022 → Incumbent Governor Jerry Brown Democratic Elections in California Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Primary elections Democratic 2000 2008 2016 Republican 2000 2008 2012 2016 United States Senate elections 1950 1980 1982 1986 1988 1992 1992 ( special ) 1994 1998 2000 2006 2012 2016 2018 Congressional elections At - Large ( 1849 - 1863 ) 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 12 ( 1946 ) 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 11 ( 2006 ) 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special elections to the House 5 ( 2005 ) 48 ( 2005 ) 36 ( 2007 ) 12 ( 2008 ) 10 ( 2009 ) 32 ( 2009 ) 36 ( 2011 ) 34 ( 2017 ) State government ( executive ) ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1867 1871 1875 1879 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2003 ( recall ) 2006 2014 2018 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Attorney General elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Secretary of State elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Treasurer elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Controller elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Insurance Commissioner elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Superintendent of Public Instruction elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 State government ( legislative ) ( show ) State Senate elections 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special State Assembly elections 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special State government ( judicial ) ( show ) Court of Appeals elections 1994 1998 2002 2006 Propositions ( show ) 1910 -- 1919 1911 7 8 1960 -- 1969 1964 14 1970 -- 1979 1972 11 17 9 1978 8 13 Briggs Initiative 1980 -- 1989 1982 8 1986 64 65 1988 98 99 1990 -- 1999 1994 187 196 209 215 218 1998 6 10 227 2000 -- 2009 2000 21 22 36 39 2003 53 54 1A 55 56 57 58 59 60 60A 61 62 63 64 65 66 69 71 2005 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 2006 81 82 83 85 87 89 90 2008 91 92 93 94 , 95 , 96 , and 97 98 and 99 1A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2009 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E 1F 2010 -- 2019 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2012 29 30 32 34 37 38 39 2014 41 42 45 46 47 48 2016 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Full list Elections by year ( show ) State elections Nov 1992 Nov 1994 Nov 1996 Nov 1998 Nov 2000 Nov 2002 Nov 2004 Nov 2005 Nov 2006 Feb 2008 Jun 2008 Nov 2008 May 2009 Jun 2010 Nov 2010 Jun 2012 Nov 2012 2014 Jun 2016 2018 Los Angeles ( show ) Mayoral elections 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1909 ( M ) 1909 ( N ) 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1929 1933 1937 1938 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 General elections 2009 2011 City Attorney elections 2009 Board of Supervisors elections 1980 2006 2008 2012 San Diego ( show ) Mayoral elections 1887 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1932 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1979 1984 1986 1988 1992 2000 2005 2008 2012 2013 -- 14 2016 City Council elections 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 City Attorney elections 2008 2016 General elections Jun 2010 Nov 2010 Jun 2012 Nov 2012 Jun 2014 Nov 2014 Jun 2016 Nov 2016 San Francisco ( show ) Mayoral elections 1971 1979 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2018 Board of Supervisors elections 1977 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 General elections Mar 2004 Nov 2004 Nov 2005 Jun 2006 Nov 2006 Nov 2007 Feb 2008 Jun 2008 Nov 2008 Nov 2009 Jun 2010 Nov 2010 Nov 2011 Jun 2012 Nov 2012 Nov 2013 San Jose ( show ) Mayoral elections 2014 The 2018 California gubernatorial election will be held on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next Governor of California . Incumbent Democratic Governor Jerry Brown will be ineligible to run for re-election for a third ( or fifth non-consecutive ) term due to term limits from the California Constitution . Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary election 1.1 Candidates 1.1. 1 Democratic Party 1.1. 1.1 Declared 1.1. 1.2 Declined 1.1. 2 Republican Party 1.1. 2.1 Declared 1.1. 2.2 Withdrawn 1.1. 2.3 Declined 1.1. 3 Libertarian Party 1.1. 3.1 Declared 1.1. 4 Green Party 1.1. 4.1 Declared 1.1. 5 Peace and Freedom Party 1.1. 5.1 Declared 1.1. 6 No party preference 1.1. 6.1 Declared 1.2 Endorsements 1.3 Polling 1.3. 1 Notes 2 General election 2.1 Predictions 2.2 Polling 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Primary election ( edit ) A primary election will be held on June 5 , 2018 . Under California 's nonpartisan blanket primary law , all candidates appear on the same ballot , regardless of party . Voters may vote for any candidate , regardless of their party affiliation . The top two finishers -- regardless of party -- advance to the general election in November , regardless whether a candidate manages to receive a majority of the votes cast in the primary election . Candidates ( edit ) Democratic Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Akinyemi Agbede , perennial candidate Juan M. Bribiesca , retired physician Thomas Jefferson Cares John Chiang , California State Treasurer Delaine Eastin , former California State Superintendent of Public Instruction Robert Davidson Griffis Gavin Newsom , Lieutenant Governor of California Amanda Renteria , national political director for Hillary Clinton 's 2016 presidential campaign and nominee for CA - 21 in 2014 Michael Shellenberger , founder of the Breakthrough Institute Klement Tinaj , actor , martial artist , stuntman , and producer Antonio Villaraigosa , former Mayor of Los Angeles Declined ( edit ) Xavier Becerra , Attorney General of California ( running for election as Attorney General ) George Clooney , actor and activist Eric Garcetti , Mayor of Los Angeles Bob Iger , CEO of Disney Sheryl Sandberg , Facebook COO Libby Schaaf , Mayor of Oakland ( running for re-election ) Jackie Speier , U.S. Representative Tom Steyer , hedge fund manager , philanthropist , and environmentalist Kevin de León , President pro tempore of the California State Senate ( running for U.S. Senate ) Republican Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Travis Allen , State Assemblyman John H. Cox , businessman and perennial candidate Yvonne Girard Peter Y. Liu Robert C. Newman II Withdrawn ( edit ) Rosey Grier , minister and retired NFL player David Hadley , former state assemblyman Allen Ishida , former Tulare County Supervisor Doug Ose , former U.S. Representative Declined ( edit ) Tim Donnelly , former state assemblyman , candidate for governor in 2014 and candidate for CA - 08 in 2016 ( running for CA - 08 ) Kevin Faulconer , Mayor of San Diego Ashley Swearengin , former Mayor of Fresno Peter Thiel , venture capitalist Libertarian Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Zoltan Istvan , Transhumanist nominee for President of the United States in 2016 Nickolas Wildstar , political activist , rapper and write - in candidate for Governor in 2014 Green Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Christopher Carlson , puppeteer Joshua Jones , geologist Peace and Freedom Party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Gloria La Riva , activist and nominee for President of the United States in 2016 No party preference ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Shubham Goel Hakan `` Hawk '' Mikado Desmond Silveira ( American Solidarity Party ) , engineer and national committee member of the American Solidarity Party Jeffrey Edward Taylor Johnny Wattenburg Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Travis Allen ( R ) U.S. Representatives Tom McClintock , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 4 ) Ed Royce , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 39 ) Dana Rohrabacher , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 48 ) State - level officials Diane Harkey , Member of the California State Board of Equalization Patricia Bates , California Senate Minority Leader ( R - 36 ) Mike Morrell , California State Senator ( R - 23 ) Jeff Stone , California State Senator ( R - 28 ) Bill Brough , California State Assemblyman ( R - 73 ) Phillip Chen , California State Assemblyman ( R - 55 ) Steven Choi , California State Assemblyman ( R - 68 ) James Gallagher , California State Assemblyman ( R - 3 ) Matthew Harper , California State Assemblyman ( R - 74 ) Tom Lackey , California State Assemblyman ( R - 36 ) Melissa Melendez , California State Assemblywoman ( R - 67 ) Jay Obernolte , California State Assemblyman ( R - 33 ) Jim Patterson , California State Assemblyman ( R - 23 ) Randy Voepel , California State Assemblyman ( R - 71 ) Notable individuals Marco Gutierrez , co-founder of Latinos for Trump Organizations California Congress of Republicans California Republican Assembly Californians For Making America Great Again ( CA4MAGA ) Inc . Californians For Trump Silicon Valley Association of Republican Women Silicon Valley Chinese Association Nevada County Republican Party Mariposa County Republican Party Amador County Republican Party El Dorado County Republican Party San Benito County Republican Party Solano County Republican Party Stanislaus County Republican Party Del Norte County Republican Party Humboldt County Republican Party ( show ) John Chiang ( D ) Federal elected officials Judy Chu , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 27 ) Brad Sherman , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 30 ) Ted Lieu , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 33 ) , Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus Alan Lowenthal , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 47 ) Grace Napolitano , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 32 ) Linda Sánchez , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 38 ) Mark Takano , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 41 ) , co-chair of the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus State - level officials Anthony Rendon , Speaker of the California State Assembly ( D - 63 ) Bob Wieckowski , California State Senator ( D - 10 ) Anthony Portantino , California State Senator ( D - 25 ) Evan Low , California State Assemblymember ( D - 28 ) Ed Chau , California State Assemblymember ( D - 49 ) Sharon Quirk - Silva , California State Assemblymember ( D - 65 ) Lorena Gonzlez Fletcher , California State Assemblymember ( D - 80 ) Mariko Yamada , former California State Assemblymember ( D - 4 ) Local - level officials Ron Galperin , City Controller of Los Angeles Margaret Abe - Koga , Mountain View Councilmember Al Austin , member of the Long Beach City Council Bob Blumenfield , member of the Los Angeles City Council , District 3 Rick Bonilla , San Mateo Mayor Paul Koretz , member of the Los Angeles City Council , District 5 José Huizar , member of the Los Angeles City Council , District 14 Das Williams , member of Santa Barbara County Board of Supervisors Georgette Gomez , member of San Diego City Council Norman Yee , member of San Francisco Board of Supervisors Organizations Association of California State Supervisors ( ACSS ) Association for Los Angeles Deputy Sheriffs ( ALADS ) International Union of Operating Engineers State Unit 12 Burbank Democratic Club Sacramento County Young Democrats Black Young Democrats of Sacramento West Hollywood - Beverly Hills Democratic Club Network for Public Education AFSCME District Council 36 United Nurses Associations of California / Union of Health Care Professionals Individuals Francine Busby , former Chair of the San Diego County Democratic Party ( show ) John Cox ( R ) U.S. Representatives Newt Gingrich , former U.S. Representative ( R - GA - 6 ) , former Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Doug LaMalfa , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 1 ) Mimi Walters , U.S. Representative ( R - CA - 45 ) State - level officials Joel Anderson , California State Senator ( R - 38 ) Dan Logue , former California State Assemblyman ( R - 3 ) Jim Nielsen , California State Senator ( R - 4 ) Local - level officials Richard Bailey , mayor of Coronado Deirdre Bennet , former mayor of Colton Rudy Mendoza , mayor of Woodlake Steve Mensinger , former mayor of Costa Mesa Bill Baber , La Mesa city councilman Carl DeMaio , former San Diego city councilman Martin Devine , Hanford city councilman Stephanie McKenzie , Marysville city councilwoman Jim Price , mayor of Atwater Brian Raymond , Atwater city councilman Michael P. Leahy , Yuba County supervisor Daron McDaniel , Merced County supervisor Greg Gandrud , former Carpinteria city councilman Russell Johnson , former Bakersfield city councilman Shellie Milne , former Hemet city councilwoman Rich Silverman , Manteca city councilman Linda Silverman , San Joaquin County Juvenile Justice Commissioner Jeffrey Zellner , Manteca planning commissioner Notable individuals Scott Baio , actor Lew Uhler , president of the National Tax Limitation Committee Organizations California Pro-Life Democrats California ProLife Council California Impact Republicans Fresno County Republican Party Sacramento County Republican Party San Mateo County Republican Party ( show ) Delaine Eastin ( D ) Local - level officials Norma Alcala , Washington Unified School District Board Member Organizations Cal Berkeley Democrats Feminist Majority Foundation National Women 's Political Caucus of California Our Revolution Ventura County SF Berniecrats Feel the Bern Democratic Club , Los Angeles Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club ( show ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) U.S. Senators Kamala Harris , U.S Senator from California U.S. Representatives Eric Swalwell , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 15 ) Ro Khanna , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 17 ) Jimmy Panetta , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 20 ) State - level officials Alex Padilla , California Secretary of State Scott Wiener , California State Senator ( D - 11 ) Jerry Hill , California State Senator ( D - 13 ) Jim Beall , California State Senator ( D - 15 ) Connie Leyva , California State Senator ( D - 20 ) Henry Stern , California State Senator ( D - 27 ) Richard Roth , California State Senator ( D - 31 ) Toni Atkins , California State Senator ( D - 36 ) , incoming President pro tempore of the California State Senate and former Speaker of the California Assembly Tony Thurmond , California State Assemblymember ( D - 15 ) David Chiu , California State Assemblymember ( D - 17 ) Phil Ting , California State Assemblymember ( D - 19 ) Bill Quirk , California State Assemblymember ( D - 20 ) Kevin Mullin , California State Assemblymember ( D - 22 ) Ash Kalra , California State Assemblymember ( D - 27 ) Laura Friedman , California State Assemblymember ( D - 43 ) Adrin Nazarian , California State Assemblymember ( D - 46 ) Autumn Burke , California State Assemblymember ( D - 62 ) Local - level officials Ed Lee ( deceased ) , former mayor of San Francisco Mark Farrell , Mayor of San Francisco Darrell Steinberg , Mayor of Sacramento Robert Garcia , Mayor of Long Beach Libby Schaaf , Mayor of Oakland Jesse Arreguin , Mayor of Berkeley Tom Butt , Mayor of Richmond Lena Gonzalez , member of the Long Beach City Council Katy Tang , member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Jeff Sheehy , member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Ahsha Safaí , member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors Katie Rice , member of the Marin County Board of Supervisors Vicki Hennessy , San Francisco Sheriff Jose Cisneros , San Francisco Treasurer Jeff Adachi , San Francisco Public Defender Carmen Chu , San Francisco Assessor - Recorder Hydra Mendoza - McDonnell , San Francisco Board of Education Vice President Matt Haney , San Francisco Board of Education Commissioner Alex Randolph , San Francisco City College Trustee Lateefah Simon , BART Board Member Organizations California Faculty Association California Federation of Teachers California Nurses Association California Professional Firefighters California School Employees Association California Teachers Association Equality California Laborers ' International Union of North America National Union of Healthcare Workers Service Employees International Union California Teamsters Joint Council 7 Individuals Gabrielle Giffords , former Congresswoman and co-founder of Americans for Responsible Solutions Mark Kelly , retired astronaut and co-founder of Americans for Responsible Solutions ( show ) Desmond Silveira ( ASP ) Notable individuals John Martignoni , Founder and President of Queen of Heaven Catholic Radio and the Bible Christian Society , and host of the EWTN Open Line radio show on apologetics since 2003 Mike Maturen , 2016 presidential candidate of American Solidarity Party Joe Schriner , journalist , activist , and six - time independent presidential candidate Dr. James Hanink , contributing editor to the New Oxford Review , President of the American Maritain Association , professor of philosophy at Loyola Marymount University ( retired ) and host of WCAT Radio 's The Open Door program Organizations American Solidarity Party ( show ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) U.S. Representatives Karen Bass , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 37 ) Lucille Roybal - Allard , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 40 ) Lou Correa , U.S. Representative ( D - CA - 46 ) Tony Coelho , Former U.S. Representative Diane Watson , Former U.S. Representative State - level officials Blanca Rubio , California State Assemblymember ( D - 48 ) Freddie Rodriguez , California State Assemblymember ( D - 52 ) Eduardo Garcia , California State Assemblymember ( D - 56 ) Ian Calderon , California State Assemblymember ( D - 57 ) Shirley Weber , California State Assemblymember ( D - 79 ) Steven Bradford , California State Senator ( D - 35 ) Ben Hueso , California State Senator ( D - 40 ) Kevin Murray , Former California State Senator John Pérez , former Speaker of the California State Assembly Fabian Núñez , former Speaker of the California State Assembly Cruz Reynoso , former California Supreme Court Justice Local - level officials Sam Liccardo , Mayor of San Jose Manuel Lozano , Mayor of Baldwin Park Aja Brown , Mayor of Compton Steven Hernandez , Mayor of Coachella V. Manuel Perez , member of the Riverside County Board of Supervisors Luis Alejo , member of the Monterey County Board of Supervisors Simon Salinas , member of the Monterey County Board of Supervisors John Zaragoza , member of the Ventura County Board of Supervisors Sheila Kuehl , member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors Gloria Molina , former member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors Herb Wesson , President of the Los Angeles City Council Curren Price , member of the Los Angeles City Council Marqueece Harris - Dawson , member of the Los Angeles City Council Roberto Uranga , member of the Long Beach City Council Rubio R. Gonzalez , member of the Pomona City Council Cristina Carriozosa , member of the Pomona City Council Ginna Escobar , member of the Pomona City Council Organizations United Farm Workers California Police Chiefs Association Peace Officers Research Association of California Fresno Deputy Sheriff 's Association ( show ) Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) Notable individuals and organizations Alex Appleby , President of the University of the Pacific chapter of Young Americans for Liberty . Tyler Kuskie , Recruitment Director for Young Americans for Liberty . Honor `` Mimi '' Robson , candidate for Representative of California 's 70th State Assembly District Libertarian Party of Kings County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for Kings County , California Libertarian Party of San Bernardino County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for San Bernardino County , California Libertarian Party of San Joaquin County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for San Joaquin County , California Libertarian Party of Santa Clara County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for Santa Clara County , California Libertarian Party of Stanislaus County , chapter of the Libertarian Party for Stanislaus County , California Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Travis Allen ( R ) John Chiang ( D ) John Cox ( R ) Delaine Eastin ( D ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Amanda Renteria ( D ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Would not vote Other Undecided SurveyUSA March 22 -- 25 , 2018 517 ± 5.0 % 7 % 9 % 11 % 3 % 22 % -- 14 % -- 13 % 21 % David Binder Research ( D - Newsom ) March 16 -- 21 , 2018 1,750 -- 13 % 9 % 16 % 2 % 29 % 2 % 7 % -- 6 % 16 % Public Policy Institute of California March 7 -- 13 , 2018 1,706 ± 3.4 % 10 % 6 % 14 % 5 % 28 % -- 12 % -- 1 % 24 % David Binder Research ( D - Newsom ) March 1 -- 5 , 2018 1,000 -- 10 % 13 % 16 % 7 % 26 % 4 % 12 % -- -- 12 % David Binder Research ( D - Newsom ) January 31 -- February 4 , 2018 800 ± 3.5 % 4 % 11 % 7 % 4 % 30 % -- 11 % -- 4 % 29 % Public Policy Institute of California January 21 -- 30 , 2018 1,705 ± 3.2 % 8 % 9 % 7 % 4 % 23 % -- 21 % -- 4 % 24 % Tulchin Research / Moore Information January 21 -- 28 , 2018 2,500 ± 2.0 % 8 % 9 % 10 % 6 % 29 % -- 11 % -- 8 % 18 % UC Berkeley December 7 -- 16 , 2017 672 ± 3.8 % 9 % 5 % 9 % 5 % 26 % -- 17 % -- 1 % 28 % Public Policy Institute of California November 10 -- 19 , 2017 1,070 ± 4.3 % 6 % 9 % 9 % 3 % 23 % -- 18 % -- 1 % 30 % USC Dornsife / Los Angeles Times October 27 -- November 6 , 2017 1,070 ± 4.0 % 15 % 12 % 11 % 4 % 31 % -- 21 % 22 % 6 % -- UC Berkeley August 27 -- September 5 , 2017 1,000 ± 4.0 % 9 % 7 % 11 % 4 % 26 % -- 10 % -- -- 33 % SmithJohnson Research ( R - Cox ) July 27 -- 30 , 2017 500 ± 4.4 % 10 % 7 % 14 % 3 % 25 % -- 12 % -- -- 28 % GSSR ( D - Chiang ) May 30 -- June 5 , 2017 602 -- -- 10 % 11 % -- 26 % -- 12 % -- -- -- The Feldman Group ( D - Villaraigosa ) March 2017 -- -- -- -- 22 % -- 26 % -- 20 % -- -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Newman ( R ) 3 % , Yvonne Girard ( R ) 2 % , Robert Kleinberger ( R ) 2 % , Daniel Amare ( R ) 1 % , Brian Domingo ( R ) 1 % , Peter Yuan Liu ( R ) 1 % , Michael Bracamontes ( D ) 1 % , Juan Bribiesca ( D ) 1 % , Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) 1 % Jump up ^ Doug Ose ( R ) ( withdrawn ) Jump up ^ Doug Ose ( R ) ( withdrawn ) 3 % , Someone else 1 % Jump up ^ Doug Ose ( R ) ( withdrawn ) 4 % , Someone else 4 % ( show ) Nonpartisan blanket primary SurveyUSA poll of 517 likely voters . March 22 -- 25 , 2018 . MoE : ± 5.0 % . Candidate % Gavin Newsom ( D ) 22 % Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) 14 % John Cox ( R ) 11 % John Chiang ( D ) 9 % Travis Allen ( R ) 7 % Delaine Eastin ( D ) 3 % Robert Newman ( R ) 3 % Yvonne Girard ( R ) 2 % Robert Kleinberger ( NPP ) 2 % Daniel Amare ( R ) 1 % Michael Bracamontes ( D ) 1 % Juan Bribiesca ( D ) 1 % Brian Domingo ( R ) 1 % Peter Yuan Liu ( R ) 1 % Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) 1 % Akinyemi Agbede ( D ) 0 % Zoltan Istvan ( L ) 0 % Josh Jones ( G ) 0 % Harmesh Kumar ( D ) 0 % James Tran ( NPP ) 0 % Other 0 % Undecided 21 % ( show ) Hypothetical polling with Chad Mayes , Doug Ose , Tom Steyer , and Steve Westly SurveyUSA poll of 506 likely voters . January 7 - 9 , 2018 . MoE : ± 4.4 % . Candidate % Gavin Newsom ( D ) 19 % Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) 10 % Travis Allen ( R ) 9 % John Chiang ( D ) 5 % John Cox ( R ) 4 % Robert Newman ( R ) 2 % Doug Ose ( R ) 2 % Tom Steyer ( D ) 2 % Peter Thiel ( R ) 2 % Steve Westly ( D ) 2 % Akinyemi Agbede ( D ) 1 % Daniel Amare ( R ) 1 % Stasyi Barth ( R ) 1 % Michael Bracamontes ( D ) 1 % Juan Bribiesca ( D ) 1 % Brian Domingo ( R ) 1 % Delaine Eastin ( D ) 1 % Yvonne Girard ( R ) 1 % Zoltan Istvan ( L ) 1 % Josh Jones ( G ) 1 % Robert Kleinberger ( NPP ) 1 % Harmesh Kumar ( D ) 1 % Peter Yuan Liu ( R ) 1 % James Tran ( NPP ) 1 % Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) 1 % David Asem ( D ) 0 % Michael Bilger ( NPP ) 0 % Andy Blanch ( NPP ) 0 % Scooter Braun ( D ) 0 % John - Leslie Brown ( R ) 0 % David Bush ( NPP ) 0 % Christopher Carlson ( G ) 0 % Peter Crawford - Valentino ( NPP ) 0 % Ted Crisell ( D ) 0 % Grant Handzlik ( NPP ) 0 % Analila Joya ( NPP ) 0 % Joshua Laine ( AIP ) 0 % Chad Mayes ( R ) 0 % Jacob Morris ( R ) 0 % Timothy Richardson ( NPP ) 0 % Boris Romanowsky ( NPP ) 0 % Michael Shellenberger ( D ) 0 % H. Fuji Shioura ( NPP ) 0 % Lindsey Neil Shortland ( NPP ) 0 % Laura Smith ( R ) 0 % Scot Sturtevant ( NPP ) 0 % Ashley Swearengin ( R ) 0 % Klement Tinaj ( D ) 0 % Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt ( NPP ) 0 % Undecided 29 % with David Hadley Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error John Chiang ( D ) John Cox ( R ) Delaine Eastin ( D ) David Hadley ( R ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Undecided UC Berkeley May 4 -- 29 , 2017 1,628 ± 3.3 % 5 % 9 % 3 % 7 % 22 % 17 % 37 % with Kevin Faulconer and Eric Garcetti Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error John Chiang ( D ) John Cox ( R ) Delaine Eastin ( D ) Kevin Faulconer ( R ) Eric Garcetti ( D ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Alex Padilla ( D ) Tom Steyer ( D ) Ashley Swearengin ( R ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Steve Westly ( D ) Undecided UC Berkeley / YouGov March 13 -- 20 , 2017 1,000 ± 3.6 % 6 % 11 % 2 % 11 % 9 % 24 % -- 4 % -- 7 % 2 % 21 % Public Policy Polling January 17 -- 18 , 2017 882 ± 3.3 % 2 % -- -- 20 % 13 % 25 % 3 % 4 % 12 % 9 % -- 13 % Field Research Corporation October 25 -- 31 , 2016 600 -- 2 % -- -- 16 % 7 % 23 % 4 % 5 % 11 % 6 % 1 % 25 % Public Policy Polling February 6 -- 8 , 2015 824 -- 10 % -- -- 30 % 11 % 22 % 4 % -- -- 13 % -- 22 % General election ( edit ) Predictions ( edit ) Source Ranking As of The Cook Political Report 096 ! Solid D August 7 , 2017 Rothenberg Political Report 096 ! Solid D November 10 , 2017 Sabato 's Crystal Ball 096 ! Safe D November 14 , 2017 Polling ( edit ) with Gavin Newsom and John Cox Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error John Cox ( R ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Smith Johnson Research ( R - Cox ) March 2018 496 -- 45 % 45 % with Gavin Newsom and John Chiang Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error John Chiang ( D ) Gavin Newsom ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling February 6 -- 8 , 2015 824 -- 30 % 37 % 33 % with Gavin Newsom and Antonio Villaraigosa Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Gavin Newsom ( D ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling February 6 -- 8 , 2015 824 -- 42 % 22 % 36 % ( show ) Hypothetical polling with Antonio Villaraigosa and Eric Garcetti Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Eric Garcetti ( D ) Antonio Villaraigosa ( D ) Undecided Public Policy Polling February 6 -- 8 , 2015 824 -- 28 % 30 % 42 % See also ( edit ) California lieutenant gubernatorial election , 2018 California State Treasurer election , 2018 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://voterguide.sos.ca.gov/pdf/complete-vig.pdf Jump up ^ `` Injusticia , el mayor problema de California , considera Precandidato a Gobernador , en entrevista con El Latino San Diego '' . Ellatinoonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang jumps into California 's 2018 governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Myers ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Former state schools chief Delaine Eastin says she 's running for governor in 2018 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Seema Mehta ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Gavin Newsom is the first to enter 2018 race for governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema ; Willon , Phil ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Former top Hillary Clinton aide Amanda Renteria enters race for California governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Pro-nuke activist from Berkeley to run for California governor '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Rubin Report ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) , Governor of California Candidate Supporting Nuclear Power ( Mike Shellenberger Full Interview ) , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 Jump up ^ `` 5 Reasons You Should Vote for Klement Tinaj for Governor of California in 2018 '' . Prishtina Press . May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who will become California 's next governor and U.S. senators ? '' . Los Angeles Times . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Liam ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Villaraigosa says a decision on the 2018 governor 's race is coming in November '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Willon , Phil ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Antonio Villaraigosa , former L.A. mayor , jumps into the California governor 's race '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Politics : Rep. Xavier Becerra to be next state attorney general , Pelosi wins another term as Democratic leader '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mcnvy , Patrick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` California 's brand new Atty. Gen. Xavier Becerra announces he 'll run for the post in 2018 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Party Courting Actor George Clooney To Run For California Governor '' . KPIX - TV . June 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurtz , Judy ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` George Clooney : ' Zero interest ' in California governor bid '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dakota ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` L.A. mayor Eric Garcetti says he wo n't run for California governor '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Will Disney 's Bob Iger Run for President in 2020 ? Hollywood Friends Are Nudging '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Disney CEO Bob Iger is reportedly considering a presidential run in 2020 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook 's Sheryl Sandberg is n't going anywhere '' . Recode . June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` California 's next governor : Who 's running , who 's on the fence ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Libby Schaaf will seek 2nd term as Oakland mayor '' . San Francisco Chronicle. April 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Jackie Speier considers running for governor '' . Palo Alto Daily Post . 2018 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michael Finnegan ; Seema Mehta ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Environmentalist Tom Steyer opts out of Senate race '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Patrick ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Billionaire Tom Steyer wo n't decide whether to run for governor until after November '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` California Billionaire Will Not Run in 2018 Elections '' . Nbcconnecticut.com. 2018 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( December 31 , 2016 ) . `` Preparing to take on Donald Trump , Kevin de León has plenty of career options '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Patrick ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` With term limits and political roadblocks ahead , what 's next for California Senate leader Kevin de León ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` A conservative lawmaker is running for California governor '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Panzar , Javier . `` Republican John Cox enters race for California governor '' . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Republican John Cox is running for governor : ' There are two Californias ' '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cagle , Kate ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local football legend declares run for governor '' . Santa Monica Daily Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Willon , Phil ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Former L.A. Rams star Rosey Grier says he plans to run for governor of California '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilton , Phil ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Former football star Rosey Grier takes a pass on the California governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Former Republican assemblyman joins race to be California 's next governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Republican David Hadley drops out of California governor 's race two weeks after entering '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griswold , Lewis ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Tulare County Supervisor Allen Ishida says he 's running for governor in ' 18 '' . The Fresno Bee . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Reggie ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ishida to run for Governor '' . The Foothills Sun - Gazette . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elkins , Rick ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Allen Ishida moves on to higher goals '' . Porterville Recorder . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elkins , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ishida ends bid for governor '' . Porterville Recorder . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hart , Angela ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) . `` Republican drops out of race for California governor '' . Sacbee.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Mulling another run for governor , Tim Donnelly writes tell - all book '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cadelago , Christopher . `` California 's top Republican wo n't be running for governor '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Tim ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Swearengin to head community foundation after Fresno mayoral term ends '' . The Fresno Bee . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adler , Ben ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` GOP 's Swearengin Wo n't Run For California Governor . Might Peter Thiel ? '' . Capital Public Radio . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank , Stephen ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Thiel for California Governor ? Ready for OUR Version of Trump ? '' . California Political Review . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Willie ( December 10 , 2016 ) . `` City leaders ca n't escape scrutiny when tragedy strikes '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mac , Ryan ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Peter Thiel Denies California Governor Run Despite Mysterious Group 's Backing '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Istvan , Zoltan ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` Why I 'm Running for California Governor as a Libertarian '' . Newsweek . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Transhumanist politician wants to run for governor of California '' . Engadget . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyeatt , Jill ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Nickolas Wildstar Seeking to Be the First Black Governor of California '' . Independent Political Report . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jeff ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Nickolas Wildstar '' . JeffPearlman.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2018 : The Peace & Freedom Party Candidates '' . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Letter to the Editor ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Op - Ed : 22 - year - old governor candidate Shubham Goel on what must be changed in California - Highlander '' . Highlandernews.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` An alternative to the right / left political menu '' . California Catholic Daily . December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Allen Announces Endorsement From Congressman Tom McClintock '' . Citizens Journal . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California Congressman Ed Royce endorses Travis Allen for California Governor '' . Orange County Breeze . July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Travis Allen announces Legislative Republican endorsements '' . OC Politics Blog . October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Equalization Member Diane Harkey Endorses Travis Allen for Governor '' . Anaheim Blog . October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Allen announces endorsement from Senate Republican Leader Pat Bates '' . OC Politics Blog . October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/MarcoGutierrez/status/976283032549146625%7Ctitle=YES ! ! ! They will , and we will VOTE ✅ for @ JoinTravisAllen # LatinosForTravis @ ca4_maga @ CA4TRUMP @ AllenVolunteers work = Twitter author = Marco Gutierrez Jump up ^ Travis Allen . `` Just received the ENDORSEMENT of the Congress of California Republicans by a 2 / 3 vote ! ! IT 'S TIME TO TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA ! ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Travis Allen Wins California Republican Assembly Endorsement '' . The State of the Union . March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ url = https://travisallenvolunteers.org/endorsements%7Ctitle=voted that Travis Allen for Governor meets the MAGA Agenda in CA work = Travis Allen Volunteers Jump up ^ url = https://travisallenvolunteers.org/endorsements%7Ctitle=on-going live poll has Travis Allen steady at over 95 % work = Travis Allen Volunteers Jump up ^ `` Front Running Republican Candidate for Governor of California is our guest ! IT 'S TIME TO TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA '' . SVARW . January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley Chinese Association Endorses Travis Allen for California Governor '' . SVCA . March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis Allen . `` Just received the ENDORSEMENT of the Nevada County GOP by a vote of 17 - 5 ! ! Thank you so much Nevada County LET 'S TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA ! ! ! '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariposa County Republican Party is Fifth County Party to Endorse Travis Allen For Governor '' . Sierra Sun Times . March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis Allen . `` Just got the ENDORSEMENT of the Stanislaus County Republican Party by a vote of 18 - 3 ! ! LET 'S TAKE BACK CALIFORNIA ! ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Del Norte County joins the chorus of patriots across the state endorsing @ JoinTravisAllen for CA Governor ! '' . Twitter . Travis Allen Volunteers . ^ Jump up to : Chiang , John ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Join me this morning LIVE as three elected officials endorse my candidacy for governor in the # SanGabrielValley ! # JoinJohn '' . @ JohnChiangCA . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiang , John . `` Gubernatorial Candidate John Chiang Receives Endorsement of Congressman Brad Sherman and City Councilman Bob Blumenfield '' . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ted Lieu ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Doing my second ever Twitter live event on the same day , with my friend @ JohnChiangCA . I have endorsed him for CA G ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Chiang ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` JOHN CHIANG RECEIVES THREE MAJOR ENDORSEMENTS FROM LONG BEACH OFFICIALS ON THE ROAD AGAIN : TRAVELING TO LONG BEACH '' . John Chiang . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by House Democratic Vice Chair Linda Sanchez '' . John Chiang for Governor , 2018 . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by Congressman Mark Takano '' . John Chiang for Governor 2018 . February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Willon , Phil ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon endorses John Chiang for California governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by State Senator Anthony Portantino '' . John Chiang for Governor , 2018 . 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Join me in Silicon Valley to meet the next Governor of California ! History in the making ! @ JohnChiangCA '' . Twitter . Retrieved 9 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chiang 's Strong Support for CA Women Earn Him Major Endorsements '' . John Chiang for Governor , 2018 . 16 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` California politics news feed '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by LA City Controller Ron Galperin '' . John Chiang for Governor 2018 . February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by Mountain View Councilmember Margaret Abe - Koga '' . John Chiang for Governor 2018 . March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by San Mateo Mayor Rick Bonilla '' . John Chiang for Governor 2018 . February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Earns Endorsement by LA City Councilmember Paul Koretz '' . John Chiang for Governor , 2018 . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema . `` Longtime Villaraigosa ally Jose Huizar to back his rival John Chiang for California governor '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Alys ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Gubernatorial candidate John Chiang visits Santa Barbara and gets endorsement '' . KEYT . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego City Councilmember Georgette Goméz Endorses John Chiang for Governor '' . JohnChiang.com . February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fracassa , Dominic ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Candidate Chiang swings by SF City Hall to pick up an endorsement '' . KEYT . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chiang , John ( @ JohnChiangCA ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Honored to be endorsed by Association of CA State Supervisors ! I 've fought on the front lines for fair wages & good paying jobs and I 'll continue that fight as CA 's next gov ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` GUBERNATORIAL CANDIDATE JOHN CHIANG ENDORSED BY LOS ANGELES DEPUTY SHERIFFS '' . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Union of Operating Engineers Endorses John Chiang for Governor in 2018 '' ( PDF ) . IUOE State Unit 12 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed By Burbank Democratic Club '' . January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chiang , John ( @ JohnChiangCA ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Excited to be endorsed by @ sacyoungdems ! Proud to have such motivated & dedicated young progressives back our campaign and add to our grassroots momentum ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Black Young Democrats of Sacramento '' . Facebook . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WeHo - BH Dem Club on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NPE Action Endorses John Chiang for Governor of California '' . March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed By AFSCME District Council 36 '' . March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by United Nurses Association of California , Largest Local Affiliate Associated with AFSCME State Council '' . March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Chiang Endorsed by Former SD Dem Party Chair Francine Busby '' . February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich endorses John Cox in governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` Proud to announce that I 've been endorsed by North State Congressman @ DougLaMalfa ! # CAGov # GOP . @ CAGOP '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` I was thrilled to receive an endorsement today from Rep. Mimi Walters ! A great Member of Congress ... @ CAGOP # GOP # OrangeCounty # CAGov '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING ! Big Endorsement for John Cox for Governor 2018 from Conservative Leader - State Senator Joel Anderson ! '' . 5 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Endorsements '' . John Cox for Governor . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` Momentum is building . I just received the endorsement of State Senator Jim Nielsen ! # gop # CAGov @ CAGOP @ CASenatorJim '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` Thank you to # StopTheCarTax leader @ carldemaio for his endorsement today of my campaign for Governor ! # ReclaimCA # GOP # SanDiego # CAGov '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Press Releases ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Lew Uhler , president of the National Tax Limitation Committee PAC endorses John Cox for Governor - John Cox For Governor 2018 '' . Johncoxforgovernor.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement : Statewide GOP grassroots organization endorses John Cox for Governor 2018 '' . Right On Daily Blog . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` I 'm proud to have just been endorsed for Governor by the Fresno County Republican Party ! # Fresno # Valley @ CAGOP @ FresnoCountyGOP # GOP '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Sacramento GOP . `` The Sacramento County GOP was pleased to unanimously endorse @ TheRealJohnHCox for Governor of California . Time to make Dems face up to the poverty , crime and low quality of life they have created in our State '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ JohnHCox . `` Proud to have received the endorsement of the San Mateo County Republican Central Committee last week . # ReclaimCA # InItToWinIt # GOP '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Eastin , Delaine ( @ DelaineEastin ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` So proud to have the support of Norma Alcala in my race for governor ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ford , Mary Kelly ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Cal Berkeley Democrats endorses Delaine Eastin for California governor , Kevin de León for US Senate '' . The Daily Californian . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosendale , Jeff . `` Women and organizations unite to endorse Delaine '' . Fresnocountydemocrats.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Welch , Katherine ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Delaine Eastin Receives Endorsement from National Women 's Political Caucus of California '' . Delaine Eastin for Governor . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ OurRevolutionVC ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Our Revolution Ventura County is excited to announce our endorsement for Delaine Eastin for California Governor . We are confident Delaine 's experience , courage , vision , and commitment to the people are the right mix to move our great state to better future ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Ventura County for Delaine Eastin - Home '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lau , Claire ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) . `` SF Berniecrats Endorse Delaine Eastin for Governor ! '' . Sfberniecrats.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Guest Speakers & Endorsees -- Feel the Bern Democratic Club , Los Angeles '' . Feeltheberndemocraticclublosangeles.wordpress.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's PAC Recommendations for the June 2018 Primary '' . Delaine Eastin for Governor . March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seema Mehta . `` Sen. Kamala Harris endorsing Gavin Newsom for governor '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Area Rep. Eric Swalwell backs Gavin Newsom for Governor '' . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Casey Tolan ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Ro Khanna and other South Bay elected officials back Gavin Newsom for governor '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Honored to have the support of @ JimmyPanetta ! Great to be with him in Santa Cruz today talking with grassroots leaders and activists about how CA must continue to lead the country in the right direction : forward ! ... https://t.co/1uBhrwwTHn '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Seema Mehta . `` California Secretary of State Alex Padilla backs Gavin Newsom for governor over former colleague Antonio Villaraigosa '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Newsom , Gavin ( @ GavinNewsom ) ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Beyond thrilled to have the support of @ SenatorLeyva , a fearless defender of equality and champion for working people across our state ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Thank you @ HenrySternCA for your support and endorsement ! Honored to have you on the team ! â € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Newsom , Gavin ( @ GavinNewsom ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Honored and thrilled to have the support of veteran and CA State Senator @ GeneralRoth ! Excited to have you on the team ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Phil Willon . `` Incoming state Senate leader endorsing Newsom for governor '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : https://capitolmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Gavin-Newsom.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Honored to have the support of my good friends @ DavidChiu , @ PhilTing , @ JeffAdachi , @ SupervisorTang , @ CarmenChuASR and @ HydraMendoza ! Onward ! '' `` . Twitter.com. 2017 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Thank you for your support , @ kevinmullin ! Honored to have you by my side in the race for Governor ! '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Honored to have the support of @ laurafriedman43 in my race for Governor ! She has been a leader in the CA Assembly on issues ranging from the environment , to universal healthcare , to women 's rights . Thank you for your support ! '' `` . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Newsom , Gavin ( 2017 ) . `` And to continue the momentum ... beyond humbled to have the support of the only Armenian elected official in the Legislature , @ Asm_Nazarian ! '' . @ GavinNewsom . Jump up ^ Gavin Newsom ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) . `` '' Thank you @ AsmAutumnBurke for your support ! Excited to have you on the team ! â € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Willon , Phil ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee picks his candidate in the 2018 governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . , Governor Jerry Brown Governor Jerry Brown Jump up ^ `` California politics news feed '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` California politics news feed '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Newsom , Gavin ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Thrilled to have the support of Councilwoman Lena Gonzalez & @ RobertGarciaLB ! Robert was the youngest and first LGBT person of color to be elected to Long Beach City Council . He 's now the city 's youngest mayor , and its first LGBT and Latino mayor ! Thank you both for your support ! pic.twitter.com/lhScOk9ars '' . @ GavinNewsom . Jump up ^ `` The California Faculty Association endorses Gavin Newsom for California Governor in 2018 - California Faculty Association '' . Calfac.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` California Federation of Teachers Condemns Trump 's Decision to End '' . Cft.org. 2017 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Panzar , Javier ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` California nurses union endorses Gavin Newsom in governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phil Willon . `` State firefighters ' union endorses Gavin Newsom for governor '' . Beta.latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Newsom on Twitter : `` Honored to have the support of the largest classified school employees union in America ! â € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` - California Teachers Association '' . www.cta.org . Jump up ^ `` Equality California Endorses Gavin Newsom for California Governor Equality California '' . Eqca.org. 2018 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` California health care workers vote to endorse Newsom '' . LGBT Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Single - Payer Health Pledge Nets Major Union Endorsement for Gavin Newsom '' . Times of San Diego . 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Mike . `` SEIU California Endorses Gavin Newsom for Governor '' . SEIU California . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Teamsters . `` '' # Teamsters Joint Council 7 proudly endorses @ GavinNewsom for Governor of # California : https://t.co/IuZmrRsKSW # 1uâ € Ś `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . External link in title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-ca-essential-politics-updates-gabby-giffords-and-mark-kelly-to-endorse-1516950080-htmlstory.html ^ Jump up to : `` Desmond Silveira Candidate for Governor , 2018 Primary Election in California ( CA ) '' . Crowdpac . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Schriner , Joe . `` Califronia Dreamin ' ... for a new day '' . Vote for Joe . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Rep. Karen Bass endorses Antonio Villaraigosa in governor 's race '' . Los Angeles Times . August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/lucille-roybal-allard-endorses-antonio-villaraigosa/ Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/tony-coelho-endorses-antonio-villaraigosa/ Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/weekly-update-12-19-2017/ ^ Jump up to : `` ASSEMBLYMEMBER BLANCA RUBIO , MAYOR LOZANO , THREE BALDWIN PARK COUNCILMEMBERS ENDORSE ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA '' . Antonio For California . June 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASSEMBLYMAN EDUARDO GARCIA , COACHELLA VALLEY LEADERS ENDORSE ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/ian-calderon-endorses-antonio-villaraigosa-for-governor/ Jump up ^ `` Assemblywoman Shirley Weber endorses ... - Antonio R. Villaraigosa '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` STATE SENATOR STEVEN BRADFORD ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phil Willon . `` Latino state lawmakers back Antonio Villaraigosa for California governor '' . Latimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/weekly-update-happy-holidays-12-12/ Jump up ^ `` JOHN A. PÉREZ : ANTONIO IS MORE THAN MY COUSIN -- HE 'S MY CHAMPION '' . Antonio For California . June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HON . FABIAN NÚÑEZ : I SUPPORT ANTONIO FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FORMER CA SUPREME COURT JUSTICE CRUZ REYNOSO ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAM LICCARDO , MAYOR OF SAN JOSE , ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio for California . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` COMPTON MAYOR AJA BROWN BACKS ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SUPERVISOR , FORMER LATINO CAUCUS CHAIR LUIS ALEJO ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MONTEREY COUNTY SUPERVISOR SIMÓN SALINAS ENDORSES ANTONIO VILLARAIGOSA FOR GOVERNOR '' . Antonio For California . July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Seema . `` L.A. City Council President Herb Wesson endorses Antonio Villaraigosa for governor '' . latimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Antonio Villaraigosa picks up 2 endorsements for governor from LA councilmen '' . Daily News . 2018 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gowan , Richard ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) . `` DABABNEH accused of sexual misconduct - BROWN , CUOMO mull legal action over TAX bill - ROHRABACHER to testify before Intelligence Committee '' . Politico . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` BREAKING NEWS : Pomona City Council Members Gonzalez , Carrizosa , Escobar Endorse Antonio Villaraigosa for Governor '' . Antonio for California . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Villaraigosa Endorsed by United Farm Workers for California Governor '' . KTLA. 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Villaraigosa nabs another major law enforcement endorsement in his bid for governor Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/peace-officers-research-association-of-california-endorse-antonio-villaraigosa/ Jump up ^ https://antonioforcalifornia.com/news/fresno-deputy-sheriffs-association-endorses-antonio-villaraigosa/ ^ Jump up to : `` Nickolas Wildstar Candidate for Governor , 2018 Primary Election in California ( CA ) '' . Crowdpac . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official campaign websites Travis Allen ( R ) for Governor Juan Bribiesca ( D ) for Governor John Chiang ( D ) for Governor John Cox ( R ) for Governor Delaine Eastin ( D ) for Governor Zoltan Istvan ( L ) for Governor Josh Jones ( G ) for Governor Gloria La Riva ( PFP ) for Governor Peter Y. Liu ( R ) for Governor Hakan `` Hawk '' Mikado ( NPP ) for Governor Gavin Newsom ( D ) for Governor Amanda Renteria ( D ) for Governor Michael Shellenberger ( D ) for Governor Desmond Silveira ( ASP ) for Governor Nickolas Wildstar ( L ) for Governor Elections in California General 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2005 2006 2008 ( Feb , Jun , Nov ) 2009 2010 ( Jun , Nov ) 2012 ( Jun , Nov ) 2014 2016 ( Jun , Nov ) 2018 Governor 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1867 1871 1875 1879 1882 1886 1890 1894 1898 1902 1906 1910 1914 1918 1922 1926 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2003 * 2006 2014 2018 Lieutenant Governor 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Mayoral Los Angeles 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1909 ( M ) 1909 ( N ) 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1925 1929 1933 1937 1941 1945 1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009 2013 2017 San Diego 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1901 1903 1905 1907 1909 1911 1913 1915 1917 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1932 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1979 1983 * 1984 1986 * 1988 1992 2000 2005 * 2008 2012 2014 * 2016 San Francisco 1943 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1979 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2018 * State Senate At - Large 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special State Assembly At - Large 1864 1866 1868 1870 1872 1874 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 Special U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 U.S. Senate Class 1 : 1849 1850 1852 * 1856 1860 * 1862 1868 1873 * 1874 1880 1886 * 1886 1890 * 1892 1900 * 1904 1910 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 * 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1992 * 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 Class 3 : 1849 1854 1857 * 1860 1866 1872 1878 1884 1890 1896 1902 1908 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1950 1954 * 1956 1962 1968 1980 1986 1992 1998 2016 2022 U.S. House 1849 1851 1854 1856 1859 1861 1863 1864 1867 1868 1871 1872 1875 1876 1879 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 ( 12th ) 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 ( 9th * 23rd * 44th * ) 2000 2002 2005 ( 5th * , 48th * ) 2006 ( 4th , 11th , 50th * ) 2007 ( 37th * ) 2008 ( 12th * ) 2009 ( 10th * , 32nd * ) 2011 ( 36th * ) 2012 2014 2016 2017 ( 34th * ) 2018 Special An asterisk signifies a special election ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) U.S. Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota special Mississippi special Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona 8th , special Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan 13th , special Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York 25th , special North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio 12th , special Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania 18th , special Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia U.S. Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico New York Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Vermont Wisconsin Wyoming Mayoral Louisville Newark Oakland Phoenix San Francisco ( special ) San Jose Shreveport Washington , D.C. States and territories Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=835582620 '' Categories : California elections , 2018 California gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 15 : 40 . About Wikipedia	when do we vote for a new governor in california	[ "The 2018 California gubernatorial election will be held on November 6, 2018, to elect the next Governor of California. Incumbent Democratic Governor Jerry Brown will be ineligible to run for re-election for a third (or fifth non-consecutive) term due to term limits from the California Constitution." ]	[ "November 6, 2018" ]
-4450688818308838064	The Blacklist (season 5)	The Blacklist ( season 5 ) - wikipedia The Blacklist ( season 5 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Blacklist ( season 5 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of The Blacklist episodes The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27 , 2017 with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10 : 00 PM to Wednesday at 8 : 00 PM . The season was produced by Davis Entertainment , Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television , and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp , John Davis , John Eisendrath , John Fox , and Joe Carnahan . The season will consist of 22 episodes and will contain the series ' 100th episode . The show 's fall finale aired on November 15 , 2017 , the series will return on January 3 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Blacklist characters Main cast ( edit ) James Spader as Raymond `` Red '' Reddington Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Blacklist episodes No . overall No. in season Title Blacklist guide Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 90 `` Smokey Putnum '' No. 30 Bill Roe Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 6.39 Following Mr. Kaplan 's death , Reddington 's criminal empire is in ruins and enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him build it back up by finding the next blacklister named Smokey Putnum . Meanwhile , Ressler puts himself in an awkward position following Hitchin 's death . Aram 's and Samar 's romance escalates . Also , Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it . 91 `` Greyson Blaise '' No. 37 Don Thorin Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 5.87 Reddington enlists Liz and the task force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise , a self - made billionaire who moonlights as a high end thief to help Reddingtion with his crumbled empire . Meanwhile , Tom hits roadblocks when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out . 92 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall '' No. 76 Adam Weisinger Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 5.79 Reddington enlists help from Tom to establish a plan to help rebuild his criminal empire . Meanwhile , the task force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings and track down a blacklister named Rebecca Thrall who encourages police officers to do such crimes . 93 `` The Endling '' No. 44 Michael Watkins Noah Schechter October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 5.46 Liz and the task force investigates a blacklister who is trying to destroy the worlds to get to her ailing son to seek treatment . Meanwhile , Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire . Also , Tom hits a major roadblock when identifying the remains . Nick , after helping Red and Elizabeth with a medical procedure for The Endling and determining that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Elizabeth , is killed and the suitcase with the remains , is taken . 94 5 `` Ilyas Surkov '' No. 54 Kurt Kuenne Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 5.23 Liz and the task force collide with the CIA when tracking down a blacklister who is an international terrorist , but Cooper finds out that the ones that have identified themselves as CIA are imposters . Meanwhile , Reddington sets out on a new business venture . Also , Tom sets out on a new quest to discover information on the remains in the suitcase . 95 6 `` The Travel Agency '' No. 90 Terrence O'Hara Carla Kettner November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 5.25 Cooper enlists help from Reddington on a personal mission . Meanwhile , Ressler is acting Director and leads the task force into a blacklister who are former murder for hire gang . Also , Tom continues his quest in into the remains in the suitcase , but runs into Red who knows he has it . After closing an emotional case , Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse . 96 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation '' No. 48 Jean de Segonzac Lukas Reiter November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 5.04 After dozens of immmigrants die off the Carolina coast , Reddington and the task force put Dembe undercover to stop a human smuggling operation . When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon about the deaths and the conditons , he then confronts his son about and the clash is fatal . This later complicates Dembe , putting him in a life or death situation as the task forces loses track of him . Tom is tracking whom he believes killed Nick as they were involved in trying to figure out the contents of the suitcase and discovers that there are others at play . Tom 's life is put at risk when others discover the suitcase and that it 's important to Reddington . 97 8 `` Ian Garvey '' No. 13 Bill Roe John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 5.89 Tom finds trouble while searching for answers in both Nick 's death and the infamous suitcase mystery , facing a life or death situation . Liz gets pulled into the middle of Tom and Red 's tug of war over the suitcase which leaves her and Tom hospitalized , having fought for their lives . After being in a coma for 10 months , Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her , and , when asked , he informs her that Tom died from his injuries . 98 9 `` Ruin '' TBA TBA TBA January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) TBD 99 10 `` The Informant '' TBA TBA TBA January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Ratings / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR 18 -- 49 DVR Viewers ( millions ) Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions ) `` Smokey Putnum ( No. 30 ) '' September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1.1 / 4 6.39 0.8 3.322 1.9 9.710 `` Greyson Blaise ( No. 37 ) '' October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.0 / 4 5.87 0.7 3.221 1.7 9.093 `` Miss Rebecca Thrall ( No. 76 ) '' October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.0 / 4 5.79 0.7 3.047 1.7 8.839 `` The Endling ( No. 44 ) '' October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 0.9 / 3 5.46 0.8 3.102 1.7 8.565 5 `` Ilyas Surkov ( No. 54 ) '' October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.7 3.061 1.5 8.292 6 `` The Travel Agency ( No. 90 ) '' November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 0.9 / 3 5.25 0.7 2.855 1.5 8.015 7 `` The Kilgannon Corporation ( No. 48 ) '' November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 0.9 / 3 5.04 N / A 3.130 N / A 8.171 8 `` Ian Garvey ( No. 13 ) '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 0.9 / 4 5.89 0.7 2.903 1.6 8.796 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - Blacklist , the on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Tweaks Fall Rollout : Good Place Gets Early Talent - Boosted Premiere , The Blacklist Return Moved Up '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Blacklist ' Star Confirms Character Death '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 509 ) `` Ruin '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 510 ) `` The Informant '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Blacklist on IMDb ( hide ) The Blacklist Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Freelancer '' `` Wujing '' `` The Stewmaker '' `` The Courier '' `` Gina Zanetakos '' `` Frederick Barnes '' `` General Ludd '' `` Anslo Garrick '' `` Anslo Garrick Conclusion '' `` The Good Samaritan '' `` The Alchemist '' `` The Cyprus Agency '' `` Madeline Pratt '' `` The Judge '' `` Mako Tanida '' `` Ivan '' `` Milton Bobbit '' `` The Pavlovich Brothers '' `` The Kingmaker '' `` Berlin '' `` Berlin Conclusion '' Season 2 `` Lord Baltimore '' `` Monarch Douglas Bank '' `` Dr. James Covington '' `` Dr. Linus Creel '' `` The Front '' `` The Mombasa Cartel '' `` The Scimitar '' `` The Decembrist '' `` Luther Braxton '' `` Luther Braxton Conclusion '' `` Ruslan Denisov '' `` The Kenyon Family '' `` The Deer Hunter '' `` T. Earl King VI '' `` The Major '' `` Tom Keen '' `` The Longevity Initiative '' `` Vanessa Cruz '' `` Leonard Caul '' `` Quon Zhang '' `` Karakurt '' `` Tom Connolly '' Season 3 `` The Troll Farmer '' Season 4 Season 5 Related Characters The Blacklist : Redemption Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Blacklist_(season_5)&oldid=816200958 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Blacklist ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does season 5 of the blacklist come out	[ "The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27, 2017 with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 PM to Wednesday at 8:00 PM.[2] The season was produced by Davis Entertainment, Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp, John Davis, John Eisendrath, John Fox, and Joe Carnahan. The season will consist of 22 episodes and will contain the series' 100th episode.[1] The show's fall finale aired on November 15, 2017, the series will return on January 3, 2018.[3]" ]	[ "November 15, 2017" ]
-5430858356626585835	Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo	Aye mere watan ke logo - Wikipedia Aye mere watan ke logo `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' Song by Lata Mangeshkar Language Hindi English title O ' people of my country Written Pradeep Released 27 January 1963 ( 1963 - 01 - 27 ) Venue National Stadium , New Delhi Genre Patriotic song Label Saregama Composer ( s ) C. Ramchandra Lyricist ( s ) Kavi Pradeep `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( Hindi : ऐ मेरे वतन के लोगों ; `` O ' people of my country '' ) is a Hindi patriotic song written by Kavi Pradeep , composed by C. Ramchandra , and performed by Lata Mangeshkar . The song commemorates Indian soldiers who died during the Sino - Indian War in 1962 . The song was first performed live by Mangeshkar on 27 January 1963 at the National Stadium in New Delhi in the presence of President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , on account of Republic Day ( 26 January ) 1963 , which was just two months after the end of the war . The song is often rendered at patriotic occasions in India , and is one of the most prominent patriotic songs alongside Jana Gana Mana ( the national anthem ) , Vande Mataram ( the national song ) , and Sare Jahan se Accha . Contents 1 Writing and composition 2 First performance 3 Reception and legacy 4 Lyrics 5 References 6 External links Writing and composition ( edit ) Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo was written by Kavi Pradeep to commemorate the Indian soldiers who died during the Sino - Indian War . Pradeep was deeply moved by accounts of casualties of the war . In late 1962 , while taking a walk along Mahim beach in Mumbai , Pradeep received a sudden bout of inspiration . He borrowed a pen from a fellow walker , and wrote the opening stanza of the song on a foil that he ripped out from his cigarette pack . A few weeks later , Pradeep was approached by producer Mehboob Khan to write a song for a fund - raiser scheduled to be held at the National Stadium in New Delhi . Pradeep accepted the offer , but did not reveal any details about the song he intended to write . He recruited music director C. Ramchandra to write the music , and Lata Mangeshkar to perform the song . According to Pradeep 's daughter , Mitul , `` Due to some misunderstanding between Ramchandra and Lata - didi , it was to be sung by Asha Bhosale . However , my father felt nobody except Lata - didi could do justice to it . He even personally convinced her and she agreed to sing it . But with a rider - Mr Pradeep must be present at the rehearsals ! '' According to Mangeshkar , `` I suggested we format the song into a duet with me and my sister Asha ( Bhosle ) . Pradeepji wanted it to be a solo . I insisted that we do it as a duet . In fact , Asha had even rehearsed for the song . Then , days before we were to fly to Delhi , she came to me and said , ' Didi , I 'm not coming to Delhi . ' I tried to convince her to change her mind arguing that her name had even been printed in the newspapers as one of the singers . But she was adamant . Composer - singer Hemant Kumar had actually orchestrated the whole project . I told Hemantda about Asha 's decision to not accompany us to Delhi to perform the song . Hemantda also tried to convince Asha . Lekin who nahin manee ( But she did n't relent ) . Then it was left to me to rehearse alone for the song . '' First performance ( edit ) In January 2013 , Lata Mangeshkar told a TV channel that initially she had declined to sing the song as she had not enough time to rehearse it . `` It was Pradeepji , ( Kavi Pradeep ) the poet , who wrote the immortal lyrics , who came to me and asked me to sing the song . I declined , because there was no time to rehearse . You see , at that time I was working round - the - clock . To give special attention to one song seemed impossible . But Pradeepji insisted , '' Lata said , admitting that she was very nervous before the performance . Kavi Pradeep , the man who penned lyrics of the song , could n't witness the event . `` My regret is that Pradeepji had not been called for the Republic Day function where I sang the song . If he was there , he would have seen with his own eyes what impact ' Ae mere watan ke logo ' had , '' Lata told . The song was first performed live on 27 January 1963 , by Lata Mangeshkar at an event at the National Stadium in New Delhi in the presence of President S. Radhakrishnan and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , on account of Republic Day ( 26 January ) 1963 , which was just two months after the end of the war . Mangeshkar sang two songs at the event , opening with the bhajan ( devotional song ) Allah tero naam followed by Ae mere watan ke logon . The performance of the latter song moved Nehru to tears . `` Those who do n't feel inspired by Aye mere watan ke logo do n't deserve to be called a Hindustani '' , said Nehru , who was visibly moved by the song . The event raised ₹ 2 lakh ( equivalent to ₹ 1.2 crore or US $170,000 in 2017 ) for the Army Welfare Fund . The song 's lyricist , Pradeep , was not invited to the performance . Pradeep performed the song for Nehru on 21 March 1963 at a function at R.M. High School in Mumbai . He also presented Nehru with the original handwritten lyrics of the song . The song received rave appreciation from across the country . Reception and legacy ( edit ) All of the artists and technicians involved with the song -- including singers , musicians , music director , lyricist , recording studio , sound recordist -- pledged the royalty of the song in perpetuity to the War Widows Fund . Per Pradeep 's last wishes , royalties for sale of records of the song were to be donated to war widows . In 2005 , the Bombay High Court asked the music company HMV to indicate a lump sum payable to the Army Welfare Fund for the disabled and war widows from the song 's royalty proceeds . Brigadier Chitranjan Sawant , who served in the Sino - Indian War , stated that the song inspired soldiers to withstand the difficult situations they were in . Recalling the song in 2013 , Mangeshkar stated that she never expected the song to be so successful saying , `` Since it was not part of a film , I thought it would have a limited impact . Ae mere watan ke logon became my signature tune . No show of mine , no concert or event is complete until I sing it . '' She also stated that Pradeep was always sure of the song 's success saying , `` Only Pradeepji had faith in the song . He had prophesied to me , ' Lata , tum dekhna yeh gaana bahot chalega . Log hamesha ke liye issey yaad rakhenge ( You 'll see this song will endure . People will always remember it ) . Lyrics ( edit ) Hindi transliteration Ae mere watan ke logon , tum khub lagaa lo naara Yeh shubh din hai hum sab kaa , lehra lo tiranga pyara Par mat bhulo seema par , viron ne hai praan gavaye Kuchh yaad unhe bhi kar lo Kuchh yaad unhe bhi kar lo Jo laut ke ghar naa aaye - ( 2 ) Ae mere watan ke logon , zara aankh me bhar lo paani , Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani ( x2 ) Tum bhool naa jao unko , isliye suno ye kahaani Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jab ghayal huwa himalaya , khatre me padi azaadi Jab tak thi saans lade woh - ( 2 ) , phir apni lash bichha di , Sangeen pe dhar kar maatha , so gaye amar balidaani Jo shaheed huye hain unki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jab desh me thi diwali , who khel rahe the holi Jab hum baithe the gharo me - ( 2 ) , who jhel rahe the goli The dhanya jawan who aapane , thee dhanya who unaki jawani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Koi Sikh koi jaath maratha - 2 , koi Gurkha koyi madrasi ( x2 ) Sarhad par marnewala - 2 , har veer tha bharatvasi Jo khoon gira parvat par , who khoon tha Hindustani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Thi khun se lat - pat kaya , phir bhi banduk uthaake Das das ko ek ne maara , phir gir gaye hosh gawake Jab anth samay aaya toh - 2 , keh gaye ke ab marte hain Khush rehna desh ke pyaro - 2 , ab hum toh safar karte hain ( x2 ) Kya log the who diwaane , kya log the who abhimani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Tum bhul naa jaao unko , iss liye kahi yeh kahani Jo shaheed huye hain unaki , zara yaad karo qurbaani Jay hind , jay hind ki sena - ( 2 ) Jay hind , jay hind , jay hind English translation O people of my country ! Let us shout slogans ! This auspicious day belongs to all of us , so hoist our beloved Tiranga ! But let us not forget , that at the border , brave warriors , have lost their lives . Give a thought to them Let us also remember Those who did not return home . ( x2 ) ( O ' people of my country ! Fill your eyes with tears ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! ) ( x2 ) And lest you forget them , listen to this story : Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! When the Himalayas were injured and our freedom was threatened , They fought until their last breath ( x2 ) , and then they laid down their bodies . With their faces on their bayonets , the immortal martyrs went to sleep . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! When our country was celebrating Diwali , they were playing Holi ( with their blood ) . While we sat safely in our homes , they were braving bullets . Blessed were those young men , blessed was their youth ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Some were Sikh , some Jaat , and Maratha , ( x2 ) , some were Gurkhas , some Madrasi ( x2 ) ! All those who died at the front ( x2 ) , each one of them was Indian ! ( x2 ) The blood shed on the mountains , that blood was Indian . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Their bodies were drenched in blood , yet , they picked up their guns . And each killed ten , then they fell unconscious . And in their final moments ( x2 ) , they said : `` We are dying now . ( Be happy , beloved countrymen ! We 're going on our journey ! `` ) ( x2 ) How wonderful were those warriors ! How great were those people ! Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! And so I told you this story , for you must not forget them . Remember the sacrifice , of those who became martyrs ! Jai Hind ! Glory to the Indian Army ! ( x2 ) Jai Hind ! ( x3 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Patriotic song ' Ae Mere Watan Ke Logon ' turns 50 '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Did n't know Ae mere watan ke logon would become a rage ' '' . Rediff . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aye mere watan ke logo : India 's most favourite patriotic song turns 51 '' . One India . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lata Mangeshkar : I had declined ' Ae mere watan ke logon ' '' . News18. 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unforgettable songs of national fervour '' . Hindustan Times . 14 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ER Ramachandran 's Blog : Khans ' ' intolerance ' & Bollywood 's contribution over the years to India 's unity '' . News18 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriotic song Aye mere watan ke logon turns 50 '' . Hindustan Times . 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Aijazuddin , F.S. `` Pigeons need not fly across the Indo - Pak border ! '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special Programme - Aye Mere Watan Ke Logon '' . Youtube.com . Rajya Sabha TV . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Aye mere watan ... ' legal battle ends Screen , September 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Aye Mere Watan ... no longer sweet for HMV ! '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the man who added life to I - Day parades with his golden voice for over 30 yrs '' . dna. 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo on YouTube Rajya Sabha TV program on the 50th anniversary of the song Desh Bhakti songs for your best patriotic playlist 2018 Lata Mangeshkar Singles `` Aa Jaane Jaan '' ( 1969 ) `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' ( 1963 ) `` Buddha Mil Gaya '' ( 1964 ) `` Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani '' ( 1971 ) `` Didi Tera Devar Deewana '' ( 1994 ) `` Dil To Hai Dil '' ( 1978 ) `` Kabhi Kabhie Mere Dil Mein '' ( 1976 ) `` Kesariya Balam '' `` Kuchh Na Kaho '' `` Main Naahin Maakhan Khaayo '' `` Mile Sur Mera Tumhara '' `` Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya '' ( 1960 ) `` Saagara Pran Talamalala '' People Deenanath Mangeshkar ( father ) Hridaynath Mangeshkar ( brother ) Meena Khadikar ( sister ) Asha Bhosle ( sister ) Usha Mangeshkar ( sister ) Other List of songs by Lata Mangeshkar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aye_Mere_Watan_Ke_Logo&oldid=851271977 '' Categories : Lata Mangeshkar songs Indian patriotic songs Hindi songs 1963 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Articles containing Hindi - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 05 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	aye mere watan ke logo song in hindi written pdf	[]	[]
1093648406763396774	Latin America–United States relations	Latin America -- United States relations - wikipedia Latin America -- United States relations Map of the United States of America Map of Latin America Latin America -- United States relations are relations between the United States of America and the countries of Latin America . Historically speaking , bilateral relations between the United States and the various countries of Latin America have been multifaceted and complex , at times defined by strong regional cooperation and at others filled with economic and political tension and rivalry . Although relations between the U.S. government and most of Latin America were limited prior to the late 1800s , for most of the past century , the United States has unofficially regarded parts of Latin America as within its sphere of influence , and for much of the Cold War ( 1945 -- 1991 ) , actively vied with the Soviet Union for influence in the Western Hemisphere . Today , the ties between the United States and most of Latin America ( with the exception of certain countries such as Venezuela ) are generally cordial , but there remain areas of tension between the two sides . Latin America is the largest foreign supplier of oil to the United States and its fastest - growing trading partner , as well as the largest source of drugs and U.S. immigrants , both documented and otherwise , all of which underline the continually evolving relationship between the two . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 19th century to World War I 2.1 Venezuelan Independence 2.2 Chilean independence 2.3 Monroe Doctrine 2.4 The Anderson -- Gual Treaty 2.5 The Anfictionic Congress of Panama 2.6 Mexican -- American War ( April 1846 -- February 1848 ) 2.7 The Ostend Manifesto 2.8 The War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 1883 ) 2.9 The Big Brother policy 2.10 Venezuelan crisis of 1895 2.11 The Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) 2.12 Venezuelan crisis of 1902 -- 1903 2.13 The Platt Amendment 2.14 The Panama Canal 2.15 The Roosevelt Corollary and Venezuelan Economic Issues 2.16 The Dollar Diplomacy 2.17 The Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 1920 ) 2.18 Banana Wars 3 1930s 4 World War II 4.1 Expulsion of Germans 5 1940s -- 1960s : The Cold War and the `` Hemispheric Defense '' Doctrine 6 1960s : the Cuban Revolution and the U.S. response 7 1970s 8 1980s -- 1990s : democratization and the Washington Consensus 9 2000s : Pink Tide 9.1 Free trade and others regional integration 9.2 Bilateral investment treaties 9.3 The ALBA 9.4 The U.S. military coalition in Iraq 9.5 Bolivia 's nationalization of natural resources 10 Academic research 11 See also 11.1 Binational relationships 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Overview ( edit ) Until the end of the 19th century , the United States had a special relationship primarily with nearby Mexico and Cuba . Otherwise , relationships with other Latin American countries were of minor importance to both sides , consisting mostly of a small amount of trade . Apart from Mexico , there was little migration to the United States and little American financial investment . Politically and economically , Latin America ( apart from Mexico and the Spanish colony of Cuba ) was largely tied to Britain . The United States had no involvement in the process by which Spanish possessions broke away and became independent around 1820 . In cooperation with , and help from , Britain , the United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 , warning against the establishment of any additional European colonies in Latin America . Texas , which had been settled by colonies of Americans , fought a successful war to steal land from Mexico in 1836 . Mexico refused to recognize the independence and warned that annexation to the United States meant war . Annexation came in 1845 and the Mexican - American War began in 1846 . The American military was easily triumphant . The result was the Mexican Cession of Santa Fe de Nuevo México and Alta California . About 60,000 Mexicans remained in the territories and became US citizens . France took advantage of the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) , using its army to take over Mexico . Due to defeats in Europe , France pulled out troops , leaving the Imperialists and Maximilian I of Mexico to face defeat from the Benito Juarez - led Republicans ( backed by the US ) . The Anglo - Venezuelan boundary dispute of Guayana Esequiba in 1895 asserted for the first time a more outward - looking American foreign policy , particularly in the Americas , marking the United States as a world power . This was the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine , in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Americas . By the late nineteenth century the rapid economic growth of the United States increasingly troubled Latin America . A Pan-American Union was created under American aegis , but it had little impact as did its successor the Organization of American States . American cartoon , published in 1898 : `` Remember the Maine ! And Do n't Forget the Starving Cubans ! '' As unrest in Cuba escalated in the 1890s , the United States demanded reforms that Spain was unable to accomplish . The result was the short Spanish -- American War of 1898 , in which United States acquired Puerto Rico and set up a protectorate over Cuba under the Platt Amendment rule passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill . The building of the Panama Canal absorbed American attention from 1903 . The US facilitated a revolt that made Panama independent and set up the Panama Canal Zone as an American owned and operated district that was finally returned to Panama in 1979 . The Canal opened in 1914 and proved a major factor in world trade . The United States paid special attention to protection of the military approaches to the Panama Canal , including threats by Germany . Repeatedly it seized temporary control of the finances of several countries , especially Haiti and Nicaragua . The Mexican Revolution started in 1911 ; it alarmed American business interests that had invested in Mexican mines and railways . The United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution , include , among other violations of sovereignty , the ambassadorial backing of a coup and assassination of President Francisco I. Madero and the military occupation of Veracruz . Large numbers of Mexicans fled the war - torn revolution into the southwestern United States . Meanwhile , the United States increasingly replaced Britain as the major trade partner and financier throughout Latin America . The US adopted a `` Good Neighbor Policy '' in the 1930s , which meant friendly trade relations would continue regardless of political conditions or dictatorships . United States signed up the major countries as allies against Germany and Japan in World War II . However , some countries like Argentina , Chile , Ecuador , Paraguay , Uruguay and Venezuela only joined the Allied side in 1945 . The era of the Good Neighbor Policy ended with the ramp - up of the Cold War in 1945 , as the United States felt there was a greater need to protect the western hemisphere from Soviet Union influence and a potential rise of communism . These changes conflicted with the Good Neighbor Policy 's fundamental principle of non-intervention and led to a new wave of US involvement in Latin American affairs . The turn of Castro 's revolution in Cuba after 1959 toward Soviet communism alienated Cuba from the United States . An attempted invasion failed and at the peak of the Cold War in 1962 , the Cuban Missile Crisis threatened major war as the Soviet Union installed nuclear weapons in Cuba to defend it from an American invasion . There was no invasion , but the United States imposed an economic boycott on Cuba that remains in effect , as well as a broke off diplomatic relations , that lasted until 2015 . The US also saw the rise of left - wing governments in central America as a threat and , in some cases , overthrew democratically elected governments perceived at the time as becoming left - wing or unfriendly to U.S. interests . Examples include the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , the 1964 Brazilian coup d'état , the 1973 Chilean coup d'état and the support of the Contra rebels in Nicaragua . After 1960 , Latin America increasingly supplied illegal drugs , especially marijuana and cocaine to the rich American market . One consequence was the growth of extremely violent drug gangs in Mexico and other parts of Central America attempting to control the drug supply . In the 1970s and 80s , the United States gave strong support to violent anti-Communist forces in Latin America . The fall of Soviet communism in 1989 -- 92 largely ended the communist threat . The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) took effect in 1994 and dramatically increased the volume of trade among Mexico , the United States and Canada . Street art in Venezuela , depicting Uncle Sam and accusing the U.S. government of imperialism As of late , several left - wing parties have gained power through elections , and Venezuela under the late Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro has been particularly critical of U.S. foreign policy ; Nicaragua , Bolivia , and Ecuador currently have governments sometimes seen as aligned with Venezuela , while Cuba and the U.S. continue to have non-existent relations . Left - wing governments in nations such as Brazil , Peru , Paraguay , Argentina , and Uruguay during this period were considerably more centrist and neutral . The centre - right governments in Argentina , Mexico , Panama , Chile , and Colombia have closer relations with the U.S. , with Mexico being the U.S 's largest economic partner in Latin America and its third largest overall trade partner after Canada and China . Thanks to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) signed with Canada and Mexico in 1994 , the United States enjoys virtual duty - free trade with Mexico . Since 1994 , the United States has signed other notable free - trade agreements with Chile in 2004 , Peru in 2007 , and most recently Colombia and Panama in 2011 . By 2015 , relations were tense between United States and Venezuela . Large - scale immigration from Latin America to the United States grew since the late twentieth century . Today approximately 18 % of the U.S. population is Hispanic and Latino Americans , totaling more than 50 million people , mostly of Mexican and Central American background . Furthermore , over 10 million illegal immigrants live in the United States , most of them with Hispanic origins . Many send money back home to family members and contribute considerably to the domestic economies of their countries of origin . Large - scale immigration to the United States came primarily from Mexico and Cuba . Smaller , though still significant , immigrant populations from El Salvador , the Dominican Republic , Guatemala and Colombia exist in the United States . Most of Latin America is still part of the Organization of American States , and remains bound by the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance also known as the Rio Pact , which provides for hemispheric defense , with the exceptions of Bolivia , Cuba , Ecuador , Nicaragua , Mexico and Venezuela , all of which withdrew from the Treaty during the past decade . In addition , Argentina is a major non-NATO ally of the United States , the result of a policy of reapproachment and market liberalization led by President Carlos Menem during the 1990s which saw the country send troops as part of the coalition in the Gulf War and become one of the world 's largest contributors to UN peacekeeping operations . After a period of worsening relations during the late 2000s administration of Cristina Kirchner , the election of centre - right President Mauricio Macri has resulted in renewed interest in both countries to continue improving trade and bilateral relations . 19th century to World War I ( edit ) Venezuelan independence ( edit ) Following the events of the Revolution of April 19 , 1810 , the Captain General Vicente Emparan , designated by Joseph Bonaparte to govern the Captaincy General of Venezuela , were deposed by an expanded municipal government in Caracas that called itself the Supreme Junta to Preserve the Rights of Ferdinand VII ( La Suprema Junta Conservadora de los Derechos de Fernando VII ) . One of the first acts of the Junta was to send a diplomatic mission to the United States to seek the recognition of the Supreme Junta of Caracas as the legitimate government of Venezuela in the absence of the King . Juan Vicente Bolívar Palacios , Jose Rafael Revenga and Telesforo Orea managed to attract the interest of the government of President James Madison to support the Supreme Junta . Chilean independence ( edit ) In 1811 , the arrival of Joel Roberts Poinsett in Santiago de Chile marked the beginning of U.S. involvement in Chilean politics . He had been sent by President James Madison in 1809 as a special agent to the South American Spanish colonies to investigate the prospects of the revolutionaries in their struggle for independence from Spain . Monroe Doctrine ( edit ) Main article : Monroe Doctrine The 1823 Monroe Doctrine , which began the United States ' policy of isolationism , deemed it necessary for the United States to refrain from entering into European affairs , but to protect nations in the Western hemisphere from foreign military intervention . In cooperation with The United Kingdom , The United States issued the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 , warning against the establishment of any additional European colonies in Latin America . Despite this , European interventions continued to occur in American countries with the tacit or explicit support of the United States . These interventions include the occupation of the Falkland Islands by Britain in 1833 , the French naval blockade of Argentine ports between 1839 and 1840 , the Anglo - French blockade of the River Plate from 1845 to 1850 , the Spanish invasion of the Dominican Republic between 1861 and 1865 , the French intervention in Mexico between 1862 and 1865 , the British occupation of the Mosquito coast in Nicaragua and the occupation of the Guayana Essequiba in Venezuela by Great Britain in 1855 . The Anderson -- Gual treaty ( edit ) The Anderson -- Gual Treaty ( formally , the General Convention of Peace , Amity , Navigation , and Commerce ) was an 1824 treaty between the United States and Gran Colombia ( now the modern day countries of Venezuela , Colombia , Panama and Ecuador ) . It was the first bilateral treaty concluded by the United States with another American country . The treaty was signed in Santafe de Bogotá on October 3 , 1824 by U.S. diplomat , Richard Clough Anderson , and by Venezuelan minister , Pedro Gual Escandón . It was ratified by both countries and began enforcement in May 1825 . The commercial provisions of the treaty granted reciprocal most - favored - nation status and were maintained despite the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 . The treaty contained a clause that stated it would be in force for 12 years after ratification by both parties ; the treaty therefore expired in 1837 . The anfictionic Congress of Panama ( edit ) The notion of an international union in the New World was first put forward by the Venezuelan Liberator Simón Bolívar who , at the 1826 Congress of Panama ( still being part of Gran Colombia ) , proposed a league of all American republics with a common military , a mutual defense pact and a supranational parliamentary assembly . Bolívar 's dream of Latin American unity was meant to unify Hispanic American nations against external powers , including the United States . The meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia , Peru , Bolivia , the United Provinces of Central America , and Mexico but the grandly titled `` Treaty of Union , League , and Perpetual Confederation '' was ultimately ratified only by Gran Colombia . The United States ' delegates to the Congress were delayed by internal politics in the United States . Though delegates were eventually dispatched by President John Quincy Adams , one ( Richard Clough Anderson ) died en route to Panama , and the other ( John Sergeant ) arrived after the Congress had concluded . Thus Great Britain , which attended with only observer status , managed to negotiate many trade deals with Latin American countries . Bolívar 's dream soon foundered , with civil war in Gran Colombia , the disintegration of Central America and the emergence of national , rather than New World , outlooks in the newly independent American republics . Mexican -- American War ( April 1846 -- February 1848 ) ( edit ) Overview map of the Mexican -- American War Texas , settled primarily by Anglo - Americans , fought a successful war of independence against Mexico in 1836 . Mexico refused to recognize the independence and warned that annexation to the United States meant war . US Annexation of Texas occurred in 1845 ; predictably , war followed annexation in 1846 . The American military was triumphant . The result was the American purchase of New Mexico , Arizona , California and adjacent areas . About 60,000 Mexicans remained in the new territories and became US citizens . In 1862 , French forces under Napoleon III invaded and conquered Mexico , giving control to the puppet monarch Emperor Maximilian I. Washington denounced this as a violation of the Monroe Doctrine , but was unable to intervene because of the American Civil War . In 1865 , the United States stationed a large combat army on the border to emphasize its demand that France leave . France did pull out and Mexican nationalists executed Maximilian . The Ostend Manifesto ( edit ) The Ostend Manifesto of 1854 was a proposal circulated by American diplomats that proposed the United States offer to purchase Cuba from Spain , while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused . Nothing came of it . Diplomatically , the US was content to see the island remain in Spanish hands so long as it did not pass to a stronger power such as Britain or France . The War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 1883 ) ( edit ) Main article : War of the Pacific The United States tried to bring an early end to the War of the Pacific in 1879 , mainly because of US business interests in Peru , but also because its leaders worried that the United Kingdom would take economic control of the region through Chile . Peace negotiations failed when a stipulation required Chile to return the conquered lands . Chileans suspected the new US initiative was tainted with a pro-Peruvian bias . As a result , relations between Chile and the United States took a turn for the worse . Chile instead asked that the United States remain neutral and the United States , unable to match Chilean naval power , backed down . The Big Brother policy ( edit ) US Secretary of State , James G. Blaine , created the Big Brother policy in the 1880s , aiming to rally Latin American nations behind US leadership and to open Latin American markets to U.S. traders . Blaine served as United States Secretary of State in 1881 in the cabinet of President James Garfield and again from 1889 to 1892 in the cabinet of President Benjamin Harrison . As part of the policy , Blaine arranged for and lead as the first president the First International Conference of American States in 1889 . Blaine went on to live for a few years in Mexico following his success in their relations . Venezuelan crisis of 1895 ( edit ) President Cleveland twist the tail of the British Lion ; cartoon in Puck by J.S. Pughe , 1895 Map showing : * The extreme border claimed by Britain * The current boundary ( roughly ) and * The extreme border claimed by Venezuela The Venezuelan crisis of 1895 occurred over Venezuela 's longstanding dispute with the United Kingdom about the territory of Essequibo and Guayana Esequiba , which Britain claimed as part of British Guiana and Venezuela saw as Venezuelan territory . As the dispute became a crisis , the key issue became Britain 's refusal to include the territory east of the `` Schomburgk Line '' , in the proposed international arbitration , which a surveyor had drawn half a century earlier as a boundary between Venezuela and the former Dutch territory of British Guiana . By December 17 , 1895 , President Grover Cleveland delivered an address to the United States Congress reaffirming the Monroe Doctrine and its relevance to the dispute . The crisis ultimately saw the Britain Prime Minister , Lord Salisbury , accept the United States ' intervention to force arbitration of the entire disputed territory and tacitly accept the United States ' right to intervene under the Monroe Doctrine . A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter , and in 1899 , awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana . For the first time , the Anglo - Venezuelan boundary dispute asserted for the first time a more outward - looking American foreign policy , particularly in the Americas , marking the United States as a world power . This was the earliest example of modern interventionism under the Monroe Doctrine , in which the USA exercised its claimed prerogatives in the Americas . The Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) ( edit ) The Spanish -- American War was a conflict fought between Spain and the United States in 1898 . Hostilities began in the aftermath of sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor , leading to American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence . The sinking of the USS Maine occurred on February 15 , resulting in the deaths of 266 people and causing the United States to blame Spain , since the ship had been sent to Havana in order to protect a community of U.S. citizens there . American acquisition of Spain 's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine -- American War . Revolts against Spanish rule had been occurring for some years in Cuba as is demonstrated by the Virginius Affair in 1873 . In the late 1890s , journalists Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst which used yellow journalism , anti-Spanish propaganda , to agitate U.S. public opinion And encourage war . However , the Hearst and Pulitzer papers circulated among the working class in New York City and did not reach a national audience . After the mysterious sinking of the US Navy battleship Maine in Havana harbor , political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid . Spain promised time and again that it would reform , but never delivered . The United States sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding it surrender control of Cuba . First Madrid , then Washington , formally declared war . Although the main issue was Cuban independence , the ten - week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific . US naval power proved decisive , allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already facing nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever . Numerically superior Cuban , Philippine and US forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill . With two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third , more modern fleet recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts , Madrid sued for peace . The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris , negotiated on terms favorable to the US , which allowed temporary U.S. control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippine islands . The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ( $588,320,000 today ) to Spain by the US to cover infrastructure owned by Spain . The war began exactly fifty - two years after the beginning of the Mexican -- American War . It was one of only five US wars ( against a total of eleven sovereign states ) to have been formally declared by Congress . Venezuelan crisis of 1902 -- 1903 ( edit ) A map of Middle America , showing the places affected by U.S. interventions The Venezuelan crisis of 1902 -- 03 was a naval blockade imposed against Venezuela by Britain , Germany and Italy and lasted from December 1902 to February 1903 . The blockade was a result of President Cipriano Castro 's refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in the recent Venezuelan Civil War . Castro assumed that the United States ' Monroe Doctrine would see the US prevent European military intervention , but at the time , President Roosevelt interpreted the Doctrine to concern European seizure of territory , rather than intervention per se . With prior promises that no such seizure would occur , the US allowed the action to go ahead without objection . The blockade quickly disabled Venezuela 's small navy , but Castro refused to give in . Instead , he agreed in principle to submit some of the claims to international arbitration , which he had previously rejected . Germany initially objected to this , particularly because it felt some claims should be accepted by Venezuela without arbitration . U.S. President , Theodore Roosevelt , forced the blockading nations to back down by sending his own larger fleet under Admiral George Dewey and threatening war if the Germans landed . With Castro failing to back down , increased US and British pressure , and American press reaction to the affair , the blockading nations agreed to a compromise . However , the blockade remained during negotiations over the details of the compromise . The Washington Protocols agreement was signed on February 13 , 1903 . The agreement lifted the blockade and obligated Venezuela commit 30 % of its customs duties to settling claims . When the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague subsequently awarded preferential treatment to the blockading powers against the claims of other nations , the US feared this would encourage future European intervention . This incident was a major driver of the Roosevelt Corollary and the subsequent U.S. Big Stick policy and Dollar Diplomacy in Latin America . The Platt Amendment ( edit ) On March 2 , 1901 , the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill . It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish -- American War and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions . The amendment defined the terms of Cuban and U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal , with U.S. dominance over Cuba . On December 25 , 1901 , Cuba amended its constitution to contain the text of the Platt Amendment . On May 22 , 1903 , Cuba entered into a treaty with the United States to allow the United States to intervene unilaterally in Cuban affairs and a pledge to lease land to the United States for naval bases on the island as Guantanamo . The Panama Canal ( edit ) Further information : History of the Panama Canal 1903 cartoon : `` Go Away , Little Man , and Do n't Bother Me '' . President Roosevelt intimidating Colombia to acquire the Canal Zone . Theodore Roosevelt , who became President of the United States in 1901 , believed that a U.S. - controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest to the United States . This idea gained wide impetus following the destruction of the battleship USS Maine in Cuba on February 15 , 1898 . The USS Oregon , a battleship stationed in San Francisco , was dispatched to take her place , but the voyage -- around Cape Horn -- took 67 days . Although she was in time to join in the Battle of Santiago Bay , the voyage would have taken just three weeks via Panama . A voyage through a canal in Panama or Nicaragua would have reduced travel time by 60 - 65 % and shortened the travel to 20 -- 25 days . Roosevelt was able to reverse a previous decision by the Walker Commission in favour of a Nicaragua Canal and pushed through the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort . Panama was then part of Colombia , so Roosevelt opened negotiations with the Colombians to obtain the necessary permission . In early 1903 , he Hay -- Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations , but the Colombian Senate failed to ratify the treaty . Controversially , Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted , the U.S. Navy would assist their cause for independence . Panama proceeded to proclaim its independence on November 3 , 1903 and the USS Nashville in local waters impeded any interference from Colombia . The Panama Canal Zone -- which was established on shaky legal grounds and cut the country of Panama in half -- led to incidents such as Martyrs ' Day and the United States invasion of Panama . The victorious Panamanians returned the favor to Roosevelt by allowing the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23 , 1904 , for US $10,000,000 ( as provided in the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty , signed on November 18 , 1903 ) . The Roosevelt Corollary and Venezuelan economic issues ( edit ) When the Venezuelan government , under Cipriano Castro was no longer able to placate the demands of European bankers in 1902 , naval forces from Britain , Italy , and Germany erected a blockade along the Venezuelan coast and even fired upon coastal fortifications . The U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt 's concern with the threat of penetration into the region by Germany and the increasingly negative British and American press reactions to the affair led to the blockading nations agreement to a compromise . The blockade was maintained during negotiations over the details of refinacial the debt on Washington Protocols . The U.S. president then formulated the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine , in December 1904 , which asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American nations ' affairs . In its altered state , the Monroe Doctrine would now consider Latin America as an agency for expanding U.S. commercial interests in the region , along with its original stated purpose of keeping European hegemony from the hemisphere . In addition , the corollary proclaimed the explicit right of the United States to intervene in Latin American conflicts exercising an international police power . Roosevelt first used the Corollary to act in the Dominican Republic in 1904 , which at the time was severely indebted and becoming a failed state . The dollar diplomacy ( edit ) From 1909 to 1913 , President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox followed a foreign policy characterized as `` dollar diplomacy . '' Taft shared the view held by Knox ( a corporate lawyer who had founded the giant conglomerate U.S. Steel ) that the goal of diplomacy should be to create stability abroad and , through this stability , promote American commercial interests . Knox felt that not only was the goal of diplomacy to improve financial opportunities , but also to use private capital to further U.S. interests overseas . `` Dollar diplomacy '' was evident in extensive U.S. interventions in Cuba , Central America and Venezuela , especially in measures undertaken by the United States government to safeguard American financial interests in the region . During the presidency of Juan Vicente Gómez , Venezuela provided a very favorable atmosphere for USA activities at that time petroleum was discovered under Lake Maracaibo basin in 1914 . Gómez managed to deflate Venezuela 's staggering debt by granting concessions to foreign oil companies , which won him the support of the United States and the European powers . The growth of the domestic oil industry strengthened the economic ties between the U.S. and Venezuela . In spite of successes , `` dollar diplomacy '' failed to counteract economic instability and the tide of revolution in places like Mexico , the Dominican Republic , Nicaragua and China . The Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 1920 ) ( edit ) 1917 political cartoon about the Zimmermann Telegram published in the Dallas Morning News Main article : United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution The United States appears to have pursued an inconsistent policy toward Mexico during the Mexican Revolution , but in fact it was the pattern for U.S. diplomacy . `` Every victorious faction between 1910 and 1919 enjoyed the sympathy , and in most cases the direct support of U.S. authorities in its struggle for power . In each case , the administration in Washington soon turned on its new friends with the same vehemence it had initially expressed in supporting them . '' The U.S. turned against the regimes it helped install when they began pursuing policies counter to U.S. diplomatic and business interests . The U.S. sent troops to the border with Mexico when it became clear in March 1911 that the regime of Porfirio Díaz could not control revolutionary violence . Díaz resigned , opening the way for free elections that brought Francisco I. Madero to the presidency in November 1911 . The U.S. Ambassador to Mexico , Henry Lane Wilson , conspired with opposition forces to topple Madero 's regime in February 1913 , during what is known as the Ten Tragic Days . The U.S. intervened in Mexico twice under the Presidency of Woodrow Wilson . The first time was the United States occupation of Veracruz by the Navy in 1914 . The second time , the U.S. mounted a punitive operation in northern Mexico in the Pancho Villa Expedition , aimed at capturing the northern revolutionary who had attacked Columbus , New Mexico . Banana Wars ( edit ) Further information : Banana Wars William Allen Rogers 's 1904 cartoon recreates the Big Stick ideology as an episode in Gulliver 's Travels US Marines with the captured flag of Augusto César Sandino in Nicaragua in 1932 . At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century , the US carried on several military interventions under principles of Big Stick policy in what became known as the Banana Wars . The term arose from the connections between the interventions and the preservation of US commercial interests . An example is the United Fruit corporation , which had significant financial stakes in production of bananas , tobacco , sugar cane , and various other agricultural products throughout the Caribbean , Central America and the northern portions of South America . US citizens advocating imperialism in the pre -- World War I era often argued that these conflicts helped central and South Americans by aiding in stability . Some imperialists argued that these limited interventions did not serve US interests sufficiently and argued for expanded actions in the region . Anti-imperialists argued that these actions were a first step down a slippery slope towards US colonialism in the region . Some modern observers have argued that if World War I had not lessened American enthusiasm for international activity these interventions might have led to the formation of an expanded U.S. colonial empire , with Central American states either annexed into Statehood like Hawaii or becoming American territories , like the Philippines , Puerto Rico and Guam . However , this view heavily disputed , especially as , after a decrease in activity during and after World War I , the U.S. government intervened again in the 1920s while again stating that no colonial ambitions were held . The Banana Wars ended with the 1933 Good Neighbor Policy of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ; no official American colonies had been created . The countries involved in the Banana Wars include : Cuba -- Sometimes not counted among the banana wars , as the Platt Amendment granted the United States the right to militarily intervene on any occasion in which Cuba 's independence was threatened US Occupation of the Dominican Republic Honduras Haiti ( see United States occupation of Haiti ) Nicaragua ( see United States occupation of Nicaragua ) Colombian banana massacre Panama Though many other countries in the region may have been influenced or dominated by American banana or other companies , there is no history of U.S. military intervention during this period in those countries . 1930s ( edit ) The Great Depression made overseas military expeditions too costly for the U.S. In January 1931 , Henry Stimson , then Secretary of State , announced that all U.S. soldiers in Nicaragua would be withdrawn following the 1932 election in the country . The Good Neighbor policy was the foreign policy of the new administration of United States , President Franklin Roosevelt , toward the countries of Latin America . The United States wished to have good relations with its neighbors , especially at a time when conflicts were beginning to rise once again and this policy was more or less intended to garner Latin American support . Giving up unpopular military intervention , the United States shifted to other methods to maintain its influence in Latin America : Pan-Americanism . Pan Americanism supports for strong local leaders , the training of national guards , economic and cultural penetration , Export - Import Bank loans , financial supervision , and political subversion . The Good Neighbor Policy meant that the United States would keep its eye on Latin America in a more peaceful tone . On March 4 , 1933 , Roosevelt stated during his inaugural address that : `` In the field of world policy I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the good neighbor -- the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and , because he does so , respects the rights of others . '' This position was affirmed by Cordell Hull , Roosevelt 's Secretary of State , at a conference of American states in Montevideo in December 1933 Hull endorsed the resolution , `` No country has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another . '' In December 1933 Roosevelt stated , `` The definite policy of the United States from now on is one opposed to armed intervention . '' World War II ( edit ) Further information : Latin America during World War II President Roosevelt 's policy after 1939 was to pay special attention to Latin America , to fend off German influence , to build a united front on behalf of the war effort , and then to win support the United Nations . Only Brazil sent large units to the war fronts . British intelligence knew about Roosevelt 's fears and exploited them in 1941 by producing a fake map that indicated German plans for taking over South America . Roosevelt 's appointment of young Nelson Rockefeller to head the new , well - funded Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs provided energetic leadership ; in practice Rockefeller reported to Roosevelt and largely ignored the State Department . Anti-fascist propaganda was a major project across Latin America , and was run by Rockefeller 's office . It spent millions on radio broadcasts and motion pictures , hoping to reach a large audience . Madison Avenue techniques generated a push back in Mexico , especially , where well - informed locals resisted heavy - handed American influence . Nevertheless , Mexico was a valuable ally in the war . A deal was reached whereby 250,000 Mexican citizens living in the United States served in the American forces ; over 1000 were killed in combat . In addition to propaganda , large sums were allocated for economic support and development . On the whole the Roosevelt policy was a political success , except in Argentina , which tolerated German influence , and refused to follow Washington 's lead until the war was practically over . Expulsion of Germans ( edit ) Further information : Internment of German Americans § Deportation of Germans from Latin America After the United States declared war on Germany in December 1941 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation drafted a list of Germans in fifteen Latin American countries it suspected of subversive activities and demanded their eviction to the U.S. for detention . In response , several countries expelled a total of 4,058 Germans to the U.S. Some 10 % to 15 % of them were Nazi party members , including some dozen recruiters for the Nazis ' overseas arm and eight people suspected of espionage . Also among them were 81 Jewish Germans who had only recently fled persecution in Nazi Germany . The bulk were ordinary Germans who were residents in the Latin American states for years or decades . Some were expelled because corrupt Latin American officials took the opportunity to seize their property or ordinary Latin Americans were after the financial reward that U.S. intelligence paid informants . Argentina , Brazil , Chile and Mexico did not participate in the U.S. expulsion program . 1940s -- 1960s : the Cold War and the `` hemispheric defense '' Doctrine ( edit ) Further information : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) `` Most Latin Americans have seen their neighbor to the north ( the United States ) growing richer ; they have seen the elite elements in their own societies growing richer -- but the man in the street or on the land in Latin America today still lives the hand - to - mouth existence of his great , great grandfather ... They are less and less happy with situations in which , to cite one example , 40 percent of the land is owned by 1 percent of the people , and in which , typically , a very thin upper crust lives in grandeur while most others live in squalor . '' -- U.S. Senator J. William Fulbright , in a speech to Congress on United States policy in Latin America Officially started in 1947 with the Truman doctrine theorizing the `` containment '' policy , the Cold War had important consequences in Latin America . Latin America was considered by the United States to be a full part of the Western Bloc , called `` free world '' , in contrast with the Eastern Bloc , a division born with the end of World War II and the Yalta Conference held in February 1945 . It `` must be the policy of the United States '' , Truman declared , `` to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures . '' Truman rallied to spend $400.000. 000 to intervene in the Greek civil war , while the CIA ( created by the National Security Act of 1947 ) intervention in Greece was its first act in its infancy . By aiding Greece , Truman set a precedent for U.S. aid to regimes , no matter how repressive and corrupt , that requested help to fight communists . Washington began to sign a series of defense treaties with countries all over the world , including the North Atlantic Treaty of 1949 , which created NATO , and the ANZUS in 1951 with Australia and New Zealand . Moscow response to NATO and to the Marshall Plan in Europe included the creation of the COMECON economic treaty and the Warsaw Pact defense alliance , gathering Eastern Europe countries which had fallen under its sphere of influence . After the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union , the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) was one of the first conflicts of the Cold War , while the US succeeded France in the counter-revolutionary war against Viet - minh in Indochina . In Latin America itself , the US defense treaty was the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance ( aka Rio Treaty or TIAR ) of 1947 , known as the `` hemispheric defense '' treaty . It was the formalization of the Act of Chapultepec , adopted at the Inter-American Conference on the Problems of War and Peace in 1945 in Mexico City . The US had maintained a hemispheric defense policy under the Monroe Doctrine and , during the 1930s , had been alarmed by Axis overtures toward military cooperation with Latin American governments , in particular apparent strategic threats against the Panama Canal . During the war , Washington had been able to secure Allied support from all individual governments except Uruguay , which remained neutral , and wished to make those commitments permanent . With the exceptions of Trinidad and Tobago ( 1967 ) , Belize ( 1981 ) and the Bahamas ( 1982 ) , no countries that became independent after 1947 have joined the treaty . In April 1948 , the Organization of American States ( OAS ) was created during the Ninth International Conference of American States held in Bogotá and led by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall . Member states pledged to fight communism on the American continent . Twenty - one American countries signed the Charter of the Organization of American States on April 30 , 1948 . Operation PBSUCCESS , which overthrew the democratically - elected President of Guatemala , ( Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán ) in 1954 , was to be one of the first in a long series of US interventions in Latin America during the Cold War . It immediately followed the overthrow of Mossadegh in Iran ( 1953 ) . Also , the Inter-American Development Bank was established in 1959 . 1960s : the Cuban Revolution and the US response ( edit ) `` The slogan ' we will not allow another Cuba ' hides the possibility of perpetrating aggressions without fear of reprisal , such as the one carried out against the Dominican Republic or before that the massacre in Panama -- and the clear warning stating that Yankee troops are ready to intervene anywhere in America where the ruling regime may be altered , thus endangering their interests . '' -- Che Guevara , April 16 , 1967 Fidel Castro during a visit to Washington , D.C. , shortly after the Cuban Revolution in 1959 The 1959 Cuban Revolution , headed by Fidel Castro , was one of the first defeats of the US foreign policy in Latin America . In 1961 , Cuba became a member of the newly created Non-Aligned Movement , which succeeded the 1955 Bandung Conference . After the implementation of several economic reforms , including complete nationalizations by Cuba 's government , US trade restrictions on Cuba increased . The U.S. halted Cuban sugar imports , on which Cuba 's economy depended the most . Additionally , the U.S. refused to supply its former trading partner with much needed oil , creating a devastating effect on the island 's economy . In March 1960 , tensions increased when the freighter La Coubre exploded in Havana harbor , killing over 75 people . Fidel Castro blamed the United States and compared the incident to the 1898 sinking of the USS Maine , which had precipitated the Spanish -- American War ; he could provide no evidence for his accusation . That same month , President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the CIA to organize , train and equip Cuban refugees as a guerrilla force to overthrow Castro , which would lead to the failed 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion authorized by president John F. Kennedy . Every time the Cuban government nationalized US properties , the US government took countermeasures , resulting in the prohibition of all exports to Cuba on October 19 , 1960 . Consequently , Cuba began to consolidate trade relations with the Soviet Union , leading the US to break off all remaining official diplomatic relations . Later that year , U.S. diplomats Edwin L. Sweet and Wiliam G. Friedman were arrested and expelled from the island , having been charged with `` encouraging terrorist acts , granting asylum , financing subversive publications and smuggling weapons '' . The U.S. began the formulation of new plans aimed at destabilizing the Cuban government , collectively known as `` The Cuban Project '' ( aka Operation Mongoose ) . This was to be a co-ordinated program of political , psychological and military sabotage , involving intelligence operations as well as assassination attempts on key political leaders . The Cuban project also proposed false flag attacks , known as Operation Northwoods . A U.S. Senate Select Intelligence Committee report later confirmed over eight attempted plots to kill Castro between 1960 and 1965 , as well as additional plans against other Cuban leaders . `` We ( the U.S. ) have not only supported a dictatorship in Cuba -- we have propped up dictators in Venezuela , Argentina , Colombia , Paraguay and the Dominican Republic . We not only ignored poverty and distress in Cuba -- we have failed in the past eight years to relieve poverty and distress throughout the hemisphere . '' -- President John F. Kennedy , October 6 , 1960 Besides this aggressive policy towards Cuba , John F. Kennedy tried to implement the Alliance for Progress , an economic aid program which proved to be too shy signed at an inter-American conference at Punta del Este , Uruguay , in August 1961 . Romulo Betancourt 's inaugural address in 1959 In Venezuela , president Rómulo Betancourt faced determined opposition from extremists and rebellious army units , yet he continued to push for economic and educational reform . A fraction split from the government party , Democratic Action , and formed the Revolutionary Left Movement ( MIR ) . When leftists were involved in unsuccessful revolts at navy bases ( El Barcelonazo , El Carupanazo , El Porteñazo ) , Betancourt suspended civil liberties in 1962 . Elements of the left parties then formed the Armed Forces for National Liberation ( FALN ) , a communist guerrilla army , to overthrow Betancourt democratic regime . This drove the leftists underground , where they engaged in rural and urban guerrilla activities , including sabotaging oil pipelines , bombing a Sears Roebuck warehouse , kidnapping American Colonel Michael Smolen , seizing soccer star Alfredo Di Stefano , and bombing the United States Embassy in Caracas . FALN failed to rally the rural poor and to disrupt the December 1963 presidentials elections . After numerous attacks , he finally arrested the MIR and Communist Party of Venezuela ( PCV ) members of Congress . It became clear that Fidel Castro had been arming the rebels , so Venezuela protested to the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . At the same time , the U.S. suspended economic and / or broke off diplomatic relations with several dictatorships between 1961 and JFK 's assassination in 1963 , including Argentina , the Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Guatemala , Honduras and Peru . However , these suspensions were imposed only temporarily , for periods of only three weeks to six months . However , the US finally decided it best to train Latin American militaries in counter-insurgency tactics at the School of the Americas . In effect , the Alliance for Progress included U.S. programs of military and police assistance to counter Communism , including Plan LAZO in Colombia from 1959 to 1964 . The nuclear arms race brought the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war . In 1962 , President John F. Kennedy responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade -- a show of force that brought the world close to nuclear war . The Cuban Missile Crisis showed that neither superpower was ready to use nuclear weapons for fear of the other 's retaliation , and thus of mutually assured destruction . The aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis led to the first efforts toward nuclear disarmament and improving relations . ( Palmowski ) By 1964 , under President Johnson , the program to discriminate against dictatorial regimes ceased . In March 1964 , the US supported a military coup in Brazil , overthrowing left - wing president , João Goulart , and was prepared to help if called upon under Operation Brother Sam . In 1965 , the US dispatched 24,000 soldiers to the Dominican Republic to prevent a possible left - wing take over under Operation Power Pack . Earlier the OAS issued a resolution calling the combatants to end all hostilities . On May 5 , the OAS Peace Committee arrived in Santo Domingo and a second definite cease fire agreement was signed , ending the main phase of the civil war . Under the Act of Santo Domingo , OAS was tasked with overseeing the implementation of the peace deal as well as distributing food and medication through the capital . The treaties failed to fully prevent violations such as small scale firefights and sniper fire . A day later , OAS members established the Inter-American Peace Force ( IAPF ) with the goal of serving as a peacekeeping formation in the Dominican Republic . IAPF consisted of 1,748 Brazilian , Paraguayan , Nicaraguan , Costa Rican , Salvadoran and Honduran troops and was headed by Brazilian general Hugo Panasco Alvim , with Bruce Palmer serving as his deputy commander . On May 26 , U.S. forces began gradually withdrawing from the island . The first post war elections were held on July 1 , 1966 , pitting Reformist Party candidate , Joaquín Balaguer , against former president Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño . Balaguer emerged victorious in the elections , after building his campaign on promises of reconciliation . On September 21 , 1966 , the last OAS peacekeepers withdrew from the island , ending the foreign intervention in the conflict . Through the Office of Public Safety , an organization dependent of the USAID and close to the CIA , the US assisted Latin American security forces , training them in interrogation methods , riot control , and sending them equipment . Dan Mitrione , in Uruguay , and Luis Posada Carriles , in Venezuela , became infamous for his systematic use of torture . 1970s ( edit ) Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1976 Following the 1959 Cuban Revolution and the local implementation in several countries of Che Guevara 's foco theory , the US waged a war in South America against what it called `` Communist subversives '' , leading to support of coups against democratically elected presidents such as the backing of the Chilean right wing , which would culminate with Augusto Pinochet 's 1973 Chilean coup against democratically - elected Salvador Allende . By 1976 , all of South America was covered by similar military dictatorships , called juntas . In Paraguay , Alfredo Stroessner had been in power since 1954 ; in Brazil , left - wing President João Goulart was overthrown by a military coup in 1964 with the assistance of the US in what was known as Operation Brother Sam ; in Bolivia , General Hugo Banzer overthrew leftist General Juan José Torres in 1971 ; in Uruguay , considered the `` Switzerland '' of South America , Juan María Bordaberry seized power in the 27 June 1973 coup . In Peru , leftist General Velasco Alvarado in power since 1968 , planned to use the recently empowered Peruvian military to overwhelm Chilean armed forces in a planned invasion of Pinochetist Chile . A `` Dirty War '' was waged all over the subcontinent , culminating with Operation Condor , an agreement between security services of the Southern Cone and other South American countries to repress and assassinate political opponents , which was backed by the US government . The armed forces also took power in Argentina in 1976 , and then supported the 1980 `` Cocaine Coup '' of Luis García Meza Tejada in Bolivia , before training the `` Contras '' in Nicaragua , where the Sandinista National Liberation Front , headed by Daniel Ortega , had taken power in 1979 , as well as militaries in Guatemala and in El Salvador . In the frame of Operation Charly , supported by the US , the Argentine military exported state terror tactics to Central America , where the `` dirty war '' was waged until well into the 1990s , making hundreds of thousands `` disappeared '' . With the election of President Jimmy Carter in 1977 , the US moderated for a short time its support to authoritarian regimes in Latin America . It was during that year that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights , an agency of the OAS , was created . At the same time , voices in the US began to denounce Pinochet 's violation of human rights , in particular after the 1976 assassination of former Chilean minister Orlando Letelier in Washington D.C. 1980s -- 1990s : democratization and the Washington Consensus ( edit ) The inauguration of Ronald Reagan in 1981 meant a renewed support for right - wing authoritarian regimes in Latin America . In the 1980s , the situation progressively evolved in the world as in South America , despite a renewal of the Cold War from 1979 to 1985 , the year during which Mikhail Gorbachev replaced Konstantin Chernenko as leader of the USSR , and began to implement the glasnost and the perestroika democratic - inspired reforms . South America saw various states returning progressively to democracy . This democratization of South America found a symbol in the OAS ' adoption of Resolution 1080 in 1991 , which requires the Secretary General to convene the Permanent Council within ten days of a coup d'état in any member country . However , at the same time , Washington started to aggressively pursue the `` War on Drugs '' , which included the invasion of Panama in 1989 to overthrow Manuel Noriega , who had been a long - time ally of the US and had even worked for the CIA before his reign as leader of the country . The `` War on Drugs '' was later expanded through Plan Colombia in the late 1990s and the Mérida Initiative in Mexico and central america . The U.S. - supported Contra rebels marching through Jinotega in 1985 The 1982 Malvinas / Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom saw two close American allies engage in a military conflict with each other . While the United States was officially neutral in the conflict , allegations that Reagan provided intelligence to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during the war had a key role in the change of relations between Washington and Buenos Aires , as the military government had been actively helping Reagan . The Argentine intelligence service was training and arming the Nicaraguan Contras against the Sandinista government ( Operation Charly ) . The 601 Intelligence Battalion , for example , trained Contras at Lepaterique base in Honduras , under the supervision of US ambassador John Negroponte . While the US were fighting against Nicaragua , leading to the 1986 Nicaragua v. United States case before the International Court of Justice , Washington , D.C. supported authoritarian regimes in Guatemala and Salvador . The support to General Ríos Montt during the Guatemalan Civil War and the alliance with José Napoleón Duarte during the Salvadoran Civil War were legitimized by the Reagan administration as full part of the Cold War , although other allies strongly criticized this assistance to dictatorships ( i.e. , the French Socialist Party 's 110 Propositions ) . Due to the covert US support allegedly given , without mediation , to the United Kingdom during the Malvinas / Falklands war in 1982 , a deep weakening of hemispheric relations occurred . In Brazil , this was taken by the academic establishment as a clear example of how the Hemispheric relations worked , leading to new perspectives in matters of foreign policy and international relations by the Brazilian establishment . Some of these academics , in fact , argue that this definitively turned the TIAR into a dead letter and the Mexican government withdrew from the treaty in 2001 citing the Falklands example , though notably Argentina itself is still a TIAR member . In 2001 , the United States invoked the Rio Treaty ( TIAR ) after the 11 September attacks , but only a few Latin American democracies would join the Coalition of the Willing during the 2003 Iraq War . On the economic plane , hardly affected by the 1973 oil crisis , the refusal of Mexico in 1983 to pay the interest of its debt led to the Latin American debt crisis and subsequently to a shift from the Import substitution industrialization policies followed by most countries to export - oriented industrialization , which was encouraged by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , the World Bank and the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) . While globalization was making its effects felt in the whole world , the 1990s were dominated by the Washington Consensus , which imposed a series of neo-liberal economic reforms in Latin America . The First Summit of the Americas , held in Miami in 1994 , resolved to establish a Free Trade Area of the Americas ( ALCA , Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas ) by 2005 . The ALCA was supposed to be the generalization of the North American Free Trade Agreement between Canada , the US and Mexico , which came into force in 1994 . Opposition to both NAFTA and ALCA was symbolized during this time by the Zapatista Army of National Liberation insurrection , headed by Subcomandante Marcos , which became active on the day that NAFTA went into force ( 1 January 1994 ) and declared itself to be in explicit opposition to the ideology of globalization or neoliberalism , which NAFTA symbolized . 2000s : pink tide ( edit ) Chávez visiting the USS Yorktown , a US Navy ship docked at Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles , in 2002 The political context evolved again in the 2000s , with the election in several South American countries of socialist governments . This `` pink tide '' thus saw the successive elections of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela ( 1998 ) , Lula in Brazil ( 2002 ) , Néstor Kirchner in Argentina ( 2003 ) , Tabaré Vázquez in Uruguay ( 2004 ) , Evo Morales in Bolivia ( 2005 ) ( re-elected with 64.22 % of the vote in Bolivian general election , 2009 ) , Michelle Bachelet in Chile ( 2006 ) , Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua ( 2006 ) , Rafael Correa in Ecuador ( 2007 ) , Fernando Lugo in Paraguay ( August 15 , 2008 ) , José Mujica in Uruguayan general election , 2009 , Ollanta Humala in Peru ( June 5 , 2011 ) and most recently Luis Guillermo Solís in Costa Rica ( 2014 ) . Although these leaders vary in their policies and attitude towards both Washington , D.C. and neoliberalism , while the states they govern also have different agendas and long - term historic tendencies , which can lead to rivalry and open contempt between themselves , they seem to have agreed on refusing the ALCA and on following a regional integration without the United States ' overseeing the process . In particular , Chávez and Morales seem more disposed to ally together , while Kirchner and Lula , who has been criticized by the left - wing in Brazil , including by the Movimento dos Sem Terra ( MST ) landless peasants movement ( who , however , did call to vote for him on his second term ) , are seen as more centered . The state of Bolivia also has seen some friction with Brazil , as well as Chile . Thus , Nouriel Roubini , professor of economics at New York University , declared in a May 2006 interview : `` On one side , you have a number of administrations that are committed to moderate economic reform . On the other , you 've had something of a backlash against the Washington Consensus ( a set of liberal economic policies that Washington - based institutions urged Latin American countries to follow , including privatization , trade liberalization and fiscal discipline ) and some emergence of populist leaders '' In the same way , although a leader such as Chávez verbally attacked the George W. Bush administration as much as the latter attacked him , and claimed to be following a democratic socialist Bolivarian Revolution , the geo - political context has changed a lot since the 1970s . Larry Birns , director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs , thus stated : `` La Paz has found itself at the economic and political nexus of the pink tide , linked by ideology to Caracas , but economically bound to Brasilia and Buenos Aires . One thing that Morales knew , however , was that he could n't repudiate his campaign pledges to the electorate or deprive Bolivia of the revenue that is so urgently needed . One sign of the US setback in the region has been the OEA 2005 Secretary General election . For the first time in the OEA 's history , Washington 's candidate was refused by the majority of countries , after two stalemates between José Miguel Insulza , member of the Socialist Party of Chile and former Interior Minister of the latter country , and Luis Ernesto Derbez , member of the conservative National Action Party ( PAN ) and former Foreign Minister of Mexico . Derbez was explicitly supported by the US , Canada , Mexico , Belize , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Bolivia ( then presided by Carlos Mesa ) , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Honduras and Nicaragua , while Chilean minister José Insulza was supported by all the Southern Cone countries , as well as Brazil , Ecuador , Venezuela and the Dominican Republic . José Insulza was finally elected at the third turn , and took office on 26 May 2005 Free trade and others regional integration ( edit ) Momentum for the Free Trade Area of the Americas ( ALCA ) was lost after the 2005 Mar del Plata Summit of the Americas , which saw strong protests against the proposal from members of the Anti-Globalization Movement from across the continent , however free trade agreements were not abandoned . Regional economic integration under the sign of neoliberalism continued : Under the Bush administration , the United States , which had signed two free - trade agreements with Latin American countries , signed eight further agreements , reaching a total of ten such bilateral agreements ( including the United States - Chile Free Trade Agreement in 2003 , the Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement in 2006 , etc . ) . Three others , including the Peru - United States Free Trade Agreement signed in 2006 , are awaiting for ratification by the US Congress . The Cuzco Declaration , signed a few weeks before at the Third South American Summit , announced the foundation of the Union of South American Nations ( Unasul - Unasur ) grouping Mercosul countries and the Andean Community and which as the aim of eliminating tariffs for non-sensitive products by 2014 and sensitive products by 2019 . On the other hand , the CAFTA - DR free - trade agreement ( Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ) was ratified by all countries except Costa Rica . The president of the latter country , Óscar Arias , member of the National Liberation Party and elected in February 2006 , pronounced himself in favor of the agreement . Costa Rica then held a national referendum in which the population voted to approve CAFTA , which was then done by the parliament . Canada , which also has a free - trade agreement with Costa Rica , has also been negotiating such an agreement with Central American country , named Canada Central American Free Trade Agreement . Reformist Luis Guillermo Solís of the Citizens Action Party was elected in 2014 . Solís belongs to a moderate Progressive party and had no link with the far - left , and also kept a friendly relationship with the USA , nevertheless his victory was also attributed to a general contempt toward Washington - endorsed neoliberal policies ( Solís , for example , was a staunch opponent of CAFTA ) . During his presidency Solís established close relationships with some Progressive governments of South America , to the point of leaving the United Nation 's chambers during Michel Temer 's speech in protest for Rousseff 's impeachment in September 2016 . On the other hand , the Costa Rican Foreign Ministry has condemned Venezuela 's government accusing it of being authoritarian and anti-democratic . Mercosur , the trade agreement between Argentina , Brazil , Paraguay and Uruguay ( with Venezuela currently suspended ) is also in negotiations to sign a wider free - trade agreement with the European Union , following the signing of similar agreements with the Andean Community , Israel and Egypt in August 2010 , among others . These negotiations between Mercosur and the EU are advancing rapidly again after stalling during the 2000s . On the other hand , a number of Latin American countries located in the Pacific such as Chile , Mexico and Peru have signed the Trans - Pacific Partnership with Australia , Brunei , Canada , Japan , Malaysia , New Zealand , Singapore and Vietnam . The agreement , originally signed on 4 February 2016 , is being renegotiated after the United States withdrew . The eleven remaining members reached a partial agreement on 11 November 2017 . Bilateral investment treaties ( edit ) Further information : Bilateral investment treaty Apart from binational free - trade agreements , the US has also signed a number of bilateral investment treaties ( BIT ) with Latin American countries , establishing the conditions of foreign direct investment . These treaties include `` fair and equitable treatment '' , protection from expropriation , free transfer of means and full protection and security . Critics point out that US negotiators can control the pace , content and direction of bilateral negotiations with individual countries more easily than they can with larger negotiating frameworks . In case of a disagreement between a multinational firm and a state over some kind of investment made in a Latin American country , the firm may depose a lawsuit before the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( International Center for the Resolution of Investment Disputes ) , which is an international court depending on the World Bank . Such a lawsuit was deposed by the US - based multinational firm Bechtel following its expulsion from Bolivia during the Cochabamba protests of 2000 . Local population had demonstrated against the privatization of the water company , requested by the World Bank , after poor management of the water by Bechtel . Thereafter , Bechtel requested $50 millions from the Bolivian state in reparation . However , the firm finally decided to drop the case in 2006 after an international protest campaign . Such BIT were passed between the US and numerous countries ( the given date is not of signature but of entrance in force of the treaty ) : Argentina ( 1994 ) , Bolivia ( 2001 ) , Ecuador ( 1997 ) , Grenada ( 1989 ) , Honduras ( 2001 ) , Jamaica ( 1997 ) , Panama ( 1991 , amended in 2001 ) , Trinidad and Tobago ( 1996 ) . Others where signed but not ratified : El Salvador ( 1999 ) , Haiti ( 1983 -- one of the earliest , preceded by Panama ) , Nicaragua ( 1995 ) . The ALBA ( edit ) Manuel Santos , Hillary Clinton , Sebastián Piñera and Hugo Chávez meeting on 1 January 2011 , Brasília Main article : Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas In reply to the ALCA , Chavez initiated the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) . Venezuela , Cuba and Bolivia signed the TCP ( or People 's Trade Agreement ) , while Venezuela , a main productor of natural gas and of petroleum ( it is member of the OPEC ) has signed treaties with Nicaragua , where Daniel Ortega , former leader of the Sandinistas , was elected in 2006 -- Ortega , however , cut down his anti-imperialist and socialist discourse , and is hotly controversial ; both on the right - wing and on the left - wing . Chávez also implemented the Petrocaribe alliance , signed by 12 of the 15 members of the Caribbean Community in 2005 . When Hurricane Katrina ravaged Florida and Louisiana , Chávez , who called the `` Yanqui Empire '' a `` paper tiger '' , even ironically proposed to provide `` oil - for - the - poor '' to the US after Hurricane Katrina the same year , through Citgo , a subsidiary of PDVSA the state - owned Venezuelan petroleum company , which has 14,000 gas stations and owns eight oil refineries in the US . The US military coalition in Iraq ( edit ) In June 2003 , some 1,200 troops from Dominican Republic , El Salvador , Honduras , and Nicaragua joined forces along with Spaniard forces ( 1,300 troops ) to form the Plus Ultra Brigade in Iraq . The Brigade was dissolved in April 2004 following the retirement of Spain from Iraq , and all Latin American nations , except El Salvador , withdrew their troops . In September 2005 , it was revealed that Triple Canopy , Inc. , a private military company present in Iraq , was training Latin American mercenaries in Lepaterique in Honduras . Lepaterique was a former training base for the Contras . 105 Chilean mercenaries were deported from the country . According to La Tribuna Honduran newspaper , in one day in November , Your Solutions shipped 108 Hondurans , 88 Chileans and 16 Nicaraguans to Iraq . Approximatively 700 Peruvians , 250 Chileans and 320 Hondurans work in Baghdad 's Green Zone for Triple Canopy , paid half price in comparison to North - American employees . The news also attracted attention in Chile , when it became known that retired military Marina Óscar Aspe worked for Triple Canopy . The latter had taken part to the assassination of Marcelo Barrios Andrade , a 21 - year - old member of the FPMR , who is on the list of victims of the Rettig Report -- while Marina Óscar Aspe is on the list of the 2001 Comisión Ética contra la Tortura ( 2001 Ethical Commission Against Torture ) . Triple Canopy also has a subsidiary in Peru . In July 2007 , Salvadoran president Antonio Saca reduced the number of deployed troops in Iraq from 380 , to 280 soldiers . Four Salvadoran soldiers died in different situations since deployment in 2003 , but on the bright side , more than 200 projects aimed to rebuild Iraq were completed . Bolivia 's nationalization of natural resources ( edit ) Further information : History of Bolivia 2003 Poster for a photo exhibition of the Bolivian Gas War , which lead to the resignation of US - supported president Gonzalo Sanchez de Losada and the subsequent election of Evo Morales , first Aymara president of Bolivia and opponent of US - sponsored coca eradication programs . The struggle for natural resources and the US defense of its commercial interests has not ceased since the zenith period of the banana republics supported by the US . The general context has changed significantly and each country 's approach has evolved accordingly . Thus , the Bolivian Gas War in 2003 -- 04 was sparked after projects by the Pacific LNG consortium to export natural gas -- Bolivia possessing the second largest natural gas reserves in South America after Venezuela -- to California ( Baja California and US California ) via Chile , resented in Bolivia since the War of the Pacific ( 1879 -- 1884 ) which deprived it of an access to the Pacific Ocean . The ALCA was also opposed during the demonstrations , headed by the Bolivian Workers ' Center and Felipe Quispe 's Indigenous Pachakuti Movement ( MIP ) . A proof of the new geopolitical context can be seen in Evo Morales ' announcement , in concordance with his electoral promises , of the nationalization of gas reserves , the second highest in South America after Venezuela . First of all , he carefully warned that they would not take the form of expropriations or confiscations , maybe fearing a violent response . The nationalizations , which , according to Vice President Álvaro García , are supposed to make the government 's energy - related revenue jump to $780 million in the following year , expanding nearly sixfold from 2002 , led to criticisms from Brazil , which Petrobras company is one of the largest foreign investors in Bolivia , controlling 14 percent of the country 's gas reserves . Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in South America and was heavily affected by protests in the 1980s -- 90s , largely due to the shock therapy enforced by previous governments , and also by resentment concerning the coca eradication program -- coca is a traditional plant for the Native Quechua and Aymara people , who use it for therapeutical ( against altitude sickness ) and cultural purposes . Thus , Brazil 's Energy Minister , Silas Rondeau , reacted to Morales ' announcement by condemning the move as `` unfriendly . '' According to Reuters , `` Bolivia 's actions echo what Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez , possibly Morales ' biggest ally , did in the world 's fifth - largest oil exporter with forced contract migrations and retroactive tax hikes -- conditions that major oil companies largely agreed to accept . '' The Bolivian gas company YPFB , privatized by former President Gonzalo Sanchez de Losada , was to pay foreign companies for their services , offering about 50 percent of the value of production , although the decree indicated that companies exploiting the country 's two largest gas fields would get just 18 percent . After initially hostile reactions , Repsol `` expressed its willingness to cooperate with the Bolivian government , '' while Petrobras retreated its call to cancel new investment in Bolivia . However , still according to Larry Birns , `` The nationalization 's high media profile could force the ( US ) State Department to take a tough approach to the region , even to the point of mobilizing the CIA and the U.S. military , but it is more likely to work its way by undermining the all - important chink in the armor -- the Latin American armed forces . '' Academic research ( edit ) There are two broad schools of thought on Latin America -- United States relations : The `` establishment '' school which sees US policy towards Latin America as an attempt to exclude extraterritorial rivals from the hemisphere as a way to defend the United States . This grouping of scholars generally sees the US presence in Latin America as beneficial for the region , as it has made warfare rare , led to the creation of multilateral institutions in the region and promoted democracy . The `` revisionist synthesis '' school of scholarship that emerged during the 1980s and 1990s and saw US policy towards Latin America as imperial . This grouping of scholars emphasizes the role of US business and government elites in shaping a foreign policy to economically dominate Latin America . See also ( edit ) American Empire Anti-American sentiment in Latin America Foreign relations of the United States List of United States military bases List of free trade agreements Organization of American States Anti Americanism United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Binational relationships ( edit ) Argentina -- United States relations Bolivia - United States relations Brazil -- United States relations Chile -- United States relations Colombia -- United States relations Costa Rica -- United States relations Cuba -- United States relations Dominican Republic - United States relations Ecuador -- United States relations Mexico -- United States relations Nicaragua -- United States relations Panama -- United States relations United States -- Venezuela relations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sometimes called the `` first Venezuelan crisis '' , the crisis of 1902 -- 03 being the second . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US - Latin America Relations Jump up ^ `` Latin America 's Left Turn '' . foreignaffairs.org . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of US Policy Towards South America and the President 's Upcoming Trip to the Region '' . 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Panama : A Country Study '' . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1987 . Jump up ^ M.M. McAllen , Maximilian and Carlota : Europe 's Last Empire in Mexico ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=y-7zk_kK9dgC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=James+G.+Blaine+Chile+England&source=bl&ots=1FAl8dgfGu&sig=oJk3NsGVWssa1sRqB9oeynDWC8Y&hl=en&ei=Rs5kSui-FYSksgO0-IRn&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) page 70 Jump up ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/war-of-the-pacific.htm Jump up ^ King ( 2007 : 249 ) Jump up ^ Graff , Henry F. , Grover Cleveland ( 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6923 - 2 . pp123 - 25 Jump up ^ Ferrell , Robert H. `` Monroe Doctrine '' . ap.grolier.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Hoganson , Kristin ( 2017 ) . American Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century . Boston , MA : Bedford / St. Marin 's . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 67705 - 3 -- via Open edition . Jump up ^ Mark Barnes ( 2010 ) . The Spanish -- American War and Philippine Insurrection , 1898 -- 1902 . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell , Yellow journalism : Puncturing the myths , defining the legacies ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beede 1994 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Pérez 1998 , p. 89 states : `` In the larger view , the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat . During three years of relentless war , the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines , bridges , and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications , making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces . ( The ) Cubans had , moreover , inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities , there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger . '' Jump up ^ `` Military Book Reviews '' . StrategyPage.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dyal , Carpenter & Thomas 1996 , pp. 108 -- 109 . Jump up ^ Benjamin R. Beede ( 2013 ) . The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions , 1898T1934 : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 289 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Official Declarations of War by Congress '' . senate.gov . June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1980 , p. 500 Jump up ^ Edmund Morris , `` ' A Matter Of Extreme Urgency ' Theodore Roosevelt , Wilhelm II , and the Venezuela Crisis of 1902 , '' Naval War College Review ( 2002 ) 55 # 2 pp 73 -- 85 Jump up ^ 1901 Platt Amendment commentary at the US Archives online Jump up ^ US archives online Archived April 23 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Date of ratification by Cuba ^ Jump up to : https://books.google.com/books?id=iKsRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=panama+canal+USS+Maine+sinks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjKqLOQhLTWAhWGdSYKHe_DDpAQ6wEIJzAA#v=onepage&q=panama%20canal%20USS%20Maine%20sinks&f=false Jump up ^ Shoultz , Lars . Beneath the United States pg. 166 -- 169 . The U.S. violated Colombian sovereignty in that they supported the secession of Panama through the use of the U.S. navy . Senator Edward Carmack was quoted as saying , `` There never was any real insurrection in Panama . To all intents and purposes ( sic ) there was but one man in that insurrection , and that man was the President of the United States . '' Jump up ^ Glickman , Robert Jay . Norteamérica vis - à - vis Hispanoamérica : ¿ oposición o asociación ? Toronto : Canadian Academy of the Arts , 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.adst.org/Readers/Venezuela.pdf Jump up ^ Friedrich Katz , The Secret War in Mexico : Europe , the United States , and the Mexican Revolution . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 1981 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Katz , Secret War in Mexico , p. 564 . Jump up ^ John Womack , Jr . `` The Mexican Revolution '' in Mexico Since Independence , ed . Leslie Bethell . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press 1991 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin Delano . `` First Inaugural Address . '' Washington , D.C. March 4 , 1933 Jump up ^ Martin Folly and Niall Palmer ( 2010 ) . The A to Z of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II . p. 312 . Jump up ^ Edgar B. Nixon , ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs : Volume I , 559 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Gerald K. Haines , `` Under the Eagle 's Wing : The Franklin Roosevelt Administration Forges an American Hemisphere . '' Diplomatic History 1 # 4 ( 1977 ) : 373 - 388 . online Jump up ^ Christopher Andrew et al. eds. ( 2009 ) . Secret Intelligence : A Reader . p. 118 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cary Reich , The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller : Worlds to Conquer , 1908 - 1958 ( 1996 ) pp 260 - 373 . Jump up ^ Kornel Chang , `` Muted reception : US propaganda and the construction of Mexican popular opinion during the Second World War . '' Diplomatic History 38.3 ( 2013 ) : 569 - 598 . Jump up ^ Lars Schoultz ( 2014 ) . National Security and United States Policy Toward Latin America . p. 175 . Jump up ^ Reich , pp 270 - 75 , 305 - 17 . Jump up ^ Randall B. Woods , `` Hull and Argentina : Wilsonian Diplomacy in the Age of Roosevelt '' Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 16 # 3 ( 1974 ) pp. 350 - 371 online Jump up ^ Adam , Thomas , ed. ( 2005 ) . Transatlantic relations series . Germany and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia . II . ABC - CLIO . pp. 181 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 628 - 0 . Jump up ^ Inter-American economic affairs Volumes 15 -- 16 , by Institute of Inter-American Studies in Washington , D.C. , Inter-American Affairs Press , 1975 Jump up ^ LaFeber , Walter . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 7th ed. ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Latin America and the United States : A Documentary History , by Robert H. Holden & Eric Zolov , Oxford University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 512994 - 6 Jump up ^ Fursenko and Naftali , The Cuban Missile Crisis . p40 -- 47 Jump up ^ Bay of Pigs Global Security.org Jump up ^ `` Castro marks Bay of Pigs victory '' BBC News Jump up ^ Interim Report : Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders Original document Jump up ^ `` Remarks of Senator John F. Kennedy at Democratic Dinner , Cincinnati , Ohio , October 6 , 1960 '' from the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Jump up ^ `` Cold War '' , Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Craig Calhoun , ed . Oxford University Press . 2002 . Jump up ^ Bell , P.M.H. ( 2001 ) . The World Since 1945 . Oxford University Press . 0340662360 . Jump up ^ Giancarlo Soler Torrijos ( 2008 ) . In the Shadow of the United States : Democracy and Regional Order in the Latin Caribbean . p. 71 . Jump up ^ According to the National Security Archive , the Argentine junta led by Jorge Rafael Videla , believed it had United States ' approval for its all - out assault on the left in the name of `` national security doctrine '' . The U.S. Embassy in Buenos Aires complained to Washington that the Argentine officers were `` euphoric '' over signals from high - ranking U.S. officials , including Secretary of State Henry Kissinger . See ARGENTINE MILITARY BELIEVED U.S. GAVE GO - AHEAD FOR DIRTY WAR , National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 73 -- Part II , CIA classified documents released in 2002 Jump up ^ `` Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad -- The Brazilian foreign policy and the hemispheric security '' . Socialsciences.scielo.org . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Correa highligts new socialism in Latin America '' . Cre.com.ec . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sao Paulo Journal ; Lula 's Progress : From Peasant Boy to President ? '' . New York Times . December 27 , 1993 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela championing a new socialist agenda '' . Findarticles.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina 's Néstor Kirchner : Peronism Without the Tears '' . Coha.org . January 27 , 2006 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Socialist takes oath as Uruguay president Archived January 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Neo-liberalism and the New Socialism -- speech by Alvaro Garcia Linera ( Vicepresident of Bolivia ) Jump up ^ Rohter , Larry ( March 11 , 2006 ) . `` Chile 's Socialist President Exits Enjoying Wide Respect '' . The New York Times . Chile . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Ortega -- the Sandinista is back as president of Nicaragua '' . Internationalanalyst.wordpress.com . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paraguay 's new president believes in God and 21st - Century Socialism '' . En.rian.ru. April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Aftermath of Bolivia 's Gas Golpe Archived December 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Larry Birns and Michael Lettieri , Political Affairs magazine , July 5 , 2006 Jump up ^ Interview with Geraldo Fontes of the MST , In Motion magazine , March 26 , 2005 Jump up ^ MST calls for Congress - Brazilian people alliance , Radiobras , June 23 , 2005 Jump up ^ Bolivia 's Nationalization of Oil and Gas Archived July 19 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , US Council on Foreign Relations , May 12 , 2006 Jump up ^ Le Figaro , March 8 , 2007 , George Bush défie Hugo Chavez sur son terran ( in French ) Jump up ^ Chacón , Anastasia ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Costa Rican delegation leaves UN General Assembly in presence of Michel Temer '' . The Caravel . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Joins Latin America Countries Strongly Condemn Venezuela Gvt . Violence '' . Q Costa Rica . 6 May 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica , Lima Group call for urgent audit of Venezuelan elections '' . Tico Times . October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eight Latin American nations condemn Venezuelan violence against civilians '' . Reuters . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mercosur signs first out of region trade accord with Israel '' . Mercopress . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Argentine Commerce Secretary ( in Spanish ) '' . August 2010 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` El Mercosur y la Unión Europea quedaron al borde de un acuerdo tras la ronda de Brasilia '' . November 2017 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Trump 's decision to kill TPP leaves door open for China '' . CNN . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trans - Pacific trade pact revived despite Trump withdrawal '' . 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latin America : Bilateral Trade Deals Favor U.S. Interests '' . Stratfor.com . November 12 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bechtel vs Bolivia Archived July 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Democracy Center , URL accessed on March 14 , 2007 Jump up ^ Chavez offers oil to Europe 's poor , The Observer , May 14 , 2006 Jump up ^ Chavez ' Surprise for Bush Archived November 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York Daily News , September 18 , 2005 , mirrored by Common Dreams ^ Jump up to : Capítulos desconocidos de los mercenarios chilenos en Honduras camino de Iraq Archived May 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , La Nación , September 25 , 2005 -- URL accessed on February 14 , 2007 ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Latin American mercenaries guarding Baghdad 's Green Zone , December 28 , 2005 Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Contingente IX con menos soldados a Iraq Archived October 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , La Prensa Grafica , July 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ The U.S. Department of State issued a statement on October 13 declaring its support for Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada , calling for `` Bolivia 's political leaders ( to ) publicly express their support for democratic and constitutional order . The international community and the United States will not tolerate any interruption of constitutional order and will not support any regime that results from undemocratic means . '' This statement followed the death of 60 Bolivians during the police and army repression , in particular in El Alto , the Aymara suburb of La Paz `` Call for Respect for Constitutional Order in Bolivia '' . US State Department . October 13 , 2003 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia 's military takes control of gas fields '' . Reuters . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bolivia gas under state control '' . BBC News . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ministro de Minas e Energia classifica decreto boliviano de `` inamistoso '' '' ( in Portuguese ) . Folha de S. Paulo . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Latin America Confronts the United States by Tom Long '' . Cambridge Core . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Bemis , Samuel Flagg . The Latin American policy of the United States ( 1943 ) online free Colby , Gerard . Thy Will Be Done : The Conquest of the Amazon : Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil ( 1995 ) . Colby , Jason M. `` Reagan and Central America . '' in Andrew L. Johns , ed . A Companion to Ronald Reagan ( 2015 ) : 411 - 433 . Dent , David W. , and Larman C. Wilson . Historical dictionary of Inter-American organizations ( Scarecrow Press , 2013 ) . Gilderhus , Mark T . The Second Century : U.S. - Latin American Relations Since 1889 ( 1999 ) Grenville , John A.S. and George Berkeley Young . Politics , Strategy , and American Diplomacy : Studies in Foreign Policy , 1873 - 1917 ( 1966 ) pp 74 - 178 , deals with Grover Cleveland , Benjamin Harrison , and the crises in Hawaii , Venezuela , and Cuba . Healy , David . James G. Blaine and Latin America ( U of Missouri Press , 2001 ( ) . on 1880s . Horwitz , Betty , and Bruce M. Bagley . Latin America and the Caribbean in the Global Context : Why Care about the Americas ? ( Routledge , 2016 ) . LaRosa , Michael J. and Frank O. Mora , eds . Neighborly Adversaries : Readings in U.S. -- Latin American Relations ( 2006 ) McPherson , Alan . `` Herbert Hoover , Occupation Withdrawal , and the Good Neighbor Policy . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 44.4 ( 2014 ) : 623 - 639 online . Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Nelly Maldonado Mellander ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) . The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . Menjivar , Cecilia , and Nestor Rodriguez , eds . When States Kill : Latin America , the U.S. , and Technologies of Terror , University of Texas Press , 2005 Reich , Cary . The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller : Worlds to Conquer , 1908 - 1958 ( 1996 ) pp 260 - 373 . Rivas , Darlene . `` United States -- Latin American Relations , 1942 -- 1960 . '' in Robert Schulzinger , ed. , A Companion to American Foreign Relations ( 2008 ) : 230 - 54 ; Historiography Rodríguez Hernández , Saúl , La influencia de los Estados Unidos en el Ejército Colombiano , 1951 -- 1959 , Medellín , La Carreta , 2006 , ISBN 958 - 97811 - 3 - 6 . Schmitt , Karl M. Mexico and the United States , 1821 - 1973 : Conflict and Coexistence ( 1974_ Smith , Peter H. Talons of the eagle : Dynamics of US - Latin American relations ( 1996 ) Weeks , Gregory B. US and Latin American relations ( 2015 ) . online review External links ( edit ) Latin America : Trouble at the U.S. Doorstep ? from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Tensions Rise in Latin America over US Military Plan to Use Three Bases in Colombia -- video by Democracy Now ! `` How Obama can Earn his Nobel Peace Prize '' by Ariel Dorfman , The Los Angeles Times United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations Foreign relations of the United States Bilateral relations Africa East Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Middle Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe North Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland West Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Ivory Coast The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Barbados Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Northern Bermuda Canada trade relations Mexico South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan Mongolia North Korea South Korea Taiwan South Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan ( military relations ) Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Myanmar Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Georgia Iran Iraq Israel military relations Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe East Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Slovakia Ukraine North Denmark Estonia Finland Iceland Ireland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden United Kingdom South Andorra Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Italy Kosovo Macedonia Malta Montenegro Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Vatican City West Austria Belgium France Germany Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Switzerland Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Former states Kingdom of Hawaii Republic of Texas Russian Empire Soviet Union Multilateral relations Arab League European Union Latin America United Nations Third Border Initiative International organizations Doctrines , policies , concepts Presidential doctrines Proclamation of Neutrality Monroe Roosevelt Corollary Good Neighbor policy Truman Eisenhower Kennedy Johnson Nixon Carter Reagan Clinton Bush Obama Other doctrines Lodge Corollary Stimson Kirkpatrick Weinberger Powell Rumsfeld Wolfowitz Policies and concepts Blowback Containment Domino theory Non-interventionism Progressive realism Rollback Special Relationship Taiwan Relations Act ( Taiwan Travel Act ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_America -- United_States_relations&oldid = 850159796 '' Categories : United States -- South American relations United States -- Central American relations United States -- Caribbean relations Latin America Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Articles with French - language external links Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Use mdy dates from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 01 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	timeline of us foreign policy in latin america	[]	[]
-4526541088491971227	List of high schools in Florida	List of high schools in Florida - wikipedia List of high schools in Florida This is a list of high schools in the U.S. state of Florida . Contents 1 Alachua County 2 Baker County 3 Bay County 4 Bradford County 5 Brevard County 6 Broward County 6.1 Public 6.2 Charter 6.3 Private 7 Calhoun County 8 Charlotte County 9 Citrus County 9.1 Public 9.2 Charter 10 Clay County 11 Collier County 12 Columbia County 13 DeSoto County 14 Dixie County 15 Duval County 15.1 Public 15.2 Magnet 15.3 Alternative 15.4 Charter 15.5 Private 16 Escambia County 17 Flagler County 18 Franklin County 19 Gadsden County 19.1 Private 20 Gilchrist County 21 Glades County 22 Gulf County 23 Hamilton County 24 Hardee County 25 Hendry County 26 Hernando County 27 Highlands County 28 Hillsborough County 29 Holmes County 30 Indian River County 31 Jackson County 32 Jefferson County 33 Lafayette County 34 Lake County 34.1 Private 34.2 Charter 35 Lee County 35.1 Charter 35.2 Private 36 Leon County 37 Levy County 38 Liberty County 39 Madison County 40 Manatee County 40.1 Private Schools 41 Marion County 41.1 Public 41.2 Private 42 Martin County 42.1 Public 42.2 Private 43 Miami - Dade County 43.1 Public 43.2 Private 43.3 Magnet 43.4 Charter 44 Monroe County 45 Nassau County 46 Okaloosa County 47 Okeechobee County 48 Orange County 48.1 Private 49 Osceola County 50 Palm Beach County 51 Pasco County 52 Pinellas County 53 Polk County 54 Putnam County 55 St. Johns County 55.1 Public 55.2 Private 55.3 State 56 St. Lucie County 56.1 Public Schools 56.2 Private Schools 57 Santa Rosa County 58 Sarasota County 58.1 Private schools 58.2 Charter schools 59 Seminole County 59.1 Private 60 Sumter County 61 Suwannee County 62 Taylor County 63 Union County 64 Volusia County 64.1 Public 64.2 Private 65 Wakulla County 66 Walton County 67 Washington County 68 References 69 See also Alachua County ( edit ) F.W. Buchholz High School , Gainesville Eastside High School , Gainesville Gainesville High School , Gainesville Hawthorne Middle / High School , Hawthorne Loften High School , Gainesville Newberry High School , Newberry P.K. Yonge Developmental Research School , Gainesville St. Francis High School , Gainesville ( private ) Santa Fe High School , Alachua Oak Hall High School , Gainesville ( private ) Resilience Charter School , Gainesville ( public charter ) Baker County ( edit ) Baker County High School , Glen St. Mary Bay County ( edit ) A. Crawford Mosley High School , Lynn Haven A.D. Harris High School , Panama City J.R. Arnold High School , Panama City Beach Bay High School , Panama City Covenant Christian School , ( Private K - 12 ) , Panama City Deane Bozeman School , Panama City Haney Technical High School , Panama City Rutherford High School , Panama City Panama City Advanced School , Panama City Newpoint Bay High School , Panama City Bradford County ( edit ) Bradford High School , Starke Brevard County ( edit ) Astronaut High School , Titusville Bayside High School , Palm Bay , Florida Cocoa Beach High School , Cocoa Beach Cocoa High School , Cocoa Covenant Christian School ( Private K - 12 ) , Palm Bay Eau Gallie High School , Melbourne Edgewood Junior / Senior High School , Merritt Island Florida Preparatory Academy , Melbourne Heritage High School , Palm Bay Holy Trinity Episcopal Academy , Melbourne Liberty High School , Palm Bay Melbourne Central Catholic High School , Melbourne Melbourne High School , Melbourne Merritt Island Christian School , Merritt Island Merritt Island High School , Merritt Island Palm Bay Senior High School , Melbourne Rockledge High School , Rockledge Satellite High School , Satellite Beach Space Coast Junior / Senior High School , Cocoa Titusville High School , Titusville Viera High School , Viera West Shore Junior - Senior High School , Melbourne Broward County ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Atlantic Technical Center , Coconut Creek Blanche Ely High School , Pompano Beach Boyd H. Anderson High School , Lauderdale Lakes Charles W. Flanagan High School , Pembroke Pines Coconut Creek High School , Coconut Creek Cooper City High School , Cooper City Coral Glades High School , Coral Springs Coral Springs High School , Coral Springs Cypress Bay High School , Weston Deerfield Beach High School , Deerfield Beach Dillard High School , Fort Lauderdale Everglades High School , Miramar Fort Lauderdale High School , Fort Lauderdale Hallandale High School , Hallandale Beach Hollywood Hills High School , Hollywood Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School , Parkland McArthur High School , Hollywood McFatter Technical Center , Davie Miramar High School , Miramar Monarch High School , Coconut Creek Northeast High School , Oakland Park Nova High School , Davie Piper High School , Sunrise Plantation High School , Plantation Pompano Beach High School , Pompano Beach South Broward High School , Hollywood South Plantation High School , Plantation Stranahan High School , Fort Lauderdale J.P. Taravella High School , Coral Springs West Broward High School , Pembroke Pines Western High School , Davie Charter ( edit ) Pembroke Pines Charter High School , Pembroke Pines College Academy at Broward Community College , Davie Coral Springs Charter School , Coral Springs International School of Broward , Hollywood Parkway Academy , Miramar Pivot Charter School , Tamarac , Florida Sheridan Technical Center , Hollywood Somerset Academy Charter Private ( edit ) Academy High School , Coral Springs American Heritage School , Plantation Americana School , Deerfield Beach Archbishop Edward A. McCarthy High School , Fort Lauderdale Calvary Christian Academy , Fort Lauderdale Cardinal Gibbons High School , Fort Lauderdale Chaminade - Madonna College Preparatory School , Hollywood Conservatory Prep Senior High School , Davie Coral Springs Christian Academy , Coral Springs David Posnack Hebrew Day School , Plantation Fort Lauderdale Preparatory School , Fort Lauderdale Highlands Christian Academy , Deerfield Beach North Broward Preparatory School , Coconut Creek Paladin Academy High School , Hollywood Pine Crest School , Fort Lauderdale Sagemont Upper School , Weston St. Thomas Aquinas High School , Fort Lauderdale Sheridan Hills Christian School , Hollywood University School of Nova Southeastern University , Davie Westminster Academy , Fort Lauderdale The Hollywood Christian Academy , Hollywood Calhoun County ( edit ) Altha Public School , ( K - 12 ) , Altha Blountstown High School , Blountstown Charlotte County ( edit ) Charlotte High School , Punta Gorda Lemon Bay High School , Englewood Port Charlotte High School , Port Charlotte Citrus County ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Citrus High School , Inverness Crystal River High School , Crystal River Cypress Creek Academy , Lecanto Lecanto High School , Lecanto Withlacoochee Technical Institute , Inverness Charter ( edit ) Academy of Environmental Science , Crystal River Clay County ( edit ) Clay High School , Green Cove Springs Fleming Island High School , Orange Park Keystone Heights Junior - Senior High School , Keystone Heights Middleburg High School ( Middleburg , Florida ) , Middleburg Orange Park High School , Orange Park Ridgeview High School , Orange Park Oakleaf High School , Orange Park St. Johns Country Day School , Orange Park Collier County ( edit ) Barron G. Collier High School , Naples The Community School of Naples , Naples Rhodora J. Donahue Academy of Ave Maria , Ave Maria Everglades High School , Everglades City Golden Gate High School , Naples Gulf Coast High School , Naples Immokalee High School , Immokalee Lely High School , Naples Lorenzo Walker Technical High School , Naples Naples High School , Naples Palmetto Ridge High School , Naples St. John Neumann High School , Naples Seacrest Country Day School , Naples First Baptist Academy High School ( Naples , Florida ) , Naples Columbia County ( edit ) Challenge Learning Center , Lake City Columbia High School , Lake City Fort White High School , Fort White Lake City Christian Academy , Lake City DeSoto County ( edit ) DeSoto High School ( Arcadia , Florida ) , Arcadia Heritage Baptist Academy , Arcadia Life Christian Academy , Arcadia Peace River Valley Church Academy , Arcadia Dixie County ( edit ) Dixie County High School , Cross City Duval County ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Douglas Anderson School of the Arts , Jacksonville Atlantic Coast High School , Jacksonville Baldwin Middle - Senior High , Baldwin Englewood High School , Jacksonville First Coast High School , Jacksonville Duncan U. Fletcher High School , Neptune Beach Andrew Jackson High School , Jacksonville Robert E. Lee High School , Jacksonville Terry Parker High School , Jacksonville Frank H. Peterson Academies of Technology , Jacksonville William M. Raines High School , Jacksonville A. Philip Randolph Academies of Technology , Jacksonville Jean Ribault High School , Jacksonville Sandalwood High School , Jacksonville Edward H. White High School , Jacksonville Samuel W. Wolfson High School , Jacksonville Westside High School , Jacksonville Magnet ( edit ) Mandarin High School , Jacksonville Stanton College Preparatory School , Jacksonville Paxon School for Advanced Studies , Jacksonville Darnell - Cookman School of the Medical Arts , Jacksonville Alternative ( edit ) Grand Park Center , Jacksonville Marine Science Education Center , Atlantic Beach Charter ( edit ) Duval Charter High School at Baymeadows Pathways Academy River City Science Academy School for Integrated Academics and Technology SOS Academy Charter Wayman Academy of the Arts Private ( edit ) Arlington Country Day School , Jacksonville Bishop Kenny High School , Jacksonville Bishop Snyder High School , Jacksonville Bolles School , Jacksonville Christian Heritage Academy , Jacksonville Christ 's Church Academy , Jacksonville Episcopal High School , Jacksonville First Coast Christian School , Jacksonville Jacksonville Country Day School , Jacksonville Parson 's Christian Academy , Jacksonville Potter 's House Christian Academy , Jacksonville Providence School , Jacksonville Seacoast Christian Academy , Jacksonville Trinity Christian Academy , Jacksonville University Christian School , Jacksonville West Meadows Baptist Academy , Jacksonville Escambia County ( edit ) East Hill Christian School , Pensacola Escambia Charter School , Gonzalez Escambia High School , Pensacola Ruby J. Gainer Charter School , Pensacola Northview High School , Century Pensacola Catholic High School , Pensacola Pensacola High School , Pensacola Pensacola School Of Liberal Arts , Pensacola Pine Forest High School , Pensacola J.M. Tate High School , Gonzalez Booker T. Washington High School , Pensacola West Florida High School of Advanced Technology , Pensacola Woodham High School , Pensacola ( is currently being used as a middle school ) Flagler County ( edit ) Flagler Palm Coast High School , Palm Coast Matanzas High School , Palm Coast Franklin County ( edit ) Franklin County School , Eastpoint Gadsden County ( edit ) East Gadsden High School , Havana West Gadsen High School , Greensboro Private ( edit ) Tallavana Christian School , Havana Gilchrist County ( edit ) Bell High School ( Bell , Florida ) , Bell Trenton High School , Trenton Glades County ( edit ) Moore Haven Junior / Senior High School , Moore Haven Gulf County ( edit ) Port St. Joe High School , Port St. Joe Wewahitchka High School , Wewahitchka Hamilton County ( edit ) Corinth Christian Academy , Jasper Hamilton County High School , Jasper Hardee County ( edit ) Hardee Senior High School , Wauchula Hendry County ( edit ) Ahfachkee Day School , Clewiston Clewiston High School , Clewiston LaBelle High School , LaBelle International Christian Academy , LaBelle Hernando County ( edit ) Central High School ( Brooksville , Florida ) , Brooksville Hernando High School , Brooksville Spring Hill Christian Academy , Spring Hill Frank W. Springstead High School , Spring Hill Hernando Christian Academy , Brooksville Nature Coast Technical High School , Brooksville West Hernando Christian School , Spring Hill Weeki Wachee High School , Weeki Wachee Highlands County ( edit ) Avon Park High School , Avon Park Heartland Christian School , Sebring Lake Placid High School ( Lake Placid , Florida ) , Lake Placid Sebring High School ( Sebring , Florida ) , Sebring Walker Memorial Academy , Avon Park Hillsborough County ( edit ) Academy of the Holy Names ( all - female ) , Tampa Braulio Alonso High School , Tampa Armwood High School , Seffner Bayshore Christian School , Tampa Bell Creek Academy , Riverview Berkeley Preparatory School , Tampa Bloomingdale High School , Valrico Brandon High School , Brandon Brooks - DeBartolo Collegiate High School , Tampa Carrollwood Day School , Carrolwood Central Baptist School , Brandon George D. Chamberlain High School , Tampa Durant High School , Plant City East Bay High School , Gibsonton Faith Baptist School , Brandon Falkenburg Academy , Tampa Florida College Academy , Temple Terrace Freedom High School , Tampa Foundation Christian Academy , Valrico George S. Middleton High School , Tampa Grace Christian School , Valrico Hillsborough Baptist School , Seffner Hillsborough High School , Tampa Henry B. Plant High School , Tampa Heritage Academy Howard W. Blake High School , Tampa Thomas Jefferson High School , Tampa Jesuit High School of Tampa ( all - male ) , Tampa Earl J. Lennard High School , Ruskin C. Leon King High School , Tampa Legacy Christian Academy , Seffner A.P. Leto High School , Tampa Millburn High School , Tampa Joe E. Newsome High School , Lithia Pepin Academy , Tampa Plant City High School , Plant City Paul R. Wharton High School , Tampa Pivot Charter School , Riverview Providence Christian School , Riverview Riverview High School , Riverview Thomas Richard Robinson High School , Tampa Seffner Christian Academy , Seffner Seminole Heights Charter School , Tampa Sickles High School , Tampa Spoto High School , Riverview St. Stephen Catholic School , Lithia Steinbrenner High School , Lutz Tampa Baptist Academy , Tampa Tampa Bay Technical High School , Tampa Tampa Catholic High School , Tampa Tampa Preparatory School , Tampa Tropical Acres Christian Academy , Riverview Vivian Gaither High School , Tampa West University Charter School , Tampa Holmes County ( edit ) Bethlehem High School , Bonifay Holmes County High School , Bonifay Ponce de Leon High School , Ponce de Leon Poplar Springs High School , Graceville Indian River County ( edit ) Indian River Charter High School , Vero Beach Saint Edwards School , Vero Beach Sebastian River High School , Sebastian Vero Beach High School , Vero Beach Jackson County ( edit ) Cottondale High School , Cottondale Graceville High School , Graceville Grand Ridge High School , Grand Ridge Hope School ( Marianna , Florida ) , Marianna Jackson Academy of Applied Technology , Marianna Malone High School , Malone Marianna High School , Marianna Sneads High School , Sneads Jefferson County ( edit ) Aucilla Christian Academy , Monticello Jefferson County High School ( Monticello , Florida ) , Monticello Lafayette County ( edit ) Lafayette High School ( Mayo , Florida ) , Mayo Lighthouse Christian School , Mayo Lake County ( edit ) East Ridge High School , Clermont Eustis High School , Eustis Lake Minneola High School , Minneola , Florida Leesburg High School , Leesburg Mount Dora High School , Mount Dora South Lake High School , Groveland Tavares High School , Tavares Umatilla High School , Umatilla Private ( edit ) Christian Home & Bible School , aka Mount Dora Bible , Mount Dora Faith Lutheran School , Eustis First Academy High School , Leesburg Montverde Academy , Montverde Charter ( edit ) Alee Academy Charter , Umatilla The Villages Charter High School , The Villages Lee County ( edit ) Cape Coral High School , Cape Coral Cypress Lake High School , Fort Myers Dunbar High School , Fort Myers East Lee County High School , Lehigh Acres Estero High School , Estero Fort Myers Senior High School , Fort Myers Ida S. Baker High School , Cape Coral Island Coast High School , Cape Coral Lee County High Technical Center Central , Fort Myers Lee County High Technology Center North , Cape Coral Lehigh Senior High School , Lehigh Acres Mariner High School , Cape Coral North Fort Myers High School , North Fort Myers Riverdale High School , Fort Myers South Fort Myers High School , Fort Myers Charter ( edit ) Florida SouthWestern Collegiate High School , Fort Myers Gateway Charter High School , Fort Myers Oasis Charter High School , Cape Coral Pivot Charter High School , Fort Myers Private ( edit ) Bishop Verot High School , Fort Myers Canterbury School ( Fort Myers , Florida ) , Fort Myers Cape Coral Christian School , Cape Coral Evangelical Christian School , Fort Myers Richard Milburn Academy , Fort Myers Southwest Florida Marine Institute , Fort Myers Leon County ( edit ) Lawton Chiles High School , Tallahassee Amos P. Godby High School , Tallahassee John Paul II Catholic High School , Tallahassee Christ Classical Academy School , Tallahassee Leon High School , Tallahassee Lincoln High School , Tallahassee Maranatha Christian School , Tallahassee James S. Rickards High School , Tallahassee Lighthouse Christian Academy , Tallahassee Florida State University School / Florida High , Tallahassee Maclay School , Tallahassee North Florida Christian High School , Tallahassee SAIL High School , Tallahassee Community Christian School , Tallahassee Florida Agricultural and Mechanical High School , Tallahassee Ecclesia Christian Academy , Tallahassee Woodland Hall Academy , Tallahassee Levy County ( edit ) Bronson High School , Bronson Cedar Key School , Cedar Key Chiefland High School , Chiefland New Hope Charter School , Chiefland Williston High School , Williston Liberty County ( edit ) Liberty County High School , Bristol Madison County ( edit ) Madison County High School ( Madinson , Florida ) , Madison Manatee County ( edit ) Bayshore High School , Bradenton Braden River High School , Bradenton Lakewood Ranch High School , Bradenton Manatee High School , Bradenton Manatee School for the Arts , Palmetto Richard Milburn Academy , Bradenton PAL Opportunity Charter School , Bradenton Palmetto High School , Palmetto Southeast High School , Bradenton Bradenton Christian School , Bradenton Private Schools ( edit ) St. Stephen 's Episcopal School , Bradenton Community Christian School , Bradenton Marion County ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Belleview High School , Belleview CFCC Academy , Belleview Dunnellon High School , Dunnellon Forest High School , Ocala Lake Weir High School , Ocala Marion Technical Institute , Ocala North Marion High School , Citra Vanguard High School , Ocala West Port High School , Ocala Private ( edit ) Ocala Christian Academy , Ocala St. John Lutheran School , Ocala Trinity Catholic High School , Ocala Martin County ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Clark Advanced Learning Center , dual enrollment high school , Stuart Jensen Beach High School , Jensen Beach Martin County High School , Stuart South Fork High School , Stuart Private ( edit ) Hobe Sound Christian Academy , Hobe Sound Community Christian Academy , Stuart The Pine School , Hobe Sound / Stuart Miami - Dade County ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Alonzo and Tracy Mourning Senior High Biscayne Bay Campus , North Miami American High School , Miami Barbara Goleman High School , Miami Lakes Booker T. Washington High School , Miami Coral Gables High School , Coral Gables Dr. Michael M. Krop High School , Miami Felix Varela High School , Miami G. Holmes Braddock High School , Miami Hialeah High School , Hialeah Hialeah Gardens High School , Hialeah Hialeah - Miami Lakes High School , Hialeah / Miami Lakes Homestead High School , Homestead John A. Ferguson High School , Miami Miami Beach High School , Miami Beach Miami Carol City High School , Miami Gardens Miami Central High School , Miami Miami Coral Park High School , Miami Miami Edison Senior High School , Miami Miami Jackson High School , Miami Miami Killian High School , Miami Miami Norland High School , Miami Gardens Miami Northwestern High School , Miami Miami Palmetto High School , Pinecrest Miami High School , Miami Miami Southridge High School , Cutler Bay Miami Springs High School , Miami Springs Miami Sunset High School , Miami North Miami Senior High School , North Miami North Miami Beach High School , North Miami Beach Ronald W. Reagan Doral High School , Doral South Dade High School , Homestead South Miami High School , South Miami Southwest Miami High School , Miami Westland Hialeah High School , Hialeah Young Men 's Preparatory Academy ( all - boys ) , Miami Private ( edit ) AIU High School , North Miami Beach Archbishop Coleman F. Carroll High School , Miami Archbishop Curley - Notre Dame High School , Miami Belen Jesuit Preparatory School ( all - boys ) , Miami Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart ( all - girls ) , Miami Champagnat Catholic , Hialeah Christopher Columbus High School ( all - boys ) , Miami Colonial Christian School of Homestead , Homestead Dade Christian School , Miami Lakes Edison Private School , Hialeah Florida Christian School , Miami Greater Miami Academy , Miami Gulliver Preparatory School , Miami Immaculata - Lasalle High School , Miami International Studies Charter High School , Coral Gables La Progresiva Presbyterian School , Miami Miami Christian School , Miami Miami Country Day School , Miami Monsignor Edward Pace High School , Miami Northwest Christian Academy , North Miami Our Lady of Lourdes Academy ( all - girls ) , Miami Palmer Trinity School , Palmetto Bay Palmetto Bay Academy , Palmetto Bay Princeton Christian School , Homestead Rabbi Alexander S. Gross Hebrew Academy , Miami Beach Ransom Everglades School , Miami Riviera Schools , Miami Samuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School , North Miami Beach St. Brendan High School , Miami Westminster Christian School , Miami Westwood Christian Day Schools , Miami Yeshiva Toras Chaim Jewish School , Miami Beach Magnet ( edit ) Coral Reef High School , Miami - ( Magnet ) Design and Architecture High School , Miami - ( Architecture Magnet ) José Marti Math and Science Technology ( MAST ) 6 - 12 Academy - ( Math , Science and Technology Magnet ) MAST Academy , Miami - ( Maritime and Science Technology Magnet ) Miami Lakes Educational Center , Miami Lakes - ( Technical Magnet ) New World School of the Arts , Miami - ( Music , Visual Arts , Dance , and Theater Magnet ) Robert Morgan Educational Center , Miami - ( Vocational Magnet ) School for Advanced Studies , Miami - ( College Prep . Magnet ) School for Applied Technologies , Miami - ( Magnet ) TERRA Environmental Research Institute , Miami - ( Magnet ) William H. Turner Technical Arts High School , Miami - ( Technical Magnet ) Charter ( edit ) Academy of Arts & Minds , Miami Archimedean Upper Conservatory , Miami Corporate Academy North , Miami Corporate Academy South , Miami Doctors Charter School of Miami Shores , Miami Shores Doral Academy High School , Doral Doral Performing Arts & Entertainment Academy , Doral International Studies Charter High School , Miami Keys Gate Charter High School , Homestead Life Skills Center Miami - Dade County , Miami Mater Academy East High School , Miami Mater Academy Charter High School , Miami Mater Performing Arts & Entertainment Academy , Miami Miami Arts Charter School , Miami School for Integrated Academics & Technologies ( SIATech ) , Miami Somerset Academy Charter High School , Miami Transitional Learning Academy , Miami Monroe County ( edit ) Coral Shores High School , Plantation Key Island Christian School , Plantation Key Key West High School , Key West Marathon High School , Marathon Nassau County ( edit ) Fernandina Beach High School , Fernandina Beach Hilliard Middle - Senior High School , Hilliard West Nassau High School , Callahan Yulee High School , Yulee Okaloosa County ( edit ) Baker K - 12 School , Baker Choctawhatchee Academy , Fort Walton Beach Choctawhatchee Senior High School , Fort Walton Beach Calvary Christian Academy , Fort Walton Beach Crestview High School , Crestview Crestview Vocational - Technical Center , Crestview Fort Walton Beach High School , Fort Walton Beach Niceville High School , Niceville Okaloosa Applied Technology Center , Fort Walton Beach Okaloosa - Walton Collegiate High School , Niceville Rocky Bayou Christian School , Niceville Laurel Hill School ( K - 12 ) , Laurel Hill Okeechobee County ( edit ) New Endeavor High School , Okeechobee Okeechobee Alternative High School , Okeechobee ( 8 - 12 Grade ) Okeechobee High School , Okeechobee ( 10 - 12 Grade ) Orange County ( edit ) Apopka High School , Apopka William R. Boone High School , Orlando Colonial High School , Orlando Cypress Creek High School , Orlando Dr. Phillips High School , Orlando Edgewater High School , Orlando East River High School ( Orlando , Florida ) , Orlando Maynard Evans High School , Orlando Freedom High School , Orlando Geneva School ( Winter Park , Florida ) , Winter Park Robert Hungerford Preparatory High School , Eatonville Jones High School , Orlando Lake Nona High School , Orlando O - Tec Middle Florida Technology School , Orlando O - Tec Westside Technology School , Winter Garden Oak Ridge High School , Orlando Ocoee High School , Ocoee Olympia High School , Orlando St. Lillie V . High School , Orlando Timber Creek High School , Orlando University High School , Orlando West Orange High School , Winter Garden Wekiva High School , Apopka Winter Park High School , Winter Park Private ( edit ) Agape Christian Academy , Orlando American School of Leadership , Orlando Bishop Moore High School , Orlando Lake Highland Preparatory School , Orlando Pine Castle Christian Academy The First Academy , Orlando Orlando Lutheran Academy , Orlando Central Florida Christian Academy , Orlando Faith Christian Academy Real Life Christian Academy , Clermont Orangewood Christian School , Maitland Osceola County ( edit ) Celebration High School , Celebration Gateway High School , Kissimmee Harmony High School , Harmony Heritage Christian School , Kissimmee Liberty High School , Kissimmee New Dimensions High School , Kissimmee Osceola County School For The Arts , Kissimmee Osceola High School , Kissimmee Poinciana High School , Kissimmee Professional and Technical High School , Kissimmee St. Cloud High School , St. Cloud Palm Beach County ( edit ) Atlantic Community High School , Delray Beach The Benjamin School , North Palm Beach Boca Raton Christian School , Boca Raton Boca Raton Community High School , Boca Raton Boynton Beach Community High School , Boynton Beach Cardinal Newman High School , West Palm Beach Coastal Middle & Senior High School , Lake Park Delray Youth Vocational , Delray Beach Alexander W. Dreyfoos , Jr . School of the Arts , West Palm Beach William T. Dwyer High School , Palm Beach Gardens Everglades Preparatory Academy , Pahokee Forest Hill Community High School , West Palm Beach Forest Trail Academy Online High School , Wellington G - STAR School of the Arts for Motion Pictures and Television , West Palm Beach Goliath Academy High School Traditional and Online High School , Wellington Glades Central High School , Belle Glade Grandview Preparatory School , Boca Raton Gulfstream Goodwill Career Academy , Boca Raton Harid Conservatory , Boca Raton Inlet Grove Community High School , Riviera Beach Jupiter Christian School , Jupiter Jupiter Community High School , Jupiter The King 's Academy , West Palm Beach Matlock Academy Private Prep High School , West Palm Beach Life Skills Center of Palm Beach County , Boca Raton Toussaint L'Ouverture High School for Arts and Social Justice , Delray Beach Lake Worth Community High School , Lake Worth Lake Worth Christian School , Boynton Beach John I. Leonard High School , Greenacres Olympic Heights Community High School , Boca Raton Oxbridge Academy , West Palm Beach Pahokee High School , Pahokee Palm Beach Central High School , Wellington Palm Beach Gardens Community High School , Palm Beach Gardens Palm Beach Lakes Community High School , West Palm Beach Park Vista Community High School , Lake Worth Pope John Paul II High School , Boca Raton Royal Palm Beach Community High School , Royal Palm Beach Santaluces Community High School , Lantana Seminole Ridge Community High School , Loxahatchee South Technical Academy , Boynton Beach Spanish River Community High School , Boca Raton St. Andrew 's School , Boca Raton Suncoast Community High School , Riviera Beach Survivors , West Palm Beach Survivors Charter School of Boynton Beach Wellington Community High School , Wellington West Boca Raton Community High School , Boca Raton West Technical Education Center , Belle Glade Weinbaum Yeshiva High School , Boca Raton Pasco County ( edit ) Anclote High School , Holiday East Pasco Adventist Academy , Dade City Fivay High School , Hudson Genesis Preparatory School , New Port Richey Gulf High School , New Port Richey Hudson High School , Hudson Richard Milburn Academy , New Port Richey J.W. Mitchell High School , New Port Richey Land O ' Lakes High School , Land O ' Lakes Pasco High School , Dade City Ridgewood High School , New Port Richey River Ridge High School , New Port Richey Sunlake High School , Land O ' Lakes Wesley Chapel High School , Wesley Chapel Wiregrass Ranch High School , Wesley Chapel Zephyrhills High School , Zephyrhills F.K. Marchman Technical Center , New Port Richey Pinellas County ( edit ) Anchor Academy , Dunedin Bayside High School , Clearwater Boca Ciega High School , Gulfport Calvary Christian High School , Clearwater Canterbury School of Florida , St. Petersburg Clearwater Central Catholic High School , Clearwater Clearwater High School , Clearwater Countryside High School , Clearwater Dunedin High School , Dunedin Dunedin Academy , Dunedin East Lake High School , Tarpon Springs Gibbs High School , St. Petersburg Dixie M. Hollins High School , St. Petersburg Indian Rocks Christian School , Largo Keswick Christian School , St. Petersburg Lakewood High School , St. Petersburg Largo High School , Largo Lift Academy , Seminole Newpoint Pinellas , Clearwater Northeast High School ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) , St. Petersburg Northside Christian School , St. Petersburg Osceola High School , Seminole Palm Harbor Community School , Palm Harbor Palm Harbor University High School , Palm Harbor Pinellas County Center for the Arts , St. Petersburg Pinellas Park High School , Largo Shorecrest Preparatory School , St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Catholic High School , St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Christian School , St. Petesrsburg St. Petersburg Collegiate High School , St. Petersburg St. Petersburg High School , St. Petersburg Schiller Academy , Dunedin Seminole High School , Seminole Seminole Vocational Education Center , Seminole Tarpon Springs High School , Tarpon Springs Veritas Academy , Largo Polk County ( edit ) All Saints ' Academy , Winter Haven ARC - Academic Research Center , Lakeland Auburndale High School , Auburndale Bartow High School , Bartow Chain of Lakes Collegiate High School , Winter Haven Collegiate High School , Lakeland Frostproof Middle - Senior High School , Frostproof Daniel Jenkins Academy of Technology , Haines City Fort Meade High School , Fort Meade Gause Academy of Leadership and Applied Technology , Bartow George W. Jenkins High School , Lakeland Haines City High School , Haines City Lois Cowles Harrison Center for the Visual and Performing Arts , Lakeland Kathleen High School , Lakeland Lake Gibson High School , Lakeland Lake Region High School , Eagle Lake Lake Wales High School , Lake Wales Lakeland Christian School , Lakeland Lakeland High School , Lakeland Maynard E. Traviss Technical Center , Lakeland McKeel Academy of Technology , Lakeland Mulberry High School , Mulberry Ridge Community High School , Davenport , Florida Ridge Technical Center , Winter Haven Santa Fe Catholic High School , Lakeland Summerlin Military Academy , Bartow The Vanguard School , Lake Wales Winter Haven High School , Winter Haven Putnam County ( edit ) Crescent City High School , Crescent City Interlachen High School , Interlachen Palatka High School , Palatka St. Johns County ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Bartram Trail High School , St. Johns Creekside High School , St. Johns First Coast Skills Academy , St. Augustine First Coast Technical High School , St. Augustine Pedro Menendez High School , St. Augustine Allen D. Nease Senior High School , Ponte Vedra Ponte Vedra High School , Ponte Vedra St. Augustine High School , St. Augustine Private ( edit ) St. Gerard Campus School , St. Augustine St. Joseph Academy , St. Augustine State ( edit ) Florida School for the Deaf and the Blind , St. Augustine St. Lucie County ( edit ) Public Schools ( edit ) Fort Pierce Central High School , best Fort Pierce Fort Pierce Westwood High School , Fort Pierce Port St. Lucie High School , Port St. Lucie St. Lucie West Centennial High School , Port St. Lucie Lincoln Park Academy , Fort Pierce Treasure Coast High School , Port St. Lucie Private Schools ( edit ) John Carroll Catholic High School , Fort Pierce Morningside Academy , Port St. Lucie Victory Forge Military Academy , Port St. Lucie Faith Baptist School , Fort Pierce Santa Rosa County ( edit ) Central High School ( Milton , Florida ) , Milton Gulf Breeze High School , Gulf Breeze Jay High School , Jay Locklin Technical Center , Milton Milton High School , Milton Navarre High School , Navarre Pace High School , Pace Victory Christian Academy , Jay Sarasota County ( edit ) Booker High School , Sarasota North Port High School , North Port Pine View School , Osprey Riverview High School , Sarasota Sarasota High School , Sarasota Venice High School , Venice Suncoast Polytechnical High School Sarasota , Florida Private schools ( edit ) Sarasota Christian School Julie Rohr Academy Lutheran Ascension School Out - of - Door Academy NewGate School The GAP School Bishop Nevins School Cardinal Mooney High School Charter schools ( edit ) Sarasota Military Academy Seminole County ( edit ) Crooms Academy of Information Technology , Sanford Paul J. Hagerty High School , Oviedo Lake Brantley High School , Altamonte Springs Lake Howell High School , Winter Park Lake Mary High School , Lake Mary Lyman High School , Longwood Oviedo High School , Oviedo Quest Academy ( Sanford , Florida ) , Sanford , Florida Seminole High School , Sanford Winter Springs High School , Winter Springs Private ( edit ) Altamonte Christian School , Altamonte Springs Bear Lake Christian School , Apopka Champion Preparatory Academy , Altamonte Springs Forest Lake Academy , Apopka Lighthouse Baptist Academy , Winter Park Liberty Christian School , Sanford Lawton Chiles Preparatory School , Winter Springs New Life Christian Academy , Sanford Orangewood Christian School , Maitland The Geneva School , Winter Park RiverWalk Christian Academy , Sanford The Master 's Academy , Oviedo The Trinity School , Fern Park The Regent Academy , Casselberry Trinity Preparatory School , Winter Park Sumter County ( edit ) South Sumter High School , Bushnell Wildwood Middle High School , Wildwood The Villages Charter High School , The Villages Suwannee County ( edit ) Branford High School , Branford Suwannee High School , Live Oak Suwannee - Hamilton Area Vocational - Technical Center , Live Oak The School Without Walls , Live Oak Taylor County ( edit ) Taylor County Area Vocational - Technical & General School , Perry Taylor County High School , Perry Union County ( edit ) Union County High School , Lake Butler Volusia County ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Atlantic High School , Port Orange DeLand High School , DeLand Deltona High School , Deltona Mainland High School , Daytona Beach New Smyrna Beach High School , New Smyrna Beach Pine Ridge High School , Deltona Seabreeze High School , Daytona Beach Spruce Creek High School , Port Orange University High School , Orange City Private ( edit ) Father Lopez Catholic High School , Daytona Beach Lighthouse Christian Preparatory Academy , DeLand Trinity Christian Academy , Deltona Warner Christian Academy , South Daytona Calvary Christian Academy , Ormond Beach Wakulla County ( edit ) Wakulla High School , Crawfordville Walton County ( edit ) Freeport High School , Freeport Walton Career Development Center , DeFuniak Springs Walton Senior High School , DeFuniak Springs South Walton High School , Santa Rosa Beach Washington County ( edit ) Chipley High School , Chipley Vernon High School ( Vernon , Florida ) , Vernon References ( edit ) See also ( edit ) List of school districts in Florida Online High Schools in Florida Lists of high schools in the United States by state States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Index Climate Congressional Delegations Districts Education Environment Fauna Flora Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida History Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Florida Territory Seminole Wars Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Cape Canaveral Kennedy Space Center Disney World Geography Beaches Caves Everglades ( Drainage and development ) Keys Lakes Lake Okeechobee Reef Rivers Sinkholes Springs State forests State parks Swamps Major hurricanes Florida Keys ( 1919 ) Tampa Bay ( 1921 ) Miami ( 1926 ) Okeechobee ( 1928 ) Florida Keys ( 1929 ) Treasure Coast ( 1933 ) Labor Day ( 1935 ) Dry Tortugas ( 1944 ) Homestead ( 1945 ) Fort Lauderdale ( 1947 ) South Florida ( 1948 ) 1949 Florida hurricane Easy ( 1950 ) King 1950 ) Donna ( 1960 ) Betsy ( 1965 ) Eloise ( 1975 ) Elena ( 1985 ) Andrew ( 1992 ) Opal ( 1995 ) Charley ( 2004 ) Frances ( 2004 ) Ivan ( 2004 ) Jeanne ( 2004 ) Dennis ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Michael ( 2018 ) Society African - American Crime Cuban - American culture Miami Tampa Culture Demographics Economy Education Floridians Haitian - American culture Delray Beach Miami Indigenous peoples Everglades Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast Everglades First Coast Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Heartland Keys Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida Panhandle South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Crestview - Fort Walton Beach - Destin Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Gainesville Homosassa Springs Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami - Fort Lauderdale - West Palm Beach Naples - Immokalee - Marco Island North Port - Sarasota - Bradenton Ocala Orlando - Kissimmee - Sanford Palm Bay - Melbourne - Titusville Panama City Pensacola - Ferry Pass - Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian - Vero Beach Sebring Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg - Clearwater The Villages Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Mosquito ( former county ) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_high_schools_in_Florida&oldid=861676718 '' Categories : High schools in Florida Lists of high schools in the United States by state Florida education - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 05 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how many high schools are there in florida	[]	[]
2642195695741556002	Project management software	Project management software - wikipedia Project management software Jump to : navigation , search Project management software has the capacity to help plan , organize , and manage resource tools and develop resource estimates . Depending on the sophistication of the software , it can manage estimation and planning , scheduling , cost control and budget management , resource allocation , collaboration software , communication , decision - making , quality management and documentation or administration systems . Today , numerous PC and browser - based project management software and contract management software solutions exist , and are finding applications in almost every type of business . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Predecessors 1.2 Emergence of the ' project management ' term and modernized techniques 1.3 The first project management products and associations 1.4 SaaS and cloud - based project management software 1.5 Trends 2 Tasks and activities 2.1 Scheduling 2.2 Providing information 3 Types 3.1 Desktop 3.2 Web - based 3.3 Personal 3.4 Single user 3.5 Collaborative 3.6 Visual 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading History ( edit ) Predecessors ( edit ) The first historically relevant year for the development of project management software is 1896 , marked by the introduction of the Harmonogram . Polish economist Karol Adamiecki attempted to display task development in a floating chart , and laid the foundation for project management software as it is today . 1912 was the year when Henry Gantt replaced the Hrongram with the more advanced Gantt chart , a scheduling diagram which broke ship design tasks down for the purposes of Hoover Dam in early 1931 . Today 's Gantt charts are almost the same as their original counterparts , and are a critical part of all project management systems . Emergence of the ' project management ' term and modernized techniques ( edit ) The term project management was not used prior to 1954 , when US Air Force General Bernard Adolph Schriever introduced it for military purposes . In the years to follow , project management gained relevance in the business world , a trend which had a lot to do with the formation of the American Association of Engineers AACE ( 1956 ) , and Rang and DuPont 's Critical Path Method calculating project duration ever since 1957 . The trend is also related to the appearance of the Program Evaluation Review Technique ( PERT ) in 1958 . PERT went further with monitoring projects , and enabled users to monitor tasks , being at the same time able to evaluate their quality , and to estimate the time needed to accomplish each of them . As with Gantt charts and CPM , PERT was invented for military purposes , this time for the US Navy Polaris missile submarine program . In 1965 , there was a new improvement in project management technology . The US department of defense presented the work breakdown structure ( WBS ) to dissolve projects to even smaller visual units , organizing them in hierarchical tree structure . WBS was an inspiration for Winston Royce 's Waterfall Method ( 1970 ) where management phases are organized in a way which does n't allow a new task to begin before the previous ones are completed . The first project management products and associations ( edit ) In the period between 1965 and 1969 were formed two of the leading project management associations : the International Project Management Association ( IPMA ) in Europe , and the Project Management Institute ( PMI ) which trains project management professionals and issues certificates . With business shifting towards technology - based and paperless methods , the first project management systems started to emerge . Oracle and Artemis launched their project managers in 1977 , while Scitor Corporation did the same in 1979 . Many improvements followed in the upcoming decades : in 1986 , Carnegie Mellon University 's Software Engineering Institute introduced capability maturity software , a five - level project management method for rapidly maturing processes , while in 1988 users met earned value management which added processes ' scope and cost to the schedule . The trend continued with PRINCE2 ( 1996 ) which increased the number of processes to seven , because of which developers considered designing products for managing complex projects . In 2001 , they adopted the Agile project management concept , and focused on adaptive planning and flexible response to changes . In 2006 , users were already able to trigger total cost management , a framework that helps controlling and reducing costs in project management . SaaS and cloud - based project management software ( edit ) The SaaS ( software - as - a-service ) trend began in 2008 , qualified by users as the most flexible type of project management software for their teams . In 2009 , US News classified project management as one of the most demanded skills for obtaining a well - paid job . From 2010 on , the most popular project management solutions were cloud - based , designed for the needs of virtual teams looking to access information from any location or device . As a result , 2012 brought the first mobile project management apps users can apply on the go . Trends ( edit ) With the advent of the Internet - of - Things , project management software was developed to incorporate testing technologies , development tools , and improved cyber security methods . Tasks and activities ( edit ) Scheduling ( edit ) One of the most common project management software tool types is scheduling tools . Scheduling tools are used to sequence project activities and assign dates and resources to them . The detail and sophistication of a schedule produced by a scheduling tool can vary considerably with the project management methodology used , the features provided and the scheduling methods supported . Scheduling tools may include support for : Multiple dependency relationship types between activities Resource assignment and leveling Critical path Activity duration estimation and probability - based simulation Activity cost accounting Providing information ( edit ) Project planning software can be expected to provide information to various people or stakeholders , and can be used to measure and justify the level of effort required to complete the project ( s ) . Typical requirements might include : Overview information on how long tasks will take to complete . Early warning of any risks to the project . Information on workload , for planning holidays . Evidence . Historical information on how projects have progressed , and in particular , how actual and planned performance are related . Optimum utilization of available resource . Cost maintenance . Collaboration with each teammates and customers . Instant communication to collaborators and customers . Types ( edit ) Desktop ( edit ) Project management software has been implemented as a program that runs on the desktop of each user . Project management tools that are implemented as desktop software are typically single - user applications used by the project manager or another subject matter expert , such as a scheduler or risk manager . Web - based ( edit ) Project management software has been implemented as web application to be accessed using a web browser . This may also include the ability to use a smartphone or tablet to gain access to the application . Software as a service ( SaaS ) is also web - based and has become a common delivery model for many business applications , including project management , project management information system ( PMIS ) and project portfolio management ( PPM ) . SaaS is typically accessed by users using a thin client via a web browser . Personal ( edit ) A personal project management application is one used at home , typically to manage lifestyle or home projects . There is considerable overlap with single user systems , although personal project management software typically involves simpler interfaces . See also non-specialised tools below . Single user ( edit ) A single - user system is programmed with the assumption that only one person will ever need to edit the project plan at once . This may be used in small companies , or ones where only a few people are involved in top - down project planning . Desktop applications generally fall into this category . Collaborative ( edit ) A collaborative system is designed to support multiple users modifying different sections of the plan at once ; for example , updating the areas they personally are responsible for such that those estimates get integrated into the overall plan . Web - based tools , including extranets , generally fall into this category , but have the limitation that they can only be used when the user has live Internet access . To address this limitation , some software tools using client -- server architecture provide a rich client that runs on users ' desktop computer and replicates project and task information to other project team members through a central server when users connect periodically to the network . Some tools allow team members to check out their schedules ( and others ' as read only ) to work on them while not on the network . When reconnecting to the database , all changes are synchronized with the other schedules . Visual ( edit ) A common problem in project management is a difficulty with both viewing and understanding large amounts of fluctuating project data . To tackle this , some project management software utilize information visualization , so that users can more easily find , analyze and make changes to their data . To avoid information overload , the visualization mantra of `` overview first , zoom and filter , then details on demand '' is often followed . See also ( edit ) Calendaring software Comparison of project - management software Comparison of development estimation software Capital program and project management software Construction collaboration technology Program Evaluation and Review Technique Project accounting Project Management Information System Software ( PMIS ) Project management simulation Project planning Project portfolio management Time - tracking software Workflow management system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Harmonogram '' , projectmanagementhistory.com , Jump up ^ `` History of Project Management Software '' , project-management-software.financesonline.com , Jump up ^ `` About UsAACE International : The Authority for Total Cost Management '' , aacei.org , Jump up ^ `` PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE ( PERT ) '' , referenceforbusiness.com , Jump up ^ `` The Ultimate Guide to the Critical Path Method '' , smartsheet.com , Jump up ^ `` `` Breaking Down '' The Work Breakdown Structure `` , dau.mil , Jump up ^ Sandro Azzopardi , `` THE EVOLUTION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT '' , projectsmart.co.uk , Jump up ^ Sandro Azzopardi , `` Oracle 's History : Innovation , Leadership , Results '' , oracle.com , Jump up ^ `` Metier Artemis '' , computinghistory.org.uk , Jump up ^ `` Technical Report '' , sei.cmu.edu , Jump up ^ `` What is PRINCE2 ? '' , prince2.com , Jump up ^ `` TOTAL COST MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK '' , aacei.org , Jump up ^ `` 11 Skills You 'll Need for a Career '' , usnews.com , Jump up ^ Don Reisinger , `` 10 Cloud - Based Project Management Tools to Serve Every Company 's Needs '' , eweek.com , Jump up ^ `` 4 Cloud - Based Project Management Tools to Manage Your Work Better '' , smallbiztrends.com , Jump up ^ Margi Murphy , `` Six free , mobile - friendly project management tools for your business '' , techworld.com , August 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ Margi Murphy , `` The Top Ten Project Management Trends for 2016 '' , esi-intl.co.uk , Jump up ^ Nevogt , Dave ( 17 September 2013 ) . `` 31 Project Management Solutions '' . Hubstaff . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` My Problems with Project Management Software Marketing Technology '' . Marketing Technology . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Targetprocess 3 Launches to Bring Visualization and Flexibility to Project Management '' . Project-Management.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wurman , From the book `` Information Anxiety '' by Richard Saul Wurman Copyright 1989 by Richard Saul ( 1989 - 01 - 22 ) . `` INFORMATION OVERLOAD : What to Do When Anxiety Cripples You '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Shneiderman , Ben ( 1996 ) . `` The Eyes Have It : A Task by Data Type Taxonomy for Information Visualizations '' . University of Maryland , Human Computer Interaction Laboratory . Further reading ( edit ) Project Time Management . ( 2008 ) . In A guide to the project management body of knowledge ( PMBOK guide ) ( 4th ed. , p. 145 ) . Newtown Square , Pa : Project Management Institute . ISBN 978 - 1933890517 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_management_software&oldid=799573244 '' Categories : Project management software Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what software have you used to manage projects in the past	[]	[]
679946799275793083	List of municipalities in Illinois	List of municipalities in Illinois - wikipedia List of municipalities in Illinois This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Cities in Illinois '' redirects here . For incorporated towns and villages , see List of towns and villages in Illinois . For unincorporated communities , see List of unincorporated communities in Illinois . For CDPs , see List of census - designated places in Illinois . Map of the United States with Illinois highlighted Illinois is a state located in the Midwestern United States . According to the 2010 United States Census , Illinois is the 5th most populous state with 7007128315490000000 ♠ 12,831,549 inhabitants but the 24th largest by land area spanning 55,518.93 square miles ( 143,793.4 km ) of land . Illinois is divided into 102 counties and contains 1,299 incorporated municipalities consisting of cities , towns , and villages . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List ( edit ) 1 - Chicago 2 - Aurora 3 - Rockford 4 - Joliet 5 - Naperville 6 - Springfield 7 - Peoria 8 - Elgin 9 - Waukegan 10 - Champaign 11 - Bloomington 12 - Decatur 13 - Evanston 14 - Des Plaines 15 - Berwyn State capital and county seat County seat Name Type Population County Abingdon City 3,319 Knox Addieville Village 252 Knox Addison Village 36,942 DuPage Adeline Village 85 Ogle Albany Village 891 Whiteside Albers Village 1190 Clinton Albion † City 1,988 Edwards Aledo † City 3,640 Mercer Alexis Village 831 Warren Algonquin Village 30,046 Kane McHenry Alhambra Village 681 Madison Allendale Village 475 Wabash Allenville Village 148 Moultrie Allerton Village 291 Vermilion Alma Village 320 Marion Alorton Village 2,002 St. Clair Alpha Village 671 Henry Alsey Village 227 Scott Alsip Village 19,277 Cook Altamont City 2,319 Effingham Alto Pass Village 391 Union Alton City 27,865 Madison Altona Village 531 Knox Alvan Village 270 Vermilion Amboy City 2,500 Lee Anchor Village 146 McLean Andalusia Village 1,178 Rock Island Andover Village 578 Henry Anna City 4,442 Union Annawan Town 878 Henry Antioch Village 14,430 Lake Apple River Village 366 Jo Daviess Arcola City 2,916 Douglas Arenzville Village 409 Cass Argenta Village 947 Macon Arlington Village 193 Bureau Arlington Heights Village 75,101 Cook Lake Armington Village 343 Tazewell Aroma Park Village 743 Kankakee Arrowsmith Village 294 McLean Arthur Village 2,288 Douglas Moultrie Ashkum Village 761 Iroquois Ashland Village 1,333 Cass Ashley City 536 Washington Ashmore Village 785 Coles Ashton Village 972 Lee Assumption City 1,168 Christian Astoria Town 1,141 Fulton Athens City 1,988 Menard Atkinson Town 972 Henry Atlanta City 1,692 Logan Atwood Village 1,224 Douglas Auburn City 4,771 Sangamon Augusta Village 587 Hancock Aurora City 197,899 DuPage Kane Kendall Will Ava City 654 Jackson Aviston Village 1,945 Clinton Avon Village 799 Fulton Baldwin Village 373 Randolph Banner Village 189 Fulton Bannockburn Village 1,583 Lake Bardolph Village 251 McDonough Barrington Village 10,327 Cook Lake Barrington Hills Village 4,209 Cook Barry City 1,318 Pike Bartelso Village 595 Clinton Bartlett Village 41,208 Cook DuPage Kane Bartonville Village 6,471 Peoria Basco Village 98 Hancock Batavia City 26,045 DuPage Kane Batchtown Village 214 Calhoun Bath Village 333 Mason Bay View Gardens Village 378 Woodford Baylis Village 205 Pike Beach Park Village 13,638 Lake Beardstown City 6,123 Cass Beaverville Village 362 Iroquois Beckemeyer Village 1,040 Clinton Bedford Park Village 580 Cook Beecher Village 4,359 Will Beecher City Village 463 Effingham Belgium Village 404 Vermilion Belknap Village 104 Johnson Belle Prairie City Town 54 Hamilton Belle Rive Village 361 Jefferson Belleville † City 44,478 St. Clair Bellevue Village 1,978 Peoria Bellflower Village 357 McLean Bellmont Village 276 Wabash Bellwood Village 19,071 Cook Belvidere † City 25,585 Boone Bement Village 1,730 Piatt Benld City 1,556 Macoupin Bensenville Village 18,352 DuPage Benson Village 423 Woodford Bentley Town 35 Hancock Benton † City 7,087 Franklin Berkeley Village 5,209 Cook Berlin Village 180 Sangamon Berwyn City 56,657 Cook Bethalto Village 9,521 Madison Bethany Village 1,352 Moultrie Big Rock Village 1,126 Kane Biggsville Village 304 Henderson Bingham Village 83 Fayette Bishop Hill Village 128 Henry Bismarck Village 579 Vermilion Blandinsville Village 651 McDonough Bloomingdale Village 22,018 DuPage Bloomington † City 76,610 McLean Blue Island City 23,706 Cook Blue Mound Village 1,158 Macon Bluffs Village 715 Scott Bluford Village 688 Jefferson Bolingbrook Village 73,366 DuPage Will Bondville Village 443 Champaign Bone Gap Village 246 Edwards Bonfield Village 382 Kankakee Bonnie Village 397 Jefferson Bourbonnais Village 18,631 Kankakee Bowen Village 494 Hancock Braceville Village 793 Grundy Bradford Village 768 Stark Bradley Village 15,895 Kankakee Braidwood City 6,191 Will Breese City 4,442 Clinton Bridgeport City 1,886 Lawrence Bridgeview Village 16,446 Cook Brighton Village 2,254 Macoupin Brimfield Village 868 Peoria Broadlands Village 349 Champaign Broadview Village 7,932 Cook Broadwell Village 145 Logan Brocton Village 322 Edgar Brookfield Village 18,978 Cook Brooklyn Village 749 St. Clair Brookport City 984 Massac Broughton Village 194 Hamilton Browning Village 137 Schuyler Browns Village 134 Edwards Brownstown Village 759 Fayette Brussels Village 141 Calhoun Bryant Village 220 Fulton Buckingham Village 300 Kankakee Buckley Village 600 Iroquois Buckner Village 462 Franklin Buda Village 538 Bureau Buffalo Village 503 Sangamon Buffalo Grove Village 41,496 Cook Lake Bull Valley Village 1,077 McHenry Bulpitt Village 222 Christian Buncombe Village 203 Johnson Bunker Hill City 1,774 Macoupin Burbank City 28,925 Cook Bureau Junction Village 322 Bureau Burlington Village 618 Kane Burnham Village 4,206 Cook Burnt Prairie Village 52 White Burr Ridge Village 10,559 DuPage Bush Village 275 Williamson Bushnell City 3,117 McDonough Butler Village 180 Montgomery Byron City 3,753 Ogle Cabery Village 266 Ford Cahokia Village 15,241 St. Clair Cairo † City 2,831 Alexander Caledonia Village 197 Boone Calhoun Village 172 Richland Calumet City City 37,042 Cook Calumet Park Village 7,835 Cook Camargo Village 445 Douglas Cambria Village 1,228 Williamson Cambridge † Village 2,160 Henry Camden Village 86 Schuyler Camp Point Village 1,132 Adams Campbell Hill Village 336 Jackson Campton Hills Village 11,131 Kane Campus Village 166 Livingston Canton City 14,704 Fulton Cantrall Village 139 Sangamon Capron Village 1,376 Boone Carbon Cliff Village 2,134 Rock Island Carbon Hill Village 345 Grundy Carbondale City 25,902 Jackson Carlinville † City 5,917 Macoupin Carlock Village 552 McLean Carlyle † City 3,281 Clinton Carmi † City 5,240 White Carol Stream Village 39,711 DuPage Carpentersville Village 37,691 Kane Carrier Mills Village 1,653 Saline Carrollton † City 2,484 Greene Carterville City 5,496 Williamson Carthage † City 2,605 Hancock Cary Village 18,271 McHenry Casey City 2,769 Clark Cumberland Caseyville Village 4,245 St. Clair Catlin Village 2,040 Vermilion Cave - In - Rock Village 318 Hardin Cedar Point Village 277 LaSalle Cedarville Village 741 Stephenson Central City Village 1,172 Marion Centralia City 13,032 Clinton Jefferson Marion Washington Centreville City 5,309 St. Clair Cerro Gordo Village 1,403 Piatt Chadwick Village 551 Carroll Champaign City 81,055 Champaign Charleston † City 21,838 Coles Chandlerville Village 553 Cass Channahon Village 12,560 Will Chapin Village 512 Morgan Chatham Village 11,500 Sangamon Chatsworth Town 1,205 Livingston Chebanse Village 1,062 Iroquois Chenoa City 1,785 McLean Cherry Village 482 Bureau Cherry Valley Village 3,162 Winnebago Chester † City 8,586 Randolph Chesterfield Village 188 Macoupin Chicago † City 2,695,598 Cook Chicago Heights City 30,276 Cook Chicago Ridge Village 14,305 Cook Chillicothe City 6,097 Peoria Chrisman City 1,343 Edgar Christopher City 2,382 Franklin Cicero Town 83,891 Cook Cisco Village 261 Piatt Cisne Village 672 Wayne Cissna Park Village 846 Iroquois Claremont Village 176 Richland Clarendon Hills Village 8,427 DuPage Clay City Village 959 Clay Clayton Village 709 Adams Clear Lake Village 229 Sangamon Cleveland Village 188 Henry Clifton Village 1,468 Iroquois Clinton † City 7,225 DeWitt Coal City Village 5,587 Grundy Will Coal Valley Village 3,743 Henry Rock Island Coalton Village 304 Montgomery Coatsburg Village 147 Adams Cobden Village 1,157 Union Coffeen City 685 Montgomery Colchester City 1,401 McDonough Coleta Village 164 Whiteside Colfax Village 1,061 McLean Collinsville City 25,579 Madison St. Clair Colona City 5,099 Henry Colp Village 225 Williamson Columbia City 9,707 Monroe St. Clair Columbus Village 99 Adams Compton Village 303 Lee Concord Village 167 Morgan Congerville Village 474 Woodford Cooksville Village 182 McLean Cordova Village 672 Rock Island Cornell Village 467 Livingston Cortland Town 4,270 DeKalb Coulterville Village 945 Randolph Country Club Hills City 16,541 Cook Countryside City 5,895 Cook Cowden Village 629 Shelby Crainville Village 1,254 Williamson Creal Springs City 543 Williamson Crescent City Village 615 Iroquois Crest Hill City 20,837 Will Creston Village 662 Ogle Crestwood Village 10,950 Cook Crete Village 8,259 Will Creve Coeur Village 5,451 Tazewell Crossville Village 745 White Crystal Lake City 40,743 McHenry Cuba City 1,294 Fulton Cullom Village 555 Livingston Curran Village 212 Sangamon Cutler Village 441 Perry Cypress Village 234 Johnson Dahlgren Village 525 Hamilton Dakota Town 506 Stephenson Dallas City City 945 Hancock Henderson Dalton City Village 544 Moultrie Dalzell Village 717 Bureau LaSalle Damiansville Village 491 Clinton Dana Village 159 LaSalle Danforth Village 604 Iroquois Danvers Village 1,154 McLean Danville † City 33,027 Vermilion Darien City 22,086 DuPage Davis Village 677 Stephenson Davis Junction Village 2,373 Ogle Dawson Village 509 Sangamon DeKalb City 43,862 DeKalb De Land Village 446 Piatt De Pue Village 1,838 Bureau De Soto Village 1,590 Jackson Decatur † City 76,122 Macon Deer Creek Village 704 Tazewell Woodford Deer Grove Village 48 Whiteside Deer Park Village 3,200 Cook Lake Deerfield Village 18,225 Cook Lake Delavan City 1,689 Tazewell Des Plaines City 58,364 Cook Detroit Village 83 Pike DeWitt Village 184 DeWitt Diamond Village 2,527 Grundy Will Dieterich Village 617 Effingham Divernon Village 1,172 Sangamon Dix Village 461 Jefferson Dixmoor Village 3,644 Cook Dixon † City 15,733 Lee Dolton Village 23,153 Cook Dongola Village 726 Union Donnellson Village 210 Bond Montgomery Donovan Village 304 Iroquois Dorchester Village 151 Macoupin Dover Village 168 Bureau Dowell Village 408 Jackson Downers Grove Village 47,833 DuPage Downs Village 1,005 McLean Du Bois Village 205 Washington Du Quoin City 6,109 Perry Dunfermline Village 300 Fulton Dunlap Village 1,386 Peoria Dupo Village 4,138 St. Clair Durand Village 1,443 Winnebago Dwight Village 4,260 Grundy Livingston Eagarville Village 127 Macoupin Earlville City 1,701 LaSalle East Alton Village 6,301 Madison East Brooklyn Village 106 Grundy East Cape Girardeau Village 385 Alexander East Carondelet Village 499 St. Clair East Dubuque City 1,704 Jo Daviess East Dundee Village 2,860 Cook Kane East Galesburg Village 8 , 12 Knox East Gillespie Village 270 Macoupin East Hazel Crest Village 1,543 Cook East Moline City 21,302 Rock Island East Peoria City 23,402 Tazewell East St. Louis City 27,006 St. Clair Easton Village 321 Mason Eddyville Village 101 Pope Edgewood Village 440 Effingham Edinburg Village 1,078 Christian Edwardsville † City 24,293 Madison Effingham † City 12,328 Effingham El Dara Village 78 Pike El Paso City 2,810 McLean Woodford Elburn Village 5,602 Kane Eldorado City 4,122 Saline Eldred Village 201 Greene Elgin City 108,188 Cook Kane Elizabeth Village 761 Jo Daviess Elizabethtown † Village 299 Hardin Elk Grove Village Village 33,127 Cook DuPage Elkhart Village 405 Logan Elkville Village 928 Jackson Elliott Village 295 Ford Ellis Grove Village 363 Randolph Ellisville Village 96 Fulton Ellsworth Village 195 McLean Elmhurst City 44,121 Cook DuPage Elmwood City 2,097 Peoria Elmwood Park Village 24,883 Cook Elsah Village 673 Jersey Elvaston Village 165 Hancock Elwood Village 2,279 Will Emden Village 485 Logan Emington Village 117 Livingston Energy Village 1,146 Williamson Enfield Village 596 White Equality Village 595 Gallatin Erie Village 1,602 Whiteside Essex Village 802 Kankakee Eureka † City 5,295 Woodford Evanston City 74,486 Cook Evansville Village 701 Randolph Evergreen Park Village 19,852 Cook Ewing Village 307 Franklin Exeter Village 65 Scott Fairbury City 3,757 Livingston Fairfield † City 5,154 Wayne Fairmont City Village 2,635 St. Clair Fairmount Village 642 Vermilion Fairview Village 522 Fulton Fairview Heights City 17,078 St. Clair Farina Village 518 Fayette Farmer City City 2,037 DeWitt Farmersville Village 724 Montgomery Farmington City 2,448 Fulton Fayetteville Village 366 St. Clair Ferris Village 156 Hancock Fidelity Village 114 Jersey Fieldon Village 239 Jersey Fillmore Village 330 Montgomery Findlay Village 683 Shelby Fisher Village 1,881 Champaign Fithian Village 485 Vermilion Flanagan Village 1,110 Livingston Flat Rock Village 331 Crawford Flora City 5,070 Clay Florence Village 38 Pike Flossmoor Village 9,464 Cook Foosland Village 101 Champaign Ford Heights Village 2,763 Cook Forest City Village 246 Mason Forest Park Village 14,167 Cook Forest View Village 698 Cook Forrest Village 1,220 Livingston Forreston Village 1,446 Ogle Forsyth Village 3,490 Macon Fox Lake Village 10,579 Lake Fox River Grove Village 4,854 Lake McHenry Frankfort Village 17,782 Cook Will Franklin Village 610 Morgan Franklin Grove Village 1,021 Lee Franklin Park Village 18,333 Cook Freeburg Village 4,354 St. Clair Freeman Spur Village 287 Williamson Freeport † City 25,638 Stephenson Fulton City 3,481 Whiteside Fults Village 26 Monroe Galatia Village 933 Saline Galena † City 3,429 Jo Daviess Galesburg † City 32,195 Knox Galva City 2,589 Henry Gardner Village 1,463 Grundy Garrett Village 162 Douglas Gays Village 281 Moultrie Geneseo City 6,586 Henry Geneva † City 21,495 Kane Genoa City 5,193 DeKalb Georgetown City 3,474 Vermilion German Valley Village 463 Stephenson Germantown Village 1,269 Clinton Germantown Hills Village 3,438 Woodford Gibson City City 3,407 Ford Gifford Village 975 Champaign Gilberts Village 6,879 Kane Gillespie City 3,319 Macoupin Gilman City 1,814 Iroquois Girard City 2,103 Macoupin Gladstone Village 281 Henderson Glasford Village 1,022 Peoria Glasgow Village 141 Scott Glen Carbon Village 12,934 Madison Glen Ellyn Village 27,450 DuPage Glencoe Village 8,723 Cook Glendale Heights Village 34,208 DuPage Glenview Village 44,692 Cook Glenwood Village 8,969 Cook Godfrey Village 17,982 Madison Godley Village 601 Grundy Will Golconda † City 668 Pope Golden Village 644 Adams Golden Gate Village 68 Wayne Golf Village 500 Cook Good Hope Village 396 McDonough Goodfield Village 860 Tazewell Woodford Goreville Village 1,049 Johnson Gorham Village 236 Jackson Grafton City 674 Jersey Grand Tower City 605 Jackson Grand Ridge Village 560 LaSalle Grandview Village 1,441 Sangamon Granite City City 29,849 Madison Grant Park Village 1,331 Kankakee Grantfork Village 337 Madison Granville Village 1,427 Putnam Grayslake Village 20,957 Lake Grayville City 1,666 Edwards White Green Oaks Village 3,866 Lake Green Valley Village 709 Tazewell Greenfield City 1,071 Greene Greenup Village 1,513 Cumberland Greenview Village 778 Menard Greenville † City 7,000 Bond Greenwood Village 255 McHenry Gridley Village 1,432 McLean Griggsville City 1,226 Pike Gulfport Village 54 Henderson Gurnee Village 31,295 Lake Hainesville Village 3,597 Lake Hamburg Village 128 Calhoun Hamel Village 816 Madison Hamilton City 2,951 Hancock Hammond Village 509 Piatt Hampshire Village 5,563 Kane Hampton Village 1,863 Rock Island Hanaford Village 327 Franklin Hanna City Village 1,225 Peoria Hanover Village 844 Jo Daviess Hanover Park Village 39,973 Cook DuPage Hardin † Village 967 Calhoun Harmon Village 120 Lee Harrisburg † City 9,017 Saline Harristown Village 1,367 Macon Hartford Village 1,429 Madison Hartsburg Village 314 Logan Harvard City 9,447 McHenry Harvel Village 223 Montgomery Harvey City 25,282 Cook Harwood Heights Village 8,612 Cook Havana † City 3,301 Mason Hawthorn Woods Village 7,663 Lake Hazel Crest Village 14,100 Cook Hebron Village 1,216 McHenry Hecker Village 481 Monroe Henderson Village 255 Knox Hennepin † Village 757 Putnam Henning Village 251 Vermilion Henry City 2,464 Marshall Herrick Village 436 Shelby Herrin City 12,501 Williamson Herscher Village 1,591 Kankakee Hettick Village 181 Macoupin Heyworth Village 2,841 McLean Hickory Hills City 14,049 Cook Hidalgo Village 106 Jasper Highland City 9,919 Madison Highland Park City 29,763 Lake Highwood City 5,405 Lake Hillcrest Village 1,326 Ogle Hillsboro † City 6,207 Montgomery Hillsdale Village 523 Rock Island Hillside Village 8,157 Cook Hillview Village 193 Greene Hinckley Village 2,070 DeKalb Hindsboro Village 313 Douglas Hinsdale Village 16,816 Cook DuPage Hodgkins Village 1,897 Cook Hoffman Village 508 Clinton Hoffman Estates Village 51,895 Cook Holiday Hills Village 610 McHenry Hollowayville Village 84 Bureau Homer Village 1,193 Champaign Homer Glen Village 24,220 Will Hometown City 4,349 Cook Homewood Village 19,323 Cook Hoopeston City 5,351 Vermilion Hooppole Village 204 Henry Hopedale Village 865 Tazewell Hopewell Village 410 Marshall Hopkins Park Village 603 Kankakee Hoyleton Village 531 Washington Hudson Village 1,838 McLean Huey Village 169 Clinton Hull Village 461 Pike Humboldt Village 437 Coles Hume Village 380 Edgar Huntley Village 24,291 Kane McHenry Hurst City 795 Williamson Hutsonville Village 554 Crawford Illiopolis Village 891 Sangamon Ina Village 2,338 Jefferson Indian Creek Village 462 Lake Indian Head Park Village 3,809 Cook Indianola Village 276 Vermilion Industry Village 478 McDonough Inverness Village 7,399 Cook Iola Village 141 Clay Ipava Village 470 Fulton Iroquois Village 154 Iroquois Irving Village 495 Montgomery Irvington Village 659 Washington Irwin Village 74 Kankakee Island Lake Village 8,080 Lake McHenry Itasca Village 8,649 DuPage Iuka Village 489 Marion Ivesdale Village 267 Champaign Jacksonville † City 19,446 Morgan Jeffersonville Village 367 Wayne Jeisyville Village 107 Christian Jerome Village 1,656 Sangamon Jerseyville † City 8,465 Jersey Jewett Village 223 Cumberland Johnsburg Village 6,337 McHenry Johnston City City 3,543 Williamson Johnsonville Village 77 Wayne Joliet † City 147,433 Kendall Will Jonesboro † City 1,821 Union Joppa Village 360 Massac Joy Village 417 Mercer Junction Village 129 Gallatin Junction City Village 482 Marion Justice Village 12,926 Cook Kampsville Village 328 Calhoun Kane Village 438 Greene Kaneville Village 484 Kane Kangley Village 251 LaSalle Kankakee † City 27,537 Kankakee Kansas Village 787 Edgar Kappa Village 227 Woodford Karnak Village 499 Pulaski Kaskaskia Village 14 Randolph Keenes Village 83 Wayne Keithsburg City 609 Mercer Keensburg Village 210 Wabash Kell Village 219 Marion Kempton Village 231 Ford Kenilworth Village 2,513 Cook Kenney Village 326 DeWitt Kewanee City 12,916 Henry Keyesport Village 421 Bond Clinton Kilbourne Village 302 Mason Kildeer Village 3,968 Lake Kincaid Village 1,505 Christian Kinderhook Village 216 Pike Kingston Village 1,164 DeKalb Kingston Mines Village 302 Peoria Kinmundy City 796 Marion Kinsman Village 99 Grundy Kirkland Village 1,744 DeKalb Kirkwood Village 714 Warren Knoxville City 2,911 Knox La Fayette Village 223 Stark La Grange Village 15,550 Cook La Grange Park Village 13,579 Cook La Harpe City 1,235 Hancock La Moille Village 726 Bureau La Prairie Town 47 Adams La Rose Village 144 Marshall LaSalle City 9,609 LaSalle Lacon † City 1,937 Marshall Ladd Village 1,295 Bureau Lake Barrington Village 4,973 Lake Lake Bluff Village 5,722 Lake Lake in the Hills Village 28,965 McHenry Lake Ka - ho Village 237 Macoupin Lake Forest City 19,375 Lake Lake Villa Village 8,741 Lake Lake Zurich Village 17,631 Lake Lakemoor Village 6,017 Lake McHenry Lakewood Village 3,811 McHenry Lanark City 1,457 Carroll Lansing Village 28,331 Cook Latham Village 380 Logan Lawrenceville † City 4,348 Lawrence Le Roy City 3,560 McLean Leaf River Village 443 Ogle Lebanon City 4,418 St. Clair Lee Village 337 DeKalb Lee Leland Village 977 LaSalle Leland Grove City 1,503 Sangamon Lemont Village 16,000 Cook DuPage Will Lena Village 2,912 Stephenson Lenzburg Village 521 St. Clair Leonore Village 130 LaSalle Lerna Village 286 Coles Lewistown † City 2,384 Fulton Lexington City 2,060 McLean Liberty Village 516 Adams Libertyville Village 20,315 Lake Lily Lake Village 993 Kane Lima Village 163 Adams Limestone Village 1,598 Kankakee Lincoln † City 14,504 Logan Lincolnshire Village 7,275 Lake Lincolnwood Village 12,590 Cook Lindenhurst Village 14,462 Lake Lisbon Village 285 Kendall Lisle Village 22,390 DuPage Litchfield City 6,939 Montgomery Little York Village 331 Warren Littleton Village 181 Schuyler Liverpool Village 129 Fulton Livingston Village 858 Madison Loami Village 745 Sangamon Lockport City 24,839 Will Loda Village 407 Iroquois Lomax Village 454 Henderson Lombard Village 43,395 DuPage London Mills Village 392 Fulton Long Creek Village 1,328 Macon Long Grove Village 8,043 Lake Long Point Village 226 Livingston Longview Village 153 Champaign Loraine Village 313 Adams Lostant Village 498 LaSalle Louisville † Village 1,139 Clay Loves Park City 23,996 Boone Winnebago Lovington Village 1,130 Moultrie Ludlow Village 371 Champaign Lyndon Village 648 Whiteside Lynnville Village 117 Morgan Lynwood Village 9,007 Cook Lyons Village 10,729 Cook Macedonia Village 63 Franklin Machesney Park Village 23,499 Winnebago Mackinaw Village 1,950 Tazewell Macomb † City 19,288 McDonough Macon City 1,138 Macon Madison City 3,891 Madison St. Clair Maeystown Village 157 Monroe Magnolia Village 260 Putnam Mahomet Village 7,258 Champaign Makanda Village 561 Jackson Malden Village 362 Bureau Malta Village 1,164 DeKalb Manchester Village 292 Scott Manhattan Village 7,051 Will Manito Village 1,642 Mason Manlius Village 359 Bureau Mansfield Village 906 Piatt Manteno Village 9,204 Kankakee Maple Park Village 1,310 Kane Mapleton Village 270 Peoria Maquon Village 284 Knox Marengo City 7,648 McHenry Marietta Village 112 Fulton Marine Village 960 Madison Marion † City 17,193 Williamson Marissa Village 1,979 St. Clair Mark Village 555 Putnam Markham City 12,508 Cook Maroa City 1,801 Macon Marquette Heights City 2,824 Tazewell Marseilles City 5,094 LaSalle Marshall † City 3,933 Clark Martinton Village 381 Iroquois Martinsville City 1,167 Clark Maryville Village 7,487 Madison Mascoutah City 7,483 St. Clair Mason Town 345 Effingham Mason City City 2,343 Mason Matherville Village 723 Mercer Matteson Village 19,009 Cook Mattoon City 18,555 Coles Maunie Village 139 White Maywood Village 24,090 Cook Mazon Village 1,015 Grundy McClure Village 402 Alexander McCook Village 228 Cook McCullom Lake Village 1,049 McHenry McHenry City 26,992 McHenry McLean Village 830 McLean McLeansboro † City 2,883 Hamilton McNabb Village 285 Putnam Mechanicsburg Village 590 Sangamon Media Village 107 Henderson Medora Village 419 Macoupin Melrose Park Village 25,411 Cook Melvin Village 452 Ford Mendon Village 953 Adams Mendota City 7,372 LaSalle Menominee Village 248 Jo Daviess Meredosia Village 1,044 Morgan Merrionette Park Village 1,900 Cook Metamora Village 3,636 Woodford Metcalf Village 189 Edgar Metropolis † City 6,537 Massac Mettawa Village 547 Lake Middletown Village 324 Logan Midlothian Village 14,819 Cook Milan Village 5,099 Rock Island Milford Village 1,306 Iroquois Mill Creek Village 65 Union Mill Shoals Village 215 White Millbrook Village 335 Kendall Milledgeville Village 1,032 Carroll Millington Village 665 Kendall Millstadt Village 4,011 St. Clair Milton Village 271 Pike Mineral Village 237 Bureau Minier Village 1,252 Tazewell Minonk City 2,078 Woodford Minooka Village 10,924 Grundy Will Modesto Village 189 Macoupin Mokena Village 18,740 Will Moline City 43,483 Rock Island Momence City 3,310 Kankakee Monee Village 5,148 Will Monmouth † City 9,444 Warren Monroe Center Village 471 Ogle Montgomery Village 18,438 Kane Kendall Monticello † City 5,548 Piatt Montrose Village 201 Effingham Morris † City 13,636 Grundy Morrison † City 4,188 Whiteside Morrisonville Village 1,056 Christian Morton Village 16,267 Tazewell Morton Grove Village 23,270 Cook Mound City † City 588 Pulaski Mound Station Village 122 Brown Mounds City 810 Pulaski Mount Auburn Village 480 Christian Mount Carmel † City 7,284 Wabash Mount Carroll † City 1,717 Carroll Mount Clare Village 278 Macoupin Mount Erie Village 88 Wayne Mount Morris Village 2,998 Ogle Mount Olive City 2,099 Macoupin Mount Prospect Village 54,167 Cook Mount Pulaski City 1,566 Logan Mount Sterling † City 2,025 Brown Mount Vernon † City 15,277 Jefferson Mount Zion Village 5,833 Macon Moweaqua Village 1,831 Shelby Muddy Village 68 Saline Mulberry Grove Village 634 Bond Muncie Village 146 Vermilion Mundelein Village 31,064 Lake Murphysboro † City 7,970 Jackson Murrayville Village 587 Morgan Naperville City 141,853 DuPage Will Naplate Village 496 LaSalle Naples Town 130 Scott Nashville † City 3,258 Washington Nason City 236 Jefferson Nauvoo City 1,149 Hancock Nebo Village 340 Pike Nelson Village 170 Lee Neoga City 1,636 Cumberland Neponset Village 473 Bureau New Athens Village 2,054 St. Clair New Baden Village 3,349 Clinton St. Clair New Bedford Village 75 Bureau New Berlin Village 1,346 Sangamon New Boston City 683 Mercer New Burnside Village 211 Johnson New Canton Town 359 Pike New Douglas Village 319 Madison New Grand Chain Village 210 Pulaski New Haven Village 433 Gallatin New Holland Village 269 Logan New Lenox Village 24,394 Will New Milford Village 697 Winnebago New Minden Village 215 Washington New Salem Village 137 Pike New Windsor Village 748 Mercer Newark Village 992 Kendall Newman City 865 Douglas Newton † City 2,849 Jasper Niantic Village 707 Macon Niles Village 29,803 Cook Nilwood Town 239 Macoupin Noble Village 677 Richland Nokomis City 2,256 Montgomery Nora Village 121 Jo Daviess Normal Town 52,497 McLean Norridge Village 14,572 Cook Norris Village 213 Fulton Norris City Village 1,275 White North Aurora Village 16,760 Kane North Barrington Village 3,047 Lake North Chicago City 32,574 Lake North City Village 608 Franklin North Henderson Village 187 Mercer North Pekin Village 1,573 Tazewell North Riverside Village 6,672 Cook North Utica Village 1,352 LaSalle Northbrook Village 33,170 Cook Northfield Village 5,420 Cook Northlake City 12,323 Cook Norwood Village 478 Peoria O'Fallon City 28,281 St. Clair Oak Brook Village 7,883 Cook DuPage Oak Grove Village 396 Rock Island Oak Forest City 27,962 Cook Oak Lawn Village 56,690 Cook Oak Park Village 51,878 Cook Oakbrook Terrace City 2,134 DuPage Oakdale Village 221 Washington Oakford Village 286 Menard Oakland City 880 Coles Oakwood Village 1,595 Vermilion Oakwood Hills Village 2,083 McHenry Oblong Village 1,466 Crawford Oconee Village 180 Shelby Odell Village 1,046 Livingston Odin Village 1,076 Marion Ogden Village 810 Champaign Oglesby City 3,791 LaSalle Ohio Village 513 Bureau Ohlman Village 135 Montgomery Okawville Village 1,434 Washington Old Mill Creek Village 178 Lake Old Ripley Village 108 Bond Old Shawneetown Village 193 Gallatin Olmsted Village 333 Pulaski Olney † City 9,115 Richland Olympia Fields Village 4,988 Cook Omaha Village 266 Gallatin Onarga Village 1,368 Iroquois Oneida City 700 Knox Oquawka † Village 1,371 Henderson Orangeville Village 793 Stephenson Oreana Village 875 Macon Oregon † City 3,721 Ogle Orient City 358 Franklin Orion Village 1,861 Henry Orland Hills Village 7,149 Cook Orland Park Village 56,767 Cook Will Oswego Village 30,355 Kendall Ottawa † City 18,768 LaSalle Otterville Town 126 Jersey Owaneco Village 239 Christian Palatine Village 68,557 Cook Palestine Town 1,369 Crawford Palmer Village 229 Christian Palmyra Village 698 Macoupin Palos Heights City 12,515 Cook Palos Hills City 17,484 Cook Palos Park Village 4,847 Cook Pana City 5,847 Christian Panama Village 343 Bond Montgomery Panola Village 45 Woodford Papineau Village 171 Iroquois Paris † City 8,837 Edgar Park City City 7,570 Lake Park Forest Village 21,975 Cook Will Park Ridge City 37,480 Cook Parkersburg Village 199 Richland Patoka Village 584 Marion Paw Paw Village 870 Lee Pawnee Village 2,739 Sangamon Paxton † City 4,473 Ford Payson Village 1,026 Adams Pearl Village 138 Pike Pearl City Village 838 Stephenson Pecatonica Village 2,195 Winnebago Pekin † City 34,094 Tazewell Peoria † City 115,007 Peoria Peoria Heights Village 6,156 Peoria Tazewell Woodford Peotone Village 4,142 Will Percy Village 970 Randolph Perry Village 397 Pike Peru City 10,295 LaSalle Pesotum Village 551 Champaign Petersburg † City 2,260 Menard Phillipstown Village 44 White Philo Village 1,466 Champaign Phoenix Village 1,964 Cook Pierron Village 600 Bond Madison Pinckneyville † City 5,648 Perry Pingree Grove Village 4,532 Kane Piper City Village 826 Ford Pittsburg Village 572 Williamson Pittsfield † City 4,576 Pike Plainfield Village 39,581 Kendall Will Plainville Village 264 Adams Plano City 10,856 Kendall Plattville Village 242 Kendall Pleasant Hill Village 966 Pike Pleasant Plains Village 802 Sangamon Plymouth Village 505 Hancock McDonough Pocahontas Village 784 Bond Polo City 2,355 Ogle Pontiac † City 11,931 Livingston Pontoon Beach Village 5,836 Madison Pontoosuc Village 146 Hancock Poplar Grove Village 5,023 Boone Port Barrington Village 1,517 Lake McHenry Port Byron Village 1,647 Rock Island Posen Village 5,987 Cook Potomac Village 750 Vermilion Prairie City Village 379 McDonough Prairie du Rocher Village 604 Randolph Prairie Grove Village 1,904 McHenry Princeton † City 7,660 Bureau Princeville Village 1,738 Peoria Prophetstown City 2,080 Whiteside Prospect Heights City 16,256 Cook Pulaski Village 206 Pulaski Quincy † City 40,633 Adams Radom Village 220 Washington Raleigh Village 350 Saline Ramsey Village 1,037 Fayette Rankin Village 561 Vermilion Ransom Village 384 LaSalle Rantoul Village 12,941 Champaign Rapids City Village 959 Rock Island Raritan Village 138 Henderson Raymond Village 1,006 Montgomery Red Bud City 3,698 Randolph Reddick Village 163 Kankakee Livingston Redmon Village 173 Edgar Reynolds Village 539 Rock Island Richmond Village 1,874 McHenry Richton Park Village 13,646 Cook Richview Village 253 Washington Ridge Farm Village 862 Vermilion Ridgway Village 869 Gallatin Ridott Village 164 Stephenson Ringwood Village 836 McHenry Rio Village 220 Knox Ripley Village 86 Brown River Forest Village 11,172 Cook River Grove Village 10,227 Cook Riverdale Village 13,549 Cook Riverside Village 8,875 Cook Riverton Village 3,455 Sangamon Riverwoods Village 3,660 Lake Roanoke Village 2,065 Woodford Robbins Village 5,337 Cook Roberts Village 362 Ford Robinson † City 7,713 Crawford Rochelle City 9,574 Ogle Rochester Village 3,689 Sangamon Rock City Village 315 Stephenson Rock Falls City 9,266 Whiteside Rock Island † City 39,018 Rock Island Rockbridge Village 169 Greene Rockdale Village 1,976 Will Rockford † City 152,871 Winnebago Rockton Village 7,685 Winnebago Rockwood Village 42 Randolph Rolling Meadows City 24,099 Cook Romeoville Village 39,680 Will Roodhouse City 1,814 Greene Roscoe Village 10,785 Winnebago Rose Hill Village 80 Jasper Roselle Village 22,763 Cook DuPage Rosemont Village 4,202 Cook Roseville Village 989 Warren Rosiclare City 1,160 Hardin Rossville Village 1,331 Vermilion Round Lake Village 18,289 Lake Round Lake Beach Village 28,175 Lake Round Lake Heights Village 2,676 Lake Round Lake Park Village 7,505 Lake Roxana Village 1,542 Madison Royal Village 293 Champaign Royal Lakes Village 197 Macoupin Royalton Village 1,151 Franklin Ruma Village 317 Randolph Rushville † City 3,192 Schuyler Russellville Village 94 Lawrence Rutland Village 318 LaSalle Sadorus Village 416 Champaign Sailor Springs Village 95 Clay St. Anne Village 1,257 Kankakee St. Augustine Village 120 Knox St. Charles City 32,974 DuPage Kane St. David Village 589 Fulton St. Elmo City 1,426 Fayette St. Francisville City 697 Lawrence St. Jacob Village 1,098 Madison St. Johns Village 219 Perry St. Joseph Village 3,967 Champaign St. Libory Village 615 St. Clair St. Peter Village 359 Fayette Ste . Marie Village 244 Jasper Salem † City 7,485 Marion Sammons Point Village 279 Kankakee San Jose Village 642 Logan Mason Sandoval Village 1,274 Marion Sandwich City 7,421 DeKalb Kendall LaSalle Sauget Village 159 St. Clair Sauk Village Village 10,506 Cook Will Saunemin Village 420 Livingston Savanna City 3,062 Carroll Savoy Village 7,280 Champaign Sawyerville Village 279 Macoupin Saybrook Village 693 McLean Scales Mound Village 376 Jo Daviess Schaumburg Village 74,227 Cook Schiller Park Village 11,793 Cook Schram City Village 586 Montgomery Sciota Village 61 McDonough Scottville Village 116 Macoupin Seaton Village 222 Mercer Seatonville Village 314 Bureau Secor Village 373 Woodford Seneca Village 2,371 Grundy LaSalle Sesser City 1,931 Franklin Shabbona Village 925 DeKalb Shannon Village 757 Carroll Shawneetown † City 1,239 Gallatin Sheffield Village 926 Bureau Shelbyville † City 4,700 Shelby Sheldon Village 1,070 Iroquois Sheridan Village 2,137 LaSalle Sherman Village 4,148 Sangamon Sherrard Village 640 Mercer Shiloh Village 12,651 St. Clair Shipman Village 624 Macoupin Shorewood Village 15,615 Will Shumway Village 202 Effingham Sibley Village 272 Ford Sidell Village 617 Vermilion Sidney Village 1,233 Champaign Sigel Town 373 Shelby Silvis City 7,479 Rock Island Simpson Village 60 Johnson Sims Village 252 Wayne Skokie Village 64,784 Cook Sleepy Hollow Village 3,304 Kane Smithboro Village 177 Bond Smithfield Village 230 Fulton Smithton Village 3,963 St. Clair Somonauk Village 1,893 DeKalb Sorento Village 498 Bond South Barrington Village 4,565 Cook South Beloit City 7,892 Winnebago South Chicago Heights Village 4,139 Cook South Elgin Village 21,985 Kane South Holland Village 22,030 Cook South Jacksonville Village 3,331 Morgan South Pekin Village 1,146 Tazewell South Roxana Village 2,053 Madison South Wilmington Village 681 Grundy Southern View Village 1,642 Sangamon Sparland Village 406 Marshall Sparta City 4,302 Randolph Spaulding Village 873 Sangamon Spillertown Village 203 Williamson Spring Bay Village 452 Woodford Spring Grove Village 5,778 McHenry Spring Valley City 5,558 Bureau Springerton Village 110 White Springfield † † City 116,250 Sangamon Standard Village 220 Putnam Standard City Village 152 Macoupin Stanford Village 596 McLean Staunton City 5,139 Macoupin Steeleville Village 2,083 Randolph Steger Village 9,570 Cook Will Sterling City 15,370 Whiteside Steward Village 256 Lee Stewardson Village 734 Shelby Stickney Village 6,786 Cook Stillman Valley Village 1,120 Ogle Stockton Village 1,862 Jo Daviess Stone Park Village 4,946 Cook Stonefort Village 297 Saline Williamson Stonington Village 932 Christian Stoy Village 104 Crawford Strasburg Village 467 Shelby Strawn Village 100 Livingston Streamwood Village 39,858 Cook Streator City 13,710 LaSalle Livingston Stronghurst Village 883 Henderson Sublette Village 449 Lee Sugar Grove Village 8,997 Kane Sullivan † City 4,440 Moultrie Summerfield Village 451 St. Clair Summit Village 11,054 Cook Sumner City 3,174 Lawrence Sun River Terrace Village 528 Kankakee Swansea Village 13,430 St. Clair Sycamore † City 17,519 DeKalb Symerton Village 87 Will Table Grove Village 416 Fulton Tallula Village 488 Menard Tamaroa Village 638 Perry Tamms Village 632 Alexander Tampico Village 790 Whiteside Taylor Springs Village 690 Montgomery Taylorville † City 11,246 Christian Tennessee Village 115 McDonough Teutopolis Village 1,530 Effingham Thawville Village 241 Iroquois Thayer Village 693 Sangamon Thebes Village 436 Alexander Third Lake Village 1,182 Lake Thomasboro Village 1,126 Champaign Thompsonville Village 543 Franklin Thomson Village 590 Carroll Thornton Village 2,338 Cook Tilden Village 934 Randolph Tilton Village 2,724 Vermilion Timberlane Village 934 Boone Time Village 23 Pike Tinley Park Village 56,703 Cook Will Tiskilwa Village 829 Bureau Toluca City 1,414 Marshall Toledo † Village 1,238 Cumberland Tolono Village 3,447 Champaign Toulon † City 1,292 Stark Tonica Village 768 LaSalle Topeka Town 76 Mason Tovey Village 512 Christian Towanda Village 480 McLean Tower Hill Village 611 Shelby Tower Lakes Village 1,283 Lake Tremont Village 2,236 Tazewell Trenton City 2,715 Clinton Trout Valley Village 537 McHenry Troy City 9,888 Madison Troy Grove Village 250 LaSalle Tuscola † City 4,480 Douglas Virginia † City 1,611 Cass Ullin Village 463 Pulaski Union Village 580 McHenry Union Hill Village 58 Kankakee University Park Village 7,129 Cook Will Urbana † City 41,250 Champaign Ursa Village 626 Adams Valier Village 669 Franklin Valley City Village 13 Pike Valmeyer Village 1,263 Monroe Vandalia † City 7,042 Fayette Varna Village 384 Marshall Venedy Village 138 Washington Venice City 1,890 Madison Vergennes Village 298 Jackson Vermilion Village 225 Edgar Vermont Village 667 Fulton Vernon Village 129 Marion Vernon Hills Village 25,113 Lake Verona Village 215 Grundy Versailles Village 478 Brown Victoria Village 316 Knox Vienna † City 1,434 Johnson Villa Grove City 2,537 Douglas Villa Park Village 21,904 DuPage Viola Village 955 Mercer Virden City 3,425 Macoupin Sangamon Virgil Village 329 Kane Volo Village 2,929 Lake Wadsworth Village 3,815 Lake Waggoner Village 266 Montgomery Walnut Village 1,416 Bureau Walnut Hill Village 108 Marion Walshville Village 64 Montgomery Waltonville Village 434 Jefferson Wamac City 1,185 Clinton Marion Washington Wapella Village 558 DeWitt Warren Village 1,428 Jo Daviess Warrensburg Village 1,210 Macon Warrenville City 13,140 DuPage Warsaw City 1,607 Hancock Washburn Village 1,155 Woodford Washington City 15,134 Tazewell Washington Park Village 4,196 St. Clair Wataga Village 843 Knox Waterloo † City 9,811 Monroe Waterman Village 1,506 DeKalb Watseka † City 5,255 Iroquois Watson Village 754 Effingham Wauconda Village 13,603 Lake Waukegan † City 89,078 Lake Waverly City 1,307 Morgan Wayne Village 2,431 DuPage Kane Wayne City Village 1,032 Wayne Waynesville Village 434 DeWitt Weldon Village 429 DeWitt Wellington Village 242 Iroquois Wenona City 1,056 LaSalle Marshall Wenonah Village 37 Montgomery West Brooklyn Village 142 Lee West Chicago City 27,086 DuPage West City Village 661 Franklin West Dundee Village 7,331 Kane West Frankfort City 8,182 Franklin West Peoria City 4,458 Peoria West Point Village 178 Hancock West Salem Village 897 Edwards Westchester Village 16,718 Cook Western Springs Village 12,975 Cook Westfield Village 601 Clark Westmont Village 24,685 DuPage Westville Village 3,202 Vermilion Wheeler Village 147 Jasper Wheaton † City 52,894 DuPage Wheeling Village 37,648 Cook White City Village 232 Macoupin White Hall City 2,520 Greene Whiteash Village 241 Williamson Williamsfield Village 578 Knox Williamson Village 230 Madison Williamsville Village 1,476 Sangamon Willisville Village 633 Perry Willow Hill Village 230 Jasper Willow Springs Village 5,524 Will Willowbrook Village 8,540 DuPage Wilmette Village 27,087 Cook Wilmington City 5,724 Will Wilmington Village 142 Greene Wilsonville Village 586 Macoupin Winchester † City 1,593 Scott Windsor Village 748 Mercer Windsor City 1,187 Shelby Winfield Village 9,080 DuPage Winnebago Village 3,101 Winnebago Winnetka Village 12,187 Cook Winslow Village 338 Stephenson Winthrop Harbor Village 6,742 Lake Witt City 903 Montgomery Wonder Lake Village 4,026 McHenry Wood Dale City 13,770 DuPage Wood River City 10,657 Madison Woodhull Village 811 Henry Woodland Village 324 Iroquois Woodlawn Village 698 Jefferson Woodridge Village 32,971 DuPage Will Woodson Village 512 Morgan Woodstock † City 24,770 McHenry Worden Village 1,044 Madison Worth Village 10,789 Cook Wyanet Village 991 Bureau Wyoming City 1,429 Stark Xenia Village 391 Clay Yale Village 86 Jasper Yates City Village 693 Knox Yorkville † City 16,921 Kendall Zeigler City 1,801 Franklin Zion City 24,413 Lake See also ( edit ) Chicago portal Illinois portal Administrative divisions of Illinois List of census - designated places in Illinois List of towns and villages in Illinois List of unincorporated communities in Illinois List of Illinois townships List of counties in Illinois List of precincts in Illinois References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` GCT - PH1 -- Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 -- State -- Place and ( in selected states ) County Subdivision '' . 2010 United States Census . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois : 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . 2010 United States Census . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . p. 18 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cities in Illinois . Illinois Regional Archives Depository System . `` Name Index to Illinois Local Governments '' . Illinois State Archives . Illinois Secretary of State . `` Communities '' . About Illinois . State of Illinois . Lists of cities in the United States by state Index Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming D.C. neighborhoods American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands By population California Connecticut Illinois Iowa Michigan New Hampshire New Mexico Oklahoma Pennsylvania Tennessee Texas Wisconsin By area California Texas State of Illinois Springfield ( capital ) Topics Index Buildings and structures Census areas Communications Culture Delegations Earthquakes Economy Education Energy Environment Geography Government Health History Languages Law Music People Politics Portal Protected areas Society Sports Tourism Transportation Windmills Seal of Illinois Regions American Bottom Central Illinois Champaign -- Urbana metropolitan area Chicago metropolitan area Collar counties Corn Belt Driftless Area Forgottonia Fox Valley Illinois - Indiana - Kentucky tri-state area Metro East Metro Lakeland Mississippi Alluvial Plain North Shore Northern Illinois Northwestern Illinois Peoria metropolitan area Quad Cities River Bend Rockford metropolitan area Southern Illinois Streatorland Wabash Valley Cities , towns and villages Alton / Granite City / Edwardsville Arlington Heights / Palatine Aurora / Naperville / Oswego / Plainfield Bartlett / Hanover Park / Streamwood Belleville / East St. Louis / Collinsville / O'Fallon Berwyn / Cicero Bloomington / Normal Bolingbrook / Romeoville Buffalo Grove / Wheeling Calumet City Canton Carbondale Carol Stream / Glendale Heights Centralia Champaign / Urbana Charleston / Mattoon Chicago Chicago Heights Crystal Lake / Algonquin Danville Decatur DeKalb / Sycamore Des Plaines / Mount Prospect / Park Ridge Dixon Downers Grove / Woodridge Effingham Elgin / Carpentersville Elmhurst / Lombard / Addison Evanston / Skokie Freeport Galesburg Glenview / Northbrook Harrisburg Jacksonville Joliet Kankakee / Bradley / Bourbonnais Lincoln Macomb Marion / Herrin Moline / East Moline / Rock Island Mount Vernon Mundelein Oak Lawn Oak Park Orland Park / Tinley Park Ottawa / Streator / LaSalle / Peru Peoria / Pekin / East Peoria / Morton / Washington Pontiac Quincy Rochelle Rockford / Belvidere / Machesney Park / Loves Park St. Charles Schaumburg / Hoffman Estates / Elk Grove Village Springfield Sterling / Rock Falls Taylorville Waukegan / North Chicago / Gurnee Wheaton Counties Adams Alexander Bond Boone Brown Bureau Calhoun Carroll Cass Champaign Christian Clark Clay Clinton Coles Cook Crawford Cumberland DeKalb DeWitt Douglas DuPage Edgar Edwards Effingham Fayette Ford Franklin Fulton Gallatin Greene Grundy Hamilton Hancock Hardin Henderson Henry Iroquois Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jersey Jo Daviess Johnson Kane Kankakee Kendall Knox LaSalle Lake Lawrence Lee Livingston Logan Macon Macoupin Madison Marion Marshall Mason Massac McDonough McHenry McLean Menard Mercer Monroe Montgomery Morgan Moultrie Ogle Peoria Perry Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski Putnam Randolph Richland Rock Island Saline Sangamon Schuyler Scott Shelby St. Clair Stark Stephenson Tazewell Union Vermilion Wabash Warren Washington Wayne White Whiteside Will Williamson Winnebago Woodford Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_municipalities_in_Illinois&oldid=798378964 '' Categories : Cities in Illinois Illinois geography - related lists Lists of cities in the United States by state Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages تۆرکجه Bahasa Banjar Boarisch Deutsch Español فارسی Français Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Tagalog Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 15 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many cities in the state of illinois	[]	[]
-3404989470456116897	Cell theory	Cell theory - wikipedia Cell theory Human cancer cells with nuclei ( specifically the DNA ) stained blue . The central and rightmost cell are in interphase , so the entire nuclei are labeled . The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed . In biology , cell theory is the historic scientific theory , now universally accepted , that living organisms are made up of cells , that they are the basic structural / organizational unit of all organisms , and that all cells come from pre-existing cells . Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction . With continual improvements made to microscopes over time , magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century . This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke , and began the scientific study of cells , also known as cell biology . Over a century later , many debates about cells began amongst scientists . Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration , and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life . Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839 . This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann . However , many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory . It was an important step in the movement away from spontaneous generation . The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below : All living organisms are composed of one or more cells . The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms . Cells arise from pre-existing cells . The first of these tenets is disputed , as non-cellular entities such as viruses are sometimes considered life - forms . Contents 1 Microscopes 2 Discovery of cells 3 Cell theory 4 Modern interpretation 5 Modern version 6 Opposing concepts in cell theory : history and background 6.1 Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories 6.2 Emergence of the steady - state membrane pump concept 6.3 The reemergence of the bulk phase theories 7 Types of cells 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Microscopes Anton van Leeuwenhoek 's microscope from the 17th century with a magnification of 300x . Robert Hooke 's microscope The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope . In the first century BC , Romans were able to make glass , discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass . In Italy during the 12th century , Salvino D'Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye , allowing for a magnification effect to that eye . The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century probably led to wider spread use of simple microscopes ( magnifying glasses ) with limited magnification . Compound microscope , which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image achieving much higher magnification , first appeared in Europe around 1620 In 1665 , Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia . Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light , because this allowed for a clearer image . Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek , a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648 . At some point in his life before 1668 , he was able to learn how to grind lenses . This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope . His were a single lens simple microscope , rather than a compound microscope . This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x . This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x . After Leeuwenhoek , there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s , two hundred years later . Carl Zeiss , a German engineer who manufactured microscopes , began to make changes to the lenses used . But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe . Optical microscopes can focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger , giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light . Later in the 1920s , the electron microscope was developed , making it possible to view objects that are smaller than optical wavelengths , once again , changing the possibilities in science . Discovery of cells Drawing of the structure of cork by Robert Hooke that appeared in Micrographia . The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 , which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia . In this book , he gave 60 ' observations ' in detail of various objects under a coarse , compound microscope . One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork . Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named `` cells '' . This came from the Latin word Cella , meaning ' a small room ' like monks lived in and also Cellulae , which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb . However , Hooke did not know their real structure or function . What Hooke had thought were cells , were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues . With microscopes during this time having a low magnification , Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing . Therefore , he did not think the `` cellulae '' were alive . His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells . In Micrographia , Hooke also observed mould , bluish in color , found on leather . After studying it under his microscope , he was unable to observe `` seeds '' that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity . This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation , from either natural or artificial heat , was the cause . Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time , others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise . Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did . He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold , or 270x . Under these microscopes , Leeuwenhoek found motile objects . In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9 , 1676 , he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms . Over time , he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms . Leeuwenhoek named these `` animalcules , '' which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms , like bacteria . Though he did not have much formal education , he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox , then leading him to study `` pepper water '' in 1676 . He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans . Once discovering these types of cells , Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell . This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation . After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek , Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries . The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing , it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying . Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life , but were unsure what this was . It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants . This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet . Besides stating `` the cell is the fundamental element of organization '' , Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit , but also a physiological unit . In 1804 , Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for `` solving the problem of the nature of cells '' , meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft ( Royal Society of Science ) , Göttingen . Before , it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way . Cell theory Matthias Jakob Schleiden ( 1804 -- 1881 ) Theodor Schwann ( 1810 -- 1882 ) Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists : Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden . While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory , he is not as credited for his attributions toward it . In 1839 , Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells . He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside . However , this was not an original idea of Schleiden . He claimed this theory as his own , though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him . This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory . In 1839 , Theodor Schwann states that along with plants , animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures . This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants . From these conclusions about plants and animals , two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated . 1 . All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2 . The cell is the most basic unit of life Schleiden 's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak , Rudolf Virchow , and Albert Kolliker . In 1855 , Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory . In Latin , this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula . This translated to : 3 . All cells arise only from pre-existing cells However , the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak ; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit . Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division , claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes . He instead said that binary fission , which was first introduced by Dumortier , was how reproduction of new animal cells were made . Once this tenet was added , the classical cell theory was complete . Modern interpretation The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include : All known living things are made up of one or more cells All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division . The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms . The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells . Energy flow ( metabolism and biochemistry ) occurs within cells . Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm . All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species . Modern version The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that : Energy flow occurs within cells . Heredity information ( DNA ) is passed on from cell to cell . All cells have the same basic chemical composition . Opposing concepts in cell theory : history and background The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope . The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s . In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly - like substance , sometimes called living jelly . At about the same time , colloidal chemistry began its development , and the concepts of bound water emerged . A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension , where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation . The idea of a semipermeable membrane , a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time . The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized , but it was n't until 1877 , when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology . In this view , the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface , the plasma membrane , and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution . In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes . By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit , the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume . He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50 % in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells . Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories Two opposing concepts developed within the context of studies on osmosis , permeability , and electrical properties of cells . The first held that these properties all belonged to the plasma membrane whereas the other predominant view was that the protoplasm was responsible for these properties . The membrane theory developed as a succession of ad - hoc additions and changes to the theory to overcome experimental hurdles . Overton ( a distant cousin of Charles Darwin ) first proposed the concept of a lipid ( oil ) plasma membrane in 1899 . The major weakness of the lipid membrane was the lack of an explanation of the high permeability to water , so Nathansohn ( 1904 ) proposed the mosaic theory . In this view , the membrane is not a pure lipid layer , but a mosaic of areas with lipid and areas with semipermeable gel . Ruhland refined the mosaic theory to include pores to allow additional passage of small molecules . Since membranes are generally less permeable to anions , Leonor Michaelis concluded that ions are adsorbed to the walls of the pores , changing the permeability of the pores to ions by electrostatic repulsion . Michaelis demonstrated the membrane potential ( 1926 ) and proposed that it was related to the distribution of ions across the membrane . Harvey and Danielli ( 1939 ) proposed a lipid bilayer membrane covered on each side with a layer of protein to account for measurements of surface tension . In 1941 Boyle & Conway showed that the membrane of frog muscle was permeable to both K and Cl , but apparently not to Na , so the idea of electrical charges in the pores was unnecessary since a single critical pore size would explain the permeability to K , H , and Cl as well as the impermeability to Na , Ca , and Mg . Over the same time period , it was shown ( Procter & Wilson , 1916 ) that gels , which do not have a semipermeable membrane , would swell in dilute solutions . Loeb ( 1920 ) also studied gelatin extensively , with and without a membrane , showing that more of the properties attributed to the plasma membrane could be duplicated in gels without a membrane . In particular , he found that an electrical potential difference between the gelatin and the outside medium could be developed , based on the H concentration . Some criticisms of the membrane theory developed in the 1930s , based on observations such as the ability of some cells to swell and increase their surface area by a factor of 1000 . A lipid layer can not stretch to that extent without becoming a patchwork ( thereby losing its barrier properties . Such criticisms stimulated continued studies on protoplasm as the principal agent determining cell permeability properties . In 1938 , Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form -- the protoplasm represents a combination of protein , salt and water -- and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels . Dimitri Nasonov ( 1944 ) viewed proteins as the central components responsible for many properties of the cell , including electrical properties . By the 1940s , the bulk phase theories were not as well developed as the membrane theories . In 1941 , Brooks & Brooks published a monograph , `` The Permeability of Living Cells '' , which rejects the bulk phase theories . Emergence of the steady - state membrane pump concept With the development of radioactive tracers , it was shown that cells are not impermeable to Na . This was difficult to explain with the membrane barrier theory , so the sodium pump was proposed to continually remove Na as it permeates cells . This drove the concept that cells are in a state of dynamic equilibrium , constantly using energy to maintain ion gradients . In 1935 , Karl Lohmann discovered ATP and its role as a source of energy for cells , so the concept of a metabolically - driven sodium pump was proposed . The tremendous success of Hodgkin , Huxley , and Katz in the development of the membrane theory of cellular membrane potentials , with differential equations that modeled the phenomena correctly , provided even more support for the membrane pump hypothesis . The modern view of the plasma membrane is of a fluid lipid bilayer that has protein components embedded within it . The structure of the membrane is now known in great detail , including 3D models of many of the hundreds of different proteins that are bound to the membrane . These major developments in cell physiology placed the membrane theory in a position of dominance and stimulated the imagination of most physiologists , who now apparently accept the theory as fact -- there are , however , a few dissenters. ( citation needed ) The reemergence of the bulk phase theories In 1956 , Afanasy S. Troshin published a book , The Problems of Cell Permeability , in Russian ( 1958 in German , 1961 in Chinese , 1966 in English ) in which he found that permeability was of secondary importance in determination of the patterns of equilibrium between the cell and its environment . Troshin showed that cell water decreased in solutions of galactose or urea although these compounds did slowly permeate cells . Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage , these experiments cast doubt on the theory . Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium / potassium pump . Such questions became even more urgent as dozens of new metabolic pumps were added as new chemical gradients were discovered . In 1962 , Gilbert Ling became the champion of the bulk phase theories and proposed his association - induction hypothesis of living cells . Types of cells Main article : Cell types Prokaryote cell . Eukaryote cell . Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories : Prokaryotes : Prokaryotes are relatively small cells surrounded by the plasma membrane , with a characteristic cell wall that may differ in composition depending on the particular organism . Prokaryotes lack a nucleus ( although they do have circular or linear DNA ) and other membrane - bound organelles ( though they do contain ribosomes ) . The protoplasm of a prokaryote contains the chromosomal region that appears as fibrous deposits under the microscope , and the cytoplasm . Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes . Eukaryotes : Eukaryotic cells are also surrounded by the plasma membrane , but on the other hand , they have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane or envelope . Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane - bound organelles , such as ( mitochondria , chloroplasts , lysosomes , rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum , vacuoles ) . In addition , they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material . Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body ( 100 -- 150 different cell types ) , compared with 10 -- 20 in plants , fungi , and protoctista . See also Biology portal Cell adhesion Cell biology Cellular differentiation Germ theory of disease Membrane models References Jump up ^ Villarreal , Luis P. ( August 8 , 2008 ) Are Viruses Alive ? Scientific American Jump up ^ `` A glass - sphere microscope '' . Funsci.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica , Volume 30 , La Fondazione - 1975 , page 554 Jump up ^ Albert Van Helden ; Sven Dupré ; Rob van Gent ( 2010 ) . The Origins of the Telescope . Amsterdam University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 6984 - 615 - 6 . Jump up ^ William Rosenthal , Spectacles and Other Vision Aids : A History and Guide to Collecting , Norman Publishing , 1996 , page 391 - 392 ^ Jump up to : Gest , H ( 2004 ) . `` The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek , fellows of the Royal Society '' . Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London . 58 ( 2 ) : 187 -- 201 . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 2004.0055 . PMID 15209075 . ^ Jump up to : Mazzarello , P. ( 1999 ) . `` A unifying concept : the history of cell theory '' . Nature Cell Biology . 1 ( 1 ) : E13 -- 5 . doi : 10.1038 / 8964 . PMID 10559875 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Inwood , Stephen ( 2003 ) . The man who knew too much : the strange and inventive life of Robert Hooke , 1635 -- 1703 . London : Pan . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 48829 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Becker , Wayne M. ; Kleinsmith , Lewis J. ; Hardin , Jeff ( 2003 ) . The World of the Cell. Benjamin / Cummings Publishing Company . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 4854 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Richard . `` History of Biology : Cell Theory and Cell Structure '' . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved 17 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dutrochet , Henri ( 1824 ) `` Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la structure intime des animaux et des vegetaux , et sur leur motilite , par M.H. Dutrochet , avec deux planches '' Jump up ^ Kalenderblatt Dezember 2013 -- Mathematisch - Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät -- Universität Rostock . Mathnat.uni-rostock.de ( 2013 - 11 - 28 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sharp , L.W. ( 1921 ) . Introduction To Cytology . New York : McGraw Hill Book Company Inc . Jump up ^ Schleiden , M.J. ( 1839 ) . `` Beiträge zur Phytogenesis '' . Archiv für Anatomie , Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin : 137 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Schwann , T. ( 1839 ) . Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen . Berlin : Sander . Jump up ^ Silver , GA ( 1987 ) . `` Virchow , the heroic model in medicine : health policy by accolade '' . American Journal of Public Health . 77 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 8 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 77.1. 82 . PMC 1646803 . PMID 3538915 . Jump up ^ Wolfe Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 5 Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : `` The modern version of the Cell Theory '' . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ling , Gilbert N. ( 1984 ) . In search of the physical basis of life . New York : Plenum Press . ISBN 0306414090 . Jump up ^ Michaelis , L. ( 1925 ) . `` Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Membranes for Electrolytes '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 8 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 59 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 8.2. 33 . PMC 2140746 . PMID 19872189 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfe , p. 11 Jump up ^ Wolfe , p. 13 Jump up ^ Margulis , L. & Chapman , M.J. ( 2009 ) . Kingdoms and Domains : An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth ( ( 4th ed . ) . ed . ) . Amsterdam : Academic Press / Elsevier . p. 116 . Bibliography Wolfe , Stephen L. ( 1972 ) . Biology of the cell . Wadsworth Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 00106 - 3 . Further reading Turner W ( January 1890 ) . `` The Cell Theory Past and Present '' . J Anat Physiol. 24 ( Pt 2 ) : 253 -- 87 . PMC 1328050 . PMID 17231856 . Tavassoli M ( 1980 ) . `` The cell theory : a foundation to the edifice of biology '' . Am. J. Pathol. 98 ( 1 ) : 44 . PMC 1903404 . PMID 6985772 . External links Mallery C ( 2008 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Cell Theory '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . `` Studying Cells Tutorial '' . 2004 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_theory&oldid=843231672 '' Categories : Cell biology History of biology Biology theories Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 19 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who discovered that animals were made of cells	[ "The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing, it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying. Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life, but were unsure what this was. It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants.[10] This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet. Besides stating “the cell is the fundamental element of organization”,[11] Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit, but also a physiological unit.\n" ]	[ "Henri Dutrochet" ]
960077147895722779	Ross Malinger	Ross Malinger - wikipedia Ross Malinger Jump to : navigation , search Ross Malinger Ross Aaron Malinger ( 1984 - 07 - 07 ) July 7 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Redwood City , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , Business Manager Years active 1990 -- 2006 Ross Aaron Malinger ( born July 7 , 1984 ) is an American actor and business manager . He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie Sleepless in Seattle , starring Tom Hanks and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film Toothless , starring Kirstie Alley . He and Kirstie Alley both co-starred in the 1995 film Peter and the Wolf . He played Adam Lippman , the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine 's `` Shiksa appeal '' , in the Seinfeld episode `` The Serenity Now '' . Life and career ( edit ) Malinger was born in Redwood City , California , the son of Laura , a producer , and Brian Malinger , a producer and sales representative . Malinger co-starred with Jean - Claude Van Damme in the 1995 film Sudden Death . Though it was a box office disappointment , he earned $1.1 million , a contrast from Sleepless in Seattle , for which he only earned $24,000 , even though it launched his career . He provided the original voice of T.J. Detweiler on the animated series Recess . He did not reprise the role in the next seasons , as he was replaced by Andrew Lawrence . He was a recurring character on the teen drama Party of Five . He also provided the voice for the puppy Spike , part of the `` Riley Gang '' in Homeward Bound II : Lost in San Francisco ; and played the role of Payton Shoemaker in Little Bigfoot . He starred with Shelley Long and Treat Williams on the CBS comedy Good Advice , which lasted two seasons , 1993 to 1994 . He was in an episode of Touched by an Angel playing Nick Albright , a troubled teenager after his parents ' separation . He appeared in the episode `` Shattered '' on Without a Trace ( which aired on April 27 , 2006 ) as Jason McMurphy . As of 2008 , Malinger worked as a general manager at Automotive Legends in Malibu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ross Malinger Biography ( 1984 - ) Jump up ^ `` The Automotive Genius behind Automotive Legends '' . extratv.com . Extral. 2008 - 08 - 08 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Ross Malinger on IMDb VIAF : 66224867 LCCN : no2006058516 ISNI : 0000 0001 1492 8967 GND : 102054984X BNF : cb14202424n ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ross_Malinger&oldid=802128083 '' Categories : 1984 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male voice actors Living people Male actors from California People from Redwood City , California Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 04 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happened to the boy from sleepless in seattle	[]	[]
-1038011293056450963	Labor Management Relations Act of 1947	Labor management Relations Act of 1947 - wikipedia Labor management Relations Act of 1947 Jump to : navigation , search Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 Long title An Act to amend the National Labor Relations Act , to provide additional facilities for the mediation of labor disputes affecting commerce , to equalize legal responsibilities of labor organizations and employers , and for other purposes . Nicknames Taft -- Hartley Act Enacted by the 80th United States Congress Effective June 23 , 1947 Citations Public law 80 -- 101 Statutes at Large 61 Stat. 136 Codification Titles amended 29 U.S.C. : Labor U.S.C. sections created 29 U.S.C. ch. 7 § § 141 - 197 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 3020 by Fred A. Hartley , Jr . ( R -- NJ ) on April 10 , 1947 Passed the House on April 17 , 1947 ( 308 - 107 ) Passed the Senate on May 13 , 1947 ( 68 - 24 , in lieu of S. 1126 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on June 4 , 1947 ; agreed to by the House on June 4 , 1947 ( 320 - 79 ) and by the Senate on June 6 , 1947 ( 54 - 17 ) Vetoed by President Harry S. Truman on June 20 , 1947 Overridden by the House on June 20 , 1947 ( 331 - 83 ) Overridden by the Senate and became law on June 23 , 1947 ( 68 - 25 ) Major amendments Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 29 U.S.C. § 141 - 197 better known as the Taft -- Hartley Act , ( 80 H.R. 3020 , Pub. L. 80 -- 101 , 61 Stat. 136 , enacted June 23 , 1947 ) is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions . The act , still effective , was sponsored by Senator Robert A. Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley , Jr. , and became law by overcoming U.S. President Harry S. Truman 's veto on June 23 , 1947 ; labor leaders called it the `` slave - labor bill '' while President Truman argued that it was a `` dangerous intrusion on free speech , '' and that it would `` conflict with important principles of our democratic society . '' Nevertheless , Truman would subsequently use it twelve times during his presidency . The Taft -- Hartley Act amended the National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ; informally the Wagner Act ) , which Congress passed in 1935 . The principal author of the Taft -- Hartley Act was J. Mack Swigert , of the Cincinnati law firm Taft , Stettinius & Hollister . Historian James T. Patterson concludes that : By the 1950s most observers agreed that Taft - Hartley was no more disastrous for workers than the Wagner Act had been for employers . What ordinarily mattered most in labor relations was not government laws such as Taft - Hartley , but the relative power of unions and management in the economic marketplace . Where unions were strong they usually managed all right ; when they were weak , new laws did them little additional harm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Effects of the act 2.1 Jurisdictional strikes 2.2 Campaign expenditures 2.3 Closed shops 2.4 Union security clauses 2.5 Strikes 2.6 Anti-communism 2.7 Treatment of supervisors 2.8 Right of employer to oppose unions 2.9 National Labor Relations Board 2.10 Federal jurisdiction 2.11 Other 3 Opposition to the Act 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) See also : Strike wave of 1946 Taft -- Hartley was one of more than 250 union - related bills pending in both houses of Congress in 1947 . After World War II , 25 percent of the workforce was unionized ( around 14.8 million workers had union contracts , 10 million of them being union security agreements ) , and with the war now over , their promise not to strike so as not to impede the war effort had expired . As a response to the rising union movement and Cold War hostilities , the bill could be seen as a response by business to the post -- World War II labor upsurge of 1946 . During the year after V-J Day , more than five million American workers were involved in strikes , which lasted on average four times longer than those during the war . The Taft -- Hartley Act was seen as a means of demobilizing the labor movement by imposing limits on labor 's ability to strike and by prohibiting radicals from their leadership . The law was promoted by large business lobbies including the National Association of Manufacturers . Effects of the Act ( edit ) As stated in Section 1 ( 29 U.S.C. § 141 ) , the purpose of the NLRA is : ( T ) o promote the full flow of commerce , to prescribe the legitimate rights of both employees and employers in their relations affecting commerce , to provide orderly and peaceful procedures for preventing the interference by either with the legitimate rights of the other , to protect the rights of individual employees in their relations with labor organizations whose activities affect commerce , to define and proscribe practices on the part of labor and management which affect commerce and are inimical to the general welfare , and to protect the rights of the public in connection with labor disputes affecting commerce . The amendments enacted in Taft -- Hartley added a list of prohibited actions , or unfair labor practices , on the part of unions to the NLRA , which had previously only prohibited unfair labor practices committed by employers . The Taft -- Hartley Act prohibited jurisdictional strikes , wildcat strikes , solidarity or political strikes , secondary boycotts , secondary and mass picketing , closed shops , and monetary donations by unions to federal political campaigns . It also required union officers to sign non-communist affidavits with the government . Union shops were heavily restricted , and states were allowed to pass right - to - work laws that ban agency fees . Furthermore , the executive branch of the federal government could obtain legal strikebreaking injunctions if an impending or current strike imperiled the national health or safety . Jurisdictional strikes ( edit ) In jurisdictional strikes , outlawed by Taft -- Hartley , a union strikes in order to assign particular work to the employees it represents . Secondary boycotts and common situs picketing , also outlawed by the act , are actions in which unions picket , strike , or refuse to handle the goods of a business with which they have no primary dispute but which is associated with a targeted business . A later statute , the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act , passed in 1959 , tightened these restrictions on secondary boycotts still further . Campaign expenditures ( edit ) According to First Amendment scholar Floyd Abrams , the Act `` was the first law barring unions and corporations from making independent expenditures in support of or ( in ) opposition to federal candidates '' . Closed shops ( edit ) Main article : Closed shop The outlawed closed shops were contractual agreements that required an employer to hire only labor union members . Union shops , still permitted , require new recruits to join the union within a certain amount of time . The National Labor Relations Board and the courts have added other restrictions on the power of unions to enforce union security clauses and have required them to make extensive financial disclosures to all members as part of their duty of fair representation . On the other hand , Congress repealed the provisions requiring a vote by workers to authorize a union shop a few years after the passage of the Act when it became apparent that workers were approving them in virtually every case . Union security clauses ( edit ) Main article : Union shop The amendments also authorized individual states to outlaw union security clauses ( such as the union shop ) entirely in their jurisdictions by passing right - to - work laws . A right - to - work law , under Section 14B of Taft -- Hartley , prevents unions from negotiating contracts or legally binding documents requiring companies to fire workers who refuse to join the union . Currently all of the states in the Deep South and a number of states in the Midwest , Great Plains , and Rocky Mountains regions have right - to - work laws ( with six states -- Alabama , Arizona , Arkansas , Florida , Mississippi , and Oklahoma -- going one step further and enshrining right - to - work laws in their states ' constitutions ) . Strikes ( edit ) The amendments required unions and employers to give 80 days ' notice to each other and to certain state and federal mediation bodies before they may undertake strikes or other forms of economic action in pursuit of a new collective bargaining agreement ; it did not , on the other hand , impose any `` cooling - off period '' after a contract expired . The Act also authorized the President to intervene in strikes or potential strikes that create a national emergency , a reaction to the national coal miners ' strikes called by the United Mine Workers of America in the 1940s . Presidents have used that power less and less frequently in each succeeding decade . President George W. Bush invoked the law in connection with the employer lockout of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union during negotiations with West Coast shipping and stevedoring companies in 2002 . The Act also prohibited federal employees from striking . Anti-communism ( edit ) Main article : McCarthyism The amendments required union leaders to file affidavits with the United States Department of Labor declaring that they were not supporters of the Communist Party and had no relationship with any organization seeking the `` overthrow of the United States government by force or by any illegal or unconstitutional means '' as a condition to participating in NLRB proceedings . Just over a year after Taft -- Hartley passed , 81,000 union officers from nearly 120 unions had filed the required affidavits . In 1965 , The Supreme Court held that this provision was an unconstitutional bill of attainder . Treatment of supervisors ( edit ) The amendments expressly excluded supervisors from coverage under the act , and allowed employers to terminate supervisors engaging in union activities or those not supporting the employer 's stance . The amendments maintained coverage under the act for professional employees , but provided for special procedures before they may be included in the same bargaining unit as non-professional employees . Right of employer to oppose unions ( edit ) The Act revised the Wagner Act 's requirement of employer neutrality , to allow employers to deliver anti-union messages in the workplace . These changes confirmed an earlier Supreme Court ruling that employers have a constitutional right to express their opposition to unions , so long as they did not threaten employees with reprisals for their union activities nor offer any incentives to employees as an alternative to unionizing . The amendments also gave employers the right to file a petition asking the Board to determine if a union represents a majority of its employees , and allow employees to petition either to decertify their union , or to invalidate the union security provisions of any existing collective bargaining agreement . National labor Relations Board ( edit ) Main article : National Labor Relations Board The amendments gave the General Counsel of the National Labor Relations Board discretionary power to seek injunctions against either employers or unions that violated the Act . The law made pursuit of such injunctions mandatory , rather than discretionary , in the case of secondary boycotts by unions . The amendments also established the General Counsel 's autonomy within the administrative framework of the NLRB . Congress also gave employers the right to sue unions for damages caused by a secondary boycott , but gave the General Counsel exclusive power to seek injunctive relief against such activities . Federal jurisdiction ( edit ) The act provided for federal court jurisdiction to enforce collective bargaining agreements . Although Congress passed this section to empower federal courts to hold unions liable in damages for strikes violating a no - strike clause , this part of the act has instead served as the springboard for creation of a `` federal common law '' of collective bargaining agreements , which favored arbitration over litigation or strikes as the preferred means of resolving labor disputes . Other ( edit ) The Congress that passed the Taft -- Hartley Amendments considered repealing the Norris -- La Guardia Act to the extent necessary to permit courts to issue injunctions against strikes violating a no - strike clause , but chose not to do so . The Supreme Court nonetheless held several decades later that the act implicitly gave the courts the power to enjoin such strikes over subjects that would be subject to final and binding arbitration under a collective bargaining agreement . Finally , the act imposed a number of procedural and substantive standards that unions and employers must meet before they may use employer funds to provide pensions and other employee benefit to unionized employees . Congress has since passed more extensive protections for workers and employee benefit plans as part of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ( `` ERISA '' ) . Opposition to the Act ( edit ) After spending several days considering how to respond to the bill , Truman vetoed Taft -- Hartley with a strong message to Congress . Truman had expressed no opinion on the bill prior to his veto message . The committees considering the bill had requested suggestions from the Truman administration , but did not receive any . With the administration taking no stand on the bill , it passed both houses with strong bipartisan support . A clear majority of House Democrats voted for the bill , while Democrats in the Senate split evenly , 21 -- 21 . Despite Truman 's all - out effort to stop the veto override , Congress overrode his veto with considerable Democratic support , including 106 out of 177 Democrats in the House , and 20 out of 42 Democrats in the Senate . Union leaders in the Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) vigorously campaigned for Truman in the 1948 election based upon a ( never fulfilled ) promise to repeal Taft -- Hartley . Truman won , but a union - backed effort in Ohio to defeat Taft in 1950 failed in what one author described as `` a shattering demonstration of labor 's political weaknesses '' . Organized labor nearly succeeded in pushing Congress to amend the law to increase the protections for strikers and targets of employer retaliation during the Carter and Clinton administrations , but failed on both occasions because of Republican opposition and lukewarm support for these changes from the Democratic President in office at the time . See also ( edit ) Organized labor portal Labor unions in the United States Norris -- La Guardia Act Wagner Act Jurisdictional strike Secondary boycott Chauffeurs , Teamsters , and Helpers Local No. 391 v. Terry , 494 U.S. 558 ( 1990 ) 5 to 2 on § 185 of LMRA 1947 , holding that a plaintiff is entitled to trial by jury if the trade union denies representation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` Harry S. Truman : `` Veto of the Taft - Hartley Labor Bill. , '' June 20 , 1947 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California - Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ `` National Affairs : Barrel No. 2 '' . Time . June 23 , 1947 . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Debating ' Citizens United ' , The Nation ( 2011 - 01 - 13 ) Jump up ^ Harry S. Truman : Veto of the Taft - Hartley Labor Bill ^ Jump up to : Preis , Art ( 1964 ) . Labor 's Giant Step : The First Twenty Years of the CIO . Pathfinder Press . ISBN 0 - 87348 - 263 - 8 . Jump up ^ James T. Patterson ( 1996 ) . Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 - 1974 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cochran , Bert ( 1979 ) . Labor and Communism : The Conflict That Shaped American Unions . Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Smith , Sharon ( 2006 ) . Subterranean Fire : A History of Working - Class Radicalism in the United States . Haymarket Books . ISBN 1 - 931859 - 23 - X . ^ Jump up to : Anna McCarthy , The Citizen Machine : Governing by Television in 1950s America , New York : The New Press , 2010 , p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 498 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cox , Archibald ( February 1960 ) . `` Strikes and the Public Interest - A Proposal for New Legislation '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ; Greenhouse , Steven ( October 9 , 2002 ) . `` President Invokes Taft - Hartley Act To Open 29 Ports '' . Jump up ^ Fleischli , George R. ( May -- June 1968 ) . `` DUTY TO BARGAIN UNDER EXECUTIVE ORDER 10988 '' . Air Force Law Review . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Phillip ( 2004 ) . Labor 's Story in the United States . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 239 - 1 . Jump up ^ United States v. Brown , 381 U.S. 437 ( Supreme Court 1965 - 06 - 07 ) ( `` Held : Section 504 constitutes a bill of attainder and is therefore unconstitutional . '' ) . Jump up ^ Gruenberg , Mark ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Taft - Hartley Signed 60 Years Ago '' . Political Affairs Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Richard S. Conley , `` Triumphs , tribulations , and turnip day sessions in the 80th Congress , '' in Congress and Harry S. Truman : a Conflicted Legacy , Donald A. Ritchie ( ed . ) ( Truman State University Press , 2011 ) 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Truman - Taft stands -- point by point '' , CQ Almanac , 1951 . Jump up ^ Benjamin C. Waterhouise , Lobbying in America , ( Princeton University Press , 2013 ) 53 . Jump up ^ Davis , Mike ( 2000 ) . Prisoners of the American Dream : Politics and Economy in the History of the US Working Class . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 248 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lubell , Samuel ( 1956 ) . The Future of American Politics ( 2nd ed . ) . Anchor Press . p. 202 . Jump up ^ Labor Unions and Taft Hartley , CounterPunch , David Macary , January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . References ( edit ) Cockburn , Alexander . `` How Many Democrats Voted for Taft - Hartley ? '' Counterpunch . September 6 , 2004 . Faragher , J.M. ; Buhle , M.J. ; Czitrom , D. ; and Armitage , S.H. Out of Many : A History of the American People . Upper Saddle River , N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall , 2006 . McCann , Irving G. Why the Taft - Hartley Law ? New York : Committee for Constitutional Government , 1950 . Millis , Harry A. and Brown , Emily Clark . From the Wagner Act to Taft - Hartley : A Study of National Labor Policy and Labor Relations . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1950 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Taft - Hartley Act A film clip `` Longines Chronoscope with Fred A Hartley '' is available at the Internet Archive VIAF : 180228795 LCCN : n80080438 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Management_Relations_Act_of_1947&oldid=792359696 '' Categories : 1947 in law United States federal labor legislation History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) 80th United States Congress Trade union legislation 1947 in economics 1947 in labour relations Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2017 , at 01 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the definition of the taft hartley act	[]	[]
-3502834106671023434	Mr. Peabody & Sherman	Mr. Peabody & Sherman - Wikipedia Mr. Peabody & Sherman Jump to : navigation , search Mr. Peabody & Sherman Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Minkoff Produced by Alex Schwartz Denise Nolan Cascino Screenplay by Craig Wright Based on Peabody 's Improbable History by Ted Key Starring Ty Burrell Max Charles Ariel Winter Stephen Colbert Leslie Mann Allison Janney Music by Danny Elfman Edited by Michael Andrews Production company DreamWorks Animation Pacific Data Images Bullwinkle Studios Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) ( United Kingdom ) March 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $145 million Box office $275.7 million Mr. Peabody & Sherman is a 2014 American 3D computer - animated comic science fiction comedy film featuring the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman of the 1960s animated television series The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show . The film was produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by 20th Century Fox . The film was directed by Rob Minkoff , who is best known for co-directing Disney 's The Lion King ( 1994 ) . Alex Schwartz and Denise Nolan Cascino were the producers . Tiffany Ward , daughter of Jay Ward , one of the creators of the original series , was the executive producer . Mr. Peabody & Sherman features the voices of Ty Burrell , Max Charles , Ariel Winter , Stephen Colbert , Leslie Mann , and Allison Janney . It is the first DreamWorks animated feature to feature characters from the Classic Media library since DreamWorks Animation 's 2012 acquisition of Classic Media and the first to be based on a TV show . The film premiered on February 7 , 2014 in the United Kingdom , and was released on March 7 , 2014 in the United States . Grossing a worldwide total of $275 million on its $145 million budget , the film underperformed at the box office , forcing a writedown of $57 million . A TV series based on the film , titled The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show , premiered on Netflix on October 9 , 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 7 Television series 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Mr. Peabody is a gifted anthropomorphic dog who has an adopted 7 - year - old human son , Sherman . He tutors Sherman travelling throughout history using the WABAC , a time machine . They visit Marie Antoinette in Versailles during the French Revolution in 1789 . Getting caught in the Reign of Terror , Peabody is nearly sent to the guillotine by Maximilien Robespierre , but escapes with Sherman through the Paris sewers . In the present day , Sherman attends the Susan B. Anthony School in New York City . His knowledge of the apocryphal nature of the George Washington cherry - tree anecdote leads to a fight with Penny Peterson in the cafeteria where she puts him in a choke hold . Peabody is called in by Principal Purdy who tells Peabody that Sherman had bit Penny . He is also confronted during this meeting by Ms. Grunion , a Child Protective Services agent , who implies that Sherman 's behavior is due to being raised by a dog . She informs Peabody that she will come to their home to investigate whether he is an unfit parent . Peabody invites Penny and her parents over for a dinner party to reconcile before Ms. Grunion arrives . Penny calls Sherman a liar for claiming first - hand knowledge of history . Despite Peabody 's contrary instructions , Sherman shows Penny the WABAC . Penny goads Sherman into taking her into the past , where she stays in Ancient Egypt in 1332 BCE to marry King Tut . Sherman returns to get Mr. Peabody 's help . Peabody hypnotises the Petersons , and retrieves Penny by telling her the fate of a pharaoh 's widow . The WABAC runs out of power , but Peabody is able to get them to Renaissance Florence in 1508 where they meet Leonardo da Vinci . Penny and Sherman explore da Vinci 's attic , finding his flying machine . Penny goads Sherman into flying it , which he manages to do before crashing . Da Vinci is thrilled the device works , but Peabody is upset that Sherman risked his safety and destroyed a historical artifact . They again attempt to return , but a black hole forces them into an emergency landing during the Trojan War in 1184 BCE . Upset about learning what Ms. Grunion would do to him , Sherman runs off and joins the army of King Agamemnon in the Trojan Horse . During the final parts of the Trojan War , Penny is trapped inside the Horse as it rolls towards a cliff . Peabody rescues her , but apparently dies during the attempt . Sherman pilots the WABAC to a few minutes before they left in the present to get Peabody 's help to fix everything . As Sherman and Penny try to explain the situation , Sherman 's earlier self shows up . Peabody tries to conceal the presence of two Shermans from the Petersons , then Grunion arrives . Then a second Peabody arrives from Ancient Troy . Grunion 's attempt to collect both Shermans causes them to touch and begin to merge . Both Peabodys rush to assist , but they each merge back together amidst a cosmic shockwave . Grunion grabs Sherman to take him away , hurting him in the process . Peabody furiously bites Grunion , who then calls the NYPD . Peabody , Penny , and Sherman race to the WABAC , but can not time travel due to a rip in the space - time continuum caused by the merger of their cosmic doubles . Historical figures and objects from the past begin falling from the cosmic rip and into the present . Peabody crash - lands the WABAC in Grand Army Plaza at William Tecumseh Sherman 's statue 's base . Historical figures and police officers quickly surround them . Grunion calls in Animal Control to collect Peabody . Sherman explains that everything was his fault , but Grunion contends that it is all because a dog can not raise a boy . Sherman climactically shouts down Grunion , saying that if being a dog means being as loving and loyal as Peabody is , then he is proud to be a dog too . Penny , her parents , the historical figures , and others all make the same pledge . George Washington is able to grant Peabody a presidential pardon which is supported by Abraham Lincoln and Bill Clinton . As Peabody , Leonardo da Vinci , Albert Einstein , Isaac Newton , and Agamemnon try to figure out how to close the rip , Sherman suggests they travel into the future . Peabody and Sherman take off in the WABAC and undo the damage . The historical figures are dragged back to their respective times , with Agamemnon abducting Grunion back to his own time as she vows revenge on Peabody . Sherman returns to school having made friends with Penny . History meanwhile is contaminated with modern traits , while Grunion and Agamemnon get married in the Trojan Horse . Voice cast ( edit ) Ariel Winter and Ty Burrell at the film 's Australian premiere in Sydney . Ty Burrell as Mr. Peabody , a talking dog , business titan , inventor , scientist , Nobel laureate , gourmet chef , and two - time Olympic medalist Max Charles as Sherman , Peabody 's seven - year - old adopted boy Ariel Winter as Penny Peterson , Mr. and Mrs. Peterson 's daughter and Sherman 's classmate Stephen Colbert as Paul Peterson , Penny Peterson 's father and Patty 's husband Leslie Mann as Patty Peterson , Paul 's wife and Penny 's mother Allison Janney as Edwina Grunion , the bigoted Children 's Services agent Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Purdy , the principal of Sherman 's school Stanley Tucci as Leonardo da Vinci Patrick Warburton as King Agamemnon Zach Callison as King Tut Dennis Haysbert as Judge Leila Birch as WABAC Karan Brar as Mason , one of Sherman 's friends Joshua Rush as Carl , another one of Sherman 's friends ; He wears glasses and is seen in a wheelchair Thomas Lennon as Italian Peasant # 2 In addition to Leonardo da Vinci , King Agamemnon , and King Tut , the film features other historical figures including Albert Einstein ( Mel Brooks ) , Mona Lisa ( Lake Bell ) , Marie Antoinette ( Lauri Fraser ) , Maximilien de Robespierre ( Guillaume Aretos ) , George Washington , Abraham Lincoln , Bill Clinton , Isaac Newton ( all voiced by Jess Harnell ) , Odysseus ( Tom McGrath ) , Ajax the Lesser ( Al Rodrigo ) and Spartacus ( Walt Dohrn ) . There are also cameos with no words by Benjamin Franklin , Mahatma Gandhi , William Shakespeare , Ludwig van Beethoven , Vincent van Gogh , the Wright Brothers , Jackie Robinson , and baby Moses . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Director Rob Minkoff at the 2014 Annie Awards Plans for a film starring Mister Peabody and Sherman have existed for several years with director Rob Minkoff . His first attempt to make a feature film goes to 2003 , when it was reported that Minkoff 's Sony - based production company Sprocketdyne Entertainment and Bullwinkle Studios would produce a live - action / CG film , with a possibility of Minkoff to direct it . The live - action film was not realized , but in 2006 , Minkoff joined DreamWorks Animation to direct a computer - animated film adaptation . Andrew Kurtzman was set to write the screenplay , based on the pitch , developed by Minkoff with his longtime producing partner Jason Clark . The final screenplay was written by Craig Wright , with revisions by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon . Tiffany Ward , daughter of Jay Ward , one of the creators of the original series , served as an executive producer , whose job was to make sure the film stayed `` true to the integrity of the characters . '' When she was approached by Minkoff ten years before the film 's release , she was enthused by his intention to respect the legacy : `` What better caretaker for the characters could we ask for than Rob . '' Lengthy pursuit to make the adaptation `` perfect '' took them a long time , but she was pleased with the end result , which stayed `` very true to the original cartoon . '' Casting ( edit ) In early 2011 , Robert Downey , Jr. signed on to voice Mr. Peabody , but in March 2012 , he was replaced by Ty Burrell . Reportedly , Downey 's commitments to The Avengers and other franchises did not allow him to find the time to record his lines . Initially , Tiffany Ward and others at the studio opposed Burrell , who was then relatively unknown , but he managed to convince them with a successful audition . Ward insisted on someone who sounds like Mr. Peabody did in the original series , while Minkoff saw the casting as an opportunity `` to modernize the character . '' He promised her that Burrell would try to `` get there and he started watching the show to nail the cadence . He got the underlying connection and he made it his own . '' Max Charles , the actor who played young Peter Parker in The Amazing Spider - Man , voiced Sherman . Stephen Colbert voiced Paul Peterson , Leslie Mann , who replaced Ellie Kemper , voiced Peterson 's wife , Patty , and Ariel Winter voiced their daughter Penny . Other voices include Stephen Tobolowsky , Allison Janney , Mel Brooks , Stanley Tucci , Patrick Warburton , Lake Bell , Zach Callison , Karan Brar , and Dennis Haysbert . According to Minkoff , Burrell was chosen because his voice `` embodied all the different aspects of the character today . Not just the intellect and the suave personality , but the underlying warmth as well . '' Release ( edit ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman went through several release date changes . Originally scheduled for March 2014 , DreamWorks Animation 's high expectations moved the film to November 2013 , replacing another DreamWorks Animation film Me and My Shadow . The last shift happened in February 2013 , which pushed the film back to March 7 , 2014 , reportedly due to a `` more advantageous release window '' , again replacing Me and My Shadow . The film premiered a month earlier in the United Kingdom , on February 7 , 2014 . Main article : Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 film ) The film was planned to be theatrically accompanied with a DreamWorks Animation short film Rocky & Bullwinkle , based on the Rocky and Bullwinkle characters from The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show . The short was directed by Gary Trousdale , who is known for co-directing Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , produced by Nolan Cascino , and written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Garant . June Foray was set to reprise her role as Rocket `` Rocky '' J. Squirrel , while Tom Kenny was set to voice Bullwinkle Moose . The short would have served as a test for a possible feature film based on the characters . Almost Home , a short based on the DreamWorks Animation film Home , played before the film instead . However , the new CGI Rocky & Bullwinkle short was instead released on the Blu - ray release of the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman was released in digital HD on September 23 , 2014 , and on Blu - ray ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD on October 14 , 2014 . The Blu - ray release also included a new CGI Rocky & Bullwinkle short film . As of February 2015 , 3.4 million home entertainment units were sold . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 80 % based on reviews from 122 critics , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman offers a surprisingly entertaining burst of colorful all - ages fun , despite its dated source material and rather convoluted plot . '' Another review aggregation website , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 59 out of 100 based on 34 reviews . Furthermore , the CinemaScore audience rating of the film is an `` A '' , indicating they were pleased with the film . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian said : `` ( The film ) takes a little while for the audience to get up to speed , but once this is achieved , there 's an awful lot of unexpected fun to be had , '' while Mark Kermode of the sister paper The Observer declared , `` Pleasant to report , then , that DreamWorks ' latest offers a fairly consistent stream of sight gags and vocal slapstick , even as the plot veers wildly down a wormhole in the time - space continuum . '' Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying , `` Unlike the whimsical , slapstick - driven shorts on which it 's based , this feature - length adaptation adds an obligatory emotional arc that feels at odds with the zany spirit of historical time - travel tales . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying , `` This DreamWorks Animation production , directed by Rob Minkoff ( Stuart Little , The Lion King ) from a screenplay by Craig Wright , is not perfect , but it is fast - moving , intermittently witty and pretty good fun . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film a B , saying , `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman is a whip - smart , consistently funny and good - natured film with some terrific voice performances and one of the most hilarious appearances ever by an animated version of a living human being . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman is lively , educational and intermittently amusing . The fun , however , grows strained and formulaic as the movie goes on . '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two out of four stars , saying , `` The film 's animation design is strictly generic in its rounded edges and dutiful 3 - D IN YOUR FACE ! ! ! gimmicks . And the story gets off to such a sour start , it takes a long time for the comedy to recover . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two and a half stars out of five , saying , `` It retains the main characters , the WABAC machine , the trips through history -- but not the sense of nuttiness that made the TV cartoon so delightful . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` What a relief to see that while Mr. Peabody 's visuals are enhanced to sleek 21st - century standards , the essential charm of the series survives more or less intact . '' Elizabeth Weitzman of New York Daily News gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Burrell does n't quite capture the wry deadpan of the original , but then , neither does the movie . That 's okay . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Kids of all ages are sure to enjoy this visually splendid , fast - paced blast through the past . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a negative review , saying , `` For all the ways the film reflects its earlier TV incarnation , the shadings have been softened . Mr. Peabody could use a bit more bite . '' Soren Anderson of The Seattle Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Frantically paced by director Rob Minkoff ( The Lion King ) and making very effective use of 3D -- Hey ! Get that sword out of my face ! -- the movie will surely appeal to kids . '' Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` The movie has trouble stitching together disjointed episodes into a coherent narrative . Thanks to a strong voice cast , however , the characters retain their charm throughout . '' Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review , saying , `` The film 's saving grace is its character design and use of 3D techniques to speed things up in every sense when the plot starts to flag . '' Liam Lacey of The Globe and Mail gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying , `` Mr. Peabody is fast - paced and jammed with rib - poking historical references , but it could n't be called witty , even on the broadly winking level of the original cartoon . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Fifty years ago , animated entertainment was a lot quieter . But that was my Mr. Peabody & Sherman . This is someone else 's . And it should give them , and even a few open - minded parents , almost just as much giggly fun . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying , `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman has a zesty time mixing and matching historical figures , from Marie Antoinette to George Washington . Yet the movie never , to my mind , conjured quite the quirky effervescence of such brainiac animated features as the Jimmy Neutron or SpongeBob SquarePants movies . '' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film one out of four stars , saying , `` By visual standards alone , the characters , rendered in eye - popping 3 - D , resemble nothing so much as Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade floats . They 're just as lifeless and inexpressive , too . '' Sean Daly of the Tampa Bay Times gave the film a B , saying , `` Before getting sucked into a what - the - wormhole ending that will scramble young brains , time - travel romp Mr. Peabody & Sherman is a fast , fun 3 - D getaway . '' Lou Lumenick of the New York Post gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Against all odds , DreamWorks Animation has created a smart , funny and beautifully designed feature called Mr. Peabody & Sherman . '' Tom Huddleston of Time Out gave the film two out of five stars , saying , `` This feature - length Mr Peabody & Sherman is by no means unbearable : there are a few decent gags , and the episodic plot just about manages to hold the interest . But there 's little here for any but the most easy - to - please youngsters . '' Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying , `` The film spent roughly a dozen years in development , and the moronic , corporate detritus from that long time warp is strewn about like so many improbable history lessons . '' Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman has a cool , midcentury - modern look ( dog and boy live in a populuxe Manhattan penthouse ) and a voice cast that may not be A-list but fits the bill nicely . '' David Gritten of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four out of five stars , saying , `` It 's sweet - natured and amusing , with a story to captivate kids ; yet the script has enough witty touches to keep adults laughing too . '' Perry Seibert , writing for AllMovie , gave the movie two stars out of five , calling the movie `` long , loud , and visually exhausting '' and saying that it `` feels less like an attempt to update a boomer classic for millennials than a prime example of how lazy marketing guys hold sway over what movies get made . '' Box Office ( edit ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman grossed $111,506,430 in North America , and $164,191,609 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $275,698,039 With a budget of $145 million , the film underperformed , forcing DreamWorks Animation to take a $57 million write - down on behalf of the film . In North America , the film earned $8 million on its opening day , and opened to number two in its first weekend , with $32,207,057 , behind 300 : Rise of an Empire . In its second weekend , the film moved up to number one , grossing $21,809,249 . In its third weekend , the film dropped to number three , grossing $11,832,558 . In its fourth weekend , the film dropped to number four , grossing $9,070,635 . Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Recipients and nominees Result Annie Award Outstanding Achievement for Animated Effects in an Animated Production Fangwei Lee , Krzysztof Rost , Jihyun Yoon , Robert Chen Nominated Outstanding Achievement for Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Timothy Lamb , Joe Moshier Nominated Outstanding Achievement for Music in an Animated Feature Production Danny Elfman Nominated Outstanding Achievement for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production David James , Ruben Perez , Priscilla Wong , Timothy Lamb , Alexandre Puvilland Nominated British Academy Children 's Awards BAFTA Kid 's Vote - Film in 2014 Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Original Score `` Who 's the Dog '' , 20th Century Fox , Buddha Jones Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Pre-show Theatrical Advertising for a Brand `` Odeon Premier Club '' , 20th Century Fox , Toy Box Entertainment Nominated Best Viral Video or Campaign `` History Greatest Mystery '' , 20th Century Fox , Toy Box Entertainment Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman Soundtrack album by Danny Elfman Released March 3 , 2014 Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 50 : 10 Label Relativity Music Group Danny Elfman film scores chronology American Hustle ( 2013 ) American Hustle 2013 Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Big Eyes 2014 The film 's score was composed by Danny Elfman . The soundtrack was released by Relativity Music Group on March 3 , 2014 . Peter Andre wrote and performed for the film a song titled `` Kid '' , which is played during the British version of the end credits , instead of Grizfolk 's `` Way Back When '' . Track listing All music composed by Danny Elfman , except as noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Mr. Peabody 's Prologue '' 3 : 19 2 . `` Reign of Terror ! '' 2 : 48 3 . `` The Drop Off '' 1 : 14 4 . `` The Dog Whistle '' 0 : 48 5 . `` The Cherry Tree '' 0 : 59 6 . `` A Deep Regard '' 0 : 52 7 . `` Beautiful Boy ( Darling Boy ) '' ( John Lennon ) 3 : 51 8 . `` Dinner Party '' 0 : 30 9 . `` The Petersons / The Wabac Machine '' 3 : 08 10 . `` Aquarela do Brasil '' 0 : 47 11 . `` Off to Egypt '' 2 : 07 12 . `` The Wedding Exodus '' 1 : 05 13 . `` Hammer - Time '' 0 : 57 14 . `` The Flying Machine '' 4 : 42 15 . `` Trojan Horse '' 3 : 25 16 . `` War / Disaster '' 3 : 32 17 . `` History Mash - Up '' 4 : 33 18 . `` I 'm a Dog Too '' 3 : 41 19 . `` Fixing the Rip '' 2 : 13 20 . `` Back to School '' 1 : 16 21 . `` Aquarela do Brasil ( Coda ) '' 1 : 03 22 . `` The Amazing Mr. Peabody '' 0 : 34 23 . `` Way Back When '' ( Grizfolk ) 2 : 46 Total length : 50 : 10 Television series ( edit ) Main article : The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show An animated television series featuring Mr. Peabody and Sherman , titled The Mr. Peabody and Sherman Show , was premiered on October 9 , 2015 , on Netflix . The series is based on the 1960s short film segments that aired as part of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , and it also takes some elements from the film . After being revealed as time travelers at the end of the film , Mr. Peabody and Sherman launch a live TV variety show , hosting various historical figures at their Manhattan penthouse . The series is hand - drawn , with the Vancouver - based DHX Media providing the animation . Mr. Peabody is voiced by Chris Parnell , while Max Charles reprises his role as Sherman from the film . According to The Animation Guild , I.A.T.S.E. Local 839 , 78 episodes of the television series have been ordered . A soundtrack for the series was released digitally on October 2 , 2015 , and on CD in December 2015 . Published by Lakeshore Records , the album features original score and the opening theme song by Eric Goldman and Michael Corcoran ( aka The Outfit ) , and new original songs by Jukebox the Ghost , JD McPherson , Wordsworth and Prince Paul , and Ra Ra Riot . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Laura ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Danny Elfman Interview : `` This is Daunting in the Extreme ... '' `` . Big Issue . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Laura ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` 20th Century Fox DreamWorks sponsors Regent St Xmas lights '' . CWB Online . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` DreamWorks Animation Pushes Back Release for ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MR PEABODY & SHERMAN ( U ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Family Rights : Tiffany Ward on Mr. Peabody and Sherman '' . Crave Online . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation buys ' Casper , ' ' Lassie ' parent Classic Media '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( March 16 , 2012 ) . `` Ty Burrell & Max Charles Take On Lead Roles in Dreamworks Animation 's Mr. Peabody & Sherman in 2014 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman ' respectful ' to original series '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen Colbert , Allison Janney Join Voice Cast of ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sneak peek : A new time for ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Presents Sneak Peeks at THE CROODS , TURBO and MR . PEABODY & SHERMAN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Character Descriptions '' ( PDF ) . DreamWorks Animation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Previews Mr. Peabody and Sherman , Turbo , and The Croods '' . IGN . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr Peabody and Sherman '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' Clip Pits Time - Traveling Dog vs. Greek Warriors '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callison , Zach ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` @ d_m_elms no song , but a fun role to play . ca n't wait to see '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story Overlay '' . Mr. Peabody and Sherman . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) - Credits '' . Hollwood.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Phillips ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Mr. Peabody and Sherman movie review '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Chris ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Mr. Peabody and Sherman , reviewed : Classic cartoon short gets the full - length treatment -- and it 's a worthy stretch '' . National Post . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . Crave Online . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Jane ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Family Filmgoer reviews ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' and ' 300 : Rise of an Empire ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Berkshire , Geoff ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . Paste Magazine . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moore , Roger ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW : ' Mr. Peabody ' still has history lessons for ' Sherman ' and the rest of us '' . The Gazette . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebiri , Bilge ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Ebiri : Mr. Peabody and Sherman Provides Anachronistic Yuks '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 ... at one point , we see Baby Sherman and Baby Moses together in the waters of the Nile . Jump up ^ Ball , Ryan ( June 10 , 2003 ) . `` A CG Mr. Peabody Will Travel in Feature '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( September 15 , 2006 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation and Director Rob Minkoff Team Up to Bring ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' to the Big Screen '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zahed , Ramin ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` A Sneak Peek at ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Robert Downey Jr. to star in ' Peabody and Sherman ' for DreamWorks Animation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Why It Took Rob Minkoff So Long to Make ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Announces Feature Film Release Slate Through 2014 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Szalai , George ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Names Gregg Taylor Head of Development '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` New Distributor Twentieth Century Fox Unveils DreamWorks Animation 's Release Slate Through 2016 '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Profitable in Q4 Despite $13.5 Million ' Turbo ' Loss '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Company also took an impairment charge of $6.7 million from the production of a `` Rocky and Bullwinkle '' short that was to play in front of Mr. Peabody & Sherman . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Previews 2013 Slate '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . According to Desowitz , Minkoff also said there will be a Rocky & Bullwinkle short in front of the Mr. Peabody & Sherman feature , with Rocky to be voiced by the venerable June Foray . ^ Jump up to : DreamWorks Animation ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Hokey Smoke ! DreamWorks Animation Produces New Rocky & Bullwinkle Short '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` SpongeBob 's Tom Kenny talks his favorite voiceover artists '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hulett , Steve ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Gary Trousdale Interview -- Part III '' . The Animation Guild . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Promotes Upcoming ' Home ' with new short ' Almost Home ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Brian ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray and DVD Coming October 14th '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Posts $247.7 Million Loss After ' Penguins ' Flop , Company Restructuring '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Box Office : ' 300 : Rise Of An Empire ' Commands $40 M+ ; ' Mr. Peabody ' Chases In $30 M+ ; ' Son of God ' May Fall 55 % Or More In Second Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman -- review Mark Kermode '' . The Observer . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman toys with history -- including that of its inspiration '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' Reboots the Time Machine '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' : A dog , his boy and lots of laughs - Chicago Sun - Times '' . Suntimes.com . March 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody ' : Good dog deserves a treat -- mostly '' . Usatoday.com . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' 2.5 stars '' . The Arizona Republic . March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DreamWorks Animation . `` A dog and his boy shine in ' Mr. Peabody ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' : movie review '' . New York : NY Daily News . March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ March 6 , 2014 10 : 39 PM EST Facebook Twitter RSS . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman a fun blast through the past : Review Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' may be too smart for its own good '' . latimes.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andersen , Soren . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' : 3D fun , pawsitive lessons for kids Entertainment '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' review : Dog and boy go way back '' . Newsday . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liam Lacey ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman : fast - paced , sure , but not exactly witty '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' review : Cartoon comedy unleashed '' . NJ.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen . `` Mr. Peabody and Sherman Review Movie Reviews and News Winter Movies - Calendar , Trailers , Movie Photos , Movie Clips , Movie Guide '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ou2019sullivan , Michael ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' movie review '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sean Daly , Times Pop Music Critic View all Articles ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Before getting too loopy , ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' is a fun time - travel Things to do in Tampa Bay Tampa Bay Times '' . Tampabay.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' are a delightful on - screen duo New York Post '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Huddleston ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman review , synopsis , book tickets , showtimes , movie release date Time Out London '' . Timeout.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steven Rea , Inquirer Movie Columnist and Critic ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' : A dog and his boy go way - back '' . Philly.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` Mr Peabody & Sherman , review '' . London : Telegraph . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seibert , Perry . `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) '' . AllMovie . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 3 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Takes $57 M Impairment Charge On ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Fri Box Office : ' 300 : Rise Of An Empire ' Tops With $17 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 7 - 9 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 14 - 16 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 21 - 23 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 28 - 30 , 2014 '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Annie Awards Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` 42nd Annual Annie Awards -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 15th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . Golden Trailer Awards . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mr. Peabody & Sherman ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( Music From the Motion Picture ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Andre Pens Song for Forthcoming DreamWorks Animation Film Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . GooSeedPR.com ( Press release ) . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charalambous , Sophia ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` WORLD EXCLUSIVE : Peter Andre premieres new song Kid for animation film Mr. Peabody & Sherman '' . Daily Mail Online . London . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 ... which is the UK 's official track for the new movie . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` Grizfolk singer 's journey started in Gulf Breeze '' . Pensacola News Journal . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 ... and their song `` Way Back When '' appeared on the soundtrack and closing credits of the 2014 feature film `` Mr. Peabody and Sherman . '' ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Reboots ' Mr. Peabody and Sherman ' in Series from DreamWorks Animation ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hulett , Steve ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` Animation Work In And Around Los Angeles '' . The Animation Guild . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Krakower Poling PR ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` PR : The Mr. Peabody and Sherman Show soundtrack '' . Tumblr . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trunick , Austin ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Premiere : Jukebox the Ghost - `` Black Hole '' ( from Netflix 's Mr. Peabody and Sherman ) `` . Under the Radar . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mr. Peabody & Sherman . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mr. Peabody & Sherman Official website Mr. Peabody & Sherman on IMDb Mr. Peabody & Sherman at the TCM Movie Database Mr. Peabody & Sherman at The Big Cartoon DataBase Mr. Peabody & Sherman at Box Office Mojo Mr. Peabody & Sherman at Rotten Tomatoes Mr. Peabody & Sherman at Metacritic DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) Everest ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Trolls ( since 2016 ) TV series Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( since 2012 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( since 2014 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( since 2015 ) Dawn of the Croods ( since 2015 ) Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( 2016 - 17 ) DreamWorks Trollhunters ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) VeggieTales in the City ( since 2017 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! ( 2018 ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Holiday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 's Big Break ( 2009 ) Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon ( 2010 ) Megamind : The Button of Doom ( 2011 ) Night of the Living Carrots ( 2011 ) Gift of the Night Fury ( 2011 ) Book of Dragons ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots : The Three Diablos ( 2012 ) Dawn of the Dragon Racers ( 2014 ) Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) People Bill Damaschke Chris Meledandri Jeffrey Katzenberg Subsidiaries DreamWorks Channel DreamWorks Classics Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Entertainment DreamWorks New Media ( AwesomenessTV ( 51 % ) ) Oriental DreamWorks ( 45 % ) Related topics Amblimation DreamWorks DreamWorks Records DreamWorks Television DreamWorks Interactive Go Fish Pictures In amusement parks DreamWorks Experience Pacific Data Images List of DreamWorks Animation programs The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends Characters Rocket J. Squirrel Bullwinkle J. Moose Boris Badenov Natasha Fatale Fearless Leader Mr. Big Peter Peachfuzz Gidney & Cloyd Mister Peabody WABAC Dudley Do - Right Snidely Whiplash Coach Rocky Knute Ponsonby Britt Locations Frostbite Falls Pottsylvania Moosylvania Story arcs ( list ) Season 1 `` Jet Fuel Formula '' `` Box Top Robbery '' Season 2 `` Upsidaisium '' `` Metal - Munching Mice '' `` Greenpernt Oogle '' `` Rue Britannia '' `` Buried Treasure '' `` The Last Angry Moose '' `` Wailing Whale '' Season 3 `` The Three Moosketeers '' `` Lazy Jay Ranch '' `` Missouri Mish Mash '' `` Topsy Turvy World '' Season 4 `` Painting Theft '' `` The Guns of Abalone '' `` The Treasure of Monte Zoom '' `` Goof Gas Attack '' `` Banana Formula '' Season 5 `` Bumbling Brothers Circus '' `` Mucho Loma '' `` Pottsylvania Creeper '' `` Moosylvania '' `` The Ruby Yacht '' `` Bullwinkle 's Testimonial Dinner '' `` The Weather Lady '' `` Louse on 92nd Street '' `` Wossamotta U '' `` Moosylvania Saved '' Voice talent June Foray Paul Frees William Conrad Bill Scott Keith Scott Television Supporting features Fractured Fairy Tales Peabody 's Improbable History Dudley Do - Right Aesop & Son Bullwinkle 's Corner Mr. Know - It - All Rocky and Bullwinkle Fan Club Commander McBragg ( in syndication ) Hoppity Hooper Spin - offs The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Films Boris and Natasha : The Movie ( 1992 ) Dudley Do - Right ( 1999 ) The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2000 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) Shorts The Phox , the Box , and the Lox ( 1999 ) Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Video games The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends Rocky and Bullwinkle Films directed by Rob Minkoff The Lion King ( 1994 ) Stuart Little ( 1999 ) Stuart Little 2 ( 2002 ) The Haunted Mansion ( 2003 ) The Forbidden Kingdom ( 2008 ) Flypaper ( 2011 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Peabody_%26_Sherman&oldid=809029131 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy science fiction films 2014 3D films 2014 computer - animated films American 3D films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's adventure films American children 's comedy films American comedy science fiction films American computer - animated films American fantasy - comedy films Animated duos Animated buddy films Animated films about dogs Animated films about orphans Animated films based on animated series Cultural depictions of Leonardo da Vinci Cultural depictions of Sigmund Freud DreamWorks Animation animated films Film scores by Danny Elfman Films directed by Rob Minkoff Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in ancient Egypt Films set in ancient Greece Films set in Florence Films set in New York City Films using computer - generated imagery French Revolution films Renaissance in popular culture The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends Time travel films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 18 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays sherman in mr peabody and sherman	[ "Max Charles as Sherman,[8] Peabody's seven-year-old adopted boy[10]" ]	[ "Max Charles" ]
-1796745618052502938	Oz the Great and Powerful	Oz the Great and Powerful - Wikipedia Oz the Great and Powerful Jump to : navigation , search Oz the Great and Powerful Theatrical release poster Directed by Sam Raimi Produced by Joe Roth Screenplay by Mitchell Kapner David Lindsay - Abaire Story by Mitchell Kapner Based on Oz series by L. Frank Baum Starring James Franco Michelle Williams Rachel Weisz Mila Kunis Zach Braff Bill Cobbs Joey King Tony Cox Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Peter Deming Edited by Bob Murawski Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Roth Films Curtis - Donen Productions Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) ( El Capitan Theatre ) March 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 130 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $200 million ( gross ) $160.2 million ( net ) Box office $493.3 million Oz the Great and Powerful is a 2013 American fantasy adventure film directed by Sam Raimi and produced by Joe Roth , from a screenplay written by David Lindsay - Abaire and Mitchell Kapner . The film stars James Franco , Michelle Williams , Rachel Weisz and Mila Kunis , with Zach Braff , Bill Cobbs , Joey King , and Tony Cox in supporting roles . Based on L. Frank Baum 's Oz novels and set 20 years before the events of the original novel , Oz the Great and Powerful is a spiritual prequel to the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz . The film tells the story of Oscar Diggs , a deceptive magician who arrives in the Land of Oz and encounters three witches : Theodora , Evanora , and Glinda . Oscar is then enlisted to restore order in Oz , while struggling to resolve conflicts with the witches and himself . Kapner began developing an origin story for the Wizard of Oz after a lifelong interest of wanting to create one for the character . Walt Disney Pictures commissioned the film 's production in 2009 , with Joe Roth as producer and Grant Curtis , Joshua Donen , Philip Steuer , and Palak Patel serving as executive producers . Raimi was hired to direct the following year . After Robert Downey Jr. and Johnny Depp declined the titular role , Franco was cast in February 2011 , with principal photography commencing five months later . Danny Elfman composed the film 's score . Oz the Great and Powerful premiered at the El Capitan Theatre on February 14 , 2013 , and with general theatrical release on March 8 , 2013 , through the Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats , as well as in conventional theaters . It grossed over $493 million worldwide against a $200 million budget , making it the 13th - highest - grossing film of 2013 . The film won the Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Live Action Family Film . Kunis , for her performance as the Wicked Witch of the West , won the MTV Movie Award for Best Villain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Continuity 4 Production 4.1 Disney 's history with Oz 4.2 Development 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.4. 1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1905 Kansas , Oscar Diggs works as a magician in a traveling circus . As a storm approaches , the circus strongman learns Oscar has flirted with his wife and threatens him . Oscar escapes in a hot air balloon , but is sucked into a tornado that takes him to the Land of Oz . There he encounters the beautiful yet naïve witch Theodora , who believes him to be a wizard prophesied to become King of Oz by destroying the Wicked Witch who killed the previous king ; the idea of being an immensely wealthy monarch makes Oscar immediately accept . En route to the Emerald City , Theodora falls in love with Oscar , though he does not reciprocate her feelings . They encounter the flying monkey Finley , who pledges a life debt to Oscar when he saves him from a lion . Oscar reveals his deception to Finley , forcing him to maintain the lie that he is a wizard . At the Emerald City , Oscar meets Theodora 's beautiful older sister , Evanora , who tells him that the Wicked Witch resides in the Dark Forest and can be killed by destroying her wand . Oscar and Finley are joined en route to the forest by China Girl , a young , living china doll whose village and family were destroyed by the Wicked Witch . The three reach the forest and , upon retrieving the wand , discover the `` Wicked Witch '' is Glinda the Good Witch , who identifies herself as the late king 's daughter and Evanora as the true Wicked Witch . Evanora sees this with her crystal ball and tricks Theodora into thinking he is trying to court all three witches at once . She offers Theodora a magic green apple she says will remove her heartache . Theodora bites it and turns into a hideous green - skinned witch . Glinda brings Oscar 's group to her domain to escape Evanora 's army of Winkies and flying baboons . She confides in Oscar that she knows he is not a wizard , but still believes he can help stop Evanora . He reluctantly takes charge of an `` army '' of Quadlings , Tinkers , and Munchkins . Theodora enters Glinda 's domain and angrily reveals her new , hideous appearance to Oscar before threatening to kill him and his allies with the Emerald City 's well - prepared army . Oscar despairs at his chances of victory , but after telling China Girl about the exploits of his hero Thomas Edison , he conceives a plan that relies on trickery and makes preparations with Glinda and his group . Glinda and her subjects mount a fake attack on the Emerald City using a pulley - rig army of scarecrow puppets hidden by thick fog . The witches are tricked into sending their flying baboons through a poppy field that puts them to sleep . However , two baboons manage to capture Glinda , who is brought to the city square and chained . Meanwhile , Oscar infiltrates the Emerald City with his allies , but appears to abandon them in a hot air balloon loaded with gold , which Theodora destroys with a fireball . As the wicked sisters prepare to execute Glinda , Oscar appears before his friends , having faked his betrayal and death . Using a hidden smoke machine and image projector , he presents a giant image of his face as his `` true '' form , and a fireworks display to intimidate the Wicked Witches . Evanora fearfully hides in her castle while Theodora flees on her broom , unable to hurt the `` invincible '' wizard . Oscar calls to Theodora , offering that she would be welcome to return should she overcome her wickedness , which is met with defiance from Theodora , who flies away to the West , leaving Oscar saddened . China Girl frees Glinda , who engages Evanora in a magical duel . During the fight , Glinda destroys Evanora 's emerald necklace , revealing her to be an old hag , and banishes her . Evanora is carried away by the two remaining flying baboons as she vows revenge . Oscar , now ruler of Oz , uses his projector to sustain the belief that he is a powerful wizard . He also presents gifts to his friends : Master Tinker , who helped build his machines , receives Oscar 's camping - tool jackknife ; Knuck , the grumpy Munchkin herald , receives a mask with a smiley face ; the long - suffering Finley receives Oscar 's friendship along with his top hat ; and China Girl accepts her friends as her new family . Finally , Oscar takes Glinda behind the curtains of his projector , thanking her for making him a better person , and they kiss . Cast ( edit ) James Franco as Oscar Diggs , or `` Oz '' , a philandering con artist , a stage magician , and a barnstormer who is part of a traveling circus in the Midwest . He is whisked in a hot air balloon by a tornado to the Land of Oz , where he is believed to be a wizard destined to bring peace to the land , forcing him to overcome his dubious ethics to convince his peers he is the hero needed by the people of Oz . He eventually becomes what is known as the Wizard of Oz . Michelle Williams as Glinda , the daughter of the late king . She rules and protects a peaceful kingdom in Oz inhabited by kind Quadlings , tinkers , and Munchkins . Oscar originally believed her to be the Wicked Witch responsible for terrorizing the land . She guides Oscar to achieve his destiny of defeating Evanora , becoming his love interest in the process . Michelle Williams also plays Annie , an old flame of Oscar 's and the future mother of Dorothy Gale . Rachel Weisz as Evanora , the protector of the Emerald City . Being the Wicked Witch of the East , she has a hideous form which she hides by wearing a necklace that gives her the appearance of a young woman . She deceives Oscar by framing Glinda for the King 's murder and telling Oscar that Glinda is the Wicked Witch rather than herself . Mila Kunis as Theodora , a naïve good witch who has the Land of Oz 's best interests at heart . She believes that Oscar is the wizard prophesied to defeat the seemingly evil Glinda from the Dark Forest , developing an attraction to him in the process . Evanora gradually manipulates Theodora into thinking Oscar has betrayed her for Glinda , ushering her transformation into the Wicked Witch of the West . Zach Braff as the voice of Finley , a winged monkey who pledges an irrevocable life debt to Oscar , believing him to be the prophesied wizard , for saving him from the Cowardly Lion . He quickly regrets his decision when Oscar reveals he is not a wizard , but nonetheless becomes his loyal ally . Braff also plays Frank , Oscar 's long - suffering yet loyal assistant in Kansas . Bill Cobbs as the Master Tinker , the leader of the tinkers who are ruled by Glinda . He would later build the Tin Woodman . Joey King as the voice of China Girl , a young , living china doll from China Town where everything , including its inhabitants , is made of china . Her home is destroyed by Evanora , leaving her its only survivor when she is found by Oscar , with whom she forms a strong friendship after he uses glue to fix her legs . King also plays a girl in a wheelchair visiting Oscar 's magic show in Kansas . Tony Cox plays Knuck , the quick - tempered herald and fanfare player of Emerald City who is allied with Glinda . Stephen R. Hart and Bruce Campbell play Winkie guards at the Emerald City . Abigail Spencer plays May , Oscar 's temporary magic assistant in Kansas and one of his several fleeting loves in the film . Tim Holmes plays the strongman who attacks Oscar for trying to court his wife ( played by Toni Wynne ) , prompting Oscar to take the hot air balloon that sends him to the Land of Oz . Raimi , who often casts friends and actor - regulars in cameo roles , cast his brother Ted Raimi as a small - town skeptic at Oscar 's magic show who yells `` I see a wire ! '' , two of his former teachers -- Jim Moll and Jim Bird -- as Emerald City townspeople , and the three actresses from his 1981 directorial debut The Evil Dead -- Ellen Sandweiss , Betsy Baker and Theresa Tilly -- as Quadling townspeople . Continuity ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful features several artistic allusions , homages , and technical parallels to Baum 's novels and the 1939 Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer film , The Wizard of Oz . The film 's opening sequence is presented in black and white . When Oscar is caught up in the tornado , the audio switches from monaural to stereo and eventually surround sound . The film shifts to full color when Oscar arrives in Oz ; additionally , the aspect ratio gradually widens from 4 : 3 Academy ratio to 2.35 : 1 widescreen . As in the 1939 film , Glinda travels in giant bubbles , and the Emerald City is actually emerald ; in the novel , characters wear tinted glasses to make it appear so . However , during the battle preparations sequence Oz can be seen wearing emerald goggles . The iconic green look of the Wicked Witch of the West is closer to her look in the classic film , as the Witch is a short , one - eyed crone in the novel . The Wicked Witches are portrayed as sisters , an idea which originated in the 1939 film . Also from the 1939 film is that several actors who play Oz characters make cameos in the Kansas segments , such as Frank ( Zach Braff ) , Oscar 's assistant whom he refers to as his `` trained monkey '' ( Frank 's `` Oz '' counterpart is the winged monkey Finley ) and a young girl in a wheelchair ( Joey King ) who serves as the Kansas counterpart to China Girl ( in Kansas , Oscar is unable to make the wheelchair - bound young girl walk , and gets a chance to do so when he repairs China Girl 's broken legs ) . Annie ( Michelle Williams ) , a woman wearing a gingham dress who inspires Oscar to be a good and great person , informs him that she has been proposed to by John Gale , presumably hinting at Dorothy Gale 's parental lineage ( Annie 's `` Oz '' counterpart , Glinda , also inspires Oscar to be a better person ) . Theodora ( Mila Kunis ) , who became the Wicked Witch of the West after suffering from a `` broken heart '' caused by Oscar 's `` betrayal '' , has no Kansas counterpart . However , an unnamed woman who worked as Oscar 's assistant at the time and suddenly left after suffering from a `` broken heart '' , may be a possible reference to the existence of Theodora 's unknown counterpart . The character of Miss Almira Gulch , who did not exist in Baum 's novel , is the Kansas counterpart of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film . Other referenced characters include the Scarecrow , who is built by the townspeople as a scare tactic , and the Tin Woodman , whose creator is the Master Tinker that can build `` anything '' . Similarly , various other races of Oz are depicted besides the Munchkins ; the Quadlings , the china doll inhabitants of Dainty China Country , and the Winkies ( who went unnamed in the classic film ) . Similarly , Glinda is referred to by her title in the novel ( the Good Witch of the South ) , unlike the 1939 film , where her character 's title is `` Good Witch of the North '' ( due to her character being merged with the Good Witch of the North ) . Glinda is also the daughter of the late King of Oz , though in the novels , Ozma is the King 's daughter . Theodora 's tears leave streaks of scars on her face , reflecting her weakness to water in the original novel / film . Also , Oz is presented as a real place as it is in the novel , and not as a possible dream as the 1939 film implies . Finally , the lion that attacks Finley but was warded off by Oz is a reference to the Cowardly Lion in the original novel and film . Production ( edit ) Disney 's history with Oz ( edit ) After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney planned to produce an animated film based on the first of L. Frank Baum 's Oz books . Roy O. Disney , chairman of the Walt Disney Productions , was informed by Baum 's estate that they had sold the film rights to the first book to Samuel Goldwyn , who re-sold it to Louis B. Mayer in 1938 . The film was ironically approved due to the success of Snow White . The project was developed by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( MGM ) into the well - known musical adaptation and released the following year . In 1954 , when the film rights to Baum 's remaining thirteen Oz books were made available , Walt Disney Productions acquired them for use in Walt Disney 's television series Disneyland which led to the live - action film Rainbow Road to Oz , which was abandoned and never completed . Disney 's history with the Oz series continued with the 1985 film Return to Oz , which performed poorly , both critically and commercially , but has developed a cult following since its release . After Return to Oz , Disney lost the film rights to the Oz books and they were subsequently reverted to the public domain . Development ( edit ) Screenwriter Mitchell Kapner was intrigued by the prospect of exploring the origins of the Wizard of Oz character which he discussed in many meetings . After Wicked came out , Kapner felt he missed his window of opportunity . In 2009 , Kapner met with Joe Roth , who turned down his current pitches , request any other ideas he had . The discussion turned to what Kapner was reading which he indicated he was reading the Oz series to his kids . Roth was interested as he only knew about the first book . Kapner went through the plot of the novels , when Roth stopped him on the sixth novel in the series , The Emerald City of Oz , which had some of back story of the Wizard . Producer Joe Roth became involved for nearly the same reason as Kapner , stating that `` ... during the years that I spent running Walt Disney Studios -- I learned about how hard it was to find a fairy tale with a good strong male protagonist . You 've got your Sleeping Beauties , your Cinderellas and your Alices . But a fairy tale with a male protagonist is very hard to come by . But with the origin story of the Wizard of Oz , here was a fairy tale story with a natural male protagonist . Which is why I knew that this was an idea for a movie that was genuinely worth pursuing . '' Kapner and co-writer Palak Patel presented the idea to Sony Pictures but were turned down . In 2009 , the project was set up at Walt Disney Pictures when the studio 's president of production , Sean Bailey commissioned Oz the Great and Powerful under the working title Brick during the tenure of then Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook , who was succeeded by Rich Ross and later Alan Horn , a succession in management that a major studio release is rare to survive . David Lindsay - Abaire was later hired to do a re-write . Roth initially sought out Robert Downey Jr. for the titular role of the Wizard in April 2010 . By summer of that year , Sam Raimi was hired to direct the film from a shortlist that reportedly included directors Sam Mendes and Adam Shankman . In January 2011 , Raimi met with Downey , but did not secure his casting . With Downey 's disinterest acknowledged , Johnny Depp was then approached due to his previous collaboration with the studio in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise and Alice in Wonderland . Depp liked the role but declined involvement , citing his commitment to another Disney tentpole film , The Lone Ranger . The film was without a lead until February when James Franco entered final negotiations to star in the film ( including a $7 million salary ) , five months before filming was scheduled to begin . Franco and Raimi had previously worked together on the Spider - Man trilogy . Franco received training with magician Lance Burton to prepare for the role . Screenwriter Kapner adopted information about the Wizard from L. Frank Baum 's novels to conceptualize an original story . Raimi made sure that the film would also `` nod lovingly '' to the 1939 film and inserted several references and homages to that film . Disney wanted to reduce the film 's production budget to be approximately $200 million . Casting calls were put out for local actors in Michigan . In June 2011 , composer Danny Elfman was chosen to score Oz the Great and Powerful , despite Elfman and Raimi having had a falling - out over Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) and Elfman declaring that they would never again work together . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for Oz the Great and Powerful began July 25 , 2011 , at Raleigh Michigan Studios in Pontiac , Michigan , employing 3D cameras . Raimi opted to use practical sets in conjunction with computer - generated imagery during filming . Physical sets were constructed so the actors could have a visual reference , as opposed to using green screen technology for every scene . Chroma key compositing was only used for background pieces . Zach Braff and Joey King were on set , recording their dialogue simultaneously with the other actors , whenever their CG characters were present in a scene . Puppetry was employed for a physical version of the China Girl to serve as a visual key - point for actors to manipulate . Braff wore a blue motion capture suit to create Finley 's movements and had a camera close to his face for the flying sequences to obtain facial movements . Art director Robert Stromberg , who worked on Avatar and Alice in Wonderland , drew inspiration from the films of Frank Capra and James Wong Howe to achieve the Art Deco design he envisioned for the Emerald City . Stromberg contrasted the colorful tonal qualities of Oz with the restrained appearance of Alice , affirming that although both films explore similar fantasy worlds , the overall atmosphere and landscape of each `` are completely different . '' In 2011 , Stromberg and his team visited the Walt Disney archives during the pre-production phase to reference production art from Disney 's animated films such as Pinocchio , Bambi , Fantasia , Cinderella , Sleeping Beauty , Alice in Wonderland , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , drawing from designs and textures , in order to give certain settings in the film an affectionate nod to the classic Disney style . Costume designer Gary Jones focused on authenticity with his wardrobe designs : `` We started by doing a lot of research and having ideas of the ways ( costumes ) should look in order to be ( historically accurate ) but as we went on , we really began creating a whole new world . '' My first instinct was , there are such iconic images in the Wizard of Oz movie , it would be wrong for us to re-create the Yellow Brick Road or the Emerald City in a different way . We had to go 180 degrees in the other direction . We 're just going to have to make our own Oz . Sam Raimi on recreating the Land of Oz under legalities . Although the film is a spiritual prequel to the 1939 MGM film , The Wizard of Oz , it was not allowed legally to be considered as such . The filmmakers had to toe a fine line between calling the film to mind but not infringing upon it . To that end , Disney had a copyright expert on set to ensure no infringement occurred . The production team worked under the constraint of abiding by the stipulations set forth by Warner Bros. , the legal owner of the rights to iconic elements of the 1939 film ( via its Turner Entertainment sister company which purchased the MGM film library in 1986 ) , including the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland . Therefore , Disney was unable to use them nor any original character likenesses from the 1939 film . This extended to the green of the Wicked Witch 's skin , for which Disney used what its legal department considered a sufficiently different shade dubbed `` Theostein '' ( a portmanteau of `` Theodora '' and `` Frankenstein '' ) . Additionally , the studio could not use the signature chin mole of Margaret Hamilton 's portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West , nor could they employ the yellow brick road 's swirl design for Munchkinland . The expert also ensured that the Emerald City was not too close in appearance to the Emerald City in the 1939 film . While Warner and Disney did not engage in copyright battle , they did file rival trademarks . In October 2012 , Disney filed a trademark on `` Oz the Great and Powerful . '' One week later , Warner filed its own trademarks for `` The Great and Powerful Oz . '' The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office suspended Warner 's attempt at a trademark because Disney had filed basically the same one a week earlier . In addition to the legal issues , the film was also faced with delays when several cast members went on hiatus due to unrelated commitments and circumstances . Rachel Weisz left halfway through the shoot to film her entire role in The Bourne Legacy , Michelle Williams was required to promote the release of My Week with Marilyn , and Franco 's father died during production . Roth compared the task of managing overlapping schedules to `` being an air - traffic controller . '' Mila Kunis 's makeup and prosthetics were supervised by Greg Nicotero and demanded four hours to apply and another hour to remove , with Kunis taking nearly two months to fully recover from the subsequent removal of the makeup from her skin . Raimi had to edit the frightening nature of several scenes to secure Disney 's desired PG rating from the MPAA . Sony Pictures Imageworks was contracted to create the film 's visual effects . Music ( edit ) Composer Danny Elfman noted that the film 's score was accessibly quick to produce , with a majority of the music being written in six weeks . Regarding the tonal quality of the score , Elfman stated , `` We 're going to take an approach that 's old school but not self - consciously old - fashioned . Let the melodrama be melodrama , let everything be what it is . I also think there 's the advantage that I 'm able to write narratively , and when I 'm able to write narratively I can also move quicker because that 's my natural instincts , I can tell a story in the music . '' American singer - songwriter Mariah Carey recorded a promotional Pop single called `` Almost Home '' written by Carey , Simone Porter , Justin Gray , Lindsey Ray , Tor Erik Hermansen , and Mikkel Eriksen ( a.k.a. Stargate ) for the soundtrack of the film . The single was released on February 19 , 2013 by Island Records . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original soundtrack to Oz the Great and Powerful was released digitally and physically by Walt Disney Records on March 5 , 2013 . The physical CD release was in association with Intrada Records . Oz the Great and Powerful ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Danny Elfman Released March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) Recorded 2012 Studio Sony Scoring Stage Genre Film score Length 1 : 06 : 19 Label Walt Disney All music composed by Danny Elfman . No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Titles '' 2 : 57 2 . `` A Serious Talk '' 2 : 23 3 . `` Oz Revealed '' 1 : 58 4 . `` A Strange World '' 1 : 48 5 . `` Where Am I ? / Schmooze - A-Witch '' 2 : 05 6 . `` Fireside Dance '' 1 : 19 7 . `` Meeting Finley '' 1 : 57 8 . `` The Emerald Palace '' 0 : 47 9 . `` Amanece , Amanece / Dios de Pactos '' 2 : 56 10 . `` China Town '' 3 : 07 11 . `` A Con Job '' 1 : 47 12 . `` Glinda Revealed '' 1 : 43 13 . `` The Munchkin Welcome Song '' 0 : 41 14 . `` Bad Witch '' 4 : 32 15 . `` The Bubble Voyage '' 2 : 48 16 . `` Great Expectations / The Apple '' 4 : 58 17 . `` Meeting the Troops '' 1 : 18 18 . `` What Army '' 0 : 29 19 . `` Theodora 's Entrance / Puppet Waltz '' 1 : 51 20 . `` A Threat '' 2 : 07 21 . `` Bedtime / The Preparation Montage '' 7 : 00 22 . `` Call to Arms '' 2 : 13 23 . `` Destruction '' 2 : 38 24 . `` Oz the Great and Powerful '' 1 : 25 25 . `` Fireworks / Witch Fight '' 1 : 39 26 . `` Time for Gifts '' 5 : 54 27 . `` End Credits from Oz '' 1 : 59 Total length : 1 : 06 : 19 Release ( edit ) In May 2011 before filming began , Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures gave Oz the Great and Powerful a March 8 , 2013 North American theatrical release date . The film had its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on February 14 , 2013 . Disney opened the film in wide release in 3,912 theaters . To promote the film , Disney partnered with the IMAX Corporation and HSN to coordinate a hot air balloon campaign across the United States beginning in California at the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank , stopping at four locations ; the El Capitan Theatre during the world premiere , the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , the Daytona International Speedway in Florida and Central Park in New York City . Disney also promoted the film through its theme parks ; Epcot 's International Flower and Garden Festival featured a multi-purpose garden and play area themed to the film and Disney California Adventure hosted sample viewings inside the Muppet * Vision 3D theatre . The estimated marketing campaign cost upwards of $100 million . Home media ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , DVD , and digital download on June 11 , 2013 . The film is Disney 's first home media release to exclude a physical digital copy disc and instead provides only a digital code for the download . Oz the Great and Powerful debuted at number one in its first week of home media release in overall disc sales with 46 % of its first week sales from Blu - ray Discs . The film has earned $52 million in sales . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Oz the Great and Powerful earned $234.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $258.4 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $493.3 million . Worldwide , it was the thirteenth - highest - grossing film of 2013 . Calculating in all expenses , Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $36.4 million . It topped the box office on its worldwide opening weekend with $149 million . Before its theatrical release , several media outlets reported that Oz the Great and Powerful was expected to duplicate the box office performance of 2010 's Alice in Wonderland . However , Oz accumulated less than half of Alice 's worldwide gross . Preliminary reports had the film tracking for an $80 -- $100 million debut in North America . The movie earned $2 million from 9 p.m. showings on Thursday night . For its opening day , Oz the Great and Powerful grossed $24.1 million , the fourth - highest March opening day . During its opening weekend , the film topped the box office with $79.1 million , the third - highest March opening weekend . Despite the film 's solid debut , which was larger than nearly all comparable titles , it clearly lagged behind Alice in Wonderland 's opening ( $116.1 million ) . The film 's 3 - D share of the opening weekend was 53 % . Females made up 52 % of the audience . Surprisingly , though , families only represented 41 % of attendance , while couples accounted for 43 % . The film retained first place at the box office during its second weekend with $41.3 million . Outside North America , the film earned $69.9 million on its opening weekend from 46 territories . Among all markets , its highest - grossing debuts were achieved in Russia and the CIS ( $14.7 million ) , China ( $9.06 million ) , France and the Maghreb region ( $5.77 million ) . The film 's openings trailed Alice in Wonderland in all major markets except Russia and the CIS . It retained first place at the box office outside North America for a second weekend . In total grosses , Oz 's largest countries are Russia and the CIS ( $27.4 million ) , China ( $25.9 million ) and the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $23.4 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , Oz the Great and Powerful received an approval rating of 59 % based on 247 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It suffers from some tonal inconsistency and a deflated sense of wonder , but Oz the Great and Powerful still packs enough visual dazzle and clever wit to be entertaining in its own right . '' On Metacritic the film holds a score of 44 out of 100 , based on 42 critics , indicating `` mixed to average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Kim Newman , writing for Empire , gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and said , `` If there are post-Harry Potter children who do n't know or care about The Wizard Of Oz , they might be at sea with this story about a not - very - nice grownup in a magic land , but long - term Oz watchers will be enchanted and enthralled ... Mila Kunis gets a gold star for excellence in bewitchery and Sam Raimi can settle securely behind the curtain as a mature master of illusion . '' Critic Alonso Duralde also admired the movie : `` That Oz the Great and Powerful is so thoroughly effective both on its own terms and as a prequel to one of the most beloved movies ever made indicates that this team has magic to match any witch or wizard . '' Leonard Maltin on IndieWire claimed that `` No movie ever can , or will , replace 1939 's The Wizard Of Oz , but taken on its own terms , this eye - filling fantasy is an entertaining riff on how the Wizard of that immortal film found his way to Oz . '' IGN rated the film 7.8 and said , `` The film is expansive and larger - than - life in scope and so are the performances , overall . Franco in particular hams it up and is often playing to the balcony ... The 3D is utilized just as it should be in a children 's fantasy epic such as this -- overtly , but with skill . Snowflakes , music boxes and mysterious animals all leap through the screen towards the audience as the story unfolds . '' Justin Chang of Variety had a mixed reaction , writing that the film `` gets some mileage out of its game performances , luscious production design and the unfettered enthusiasm director Sam Raimi brings to a thin , simplistic origin story . '' He also compared the film 's scale with the Star Wars prequel trilogy adding , `` In a real sense , Oz the Great and Powerful has a certain kinship with George Lucas 's Star Wars prequels , in the way it presents a beautiful but borderline - sterile digital update of a world that was richer , purer and a lot more fun in lower - tech form . Here , too , the actors often look artificially superimposed against their CG backdrops , though the intensity of the fakery generates its own visual fascination . '' / Film rated the film 7 out of 10 , saying it had `` many charms '' while considering it to be `` basically Army of Darkness : ( Normal guy lands in magical land , is forced to go on quest to save that land . ) But just when you see Raimi 's kinetic , signature style starting to unleash , the story forces the film back into its Disney shell to play to the masses . We 're left with a film that 's entertaining , a little scarier than you 'd expect , but extremely inconsistent . '' Richard Roeper , writing for Roger Ebert , noted the film 's omnipresent visual effects but was largely disappointed by the performance of some cast members ; `` ... to see Williams so bland and sugary as Glinda , and Kunis so flat and ineffectual as the heartsick Theodora ... '' Marshall Fine of The Huffington Post was unimpressed , writing , `` Oh , it 's exciting enough for a six - year - old ; anyone older , however , will already have been exposed to so much on TV , at the movies and on the Internet that this will seem like so much visual cotton - candy . Even a sophisticated grade - schooler will find these doings weak and overblown . '' Similarly , Todd McCarthy criticized the characterization , writing that the film 's supporting cast `` ca n't begin to compare with their equivalents in the original ... so the burden rests entirely upon Franco and Williams , whose dialogue exchanges are repetitive and feel tentative . '' Entertainment Weekly agreed , giving the film a C+ and saying that the `` miscast '' Franco `` lacks the humor , charm , and gee - whiz wonder we 're meant to feel as he trades wisecracks with a flying monkey ... and soars above a field of poppies in a giant soap bubble . If he 's not enchanted , how are we supposed to be ? '' and complaining that `` while Raimi 's Oz is like retinal crack , he never seduces our hearts and minds . '' Alisha Coelho of in.com gave the movie 2.5 stars , saying `` Oz The Great and Powerful does n't leave a lasting impression , but is an a-ok watch . '' Accolades ( edit ) Awards Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient and nominees Result Costume Designers Guild February 22 , 2014 Excellence in Fantasy Film Gary Jones and Michael Kutsche Nominated Golden Trailer Awards May 5 , 2013 Best Animation / Family `` Witches '' Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot `` Super Hybrid '' Nominated `` Music Box '' Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards March 29 , 2014 Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Mila Kunis Nominated MTV Movie Awards April 13 , 2014 Best Villain Mila Kunis Won People 's Choice Awards January 8 , 2014 Best Family Film Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society December 17 , 2013 Best Live Action Family Film Won Best Production Design Robert Stromberg Nominated Satellite Awards February 24 , 2014 Best Visual Effects James Schwalm , Scott Stokdyk , Troy Saliba Nominated Best Art Direction and Production Design Nancy Haigh , Robert Stromberg Nominated Best Costume Design Gary Jones Nominated Saturn Awards June 2014 Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Music Danny Elfman Nominated Best Production Design Robert Stromberg Nominated Best Costume Gary Jones Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 11 , 2013 Choice Movie -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actor -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy James Franco Nominated Choice Movie Actress -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Mila Kunis Nominated Michelle Williams Nominated Visual Effects Society February 12 , 2014 Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Troy Saliba , In - Ah Roediger , Carolyn Vale , Kevin Souls for `` China Girl '' Nominated Sequel ( edit ) On March 7 , 2013 , Variety confirmed that Disney has already approved plans for a sequel , with Mitchell Kapner and Joe Roth returning as screenwriter and producer respectively . Mila Kunis said during an interview with E ! News , `` We 're all signed on for sequels . '' On March 8 , 2013 , Sam Raimi told Bleeding Cool that he has no plans to direct the sequel , saying , `` I did leave some loose ends for another director if they want to make the picture , '' and that `` I was attracted to this story but I do n't think the second one would have the thing I would need to get me interested . '' On March 11 , 2013 , Kapner and Roth have said to the Los Angeles Times that the sequel will `` absolutely not '' involve Dorothy Gale , with Kapner pointing out that there are twenty years between the events of the first film and Dorothy 's arrival , and `` a lot can happen in that time . '' See also ( edit ) Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` OZ THE GREAT AND POWERFUL ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : FilmL. A. ( May 2014 ) . `` 2013 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` No Dorothy in ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Sequel ; WB Developing New ' Oz ' TV Series '' . Screen Rant , LLC . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brookes ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` One More Trip to Land of Oz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics release winners of 2013 awards '' . Actionnews5.com . December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards Winners : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nashawaty , Chris ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc. ( 1250 ) : 43 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( 10 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' is big and beautiful '' . Salisbury Post . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . He makes a young , svelte , rather hot conjurer who has broken many a heart , including that of Dorothy Gale 's mom - to - be ( liquid - eyed Michelle Williams , resplendent in a blond wig ) . Jump up ^ Lutz , Ashley ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` 1939 's Wicked Witch Of The West Looks Much Sexier In Today 's ' Oz ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allport , Lee ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : A Prequel at Its Best '' . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . There are other interesting `` that explains it '' moments as well . We get up - close - and - personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow . We get to know the Tin Man 's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland . ^ Jump up to : Helwig ; Schillaci , Sophie ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' : James Franco , Mila Kunis Celebrate the Hollywood Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Spencer appears at slide 10 , Cobbs appears at slide 15 , Campbell and Raimi appear at slide 11 Jump up ^ Lovece , Frank ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Great and Powerful Sam Raimi Connections '' . Newsday . Sidebar to Rafer Guzman review of Oz the Great and Powerful . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' : Sam Raimi 's not in Kansas anymore '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful ' : 10 Differences Between the Prequel and ' Wizard of Oz '' . Moviefone . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , John ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' : Sam Raimi 's not in Kansas anymore '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' is big and beautiful '' . Salisbury Post . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . He makes a young , svelte , rather hot conjurer who has broken many a heart , including that of Dorothy Gale 's mom - to - be ( liquid - eyed Michelle Williams , resplendent in a blond wig ) . Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , edited by Michael Patrick Hearn , New York , Crown , 1976 ; p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 . Jump up ^ Angela Lansbury , narrator , produced by John Fricke and Aljean Harmetz ( 1990 ) . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the Making of a Movie Classic ( Television ) . CBS Television . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Hello , Yellow Brick Road '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Bill . `` A Conversation : FFC Interviews Academy Award - winning editor Walter Murch '' . Film Freak Central . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim . `` Disney 's long , long journey to Oz '' . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( June 21 , 1985 ) . `` Film : A New ' Oz ' Gives Dorothy New Friends '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disasters Outnumber Movie Hits '' . South Florida Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave . `` Return to Oz '' . Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Geraghty , Lincoln ( 2011 ) . American Hollywood . Intellect Books . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 415 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Exclusive : A ' Return to Oz ' '' . ET Online . March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jr , Mike Fleming ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sam Raimi Commits To Disney ' Oz ' Take , While ' Rabbit Hole ' Scribe Will Rewrite '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz 's ' Journey : 3 Studio Chiefs , Multi-Ethnic Munchkins , James Franco Scores $7 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Joe Roth Reflects on Oz The Great and Powerful , Looks Forward to Maleficent in 2014 '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Downey Jr. as the Wizard of Oz ? '' . Los Angeles Times . April 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Robert Downey Jr . Out of ' Oz , ' Johnny Depp to Take Over ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` James Franco Closing Disney Deal For ' Oz : The Great And Powerful ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Del Barco , Mandalit ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz , ' The Great And Often Imitated '' . NPR . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . We 're trying to nod lovingly in its direction and make our own original , fun , wacky , emotional story that lives on its own . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call For Disney 's ' Oz : The Great & Powerful ' '' . Detroit , Michigan : WWJ - TV . June 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ; Epstein , Daniel Robert ( October 13 , 2005 ) . `` Elfman vs. Raimi : Round II '' . Chud.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` 35 Things We Learned on the Set of Sam Raimi 's ' Oz : The Great And Powerful ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Wizard of Oz ' prequel will win over skeptics , star says '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , p. 2 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' : Robert Stromberg on Raimi , Burton , Baum '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . If you really broke it down , they 're completely different . The elements in those two movies are completely different . Jump up ^ Ehrbar , Greg . `` Sights & Sounds at Disney Parks : An Artist 's Journey from Disney Parks to Oz '' . Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Longsdorf , Amy ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Gary Jones finds the right fit for stars of ' Oz ' '' . The Mercury . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` No place like Oz ? Disney bets audiences are ready to ireturn '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` We Are n't in the Old Kansas , Toto '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Disney , Warner Bros. Fighting Over ' Wizard of Oz ' Trademarks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( 11 March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' and ' Walking Dead ' ? Nicotero is connection '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Imageworks Vancouver Studio Continues To Build Stable Of Talent With Addition Of Jason Dowdeswell , Steve Nichols '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Oz ' : Teaser , character posters hint at Sam Raimi 's lavish vision '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Gina ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Composing wizard Danny Elfman talks sweeping , gigantic ' Oz ' score '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Updated Release : Global Superstar Mariah Carey Records ' Almost Home ' For Disney 's ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures via Reuters . February 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful : Soundtrack '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Intrada and Walt Disney Records to Release Danny Elfman 's ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Score '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Oz : The Great and Powerful ' gets release date : March 8 ... 2013 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood Hopes ' Oz ' Can Turn Tide For Ailing 2013 Box Office '' . The Wrap . p. 2 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . The 3D factor is going to give `` Oz '' a lift as well . Of the 3,912 theaters that will be screening the `` Wizard of Oz '' prequel , 3,056 will be 3D and 307 will be Imax theaters , and they 'll be charging premium prices . Jump up ^ `` ' Journey to Oz Balloon Tour ' Takes to the Skies for Disney 's ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Studios . February 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Adding food and wine to Epcot 's Flower & Garden fest '' . The Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Get a Sneak Peek at ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' at Disney California Adventure Park During ' Limited Time Magic ' '' . The Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz The Great and Powerful Comes to Home Video June 11 '' . ComingSoon.net . May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Disney Eliminating ' Digital Copy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Oshiro , Kurtis . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Tops Home Entertainment Charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful '' . The Numbers. 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Yearly Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Most Valuable Blockbuster -- # 5 ' The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ' Vs. # 12 ' World War Z ' ; # 4 ' Hobbit : The Desolation Of Smaug ' Vs. # 13 ' Oz The Great And Powerful ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Opening Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Box office preview : Will ' Oz ' be as ' Great and Powerful ' as ' Alice in Wonderland ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . The fantasy film , which also opened in March , started with $116.1 million on opening weekend , but without the cachet of Johnny Depp and Tim Burton , it 's unlikely that Oz will achieve such a gargantuan figure . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` One More Trip to Land of Oz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . The company ( Disney ) is betting that a new twist on a story moviegoers already love will result in a hit on par with ' Alice in Wonderland , ' which took in more than $1 billion in 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Oz the Great and Powerful '' tops box office with $80 M debut `` . CBS News . March 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ' Oz ' could follow in the footsteps of Disney 's ' Alice in Wonderland , ' another costly 3 - D film , which opened on the same weekend in 2010 and went on to gross over $1 billion worldwide . Jump up ^ `` Alice ' Vs. ' Oz '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Oz ' Eyeing Great and Powerful Global Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Box Office Report : ' Oz ' Grosses Stellar $2 Million in Thursday Night Shows . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Friday Report : ' Oz ' Conjures $24.1 Million Debut . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Weekend Report : ' Oz ' Has Magical Debut , ' Dead Man ' Dies Retrieved March 10 , 2013 Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Oz ' Leads , ' Call ' Exceeds , ' Burt ' Bombs . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE : ' Mr. Right ' Rules ; ' Oz ' Posts Respectable Debut '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oz The Great and Powerful ( 2012 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Oz ' Opens to $69.9 Million Overseas '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Oz ' Rules Again , ' Die Hard ' Scores in China '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oz the Great and Powerful reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Newman , Kim ( March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz The Great and Powerful ' '' . Empire . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful Review : Sam Raimi Manages to Fill Some Mighty Big Ruby Slippers '' . The Wrap . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( March 2013 ) . `` ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Who is a Good Witch , What is a Great Wizard ? '' . IGN . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Justin ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful Review : A Sam Raimi Movie Wrapped Inside a Disney Movie '' . / Film . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Oz the Great and Powerful review - Wicked or wussy : Which witch is worse ? '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review : Oz , the Great and Powerful '' . Huffington Post . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alisha Coelho . `` Movie Review : Oz the Great & Powerful is a-ok '' . in.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Costume Designers Guild Unveils Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , ' Iron Man 3 ' Dominate 2013 Golden Trailer Awards '' . Deadline.com . May 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards : Winners List '' . Variety . April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2014 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Satellite Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Leads Film Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Planning ' Oz the Great and Powerful ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Fran ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Mila Kunis : We 're doing a sequel to Oz '' . The Sun . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sam Raimi Says He Does n't Want To Direct The Oz The Great And Powerful Sequel '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Miller , Steven Zeitchik ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` An ' Oz ' Clash of the Titans ( Page 2 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oz the Great and Powerful . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Oz the Great and Powerful Official website Oz the Great and Powerful on IMDb Oz the Great and Powerful at Box Office Mojo Oz the Great and Powerful at Rotten Tomatoes Oz the Great and Powerful at Metacritic The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Glass Cat Jellia Jamb Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nine Tiny Piglets Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Trot Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Category Portal Sam Raimi filmography Films directed Feature It 's Murder ! ( 1977 ) The Evil Dead ( 1981 ) Crimewave ( 1985 ) Evil Dead II ( 1987 ) Darkman ( 1990 ) Army of Darkness ( 1992 ) The Quick and the Dead ( 1995 ) A Simple Plan ( 1998 ) For Love of the Game ( 1999 ) The Gift ( 2000 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) Drag Me to Hell ( 2009 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Short Clockwork ( 1978 ) Within the Woods ( 1978 ) Written only Easy Wheels ( 1989 ) The Nutt House ( 1992 ) The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 , also second unit director ) Man with the Screaming Brain ( 2005 , co-story ) Produced only Timecop ( 1994 ) The Grudge ( 2004 ) Boogeyman ( 2005 ) The Grudge 2 ( 2006 ) The Messengers ( 2007 ) 30 Days of Night ( 2007 ) The Possession ( 2012 ) Evil Dead ( 2013 ) Poltergeist ( 2015 ) Do n't Breathe ( 2016 ) The Grudge ( 2019 ) Disney portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oz_the_Great_and_Powerful&oldid=843560263 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films American films 2013 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American black - and - white films American buddy films American children 's fantasy films American fantasy adventure films Circus films Films scored by Danny Elfman Films about magic and magicians Films about orphans Films based on American novels Films based on fantasy novels Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films directed by Sam Raimi Films produced by Joe Roth Films set in 1905 Films set in Kansas Films shot in Michigan High fantasy films Dark fantasy films IMAX films Oz in stage and film productions Performance capture in film Prequel films Witchcraft in film Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 23 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays oz in oz the great and powerful	[ "James Franco as Oscar Diggs, or \"Oz\", a philandering con artist, a stage magician, and a barnstormer[8] who is part of a traveling circus in the Midwest. He is whisked in a hot air balloon by a tornado to the Land of Oz, where he is believed to be a wizard destined to bring peace to the land, forcing him to overcome his dubious ethics to convince his peers he is the hero needed by the people of Oz. He eventually becomes what is known as the Wizard of Oz." ]	[ "James Franco" ]
-7909997311986525644	Dallas Cowboys	Dallas Cowboys - wikipedia Dallas Cowboys Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dallas Cowboys Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( 1960 - 01 - 28 ) First season : 1960 Play in AT&T Stadium Arlington , Texas Headquartered in The Ford Center at The Star Frisco , Texas Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1960 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1960 ) Eastern Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Metallic Silver , White , Royal Blue Mascot Rowdy Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Jones CEO Stephen Jones President Jerry Jones General manager Jerry Jones Head coach Jason Garrett Team history Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames America 's Team Doomsday Defense The ' Boys Big D Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) , 1977 ( XII ) , 1992 ( XXVII ) , 1993 ( XXVIII ) , 1995 ( XXX ) Conference championships ( 10 ) NFL Eastern : 1966 , 1967 NFC : 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 Division championships ( 22 ) NFL Capitol : 1967 , 1968 , 1969 NFC East : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2014 , 2016 Home fields Cotton Bowl ( 1960 -- 1971 ) Texas Stadium ( 1971 -- 2008 ) AT&T Stadium ( 2009 -- present ) The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell - outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold - out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers , and the AFC 's Patriots ; all three are second to Pittsburgh 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966 -- 85 ) , in which they only missed the playoffs twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) , an NFL record that remains unchallenged . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes . The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014 , a record for a U.S. sports team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.5 2000 -- 09 1.6 2010 -- 13 1.7 2014 1.8 2015 1.9 2016 1.10 2017 2 Logos and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 Uniform history 2.2. 2 Home / road jersey history 2.2. 3 Thanksgiving Day uniforms 3 Stadiums 3.1 Cotton Bowl 3.2 Texas Stadium 3.3 AT&T Stadium 4 Training camp sites 5 Rivalries 5.1 Washington Redskins 5.2 Philadelphia Eagles 5.3 New York Giants 5.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 5.5 San Francisco 49ers 5.6 Green Bay Packers 6 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 Super Bowl MVPs 7.5 Ring of Honor 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History Main article : History of the Dallas Cowboys This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) 1960s Prior to the formation of the Dallas Cowboys , there had not been an NFL team south of Washington , D.C. since the Dallas Texans folded in 1952 . Oilman Clint Murchison Jr. had been trying to get an NFL expansion team in Dallas ( as was Lamar Hunt -- who ended up with an AFL franchise ) , but George Preston Marshall , owner of the Washington Redskins , had a monopoly in the South . Murchison had tried to purchase the Washington Redskins from Marshall in 1958 . An agreement was struck , but as the deal was about to be finalized , Marshall called for a change in terms . This infuriated Murchison and he called off the deal . Marshall then opposed any franchise for Murchison in Dallas . Since NFL expansion needed unanimous approval from team owners at that time , Marshall 's position would prevent Murchison from joining the league . Marshall had a falling out with the Redskins band leader Barnee Breeskin . Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song `` Hail to the Redskins '' and Marshall 's wife had penned the lyrics . Breeskin owned the rights to the song and was aware of Murchison 's plight to get an NFL franchise . Angry with Marshall , Breeskin approached Murchison 's attorney to sell him the rights to the song before the expansion vote in 1959 . Murchison purchased `` Hail to the Redskins '' for $2,500 . Before the vote to award franchises in 1959 , Murchison revealed to Marshall that he owned the song and Marshall could not play it during games . After a few Marshall expletives , Murchison gave the rights to `` Hail to the Redskins '' to Marshall for his vote , the lone one against Murchison getting a franchise at that time , and a rivalry was born . 1970s The Cowboys playing against the Dolphins in Super Bowl VI . From 1970 through 1979 , the Cowboys won 105 regular season games , more than any other NFL franchise during that span . In addition , they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls , at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons . 1980s Danny White became the Cowboys ' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired . Despite going to 12 -- 4 in 1980 , the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team . In the opening round of the 1980 -- 81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year 's playoffs by defeating the Rams . In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30 -- 27 . For the NFC Championship they were pitted against division rival Philadelphia , the team that won the division during the regular season . The Eagles captured their first conference championship and Super Bowl berth by winning 20 -- 7 . 1981 brought another division championship for the Cowboys . They entered the 1981 - 82 NFL playoffs as the number 2 seed . Their first game of the postseason saw them blowout and shutout Tampa Bay 38 -- 0 . For the Conference Title game they were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . Despite having a late 4th quarter 27 -- 21 lead , they would lose to the 49ers 28 -- 27 . 49ers quarterback Joe Montana led his team to an 89 - yard game - winning touchdown drive connecting to Dwight Clark in a play known as The Catch . The Cowboys playing against the Broncos in Super Bowl XII . The 1982 season was shortened after a player strike . With a 6 -- 3 record Dallas made it to the playoffs for the 8th consecutive season . As the number 2 seed for the 1982 -- 83 NFL playoffs they eliminated the Buccaneers 30 -- 17 in the Wild Card round and dispatched the Packers 37 -- 26 in the Divisional round to advance to their 3rd consecutive Conference championship game . 3 times was not a charm for the Cowboys as they fell 31 -- 17 to division rival and eventual Super Bowl XVII champions Redskins . For the 1983 season the Cowboys went 12 -- 4 and made it once again to the playoffs but were defeated at home in the Wild Card by the Rams 24 -- 17 . Prior to the 1984 season , H.R. `` Bum '' Bright purchased the Dallas Cowboys from Clint Murchison Jr . Dallas posted a 9 -- 7 record that season but missed the playoffs for the first time in 10 seasons . After going 10 -- 6 in 1985 and winning a division title , the Cowboys were blown out in the Divisional round at home to the Rams 20 -- 0 . Hard times came for the organization as they went 7 -- 9 in 1986 , 7 -- 8 in 1987 , and 3 -- 13 in 1988 . During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team . During the Savings and Loan crisis , the team and Mr. Bright 's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC . During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987 , Bright told the media that he was `` horrified '' at coach Tom Landry 's play calling . The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25 , 1989 . Jones immediately fired Tom Landry , the only head coach in franchise history , replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy Johnson , who was also Jerry Jones ' teammate in University of Arkansas as a fellow defensive lineman and Michael Irvin was under his tutelage in college . With the first pick in the draft , the Cowboys selected UCLA quarterback Troy Aikman . Later that same year , they would trade veteran running back Herschel Walker to the Minnesota Vikings for five veteran players and eight draft choices . Although the Cowboys finished the 1989 season with a 1 -- 15 record , their worst in almost 30 years , `` The Trade '' later allowed Dallas to draft a number of impact players to rebuild the team . 1990s Johnson quickly returned the Cowboys to the NFL 's elite . Skillful drafts added fullback Daryl Johnston and center Mark Stepnoski in 1989 , running back Emmitt Smith in 1990 , defensive tackle Russell Maryland and offensive tackle Erik Williams in 1991 , and safety Darren Woodson in 1992 . The young talent joined holdovers from the Landry era such as wide receiver Michael Irvin , guard Nate Newton , linebacker Ken Norton Jr. , and offensive lineman Mark Tuinei , defensive lineman Jim Jeffcoat , and veteran pickups such as tight end Jay Novacek and defensive end Charles Haley . Five - time World Champions Mural Things started to look up for the franchise in 1990 . On Week 1 Dallas won their first home game since September 1988 when they defeated the San Diego Chargers 17 -- 14 . They went 2 -- 7 in their next 9 games but won 4 of their last 6 games to finish the season with a 4th place 7 -- 9 record . Coming into 1991 the Cowboys replaced offensive coordinator Dave Shula with Norv Turner ; the Cowboys raced to a 6 -- 5 start , then defeated the previously - unbeaten Redskins despite injury to Troy Aikman . Backup Steve Beuerlein took over and the Cowboys finished 11 -- 5 . In the Wild Card round they defeated the Bears 17 -- 13 for the Cowboys first playoff win since 1982 . In the Divisional round their season ended in a 38 -- 6 playoff rout by the Lions . In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13 -- 3 mark . They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23 -- 10 . Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles . The Cowboys won that game 34 -- 10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years . They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers , the number 1 seed . On January 17 , 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30 -- 20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978 . Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52 -- 17 in Super Bowl XXVII , during which they forced a record nine turnovers . Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football . Despite starting the 1993 season 0 -- 2 , they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII , 30 -- 13 ( becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0 -- 2 ) . Dallas finished the regular season 12 -- 4 as the number 1 seed of the NFC . They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27 -- 17 in the divisional round . In the NFC Conference Championship , Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas , 38 -- 21 . Dallas sent a then - NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993 : Aikman , safety Thomas Everett , Irvin , Johnston , Maryland , Newton , Norton , Novacek , Smith , Stepnoski and Williams . Dallas Cowboys championship banners inside AT&T Stadium Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII , however , friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation . Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson . The Cowboys finished 12 -- 4 in 1994 . They once again clinched a first round bye and defeated Green Bay 35 -- 9 in the Divisional Round . They missed the Super Bowl , however , after losing to the 49ers in the NFC Championship Game , 38 -- 28 . Prior to the start of 1995 season Jerry Jones lured All - Pro cornerback Deion Sanders away from San Francisco . Dallas started the season 4 -- 0 including shutting out their division rival New York Giants 35 -- 0 at Giants Stadium to open their season . Emmitt Smith set an NFL record with 25 rushing touchdowns that season . They ended the season 12 -- 4 and went into the playoffs as the number 1 seed . In the Divisional round they dispatched their division rival Eagles 30 -- 11 to advance to their 4th consecutive NFC Conference Championship Game , in which they defeated Green Bay , 38 -- 27 . In Super Bowl XXX the Cowboys defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 17 at Sun Devil Stadium for their fifth Super Bowl championship . Switzer joined Johnson as the only coaches to win a college football national championship and a Super Bowl . The glory days of the Cowboys were again beginning to dim as free agency , age , and injuries began taking their toll . Star receiver Michael Irvin was suspended by the league for the first five games of 1996 following a drug - related arrest ; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2 -- 3 . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 6 record , won the NFC East title , and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC . They defeated Minnesota 40 -- 15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26 -- 17 by the Carolina Panthers . The Cowboys went 6 -- 10 in 1997 ( including losing their last 6 games of the season ) , with discipline and off - field problems becoming major distractions . As a result , Switzer resigned as head coach in January 1998 and former Steelers offensive coordinator Chan Gailey was hired to take his place . Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 -- 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship , but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20 -- 7 . In 1999 Dallas went 8 -- 8 ( during which Irvin suffered a career - ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27 -- 10 ) . Gailey was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl . 2000 -- 09 Defensive coordinator Dave Campo was promoted to head coach for the 2000 season . Prior to the season starting cornerback Deion Sanders was released after 5 seasons with the team . He later signed with division rival Washington . In Week 1 , they were blown out 41 -- 14 by Philadelphia . That game was very costly when veteran quarterback Troy Aikman suffered a serious concussion which ultimately ended his career . Longtime NFL QB Randall Cunningham filled in for Aikman for the rest of the season at QB . The Cowboys finished the season in 4th place with a 5 -- 11 record . The only highlights of 2000 were Emmitt Smith having his 10th consecutive 1,000 yard rushing season and a season sweep over the Redskins . 2001 was another hard year in Dallas . Prior to the season starting Aikman was released from the team and he retired due to the concussions he had received . Jerry Jones signed Tony Banks as a QB . Banks had been a starter for half of the season the previous year for the Super Bowl Champion Baltimore Ravens before being benched . Jones also drafted QB Quincy Carter in the second round of that year 's draft , but Banks was released during the preseason . Ryan Leaf , Anthony Wright , and Clint Stoerner all competed for the quarterback position that season . Dallas again finished at 5 -- 11 , last place in the NFC East . They did sweep the Redskins for the 4th consecutive season . Prior to the 2002 season Dallas drafted safety Roy Williams with the 8th overall pick . The season started out low as the Cowboys lost to the expansion Houston Texans 19 -- 10 on Week 1 . By far the highlight of 2002 was on October 28 , when during a home game against the Seattle Seahawks , Emmitt Smith broke the all - time NFL rushing record previously held by Walter Payton . Their Thanksgiving Day win over the Redskins was their 10th consecutive win against Washington . However , that was their final win of 2002 : Dallas lost their next 4 games to finish with another last place 5 -- 11 record . The losing streak was punctuated with a Week 17 20 -- 14 loss against Washington . That game was Smith 's last game as a Cowboys player : he was released during the offseason . Campo was immediately fired as head coach at the conclusion of the season . Jones then lured Bill Parcells out of retirement to coach the Cowboys . The Cowboys became the surprise team of the 2003 season getting off to a hot 7 -- 2 season , but went 3 -- 4 for the rest of the season . They were able to win the division with a 10 -- 6 record but lost in the Wild Card round to eventual conference champion Carolina Panthers 29 -- 10 . In 2004 Dallas was unable to replicate their 2003 success , and ended 6 -- 10 . Quincy Carter was released during the preseason and was replaced at QB by Vinny Testaverde . Dallas got off to a hot 7 -- 3 start for the 2005 season but ended the season in 3rd place with a 9 -- 7 record . Prior to the season starting the Cowboys signed veteran Drew Bledsoe as a quarterback . 2006 was an interesting year for the Cowboys . Prior to the season Dallas signed free agent wide receiver Terrell Owens who was talented yet controversial . The Cowboys started the season 3 -- 2 . During a week 7 matchup against the Giants , Bledsoe , who had been struggling since the start of the season , was pulled from the game and was replaced by backup Tony Romo . Romo was unable to salvage that game and Dallas lost 38 -- 22 . However , Romo was named the starter for team and went 5 -- 1 in his first 6 games . Dallas ended the season with a 9 -- 7 2nd - place finish . They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed . They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21 -- 20 . After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips . Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang . They began the season with a 12 -- 1 start , including winning their first five games . Their only loss during that time span came against New England , who went undefeated that season . Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games , the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years , which also granted them a first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs . The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21 -- 17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . In the tumultuous 2008 season , the Cowboys started off strong , going 3 -- 0 for the second straight year , en route to a 4 -- 1 start . However , things soon went downhill from there , after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals . With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups , Dallas went 1 -- 2 during a three - game stretch . Romo 's return showed promise , as Dallas went 3 -- 0 . However , injuries mounted during the season with the team losing several starters for the year , such as Kyle Kosier , Felix Jones , safety Roy Williams and punter Mat McBriar , and several other starters playing with injuries . Entering December , the 8 -- 4 Cowboys underperformed , finishing 1 -- 3 . They failed to make the playoffs after losing at Philadelphia in the final regular season game which saw the Eagles reach the playoffs instead . On May 2 , 2009 , the Dallas Cowboys ' practice facility collapsed during a wind storm . The collapse left twelve Cowboys players and coaches injured . The most serious injuries were special teams coach Joe DeCamillis , who suffered fractured cervical vertebrae and had surgery to stabilize fractured vertebrae in his neck , and Rich Behm , the team 's 33 - year - old scouting assistant , who was permanently paralyzed from the waist down after his spine was severed . The 2009 season started on a positive with a road win against Tampa Bay , but fortunes quickly changed as Dallas fell to a 2 -- 2 start . In week five , with starting wide receiver Roy Williams sidelined by injury , receiver Miles Austin got his first start of the season and had a record setting day ( 250 yards receiving and 2 touchdowns ) to help lead Dallas to an overtime win over Kansas City . Following their bye week , Dallas went on a three - game winning streak including wins over Atlanta and NFC East division rival Philadelphia . Despite entering December with a record of 8 -- 3 , Dallas lost its slim grip on 1st place in the division with losses to the New York Giants and San Diego . Talks of past December collapses resurfaced , and another collapse in 2009 seemed validated . However , the Dallas team surged in the final three weeks of the season with a 24 -- 17 victory at the Superdome , ending New Orleans ' previously unbeaten season in week 15 . For the first time in franchise history , Dallas posted back - to - back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington ( 17 -- 0 ) and Philadelphia ( 24 -- 0 ) to end the season . In the process , the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs . Six days later , in the wild - card round of the playoffs , Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17 . The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys ' post-season win since the 1996 season , ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses . Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss to the Minnesota Vikings . 2010 -- 13 After beginning the 2010 season at 1 -- 7 , Phillips was fired as head coach and was replaced by offensive coordinator Jason Garrett as the interim head coach . The Cowboys finished the season 6 -- 10 . With the 9th pick of the 1st round of the 2011 draft , the Cowboys selected USC tackle Tyron Smith . To start the 2011 season the Cowboys played the New York Jets on a Sunday night primetime game in New York , on September 11 , 2011 . The Cowboys held the lead through most of the game , until a fumble , blocked punt , and interception led to the Jets coming back to win the game . In week 2 Dallas traveled to San Francisco to play the 49ers . In the middle of the 2nd quarter , while the Cowboys trailed 10 -- 7 , Tony Romo suffered a rib injury and was replaced by Jon Kitna . Kitna threw 1 Touchdown and 2 interceptions until Romo returned in the 3rd quarter as Dallas trailed 17 -- 7 . Romo then threw 3 touchdown passes to Miles Austin as the Cowboys rallied to send the game into overtime . On the Cowboys opening possession after 49ers punt , Romo found WR Jesse Holley on a 78 - yard pass , which set up the game - winning field goal by rookie kicker Dan Bailey . Dallas ended the season 8 -- 8 . They were in a position to win the NFC East but lost to the Giants in a Week 17 primetime Sunday Night game on NBC which allowed New York to win the division . The Giants would go on to win Super Bowl XLVI . The Cowboys started off the 2012 season on a high note by defeating the defending Super Bowl Champion New York Giants 24 -- 17 on the opening night of the season . They would hover around the . 500 mark for the majority of the season . They lost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31 -- 29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore . Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division . Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999 . Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28 - 18 . Dallas once again finished the season 8 -- 8 . In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the second straight year this time 36 -- 31 . It was the first time since AT&T Stadium had opened back in 2009 that the Cowboys were able to defeat New York at home . The win was punctuated by Brandon Carr returning an Eli Manning interception to a touchdown late in the 4th quarter . For the third straight year Dallas once again found themselves stuck in the . 500 area . In Week 5 , they lost a shootout to eventual AFC Champion Denver Broncos 51 -- 48 . They battled it out with Philadelphia for control of the division throughout the season . In December however they lost 2 crucial back to back games to Chicago and Green Bay . They were very successful in division games having a 5 -- 0 division record heading into another Week 17 showdown for the NFC East crown against the Eagles . That included beating Washington 24 -- 23 on Week 16 thanks to late game heroics of Tony Romo . However Romo received a severe back injury in that game which prematurely ended his season . The Cowboys called upon backup QB Kyle Orton to lead them into battle on the final week of the season . Orton was unsuccessful who threw a game ending interception to the Eagles which allowed Philly to win 24 -- 22 . Dallas ended the year at 8 -- 8 for the third year in a row . The only difference of this 8 -- 8 ending compared to the others was that Dallas ended the season in second place compared to the 2 previous 3rd - place finishes . 2014 Main article : 2014 Dallas Cowboys season To start off the 2014 season Dallas began by losing to San Francisco 28 -- 17 . After that they went on a 6 - game winning streak . The highlight of this streak was defeating the Seahawks at CenturyLink Field 30 -- 23 . In Week 8 , the Redskins won in overtime 20 -- 17 , and Romo 's back became once again injured . He missed next week , a home loss to the Arizona Cardinals 28 -- 17 with backup QB Brandon Weeden . Romo returned in Week 9 to lead a 31 -- 17 victory of the Jacksonville Jaguars which was played at Wembley Stadium in London , England as part of the NFL International Series . Dallas played into their traditional Thanksgiving home game , this time against division rival Philadelphia . Both teams were vying for first place in the division with identical 8 -- 3 records . The Eagles got off to a fast start and the Cowboys were unable to catch up , losing 33 -- 10 . They would rebound the next week where on the road Thursday night game they defeated Chicago 41 -- 28 for their 9th win of the year to clinch their first winning season since 2009 . This was the first time that Dallas played on back to back Thursdays . Week 15 was a rematch against 1st place Philadelphia . This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21 -- 0 . Then the Eagles put up 24 answered points but Dallas came back to win 38 -- 27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10 -- 4 . Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis , Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts thanks to the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins . They would not disappoint as they blew out the Colts 42 -- 7 to become the 2014 NFC East Champions , eliminating the Eagles from the playoffs . Dallas would end the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record and an 8 -- 0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44 -- 17 . They would also finish December 4 -- 0 which was huge for the Cowboys since they had struggled in the recent years in the month of December . On January 4 , 2015 , the Cowboys , as the number 3 seed , hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs . In the game , the Lions got off to a hot start , going up 14 -- 0 in the first quarter . Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball . However , towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76 - yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams . Matt Prater of the Lions would kick a field goal before halftime to go up 17 -- 7 . Dallas came out swinging to start the second half by picking off Detroit quarterback Matthew Stafford on the first play of the third quarter . However , the Cowboys failed to capitalize on the turnover , as Dan Bailey missed a field goal during Dallas 's ensuing drive . Detroit then kicked another field goal to make the score 20 -- 7 . A DeMarco Murray touchdown later in that quarter closed the gap to 20 -- 14 . A 51 - yard Bailey field goal almost 3 minutes into the fourth quarter trimmed the Cowboys ' deficit to 3 . The Lions got the ball back and started driving down the field . On 3rd down - and - 1 of that Lions drive , Stafford threw a 17 - yard pass intended for Lions tight end Brandon Pettigrew , but the ball hit Cowboys linebacker Anthony Hitchens in the back a fraction of a second before he ran into Pettigrew . The play was initially flagged as defensive pass interference against Hitchens . However , the penalty was then nullified by the officiating crew . The Cowboys got the ball back on their 41 - yard line and had a successful 59 - yard drive which was capped off by an 8 - yard touchdown pass from Romo to Williams to give the Cowboys their first lead of the game at 24 -- 20 . The Lions got the ball back with less than 2 : 30 to play in regulation . Stafford fumbled the ball at the 2 minute mark . The fumble was recovered by Cowboys defensive end DeMarcus Lawrence , who then fumbled the ball which was recovered by the Lions . Lawrence would redeem himself by sacking Stafford on a 4th down - and - 3 play . The sack led to Stafford fumbling the ball again , which Lawrence recovered to seal the game for the Cowboys , who won 24 -- 20 . This was the first time in franchise playoff history that Dallas had been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game . The following week , the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay , Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round . Despite having a 14 -- 7 halftime lead , the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26 -- 21 , thus ending their season . The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant . The catch was challenged by the Packers , and the referees overturned the call because of the `` Calvin Johnson rule . '' During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become a free agent . Murray signed with the division rival Philadelphia Eagles . On July 15 wide receiver Dez Bryant signed a 5 - year , $70 million contract . 2015 Main article : 2015 Dallas Cowboys season At home against the New York Giants , Dallas won 27 -- 26 . Dez Bryant left the game early with a fractured bone in his foot . On the road against the Philadelphia Eagles , Romo suffered a broken left collarbone , the same one he injured in 2010 , and Brandon Weeden replaced him . Dallas won 20 -- 10 to begin the season 2 -- 0 , but then went on a seven - game losing streak . Dallas finished the season 4 -- 12 and last in their division . 2016 Main article : 2016 Dallas Cowboys season After a preseason injury to Tony Romo , rookie quarterback Dak Prescott was slated as the starting quarterback , as Romo was expected to be out 6 -- 8 weeks . In game 1 against the New York Giants , Dallas lost 20 -- 19 . After this loss , Dallas would go on an eleven - game winning streak . After much speculation leading to a potential quarterback controversy , Romo made an announcement that Prescott has earned the right to take over as Cowboys quarterback . In game 10 , Romo suited up for the first time this season and was the backup quarterback . Dallas defeated the Baltimore Ravens to win their 9th straight game , breaking a franchise record of 8 straight games set in 1977 . It also marked rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott breaking Tony Dorsett 's single season rushing record for a Cowboys rookie . Prescott also tied an NFL rookie record held by Russell Wilson and Dan Marino by throwing multiple touchdowns in 5 straight games . Dallas finished 13 -- 3 , tying their best 16 - game regular season record . While Dallas defeated Green Bay at Lambeau Field in week 6 , the Packers would win at AT&T Stadium in the divisional round of the NFL playoffs on a last - second field goal , ending their season . Dak Prescott was named NFL Rookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4 , 2017 , and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards . Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl . This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl . 2017 Main article : 2017 Dallas Cowboys season 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo , who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys . The season also featured second - year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league 's conduct policy . The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed back to November . The Cowboys finished the year at 9 - 7 without making the playoffs . Following the season Dez Bryant was released after eight seasons in Dallas and Jason Witten retired after 15 seasons , ending an era . Logos and uniforms Logo The Cowboys ' script logo . The Dallas Cowboys ' blue star logo , representative of Texas as `` The Lone Star State '' , is one of the most well - known team logos in professional sports . The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line and blue border was added in 1964 . The logo has remained the same since . Today , the blue star has been extended to not only the Dallas Cowboys , but owner Jerry Jones ' AFL team , the Dallas Desperados that have a similar logo based on the Cowboys . The blue star also is used on other entries like an imaging facility and storage facility . Uniforms The Dallas Cowboys ' white home jersey has royal blue ( PMS 287 C ) solid socks , numbers , lettering , and two stripes on the sleeves outlined in black . The home pants are a common metallic silver - green color ( PMS 8280 C ) that help bring out the blue in the uniform . The navy ( PMS 289 C ) road jerseys ( nicknamed the `` Stars and Stripes '' jersey ) have white lettering and numbers with navy pinstripes . A white / gray / white stripe are on each sleeve as well as the collared V - neck , and a Cowboys star logo is placed upon the stripes . A `` Cowboys '' chest crest is directly under the NFL shield . The away pants are a pearlish metallic - silver color ( PMS 8180 C ) and like the home pants , enhance the navy in the uniforms . The team uses a serifed font for the lettered player surnames on the jersey nameplates . The team 's helmets are also a unique silver with a tint of blue known as `` Metallic Silver Blue '' ( PMS 8240 C ) and have a blue / white / blue vertical stripe placed upon the center of the crown . The Cowboys also include a unique , if subtle , feature on the back of the helmet : a blue strip of Dymo tape with the player 's name embossed , placed on the white portion of the stripe at the back of the helmet . Front of Dallas Cowboys helmet Back of Dallas Cowboys helmet Uniform history When the Dallas Cowboys franchise debuted in 1960 , the team 's uniform included a white helmet adorned with a simple blue star and a blue - white - blue stripe down the center crown . The team donned blue jerseys with white sleeves and a small blue star on each shoulder for home games and the negative opposite for away games . Their socks also had two horizontal white stripes overlapping the blue . c1960 -- 1963 Blue home uniforms White away uniforms In 1964 the Cowboys opted for a simpler look ( adopting essentially the team 's current uniform ) by changing their jersey / socks to one solid color with three horizontal stripes on the sleeves ; the white jersey featured royal blue stripes with a narrow black border , the royal blue jersey white stripes with the same black outline . The star - shouldered jerseys were eliminated ; `` TV '' numbers appeared just above the jersey stripes . The new helmet was silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe down the center ( the middle white stripe was thicker ) . The blue `` lone star '' logo was retained , but with a white border setting it off from the silver / blue . The new pants were silverblue , with a blue - white - blue tri-stripe . In 1964 the NFL allowed teams to wear white jerseys at home ; several teams did so , and the Cowboys have worn white at home ever since , except on certain `` throwback '' days . In 1966 , the team modified the jerseys , which now featured only two sleeve stripes , slightly wider ; the socks followed the same pattern . In 1967 the `` lone star '' helmet decal added a blue outline to the white - bordered star , giving the logo a bigger , bolder look . The logo and this version of the uniform has seen little change to the present day . c1964 -- 1966 White home uniforms Blue away uniforms The only notable changes in the last 40 years were : from 1970 -- 1973 when the `` TV '' numbers were moved from the shoulders to the sleeves above the stripes from 1982 -- 1988 the pants featured a white uniform number in an elliptical blue circle worn near the hip . the removal of the indented serifs on the front and back jersey numbers in the early 1980s ( seen currently on the throwback jersey ) In 1980 the blue jersey was rendered in a slightly darker shade than the 1964 -- 79 version ; from 1981 -- 1994 the dark jerseys sported numbers that were gray with white borders and a blue pinstripe . The stripes on the sleeves and socks also used the same gray with white border scheme ( sans navy pinstripe ) . Player names on jersey backs , which appeared in 1970 , were originally in block - letter style ; from 1982 onward the names were slightly smaller and in footed , `` serif '' style . the 1996 addition of the word `` Cowboys '' in the center of the neckline which lasted until 1998 on the white jersey but currently remains on the blue jersey . During the 1976 season , the blue - white - blue stripe on the crown of the helmets were temporarily changed to red - white - blue to commemorate the United States ' bicentennial anniversary . The `` throwback '' NFL 75th Anniversary uniform was introduced in 1994 . In 1994 , the NFL celebrated their 75th Anniversary , and the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back - to - back Super Bowl titles by unveiling a white `` Double - Star '' jersey on Thanksgiving Day . This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994 -- 1995 playoffs . During the same season , the Cowboys also wore their 1960 -- 63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league - wide `` throwback '' policy . During the 1995 season , the team wore the navy `` Double - Star '' jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks ( royal blue for the white uniform , and navy blue for the dark uniform ) . The navy `` Double - Star '' jersey was not seen again until the NFL 's Classic Throwback Weekend on Thanksgiving Day 2001 -- 2003 . In 2004 , the Cowboys resurrected their original 1960 -- 1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day . This uniform became the team 's alternate or `` third jersey '' and was usually worn at least once a year , primarily Thanksgiving Day . Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008 . While the team did n't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years , Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years . In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29 , 2007 against the Green Bay Packers . In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 23 , 2008 against the San Francisco 49ers . The team went back to wearing this uniform at home on Thanksgiving Day in 2009 while their opponent was the Oakland Raiders who wore their AFL Legacy Weekend throwbacks . Dallas wore this alternate uniform on October 11 , 2009 as part of one of the NFL 's AFL Legacy Weekends when they traveled to Kansas City to play the Chiefs who were sporting their AFL Dallas Texans ' uniforms . This created a rare game in which neither team wore a white jersey and the first time the Cowboys wore the alternative uniform as a visiting team . The 1960 -- 1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion . Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor , and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles . In 2013 , the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league 's enhanced concussion awareness . This caused the Cowboys ' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant . The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at home for Thanksgiving , which has since become an annual tradition . In 2017 , the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis , only to rescind soon after . In 2015 , the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform , featuring a variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' alternates with white pants and socks . The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent Thursday Night Football games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons . The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform - white pants combination which was first used on December 10 , 2017 against the Giants . Home / road jersey history In 1964 , Tex Schramm started the tradition of the Cowboys wearing their white jersey at home , contrary to an unofficial rule that teams should wear colored jerseys at home . Schramm did this because he wanted fans to see a variety of opponents ' colors at home games . Since then , a number of other teams have worn their white uniforms at home , including the Miami Dolphins . According to Mike McCord , the Cowboys ' equipment director , one of the reasons why the Cowboys started wearing white at home was because of the intense heat during Cowboys ' home games at Texas Stadium . Roger Staubach and Bob Lilly jerseys shown at Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . Throughout the years , the Cowboys ' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be `` jinxed '' because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them . This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys . However , the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs , when the blue - shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith 's final game with the Cowboys . Dallas 's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game against the Los Angeles Rams . Since the 1970 NFL - AFL merger , league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey . Most of the time , Dallas will wear their blue jerseys when they visit Washington , Philadelphia ( sometimes ) , Miami , or one of the handful of other teams that traditionally wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season due to the hot climates in their respective cities or other means . Occasionally opposing teams will wear their white jerseys at home to try to invoke the curse , such as when the Philadelphia Eagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game , as well as their November 4 , 2007 meeting . Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s . Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years , Schramm said he did not believe in the curse . Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey , the Cowboys ' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates . With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys , the team decided instead to wear their regular blue jerseys for their Thanksgiving game , something they have not done at home since Schramm started the white - jersey - at - home tradition . Thanksgiving Day uniforms With the Cowboys traditionally hosting Thanksgiving Day games , separate uniform practices have been used for these games in recent years . Through the 2000 season , the Cowboys continued the usual practice of wearing white at home . In 2001 , the Cowboys wore blue at home for the first time in years , but it was an older design of the blue jersey . Dallas would lose the game , but again wore the older blue jersey at home on Thanksgiving the next year and won . With the 2002 victory , it seems an exception the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving . Thus , the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003 -- 2006 , however it was always an older - styled blue jersey . In 2007 and 2008 , the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game . Since 2009 , the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only ( From 2009 -- 2012 , the team again decided to go with an older - styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving , and since 2013 have worn the newer - styled blue jersey ) . In the 2015 season , the Cowboys wore their Color Rush variation of the 1990s `` Double Star '' jerseys for a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers . Stadiums Cotton Bowl Main article : Cotton Bowl ( stadium ) The main entrance of the Cotton Bowl The Cotton Bowl is a stadium which opened in 1932 and became known as `` The House That Doak Built '' due to the immense crowds that former SMU running back Doak Walker drew to the stadium during his college career in the late 1940s . Originally known as the Fair Park Bowl , it is located in Fair Park , site of the State Fair of Texas . Concerts or other events using a stage allow the playing field to be used for additional spectators . The Cotton Bowl was the longtime home of the annual Cotton Bowl Classic college football bowl game , for which the stadium is named . ( Beginning with the January 2010 game , the Cotton Bowl Classic has been played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington . ) The Dallas Cowboys called the Cotton Bowl home for 11 years , from the team 's formation in 1960 until 1971 , when the Cowboys moved to Texas Stadium . It is the only Cowboys stadium within the Dallas city limits . The Cowboys hosted the Green Bay Packers for the 1966 NFL Championship at the Cotton Bowl . Texas Stadium Main article : Texas Stadium The outside of Texas Stadium For the majority of the franchise 's history the Cowboys played their home games at Texas Stadium . Just outside the city of Dallas , the stadium was located in Irving , Texas . The stadium opened on October 24 , 1971 , at a cost of $35 million and with a seating capacity of 65,675 . The stadium was famous for its hole - in - the - roof dome . The roof 's worn paint had become so unsightly in the early 2000s that it was repainted in the summer of 2006 by the City of Irving . It was the first time the famed roof was repainted since Texas Stadium opened . The roof was structurally independent from the stadium it covered . The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 24 , on December 20 , 2008 . After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009 , the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving . In 2009 , it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium , which officially opened on May 27 , 2009 in Arlington , Texas . Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11 , 2010 . AT&T Stadium Main article : AT&T Stadium AT&T Stadium during a game AT&T Stadium , previously named Cowboys Stadium , is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington , Texas . After failed negotiations to build a new stadium on the site of the Cotton Bowl , Jerry Jones along with the city of Arlington , Texas a suburb of Fort Worth , funded the stadium at a cost of $1.3 billion . The stadium is located in Tarrant County , the first time the Cowboys will call a stadium home outside of Dallas County . It was completed on May 29 , 2009 and seats 80,000 , but is expandable to seat up to 100,000 . AT&T Stadium is the largest domed stadium in the world . A highlight of AT&T Stadium is its gigantic , center - hung high - definition television screen , the largest in the world . The 160 by 72 feet ( 49 by 22 m ) , 11,520 - square - foot ( 1,070 m ) scoreboard surpasses the 8,736 sq ft ( 812 m ) screen that opened in 2009 at the renovated Kauffman Stadium in Kansas City , Missouri as the world 's largest . At the debut pre-season game of Cowboys Stadium , a punt by Tennessee Titans kicker , A.J. Trapasso , hit the 2,100 in . screen above the field . The punt deflected and was ruled in - play until Titans coach Jeff Fisher informed the officials that the punt struck the scoreboard . ( Many believe Trapasso was trying to hit the suspended scoreboard , based on replays and the angle of the kick . ) The scoreboard is , however , within the regulation of the NFL guidelines -- hanging approximately five feet above the minimum height . No punts hit the scoreboard during the entire 2009 regular season during an actual game . Also , on August 22 , 2009 , the day after AJ Trapasso hit the screen , many fans touring the facility noted that half of the field was removed with large cranes re-positioning the screen . According to some fans , a tour guide explained that Jerry Jones invited a few professional soccer players to drop kick soccer balls to try to hit the screen . Once he observed them hitting it consistently he had the screen moved up another 10 feet . The first regular season home game of the 2009 season was against the New York Giants . A league record - setting 105,121 fans showed up to fill Cowboys Stadium for the game before which the traditional `` blue star '' at the 50 - yard line was unveiled for the first time ; however , the Cowboys lost in the final seconds , 33 -- 31 . The Cowboys got their first regular season home win on September 28 , 2009 . They beat the Carolina Panthers 21 -- 7 with 90,588 in attendance . The game was televised on ESPN 's Monday Night Football and marked a record 42nd win for the Cowboys on Monday Night Football . On July 25 , 2013 , the Cowboys announced that AT&T will take over the naming rights for the stadium . Training camp Sites Dallas Cowboys training camp locations : 1960 : Pacific University , Forest Grove , Oregon 1961 : St. Olaf College , Northfield , Minnesota 1962 : Northern Michigan College , Marquette , Michigan 1963 -- 1989 : California Lutheran College , Thousand Oaks , California 1990 -- 1997 : St. Edward 's University , Austin , Texas 1998 -- 2002 : Midwestern State University , Wichita Falls , Texas 2001 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2002 -- 2003 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas . 2004 -- 2006 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2007 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2008 , 2012 -- 2015 : River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2009 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas 2010 -- 2011 : The Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas and River Ridge Sports Complex , Oxnard , California 2016 -- present : The Ford Center at The Star , Frisco , Texas Rivalries The NFC East , composed of the Cowboys , Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins and New York Giants , is one of the least - changed divisions of the original six formed in the wake of the NFL - AFL merger ( its only major changes being the relocation of the Cardinals franchise from St. Louis to Arizona and its subsequent move to the NFC West in the league 's 2002 realignment ) . Three of the four teams have been division rivals since the Cowboys ' entry into the NFL . As such , the Cowboys have some of the longest and fiercest rivalries in the sport . Washington Redskins Main article : Cowboys -- Redskins rivalry The Redskins and Dallas Cowboys enjoy what has been called by Sports Illustrated the top NFL rivalry of all time and `` one of the greatest in sports . '' Some sources trace the enmity to before the Cowboys were even formed , due to a longstanding disagreement between Redskins owner George Preston Marshall and Cowboys founder Clint Murchison Jr. over the creation of a new football team in the South , due to Preston 's TV monopoly in that region . The two teams ' storied on - field rivalry goes back to 1960 when the two clubs first played each other , resulting in a 26 -- 14 Washington victory . Since that time , the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 70 -- 42 -- 2 , and the Redskins lead the all - time playoff series 2 -- 0 . The Cowboys currently have a 14 -- 7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field . Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington 's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter 's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season . The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington on December 11 , 1988 . In the 2010s , the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title , but still play the Cowboys particularly tough , posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014 , despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings . Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s , when the long - moribund Eagles returned to contention . In January 1981 , the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship , with Philadelphia winning 20 -- 7 . A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s , including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan . Among these were the 1989 `` Bounty Bowls '' , in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris . A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field . In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory , the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44 -- 6 . The following season , the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the Eagles three times : twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild - card playoff game by a combined score of 78 -- 30 , including a 24 -- 0 shutout in week 17 . That three game sweep was Dallas ' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992 -- 1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia . During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17 -- 3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia . They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title . The Cowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter . It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24 -- 22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation . Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense , which ended the game and the Cowboys season . In 2014 , the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road , with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33 -- 10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas , and Dallas returning the favor two weeks later by defeating the Eagles 38 -- 27 in Philadelphia . The second game between these rivals clenched a playoff spot for Dallas and led to formerly first place Philadelphia missing out on the post-season . Dallas leads the regular season all - time series 63 -- 50 . New York Giants Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The first game ever played between the Giants and Cowboys was a 31 -- 31 tie on December 4 , 1960 . Dallas logged its first win in the series on October 29 , 1961 and New York 's first was on November 11 , 1962 . Among the more notable moments in the rivalry was the Giants ' defeat of Dallas in the 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009 . Dallas currently leads the all - time series 64 -- 45 -- 2 . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 ( a 35 -- 28 loss to the Steelers ) , the first - ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961 , and would later meet in three Super Bowls , all of them closely contested events . The Steelers - Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests . The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds , first on a last - second throw by Roger Staubach , then as a fourth - quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996 . It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams : the Cowboys , being more of a `` flashy '' team with Roger Staubach 's aerial attack and the `` flex '' Doomsday Defense ; while the Steelers were more of a `` blue - collar '' team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense , a contrast that still exists today . In addition , both teams have national fan bases rivaled by few NFL teams , and both come from areas with a strong following for football at all levels . Dallas leads the all - time series 16 -- 13 including the playoffs . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers -- Cowboys rivalry The bitter rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers has been going on since the 1970s . The NFL Top 10 ranked this rivalry to be the tenth best in the history of the NFL . San Francisco has played Dallas in seven postseason games . The Cowboys defeated the 49ers in the 1970 and 1971 NFC Championship games , and again in the 1972 Divisional Playoff Game . The 1981 NFC Championship Game in San Francisco , which saw the 49ers ' Joe Montana complete a game - winning pass to Dwight Clark in the final minute ( now known as The Catch ) is one of the most famous games in NFL history . The rivalry became even more intense during the 1992 -- 1994 seasons . San Francisco and Dallas faced each other in the NFC Championship Game three separate times . Dallas won the first two match - ups , and San Francisco won the third . In each of these pivotal match - ups , the game 's victor went on to win the Super Bowl . Both the Cowboys and the 49ers ( and the New England Patriots ) are second all time in Super Bowl victories to the Pittsburgh Steelers with five each . The 49ers - Cowboys rivalry is also part of the larger cultural rivalry between California and Texas . The 49ers lead the series all - time series with a record of 15 -- 13 -- 1 . Green Bay Packers Main article : Cowboys - Packers rivalry The Cowboys -- Packers rivalry is rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and the Green Bay Packers . It is one of the best known intra-conference rivalry games in the NFL . The two teams do not play every year ; instead , they play once every three years due to the NFL 's rotating division schedules , or if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions , they would play the ensuing season . The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games . The all time regular seasons series record is 15 -- 13 in favor of the Packers , and the postseason series is tied 4 -- 4 . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys seasons Players of note Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys players Current roster Dallas Cowboys roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Dak Prescott 7 Cooper Rush 1 Dalton Sturm 3 Mike White Running backs 10 Tavon Austin WR 46 Jordan Chunn 21 Ezekiel Elliott 44 Lewis Neal FB / DT 49 Jamize Olawale FB 36 Bo Scarbrough 45 Rod Smith 34 Trey Williams Wide receivers 11 Cole Beasley 85 Noah Brown 19 Malik Earl 81 K.D. Cannon 13 Michael Gallup 17 Allen Hurns 14 Lance Lenoir 18 Marchie Murdock 15 Deonte Thompson 83 Terrance Williams 16 Cedrick Wilson Jr . Tight ends 80 Rico Gathers 89 Blake Jarwin 86 Dalton Schultz 87 Geoff Swaim 84 David Wells Offensive linemen 63 Jake Campos T 71 La'el Collins T / G 78 Kadeem Edwards T / G 75 Cameron Fleming T / G 72 Travis Frederick C 79 Chaz Green G / T 61 Bryce Johnson T / G 69 Jarron Jones T 73 Joe Looney C / G 60 Marcus Martin G / C 70 Zack Martin G 64 Jay Robertson G 77 Tyron Smith T 67 Dustin Stanton G 52 Connor Williams G / T Defensive linemen 74 Dorance Armstrong Jr . DE 93 Richard Ash DT 97 Taco Charlton DE 96 Maliek Collins DT 98 Tyrone Crawford DE / DT 76 Kony Ealy DE 62 James Hearns DE 95 David Irving DT / DE 56 Datone Jones DT / DE 65 Austin Larkin DE 90 DeMarcus Lawrence DE 66 DeQuinton Osborne DT 92 Brian Price DT 68 Daniel Ross DT 99 Charles Tapper DE 51 Jihad Ward DT Linebackers 59 Chris Covington OLB 58 Tre'Von Johnson MLB 43 Joel Lanning MLB 50 Sean Lee OLB 53 Justin March - Lillard OLB 41 Kyle Queiro OLB / SS 42 Ed Shockley OLB 54 Jaylon Smith OLB / MLB 48 Joe Thomas MLB 55 Leighton Vander Esch MLB 57 Damien Wilson OLB / MLB Defensive backs 24 Chidobe Awuzie CB / FS 30 Anthony Brown CB 35 Kavon Frazier SS 38 Jeff Heath SS / FS 20 Marqueston Huff FS 31 Byron Jones CB / FS 37 Kam Kelly CB / FS 27 Jourdan Lewis CB 32 Donovan Olumba CB 23 Tyree Robinson FS / CB 28 Jameill Showers SS / FS 26 Duke Thomas CB 40 Charvarius Ward CB 39 Marquez White CB 25 Xavier Woods FS / CB Special teams 5 Dan Bailey K 47 Scott Daly LS 6 Chris Jones P 91 L.P. Ladouceur LS 2 Brett Maher K / P Reserve lists 94 Randy Gregory DE ( Susp . ) Rookies in italics Roster updated May 11 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 89 Active , 1 Inactive , 1 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Pro Football Hall of Famers Dallas Cowboys Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 26 Adderley , Herb Herb Adderley CB 1970 -- 1972 1981 8 Aikman , Troy Troy Aikman QB 1989 -- 2000 2006 73 Allen , Larry Larry Allen 1994 -- 2005 2013 19 Alworth , Lance Lance Alworth WR 1971 -- 1972 1978 89 Ditka , Mike Mike Ditka TE 1969 -- 1972 1988 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1977 -- 1987 1994 79 Gregg , Forrest Forrest Gregg OT 1971 1977 94 Haley , Charles Charles Haley DE 1992 -- 1996 2015 22 Hayes , Bob Bob Hayes WR 1965 -- 1974 2009 88 Irvin , Michael Michael Irvin WR 1988 -- 1999 2007 74 Lilly , Bob Bob Lilly DT 1961 -- 1974 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1964 1998 81 Owens , Terrell Terrell Owens WR 2006 - 2008 2018 20 Renfro , Mel Mel Renfro CB 1964 -- 1977 21 Sanders , Deion Deion Sanders CB , KR 1995 -- 1999 2011 22 Smith , Emmitt Emmitt Smith RB 1990 -- 2002 81 Smith , Jackie Jackie Smith TE 1978 1994 12 Staubach , Roger Roger Staubach QB 1969 -- 1979 1985 54 White , Randy Randy White DT , LB 1975 -- 1988 1994 70 Wright , Rayfield Rayfield Wright OT 1967 -- 1979 2006 Coaches and Contributors Name Position Seasons Inducted Jones , Jerry Jerry Jones Owner / Executive 1989 -- present 2017 Landry , Tom Tom Landry Coach 1960 -- 1988 1990 Parcells , Bill Bill Parcells Coach 2003 -- 2006 2013 Schramm , Tex Tex Schramm President / GM 1960 -- 1989 1991 Texas Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl MVP Winners Super Bowl Player Position V Chuck Howley LB VI Roger Staubach QB XII Randy White DT Harvey Martin DE XXVII Troy Aikman QB XXVIII Emmitt Smith RB XXX Larry Brown CB Ring of Honor Unlike many NFL teams , the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy . Instead , the team has a `` Ring of Honor '' , which is on permanent display encircling the field . Originally at Texas Stadium , the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington . The first inductee was Bob Lilly in 1975 and by 2005 , the ring contained 17 names , all former Dallas players except for one head coach and one general manager / president . Although the team does not officially retire jersey numbers , some are kept `` unofficially inactive '' , so it is uncommon to find any current players wearing the number of one of the `` Ring of Honor '' inductees . For instance , the jersey numbers of inductees Aikman ( 8 ) , Staubach ( 12 ) , Hayes and Smith ( 22 ) , Irvin ( 88 ) , and Lilly ( 74 ) were not worn during the 2008 season . For the 2010 season , number 88 was issued to rookie Dez Bryant . The Ring of Honor has been a source of controversy over the years . Tex Schramm was believed to be a `` one - man committee '' in choosing inductees and many former Cowboys players and fans felt that Schramm deliberately excluded linebacker Lee Roy Jordan because of a bitter contract dispute the two had during Jordan 's playing days . When Jerry Jones bought the team he inherited Schramm 's Ring of Honor `` power '' and immediately inducted Jordan . Jones also has sparked controversy regarding his decisions in handling the `` Ring of Honor '' . For four years he was unsuccessful in convincing Tom Landry to accept induction . Meanwhile , he refused to induct Tex Schramm ( even after Schramm 's induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame ) . In 1993 , thanks in part to the efforts of Roger Staubach as an intermediary , Landry accepted induction and had a ceremony on the day of that year 's Cowboys - Giants game ( Landry had played and coached for the Giants ) . In 2003 , Jones finally chose to induct Tex Schramm . Schramm and Jones held a joint press conference at Texas Stadium announcing the induction . Unfortunately , Schramm did not live to see his ceremonial induction at the Cowboys - Eagles game that fall . Some of the more recent inductees were Troy Aikman , all - time NFL leading rusher Emmitt Smith , and Michael Irvin , known as `` The Triplets '' . The Cowboys waited until Smith had retired as a player before inducting Aikman and Irvin , so all three could be inducted together , which occurred during halftime at a Monday Night Football home game against the arch - rival Washington Redskins on September 19 , 2005 . The most recent inductees are defensive end Charles Haley , offensive lineman Larry Allen , and wide receiver Drew Pearson , who were inducted into the Ring of Honor during halftime of the Cowboys ' game vs. the Seattle Seahawks on November 6 , 2011 , and safety Darren Woodson , who was inducted on November 1 , 2015 . All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys first - round draft picks Head coaches and staff Head coaches Main article : List of Dallas Cowboys head coaches Current staff Dallas Cowboys staff Front Office Owner / President / General Manager -- Jerry Jones COO / Executive Vice President / Director of Player Personnel -- Stephen Jones Senior Director of Football Operations / Football Administration -- Todd Williams Director of Salary Cap & Player Contracts -- Adam Prasifka Vice President Player Personnel -- Will McClay Senior Executive , College Scouting -- Tom Ciskowski Director of College Scouting -- Lionel Vital Director of Pro Scouting -- Alex Loomis Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Chris Hall Director of Football Research -- Tom Robinson Head Coaches Head Coach -- Jason Garrett Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Scott Linehan Quarterbacks -- Kellen Moore Running Backs -- Gary Brown Wide Receivers -- Sanjay Lal Assistant Wide Receivers -- Kyle Valero Tight Ends -- Doug Nussmeier Offensive Line -- Paul Alexander Assistant Offensive Line -- Marc Colombo Offensive Assistant -- Stephen Brown Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator / Defensive Line -- Rod Marinelli Defensive Tackles -- Leon Lett Linebackers -- Ben Bloom Defensive Backs / Passing Game Coordinator -- Kris Richard Safeties -- Greg Jackson Defensive Assistant -- Ken Amato Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Keith O'Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Doug Colman Support Staff Director of Advance Scouting & Special Projects -- Judd Garrett Strength and Conditioning Director of Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Woicik Strength and Conditioning -- Brett Bech Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Kendall Smith → Coaching Staff and Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television See also : Dallas Cowboys Radio Network As of 2010 , the Cowboys ' flagship radio station is KRLD - FM . Brad Sham is the team 's longtime play - by - play voice . Working alongside him is former Cowboy quarterback Babe Laufenberg , who returned in 2007 after a one - year absence to replace former safety Charlie Waters . The Cowboys , who retain rights to all announcers , chose not to renew Laufenberg 's contract in 2006 and brought in Waters . However , Laufenberg did work as the analyst on the `` Blue Star Network '' , which televises Cowboys preseason games not shown on national networks . The anchor station is KTVT , the CBS owned and operated station in Dallas . Previous stations which aired Cowboys games included KVIL - FM , KRLD , and KLUV - FM . Kristi Scales is the sideline reporter on the radio broadcasts . During his tenure as Cowboys coach , Tom Landry co-hosted his own coach 's show with late veteran sportscaster Frank Glieber and later with Brad Sham . Landry 's show was famous for his analysis of raw game footage and for he and his co-host making their NFL `` predictions '' at the end of each show . Glieber is one of the original voices of the Cowboys Radio Network , along with Bill Mercer , famous for calling the Ice Bowl of 1967 and both Super Bowl V and VI . Mercer is perhaps best known as the ringside commentator of World Class Championship Wrestling in the 1980s . Upon Mercer 's departure , Verne Lundquist joined the network , and became their play - by - play announcer by 1977 , serving eight years in that capacity before handing those chores permanently over to Brad Sham , who joined the network in 1977 as the color analyst and occasional fill - in for Lundquist . Longtime WFAA - TV sports anchor Dale Hansen was the Cowboys color analyst with Brad Sham as the play - by - play announcer from 1985 -- 1996 . Dave Garrett served as the Cowboys ' play - by - play announcer from 1995 -- 97 , when Brad Sham left the team and joined the Texas Rangers ' radio network team as well as broadcast Sunday Night Football on Westwood One . Seeking to expand its radio broadcasting scope nationally , the Cowboys began a five - year partnership with Compass Media Networks on February 2 , 2011 . The result was the America 's Team Radio Network , a supplement to the franchise 's regional one . Beginning with the 2011 season , Kevin Burkhardt and Danny White handled the broadcasts , with Jerry Recco as the studio host . See also American football portal Dallas - Fort Worth portal Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders List of Dallas Cowboys seasons List of Dallas Cowboys players America 's Team Doomsday Defense References NFL 2002 Record & Fact Book ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2643 - 0 Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scales , Kristi ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` BREAKING NEWS : Why the Cowboys Are Wearing a New Uniform Color - Combination on Sunday '' . 5PointsBlue.com . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . The Cowboys do not have an all - blue set of Color Rush . But they do have their navy jerseys ( PMS 289 C ) which are normally worn with silver pants ( Metallic Silver PMS 8180 C ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Fingertip Information '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide . Dallas Cowboys . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Takes Naming Rights Of Stadium ; Now AT&T Stadium '' . Dallas Cowboys . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History 1951 -- 1960 '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Attendance Records -- 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Dallas Cowboys . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team History : 1999 Dallas Cowboys '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ozanian , Mike ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Valuable Teams In The NFL '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Team Game Finder Query Results '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Law Nation ( 2017 - 01 - 07 ) , The Story of Dallas Cowboys 1992 3rd Super Bowl , retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 Jump up ^ `` Jeff Pearlman on the unbelievable story of the implosion of the Dallas Cowboys '' . the Guardian . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Coaches '' . Cowboysplus.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Josh ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Injury List Just Keeps On Growing '' . DallasCowboys.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Network : Cowboys fire Wade Phillips as head coach , promote Jason Garrett '' . USA Today . November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys News : Dak Prescott And Ezekiel Elliott Headline Cowboys ' Pro Bowl Selections - Blogging The Boys '' . Blogging the Boys ( Dallas Cowboys blog ) . ^ Jump up to : Eatman , Nick ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Cowboys To Wear Blue Jerseys At Home Thursday '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` CowBuzz : Boys ' To Wear Navy Jerseys This Weekend '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( December 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Island of Misfit Unis '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cowboys will wear navy jerseys at home more often '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the real reason behind the Dallas Cowboys ' mismatched uniform colors '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` ESPN Page 2 -- Uni Watch : How ' bout them Cowboys ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( November 22 , 2001 ) . `` Cowboys going with retro look '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Jump up ^ Wallace , William N. ( January 7 , 1981 ) . `` EAGLES DEVISE COLOR SCHEME FOR COWBOYS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys to Wash Out Blue '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . January 15 , 1981 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Shannon ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` CowBuzz : Cowboys Unveil New ColorRush Uniform For Thanksgiving Day Game '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' This transcends football ' : ' Boys boast as new stadium shines '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popik , Barry ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Jerrydome or Jerry Dome ( Dallas Cowboys Stadium in Arlington ) -- The Big Apple '' . Barrypopik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Murph , Darren ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Kansas City Royals to get ' world 's largest ' HD LED scoreboard '' . Engadgethd.com . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones aims to make all Cowboys ' fans blind by 2010 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys reveal world 's largest HD LED screen to the public `` , LEDs Magazine , 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open & Shut '' Archived June 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , DallasCowboys.com , 2009 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved on 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys shut down Panthers ' offense for first win in new stadium '' . ESPN . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Cowboys Stadium now called AT&T Stadium after deal '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Dallas Cowboys Training Camp Sites , 2008 Update -- Know Your Dallas Cowboys Know Your Dallas Cowboys '' . Knowyourdallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Records by Opponent '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver County Times & Allegheny Times Online -- Steelers '' . The Times . UK . 2008 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Michelle Munoz ( Contributor ) . `` Cowboys - 49ers : A Rivalry for the Ages '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Rivalries in the NFL : 49ers - Cowboys '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ DawnMacelli ( 9 January 2017 ) . `` Packers - Cowboys : A Playoff Rivalry As Old As The Super Bowl Itself '' . Blogging The Boys . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas - Green Bay reaches the top of NFL playoff rivalries '' . newsok.com. 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Compass signs the Dallas Cowboys for new network '' Archived February 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Radio Business Report , Wednesday , February 2 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Radio Broadcast Information '' . Dallas Cowboys . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Further reading Aron , Jaime ( 2010 ) . Dallas Cowboys : The Complete Illustrated History . MVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3520 - 8 . Hitzges , Norm ; St. Angelo , Ron ( 2007 ) . Greatest Team Ever : The Dallas Cowboys Dynasty of the 1990s . Rutledge Hill Press . ISBN 1 - 4016 - 0340 - 8 . Myers , Gary ( 2009 ) . The Catch : One Play , Two Dynasties , and the Game That Changed the NFL . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40908 - 9 . Patoski , Joe Nick ( 2012 ) . The Dallas Cowboys : The Outrageous History of the Biggest , Loudest , Most Hated , Best Loved Football Team in America . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 07755 - 2 . Pearlman , Jeff ( 2008 ) . Boys Will Be Boys : The Glory Days and Party Nights of the Dallas Cowboys Dynasty . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 125680 - 6 . St. John , Bob ( 2000 ) . Landry : The Legend and the Legacy . Word Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8499 - 1670 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dallas Cowboys . Official website NFL.com -- Dallas Cowboys Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks The Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . Brahmas WSHL Dallas Snipers El Paso Rhinos Soccer MLS FC Dallas Houston Dynamo USL Rio Grande Valley FC Toros San Antonio FC NPSL FC Brownsville Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Houston Dutch Lions Houston Regals Katy 1895 FC Laredo Heat Midland - Odessa FC Tyler FC PDL AHFC Royals Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. FC Cleburne Corpus Christi FC Houston FC Texas United MASL Dallas Sidekicks El Paso Coyotes RGV Barracudas NWSL Houston Dash UWS Houston Aces Lacrosse MLL Dallas Rattlers Australian rules football USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Magpies Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Dollz Rugby union MLR Austin Elite Rugby Houston SaberCats TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Softball Independent Scrap Yard Fastpitch Ultimate AUDL Austin Sol Dallas Roughnecks eSports OWL Dallas Fuel Houston Outlaws College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) ACU Baylor Houston Houston Baptist UIW Lamar North Texas PVAMU Rice Sam Houston State SMU Stephen F. Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Dallas History Mayors People Culture Climate Transportation Education Landmarks Neighborhoods Asian Trade District Bishop Arts District Casa Linda Cedars Deep Ellum Design District Downtown Exposition Park Fair Park Kessler Park Knox - Henderson Lake Highlands Lakewood Lower Greenville `` M '' Streets Oak Cliff Oak Lawn Park Cities Preston Hollow Trinity Groves Turtle Creek Uptown Victory Park West End Professional sports teams Dallas Cowboys Dallas Mavericks Dallas Stars FC Dallas Texas Rangers Dallas Rattlers All Dallas articles Dallas Portal Texas Portal State of Texas MusicBrainz : 54baf951 - 5008 - 443b - b692 - 8e66ccedd64d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dallas_Cowboys&oldid=839654771 '' Categories : Dallas Cowboys National Football League teams American football teams in Texas Sports clubs established in 1960 1960 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles that may be too long from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last superbowl the cowboys won	[ "\n\nDallas Cowboys\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished January 28, 1960; 58 years ago (1960-01-28)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in AT&T Stadium\nArlington, Texas\nHeadquartered in The Ford Center at The Star\nFrisco, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1960–present)\n\nWestern Conference (1960)\nEastern Conference (1961–1969)\n\nCapitol Division (1967–1969)\n\n\nNational Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nNFC East (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nNavy Blue, Metallic Silver, White, Royal Blue[2][3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nRowdy\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nJerry Jones\n\n\nCEO\nStephen Jones\n\n\nPresident\nJerry Jones\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJerry Jones\n\n\nHead coach\nJason Garrett\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDallas Cowboys (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nAmerica's Team\nDoomsday Defense\nThe 'Boys\nBig D\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (5)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (5)\n1971 (VI), 1977 (XII), 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), 1995 (XXX)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (10)\n\nNFL Eastern: 1966, 1967\nNFC: 1970, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1992, 1993, 1995\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (22)\n\nNFL Capitol: 1967, 1968, 1969\nNFC East: 1970, 1971, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (32)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2016\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nCotton Bowl (1960–1971)\nTexas Stadium (1971–2008)\nAT&T Stadium (2009–present)\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "1995" ]
2927791902814966961	Systems analysis and design	Systems analysis and design - wikipedia Systems analysis and design Jump to : navigation , search The present disambiguation page holds the title of a primary topic , and an article needs to be written about it . It is believed to qualify as a broad - concept article . It may be written directly at this page or drafted elsewhere and then moved over here . Related titles should be described in Systems analysis and design , while unrelated titles should be moved to Systems analysis and design ( disambiguation ) . Systems Analysis and Design , an interdisciplinary part of science , may refer to : Systems analysis , a method of studying a system by examining its component parts and their interactions Structured data analysis ( systems analysis ) , analysing the flow of information within an organization with data - flow diagrams Systems design , the process of defining the architecture , components , and data of a system to satisfy specified requirements Object - oriented analysis and design , an approach to analysis and design of an application , system , or business that emphasizes modularity and visual modeling Service - oriented analysis and design , a method of Service - oriented modeling to design business systems Structured analysis , methods in software engineering for converting specified requirements into software programs and hardware configurations Structured systems analysis and design method , a systems approach to the analysis and design of information systems See also ( edit ) Structured data analysis ( disambiguation ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Systems analysis and design . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Systems_analysis_and_design&oldid=729665247 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages to be converted to broad concept articles All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 July 2016 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you mean by analysis and design	[ "\nSystems analysis, a method of studying a system by examining its component parts and their interactions\n\nStructured data analysis (systems analysis), analysing the flow of information within an organization with data-flow diagrams\n\n\nSystems design, the process of defining the architecture, components, and data of a system to satisfy specified requirements\nObject-oriented analysis and design, an approach to analysis and design of an application, system, or business that emphasizes modularity and visual modeling\nService-oriented analysis and design, a method of Service-oriented modeling to design business systems\nStructured analysis, methods in software engineering for converting specified requirements into software programs and hardware configurations\nStructured systems analysis and design method, a systems approach to the analysis and design of information systems\n", "\nSystems analysis, a method of studying a system by examining its component parts and their interactions\n\nStructured data analysis (systems analysis), analysing the flow of information within an organization with data-flow diagrams\n\n\nSystems design, the process of defining the architecture, components, and data of a system to satisfy specified requirements\nObject-oriented analysis and design, an approach to analysis and design of an application, system, or business that emphasizes modularity and visual modeling\nService-oriented analysis and design, a method of Service-oriented modeling to design business systems\nStructured analysis, methods in software engineering for converting specified requirements into software programs and hardware configurations\nStructured systems analysis and design method, a systems approach to the analysis and design of information systems\n" ]	[ "Systems analysis, a method of studying a system by examining its component parts and their interactions", "Systems design, the process of defining the architecture, components, and data of a system to satisfy specified requirements" ]
1749678745927714103	The One with Ross's Wedding	The One with Ross 's wedding - wikipedia The One with Ross 's wedding Jump to : navigation , search `` The One with Ross ' Wedding '' Friends episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 23 / 24 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Story by Michael Borkow ( part 1 ) Jill Condon & Amy Toomin ( part 2 ) Teleplay by Shana Goldberg - Meehan & Scott Silveri Production code 466623 ( part 1 ) 466624 ( part 2 ) Original air date May 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 07 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Helen Baxendale as Emily Waltham Sarah , Duchess of York as Herself Richard Branson as Vendor Tom Conti as Stephen Waltham Jennifer Saunders as Andrea Waltham Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Hugh Laurie as Gentleman on the Plane June Whitfield as Housekeeper Olivia Williams as Felicity Shalima Bowers as Lady Wedding Guest Episode chronology ← Previous `` The One with the Worst Best Man Ever '' Next → `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' Friends ( season 4 ) List of Friends episodes `` The One with Ross ' Wedding '' is the two - part fourth - season finale of the American television sitcom Friends , comprising the 96th and 97th episodes of the series overall . Originally broadcast by NBC on May 7 , 1998 , the episode features Ross , Monica , Joey , Chandler and later Rachel travelling to England to attend the wedding of Ross Geller ( David Schwimmer ) to his fiancée Emily ( Helen Baxendale ) in London . Ross and Emily 's wedding vows are ruined when Ross accidentally says `` I , Ross , take thee Rachel '' ; as the registrar asks Emily if he should continue , the episode ends on a cliffhanger until the season 5 premiere `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' . The episode 's teleplay was written by Shana Goldberg - Meehan & Scott Silveri from a story by Michael Borkow ( part one ) and Jill Condon & Amy Toomin ( part two ) . The episode 's genesis came during the break between seasons three and four , when Channel 4 , the British first - run broadcaster of Friends proposed an episode set in the United Kingdom to the series producers . The proposal fitted neatly with a storyline already being planned , whereby the character of Ross would be married at the end of the fourth season . The episode was filmed in March 1998 under the direction of executive producer Kevin S. Bright on locations in London , and in front of a live studio audience at The Fountain Studios . Scenes featuring Lisa Kudrow 's character Phoebe Buffay were filmed on the show 's sets in Burbank , California , as Kudrow was too pregnant to fly to London with the rest of the cast . Kudrow gave birth to her son on the day of the episode 's original airing . `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' features supporting roles from Tom Conti , Jennifer Saunders , Elliott Gould , Christina Pickles and Olivia Williams , and cameos by Richard Branson , Sarah , Duchess of York , Hugh Laurie and June Whitfield . The episode received good critical feedback in the US on its first broadcast , and is often cited as one of the series ' best episodes ; however , when it aired in the United Kingdom it was poorly received , with criticism focused on the one - dimensional portrayal of Britain and the British . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Part 1 begins as the group heads off to Ross 's wedding in London leaving behind a heavily pregnant Phoebe ( Lisa Kudrow ) , and Rachel ( Jennifer Aniston ) , who has declined the invitation . In London , Joey ( Matt LeBlanc ) and Chandler ( Matthew Perry ) go see the sights in a musical montage featuring The Clash 's song `` London Calling '' , with Joey filming everything on his camcorder . Chandler becomes embarrassed by his friend 's enthusiasm , and after Joey buys a large Union Flag hat from a vendor ( played by guest star Richard Branson ) , they part company . They reunite in their hotel room and Chandler apologizes . Joey impresses him with a video recording of Sarah , Duchess of York ( who played herself ) . Emily takes Ross to the hall where the wedding will be , but they discover it is being demolished earlier than originally scheduled . Monica later suggests Emily postpone the wedding until everything is perfect . She passes the thought on to Ross , angering him ; he tells her people have flown from America to be there and that it is `` now or never '' ; she chooses `` never '' . Monica berates Ross for his insensitivity and Ross apologizes to Emily , showing her the ceremony can still take place in the half - demolished hall that he has tidied up . She agrees . In New York , Rachel realizes she still loves Ross , and flies to London to tell him . In Part 2 , Phoebe tries to contact someone by phone to warn them about Rachel , eventually getting through to Joey at the hotel and stirring up homesickness in him . At the rehearsal dinner , Ross introduces his parents , Jack and Judy ( Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles ) to Emily 's , Steven and Andrea ( Tom Conti and Jennifer Saunders ) . Jack and Judy have volunteered to pay for half of the wedding expenses but when they discover extravagant costs Ross spends much of the evening trying to bargain down his future in - laws . Chandler makes a toast that is not well received by the guests and Monica is taken aback when a drunken guest mistakes her for Ross 's mother . She and Chandler console each other over alcohol and wake up in bed together the next morning . Rachel eventually boards a plane , after forgetting her passport , and annoys other passengers ( including guest star Hugh Laurie ) by telling them about her relationship with Ross . At the hall , she sees how happy Ross is with Emily and just wishes him luck . Phoebe phones Joey to hear the wedding , to the annoyance of Ross . As Ross says his vows , he accidentally says Rachel 's name rather than Emily 's , registrar to ask Emily if he should continue , while the camera shoots from character to character , settling on a shocked Rachel . Production ( edit ) During the summer hiatus of 1997 the producers were contacted by Channel 4 , the British first - run broadcaster of Friends , with a proposal to film an episode in London . Producer Greg Malins is quoted as saying `` We had to come up with a storyline that would cause all the Friends to go to London ( ... ) and that ended up being Ross getting married , because they would all have to go to his wedding '' . The episode featured numerous supporting roles from British actors . For her role as Andrea Waltham , Saunders `` heard Joan Collins ' voice in ( her ) head '' . Her Absolutely Fabulous co-star June Whitfield appeared in cameo as the housekeeper . Felicity , the bridesmaid who Joey entices , is played by Olivia Williams . Further cameos were made by Sarah Ferguson as herself , Richard Branson as the vendor who sells Joey a hat , and Hugh Laurie as the man sitting next to Rachel on the plane . Lisa Kudrow did not join the others in London as she was too heavily pregnant to fly , like her character Phoebe . Elliott Gould inadvertently revealed to the public that Rachel was to turn up at the wedding , upsetting Marta Kauffman . Scenes not involving the main apartments were all filmed in London during the week beginning March 30 , 1998 . Location shooting was done mostly for scenes featuring Joey and Chandler ; outside the London Marriott , Grosvenor Square , and the top of an open - top London bus as it crosses Tower Bridge ( this scene was excised from the final cut but features in the opening titles of the next episode ) . Interiors , such as the restaurant , the Waltham 's hallway and the hotel rooms , were all filmed on purpose - built sets at The Fountain Studios , Wembley . The reaction from the audience when Monica came out from under Chandler 's bed covers meant the actors had to hold their position for 27 seconds . When filming ran late one evening , the production team ordered pizzas for the audience . The episode was a coup for Channel 4 , who erected crush barriers outside their building to hold back fans when the cast arrived for a press conference ( though no fans actually turned up ) . The broadcaster also commissioned a behind - the - scenes program from Princess Productions . Hosted by British television personality Johnny Vaughan , The One Where Johnny Makes Friends features comedic tongue - in - cheek interviews with all six main cast ( Vaughan contacted Kudrow by payphone , claiming that he could n't make international calls from his dressing room ) and was broadcast on Channel 4 on May 6 , 1998 . Two brief behind - the - scenes featurettes were filmed , titled Friends Goes to London and Friends on Location in London , which were included on the DVD releases of seasons four and five . A tie - in book , Making Friends in the UK ( ISBN 0752221949 ) was published by Channel 4 Books in November 1998 . Said book was bundled into a gift pack entitled `` The One with the Whole London Wedding '' , which featured an extended cut of this episode merged with the next episode . Ross and Emily 's marriage was originally planned to last , but Helen Baxendale did not wish to remain in America while pregnant . The writers could not script a convincing story for why Emily would not be seen , despite being married to Ross , so Baxendale was written out in the next season , making only three cameo appearances after the season premiere . Reception ( edit ) In its original airing , `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' finished third in ratings for the week of May 4 -- 10 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 21.2 , equivalent to approximately 20.6 million viewing households . It was the third highest - rated show on NBC that week , following Seinfeld and ER -- all of which aired on the network 's Thursday night Must See TV lineup . The episode aired in the Republic of Ireland on RTÉ on May 25 , 1998 , six days earlier than in the United Kingdom on Sky1 . It also aired on Channel 4 on December 11 , 1998 and was watched by 6.49 million viewers , making Friends the highest rated show on the channel for the week ending December 13 , 1998 . Entertainment Weekly gives the episode an A rating , calling it a `` near - perfect finale that finds everyone at the top of their game '' with a `` tantalizing cliff - hanger , and , in Chandler and Monica , a relationship that will have reverberations for seasons to come '' . The authors of Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends state there are `` too many ' best moments ' to list in detail '' , but single out Rachel describing the perfect wedding to Ross , and Sarah Ferguson 's cameo ( though they call Branson 's `` embarrassing '' ) . Following the broadcast of the episode in the UK , The Independent was critical , saying `` Twice the length of a normal episode , last night 's offering was approximately half as funny '' and suggested the cast were behaving out of character . David Schwimmer has expressed dissatisfaction that Ross was married again , saying it was `` a mistake '' and that Ross was not given `` enough credit '' . He says that Ross 's `` taking on the world would just be shattered '' following the character 's and that he would n't have risked another . David Crane has said that filming in front of a different audience `` energized the actors and writers '' . The hall where the wedding ceremony took place would inspire the location for the wedding of David and Victoria Beckham . The events of this episode are revisited in the seventh - season episode `` The One with the Truth About London '' , where flashbacks reveal how Monica and Chandler ended up in bed together . The hotel room set was recreated for those scenes . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked the beginning of the Monica - Chandler affair as the third greatest twist of all time . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sangster , Jim ; David Bailey ( 2000 ) . Friends Like Us : The Unofficial Guide to Friends ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Virgin Publishing . pp. 254 -- 260 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0439 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stallings , Penny ( 2000 ) . The Ultimate Friends Companion . London : Channel 4 Books . p. 111 . ISBN 0 - 7522 - 7231 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stallings , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) . `` And Now A Word From The Supporting Players ' Club ... '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Midgley , Carol ( 1998 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Make Friends by being obnoxious '' . The Times . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Company Focus : Fountain Studios '' . The Production Guide . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Perry , Matthew ( 2005 ) . Friends : Final Thoughts ( DVD ) . New Wave DVD and Warner Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` TV Transmission : The One Where Johnny Makes Friends '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Bright , Kevin S. ; Marta Kauffman ; David Crane ( 2004 ) . Friends : The Complete Fourth Season DVD audio commentary for `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( DVD ) . Los Angeles , California : Warner Home Video . Jump up ^ `` WEEK 'S TV RATINGS '' . San Francisco Chronicle. 13 May 1998 . Retrieved 8 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Leslie , Neil ( 25 May 1998 ) . `` FRIENDS CLIFFHANGER '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friendly reception '' . Sunday Mail . 31 May 1998 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ONE WITH ROSS 'S WEDDING PART 1 ( 1998 ) '' . British Film Institute . 13 December 1998 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The ONE WITH ROSS 'S WEDDING PART 2 ( 1998 ) '' . British Film Institute . 13 December 1998 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BARB 's multichannel top 10 programmes '' . barb.co.uk . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Note : Information is in the section titled `` w / e December 13 , 1998 '' , listed under Channel 4 Jump up ^ Staff writer . ( 2001 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Review : Season 4 ( 1997 -- 1998 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rees , Jasper ( 1998 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Television review '' ( archived at findarticles.com ) . The Independent . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wild , David ( 2004 ) . Friends ... ' Til the End . London : Headline . pp. 102 -- 103 . ISBN 0 - 7553 - 1321 - 6 . Jump up ^ Crane , David ( 1998 ) . Friends on Location in London ( DVD ) . Warner Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Beckham , Victoria ( 2002 ) . Being Victoria Beckham ( Documentary ) . London Weekend Television , ITV . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( November 4 -- 10 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on Surprise ! The 60 Most Startling Twists of All Time '' . TV Guide Magazine . TV Guide . 61 ( 3187 ) : 22 -- 23 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding : Part 1 '' on IMDb `` The One with Ross 's Wedding : Part 1 '' at TV.com `` The One with Ross 's Wedding : Part 2 '' on IMDb `` The One with Ross 's Wedding : Part 2 '' at TV.com `` The One Where Johnny Makes Friends '' at YouTube ( hide ) Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_with_Ross%27s_Wedding&oldid=804199970 '' Categories : Friends ( season 4 ) episodes 1998 American television episodes Television series produced at Pinewood Studios Television episodes set in London American television episodes in multiple parts Television episodes about weddings Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Tv.com template using numeric id Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 12 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was ross and emily's wedding filmed	[ "The episode's teleplay was written by Shana Goldberg-Meehan & Scott Silveri from a story by Michael Borkow (part one) and Jill Condon & Amy Toomin (part two). The episode's genesis came during the break between seasons three and four, when Channel 4, the British first-run broadcaster of Friends proposed an episode set in the United Kingdom to the series producers. The proposal fitted neatly with a storyline already being planned, whereby the character of Ross would be married at the end of the fourth season. The episode was filmed in March 1998 under the direction of executive producer Kevin S. Bright on locations in London, and in front of a live studio audience at The Fountain Studios. Scenes featuring Lisa Kudrow's character Phoebe Buffay were filmed on the show's sets in Burbank, California, as Kudrow was too pregnant to fly to London with the rest of the cast. Kudrow gave birth to her son on the day of the episode's original airing." ]	[ "on locations in London, and in front of a live studio audience at The Fountain Studios" ]
2192130939393686499	Caste system in India	Caste system in India - Wikipedia Caste system in India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about socio - political stratification in Indian society . For religious stratification in Hinduism , see Varna ( Hinduism ) . Gandhi visiting Madras ( now Chennai ) in 1933 on an India - wide tour for Harijan causes . His speeches during such tours and writings discussed the discriminated - against castes of India . The caste system in India is the paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste . It has origins in ancient India , and was transformed by various ruling elites in medieval , early - modern , and modern India , especially the Mughal Empire and the British Raj . It is today the basis of educational and job reservations in India . It consists of two different concepts , varna and jati , which may be regarded as different levels of analysis of this system . The caste system as it exists today is thought to be the result of developments during the collapse of the Mughal era and the British colonial regime in India . The collapse of the Mughal era saw the rise of powerful men who associated themselves with kings , priests and ascetics , affirming the regal and martial form of the caste ideal , and it also reshaped many apparently casteless social groups into differentiated caste communities . The British Raj furthered this development , making rigid caste organisation a central mechanism of administration . Between 1860 and 1920 , the British segregated Indians by caste , granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to the upper castes . Social unrest during the 1920s led to a change in this policy . From then on , the colonial administration began a policy of positive discrimination by reserving a certain percentage of government jobs for the lower castes . Caste - based differences have also been practised in other regions and religions in the Indian subcontinent like Nepalese Buddhism , Christianity , Islam , Judaism and Sikhism . It has been challenged by many reformist Hindu movements , Islam , Sikhism , Christianity , and also by present - day Indian Buddhism . New developments took place after India achieved independence , when the policy of caste - based reservation of jobs was formalised with lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . Since 1950 , the country has enacted many laws and social initiatives to protect and improve the socioeconomic conditions of its lower caste population . These caste classifications for college admission quotas , job reservations and other affirmative action initiatives , according to the Supreme Court of India , are based on heredity and are not changeable . Discrimination against lower castes is illegal in India under Article 15 of its constitution , and India tracks violence against Dalits nationwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and concepts 1.1 Caste , varna and jati 1.1. 1 Varna 1.1. 2 Jati 1.1. 3 Caste 1.1. 3.1 Ghurye 's 1932 opinion 1.1. 3.2 Modern perspective on definition 1.2 Flexibility 2 Origins 2.1 Perspectives 2.2 Ritual kingship model 2.3 Vedic varnas 2.4 Jatis 2.5 Untouchable outcastes and the varna system 3 History 3.1 Vedic period ( 1500 -- 1000 BCE ) 3.2 Later Vedic period ( 1000 -- 600 BCE ) 3.3 Second urbanisation ( 500 -- 200 BCE ) 3.4 Classical period ( 320 -- 650 CE ) 3.5 Late classical and early medieval period ( 650 to 1400 CE ) 3.6 Medieval era , Islamic Sultanates and Mughal empire period ( 1000 to 1750 ) 3.7 Post-Mughal period ( 1700 to 1850 ) 3.8 During British rule ( 1857 to 1947 ) 3.8. 1 Basis 3.8. 2 Race science 3.8. 3 Enforcement 3.8. 3.1 Jobs for upper castes 3.8. 3.2 Targeting criminal castes and their isolation 3.8. 3.3 Religion and caste segregated human rights 3.8. 3.4 Social identity 3.8. 4 Further development 3.8. 5 Other theories and observations 3.9 Contemporary India 3.9. 1 Caste politics 3.9. 2 Loosening of caste system 3.9. 3 Caste - related violence 4 Affirmative action 4.1 Recognition 4.2 Mandal commission 4.3 Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) 4.4 Effects of Government aid 5 Influence on other religions 5.1 Christians 5.2 Muslims 5.3 Sikh 5.4 Jains 5.5 Distribution 6 Criticism 6.1 Indian social reformers 6.1. 1 Basava 6.1. 2 Jyotirao Phule 6.1. 3 Vivekananda 6.1. 4 Gandhi 6.1. 5 Ambedkar 7 Caste politics 7.1 Economic inequality 7.2 Apartheid and discrimination 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Definitions and concepts ( edit ) Caste , varna and jati ( edit ) Varna ( edit ) Main article : Varna ( Hinduism ) Varna literally means means type , order , colour or class . and was a framework for grouping people into classes , first used in Vedic Indian society . It is referred to frequently in the ancient Indian texts . The four classes were the Brahmins ( priestly people ) , the Kshatriyas ( also called Rajanyas , who were rulers , administrators and warriors ) , the Vaishyas ( artisans , merchants , tradesmen and farmers ) , and Shudras ( labouring classes ) . The varna categorisation implicitly had a fifth element , being those people deemed to be entirely outside its scope , such as tribal people and the untouchables . Jati ( edit ) Main article : Jāti Jati , meaning birth , is mentioned much less often in ancient texts , where it is clearly distinguished from varna . There are four varnas but thousands of jatis . The jatis are complex social groups that lack universally applicable definition or characteristic , and have been more flexible and diverse than was previously often assumed . Some scholars of caste have considered jati to have its basis in religion , assuming that in India the sacred elements of life envelop the secular aspects ; for example , the anthropologist Louis Dumont described the ritual rankings that exist within the jati system as being based on the concepts of religious purity and pollution . This view has been disputed by other scholars , who believe it to be a secular social phenomenon driven by the necessities of economics , politics , and sometimes also geography . Jeaneane Fowler says that although some people consider jati to be occupational segregation , in reality the jati framework does not preclude or prevent a member of one caste from working in another occupation . A feature of jatis has been endogamy , in Susan Bayly 's words , that `` both in the past and for many though not all Indians in more modern times , those born into a given caste would normally expect to find marriage partner '' within his or her jati . Jatis have existed in India among Hindus , Muslims , Christians and tribal people , and there is no clear linear order among them . Caste ( edit ) Main article : Caste The term caste is not an Indian word . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , it is derived from the Portuguese casta , meaning `` race , lineage , breed '' and , originally , `` ' pure or unmixed ( stock or breed ) '' . There is no exact translation in Indian languages , but varna and jati are the two most proximate terms . Ghurye 's 1932 opinion ( edit ) The sociologist G.S. Ghurye wrote in 1932 that , despite much study by many people , we do not possess a real general definition of caste . It appears to me that any attempt at definition is bound to fail because of the complexity of the phenomenon . On the other hand , much literature on the subject is marred by lack of precision about the use of the term . Ghurye offered what he thought was a definition that could be applied across British India , although he acknowledged that there were regional variations on the general theme . His model definition for caste included the following six characteristics , Segmentation of society into groups whose membership was determined by birth A hierarchical system wherein generally the Brahmins were at the head of the hierarchy , but this hierarchy was disputed in some cases . In various linguistic areas , hundreds of castes had a gradation generally acknowledged by everyone Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse , with minute rules on the kind of food and drink that upper castes could accept from lower castes . There was a great diversity in these rules , and lower castes generally accepted food from upper castes Segregation , where individual castes lived together , the dominant caste living in the center and other castes living on the periphery . There were restrictions on the use of water wells or streets by one caste on another : an upper caste Brahmin might not be permitted to use the street of a lower caste group , while a caste considered impure might not be permitted to draw water from a well used by members of other castes . Occupation , generally inherited . Lack of unrestricted choice of profession , caste members restricted their own members from taking up certain profession they considered degrading . This characteristic of caste was missing from large parts of India , stated Ghurye , and in these regions all four castes ( Brahmins , Kshatriyas , Vaishyas and Shudras ) did agriculture labour or became warriors in large numbers Endogamy , restrictions on marrying a person outside caste , but in some situations hypergamy allowed . Far less rigidity on inter-marriage between different sub-castes than between members of different castes in some regions , while in some endogamy within a sub-caste was the principal feature of caste - society . The above Ghurye 's model of caste thereafter attracted scholarly criticism for relying on the British India census reports , the `` superior , inferior '' racist theories of Risley , and for fitting his definition to then prevalent colonial orientalist perspectives on caste . Ghurye added , in 1932 , that the colonial construction of caste led to the livening up , divisions and lobbying to the British officials for favourable caste classification in India for economic opportunities , and this had added new complexities to the concept of caste . Graham Chapman and others have reiterated the complexity , and they note that there are differences between theoretical constructs and the practical reality . Modern Perspective on definition ( edit ) Ronald Inden , the Indologist , agrees that there has been no universally accepted definition . For example , for some early European documenters it was thought to correspond with the endogamous varnas referred to in ancient Indian scripts , and its meaning corresponds in the sense of estates . To later Europeans of the Raj era it was endogamous jatis , rather than varnas , that represented caste , such as the 2378 jatis that colonial administrators classified by occupation in the early 20th century . Arvind Sharma , a professor of comparative religion , notes that caste has been used synonymously to refer to both varna and jati but that `` serious Indologists now observe considerable caution in this respect '' because , while related , the concepts are considered to be distinct . In this he agrees with the Indologist Arthur Basham , who noted that the Portuguese colonists of India used casta to describe ... tribes , clans or families . The name stuck and became the usual word for the Hindu social group . In attempting to account for the remarkable proliferation of castes in 18th - and 19th - century India , authorities credulously accepted the traditional view that by a process of intermarriage and subdivision the 3,000 or more castes of modern India had evolved from the four primitive classes , and the term ' caste ' was applied indiscriminately to both varna or class , and jati or caste proper . This is a false terminology ; castes rise and fall in the social scale , and old castes die out and new ones are formed , but the four great classes are stable . There are never more or less than four and for over 2,000 years their order of precedence has not altered . '' The sociologist Andre Beteille notes that , while varna mainly played the role of caste in classical Hindu literature , it is jati that plays that role in present times . Varna represents a closed collection of social orders whereas jati is entirely open - ended , thought of as a `` natural kind whose members share a common substance . '' Any number of new jatis can be added depending on need , such as tribes , sects , denominations , religious or linguistic minorities and nationalities . Thus , `` Caste '' is not an accurate representation of jati in English . Better terms would be ethnicity , ethnic identity and ethnic group . Flexibility ( edit ) Sociologist Anne Waldrop observes that while outsiders view the term caste as a static phenomenon of stereotypical tradition - bound India , empirical facts suggest caste has been a radically changing feature . The term means different things to different Indians . In the context of politically active modern India , where job and school quotas are reserved for affirmative action based on castes , the term has become a sensitive and controversial subject . Sociologists such as M.N. Srinivas and Damle have debated the question of rigidity in caste and believe that there is considerable flexibility and mobility in the caste hierarchies . Origins ( edit ) Caste system in 19th century India Hindu musician Muslim merchant Sikh chief Arab soldier Pages from Seventy - two Specimens of Castes in India according to Christian Missionaries in February 1837 . They include Hindu , Muslim , Sikh and Arabs as castes of India . Perspectives ( edit ) There are at least two perspectives for the origins of the caste system in ancient and medieval India , which focus on either ideological factors or on socio - economic factors . The first school focuses on the ideological factors which are claimed to drive the caste system and holds that caste is rooted in the four varnas . This perspective was particularly common among scholars of the British colonial era and was articulated by Dumont , who concluded that the system was ideologically perfected several thousand years ago and has remained the primary social reality ever since . This school justifies its theory primarily by citing the ancient law book Manusmriti and disregards economic , political or historical evidence . The second school of thought focuses on socio - economic factors and claims that those factors drive the caste system . It believes caste to be rooted in the economic , political and material history of India . This school , which is common among scholars of the post-colonial era such as Berreman , Marriott , and Dirks , describes the caste system as an ever - evolving social reality that can only be properly understood by the study of historical evidence of actual practice and the examination of verifiable circumstances in the economic , political and material history of India . This school has focused on the historical evidence from ancient and medieval society in India , during the Muslim rule between the 12th and 18th centuries , and the policies of colonial British rule from 18th century to the mid-20th century . The first school has focused on religious anthropology and disregarded other historical evidence as secondary to or derivative of this tradition . The second school has focused on sociological evidence and sought to understand the historical circumstances . The latter has criticised the former for its caste origin theory , claiming that it has dehistoricised and decontextualised Indian society . Ritual kingship model ( edit ) According to Samuel , referencing George L. Hart , central aspects of the later Indian caste system may originate from the ritual kingship system prior to the arrival of Brahmanism , Buddhism and Jainism in India . The system is seen in the South Indian Tamil literature from the Sangam period , dated to the third to sixth centuries CE . This theory discards the Indo - Aryan varna model as the basis of caste , and is centred on the ritual power of the king , who was `` supported by a group of ritual and magical specialists of low social status , '' with their ritual occupations being considered ' polluted ' . According to Hart , it may be this model that provided the concerns with `` pollution '' of the members of low status groups . The Hart model for caste origin , writes Samuel , envisions `` the ancient Indian society consisting of a majority without internal caste divisions and a minority consisting of a number of small occupationally polluted groups '' . Vedic varnas ( edit ) The varnas originated in Vedic society ( ca. 1500 -- 500 BCE ) . The first three groups , Brahmins , Kshatriyas and Vaishya have parallels with other Indo - European societies , while the addition of the Shudras is probably a Brahmanical invention from northern India . The varna system is propounded in revered Hindu religious texts , and understood as idealised human callings . The Purusha Sukta of the Rigveda and Manusmriti 's comment on it , being the oft - cited texts . Counter to these textual classifications , many revered Hindu texts and doctrines question and disagree with this system of social classification . Scholars have questioned the varna verse in Rigveda , noting that the varna therein is mentioned only once . The Purusha Sukta verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Rigveda , probably as a charter myth . Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton , professors of Sanskrit and Religious studies , state , `` there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate , much - subdivided and overarching caste system '' , and `` the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and , both then and later , a social ideal rather than a social reality '' . In contrast to the lack of details about varna system in the Rigveda , the Manusmriti includes an extensive and highly schematic commentary on the varna system , but it too provides `` models rather than descriptions '' . Susan Bayly summarises that Manusmriti and other scriptures helped elevate Brahmins in the social hierarchy and these were a factor in the making of the varna system , but the ancient texts did not in some way `` create the phenomenon of caste '' in India . Jatis ( edit ) Jeaneane Fowler , a professor of philosophy and religious studies , states that it is impossible to determine how and why the jatis came in existence . Susan Bayly , on the other hand , states that jati system emerged because it offered a source of advantage in an era of pre-Independence poverty , lack of institutional human rights , volatile political environment , and economic insecurity . According to social anthropologist Dipankar Gupta , guilds developed during the Mauryan period and crystallised into jatis in post-Mauryan times with the emergence of feudalism in India , which finally crystallised during the 7 -- 12th centuries . However , other scholars dispute when and how jatis developed in Indian history . Barbara Metcalf and Thomas Metcalf , both professors of History , write , `` One of the surprising arguments of fresh scholarship , based on inscriptional and other contemporaneous evidence , is that until relatively recent centuries , social organisation in much of the subcontinent was little touched by the four varnas . Nor were jati the building blocks of society . '' According to Basham , ancient Indian literature refers often to varnas , but hardly if ever to jatis as a system of groups within the varnas . He concludes that `` If caste is defined as a system of group within the class , which are normally endogamous , commensal and craft - exclusive , we have no real evidence of its existence until comparatively late times . '' Untouchable outcastes and the varna system ( edit ) The Vedic texts neither mention the concept of untouchable people nor any practice of untouchability . The rituals in the Vedas ask the noble or king to eat with the commoner from the same vessel . Later Vedic texts ridicule some professions , but the concept of untouchability is not found in them . The post-Vedic texts , particularly Manusmriti mentions outcastes and suggests that they be ostracised . Recent scholarship states that the discussion of outcastes in post-Vedic texts is different from the system widely discussed in colonial era Indian literature , and in Dumont 's structural theory on caste system in India . Patrick Olivelle , a professor of Sanskrit and Indian Religions and credited with modern translations of Vedic literature , Dharma - sutras and Dharma - sastras , states that ancient and medieval Indian texts do not support the ritual pollution , purity - impurity premise implicit in the Dumont theory . According to Olivelle , purity - impurity is discussed in the Dharma - sastra texts , but only in the context of the individual 's moral , ritual and biological pollution ( eating certain kinds of food such as meat , going to bathroom ) . Olivelle writes in his review of post-Vedic Sutra and Shastra texts , `` we see no instance when a term of pure / impure is used with reference to a group of individuals or a varna or caste '' . The only mention of impurity in the Shastra texts from the 1st millennium is about people who commit grievous sins and thereby fall out of their varna . These , writes Olivelle , are called `` fallen people '' and considered impure in the medieval Indian texts . The texts declare that these sinful , fallen people be ostracised . Olivelle adds that the overwhelming focus in matters relating to purity / impurity in the Dharma - sastra texts concerns `` individuals irrespective of their varna affiliation '' and all four varnas could attain purity or impurity by the content of their character , ethical intent , actions , innocence or ignorance ( acts by children ) , stipulations , and ritualistic behaviors . Dumont , in his later publications , acknowledged that ancient varna hierarchy was not based on purity - impurity ranking principle , and that the Vedic literature is devoid of the untouchability concept . History ( edit ) Vedic period ( 1500 -- 1000 BCE ) ( edit ) During the time of the Rigveda , there were two varnas : arya varna and dasa varna . The distinction originally arose from tribal divisions . The Vedic tribes regarded themselves as arya ( the noble ones ) and the rival tribes were called dasa , dasyu and pani . The dasas were frequent allies of the Aryan tribes , and they were probably assimilated into the Aryan society , giving rise to a class distinction . Many dasas were however in a servile position , giving rise to the eventual meaning of dasa as servant or slave . The Rigvedic society was not distinguished by occupations . Many husbandmen and artisans practised a number of crafts . The chariot - maker ( rathakara ) and metal worker ( karmara ) enjoyed positions of importance and no stigma was attached to them . Similar observations hold for carpenters , tanners , weavers and others . Towards the end of the Atharvaveda period , new class distinctions emerged . The erstwhile dasas are renamed Shudras , probably to distinguish them from the new meaning of dasa as slave . The aryas are renamed vis or Vaishya ( meaning the members of the tribe ) and the new elite classes of Brahmins ( priests ) and Kshatriyas ( warriors ) are designated as new varnas . The Shudras were not only the erstwhile dasas but also included the aboriginal tribes that were assimilated into the Aryan society as it expanded into Gangetic settlements . There is no evidence of restrictions regarding food and marriage during the Vedic period . Later Vedic period ( 1000 -- 600 BCE ) ( edit ) In an early Upanishad , Shudra is referred to as Pūşan or nourisher , suggesting that Shudras were the tillers of the soil . But soon afterwards , Shudras are not counted among the tax - payers and they are said to be given away along with the lands when it is gifted . The majority of the artisans were also reduced to the position of Shudras , but there is no contempt indicated for their work . The Brahmins and the Kshatriyas are given a special position in the rituals , distinguishing them from both the Vaishyas and the Shudras . The Vaishya is said to be `` oppressed at will '' and the Shudra `` beaten at will . '' Second urbanisation ( 500 -- 200 BCE ) ( edit ) Our knowledge of this period is supplemented by Pali Buddhist texts . Whereas the Brahmanical texts speak of the four-fold varna system , the Buddhist texts present an alternative picture of the society , stratified along the lines of jati , kula and occupation . It is likely that the varna system , while being a part of the Brahmanical ideology , was not practically operative in the society . In the Buddhist texts , Brahmin and Kshatriya are described as jatis rather than varnas . They were in fact the jatis of high rank . The jatis of low rank were mentioned as chandala and occupational classes like bamboo weavers , hunters , chariot - makers and sweepers . The concept of kulas was broadly similar . Along with Brahmins and Kshatriyas , a class called gahapatis ( literally householders , but effectively propertied classes ) was also included among high kulas . The people of high kulas were engaged in occupations of high rank , viz. , agriculture , trade , cattle - keeping , computing , accounting and writing , and those of low kulas were engaged in low - ranked occupations such as basket - weaving and sweeping . The gahapatis were an economic class of land - holding agriculturists , who employed dasa - kammakaras ( slaves and hired labourers ) to work on the land . The gahapatis were the primary taxpayers of the state . This class was apparently not defined by birth , but by individual economic growth . While there was an alignment between kulas and occupations at least at the high and low ends , there was no strict linkage between class / caste and occupation , especially among those in the middle range . Many occupations listed such as accounting and writing were not linked to jatis . Peter Masefield , in his review of caste situation in India states that anyone could in principle perform any profession . The texts state that the Brahmin took food from anyone , suggesting that strictures of commensality were as yet unknown . The Nikaya texts also imply that endogamy was not mandated . The contestations of the period are evident from the texts describing dialogues of Buddha with the Brahmins . The Brahmins maintain their divinely ordained superiority and assert their right to draw service from the lower orders . Buddha responds by pointing out the basic facts of biological birth common to all men and asserts that the ability to draw service is obtained economically , not by divine right . Using the example of the northwest of the subcontinent , Buddha points out that aryas could become dasas and vice versa . This form of social mobility was endorsed by Buddha . Classical period ( 320 -- 650 CE ) ( edit ) The Chinese traveller Xuanzang in the 7th century CE made no mention of any caste system . The Mahabharata , whose final version is estimated to have been completed by the end of the fourth century , discusses the varna system in section 12.181 , presenting two models . The first model describes varna as a colour - based system , through a character named Bhrigu , `` Brahmins varna was white , Kshtriyas was red , Vaishyas was yellow , and the Shudras ' black '' . This description is questioned by Bharadvaja who says that colors are seen among all the varnas , that desire , anger , fear , greed , grief , anxiety , hunger and toil prevails over all human beings , that bile and blood flow from all human bodies , so what distinguishes the varnas , he asks . The Mahabharata then declares , `` There is no distinction of varnas . This whole universe is Brahman . It was created formerly by Brahma , came to be classified by acts . '' The epic then recites a behavioral model for varna , that those who were inclined to anger , pleasures and boldness attained the Kshtriya varna ; those who were inclined to cattle rearing and living off the plough attained the Vaishya varna ; those who were fond of violence , covetousness and impurity attained the Shudra varna . The Brahmin class is modeled in the epic as the archetype default state of man dedicated to truth , austerity and pure conduct . In the Mahabharata and pre-medieval era Hindu texts , according to Hiltebeitel , `` it is important to recognise , in theory , varna is nongenealogical . The four varnas are not lineages , but categories . '' Adi Purana , an 8th - century text of Jainism by Jinasena , is the first mention of varna and jati in Jainism literature . Jinasena does not trace the origin of varna system to Rigveda or to Purusha , but to the Bharata legend . According to this legend , Bharata performed an `` ahimsa - test '' ( test of non-violence ) , and during that test all those who refused to harm any living beings were called as the priestly varna in ancient India , and Bharata called them dvija , twice born . Jinasena states that those who are committed to the principle of non-harming and non-violence to all living beings are deva - Brahmaṇas , divine Brahmins . The text Adipurana also discusses the relationship between varna and jati . According to Padmanabh Jaini , a professor of Indic studies , in Jainism and Buddhism , the Adi Purana text states `` there is only one jati called manusyajati or the human caste , but divisions arise on account of their different professions '' . The caste of Kshatriya arose , according to Jainism texts , when Rishabha procured weapons to serve the society and assumed the powers of a king , while Vaishya and Shudra castes arose from different means of livelihood they specialised in . Late classical and early medieval period ( 650 to 1400 CE ) ( edit ) Scholars have tried to locate historical evidence for the existence and nature of varna and jati in documents and inscriptions of medieval India . Supporting evidence for the existence of varna and jati systems in medieval India has been elusive , and contradicting evidence has emerged . Varna is rarely mentioned in the extensive medieval era records of Andhra Pradesh , for example . This has led Cynthia Talbot , a professor of History and Asian Studies , to question whether varna was socially significant in the daily lives of this region . The mention of jati is even rarer , through the 13th century . Two rare temple donor records from warrior families of the 14th century claim to be Shudras . One states that Shudras are the bravest , the other states that Shudras are the purest . Richard Eaton , a professor of History , writes , `` anyone could become warrior regardless of social origins , nor do the jati - another pillar of alleged traditional Indian society - appear as features of people 's identity . Occupations were fluid . '' Evidence shows , according to Eaton , that Shudras were part of the nobility , and many `` father and sons had different professions , suggesting that social status was earned , not inherited '' in the Hindu Kakatiya population in the Deccan region between the 11th and 14th centuries . In Tamil Nadu region of India , studied by Leslie Orr , a professor of Religion , `` Chola period inscriptions challenge our ideas about the structuring of ( south Indian ) society in general . In contrast to what Brahmanical legal texts may lead us to expect , we do not find that caste is the organising principle of society or that boundaries between different social groups is sharply demarcated . '' In Tamil Nadu the Vellalar were during ancient and medieval period the elite caste who were major patrons of literature . They ranked higher in the social hierarchy than the Brahmins . For northern Indian region , Susan Bayly writes , `` until well into the colonial period , much of the subcontinent was still populated by people for whom the formal distinctions of caste were of only limited importance ; Even in parts of the so - called Hindu heartland of Gangetic upper India , the institutions and beliefs which are now often described as the elements of traditional caste were only just taking shape as recently as the early eighteenth century - that is the period of collapse of Mughal period and the expansion of western power in the subcontinent . '' For western India , Dirk Kolff , a professor of Humanities , suggests open status social groups dominated Rajput history during the medieval period . He states , `` The omnipresence of cognatic kinship and caste in North India is a relatively new phenomenon that only became dominant in the early Mughal and British periods respectively . Historically speaking , the alliance and the open status group , whether war band or religious sect , dominated medieval and early modern Indian history in a way descent and caste did not . '' Medieval era , Islamic Sultanates and Mughal Empire period ( 1000 to 1750 ) ( edit ) Early and mid 20th century Muslim historians , such as Hashimi in 1927 and Qureshi in 1962 , proposed that `` caste system was established before the arrival of Islam '' , and it and `` a nomadic savage lifestyle '' in the northwest Indian subcontinent were the primary cause why Sindhi non-Muslims `` embraced Islam in flocks '' when Arab Muslim armies invaded the region . According to this hypothesis , the mass conversions occurred from the lower caste Hindus and Mahayana Buddhists who had become `` corroded from within by the infiltration of Hindu beliefs and practices '' . This theory is now widely believed to be baseless and false . Derryl MacLein , a professor of social history and Islamic studies , states that historical evidence does not support this theory , whatever evidence is available suggests that Muslim institutions in north - west India legitimised and continued any inequalities that existed , and that neither Buddhists nor `` lower caste '' Hindus converted to Islam because they viewed Islam to lack a caste system . Conversions to Islam were rare , states MacLein , and conversions attested by historical evidence confirms that the few who did convert were Brahmin Hindus ( theoretically , the upper caste ) . MacLein states the caste and conversion theories about Indian society during the Islamic era are not based on historical evidence or verifiable sources , but personal assumptions of Muslim historians about the nature of Islam , Hinduism and Buddhism in northwest Indian subcontinent . Richard Eaton , a professor of History , states that the presumption of a rigid Hindu caste system and oppression of lower castes in pre-Islamic era in India , and it being the cause of `` mass conversion to Islam '' during the medieval era suffers from the problem that `` no evidence can be found in support of the theory , and it is profoundly illogical '' . Peter Jackson , a professor of Medieval History and Muslim India , writes that the speculative hypotheses about caste system in Hindu states during the medieval Delhi Sultanate period ( ~ 1200 to 1500 ) and the existence of a caste system as being responsible for Hindu weakness in resisting the plunder by Islamic armies is appealing at first sight , but `` they do not withstand closer scrutiny and historical evidence '' . Jackson states that , contrary to the theoretical model of caste where Kshatriyas only could be warriors and soldiers , historical evidence confirms that Hindu warriors and soldiers during the medieval era included other castes such as Vaishyas and Shudras . Further , there is no evidence , writes Jackson , that there ever was a `` widespread conversion to Islam at the turn of twelfth century '' by Hindus of lower caste . Jamal Malik , a professor of Islamic studies , extends this observation further , and states that `` at no time in history did Hindus of low caste convert en masse to Islam '' . Jamal Malik states that caste as a social stratification is a well - studied Indian system , yet evidence also suggests that hierarchical concepts , class consciousness and social stratification had already occurred in Islam before Islam arrived in India . The concept of caste , or ' qaum ' in Islamic literature , is mentioned by a few Islamic historians of medieval India , states Malik , but these mentions relate to the fragmentation of the Muslim society in India . Zia al - Din al - Barani of Delhi Sultanate in his Fatawa - ye Jahandari and Abu al - Fadl from Akbar 's court of Mughal Empire are the few Islamic court historians who mention caste . Zia al - Din al - Barani 's discussion , however , is not about non-Muslim castes , rather a declaration of the supremacy of Ashraf caste over Ardhal caste among the Muslims , justifying it in Quranic text , with `` aristocratic birth and superior genealogy being the most important traits of a human '' . Irfan Habib , an Indian historian , states that Abu al - Fadl 's Ain - i Akbari provides a historical record and census of the Jat peasant caste of Hindus in northern India , where the zamindars ( tax collecting noble class ) , the armed cavalry and infantry ( warrior class ) doubling up as the farming peasants ( working class ) , were all of the same Jat caste in the 16th century . These occupationally diverse members from one caste served each other , writes Habib , either because of their reaction to taxation pressure of Muslim rulers or because they belonged to the same caste . Peasant social stratification and caste lineages were , states Habib , tools for tax revenue collection in areas under the Islamic rule . The origin of caste system of modern form , in the Bengal region of India , may be traceable to this period , states Richard Eaton . The medieval era Islamic Sultanates in India utilised social stratification to rule and collect tax revenue from non-Muslims . Eaton states that , `` Looking at Bengal 's Hindu society as a whole , it seems likely that the caste system -- far from being the ancient and unchanging essence of Indian civilisation as supposed by generations of Orientalists -- emerged into something resembling its modern form only in the period 1200 -- 1500 '' . Post-Mughal period ( 1700 to 1850 ) ( edit ) Susan Bayly , an anthropologist , notes that `` caste is not and never has been a fixed fact of Indian life '' and the caste system as we know it today , as a `` ritualised scheme of social stratification , '' developed in two stages during the post-Mughal period , in 18th and early 19th century . Three sets of value played an important role in this development : priestly hierarchy , kingship , and armed ascetics . With the Islamic Mughal empire falling apart in the 18th century , regional post-Mughal ruling elites and new dynasties from diverse religious , geographical and linguistic background attempted to assert their power in different parts of India . Bayly states that these obscure post-Mughal elites associated themselves with kings , priests and ascetics , deploying the symbols of caste and kinship to divide their populace and consolidate their power . In addition , in this fluid stateless environment , some of the previously casteless segments of society grouped themselves into caste groups . However , in 18th century writes Bayly , India - wide networks of merchants , armed ascetics and armed tribal people often ignored these ideologies of caste . Most people did not treat caste norms as given absolutes writes Bayly , but challenged , negotiated and adapted these norms to their circumstances . Communities teamed in different regions of India , into `` collective classing '' to mold the social stratification in order to maximise assets and protect themselves from loss . The `` caste , class , community '' structure that formed became valuable in a time when state apparatus was fragmenting , was unreliable and fluid , when rights and life were unpredictable . In this environment , states Rosalind O'Hanlon , a professor of Indian History , the newly arrived colonial East India Company officials , attempted to gain commercial interests in India by balancing Hindu and Muslim conflicting interests , by aligning with regional rulers and large assemblies of military monks . The British Company officials adopted constitutional laws segregated by religion and caste . The legal code and colonial administrative practice was largely divided into Muslim law and Hindu law , the latter including laws for Buddhists , Jains and Sikhs . In this transitory phase , Brahmins together with scribes , ascetics and merchants who accepted Hindu social and spiritual codes , became the deferred - to - authority on Hindu texts , law and administration of Hindu matters . While legal codes and state administration were emerging in India , with the rising power of the colonial Europeans , Dirks states that the late 18th - century British writings on India say little about caste system in India , and predominantly discuss territorial conquest , alliances , warfare and diplomacy in India . Colin Mackenzie , a British social historian of this time , collected vast numbers of texts on Indian religions , culture , traditions and local histories from south India and Deccan region , but his collection and writings have very little on caste system in 18th - century India . During British rule ( 1857 to 1947 ) ( edit ) Although the varnas and jatis have pre-modern origins , the caste system as it exists today is the result of developments during the post-Mughal period and the British colonial regime , which made caste organisation a central mechanism of administration . Basis ( edit ) Jati were the basis of caste ethnology during the British colonial era . In the 1881 census and thereafter , colonial ethnographers used caste ( jati ) headings , to count and classify people in what was then British India ( now India , Pakistan , Bangladesh and Burma ) . The 1891 census included 60 sub-groups each subdivided into six occupational and racial categories , and the number increased in subsequent censuses . The British colonial era census caste tables , states Susan Bayly , `` ranked , standardised and cross-referenced jati listings for Indians on principles similar to zoology and botanical classifications , aiming to establish who was superior to whom by virtue of their supposed purity , occupational origins and collective moral worth '' . While bureaucratic British officials completed reports on their zoological classification of Indian people , some British officials criticised these exercises as being little more than a caricature of the reality of caste system in India . The British colonial officials used the census - determined jatis to decide which group of people were qualified for which jobs in the colonial government , and people of which jatis were to be excluded as unreliable . These census caste classifications , states Gloria Raheja , a professor of Anthropology , were also used by the British officials over the late 19th century and early 20th century , to formulate land tax rates , as well as to frequently target some social groups as `` criminal '' castes and castes prone to `` rebellion '' . The population then comprised about 200 million people , across five major religions , and over 500,000 agrarian villages , each with a population between 100 and 1,000 people of various age groups , which were variously divided into numerous castes . This ideological scheme was theoretically composed of around 3,000 castes , which in turn was claimed to be composed of 90,000 local endogamous sub-groups . The strict British class system may have influenced the British colonial preoccupation with the Indian caste system as well as the British perception of pre-colonial Indian castes . British society 's own similarly rigid class system provided the British with a template for understanding Indian society and castes . The British , coming from a society rigidly divided by class , attempted to equate India 's castes with British social classes . According to David Cannadine , Indian castes merged with the traditional British class system during the British Raj . Race Science ( edit ) Colonial administrator Herbert Hope Risley , an exponent of race science , used the ratio of the width of a nose to its height to divide Indians into Aryan and Dravidian races , as well as seven castes . Enforcement ( edit ) From the 1850s , photography was used in Indian subcontinent by the British for anthropological purposes , helping classify the different castes , tribes and native trades . Included in this collection were Hindu , Muslim and Buddhist ( Sinhalese ) people classified by castes . Above is an 1860s photograph of Rajputs , classified as a high Hindu caste . Jobs for upper castes ( edit ) The role of the British Raj on the caste system in India is controversial . The caste system became legally rigid during the Raj , when the British started to enumerate castes during their ten - year census and meticulously codified the system . Between 1860 and 1920 , the British segregated Indians by caste , granting administrative jobs and senior appointments only to the upper castes . Targeting criminal castes and their isolation ( edit ) Starting with the 19th century , the British colonial government passed a series of laws that applied to Indians based on their religion and caste identification . These colonial era laws and their provisions used the term `` Tribes '' , which included castes within their scope . This terminology was preferred for various reasons , including Muslim sensitivities that considered castes by definition Hindu , and preferred Tribes , a more generic term that included Muslims . The British colonial government , for instance , enacted the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 . This law declared everyone belonging to certain castes to be born with criminal tendencies . Ramnarayan Rawat , a professor of History and specialising in social exclusion in Indian subcontinent , states that the criminal - by - birth castes under this Act included initially Ahirs , Gurjars and Jats , but its enforcement expanded by the late 19th century to include most Shudras and untouchables , such as Chamars , as well as Sannyasis and hill tribes . Castes suspected of rebelling against colonial laws and seeking self - rule for India , such as the previously ruling families Kallars and the Maravars in south India and non-loyal castes in north India such as Ahirs , Gurjars and Jats , were called `` predatory and barbarian '' and added to the criminal castes list . Some caste groups were targeted using the Criminal Tribes Act even when there were no reports of any violence or criminal activity , but where their forefathers were known to have rebelled against Mughal or British authorities , or these castes were demanding labour rights and disrupting colonial tax collecting authorities . The colonial government prepared a list of criminal castes , and all members registered in these castes by caste - census were restricted in terms of regions they could visit , move about in or people with whom they could socialise . In certain regions of colonial India , entire caste groups were presumed guilty by birth , arrested , children separated from their parents , and held in penal colonies or quarantined without conviction or due process . This practice became controversial , did not enjoy the support of all colonial British officials , and in a few cases this decades - long practice was reversed at the start of the 20th century with the proclamation that people `` could not be incarcerated indefinitely on the presumption of ( inherited ) bad character '' . The criminal - by - birth laws against targeted castes was enforced until the mid-20th century , with an expansion of criminal castes list in west and south India through the 1900s to 1930s . Hundreds of Hindu communities were brought under the Criminal Tribes Act . By 1931 , the colonial government included 237 criminal castes and tribes under the act in the Madras Presidency alone . While the notion of hereditary criminals conformed to orientalist stereotypes and the prevailing racial theories in Britain during the colonial era , the social impact of its enforcement was profiling , division and isolation of many communities of Hindus as criminals - by - birth . Religion and caste segregated human rights ( edit ) Eleanor Nesbitt , a professor of History and Religions in India , states that the colonial government hardened the caste - driven divisions in British India not only through its caste census , but with a series of laws in early 20th century . The British colonial officials , for instance , enacted laws such as the Land Alienation Act in 1900 and Punjab Pre-Emption Act in 1913 , listing castes that could legally own land and denying equivalent property rights to other census - determined castes . These acts prohibited the inter-generational and intra-generational transfer of land from land - owning castes to any non-agricultural castes , thereby preventing economic mobility of property and creating consequent caste barriers in India . Khushwant Singh a Sikh historian , and Tony Ballantyne a professor of History , state that these British colonial era laws helped create and erect barriers within land - owning and landless castes in northwest India . Caste - based discrimination and denial of human rights by the colonial state had similar impact elsewhere in British India . Social identity ( edit ) Nicholas Dirks has argued that Indian caste as we know it today is a `` modern phenomenon , '' as caste was `` fundamentally transformed by British colonial rule . '' According to Dirks , before colonialism caste affiliation was quite loose and fluid , but the British regime enforced caste affiliation rigorously , and constructed a much more strict hierarchy than existed previously , with some castes being criminalised and others being given preferential treatment . De Zwart notes that the caste system used to be thought of as an ancient fact of Hindu life and that contemporary scholars argue instead that the system was constructed by the British colonial regime . He says that `` jobs and education opportunities were allotted based on caste , and people rallied and adopted a caste system that maximized their opportunity '' . De Zwart also notes that post-colonial affirmative action only reinforced the `` British colonial project that ex hypothesi constructed the caste system '' . Sweetman notes that the European conception of caste dismissed former political configurations and insisted upon an `` essentially religious character '' of India . During the colonial period , caste was defined as a religious system and was divorced from political powers . This made it possible for the colonial rulers to portray India as a society characterised by spiritual harmony in contrast to the former Indian states which they criticised as `` despotic and epiphenomenal '' , with the colonial powers providing the necessary `` benevolent , paternalistic rule by a more ' advanced ' nation '' . Further development ( edit ) Assumptions about the caste system in Indian society , along with its nature , evolved during British rule . Corbridge concludes that British policies of divide and rule of India 's numerous princely sovereign states , as well as enumeration of the population into rigid categories during the 10 - year census , particularly with the 1901 and 1911 census , contributed towards the hardening of caste identities . Social unrest during 1920s led to a change in this policy . From then on , the colonial administration began a policy of positive discrimination by reserving a certain percentage of government jobs for the lower castes . In the round table conference held on August 1932 , upon the request of Ambedkar , the then Prime Minister of Britain , Ramsay Macdonald made a Communal Award which awarded a provision for separate representation for the Muslims , Sikhs , Christians , Anglo - Indians , Europeans and Dalits . These depressed classes were assigned a number of seats to be filled by election from special constituencies in which voters belonging to the depressed classes only could vote . Gandhi went on a hunger strike against this provision claiming that such an arrangement would split the Hindu community into two groups . Years later , Ambedkar wrote that Gandhi 's fast was a form of coercion . This agreement , which saw Gandhi end his fast and Ambedkar drop his demand for a separate electorate , was called the Poona Pact . After India achieved independence , the policy of caste - based reservation of jobs was formalised with lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . Other theories and observations ( edit ) Smelser and Lipset propose in their review of Hutton 's study of caste system in colonial India the theory that individual mobility across caste lines may have been minimal in British India because it was ritualistic . They state that this may be because the colonial social stratification worked with the pre-existing ritual caste system . The emergence of a caste system in the modern form , during the early British colonial rule in the 18th and 19th century , was not uniform in South Asia . Claude Markovits , a French historian of colonial India , writes that Hindu society in north and west India ( Sindh ) , in late 18th century and much of 19th century , lacked a proper caste system , their religious identities were fluid ( a combination of Saivism , Vaisnavism , Sikhism ) , and the Brahmins were not the widespread priestly group ( but the Bawas were ) . Markovits writes , `` if religion was not a structuring factor , neither was caste '' among the Hindu merchants group of northwest India . Contemporary India ( edit ) The massive 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests Caste Politics ( edit ) Main article : Caste politics Societal stratification , and the inequality that comes with it , still exists in India , and has been thoroughly criticised . Government policies aim at reducing this inequality by reservation , quota for backward classes , but paradoxically also have created an incentive to keep this stratification alive . The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the Untouchables under the designation of Scheduled Castes , and certain economically backward castes as Other Backward Class . Loosening of caste system ( edit ) Leonard and Weller have surveyed marriage and genealogical records to study patterns of exogamous inter-caste and endogamous intra-caste marriages in a regional population of India in 1900 -- 1975 . They report a striking presence of exogamous marriages across caste lines over time , particularly since the 1970s . They propose education , economic development , mobility and more interaction between youth as possible reasons for these exogamous marriages . A 2003 article in The Telegraph claimed that inter-caste marriage and dating were common in urban India . Indian societal and family relationships are changing because of female literacy and education , women at work , urbanisation , the need for two - income families , and global influences through television . Female role models in politics , academia , journalism , business , and India 's feminist movement have accelerated the change . Caste - related violence ( edit ) Main article : Caste - related violence in India Independent India has witnessed caste - related violence . According to a 2005 UN report , approximately 31,440 cases of violent acts committed against Dalits were reported in 1996 . The UN report claimed 1.33 cases of violent acts per 10,000 Dalit people . For context , the UN reported between 40 and 55 cases of violent acts per 10,000 people in developed countries in 2005 . One example of such violence is the Khairlanji massacre of 2006 . Affirmative action ( edit ) Article 15 of the Constitution of India prohibits discrimination based on caste and Article 17 declared the practice of untouchability to be illegal . In 1955 , India enacted the Untouchability ( Offences ) Act ( renamed in 1976 , as the Protection of Civil Rights Act ) . It extended the reach of law , from intent to mandatory enforcement . The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act was passed in India in 1989 . The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was established to investigate , monitor , advise , and evaluate the socio - economic progress of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . A reservation system for people classified as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has existed for over 50 years . The presence of privately owned free market corporations in India is limited and public sector jobs have dominated the percentage of jobs in its economy . A 2000 report estimated that most jobs in India were in companies owned by the government or agencies of the government . The reservation system implemented by India over 50 years , has been partly successful , because of all jobs , nationwide , in 1995 , 17.2 percent of the jobs were held by those in the lowest castes . The Indian government classifies government jobs in four groups . The Group A jobs are senior most , high paying positions in the government , while Group D are junior most , lowest paying positions . In Group D jobs , the percentage of positions held by lowest caste classified people is 30 % greater than their demographic percentage . In all jobs classified as Group C positions , the percentage of jobs held by lowest caste people is about the same as their demographic population distribution . In Group A and B jobs , the percentage of positions held by lowest caste classified people is 30 % lower than their demographic percentage . The presence of lowest caste people in highest paying , senior most position jobs in India has increased by ten-fold , from 1.18 percent of all jobs in 1959 to 10.12 percent of all jobs in 1995 . In 2007 , India elected K.G. Balakrishnan , a Dalit , to the office of Chief Justice . In 2007 , Uttar Pradesh , the most populous state of India , elected Mayawati as the Chief Minister , the highest elected office of the state . BBC claims , `` Mayawati Kumari is an icon for millions of India 's Dalits , or untouchables as they used to be known . '' In 2009 , the Indian parliament unanimously elected a Dalit , Meira Kumar , as the first female speaker . Recognition ( edit ) The Indian government officially recognises historically discriminated communities of India such as the Untouchables under the designation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes , and certain economically backward Shudra castes as Other Backward Class . The Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as Dalit in contemporary literature . In 2001 , Dalits comprised 16.2 percent of India 's total population . Of the one billion Hindus in India , it is estimated that Hindu Forward caste comprises 26 % , Other Backward Class comprises 43 % , Hindu Scheduled Castes ( Dalits ) comprises 22 % and Hindu Scheduled Tribes comprises 9 % . In addition to taking affirmative action for people of schedule castes and scheduled tribes , India has expanded its effort to include people from poor , backward castes in its economic and social mainstream . In 1990 , the government reservation of 27 % for Backward Classes on the basis of the Mandal Commission 's recommendations . Since then , India has reserved 27 percent of job opportunities in government - owned enterprises and agencies for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes ( SEBCs ) . The 27 percent reservation is in addition to 22.5 percent set aside for India 's lowest castes for last 50 years . Mandal Commission ( edit ) The Mandal Commission was established in 1979 to `` identify the socially or educationally backward '' and to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to redress caste discrimination . In 1980 , the commission 's report affirmed the affirmative action practice under Indian law , whereby additional members of lower castes -- the other backward classes -- were given exclusive access to another 27 percent of government jobs and slots in public universities , in addition to the 23 percent already reserved for the Dalits and Tribals . When V.P. Singh 's administration tried to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission in 1989 , massive protests were held in the country . Many alleged that the politicians were trying to cash in on caste - based reservations for purely pragmatic electoral purposes . Many political parties in India have indulged in caste - based votebank politics . Parties such as Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) , the Samajwadi Party and the Janata Dal claim that they are representing the backward castes , and rely on OBC support , often in alliance with Dalit and Muslim support , to win elections . Other backward classes ( OBC ) ( edit ) There is substantial debate over the exact number of OBCs in India ; it is generally estimated to be sizable , but many believe that it is lower than the figures quoted by either the Mandal Commission or the National Sample Survey . The reservation system has led to widespread protests , such as the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests , with many complaining of reverse discrimination against the Forward Castes ( the castes that do not qualify for the reservation ) . In May 2011 , the government approved a poverty , religion and caste census to identify poverty in different social backgrounds . The census would also help the government to re-examine and possibly undo some of the policies which were formed in haste such as the Mandal Commission in order to bring more objectivity to the policies with respect to contemporary realities . Critics of the reservation system believe that there is actually no social stigma at all associated with belonging to a backward caste and that because of the huge constitutional incentives in the form of educational and job reservations , a large number of people will falsely identify with a backward caste to receive the benefits . This would not only result in a marked inflation of the backward castes ' numbers , but also lead to enormous administrative and judicial resources being devoted to social unrest and litigation when such dubious caste declarations are challenged . In 20th century India , the upper - class ( Ashraf ) Muslims dominated the government jobs and parliamentary representation . As a result , there have been campaigns to include the Muslim untouchable and lower castes among the groups eligible for affirmative action in India under SC and STs provision act and have been given additional reservation based on the Sachar Committee report . Effects of government aid ( edit ) In a 2008 study , Desai et al. focussed on education attainments of children and young adults aged 6 -- 29 , from lowest caste and tribal populations of India . They completed a national survey of over 100,000 households for each of the four survey years between 1983 and 2000 . They found a significant increase in lower caste children in their odds of completing primary school . The number of dalit children who completed either middle - , high - or college - level education increased three times faster than the national average , and the total number were statistically same for both lower and upper castes . However , the same study found that in 2000 , the percentage of dalit males never enrolled in a school was still more than twice the percentage of upper caste males never enrolled in schools . Moreover , only 1.67 % of dalit females were college graduates compared to 9.09 % of upper caste females . The number of dalit girls in India who attended school doubled in the same period , but still few percent less than national average . Other poor caste groups as well as ethnic groups such as Muslims in India have also made improvements over the 16 - year period , but their improvement lagged behind that of dalits and adivasis . The net percentage school attainment for Dalits and Muslims were statistically the same in 1999 . A 2007 nationwide survey of India by the World Bank found that over 80 percent of children of historically discriminated castes were attending schools . The fastest increase in school attendance by Dalit community children occurred during the recent periods of India 's economic growth . A study by Darshan Singh presents data on health and other indicators of socio - economic change in India 's historically discriminated castes . He claims : In 2001 , the literacy rates in India 's lowest castes was 55 percent , compared to a national average of 63 percent . The childhood vaccination levels in India 's lowest castes was 40 percent in 2001 , compared to a national average of 44 percent . Access to drinking water within household or near the household in India 's lowest castes was 80 percent in 2001 , compared to a national average of 83 percent . The poverty level in India 's lowest castes dropped from 49 percent to 39 percent between 1995 and 2005 , compared to a national average change from 35 to 27 percent . The life expectancy of various caste groups in modern India has been raised ; but the International Institute for Population Sciences report suggests that poverty , not caste , is the bigger differentiation in life expectancy in modern India . Influence on other religions ( edit ) While identified with Hinduism , caste systems are found in other religions on the Indian subcontinent , including other religions such as Buddhists , Christians and Muslims . Christians ( edit ) Main article : Caste system among Indian Christians Social stratification is found among the Christians in India based on caste as well as by their denomination and location . The caste distinction is based on their caste at the time that they or their ancestors converted to Christianity since the 16th century , they typically do not intermarry , and sit separately during prayers in Church . The earliest reference to caste among Indian Christians comes from Kerala . Duncan Forrester observes that `` Nowhere else in India is there a large and ancient Christian community which has in time immemorial been accorded a high status in the caste hierarchy ... Syrian Christian community operates very much as a caste and is properly regarded as a caste or at least a very caste - like group . '' Amidst the Hindu society , the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala had inserted themselves within the Indian caste society by the observance of caste rules and were regarded by the Hindus as a caste occupying a high place within their caste hierarchy . Their traditional belief that their ancestors were high - caste Hindus such as Nambudiris and Nairs , who were evangelised by St. Thomas , has also supported their upper - caste status . With the arrival of European missionaries and their evangelistic mission among the lower castes in Kerala , two new groups of Christians , called Latin Rite Christians and New Protestant Christians , were formed but they continued to be considered as lower castes by higher ranked communities , including the Saint Thomas Christians . Muslims ( edit ) Main article : Caste system among South Asian Muslims Caste system has been observed among Muslims in India . They practice endogamy , hypergamy , hereditary occupations , avoid social mixing and have been stratified . There is some controversy if these characteristics make them social groups or castes of Islam . Indian Muslims are a mix of Sunni ( majority ) , Shia and other sects of Islam . From the earliest days of Islam 's arrival in South Asia , the Arabic , Persian and Afghan Muslims have been part of the upper , noble caste . Some upper caste Hindus converted to Islam and became part of the governing group of Sultanates and Mughal Empire , who along with Arabs , Persians and Afghans came to be known as Ashrafs ( or nobles ) . Below them are the middle caste Muslims called Ajlafs , and the lowest status is those of the Arzals . Anti-caste activists like Ambedkar called the Arzal caste among Muslims as the equivalent of Hindu untouchables , as did the controversial colonial British ethnographer Herbert Hope Risley . In Bengal , some Muslims refer to the social stratification within their society as qaum ( or Quoms ) , a term that is found among Muslims elsewhere in India , as well as in Pakistan and Afghanistan . Qaums have patrilineal hereditary , with ranked occupations and endogamy . Membership in a qaum is inherited by birth . Barth identifies the origin of the stratification from the historical segregation between pak ( pure ) and paleed ( impure ) - - defined by the family 's social or religious status , occupation and involvement in sexual crimes . Originally , Paleed / Paleet qaum included people running or working at brothels , prostitution service providers or professional courtesan / dancers ( Tawaif ) and musicians . There is history of skin color defining Pak / Paleed , but that does not have historical roots , and was adopted by outsiders using analogy from Hindu Caste system . Similarly , Christians in Pakistan are called `` Isai '' , meaning followers of Isa ( Jesus ) . But the term originates from Hindu Caste system and refers to the demeaning jobs performed by Christians in Pakistan out of poverty . Efforts are being made to replace the term with `` Masihi '' ( Messiah ) , which is preferred by the Christians citizens of Pakistan . Endogamy is very common in Muslims in the form of arranged consanguineous marriages among Muslims in India and Pakistan . Malik states that the lack of religious sanction makes qaum a quasi-caste , and something that is found in Islam outside South Asia . Some assert that the Muslim castes are not as acute in their discrimination as those of the Hindus , while critics of Islam assert that the discrimination in South Asian Muslim society is worse . Sikh ( edit ) Although the Sikh Gurus criticised the hierarchy of the caste system , one does exist in Sikh community . According to Sunrinder S , Jodhka , the Sikh religion does not advocate discrimination against any caste or creed , however , in practice , Sikhs belonging to the landowning dominant castes have not shed all their prejudices against the Dalits . While Dalits would be allowed entry into the village gurudwaras they would not be permitted to cook or serve langar ( the communal meal ) . Therefore , wherever they could mobilise resources , the Dalits of Punjab have tried to construct their own gurudwara and other local level institutions in order to attain a certain degree of cultural autonomy . In 1953 , the Government of India acceded to the demands of the Sikh leader , Tara Singh , to include Sikh castes of the converted untouchables in the list of scheduled castes . In the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee , 20 of the 140 seats are reserved for low - caste Sikhs . The Sikh literature from the Islamic rule and British colonial era mention Varna as Varan , and Jati as Zat or Zat - biradari . Eleanor Nesbitt , a professor of Religion and author of books on Sikhism , states that the Varan is described as a class system , while Zat has some caste system features in Sikh literature . In theory , Nesbitt states Sikh literature does not recognise caste hierarchy or differences . In practice , states Nesbitt , widespread endogamy practice among Sikhs has been prevalent in modern times , and poorer Sikhs of disadvantaged castes continue to gather in their own places of worship . Most Sikh families , writes Nesbitt , continue to check the caste of any prospective marriage partner for their children . She notes that all Gurus of Sikhs married within their Zat , and they did not condemn or break with the convention of endogamous marriages for their own children or Sikhs in general . Jains ( edit ) Caste system in Jainism has existed for centuries , primarily in terms of endogamy , although , per Paul Dundas , in modern times the system does not play a significant role . This is contradicted by Carrithers and Humphreys who describe the major Jain castes in Rajasthan with their social rank . Table 1 . Distribution of Population by Religion and Caste Categories Religion / Caste SCs STs OBCs Forward Caste / Others Hinduism 22.2 % 9 % 42.8 % 26 % Islam 0.8 % 0.5 % 39.2 % 59.5 % Christianity 9.0 % 32.8 % 24.8 % 33.3 % Sikhism 30.7 % 0.9 % 22.4 % 46.1 % Jainism 0.0 % 2.6 % 3.0 % 94.3 % Buddhism 89.5 % 7.4 % 0.4 % 2.7 % Zoroastrianism 0.0 % 15.9 % 13.7 % 70.4 % Others 2.6 % 82.5 % 6.25 8.7 % Total 19.7 % 8.5 % 41.1 % 30.8 % Distribution ( edit ) Table 1 is the distribution of population of each Religion by Caste Categories , obtained from merged sample of Schedule 1 and Schedule 10 of available data from the National Sample Survey Organisation 55th ( 1999 -- 2000 ) and 61st Rounds ( 2004 -- 05 ) Round Survey The Other Backward Class ( OBCs ) were found to comprise 52 % of the country 's population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980 , a figure which had shrunk to 41 % by 2006 when the National Sample Survey Organisation 's survey took place . Criticism ( edit ) There has been criticism of the caste system from both within and outside of India . Since the 1980s , caste has become a major issue in the politics of India . Indian social reformers ( edit ) The caste system has been criticised by many Indian social reformers . Basava ( edit ) Basava ( 1105 -- 1167 ) Arguably one of the first social reformers , Basava championed devotional worship that rejected temple worship and rituals , and replaced it with personalised direct worship of Shiva through practices such as individually worn icons and symbols like a small linga . This approach brought Shiva 's presence to everyone and at all times , without gender , class or caste discrimination . His teachings and verses such as Káyakavé Kailása ( Work is the path to Kailash ( bliss , heaven ) , or Work is Worship ) became popular . Jyotirao Phule ( edit ) Jyotirao Phule ( 1827 -- 1890 ) vehemently criticised any explanations that the caste system was natural and ordained by the Creator in Hindu texts . If Brahma wanted castes , argued Phule , he would have ordained the same for other creatures . There are no castes in species of animals or birds , so why should there be one among human animals . In his criticism Phule added , `` Brahmins can not claim superior status because of caste , because they hardly bothered with these when wining and dining with Europeans . '' Professions did not make castes , and castes did not decide one 's profession . If someone does a job that is dirty , it does not make them inferior ; in the same way that no mother is inferior because she cleans the excreta of her baby . Ritual occupation or tasks , argued Phule , do not make any human being superior or inferior . Vivekananda ( edit ) Vivekananda similarly criticised caste as one of the many human institutions that bars the power of free thought and action of an individual . Caste or no caste , creed or no creed , any man , or class , or caste , or nation , or institution that bars the power of free thought and bars action of an individual is devilish , and must go down . Liberty of thought and action , asserted Vivekananda , is the only condition of life , of growth and of well - being . Gandhi ( edit ) In his younger years , Gandhi disagreed with some of Ambedkar 's observations , rationale and interpretations about the caste system in India . `` Caste , '' he claimed , has `` saved Hinduism from disintegration . But like every other institution it has suffered from excrescences . '' He considered the four divisions of Varnas to be fundamental , natural and essential . The innumerable subcastes or Jatis he considered to be a hindrance . He advocated to fuse all the Jatis into a more global division of Varnas . In the 1930s , Gandhi began to advocate for the idea of heredity in caste to be rejected , arguing that `` Assumption of superiority by any person over any other is a sin against God and man . Thus caste , in so far as it connotes distinctions in status , is an evil . '' He claimed that Varnashrama of the shastras is today nonexistent in practice . The present caste system is theory antithesis of varnashrama . Caste in its current form , claimed Gandhi , had nothing to do with religion . The discrimination and trauma of castes , argued Gandhi , was the result of custom , the origin of which is unknown . Gandhi said that the customs ' origin was a moot point , because one could spiritually sense that these customs were wrong , and that any caste system is harmful to the spiritual well - being of man and economic well - being of a nation . The reality of colonial India was , Gandhi noted , that there was no significant disparity between the economic condition and earnings of members of different castes , whether it was a Brahmin or an artisan or a farmer of low caste . India was poor , and Indians of all castes were poor . Thus , he argued that the cause of trauma was not in the caste system , but elsewhere . Judged by the standards being applied to India , Gandhi claimed , every human society would fail . He acknowledged that the caste system in India spiritually blinded some Indians , then added that this did not mean that every Indian or even most Indians blindly followed the caste system , or everything from ancient Indian scriptures of doubtful authenticity and value . India , like any other society , can not be judged by a caricature of its worst specimens . Gandhi stated that one must consider the best it produced as well , along with the vast majority in impoverished Indian villages struggling to make ends meet , with woes of which there was little knowledge . Ambedkar ( edit ) A 1922 stereograph of Hindu children of high caste , Bombay . This was part of Underwood & Underwood stereoscope journey of colonial world . This and related collections became controversial for staging extreme effects and constructing identities of various colonised nations . Christopher Pinney remarks such imaging was a part of surveillance and imposed identities upon Indians that were resented . Ambedkar was born in a caste that was classified as untouchable , became a leader of human rights in India , a prolific writer , and a key person in drafting modern India 's constitution in the 1940s . He wrote extensively on discrimination , trauma and what he saw as the tragic effects of the caste system in India . Caste Politics ( edit ) See also : Caste politics Economic inequality ( edit ) Economic inequality seems to be related to the influence of inherited social - economic stratification . A 1995 study notes that the caste system in India is a system of exploitation of poor low - ranking groups by more prosperous high - ranking groups . A report published in 2001 note that in India 36.3 % of people own no land at all , 60.6 % own about 15 % of the land , with a very wealthy 3.1 % owning 15 % of the land . A study by Haque reports that India contains both the largest number of rural poor , and the largest number of landless households on the planet . Haque also reports that over 90 percent of both scheduled castes ( low - ranking groups ) and all other castes ( high - ranking groups ) either do not own land or own land area capable of producing less than $1000 per year of food and income per household . However , over 99 percent of India 's farms are less than 10 hectares , and 99.9 percent of the farms are less than 20 hectares , regardless of the farmer or landowner 's caste . Indian government has , in addition , vigorously pursued agricultural land ceiling laws which prohibit anyone from owning land greater than mandated limits . India has used this law to forcibly acquire land from some , then redistribute tens of millions of acres to the landless and poor of the low - caste . Haque suggests that Indian lawmakers need to reform and modernise the nation 's land laws and rely less on blind adherence to land ceilings and tenancy reform . In a 2011 study , Aiyar too notes that such qualitative theories of economic exploitation and consequent land redistribution within India between 1950 and 1990 had no effect on the quality of life and poverty reduction . Instead , economic reforms since the 1990s and resultant opportunities for non-agricultural jobs have reduced poverty and increased per capita income for all segments of Indian society . For specific evidence , Aiyar mentions the following Critics believe that the economic liberalisation has benefited just a small elite and left behind the poor , especially the lowest Hindu caste of dalits . But a recent authoritative survey revealed striking improvements in living standards of dalits in the last two decades . Television ownership was up from zero to 45 percent ; cellphone ownership up from zero to 36 percent ; two - wheeler ownership ( of motorcycles , scooters , mopeds ) up from zero to 12.3 percent ; children eating yesterday 's leftovers down from 95.9 percent to 16.2 percent ... Dalits running their own businesses up from 6 percent to 37 percent ; and proportion working as agricultural labourers down from 46.1 percent to 20.5 percent . Cassan has studied the differential effect within two segments of India 's Dalit community . He finds India 's overall economic growth has produced the fastest and more significant socio - economic changes . Cassan further concludes that legal and social program initiatives are no longer India 's primary constraint in further advancement of India 's historically discriminated castes ; further advancement are likely to come from improvements in the supply of quality schools in rural and urban India , along with India 's economic growth . Apartheid and discrimination ( edit ) The maltreatment of Dalits in India has been described by some authors as `` India 's hidden apartheid '' . Critics of the accusations point to substantial improvements in the position of Dalits in post-independence India , consequent to the strict implementation of the rights and privileges enshrined in the Constitution of India , as implemented by the Protection of Civil rights Act , 1955 . They also argue that the practise had disappeared in urban public life . Sociologists Kevin Reilly , Stephen Kaufman and Angela Bodino , while critical of caste system , conclude that modern India does not practice apartheid since there is no state - sanctioned discrimination . They write that casteism in India is presently `` not apartheid . In fact , untouchables , as well as tribal people and members of the lowest castes in India benefit from broad affirmative action programmes and are enjoying greater political power . '' A hypothesis that caste amounts to race has been rejected by some scholars . Ambedkar , for example , wrote that `` The Brahmin of Punjab is racially of the same stock as the Chamar of Punjab . The Caste system does not demarcate racial division . The Caste system is a social division of people of the same race . '' Various sociologists , anthropologists and historians have rejected the racial origins and racial emphasis of caste and consider the idea to be one that has purely political and economic undertones . Beteille writes that `` the Scheduled Castes of India taken together are no more a race than are the Brahmins taken together . Every social group can not be regarded as a race simply because we want to protect it against prejudice and discrimination '' , and that the 2001 Durban conference on racism hosted by the U.N. is `` turning its back on established scientific opinion '' . In popular Culture ( edit ) Mulk Raj Anand 's debut novel , Untouchable ( 1935 ) , is based on the theme of untouchability . The Hindi film Achhut Kannya ( Untouchable Maiden , 1936 ) , starring Ashok Kumar and Devika Rani , was an early reformist film . The debut novel of Arundhati Roy , The God of Small Things ( 1997 ) , also has themes surrounding the caste system across religions . A lawyer named Sabu Thomas filed a petition to have the book published without the last chapter , which had graphic description of sexual acts between members of different castes . Thomas claimed the alleged obscenity in the last chapter deeply hurts the Syrian Christian community , the basis of the novel . See also ( edit ) Caste systems in Africa Caste system in Sri Lanka Manual scavenging - a caste - based activity in India , officially abolished but still ongoing Social class Social class in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ These initiatives by India , over time , have led to many lower caste members being elected to the highest political offices including that of president , with the election of K.R. Narayanan , a Dalit , from 1997 to 2002 . Jump up ^ Sweetman notes that the Brahmin had a strong influence on the British understanding of India , thereby also influencing the British rule and western understandings of Hinduism , and gaining a stronger position in Indian society . Jump up ^ Karade states , `` the caste quarantine list was abolished by independent India in 1947 and criminal tribes law was formally repealed in 1952 by its first parliament '' . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 , p. 5 ) : `` Rather , I will argue that caste ( again , as we know it today ) is a modern phenomenon , that it is , specifically , the product of an historical encounter between India and Western colonial rule . By this I do not mean to imply that it was simply invented by the too clever British , now credited with so many imperial patents that what began as colonial critique has turned into another form of imperial adulation . But I am suggesting that it was under the British that ' caste ' became a single term capable of expressing , organising , and above all ' systematising ' India 's diverse forms of social identity , community , and organisation . This was achieved through an identifiable ( if contested ) ideological canon as the result of a concrete encounter with colonial modernity during two hundred years of British domination . In short , colonialism made caste what it is today . '' Jump up ^ Dirks , Scandal of Empire ( 2006 , p. 27 ) : `` The institution of caste , for example , a social formation that has been seen as not only basic to India but part of its ancient constitution , was fundamentally transformed by British colonial rule . '' Jump up ^ Sweetman cites Dirks ( 1993 ) , The Hollow Crown , University of Michigan Press , p. xxvii Jump up ^ For example , some British believed Indians would shun train travel because tradition - bound South Asians were too caught up in caste and religion , and that they would not sit or stand in the same coaches out of concern for close proximity to a member of higher or lower or shunned caste . After the launch of train services , Indians of all castes , classes and gender enthusiastically adopted train travel without any concern for so - called caste stereotypes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : de Zwart ( 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 25 -- 27 , 392 . Jump up ^ St. John , Making of the Raj ( 2012 ) , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Sathaye ( 2015 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ `` What is India 's caste system ? '' . BBC News . 25 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Independent India 's constitution banned discrimination on the basis of caste , and , in an attempt to correct historical injustices and provide a level playing field to the traditionally disadvantaged , the authorities announced quotas in government jobs and educational institutions for scheduled castes and tribes , the lowest in the caste hierarchy , in 1950 . Jump up ^ Smith , Varna and Jati ( 2005 ) , pp. 9522 -- 9524 . ^ Jump up to : Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , p. 392 . ^ Jump up to : Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 26 -- 27what happened in the initial phase of this two - stage sequence was the rise of the royal man of prowess . In this period , both kings and the priests and ascetics with whom men of power were able to associate their rule became a growing focus for the affirmation of a martial and regal form of caste ideal . ( ... ) The other key feature of this period was the reshaping of many apparently casteless forms of devotional faith in a direction which further affirmed these differentiations of rank and community . ^ Jump up to : Burguière & Grew ( 2001 ) , pp. 215 -- 229 . Jump up ^ LeVine , Sarah ( 2009 ) . Rebuilding Buddhism : The Theravada Movement in Twentieth - Century Nepal . Harvard University Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02554 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Stephen P. ( 2001 ) . India : Emerging Power . Brookings Institution Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 9839 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Chaudhary ( 2013 ) , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Castes Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Omvedt , Gail ( 2014 ) . Buddhism in India : Challenging Brahmanism and Caste . SAGE Classics . p. 252 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 321 - 1028 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ex-India President Narayanan dies BBC News ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ CRIME AGAINST PERSONS BELONGING TO SCs / STs Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Government of India ( 2011 ) , page 108 Jump up ^ Doniger , Wendy ( 1999 ) . Merriam - Webster 's encyclopedia of world religions . Springfield , MA , USA : Merriam - Webster . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 044 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Andrea ( 2012 ) . An Encyclopedia of Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa . USA : SAGE Publications . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 8176 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Basham , Wonder that was India ( 1954 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Hinduism ( 1997 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Hinduism ( 1997 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Austin ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of social theory . Routledge . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29046 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 57 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Origins of Yoga and Tantra ( 2008 ) , p. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Origins of Yoga and Tantra ( 2008 ) , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Ingold , Tim ( 1994 ) . Companion encyclopedia of anthropology . Routledge . pp. 1026 -- 1027 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28604 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Caste , n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary . 1989 . Jump up ^ Corbridge , Harriss & Jeffrey ( 2013 ) , p. 239 . ^ Jump up to : Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 2 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 2 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 7 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 10 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 22 . Jump up ^ Pradip Bose ( Editor - A.R. Momin ) ( 1996 ) . The legacy of G.S. Ghurye : a centennial festschrift . Popular . pp. 65 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 831 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gerald Berreman ( 1967 ) . `` Caste as social process '' . Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 23 ( 4 ) : 351 -- 370 . JSTOR 3629451 . Jump up ^ Midgley , James ( 2011 ) . Colonialism and welfare : social policy and the British imperial legacy . United Kingdom : Edward Elgar . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85793 - 243 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 117 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Carol Upadhya ( March 2002 ) . `` The Hindu Nationalist Sociology of G.S. Ghurye '' . Sociological Bulletin . 51 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 57 . JSTOR 23620062 . Jump up ^ Pradip Bose ( Editor - A.R. Momin ) ( 1996 ) . The legacy of G.S. Ghurye : a centennial festschrift . Popular . pp. 66 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 831 - 6 . ( On caste ) Ghurye ( ... ) is much influenced by the nineteenth century orientalist historical explanations , which were based basically on three kinds of formulations : the Indo - European or Dravidian theory , the racial theory and the diffusionist theory . ( ... ) At a subsequent stage European social theory , evident in census reports and ethnographic accounts also shape Ghurye 's account of the caste system . Jump up ^ Midgley , James ( 2011 ) . Colonialism and welfare : social policy and the British imperial legacy . United Kingdom : Edward Elgar . pp. 86 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85793 - 243 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ghurye , Caste and Race in India ( 1969 ) , pp. 278 -- 279 ; this is p. 158 -- 159 in the 1932 edition of Ghurye . Jump up ^ Chapman , Religious vs. Regional Determinism ( 1993 ) , pp. 10 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Inden , Imagining India ( 2001 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Arvind Sharma , Classical Hindu Thought ( 2000 ) , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Béteille ( 1996 ) , pp. 15 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Waldrop , Anne ( 2004 ) . `` Dalit Politics in India and New Meaning of Caste '' . Forum for Development Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 305 . doi : 10.1080 / 08039410.2004. 9666283 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Silverberg ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ M.N. Srinivas , Coorgs of South India ( 1952 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 55 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Dipankar Gupta , Interrogating Caste ( 2000 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 19 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Dipankar Gupta , Interrogating Caste ( 2000 ) , p. 180 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 38 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 38 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Dipankar Gupta , Interrogating Caste ( 2000 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 5 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Ganguly , Debjani ( 2005 ) . Caste , colonialism and counter-modernity : notes on a postcolonial hermeneutics of caste . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 54435 - 1 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Origins of Yoga and Tantra ( 2008 ) , p. 83 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Origins of Yoga and Tantra ( 2008 ) , p. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Thapar , Early India ( 2004 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ David Lorenzen ( 2006 ) . Who invented Hinduism : essays on religion in History . Yoda Press . pp. 147 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 902272 - 6 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Stephanie ; et al. ( 2014 ) . The Rigveda : the earliest religious poetry of India . Oxford University Press . pp. 57 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 937018 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ingold , Tim ( 1994 ) . Companion encyclopedia of anthropology . Routledge . p. 1026 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28604 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Hinduism ( 1997 ) , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 263 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Dipankar Gupta , Interrogating Caste ( 2000 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Dipankar Gupta , Interrogating Caste ( 2000 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Barbara Metcalf , Thomas Metcalf ( 2012 ) . A concise history of modern India . Cambridge University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 02649 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dipankar Gupta , Interrogating Caste ( 2000 ) , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Mikael Aktor ( 2002 ) . `` Rules of untouchability in ancient and medieval law books : Householders , competence , and inauspiciousness '' . International Journal of Hindu Studies . 6 ( 3 ) : 244 , 243 -- 274 . doi : 10.1007 / s11407 - 002 - 0002 - z . Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 2008 ) . Chapter 9 . Caste and Purity in Collected essays . Firenze , Italy : Firenze University Press . pp. 240 -- 241 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8453 - 729 - 4 . Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 2008 ) . Chapter 9 . Caste and Purity in Collected essays . Firenze , Italy : Firenze University Press . pp. 240 -- 245 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8453 - 729 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dumont , Homo Hierarchicus ( 1980 ) , pp. 66 , 68 , 73 , 193 . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , p. 18 ( 1990 : 20 ) . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , p. 27 -- 28 ( 1990 : 31 -- 32 ) . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , pp. 29 -- 31 ( 1990 : 33 -- 35 ) . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ R.S. Sharma , Śūdras in Ancient India 1958 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti , Historical Sociology ( 1985 ) , p. 358 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti , Historical Sociology ( 1985 ) , p. 357 . ^ Jump up to : Chakravarti , Historical Sociology ( 1985 ) , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti , Gendering Caste ( 2003 ) , pp. 47 , 49 . ^ Jump up to : Masefield , Pali Buddhism ( 1986 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Masefield , Pali Buddhism ( 1986 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Chakravarti , Gendering Caste ( 2003 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2011 ) . Dharma : its early history in law , religion , and narrative . Oxford University Press . pp. 529 -- 531 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539423 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2011 ) . Dharma : its early history in law , religion , and narrative . Oxford University Press . p. 532 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539423 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hiltebeitel , Alf ( 2011 ) . Dharma : its early history in law , religion , and narrative . Oxford University Press . p. 594 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539423 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) . The Jaina path of purification . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 294 , 285 -- 295 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1578 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) . The Jaina path of purification . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1578 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 1998 ) . The Jaina path of purification . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1578 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 2000 ) . Collected papers on Jaina studies . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . p. 340 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1691 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jaini , Padmanabh ( 2000 ) . Collected papers on Jaina studies . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . pp. 340 -- 341 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1691 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot , Precolonial India ( 2001 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Orr , Leslie ( 2000 ) . Donors , devotees , and daughters of God temple women in medieval Tamilnadu . Oxford University Press . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509962 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Richard ( 2008 ) . A social history of the Deccan , 1300 -- 1761 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51442 - 2 . Jump up ^ Orr , Leslie ( 2000 ) . Donors , devotees , and daughters of God temple women in medieval Tamilnadu . Oxford University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509962 - 1 . Jump up ^ The New Cambridge History of India : Vijayanagara by Burton Stein p. 134 Jump up ^ The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant : Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel by Kanakalatha Mukund p. 166 Jump up ^ Al - Hind , the Making of the Indo - Islamic World : Early Medieval India and the making of the Indo - Islamic World by André Wink p. 321 Jump up ^ Aspects of Caste in South India , Ceylon and North - West Pakistan by E.R. Leach p. 67 -- 68 Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Kolff , Dirk ( 2002 ) . Naukar , Rajput , and sepoy : the ethnohistory of the military labour market in Hindustan , 1450 -- 1850 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 198 -- 199 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52305 - 9 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Derryl ( 1997 ) . Religion and society in Arab Sind . Netherlands : Brill Academic Publishers . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08551 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , Richard ( 1993 ) . The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier , 1204 -- 1760 . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 117 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08077 - 5 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Derryl ( 1997 ) . Religion and society in Arab Sind . Netherlands : Brill Academic Publishers . pp. 31 -- 34 , 49 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08551 - 0 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Derryl ( 1997 ) . Religion and society in Arab Sind . Netherlands : Brill Academic Publishers . pp. 31 -- 32 , 49 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08551 - 0 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Derryl ( 1997 ) . Religion and society in Arab Sind . Netherlands : Brill Academic Publishers . pp. 32 -- 33 , 49 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08551 - 0 . Jump up ^ Maclean , Derryl ( 1997 ) . Religion and society in Arab Sind . Netherlands : Brill Academic Publishers . pp. 33 -- 34 , 49 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 08551 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Delhi Sultanate : a political and military history . Cambridge University Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54329 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Malik , Jamal ( 2008 ) . Islam in South Asia a short history . Brill . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16859 - 6 . Jump up ^ Malik , Jamal ( 2008 ) . Islam in South Asia a short history . Brill . pp. 152 -- 157 , 221 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16859 - 6 . Jump up ^ Malik , Jamal ( 2008 ) . Islam in South Asia a short history . Brill . pp. 149 -- 153 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16859 - 6 . `` Islamic norms permit hierarchical structure , i.e. , equality in islam is only in relation to God , rather than between men . Early Muslims and Muslim conquerors in India reproduced social segregation among Muslims and the conquered religious groups . ( ... ) The writings of Abu al - Fadl at Akbar 's court mention caste . ( ... ) The courtier and historian Zia al - Din al - Barani not only avowedly detested Hindus , in his Fatawa - ye Jahandari , he also vehemently stood for ashraf supremacy . Jump up ^ Cook , Michael ( 2010 ) . The new Cambridge history of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 481 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84443 - 7 . Jump up ^ Habib , Irfan ( 2002 ) . Essays in Indian history : towards a Marxist perception , with the economic history of Medieval India : a survey . London : Anthem Press . pp. 250 -- 251 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 061 - 7 . Jump up ^ Habib , Irfan ( 2002 ) . Essays in Indian history : towards a Marxist perception , with the economic history of Medieval India : a survey . London : Anthem Press . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84331 - 061 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , Richard ( 1993 ) . The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier , 1204 -- 1760 . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08077 - 5 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Richard ( 1993 ) . The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier , 1204 -- 1760 . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 102 -- 103 , 224 -- 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08077 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Peers , Douglas ( 2012 ) . India and the British empire . Oxford University Press . pp. 104 -- 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925988 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Sweetman ( 2004 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 28 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ St. John , Making of the Raj ( 2012 ) , p. 103 Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 212 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Caste , Society and Politics ( 2001 ) , pp. 125 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Raheja , Gloria ( 2000 ) . Colonial subjects : essays on the practical history of anthropology ( editors : Peter Pels and Oscar Salemink ) . University of Michigan Press . pp. 120 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 08746 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Stokes ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Dudley - Jenkins , Laura ( October 2009 ) . Identity and Identification in India ( see review of sociology journal articles starting page 42 ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 56062 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bates , Crispin ( 1995 ) . `` Race , Caste and Tribe in Central India : the early origins of Indian anthropometry '' ( PDF ) . Edinburgh Papers In South Asian Studies ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Ghuman , Paul ( 2013 ) . British Untouchables : A Study of Dalit Identity and Education . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 18 . Jump up ^ Jha , Pravin Kumar . Indian Politics in Comparative Perspective . Pearson Education India . p. 102 . Jump up ^ JT ( 2014 ) . Origin of Caste in India . Partridge Publishing . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Malešević , Siniša ; Haugaard , Mark ( 2007 ) . Ernest Gellner and Contemporary Social Thought . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Cannadine , David ( 2002 ) . Ornamentalism : How the British Saw Their Empire . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Trautmann ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Online Collection ( The Riddell Gifts ) '' . National Galleries of Scotland . 1985 . ^ Jump up to : Stokes ( 1980 ) , pp. 38 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 198 -- 225 . Jump up ^ K. Parker ( Gerald Larson : Editor ) ( 2001 ) . Religion and personal law in secular India a call to judgment . Indiana University Press . pp. 184 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21480 - 5 . Jump up ^ S Nigam ( 1990 ) . `` Disciplining and Policing the `` Criminals by Birth '' , Part 1 : The Making of a Colonial Stereotype - The Criminal Tribes and Castes of North India `` . Indian Economic & Social History Review . 27 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 164 . doi : 10.1177 / 001946469002700201 . Jump up ^ S Nigam ( 1990 ) . `` Disciplining and Policing the `` Criminals by Birth '' , Part 2 : The Development of a Disciplinary System , 1871 -- 1900 `` . Indian Economic & Social History Review . 27 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 287 . doi : 10.1177 / 001946469002700302 . Jump up ^ Stern , Robert ( 2001 ) . Democracy and dictatorship in South Asia . Praeger . pp. 53 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97041 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Simon ( 2001 ) . Suspect identities : a history of fingerprinting and criminal identification . Cambridge , MA , USA : Harvard University Press . pp. 67 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01002 - 4 . ( British ) amateur ethnographers believed that Indian castes , because of their strictures against intermarriage , represented pure racial types , and they concocted the notion of racially inferior criminal castes or ' criminal tribes ' , inbred ethnic groups predisposed to criminal behavior by both cultural tradition and hereditary disposition ^ Jump up to : Rawat , Ramnarayan ( 2011 ) . Reconsidering untouchability : Chamars and Dalit history in North India . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 22262 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) , pp. 176 -- 188 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Henry ( 2010 ) . Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India : acting like a thief . USA : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 69 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2057 - 9 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Henry ( 2010 ) . Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India : acting like a thief . USA : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 71 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2057 - 9 . Jump up ^ Birinder P. Singh ( 2010 ) . Criminal tribes of Punjab : a social - anthropological inquiry . New York : Routledge . pp. liv -- lvi , Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 55147 - 2 . Jump up ^ Chaturvedi , Vinayak ( 2007 ) . Peasant pasts history and memory in western India . Berkeley , USA : University of California Press . pp. 122 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25076 - 5 . In 1911 , the entire Dharala ( a Rajput caste ) population of nearly 250,000 individuals in Kheda district was declared a criminal tribe under Act IIII of 1911 , the Criminal Tribes Act . ^ Jump up to : Schwarz , Henry ( 2010 ) . Constructing the criminal tribe in colonial India : acting like a thief . USA : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 99 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2057 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Karade , Jagan ( 2014 ) . Development of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in India . Newcastle , UK : Cambridge Scholars . pp. 25 , 23 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4438 - 1027 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Mark ( 2014 ) . Penal power and colonial rule . Routledge . pp. 176 , 107 , 165 -- 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 45213 - 7 . ( The ) criminal tribes are destined by the usage of caste to commit crime and whose dependents will be offenders against the law , until the whole tribe is exterminated or accounted for ... ^ Jump up to : Rachel Tolen ( Jennifer Terry and Jacqueline Urla : Editors ) ( 1995 ) . Deviant bodies . Indiana University Press . pp. 84 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20975 - 7 . Jump up ^ Yang , A. ( 1985 ) . Crime and criminality in British India . USA : University of Arizona Press . pp. 112 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8165 - 0951 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Nesbitt , Eleanor ( 2005 ) . Sikhism a very short introduction . Oxford New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 119 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280601 - 7 . Jump up ^ Guilhem Cassan ( 2011 ) . `` Law and Identity Manipulation : Evidence from Colonial Punjab '' ( PDF ) . London School of Economics and Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquee ( LEA - INRA ) , Paris : 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ballantyne , Tony ( 2007 ) . Textures of the Sikh past : new historical perspectives . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 134 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568663 - 0 . Jump up ^ Singh , Khushwant ( 2004 ) . A history of the Sikhs . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . pp. 155 -- 156 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 567309 - 8 . Jump up ^ Debin Ma and Jan Luiten Van Zanden ( Editors ) ( 2011 ) . Law and long - term economic change a Eurasian perspective ( Anand Swamy ) . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 149 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 7273 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nair , Neeti ( 2011 ) . Changing homelands . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 85 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05779 - 1 . Jump up ^ Guha , Sumit ( 2013 ) . Beyond Caste . Leiden , Netherlands : Brill Academic . pp. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 24918 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Castes of Mind ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Dirks , Scandal of Empire ( 2006 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ de Zwart ( 2000 ) , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Sweetman ( 2004 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Sweetman ( 2004 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Ian ( 2007 ) . Engines of change : the railroads that made India . Praeger Publishers . pp. 89 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98564 - 4 . Jump up ^ Arnold , David ( January 1983 ) . `` White colonization and labour in 19th century India '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . XI ( 2 ) : 133 -- 157 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086538308582635 . Jump up ^ Corbridge & Harriss ( 2000 ) , pp. 8 , 243 . Jump up ^ The Economist ( 29 June 2013 ) , Affirmative Action , India Reservations Jump up ^ Omvedt , Gail ( 2012 ) . `` A Part That Parted '' . Outlook India . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Mahesh Dutt ( 27 May 2017 ) . Motivating Thoughts of Ambedkar . Prabhat Prakashan . ISBN 9789351869375 . Jump up ^ Smelser & Lipset ( 2005 ) , pp. 8 -- 15 , 160 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude ( 2008 ) . The global world of Indian merchants , 1750 -- 1947 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08940 - 1 . Jump up ^ Markovits , Claude ( 2008 ) . The global world of Indian merchants , 1750 -- 1947 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 251 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08940 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : India -- A Country Study , USA Library of Congress , 1995 , Chapter 5 . ^ Jump up to : Rural Poverty Report 2001 - The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty , Chapter 3 , p. 77 . IFAD , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Gopal Guru , with Shiraz Sidhva . India 's `` hidden apartheid '' Archived 11 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... ^ Jump up to : Gosal , R.P.S. ( September 1987 ) . `` Distribution of scheduled caste population in India '' . Social Science Information . 26 ( 3 ) : 493 -- 511 . doi : 10.1177 / 053901887026003002 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Karen ; Weller , Susan ( August 1980 ) . `` Declining subcaste endogamy in India : the Hyderabad Kayasths , 1900 -- 75 '' ( PDF ) . American Ethnologist. 7 ( 3 ) : 504 -- 517 . doi : 10.1525 / ae. 1980.7. 3.02 a00080 . Jump up ^ `` THE DOLLAR BRIDES -- Indian girls marrying NRIs often escape to a hassle - free life '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta , India . 28 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` UN report slams India for caste discrimination '' . CBC News . 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Caste , Ethnicity and Exclusion in South Asia : The Role of Affirmative Action Policies in Building Inclusive Societies '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Crime statistics , 87 major countries '' . UN ODC. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Crimes and Crime Rates by Type of Offense : 1980 to 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Census -- US . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Jump up ^ `` India : ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 ; No. 33 of 1989 '' . Human Rights Watch . 1989 . Jump up ^ `` About NCST '' . Government of India . 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Marc Galanter , Competing Equalities : Law and the Backward Classes in India . Delhi : Oxford University Press , 1984 , 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Caste - based Discrimination in International Human Rights Law '' , p. 257 , by David Keane Jump up ^ `` KG Balakrishnan , first Dalit Chief Justice of India '' . 22 December 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Mayawati Kumari '' . BBC News . 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meira Kumar , a Dalit leader is the new Lok Sabha Speaker '' . NCHRO. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population : Census 2001 '' . Government of India . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Sachar , Rajinder ( 2006 ) . `` Sachar Committee Report ( 2004 -- 2005 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . p. 6 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report , 2007 -- 2008 '' ( PDF ) . National Commission for Backward Classes , Government of India . 2009 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Amit . `` Who are the OBCs ? '' . Archived from the original on 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 19 April 2006 . Times of India , 8 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Caste - Based Parties '' . Country Studies US . Retrieved 12 December 2006 . Jump up ^ What is India 's population of other backward classes ? , Yahoo News . Jump up ^ `` Caste , religion , poverty census gets Cabinet nod '' . NDTV. 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Caste and the Census '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ `` Caste in doubt '' . Indian Express . 17 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Asghar Ali Engineer . `` On reservation for Muslims '' . The Milli Gazette . Pharos . Retrieved 1 September 2004 . Jump up ^ Desai and Kulkarni ( May 2008 ) . `` Changing Educational Inequalities in India in the Context of Affirmative Action '' . Demography. 45 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 270 . PMC 2474466 . PMID 18613480 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0001 . Jump up ^ Shankar , Deepa ( 2007 ) . `` What is the progress in elementary education participation in India during the last two decades ? '' ( PDF ) . The World Bank . Jump up ^ Singh , Darshan ( 2009 ) . `` DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN INDIA -- A REVIEW '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Rural Development . 28 ( 4 ) : 529 -- 542 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Mohanty and Ram ( November 2010 ) . `` LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH AMONG SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROUPS IN INDIA '' ( PDF ) . International Institute for Population Sciences . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Fredrik ( 1971 ) . `` Aspects of Caste in South India , Ceylon and North - West Pakistan '' . In Leach , E.R. Aspects of Caste in South India , Ceylon , and North - West Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 09664 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mills , Martin A. ( 2002 ) . Identity , Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism : The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism . Routledge . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1470 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ballhatchet , Kenneth ( 1998 ) . Caste , Class and Catholicism in India 1789 -- 1914 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1095 - 9 . Jump up ^ Forrester ( 1980 ) , pp. 98 , 102 . ^ Jump up to : Amaladass , Anand ( 1993 ) ( 1989 ) . `` Dialogue between Hindus and the St. Thomas Christians '' . In Coward , Harold . Hindu - Christian dialogue : perspectives and encounters . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 14 -- 20 . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1158 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bayly , Saints , Goddesses and Kings ( 2004 ) , pp. 243 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Christopher J. ( December 1977 ) . `` Indian Christians : Pollution and Origins '' . Man . New . 12 ( 3 / 4 ) : 528 -- 529 . Jump up ^ Ahmad , Imtiaz ( 13 May 1967 ) . `` The Ashraf and Ajlaf Categories in Indo - Muslim Society '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 2 ( 19 ) : 687 . JSTOR 4357934 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Chaudhary ( 2013 ) , p. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Ahmad , Imtiaz ( 1978 ) . Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India . Manohar . pp. 210 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Bhatty , Zarina ( 1996 ) . `` Social Stratification Among Muslims in India '' . In Srinivas , M.N. Caste : Its Twentieth Century Avatar . Viking . pp. 249 -- 253 . ^ Jump up to : Ambedkar , Bhimrao . Pakistan or the Partition of India . Thackers Publishers . Jump up ^ H.H. Risley ( 1903 ) . Ethnographic Appendices , in GOI , Census of India , 1901 ( see tables on Ajlaf and Arzal , and Risley discussion of these Muslim castes versus Hindu castes ) . 1 . Calcutta : Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing . pp. 45 -- 62 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 246 - 03552 - 0 . Jump up ^ Leach , Edmund Ronald ( 24 November 1971 ) . Aspects of Caste in South India , Ceylon and North - West Pakistan . Cambridge University Press . p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Malik , Jamal ( 2008 ) . Islam in South Asia : A Short History . Brill Academic . pp. 152 -- 153 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 16859 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barth , Fredrik ( 1995 ) . Political Leadership among Swat Pathans . London School of Economics / Berg . pp. 16 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 485 - 19619 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Shami ; Grant ; Bittles ( 1994 ) . `` Consanguineous marriage within social / occupational class boundaries in Pakistan '' . Journal of Biosocial Science . 26 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 96 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021932000021088 . Jump up ^ Madan , T.N. , ed. ( 1976 ) . Muslim Communities of South Asia : Culture and Society . Vikas Publishing House . p. 114 . Jump up ^ Jodhka , Surinder S. ( 11 May 2002 ) . `` Caste and Untouchability in Rural Punjab '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 37 ( 19 ) : 1822 . JSTOR 4412102 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The Scheduled Castes in the Sikh Community -- A Historical Perspective '' . Jump up ^ Puri , Harish K. ( 2004 ) . Dalits in Regional Context . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7033 - 871 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nesbitt , Eleanor ( 2005 ) . Sikhism a very short introduction . Oxford New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 116 -- 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280601 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dundas , Paul ( 2002 ) . The Jains . London New York : Routledge . pp. 147 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26606 - 2 . Jump up ^ Carrithers , M ; Humphrey , C ( 1991 ) . The assembly of listeners : Jains in society . Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 36505 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` OBCs form 41 % of population : Survey '' . Jump up ^ India 's caste system discriminates Archived 20 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Aditya Nigam . `` Caste Politics in India '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2005 . Retrieved 11 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Singh and Roy ( 2011 ) . Indian Political Thought : Themes and Thinkers . Pearson . pp. 82 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 5851 - 9 . Jump up ^ Swami Vivekananda ( 1952 ) . The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda ( 8 vols. , Calcutta ) . V. pp. 25 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 85301 - 46 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lindley , Mark . `` Changes in Mahatma Gandhi 's views on caste and intermarriage '' . academia.edu . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ M.K. Gandhi ( 1936 ) . Collected works of Mahatama Gandhi ; Dr. Ambedkar 's Indictment -- I & II ( see pages 205 -- 207 for part I , and pages 226 -- 227 for part II , see other pages on castes as well ) ( PDF ) . 69 : 16 May 1936 -- 19 OCTOBER . Jump up ^ Gupta , Trisha ( 20 September 2008 ) . `` Visual history tells us about repressed histories '' . Tehelka . Jump up ^ Pinney , Christopher ( 1998 ) . Camera Indica : The Social Life of Indian Photographs . University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 66866 - 6 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sarah ( 2010 ) . `` The Face of China : Photography 's Role in Shaping Image , 1860 -- 1920 '' . Getty Research Journal ( 2 ) : 39 -- 52 . Jump up ^ B.R. Ambedkar ( 1939 ) . `` Essays on Untouchables and Untouchability : Social '' . Jump up ^ Hanstad ( 2005 ) . `` Improving land access to India 's rural poor '' ( PDF ) . The World Bank . Jump up ^ Haque ( 2006 ) . `` IMPROVING THE RURAL POORS ' ACCESS TO LAND IN INDIA '' ( PDF ) . DARPG , Government of India . Jump up ^ Aiyar , Swaminathan S. Anklesaria ( July 2011 ) . `` The Elephant That Became a Tiger , 20 Years of Economic Reform in India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Cassan , Guilhem ( September 2011 ) . `` The Impact of Positive Discrimination in Education in India : Evidence from a Natural Experiment '' ( PDF ) . Paris School of Economics and Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquee . Jump up ^ William A. Haviland , Anthropology : The Human Challenge , 13th edition , Thomson Wadsworth , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 81084 - 1 , p. 536 ( see note 9 ) . Jump up ^ The Constitution of India by P.M. Bakshi , Universal Law Publishing Co , ISBN 81 - 7534 - 500 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mendelsohn & Vicziany ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Kevin Reilly , Stephen Kaufman , Angela Bodino , Racism : A Global Reader P21 , M.E. Sharpe , 2003 ISBN 0 - 7656 - 1060 - 4 . Jump up ^ Excerpts from The Constitution of India . Jump up ^ `` An Untouchable Subject ? '' . Npr.org. 29 August 2001 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ambedkar , B.R. ( 1979 ) . The Annihilation of Caste . Writings and Speeches. 1 . Education Department , Government of Maharashtra . p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Beteille ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ `` The God of Small Things Background '' . Jump up ^ `` Obscenity case slammed against Arundhati Roy '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Basham , Arthur L. ( 1954 ) , The Wonder That Was India : A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the Coming of the Muslims , Grove Press -- via Questia , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Basu , Analabha ; Sarkar - Roya , Neeta ; Majumder , Partha P. ( 9 February 2016 ) , `` Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure '' , PNAS , 113 ( 6 ) : 1594 -- 1599 , PMC 4760789 , PMID 26811443 , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1513197113 Bayly , Susan ( 2001 ) , Caste , Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26434 - 1 Bayly , Susan ( 2004 ) , Saints , Goddesses and Kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 89103 - 5 Béteille , André ( March 1996 ) , `` Varna and jati '' , Sociological Bulletin , 45 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 27 , JSTOR 23619694 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Beteille , Andre ( 3 October 2001 ) , `` Race and Caste '' , The Hindu , retrieved 6 July 2012 Burguière , André ; Grew , Raymond ( 2001 ) , The Construction of Minorities : Cases for Comparison Across Time and Around the World , University of Michigan Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06737 - 4 Chakravarti , Uma ( 2 March 1985 ) , `` Towards a Historical Sociology of Stratification in Ancient India : Evidence from Buddhist Sources '' , Economic and Political Weekly , 20 ( 9 ) : 356 -- 360 , JSTOR 4374135 Chakravarti , Uma ( 2003 ) , Gendering Caste Through a Feminist Lens , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 85604 - 54 - 1 Chapman , Graham ( 1993 ) , `` Religious vs. Regional Determinism India , Pakistan and Bangladesh as Inheritors of Empire '' , in Arnold , David ; Robb , Peter , Institutions and Ideologies : A SOAS South Asia Reader , Curzon Press , ISBN 0 - 7007 - 0284 - 9 Chaudhary , Nandita ; Anandalakshmy , S. ; Valsiner , Jaan ( 2013 ) , Cultural Realities of Being : Abstract Ideas Within Everyday Lives , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 74349 - 0 Corbridge , Stuart ; Harriss , John ; Jeffrey , Craig ( 2013 ) , India Today : Economy , Politics and Society , John Wiley & Sons , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 6535 - 1 Corbridge , Stuart ; Harriss , John ( 2000 ) , Reinventing India : Liberalization , Hindu Nationalism and Popular Democracy , Polity Press de Zwart , Frank ( July 2000 ) , `` The Logic of Affirmative Action : Caste , Class and Quotas in India '' , Acta Sociologica , 43 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 249 , JSTOR 4201209 , doi : 10.1177 / 000169930004300304 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Dirks , Nicholas B. ( 2001 ) , Castes of Mind : Colonialism and the Making of New India , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08895 - 2 Dirks , Nicholas B. ( 2006 ) , The Scandal of Empire : India and the creation of imperial Britain , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03426 - 6 Dumont , Louis ( 1980 ) ( 1966 ) , Homo Hierarchicus : The Caste System and Its Implications ( Reprint , revised ed . ) , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 16963 - 7 Forrester , Duncan B. ( 1980 ) , Caste and Christianity : Attitudes and Policies on Caste of Anglo - Saxon Protestant Missions in India , Curzon Press and Humanities Press Fowler , Jeaneane ( 1997 ) , Hinduism : Beliefs and Practices , Sussex Academic Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 898723 - 60 - 8 Ghurye , G.S. ( 1969 ) ( first published 1932 ) , Caste and Race in India ( Fifth ed . ) , Popular Prakashan , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 205 - 5 Gupta , Dipankar ( 2000 ) , Interrogating Caste : Understanding hierarchy & difference in Indian society , Penguin Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029706 - 5 Inden , Ronald ( 2001 ) , Imagining India , Indiana University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21358 - 7 Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 2006 ) , `` The Impact of Affirmative Action in India : More Political than Socioeconomic '' , India Review , 5 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 189 , doi : 10.1080 / 14736480600824516 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Juergensmeyer , Mark ( 2006 ) , The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions , Oxford University Press , USA , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972761 - 2 Keay , John ( 2000 ) , India : A History , HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 255717 - 7 Masefield , Peter ( 1986 ) . Divine revelation in Pali Buddhism . Routledge . pp. 148 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 955 - 9028 - 02 - 4 . Mendelsohn , Oliver ; Vicziany , Maria ( 1998 ) , The Untouchables , Subordination , Poverty and the State in Modern India , Cambridge University Press Moorjani , P. ; Thangaraj , K. ; Patterson , N. ; Lipson , M. ; Loh , P.R. ; Govindaraj , P. ; Singh , L. ( 2013 ) , `` Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India '' , The American Journal of Human Genetics , 93 ( 3 ) : 422 -- 438 , PMC 3769933 , PMID 23932107 , doi : 10.1016 / j. ajhg. 2013.07. 006 Reich , David ; Thangaraj , Kumarasamy ; Patterson , Nick ; Price , Alkes L. ; Singh , Lalji ( 2009 ) , `` Reconstructing Indian Population History '' , Nature , 461 ( 7263 ) : 489 -- 494 , PMC 2842210 , PMID 19779445 , doi : 10.1038 / nature08365 Robb , Peter ( 1997 ) , The Concept of Race in South Asia ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564268 - 1 Sadangi ( 2008 ) , Emancipation of Dalits and Freedom Struggle , ISBN 978 - 81 - 8205 - 481 - 3 Samuel , Geoffrey ( 2008 ) , The Origins of Yoga and Tantra : Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 47021 - 6 Sathaye , Adheesh A. ( 17 April 2015 ) , Crossing the Lines of Caste : Visvamitra and the Construction of Brahmin Power in Hindu Mythology , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 027312 - 5 Sharma , Arvind ( 2000 ) , Classical Hindu Thought : An Introduction , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564441 - 8 Sharma , R.S. ( 1958 ) , Śūdras in Ancient India , Delhi : Motilal Banarasi Dass ( published 1990 ) Silverberg , James ( November 1969 ) , `` Social Mobility in the Caste System in India : An Interdisciplinary Symposium '' , The American Journal of Sociology , 75 ( 3 ) : 443 -- 444 , JSTOR 2775721 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Smelser , Neil ; Lipset , Seymour ( 2005 ) , Social Structure & Mobility in Economic Development , ISBN 0 - 202 - 30799 - 9 Smith , Brian K. ( 2005 ) , Jones , Lindsay , ed. , `` Varna and Jati '' , Encyclopedia of Religion ( 2nd ed . ) , MacMillan Reference USA , ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865734 - 9 Srinivas , Mysore N. ( 1952 ) , Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India , Oxford St. John , Ian ( 2012 ) , The Making of the Raj : India Under the East India Company , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84645 - 014 - 3 Stokes , Eric ( February 1973 ) , `` The First Century of British Colonial Rule in India : Social Revolution or Social Stagnation ? '' , Past and Present , 58 : 136 -- 160 , JSTOR 650259 , doi : 10.1093 / past / 58.1. 136 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) Stokes , Eric ( 1980 ) , The Peasant and the Raj : Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29770 - 7 Sweetman , Will ( December 2004 ) , `` The prehistory of Orientalism : Colonialism and the Textual Basis for Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg 's Account of Hinduism '' ( PDF ) , New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies , 6 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 38 Talbot , Cynthia ( 2001 ) , Precolonial India in practice society , region , and identity in medieval Andhra , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513661 - 6 Thapar , Romila ( 2004 ) , Early India : From the Origins to AD 1300 , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24225 - 8 Trautmann , Thomas R. ( 1997 ) , Aryans and British India , Vistaar Walsh , Judith E. ( 2011 ) , A Brief History of India , Facts On File , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 8143 - 1 Witzel , Michael ( 1995 ) , `` Early Sanskritization . Origins and Development of the Kuru State . '' ( PDF ) , Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies , 1 -- 4 : 1 -- 26 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2012 Further reading ( edit ) Ahmed , Imtiaz ( 1978 ) . Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India . Manohar . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 0050 - X . Ambedkar , Bhimrao ( 1945 ) . Pakistan or the Partition of India . AMS Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 404 - 54801 - 8 . Anthony , David W. ( 2007 ) . The Horse The Wheel And Language . How Bronze - Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World . Princeton University Press . Ansari , Ghaus ( 1960 ) . Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh : A Study of Culture Contact . Ethnographic and Folk Cultural Society . ASIN B001I50VJG . Bayly , Christopher ( 1983 ) . Rulers , Townsmen , and Bazaars : North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion , 1770 -- 1870 . Cambridge University Press . Anand A. Yang , Bazaar India : Markets , Society , and the Colonial State in Bihar , University of California Press , 1999 . Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali , Rajkamal Prakashan , Delhi . Arvind Narayan Das , Agrarian movements in India : studies on 20th century Bihar ( Library of Peasant Studies ) , Routledge , London , 1982 . Atal , Yogesh ( 1968 ) `` The Changing Frontiers of Caste '' Delhi , National Publishing House . Atal , Yogesh ( 2006 ) `` Changing Indian Society '' Chapter on Varna and Jati . Jaipur , Rawat Publications . Béteille , André ( 1965 ) . Caste , Class and Power : Changing Patterns of Stratification in a Tanjore Village . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02053 - 7 . Duiker / Spielvogel . The Essential World History Vol I : to 1800 . 2nd Edition 2005 . Forrester , Duncan B. , ' Indian Christians ' Attitudes to Caste in the Nineteenth Century , ' in Indian Church History Review 8 , no . 2 ( 1974 ) : 131 -- 147 . Forrester , Duncan B. , ' Christian Theology in a Hindu Context , ' in South Asian Review 8 , no . 4 ( 1975 ) : 343 -- 358 . Forrester , Duncan B. , ' Indian Christians ' Attitudes to Caste in the Twentieth Century , ' in Indian Church History Review 9 , no . 1 ( 1975 ) : 3 -- 22 . Gupta , Dipankar ( 2004 ) . Caste in Question : Identity or Hierarchy ? . Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 3324 - 7 . Ghurye , G.S. ( 1961 ) . Caste , Class and Occupation . Popular Book Depot , Bombay . Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 2003 ) . India 's Silent Revolution : The Rise of the Lower Castes. C. Hurst & Co . Jeffrey , Craig ( 2001 ) . ' A Fist Is Stronger than Five Fingers ' : Caste and Dominance in Rural North India . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , New Series . 26 . pp. 217 -- 236 . JSTOR 3650669 . doi : 10.1111 / 1475 - 5661.00016 . Ketkar , Shridhar Venkatesh ( 1979 ) ( 1909 ) . The History of Caste in India : Evidence of the Laws of Manu on the Social Conditions in India During the 3rd Century A.D. , Interpreted and Examined . Rawat Publications . LCCN 79912160 . Kane , Pandurang Vaman ( 1962 -- 1975 ) . History of Dharmasastra : ( ancient and mediaeval , religious and civil law ) . Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute . Lal , K.S. ( 1995 ) . Growth of Scheduled Tribes and Castes in Medieval India . Madan , T.N. `` Caste '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Murray Milner , Jr. ( 1994 ) . Status and Sacredness : A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture , New York : Oxford University Press . Michaels , Axel ( 2004 ) . Hinduism : Past and Present . Princeton . pp. 188 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08953 - 1 . Olcott , Mason ( December 1944 ) . `` The Caste System of India '' . American Sociological Review . 9 ( 6 ) : 648 -- 657 . JSTOR 2085128 . doi : 10.2307 / 2085128 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Moore , Robin J. Sir Charles Wood 's Indian Policy 1853 -- 66 . Manchester University Press . Raj , Papia ; Raj , Aditya ( 2004 ) . `` Caste Variation in Reproductive Health of Women in Eastern Region of India : A Study Based on NFHS Data '' . Sociological Bulletin . 53 ( 3 ) : 326 -- 346 . Ranganayakamma ( 2001 ) . For the solution of the `` Caste '' question , Buddha is not enough , Ambedkar is not enough either , Marx is a must , Hyderabad : Sweet Home Publications . Risley , Herbert ( 1915 ) . The People Of India . W. Thacker & Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 206 - 1265 - 5 . Rosas , Paul , `` Caste and Class in India , '' Science and Society , vol. 7 , no . 2 ( Spring 1943 ) , pp. 141 -- 167 . In JSTOR . Srinivas , Mysore N. ( 1994 ) ( 1962 ) . Caste in Modern India and Other Essays . Asia Publishing House . Srinivas , Mysore N. ( 1995 ) . Social Change in Modern India . Orient Longman . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Castes in India . Hidden Apartheid Caste Discrimination against India 's `` Untouchables '' The International Dalit Solidarity Network : Dalits in India Reservation in India History Caste system in India Communal Award Poona Pact Mandal Commission protests of 1990 Namantar Andolan 2006 anti-reservation protests IIT reservation policy Court Cases Caste - related violence in India Caste politics in India 1996 Bathani Tola Massacre 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra 2008 Gurjjar agitation Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu Patidar agitation Jat agitation Maratha Kranti Morcha Terms Dalit Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes ( SC and ST ) Other Backward Classes ( OBC ) Forward classes Affirmative action Creamy layer Untouchability Gramanya Commissions Kalelkar Commission Mandal Commission National Commission for Backward Classes Organisations Dalit Panther Justice Party Ranvir Sena Lists Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Other Backward Classes Including Muslim OBC Social issues in India Economy Brain drain Communications Famine Farmers ' suicides Labour Land reforms Debt bondage National Pension Scheme Poverty BPL Public Distribution System Remittances Reverse brain drain Slums Standard of living Street vendors Transport Urbanisation Unemployment Widening income gap Education Literacy Ragging School corporal punishment Environment Conservation Global warming Manual scavenging Natural disasters Pollution Water supply and sanitation Water disputes Family Cohabitation Divorce Domestic violence Dowry system Family planning Hindu joint family Infertility Nuclear family Polyandry Polygamy Children Abortion Child labour Child marriage Child prostitution Child trafficking Female foeticide Female infanticide Street children Women Acid throwing Bride burning Devadasi Dowry death Eve teasing Women 's health Feminism Menstrual taboo Prostitution Rape Sati Sexism Widows Caste system Caste politics Caste - related violence Dalit Reservation Communalism Proposed states and territories Ethnic relations Religious conflicts Religious violence Secularism Separatist movements Crime Corruption Groom kidnapping Human trafficking Illegal housing Illegal immigration Illegal mining Organised crime Terrorism Vigilantism Cybercrime Health Epidemics HIV / AIDS Leprosy Malnutrition Obesity Suicide Media Censorship Internet Films about social issues Freedom of expression Social impact of Indian soap opera Other issues Feudalism Gambling Hijra Homosexuality Human rights Prohibition Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Superstitions Social class Status Theories Gilbert model Marxian Mudsill theory New class Spoon class theory Weberian ( three - component ) Related topics Caste Chattering classes Class conflict Class discrimination Classicide Classless society Euthenics Nouveau riche / Parvenu Poverty Ranked society Snobbery Social exclusion Social mobility Social position Social stigma Subaltern By demographic By status Administrative detainee Alien illegal immigrant refugee Citizen dual or multiple native - born naturalized second - class Convicted Migrant worker Political prisoner Stateless By `` collar '' Blue Gold Green Grey Pink White By type Creative Bohemians Robber baron Russian oligarch Business magnate Overclass Superclass Middle Lower middle class Upper middle class Bourgeoisie Petite bourgeoisie Working Working poor Proletariat Lumpenproletariat Warrior Harii Kshatriya Yadav Nair Hashashin Knight Vanniyar Samurai Cuāuh Ocēlōtl Spartiate Under Outcast Outlaw Peasant / Serf Slave Untouchable Upper Bourgeoisie Elite Gentry Global elite Nobility Old money Ruling Aristocracy Hanseaten Patrician Royal family Intellectual Knowledge worker By country or region United States Affluence American Dream Conflict Social class in American history Classes Lower Middle ( Mexican - American , Black ) Upper Under Income Household Inequality Personal Poverty Standard of living Educational attainment Homelessness Home ownership Wealth Other countries or regions Africa Cambodia China Colombia Ecuador France Haiti India Iran Italy New Zealand Romania Sri Lanka Tibet United Kingdom Historic Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Aztec Ottoman Empire Soviet Union Pre-industrial East Asia Pre-industrial Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caste_system_in_India&oldid=806757751 '' Categories : Discrimination in India Indian caste system Modern human genetic history Social class in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use Indian English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2015 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી Հայերեն हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Polski Português संस्कृतम् සිංහල Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 23 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	four category of the system used in india	[]	[]
-7350859897873577698	Potential energy	Potential energy - wikipedia Potential energy Jump to : navigation , search Potential energy In the case of a bow and arrow , when the archer does work on the bow , drawing the string back , some of the chemical energy of the archer 's body is transformed into elastic potential energy in the bent limbs of the bow . When the string is released , the force between the string and the arrow does work on the arrow . The potential energy in the bow limbs is transformed into the kinetic energy of the arrow as it takes flight . Common symbols PE , U , or V SI unit joule ( J ) Derivations from other quantities U = m g h ( gravitational ) U = 1⁄2 k x U = 1⁄2 C V ( electric ) U = - m B ( magnetic ) Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy In physics , potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects , stresses within itself , its electric charge , or other factors . Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an object that depends on its mass and its distance from the center of mass of another object , the elastic potential energy of an extended spring , and the electric potential energy of an electric charge in an electric field . The unit for energy in the International System of Units ( SI ) is the joule , which has the symbol J . The term potential energy was introduced by the 19th century Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine , although it has links to Greek philosopher Aristotle 's concept of potentiality . Potential energy is associated with forces that act on a body in a way that the total work done by these forces on the body depends only on the initial and final positions of the body in space . These forces , that are called conservative forces , can be represented at every point in space by vectors expressed as gradients of a certain scalar function called potential . Since the work of potential forces acting on a body that moves from a start to an end position is determined only by these two positions , and does not depend on the trajectory of the body , there is a function known as potential or potential energy that can be evaluated at the two positions to determine this work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Work and potential energy 2.1 Derivable from a potential 2.2 Computing potential energy 3 Potential energy for near Earth gravity 4 Potential energy for a linear spring 5 Potential energy for gravitational forces between two bodies 5.1 Derivation 6 Potential energy for electrostatic forces between two bodies 7 Reference level 8 Gravitational potential energy 8.1 Local approximation 8.2 General formula 8.3 Why choose a convention where gravitational energy is negative ? 8.4 Uses 9 Chemical potential energy 10 Electric potential energy 10.1 Electrostatic potential energy 10.2 Magnetic potential energy 11 Nuclear potential energy 12 Forces and potential energy 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Overview ( edit ) There are various types of potential energy , each associated with a particular type of force . For example , the work of an elastic force is called elastic potential energy ; work of the gravitational force is called gravitational potential energy ; work of the Coulomb force is called electric potential energy ; work of the strong nuclear force or weak nuclear force acting on the baryon charge is called nuclear potential energy ; work of intermolecular forces is called intermolecular potential energy . Chemical potential energy , such as the energy stored in fossil fuels , is the work of the Coulomb force during rearrangement of mutual positions of electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules . Thermal energy usually has two components : the kinetic energy of random motions of particles and the potential energy of their mutual positions . Forces derivable from a potential are also called conservative forces . The work done by a conservative force is W = − Δ U ( \ displaystyle \ , W = - \ Delta U ) where Δ U ( \ displaystyle \ Delta U ) is the change in the potential energy associated with the force . The negative sign provides the convention that work done against a force field increases potential energy , while work done by the force field decreases potential energy . Common notations for potential energy are U , V , also E . Potential energy is the energy by virtue of an object 's position relative to other objects . Potential energy is often associated with restoring forces such as a spring or the force of gravity . The action of stretching a spring or lifting a mass is performed by an external force that works against the force field of the potential . This work is stored in the force field , which is said to be stored as potential energy . If the external force is removed the force field acts on the body to perform the work as it moves the body back to the initial position , reducing the stretch of the spring or causing a body to fall . Suppose a ball which mass is m , and it is in h position in height . If the acceleration of free fall is g , the weight of the ball is mg . So the total work or energy is force × displacement = mg × h = mgh E p = m g h ( \ displaystyle E_ ( p ) = mgh ) The more formal definition is that potential energy is the energy difference between the energy of an object in a given position and its energy at a reference position . Work and potential energy ( edit ) Potential energy is closely linked with forces . If the work done by a force on a body that moves from A to B does not depend on the path between these points , then the work of this force measured from A assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field . In this case , the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field . If the work for an applied force is independent of the path , then the work done by the force is evaluated at the start and end of the trajectory of the point of application . This means that there is a function U ( x ) , called a `` potential , '' that can be evaluated at the two points x and x to obtain the work over any trajectory between these two points . It is tradition to define this function with a negative sign so that positive work is a reduction in the potential , that is W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = U ( x A ) − U ( x B ) ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( C ) ( \ mathbf ( F ) ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = U ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) ) - U ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) ) ) where C is the trajectory taken from A to B. Because the work done is independent of the path taken , then this expression is true for any trajectory , C , from A to B . The function U ( x ) is called the potential energy associated with the applied force . Examples of forces that have potential energies are gravity and spring forces . Derivable from a potential ( edit ) In this section the relationship between work and potential energy is presented in more detail . The line integral that defines work along curve C takes a special form if the force F is related to a scalar field φ ( x ) so that F = ∇ φ = ( ∂ φ ∂ x , ∂ φ ∂ y , ∂ φ ∂ z ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = ( \ nabla \ varphi ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ varphi ) ( \ partial x ) ) , ( \ frac ( \ partial \ varphi ) ( \ partial y ) ) , ( \ frac ( \ partial \ varphi ) ( \ partial z ) ) \ right ) . ) In this case , work along the curve is given by W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ C ∇ φ ⋅ d x , ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( C ) ( \ mathbf ( F ) ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = \ int _ ( C ) \ nabla \ varphi \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) , ) which can be evaluated using the gradient theorem to obtain W = φ ( x B ) − φ ( x A ) . ( \ displaystyle W = \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) ) - \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) ) . ) This shows that when forces are derivable from a scalar field , the work of those forces along a curve C is computed by evaluating the scalar field at the start point A and the end point B of the curve . This means the work integral does not depend on the path between A and B and is said to be independent of the path . Potential energy U = - φ ( x ) is traditionally defined as the negative of this scalar field so that work by the force field decreases potential energy , that is W = U ( x A ) − U ( x B ) . ( \ displaystyle W = U ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) ) - U ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) ) . ) In this case , the application of the del operator to the work function yields , ∇ W = − ∇ U = − ( ∂ U ∂ x , ∂ U ∂ y , ∂ U ∂ z ) = F , ( \ displaystyle ( \ nabla W ) = - ( \ nabla U ) = - \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial U ) ( \ partial x ) ) , ( \ frac ( \ partial U ) ( \ partial y ) ) , ( \ frac ( \ partial U ) ( \ partial z ) ) \ right ) = \ mathbf ( F ) , ) and the force F is said to be `` derivable from a potential . '' This also necessarily implies that F must be a conservative vector field . The potential U defines a force F at every point x in space , so the set of forces is called a force field . Computing potential energy ( edit ) Given a force field F ( x ) , evaluation of the work integral using the gradient theorem can be used to find the scalar function associated with potential energy . This is done by introducing a parameterized curve γ ( t ) = r ( t ) from γ ( a ) = A to γ ( b ) = B , and computing , ∫ γ ∇ φ ( r ) ⋅ d r = ∫ a b ∇ φ ( r ( t ) ) ⋅ r ′ ( t ) d t , = ∫ a b d d t φ ( r ( t ) ) d t = φ ( r ( b ) ) − φ ( r ( a ) ) = φ ( x B ) − φ ( x A ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ int _ ( \ gamma ) \ nabla \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( r ) & = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) \ nabla \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t ) ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( r ) ' ( t ) dt , \ \ & = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t ) ) dt = \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( b ) ) - \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( a ) ) = \ varphi \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) \ right ) - \ varphi \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For the force field F , let v = dr / dt , then the gradient theorem yields , ∫ γ F ⋅ d r = ∫ a b F ⋅ v d t , = − ∫ a b d d t U ( r ( t ) ) d t = U ( x A ) − U ( x B ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ int _ ( \ gamma ) \ mathbf ( F ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( r ) & = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) \ mathbf ( F ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) dt , \ \ & = - \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t ) ) dt = U \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) \ right ) - U \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The power applied to a body by a force field is obtained from the gradient of the work , or potential , in the direction of the velocity v of the point of application , that is P ( t ) = − ∇ U ⋅ v = F ⋅ v . ( \ displaystyle P ( t ) = - ( \ nabla U ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) = \ mathbf ( F ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) . ) Examples of work that can be computed from potential functions are gravity and spring forces . Potential energy for near Earth gravity ( edit ) A trebuchet uses the gravitational potential energy of the counterweight to throw projectiles over two hundred metres The following function is called the potential energy of a near earth gravity field : U ( r ) = m g h ( r ) , ( \ displaystyle U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) = mg \ , h ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) , ) where m is in kg , g is 9.81 for earth and h is in metres . In classical physics , gravity exerts a constant downward force F = ( 0 , 0 , F ) on the center of mass of a body moving near the surface of the Earth . The work of gravity on a body moving along a trajectory r ( t ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) , such as the track of a roller coaster is calculated using its velocity , v = ( v , v , v ) , to obtain W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 F z v z d t = F z Δ z . ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) \ cdot ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) \ mathrm ( d ) t = \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) F_ ( z ) v_ ( z ) \ mathrm ( d ) t = F_ ( z ) \ Delta z . ) where the integral of the vertical component of velocity is the vertical distance . Notice that the work of gravity depends only on the vertical movement of the curve r ( t ) . Potential energy for a linear spring ( edit ) Main article : Elastic potential energy Springs are used for storing elastic potential energy Archery is one of humankind 's oldest applications of elastic potential energy A horizontal spring exerts a force F = ( − kx , 0 , 0 ) that is proportional to its deflection in the x direction . The work of this spring on a body moving along the space curve s ( t ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) , is calculated using its velocity , v = ( v , v , v ) , to obtain W = ∫ 0 t F ⋅ v d t = − ∫ 0 t k x v x d t = − 1 2 k x 2 . ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) \ mathbf ( F ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) \ mathrm ( \ , ) ( d ) t = - \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) kxv_ ( x ) \ mathrm ( \ , ) ( d ) t = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) kx ^ ( 2 ) . ) For convenience , consider contact with the spring occurs at t = 0 , then the integral of the product of the distance x and the x-velocity , xv , is x / 2 . The function U ( x ) = 1 2 k x 2 , ( \ displaystyle U ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) kx ^ ( 2 ) , ) is called the potential energy of a linear spring . Elastic potential energy is the potential energy of an elastic object ( for example a bow or a catapult ) that is deformed under tension or compression ( or stressed in formal terminology ) . It arises as a consequence of a force that tries to restore the object to its original shape , which is most often the electromagnetic force between the atoms and molecules that constitute the object . If the stretch is released , the energy is transformed into kinetic energy . Potential energy for gravitational forces between two bodies ( edit ) The gravitational potential function , also known as gravitational potential energy , is : U = − G M m r , ( \ displaystyle U = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ) ) , ) The negative sign follows the convention that work is gained from a loss of potential energy . Derivation ( edit ) Gravitational potential energy between two bodies in space is obtained from the force exerted by a mass M on another mass m is given by F = − G M m r 3 r , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) , ) where r is the position vector from the object with mass M to the object with mass m , and G is the gravitational constant . This can also be expressed as F = − G M m r 2 r ^ , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( \ hat ( r ) ) , ) where r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) is a vector of length 1 pointing from M to m . Let the mass m move at the velocity v then the work of gravity on this mass as it moves from position r ( t ) to r ( t ) is given by W = − ∫ r ( t 1 ) r ( t 2 ) G M m r 3 r ⋅ d r = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G M m r 3 r ⋅ v d t . ( \ displaystyle W = - \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ^ ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( r ) = - \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) \ mathrm ( d ) t . ) Notice that the position and velocity of the mass m are given by r = r e r , v = r _̇ e r + r θ _̇ e t , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) = r \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) , \ qquad \ mathbf ( v ) = ( \ dot ( r ) ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) + r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( t ) , ) where e and e are the radial and tangential unit vectors directed relative to the vector from M to m . Use this to simplify the formula for work of gravity to , W = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 ( r e r ) ⋅ ( r _̇ e r + r θ _̇ e t ) d t = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 r r _̇ d t = G M m r ( t 2 ) − G M m r ( t 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle W = - \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( GmM ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( r \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) ) \ cdot ( ( \ dot ( r ) ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) + r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( t ) ) \ mathrm ( d ) t = - \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( GmM ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) r ( \ dot ( r ) ) \ mathrm ( d ) t = ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) . ) This calculation uses the fact that d d t r − 1 = − r − 2 r _̇ = − r _̇ r 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) r ^ ( - 1 ) = - r ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ dot ( r ) ) = - ( \ frac ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Potential energy for electrostatic forces between two bodies ( edit ) The electrostatic force exerted by a charge Q on another charge q is given by F = 1 4 π ε 0 Q q r 3 r , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( Qq ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) , ) where r is the position vector from Q to q and ε is the vacuum permittivity . This may also be written using Coulomb 's constant k = 1 ⁄ 4πε . The work W required to move q from A to any point B in the electrostatic force field is given by the potential function U ( r ) = 1 4 π ε 0 Q q r . ( \ displaystyle U ( ( r ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( Qq ) ( r ) ) . ) Reference level ( edit ) The potential energy is a function of the state a system is in , and is defined relative to that for a particular state . This reference state is not always a real state , it may also be a limit , such as with the distances between all bodies tending to infinity , provided that the energy involved in tending to that limit is finite , such as in the case of inverse - square law forces . Any arbitrary reference state could be used , therefore it can be chosen based on convenience . Typically the potential energy of a system depends on the relative positions of its components only , so the reference state can also be expressed in terms of relative positions . Gravitational potential energy ( edit ) Main articles : Gravitational potential , Gravitational energy , and Gravity field Gravitational energy is the potential energy associated with gravitational force , as work is required to elevate objects against Earth 's gravity . The potential energy due to elevated positions is called gravitational potential energy , and is evidenced by water in an elevated reservoir or kept behind a dam . If an object falls from one point to another point inside a gravitational field , the force of gravity will do positive work on the object , and the gravitational potential energy will decrease by the same amount . Gravitational force keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun Consider a book placed on top of a table . As the book is raised from the floor , to the table , some external force works against the gravitational force . If the book falls back to the floor , the `` falling '' energy the book receives is provided by the gravitational force . Thus , if the book falls off the table , this potential energy goes to accelerate the mass of the book and is converted into kinetic energy . When the book hits the floor this kinetic energy is converted into heat , deformation and sound by the impact . The factors that affect an object 's gravitational potential energy are its height relative to some reference point , its mass , and the strength of the gravitational field it is in . Thus , a book lying on a table has less gravitational potential energy than the same book on top of a taller cupboard , and less gravitational potential energy than a heavier book lying on the same table . An object at a certain height above the Moon 's surface has less gravitational potential energy than at the same height above the Earth 's surface because the Moon 's gravity is weaker . Note that `` height '' in the common sense of the term can not be used for gravitational potential energy calculations when gravity is not assumed to be a constant . The following sections provide more detail . Local approximation ( edit ) The strength of a gravitational field varies with location . However , when the change of distance is small in relation to the distances from the center of the source of the gravitational field , this variation in field strength is negligible and we can assume that the force of gravity on a particular object is constant . Near the surface of the Earth , for example , we assume that the acceleration due to gravity is a constant g = 9.8 m / s ( `` standard gravity '' ) . In this case , a simple expression for gravitational potential energy can be derived using the W = Fd equation for work , and the equation W F = − Δ U F . ( \ displaystyle W_ ( F ) = - \ Delta U_ ( F ). \ ! ) The amount of gravitational potential energy possessed by an elevated object is equal to the work done against gravity in lifting it . The work done equals the force required to move it upward multiplied with the vertical distance it is moved ( remember W = Fd ) . The upward force required while moving at a constant velocity is equal to the weight , mg , of an object , so the work done in lifting it through a height h is the product mgh . Thus , when accounting only for mass , gravity , and altitude , the equation is : U = m g h ( \ displaystyle U = mgh \ ! ) where U is the potential energy of the object relative to its being on the Earth 's surface , m is the mass of the object , g is the acceleration due to gravity , and h is the altitude of the object . If m is expressed in kilograms , g in m / s and h in metres then U will be calculated in joules . Hence , the potential difference is Δ U = m g Δ h . ( \ displaystyle \ , \ Delta U = mg \ Delta h. \ ) General formula ( edit ) However , over large variations in distance , the approximation that g is constant is no longer valid , and we have to use calculus and the general mathematical definition of work to determine gravitational potential energy . For the computation of the potential energy we can integrate the gravitational force , whose magnitude is given by Newton 's law of gravitation , with respect to the distance r between the two bodies . Using that definition , the gravitational potential energy of a system of masses m and M at a distance r using gravitational constant G is U = − G m 1 M 2 r + K ( \ displaystyle U = - G ( \ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) M_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ) ) \ + K ) , where K is an arbitrary constant dependent on the choice of datum from which potential is measured . Choosing the convention that K = 0 ( i.e. in relation to a point at infinity ) makes calculations simpler , albeit at the cost of making U negative ; for why this is physically reasonable , see below . Given this formula for U , the total potential energy of a system of n bodies is found by summing , for all n ( n − 1 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( n ( n - 1 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) pairs of two bodies , the potential energy of the system of those two bodies . Gravitational potential summation U = − m ( G M 1 r 1 + G M 2 r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle U = - m ( G ( \ frac ( M_ ( 1 ) ) ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ) + G ( \ frac ( M_ ( 2 ) ) ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) Considering the system of bodies as the combined set of small particles the bodies consist of , and applying the previous on the particle level we get the negative gravitational binding energy . This potential energy is more strongly negative than the total potential energy of the system of bodies as such since it also includes the negative gravitational binding energy of each body . The potential energy of the system of bodies as such is the negative of the energy needed to separate the bodies from each other to infinity , while the gravitational binding energy is the energy needed to separate all particles from each other to infinity . U = − m ( G M 1 r 1 + G M 2 r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle U = - m \ left ( G ( \ frac ( M_ ( 1 ) ) ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ) + G ( \ frac ( M_ ( 2 ) ) ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) therefore , U = − m ∑ G M r ( \ displaystyle U = - m \ sum G ( \ frac ( M ) ( r ) ) ) , Why choose a convention where gravitational energy is negative ? ( edit ) As with all potential energies , only differences in gravitational potential energy matter for most physical purposes , and the choice of zero point is arbitrary . Given that there is no reasonable criterion for preferring one particular finite r over another , there seem to be only two reasonable choices for the distance at which U becomes zero : r = 0 ( \ displaystyle r = 0 ) and r = ∞ ( \ displaystyle r = \ infty ) . The choice of U = 0 ( \ displaystyle U = 0 ) at infinity may seem peculiar , and the consequence that gravitational energy is always negative may seem counterintuitive , but this choice allows gravitational potential energy values to be finite , albeit negative . The singularity at r = 0 ( \ displaystyle r = 0 ) in the formula for gravitational potential energy means that the only other apparently reasonable alternative choice of convention , with U = 0 ( \ displaystyle U = 0 ) for r = 0 ( \ displaystyle r = 0 ) , would result in potential energy being positive , but infinitely large for all nonzero values of r , and would make calculations involving sums or differences of potential energies beyond what is possible with the real number system . Since physicists abhor infinities in their calculations , and r is always non-zero in practice , the choice of U = 0 ( \ displaystyle U = 0 ) at infinity is by far the more preferable choice , even if the idea of negative energy in a gravity well appears to be peculiar at first . The negative value for gravitational energy also has deeper implications that make it seem more reasonable in cosmological calculations where the total energy of the universe can meaningfully be considered ; see inflation theory for more on this . Uses ( edit ) Gravitational potential energy has a number of practical uses , notably the generation of pumped - storage hydroelectricity . For example , in Dinorwig , Wales , there are two lakes , one at a higher elevation than the other . At times when surplus electricity is not required ( and so is comparatively cheap ) , water is pumped up to the higher lake , thus converting the electrical energy ( running the pump ) to gravitational potential energy . At times of peak demand for electricity , the water flows back down through electrical generator turbines , converting the potential energy into kinetic energy and then back into electricity . The process is not completely efficient and some of the original energy from the surplus electricity is in fact lost to friction . Gravitational potential energy is also used to power clocks in which falling weights operate the mechanism . It 's also used by counterweights for lifting up an elevator , crane , or sash window . Roller coasters are an entertaining way to utilize potential energy - chains are used to move a car up an incline ( building up gravitational potential energy ) , to then have that energy converted into kinetic energy as it falls . Another practical use is utilizing gravitational potential energy to descend ( perhaps coast ) downhill in transportation such as the descent of an automobile , truck , railroad train , bicycle , airplane , or fluid in a pipeline . In some cases the kinetic energy obtained from potential energy of descent may be used to start ascending the next grade such as what happens when a road is undulating and has frequent dips . The commercialization of stored energy ( in the form of rail cars raised to higher elevations ) that is then converted to electrical energy when needed by an electrical grid , is being undertaken in the United States in a system called Advanced Rail Energy Storage ( ARES ) . Further information : Gravitational potential energy storage Chemical potential energy ( edit ) Main article : Chemical energy Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules . This arrangement may be the result of chemical bonds within a molecule or otherwise . Chemical energy of a chemical substance can be transformed to other forms of energy by a chemical reaction . As an example , when a fuel is burned the chemical energy is converted to heat , same is the case with digestion of food metabolized in a biological organism . Green plants transform solar energy to chemical energy through the process known as photosynthesis , and electrical energy can be converted to chemical energy through electrochemical reactions . The similar term chemical potential is used to indicate the potential of a substance to undergo a change of configuration , be it in the form of a chemical reaction , spatial transport , particle exchange with a reservoir , etc . Electric potential energy ( edit ) Main article : Electric potential energy An object can have potential energy by virtue of its electric charge and several forces related to their presence . There are two main types of this kind of potential energy : electrostatic potential energy , electrodynamic potential energy ( also sometimes called magnetic potential energy ) . Plasma formed inside a gas filled sphere Electrostatic potential energy ( edit ) Electrostatic potential energy between two bodies in space is obtained from the force exerted by a charge Q on another charge q which is given by F = − 1 4 π ε 0 Q q r 3 r , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( Qq ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) , ) where r is the position vector from Q to q and ε is the vacuum permittivity . This may also be written using Coulomb 's constant k = 1 ⁄ 4πε . If the electric charge of an object can be assumed to be at rest , then it has potential energy due to its position relative to other charged objects . The electrostatic potential energy is the energy of an electrically charged particle ( at rest ) in an electric field . It is defined as the work that must be done to move it from an infinite distance away to its present location , adjusted for non-electrical forces on the object . This energy will generally be non-zero if there is another electrically charged object nearby . The work W required to move q from A to any point B in the electrostatic force field is given by the potential function U ( r ) = 1 4 π ε 0 Q q r . ( \ displaystyle U ( ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( Qq ) ( r ) ) . ) A related quantity called electric potential ( commonly denoted with a V for voltage ) is equal to the electric potential energy per unit charge . Magnetic potential energy ( edit ) The energy of a magnetic moment μ ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) ) in an externally produced magnetic B - field B has potential energy U = − μ ⋅ B . ( \ displaystyle U = - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ mu ) ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) . ) The magnetization M in a field is U = − 1 2 ∫ M ⋅ B d V , ( \ displaystyle U = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ int \ mathbf ( M ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) \ mathrm ( d ) V , ) where the integral can be over all space or , equivalently , where M is nonzero . Magnetic potential energy is the form of energy related not only to the distance between magnetic materials , but also to the orientation , or alignment , of those materials within the field . For example , the needle of a compass has the lowest magnetic potential energy when it is aligned with the north and south poles of the Earth 's magnetic field . If the needle is moved by an outside force , torque is exerted on the magnetic dipole of the needle by the Earth 's magnetic field , causing it to move back into alignment . The magnetic potential energy of the needle is highest when its field is in the same direction as the Earth 's magnetic field . Two magnets will have potential energy in relation to each other and the distance between them , but this also depends on their orientation . If the opposite poles are held apart , the potential energy will be higher the further they are apart and lower the closer they are . Conversely , like poles will have the highest potential energy when forced together , and the lowest when they spring apart . Nuclear potential energy ( edit ) Nuclear potential energy is the potential energy of the particles inside an atomic nucleus . The nuclear particles are bound together by the strong nuclear force . Weak nuclear forces provide the potential energy for certain kinds of radioactive decay , such as beta decay . Nuclear particles like protons and neutrons are not destroyed in fission and fusion processes , but collections of them can have less mass than if they were individually free , in which case this mass difference can be liberated as heat and radiation in nuclear reactions ( the heat and radiation have the missing mass , but it often escapes from the system , where it is not measured ) . The energy from the Sun is an example of this form of energy conversion . In the Sun , the process of hydrogen fusion converts about 4 million tonnes of solar matter per second into electromagnetic energy , which is radiated into space . Forces and potential energy ( edit ) Potential energy is closely linked with forces . If the work done by a force on a body that moves from A to B does not depend on the path between these points , then the work of this force measured from A assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field . In this case , the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field . For example , gravity is a conservative force . The associated potential is the gravitational potential , often denoted by φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) or V ( \ displaystyle V ) , corresponding to the energy per unit mass as a function of position . The gravitational potential energy of two particles of mass M and m separated by a distance r is U = − G M m r , ( \ displaystyle U = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ) ) , ) The gravitational potential ( specific energy ) of the two bodies is φ = − ( G M r + G m r ) = − G ( M + m ) r = − G M m μ r = U μ . ( \ displaystyle \ phi = - \ left ( ( \ frac ( GM ) ( r ) ) + ( \ frac ( Gm ) ( r ) ) \ right ) = - ( \ frac ( G ( M + m ) ) ( r ) ) = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( \ mu r ) ) = ( \ frac ( U ) ( \ mu ) ) . ) where μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is the reduced mass . The work done against gravity by moving an infinitesimal mass from point A with U = a ( \ displaystyle U = a ) to point B with U = b ( \ displaystyle U = b ) is ( b − a ) ( \ displaystyle ( b-a ) ) and the work done going back the other way is ( a − b ) ( \ displaystyle ( a-b ) ) so that the total work done in moving from A to B and returning to A is U A → B → A = ( b − a ) + ( a − b ) = 0 . ( \ displaystyle U_ ( A \ to B \ to A ) = ( b-a ) + ( a-b ) = 0. \ , ) If the potential is redefined at A to be a + c ( \ displaystyle a + c ) and the potential at B to be b + c ( \ displaystyle b + c ) , where c ( \ displaystyle c ) is a constant ( i.e. c ( \ displaystyle c ) can be any number , positive or negative , but it must be the same at A as it is at B) then the work done going from A to B is U A → B = ( b + c ) − ( a + c ) = b − a ( \ displaystyle U_ ( A \ to B ) = ( b + c ) - ( a + c ) = b-a \ , ) as before . In practical terms , this means that one can set the zero of U ( \ displaystyle U ) and φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) anywhere one likes . One may set it to be zero at the surface of the Earth , or may find it more convenient to set zero at infinity ( as in the expressions given earlier in this section ) . A conservative force can be expressed in the language of differential geometry as a closed form . As Euclidean space is contractible , its de Rham cohomology vanishes , so every closed form is also an exact form , and can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar field . This gives a mathematical justification of the fact that all conservative forces are gradients of a potential field . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jain , Mahesh C. `` Fundamental forces and laws : a brief review '' . Textbook Of Engineering Physics , Part 1 . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 10 . ISBN 9788120338623 . Jump up ^ McCall , Robert P. ( 2010 ) . `` Energy , Work and Metabolism '' . Physics of the Human Body . JHU Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9455 - 8 . Jump up ^ William John Macquorn Rankine ( 1853 ) `` On the general law of the transformation of energy , '' Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow , vol. 3 , no . 5 , pages 276 - 280 ; reprinted in : ( 1 ) Philosophical Magazine , series 4 , vol. 5 , no . 30 , pages 106 - 117 ( February 1853 ) ; and ( 2 ) W.J. Millar , ed. , Miscellaneous Scientific Papers : by W.J. Macquorn Rankine , ... ( London , England : Charles Griffin and Co. , 1881 ) , part II , pages 203 - 208 . Jump up ^ Smith , Crosbie ( 1998 ) . The Science of Energy - a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain . The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76420 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brown , Theodore L. ( 2006 ) . Chemistry The Central Science . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 109686 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Robert Taylor ( 2005 ) . Classical Mechanics . University Science Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 22 - 1 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Burton Paul ( 1979 ) . Kinematics and dynamics of planar machinery . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 516062 - 6 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . `` Work and potential energy '' . The Feynman Lectures on Physics , Vol . I. Basic Books . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02493 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperphysics - Gravitational Potential Energy '' . Jump up ^ `` Energy storage - Packing some power '' . The Economist. 2011 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Thierry. Pumped storage in Switzerland - an outlook beyond 2000 Stucky . Accessed : 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Jonah G. Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage and Spatial Diversity of Wind Resources as Methods of Improving Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources page 6 , University of Colorado , December 2007 . Accessed : 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Yang , Chi - Jen . Pumped Hydroelectric Storage Duke University . Accessed : 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Energy Storage Hawaiian Electric Company . Accessed : 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Packing Some Power : Energy Technology : Better ways of storing energy are needed if electricity systems are to become cleaner and more efficient , The Economist , 3 March 2012 Jump up ^ Downing , Louise . Ski Lifts Help Open $25 Billion Market for Storing Power , Bloomberg News online , 6 September 2012 Jump up ^ Kernan , Aedan . Storing Energy on Rail Tracks , Leonardo-Energy.org website , 30 October 2013 Jump up ^ Aharoni , Amikam ( 1996 ) . Introduction to the theory of ferromagnetism ( Repr . ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Pr . ISBN 0 - 19 - 851791 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , John David ( 1975 ) . Classical electrodynamics ( 2d ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 43132 - X . Jump up ^ Livingston , James D. ( 2011 ) . Rising Force : The Magic of Magnetic Levitation . President and Fellows of Harvard College . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Narinder ( 2004 ) . Comprehensive Physics XII . Laxmi Publications . p. 713 . References ( edit ) Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett , John W. ( 2010 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole cengage . ISBN 1 - 4390 - 4844 - 4 . Tipler , Paul ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers : Mechanics , Oscillations and Waves , Thermodynamics ( 5th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0809 - 4 . External links ( edit ) What is potential energy ? ( hide ) Energy Fundamental concepts Energetics Energy Units Energy system Energy transformation Mass Mass -- energy equivalence Power Thermodynamics Laws of thermodynamics Exergy Forms Kinetic Potential Mechanical Electric Magnetic Gravitational Chemical Ionization Nuclear Chromodynamic Elastic Mechanical wave Sound wave Radiant Rest Thermal Energy carriers Enthalpy Fuel fossil fuel Heat Work Electricity Battery Capacitor Primary energy Fossil fuel Coal Petroleum Natural gas Gravitational energy Nuclear fuel Natural uranium Radiant energy Solar Wind Bioenergy Hydropower Marine energy Geothermal Energy system components Energy engineering Oil refinery Fossil - fuel power station Cogeneration Integrated gasification combined cycle Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Radioisotope thermoelectric generator Solar power Photovoltaic system Concentrated solar power Solar thermal energy Solar power tower Solar furnace Wind power Wind farm High - altitude wind power Hydropower Hydroelectricity Wave farm Tidal power Biomass Geothermal power Use and supply Energy consumption World energy consumption Energy security Energy conservation Efficient energy use Transport Agriculture Renewable energy Sustainable energy Energy policy Energy development Worldwide energy supply South America USA Mexico Canada Europe Asia Africa Australia Misc . Jevons 's paradox Carbon footprint Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potential_energy&oldid=815438925 '' Categories : Forms of energy Gravitation Potentials Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are 3 different forms of potential energy	[]	[]
-2190780953969254913	South Carolina government and politics	South Carolina government and politics - wikipedia South Carolina government and politics Jump to : navigation , search South Carolina Government Seal of South Carolina Formation 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 ) Founding document South Carolina Constitution Jurisdiction State of South Carolina Legislative branch Legislature General Assembly Meeting place State House Executive branch Leader Governor of South Carolina Appointer Elected At Large Headquarters State House Judicial branch Court Supreme Court Seat Columbia , SC Part of a series on the History of South Carolina Timeline Colonial period 1651 -- 1774 American Revolution 1775 -- 1788 Antebellum period 1812 -- 1860 Civil War era 1861 -- 1865 Reconstruction 1865 -- 1877 State of South Carolina South Carolina portal South Carolina State House South Carolina government and politics covers the three different branches of government , as well as the state constitution , law enforcement agencies , federal representation , state finances , and state taxes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Executive branch 1.1. 1 Governor and Lieutenant Governor 1.1. 2 Cabinet 1.2 Legislative branch 1.3 Judicial branch 1.4 South Carolina Constitution 1.5 Law enforcement agencies 1.6 Local government 1.7 Federal representation 1.7. 1 US Senate 1.7. 2 US House of Representatives 1.8 Finances 1.8. 1 Taxes 2 References Overview ( edit ) South Carolina 's state government consists of the Executive , Legislative , and Judicial branches . The Republican Party controls the offices of Governor , Lieutenant Governor , U.S. Senators , and six of seven U.S. Representatives , as well as the state 's Senate and House of Representatives . Office Republican Democrat Office Holder Governor Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2003 Henry McMaster Lt. Governor Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2015 Kevin L. Bryant State Senate Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2000 Various State House Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1994 Various U.S. Senator Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1964 Lindsey Graham U.S. Senator Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2005 Tim Scott U.S. Rep. District 1 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1981 Mark Sanford U.S. Rep. District 2 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1965 Joe Wilson U.S. Rep. District 3 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1995 Jeff Duncan U.S. Rep. District 4 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 1993 Trey Gowdy U.S. Rep. District 5 Currently Controlled Last Controlled 2011 Ralph Norman U.S. Rep. District 6 Last Controlled 1983 Currently Controlled Jim Clyburn U.S. Rep. District 7 Currently Controlled District re-established Tom Rice South Carolina has historically had a weak executive branch and a strong legislature . Before 1865 , governors in South Carolina were appointed by the General Assembly , and held the title `` President of State . '' The 1865 Constitution changed this process , requiring a popular election for governor . In 1926 the governor 's term was changed to four years . In 1982 governors were allowed to run for a second term . In 1993 a limited cabinet was created , all of whom must be popularly elected . Executive branch ( edit ) Governor and Lieutenant Governor ( edit ) Henry McMaster , the current Governor of SC Kevin L. Bryant , the current Lt. Governor of SC The Governor of South Carolina is the chief executive of the state . The governor is elected for a four - year term and may serve up to two consecutive terms . The current governor is Republican Henry McMaster who succeeded to the office of Governor of South Carolina when Governor Nikki Haley resigned in order to become the United States Ambassador to the United Nations . The Lieutenant Governor is the second - in - command of the state 's executive branch . The Lt. Governor serves as the President of the Senate and assumes office if the Governor is unable to fulfill his or her duties . Prior to the 2018 gubernatorial election , Governors and Lieutenant Governors were elected on separate tickets . But for the 2018 election and beyond , the Governor and Lieutenant Governor will run on the same ticket . See Governor of South Carolina and Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina . Cabinet ( edit ) The South Carolina Constitution provides for the separate election of nine executive officers , making a limited cabinet . This is a large number of elective offices compared to most states , which generally give the governor the executive power to appoint members of the cabinet . Governor of South Carolina South Carolina Attorney General South Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture South Carolina Comptroller General Secretary of State of South Carolina South Carolina State Treasurer South Carolina Superintendent of Education Each officer is elected at the same time as the governor . The separately elected positions allow for the possibility of multiple parties to be represented in the executive branch . The Governor 's Cabinet also contains several appointed positions . In most cases , persons who fill cabinet - level positions are recommended by the governor and appointed by the Senate . Legislative branch ( edit ) The South Carolina General Assembly is the state legislature . It is bicameral , consisting of a 124 - member South Carolina House of Representatives and a 46 - member South Carolina Senate . Representatives serve two - year terms and Senators serve four - year terms . The two houses meet in the South Carolina State House . Each house is currently controlled by the Republican Party . Originally , each county elected one senator and at least one representative . The vast differences between rural and urban counties gave rural areas an outsized influence over state government . This state of affairs ended with the federal case of Reynolds v. Sims , which mandated that state legislative districts be drawn based on population . Judicial branch ( edit ) The Family Court deals with all matters of domestic and family relationships , as well as generally maintaining exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving minors under the age of seventeen , excepting traffic and game law violations . Some criminal charges may come under Circuit Court jurisdiction . The South Carolina Circuit Court is the trial court of general jurisdiction court for South Carolina . It consists of a civil division ( the Court of Common Pleas ) and a criminal division . ( the Court of General Sessions ) . It is also a superior court , having limited appellate jurisdiction over appeals from the lower Probate Court , Magistrate 's Court , and Municipal Court , and appeals from the Administrative Law Judge Division , which hears matters relating to state administrative and regulatory agencies . South Carolina 's 46 counties are divided into 16 judicial circuits , and there are currently 46 judges . Circuit court judges are elected by the General Assembly to staggered six - year terms . The South Carolina Court of Appeals is the state intermediate appellate court . It hears all Circuit Court and Family Court appeals , excepting appeals that are within the seven classes of exclusive Supreme Court jurisdiction . The Court of Appeals is selected by the General Assembly to staggered six - year terms . The court comprises a chief judge , and eight associate judges , and may hear cases as the whole court , or as three panels with three judges each . The court may preside in any county . The South Carolina Supreme Court is the state supreme court . The Chief Justice and four Associate Justices are elected to staggered ten - year terms . There are no limits on the number of terms a justice may serve , but there is a mandatory retirement age of 72 . The overwhelming majority of vacancies on the Court occur when Justices reach this age , not through the refusal of the General Assembly to elect a sitting Justice to another term . South Carolina constitution ( edit ) Main article : South Carolina Constitution South Carolina has had seven constitutions : 1776 -- SC 's first constitution 1778 -- Disestablished the Anglican Church , created a popularly elected upper house 1790 -- Expanded upcountry representation , further established General Assembly control over all aspects of government 1861 -- Confederate constitution 1865 -- Required to be readmitted to the Union , abolished property owning qualifications to vote , created popularly elected governor and granted veto power 1868 -- Only constitution to be ratified by popular vote , provided for public education , abolished property ownership as a qualification for office holding , created counties with home rule , abolished race as limit on male suffrage 1895 -- effectively disenfranchised black voters , requiring poll taxes , and literacy tests , to register to vote . In 1900 African Americans were 58 % of the state population . This exclusion of blacks from the political system was largely enforced until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which authorized federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration and elections to ensure citizens could exercise their constitutional rights . Since 1895 , many residents have called for a new Constitution , one that is not based on the politics of a post-Civil War population . Governor Mark Sanford called for constitutional reform in his 2008 State of the State speech . Several hundred amendments have been made to the 1895 Constitution ( in 1966 there were 330 amendments ) . Amendments have been created to comply with federal acts , and for many other issues . The volume of amendments makes South Carolina 's constitution one of the longest in the nation . Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) South Carolina Department of Public Safety South Carolina Highway Patrol Division South Carolina State Transport Police Division South Carolina Bureau of Protective Services South Carolina Criminal Justice Academy South Carolina Department of Corrections SC Department of Corrections Training Academy SC Department of Corrections Tactical Teams ( Rapid Response Team - S.O.R.T. - Sitcon ) SC Department of Juvenile Justice South Carolina Department of Probation , Parole and Pardon Services South Carolina State Law Enforcement Division ( SLED ) Homeland Security South Carolina Department of Natural Resources South Carolina Climatology Department Local government ( edit ) Historically , local governments in South Carolina have been fairly weak . The 1867 constitution established home rule for counties . This was changed under the 1895 Constitution , which made no provision for local government and effectively reduced counties to creatures of the state . Each county 's delegation to the General Assembly also doubled as its county council . Under this system , the state senator from each county exercised the most power . Reynolds v. Sims required reapportionment according to the principle of `` one man , one vote '' , which resulted in legislative districts crossing county lines . However , it was not until 1973 that the constitution was amended to provide for limited home rule at the county level . The Home Rule Act in 1975 implemented this . This law provided for elected councils in each county . Nonetheless , the legislature still devotes considerable time to local issues , and county legislative delegations still decide many matters that are handled at the county level in most other states . Municipal governments may incorporate as cities or towns . However , there is no legal difference between the two . Compared to cities in neighboring states , South Carolina cities are fairly small in size and population , since state law makes annexation difficult . Federal representation ( edit ) Like most Southern states , South Carolina consistently voted Democratic in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century as a part of the Solid South . The Democratic block was maintained due to disenfranchisement of most black voters since 1895 ; the Republican Party had been nearly destroyed . The Republican Party became competitive in the 1960 presidential election when Richard Nixon lost the state to John F. Kennedy by just two percentage points . In 1964 , Barry Goldwater became the first Republican to win the state since Reconstruction . Mid-20th century issues have led to major realignments of parties in the South , particularly following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 , supported by the National Democratic Party and providing for the protection of minority participation in the political system . Conservative whites have joined the Republicans , and African Americans have largely supported Democratic Party candidates . Since then , South Carolina has voted for a Republican in every presidential election from 1964 to 2012 , with the exception of 1976 when Jimmy Carter , from Georgia , won the state over Gerald Ford . John McCain won the state in 2008 with 54 % of the statewide vote over Barack Obama . Republicans now hold the governor 's office and all other statewide offices , control both chambers of legislature , and include both U.S. Senators , and six of seven members of the U.S. House of Representatives . Every presidential election year , the South Carolina primary is the first such primary in the South ; both the Republicans and Democrats consider it important . The primary is important to the Republicans because it is a conservative testing ground . The Democrats can gauge support of their candidates among the large proportion of African Americans who vote in that primary . From 1980 to 2008 the winner in the Republican primary has been chosen as the party nominee . US Senate ( edit ) The current South Carolina delegation to the U.S. Senate : Senator Party Since Lindsey Graham Republican January 3 , 2003 Tim Scott Republican January 2 , 2013 US House of Representatives ( edit ) South Carolina currently has seven representatives in Congress : District Representative Party Since U.S. Rep. District 1 Mark Sanford Republican May 7 , 2013 U.S. Rep. District 2 Joe Wilson Republican December 18 , 2001 U.S. Rep. District 3 Jeff Duncan Republican January 3 , 2011 U.S. Rep. District 4 Trey Gowdy Republican January 3 , 2011 U.S. Rep. District 5 Ralph Norman Republican June 26 , 2017 U.S. Rep. District 6 Jim Clyburn Democratic January 3 , 1993 U.S. Rep. District 7 Tom Rice Republican January 3 , 2013 A district map is found here . Further information : Political party strength in South Carolina Finances ( edit ) The state does not allow casino gambling , but it authorized the operation of video poker machines throughout the state . This yielded revenue of approximately $2 billion per year deposited into the state 's coffers . But , in 2000 the legislature banned video poker , requiring machines to be shut off and removed from the state by July 8 . Taxes ( edit ) The state 's personal income tax has a maximum marginal tax rate of 7 percent on taxable income of $13,351 and above . State sales tax revenues are used exclusively for education . South Carolina has a 6 % state sales tax , but when combined with local and county taxes , South Carolina has the second - highest sales tax in the United States next to California . In Charleston , South Carolina , the tax rates equals 10.5 % with state tax , county tax , local option tax , and the hospitality tax . Some items have different rates ; e.g. , the tax is 3 % on unprepared food items and 7 % on sleeping accommodation rentals . Individuals 85 or older get a one - percent exclusion from the general sales tax . Counties may impose an additional 1 % local option sales tax and other local sales taxes , and local governments may impose a local accommodations tax of up to 3 % . South Carolina imposes a casual excise tax of 5 % on the fair market value of all motor vehicles , motorcycles , boats , motors and airplanes transferred between individuals . The maximum casual excise tax is $300 . Property tax is administered and collected by local governments with assistance from the South Carolina Department of Revenue . Both real and personal property are subject to tax . Approximately two - thirds of county - levied property taxes are used for the support of public education . Municipalities levy a tax on property situated within the limits of the municipality for services provided by the municipality . The tax is paid by individuals , corporations and partnerships owning property within the state . Intangible personal property is exempt from taxation . There is no inheritance tax . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Charlie B. Tyler , `` The South Carolina Governance Project '' , Appendix 5 , University of South Carolina , 1998 , p. 221 Jump up ^ `` South Carolina SC -- Elected State Government Officials , E-mail Addresses '' . Sciway.net . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Browser , 1900 US Census , University of Virginia Archived 2007 - 08 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The South Carolina Encyclopedia , Walter Edgar , University of South Carolina Press Jump up ^ Tyler ( 1998 ) , `` The South Carolina Governance Project '' ) , p. 222 Jump up ^ Tyler ( 1998 ) , `` The South Carolina Governance Project '' ) , p. 222 Jump up ^ Section 5 - 7 - 20 Archived 2009 - 04 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . of the South Carolina Code of Laws . `` The corporate name of every city or town incorporated under this title shall be ' the city of `` __________ '' ' or ' the town of `` __________ '' ' . '' Jump up ^ `` Video Poker Outlawed In South Carolina '' . Jump up ^ Statement by the South Carolina Law Enforcement Division regarding the change of Video Poker Machine Laws ( In PDF Format ) Jump up ^ South Carolina Personal income tax , Bankrate.com , February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sales and Use Tax Seminar Manual 2007 , South Carolina Department of Revenue , January 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : A General Guide To South Carolina Sales and Use Tax , South Carolina Department of Revenue , October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ South Carolina Inheritance and estate taxes , Bankrate.com , February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2009 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Carolina_government_and_politics&oldid=842886664 '' Categories : Government of South Carolina Politics of South Carolina Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 10 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the executive power in south carolina	[ "The South Carolina Constitution provides for the separate election of nine executive officers, making a limited cabinet. This is a large number of elective offices compared to most states, which generally give the governor the executive power to appoint members of the cabinet." ]	[ "the governor" ]
-2146052455863282534	Women's Cricket World Cup	Women 's Cricket World Cup - wikipedia Women 's Cricket World Cup Jump to : navigation , search For the current tournament , see 2017 Women 's Cricket World Cup . ICC Women 's Cricket World Cup Administrator International Cricket Council Format ODI First tournament England 1973 Number of teams ( see list below ) Current champion England ( 4th title ) Most successful Australia ( 6 titles ) Most runs Debbie Hockley ( 1,501 ) Most wickets Lyn Fullston ( 39 ) The ICC Women 's Cricket World Cup is the oldest and most prestigious international women 's cricket tournament . The Women 's World Cup is currently organised by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . Until 2005 , when the two organisations merged , it was administered by a separate body , the International Women 's Cricket Council ( IWCC ) . The first World Cup was held in England in 1973 , two years before the inaugural men 's tournament . The event 's early years were marked by funding difficulties , which meant several teams had to decline invitations to compete and caused gaps of up to six years between tournaments . However , since 2005 World Cups have been hosted at regular four - year intervals . The eleven World Cups played to date have been held in five different countries , with India and England having hosted the event three times . The number of teams has been fixed at eight since the 2000 event , with the preceding tournament in 1997 having been contested by a record eleven teams , the most to date . Australia are the most successful team , having won six titles and failed to make the final on only three occasions . England ( four titles ) and New Zealand ( one title ) are the only other teams to have won the event , while India ( twice ) and the West Indies ( once ) have each reached the final without going on to win . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 First World Cup 2 Tournament history 3 Results 3.1 Teams ' performances 3.2 Debutant teams 3.3 Overview 4 Awards 4.1 Player of the Tournament 4.2 Player of the Final 5 Tournament records 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) First World Cup ( edit ) Women 's international cricket was first played in 1934 , when a party from England toured Australia and New Zealand . The first Test match was played on 28 -- 31 December 1934 , and was won by England . The first Test against New Zealand followed early the following year . These three nations remained the only Test playing teams in women 's cricket until 1960 , when South Africa played a number of matches against England . Limited overs cricket was first played by first - class teams in England in 1962 . Nine years later , the first international one day match was played in men 's cricket , when England took on Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . Talks began in 1971 about holding a World Cup for women 's cricket , led by Jack Hayward . South Africa , under pressure from the world for their apartheid laws , were not invited to take part in the competition . Both of the other two Test playing nations , Australia and New Zealand were invited . Hayward had previously organised tours of the West Indies by England women , and it was from this region that the other two competing nations were drawn ; Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago . To make up the numbers , England also fielded a `` Young England '' team , and an `` International XI '' was also included . Five South Africans were invited to play for the International XI as a means of compensation for the team not being invited , but these invitations were later withdrawn . The inaugural tournament was held at a variety of venues across England in June and July 1973 , two years before the first men 's Cricket World Cup was played . The competition was played as a round - robin tournament , and the last scheduled match was England against Australia . Australia went into the game leading the table by a solitary point : they had won four matches and had one abandoned . England had also won four matches , but they had lost to New Zealand . As a result , the match also served as a de facto final for the competition . England won the match , held at Edgbaston , Birmingham by 92 runs to win the tournament . Tournament history ( edit ) Year Host ( s ) Final venue Result Winner Margin Runner - up 1973 England no final England 20 points England won on points table Australia 17 points 1978 India no final Australia 6 points Australia won on points table England 4 points 1982 New Zealand Christchurch Australia 152 / 7 ( 59 overs ) Australia won by 3 wickets scorecard England 151 / 5 ( 60 overs ) 1988 Australia Melbourne Australia 129 / 2 ( 44.5 overs ) Australia won by 8 wickets scorecard England 127 / 7 ( 60 overs ) 1993 England London England 195 / 5 ( 60 overs ) England won by 67 runs scorecard New Zealand 128 ( 55.1 overs ) 1997 India Kolkata Australia 165 / 5 ( 47.4 overs ) Australia won by 5 wickets scorecard New Zealand 164 ( 49.3 overs ) 2000 New Zealand Lincoln New Zealand 184 ( 48.4 overs ) New Zealand won by 4 runs scorecard Australia 180 ( 49.1 overs ) 2005 South Africa Centurion Australia 215 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 98 runs scorecard India 117 ( 46 overs ) 2009 Australia Sydney England 167 / 6 ( 46.1 overs ) England won by 4 wickets scorecard New Zealand 166 ( 47.2 overs ) 2013 India Mumbai Australia 259 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Australia won by 114 runs scorecard West Indies 145 ( 43.1 overs ) 2017 England London England 228 / 7 ( 50 overs ) England won by 9 runs scorecard India 219 ( 48.4 overs ) 2021 New Zealand Results ( edit ) Thirteen nations have qualified for the Women 's Cricket World Cup at least once ( excluding qualification tournaments ) . Five teams have competed in every finals tournament , three of which have won the title . Two teams from England in the first Women 's Cricket World Cup . Teams ' performances ( edit ) Legend 1st -- Champions 2nd -- Runners - up 3rd -- Third place SF -- Losing semi-finalist ( no third - place playoff ) QF -- Losing quarter - finalist ( no further playoffs ) -- Hosts Team 1973 ( 7 ) 1978 ( 4 ) 1982 ( 5 ) 1988 ( 5 ) 1993 ( 8 ) 1997 ( 11 ) 2000 ( 8 ) 2005 ( 8 ) 2009 ( 8 ) 2013 ( 8 ) 2017 ( 8 ) Total Australia 2nd 1st 1st 1st 3rd 1st 2nd 1st 4th 1st SF 11 Denmark 7th 9th England 1st 2nd 2nd 2nd 1st SF 5th SF 1st 3rd 1st 11 India 4th 4th 4th SF SF 2nd 3rd 7th 2nd 9 Ireland 4th 5th QF 7th 8th 5 Netherlands 5th 8th QF 8th New Zealand 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 2nd 2nd 1st SF 2nd 4th 5th 11 Pakistan 11th 5th 8th 8th South Africa QF SF 6th 7th 6th SF 6 Sri Lanka QF 6th 7th 8th 5th 7th 6 West Indies 6th 10th 5th 6th 2nd 6th 6 Defunct teams International XI 4th 5th Jamaica 6th Trinidad and Tobago 5th Young England 7th Debutant teams ( edit ) Year Teams 1973 Australia , England , New Zealand , Jamaica , Trinidad and Tobago 1978 India 1982 none 1988 Ireland , Netherlands 1993 Denmark , West Indies 1997 Pakistan , South Africa , Sri Lanka 2000 none 2005 none 2009 none 2013 none 2017 none † No longer exists . Overview ( edit ) The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past World Cups , as of the end of group stage of the 2017 tournament . Teams are sorted by best performance , then by appearances , total number of wins , total number of games , and alphabetical order respectively . Appearances Statistics Team Total First Latest Best result Mat . Won Lost Tie NR Win % * Australia 11 1973 2017 1.1 ! Champions ( 1978 , 1982 , 1988 , 1997 , 2005 , 2013 ) 84 70 11 85.47 England 11 1973 2017 1.1 ! Champions ( 1973 , 1993 , 2009 , 2017 ) 83 57 23 75.04 New Zealand 11 1973 2017 1.1 ! Champions ( 2000 ) 80 51 26 65.82 India 9 1978 2017 2.3 ! Runners - up ( 2005 , 2017 ) 63 34 27 55.64 West Indies 6 1993 2017 2.3 ! Runners - up ( 2013 ) 38 13 24 0 35.13 South Africa 6 1997 2017 3.2 ! Semi-finals ( 2000 , 2017 ) 38 15 22 0 40.54 Pakistan 1997 2017 3.2 ! Super Six ( 2009 ) 23 21 0 0 08.69 Sri Lanka 6 1997 2017 3.2 ! Quarter - finals ( 1997 ) 35 8 26 0 23.52 Ireland 5 1988 2005 3.2 ! Quarter - finals ( 1997 ) 34 7 26 0 21.21 Netherlands 1988 2000 3.2 ! Quarter - finals ( 1997 ) 26 24 0 0 07.69 Denmark 1993 1997 3.2 ! First Round ( 1993 , 1997 ) 13 11 0 0 15.38 International XI 1973 1982 3.2 ! First Round ( 1973 , 1982 ) 18 14 0 16.66 Trinidad and Tobago 1973 1973 3.2 ! First Round ( 1973 ) 6 0 0 33.33 Jamaica 1973 1973 3.2 ! First Round ( 1973 ) 5 0 0 20.00 Young England 1973 1973 3.2 ! First Round ( 1973 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 The Win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win . † No longer exists . Awards ( edit ) Player of the Tournament ( edit ) Year Player Performance details 1988 Carole Hodges 336 Runs / 12 Wickets 1993 1997 2000 Lisa Keightley 375 Runs 2005 Karen Rolton 246 Runs 2009 Claire Taylor 324 Runs 2013 Suzie Bates 407 Runs 2017 Tammy Beaumont 410 Runs Player of the Final ( edit ) Year Player Performance details 1982 1988 1993 Jo Chamberlain 38 ( 33 ) / 1 / 28 ( 9 ) 1997 Debbie Hockley 79 ( 121 ) 2000 Belinda Clark 91 ( 102 ) 2005 Karen Rolton 107 * ( 128 ) 2009 Nicky Shaw 4 / 34 ( 8.2 ) 2013 Jess Cameron 75 ( 76 ) 2017 Anya Shrubsole 6 / 46 ( 9.4 ) Tournament records ( edit ) World Cup records Batting Most runs Debbie Hockley New Zealand 1,501 1982 -- 2000 Highest average ( min . 10 innings ) Karen Rolton Australia 74.92 1997 -- 2009 Highest score Belinda Clark Australia 229 * 1997 Highest partnership Tammy Beaumont & Sarah Taylor England 275 2017 Most runs in a tournament Debbie Hockley New Zealand 456 1997 Bowling Most wickets Lyn Fullston Australia 39 1982 -- 1988 Lowest average ( min . 500 balls bowled ) Katrina Keenan New Zealand 9.72 1997 -- 2000 Best bowling figures Jackie Lord New Zealand 6 / 10 1982 Most wickets in a tournament Lyn Fullston Australia 23 1982 Fielding Most dismissals ( wicket - keeper ) Jane Smit England 40 1993 -- 2005 Most catches ( fielder ) Janette Brittin England 19 1982 -- 1997 Team Highest score Australia ( v Denmark ) 412 / 3 1997 Lowest score Pakistan ( v Australia ) 27 1997 Highest win % Australia 85.97 See also ( edit ) Cricket portal Women 's sport portal ICC Women 's Championship ICC Women 's World Twenty20 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Heyhoe Flint & Rheinberg ( 1976 ) , pp. 175 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 9 April 2011 ) . `` The low - key birth of one - day cricket '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 22 June 2010 ) . `` The birth of the one - day international '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Heyhoe Flint & Rheinberg ( 1976 ) , p. 168 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cups 1926 -- 1997 '' . Women 's Cricket History . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's World Cup , 1973 / Results '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( 20 March 2009 ) . `` England women 's cricketers aiming to lift World Cup for third time '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup 1973 Table '' . CricketArchive . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Match : England Women v Australia Women at Birmingham , Jul 28 , 1973 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Most runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Highest averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / High scores '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Highest partnerships by runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Most runs in a series '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Most wickets '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup / Best averages '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Best bowling figures in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Most wickets in a series '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Most dismissals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Most catches '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Highest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Lowest totals '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Women 's World Cup / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Heyhoe Flint , Rachael ; Rheinberg , Netta ( 1976 ) . Fair Play : The story of women 's cricket . London : Angus and Robertson . ISBN 0 - 207 - 95698 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women 's Cricket World Cup . Women 's World Cup match records from the International Cricket Council Cricinfo Women ICC Women 's Cricket World Cup 2008 -- 09 Winning Squads Women 's Cricket World Cup Tournaments 1973 1978 1982 1988 1993 1997 2000 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 Finals 1973 1978 1982 1988 1993 1997 2000 2005 2009 2013 2017 Squads 1973 1978 1982 1988 1993 1997 2000 2005 2009 2013 2017 Qualifier 1973 1978 1982 1988 1993 1997 2000 2005 2009 2013 2017 International women 's cricket International Cricket Council Main competitions Women 's World Cup Women 's Asia Cup Women 's European Championship Women 's World Cup Qualifier International forms Women 's Test cricket Women 's One Day International Women 's Twenty20 International Related awards ICC Women 's Cricketer of the Year Wisden Leading Woman Cricketer in the World World championships List of world sports championships Olympic sports Team Association football men men 's club women women 's club Baseball men Basketball men women Beach volleyball Curling Handball men women Field hockey men women Ice hockey men women Rugby sevens Softball women Volleyball men men 's club women women 's club Water polo Individual Archery Aquatic sports Athletics outdoor race walking Badminton men women mixed individual Biathlon Bobsleigh and skeleton Boxing ( amateur ) Canoeing slalom sprint Cycling road track cyclo - cross mountain biking trials BMX Equestrianism Equestrian Games dressage eventing show jumping Fencing Golf men women Gymnastics artistic rhythmic trampolining Ice skating figure speed short track Judo Luge artificial track natural track Modern pentathlon Rowing Sailing Shooting Skiing alpine nordic freestyle snowboarding Sport climbing Table tennis Taekwondo Triathlon Weightlifting Wrestling Discontinued Basque pelota Cricket men women Lacrosse men women indoor Polo Roller hockey men women Paralympic sports Team Amputee Football CP Football Ice sledge hockey Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair curling Goalball Sitting volleyball Individual Archery Athletics Badminton Cycling Track cycling Road cycling Powerlifting Skiing Alpine Nordic Swimming Table tennis Cue sports Carom billiards Three - cushion individual team artistic five - pin English billiards Crokinole Pocket billiards eight - ball nine - ball ten - ball straight pool Snooker six - red ladies Mind sports Backgammon Bridge Chess open women Draughts men women checkers draughts - 64 draughts - 64 women Go Puzzles Scrabble Sudoku Xiangqi eSports ESWC FIFA Dota 2 League of Legends Motorsport Auto racing Alternative energy Solar car Electric car Formula One Formula Three Karting Rallying WRC WRC - 2 WRC - 3 rally raid Rallycross Sports car endurance Touring car Motorcycle sports Endurance Enduro Ice racing individual team Grand Prix Production Superbike Supersport Cross-country rally Motocross individual nation Supercross sidecar Sidecar Speedway individual team Trial Other Aeroplane sport Aerobatic Aerobatic GP Air Race Powerboating F1 offshore Radio - controlled racing 1 : 10 electric off - road Tank biathlon Other sports Team American football men women Australian football 3x3 basketball Bandy men men 's club women women 's club Ball hockey Baseball men women Beach handball Beach soccer Canoe polo Dancesport Formation Latin Fistball men women Flag football Floorball Futsal men men 's club women Inline hockey FIRS IIHF Korfball Netball Padel tennis Ringette Roll Ball Roller derby Rugby league men men 's club women Rugby union men women Sailing Yachts Dinghies Sepaktakraw Softball men Synchronized skating Tchoukball Individual Air sports Ballooning Gliding Parachuting Paragliding Aquatics Surfing Water skiing Athletics cross country half marathon indoor 100 km Mountain running Long Distance Mountain running Snowshoe running Skyrunning Trail running Bowling Tenpin Bowls Indoor Canoeing marathon Cycling mountain bike marathon cyclo - cross Darts BDO PDC Fishing freshwater fly fishing Gymnastics acrobatic aerobic Inline speed skating Karate Kendo Kickboxing Orienteering foot ski mountain bike Pétanque Powerlifting men women Professional boxing men women Mounted games Racquetball Sambo Shooting practical handgun practical rifle practical shotgun Skiing flying Ski mountaineering Squash individual doubles team Roller skating artistic Swimming short course Triathlon Ironman Wrestling Armwrestling Sumo Wushu Other Yo - yo World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Viva Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - ball Pitch and putt Racquetball Rowing Motorsport enduro Roll ball Pesäpallo Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Quidditch Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Squash Sailing Dinghy Teams Yacht Fleet Racing Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Mixed Archery Biathlon Diving Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Speedway motorcycle Track cycling Individual Bobsleigh Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Equestrian dressage Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Luge Mountain bike racing Orienteering Sailing Show jumping Skeleton Speed skating long track short track Skiing alpine cross-country freestyle ski cross Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Ski orienteering Snowboard Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Triathlon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup&oldid=807021487 '' Categories : Women 's world championships Recurring sporting events established in 1973 Women 's Cricket World Cup International Cricket Council events Women 's One Day International cricket competitions Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी 日本語 Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 12 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won women's cricket world cup 2015	[]	[]
-2193722638378808940	Catch a Fire	Catch a Fire - wikipedia Catch a Fire For other uses , see Catch a Fire ( disambiguation ) . Catch a Fire The original 1973 ' Zippo lighter ' hinged album sleeve Studio album by The Wailers Released 13 April 1973 Recorded May -- October 1972 Studio Dynamic Sound Studios , Harry J. Studios and Randy 's Studios , Kingston , Jamaica ; mixed at Island Studios , ( Notting Hill ) London Genre Reggae Length 37 : 51 Label Tuff Gong , Island Producer Bob Marley , Chris Blackwell The Wailers chronology The Best of the Wailers ( 1971 ) Catch a Fire ( 1973 ) Burnin ' ( 1973 ) Alternative cover The sleeve art from the 1974 issue of the album Catch a Fire is a 1973 album by The Wailers . It was their first album released by Island Records . After touring and recording in the United Kingdom with Johnny Nash , Nash 's departure to the United States left the band without enough money to return home ; they approached producer Chris Blackwell , who agreed to advance the Wailers money for an album and paid their fares back to Jamaica , where they recorded Catch a Fire . The album features nine songs , two of which were written and composed by Peter Tosh and the remaining seven of which were written and composed by Bob Marley . After Marley 's return to London to present the tapes to Blackwell , the producer reworked the tracks with contributions by Muscle Shoals session musician Wayne Perkins , who played guitar on two overdubbed tracks . The album 's supporting concert tour throughout England and the United States helped establish the band as international stars . Catch a Fire peaked at number 171 on the Billboard 200 and number 51 on the Billboard Black Albums charts . Critical acclaim has included the album being listed at number 126 on Rolling Stone 's 500 greatest albums of all time , second only to Legend among five Bob Marley albums on the list . It is regarded as one of the top reggae albums of all time . Contents 1 Background 2 Recording 3 Cover art 4 Release 5 Tour 6 Critical reception 7 Track listing 7.1 Original album release ( 1973 ) 7.2 The Definitive Remastered edition ( 2001 ) 7.3 Deluxe edition ( 2001 ) 8 Personnel 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Bob Marley moved to Sweden to work with Johnny Nash , writing and composing songs for the soundtrack to the film Want So Much To Believe . From November to December 1971 , Marley and the Wailers toured Great Britain with Nash . Columbia Records ( CBS ) released a single by the Wailers ( the Nash - produced `` Reggae on Broadway '' ) . After the tour , Marley and the band neither had enough money to return to Jamaica nor were able to earn such money due to work - permit issues . The band asked promoter Brent Clarke to help them , and he contacted Chris Blackwell from Island Records , who had released singles by the Wailers in Great Britain . Blackwell promised Clarke an advance of GB £ 8000 for their next album , so Clarke lent the Wailers some money to return to Jamaica . Recording ( edit ) In 1972 , sessions for the album started , with recording taking place at three different studios in Kingston , Jamaica : Dynamic Sound , Harry J 's and Randy 's . Engineer Sylvan Morris put the songs on eight - track tape , and allocated tracks with the drum mixes on one track and piano and guitar together on another . In the winter of 1972 , Marley flew back to London to present the master tapes . The deal with Island led to a dispute with CBS and Sims , to whom the band were already contracted . The Island Records label won the resulting court case , and it received US $9,000 and two percent of royalties from the band 's first six albums , and Sims received GB £ 5,000 and the publishing rights to the Wailers songs . The album 's title phrase , Catch A Fire , actually means `` burn in Hell ; '' this marks the essential message of the song , `` Slave Driver , '' in which Bob Marley conveys clearly his negative attitude towards slavery and oppression . The album includes many backing musicians , but none of those were credited in the liner notes . Muscle Shoals session guitarist Wayne Perkins , who at that time was recording a new Smith , Perkins & Smith album at the Island Studios on Basing Street , was asked by Blackwell in early 1973 to make overdubs for the song `` Catch a Fire '' in the studio below . Perkins , not knowing at the time what reggae was , agreed with the proposal and first played the guitar solo on `` Concrete Jungle , '' including the three - octave feedback at the end . After also playing slide guitar on `` Baby We 've Got a Date ( Rock It Baby ) '' and the wah - wah - laced lead on `` Stir it Up , '' Perkins then completed his own album . `` Stir it Up '' was later covered by Johnny Nash 's band , Rabbit and the Jungles , on their I Can See Clearly Now album , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , Rabbit Bundrick played on all songs on numerous keyboards , including on a synthesizer and a clavinet . Robbie Shakespeare played the bass on `` Concrete Jungle '' , while organist Tyrone Downie performed on the same track as well as on `` Stir it Up '' . Chris Karen , Francisco Willie Pep and Winston Wright served as percussionists , and the female backing singing was performed by Rita Marley and her friend Marcia Griffiths , the latter of whom was already popular in Jamaica as a solo artist and together with her husband Bob Andy released successful singles . Tommy McCook played the flute . According to Aston Barrett , `` some of the songs had been recorded before , ... , in different studios and with different musicians , but we gave them that strict timing and brought the feeling out of them more . '' `` Baby We 've Got a Date ( Rock it Baby ) '' is similar to `` Black Bitter , '' recorded in an earlier session . The song 's lyrics deal with political injustice towards blacks and poverty , as is the case in many of their albums . Catch a Fire is about `` the current state of urban poverty , '' and `` Slave Driver '' `` connects the present to past injustices . '' But politics are not the main theme ; `` Stir it Up '' , for example , is a love song . Cover art ( edit ) The original 1973 vinyl release , designed by graphic artists Rod Dyer and Bob Weiner , was encased in a sleeve depicting a Zippo lighter . The sleeve functioned like a real Zippo lighter case , opening at a side hinge to reveal the record within . Only the original pressing of 20,000 had the Zippo cover , subsequent pressings had an alternative cover designed by John Bonis featuring an Esther Anderson portrait of Marley smoking a `` spliff '' or joint , with the album now credited to `` Bob Marley and the Wailers . '' Copies of the record from the original pressings have since become collectors 's items . The original cover art was reproduced in 2001 for the deluxe compact disc edition . Release ( edit ) The first release from the album sessions was the `` Baby We 've Got a Date '' single , released in early 1973 on Island 's Blue Mountain subsidiary . Catch a Fire was released on 13 April 1973 on the Island label with a supporting tour . The album sold around 14,000 copies in its first weeks , and peaked at number 171 on the Billboard 200 chart and at number 51 on Billboard R&B chart . Catch a Fire has been re-released under different recording labels with different track lengths . In 2001 , a special collection edition was released containing unreleased , non-overdubbed ( `` Jamaican '' ) songs on the first side and the original , overdubbed album on the second side . A documentary about the album , directed by Jeremy Marre , was released in 2000 , featuring interviews with the musicians and engineers who worked on the album , archive performance footage , and home video footage filmed by members of the band . Tour ( edit ) Main article : Catch a Fire Tour The album 's supporting tour began in 1973 in the United Kingdom and then moved to the United States . In England they performed on 19 shows at universities and clubs . While in London , the band performed on the BBC shows The Old Grey Whistle Test and Top Gear . In the first performance singer Bunny Livingston performed for the first and last time for the Wailers , as he was unhappy touring outside Jamaica , difficulty finding suitable food due to his strict Ital diet a contributing factor . After Bunny 's resignation from the band , Tosh consulted with Marley and finally picked Joe Higgs . Blackwell hired the concert promoter Lee Jaffe to book gigs in North America . The Wailers performed at Paul 's Mall in Boston , Massachusetts , and then three gigs in New York City alongside Bruce Springsteen 's E Street Band , and in October opened for Sly and the Family Stone in Las Vegas . These concerts marked an important step towards international acknowledgement . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Concrete Jungle '' Concrete Jungle audio sample Problems playing this file ? See media help . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic MusicHound PopMatters favourable Robert Christgau Rolling Stone Virgin Catch a Fire had a positive critical reception . Robert Christgau rated the album as `` A '' , saying that `` half these songs are worthy of St. John the Divine '' , and `` Barrett brothers ' bass and drums save those that are n't from limbo '' . Reviewers from Rolling Stone also praised the brothers ' playing , concluding that `` Catch a Fire is a blazing debut '' . According to the review , `` ' Concrete Jungle ' and ' Slave Driver ' crackle with streetwise immediacy , while ' Kinky Reggae ' and ' Stir It Up ' ... revel in the music 's vast capacity for good - time skanking . ' Stop That Train ' and ' 400 Years , ' both written by Peter Tosh , indicate the original Wailers were n't strictly a one - man show '' . Critics have called Catch a Fire one of the greatest reggae albums of all time . Vik Iyengar from AllMusic comments that `` Marley would continue to achieve great critical and commercial success during the 1970s , but Catch a Fire is one of the finest reggae albums ever . This album is essential for any music collection '' . Rolling Stone ranked the album at number 123 on its list of 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , the second highest placement for a reggae album ; only Legend , ranked higher at number 46 . Writing in The Spectator arts blog in 2012 , Dave Rodigan described it as `` quite simply , one of the greatest reggae albums ever made '' . The album was also groundbreaking as its singles were released as long - playing records as against to the early reggae songs coupled with two sides . Track listing ( edit ) Original album release ( 1973 ) ( edit ) All songs were written by Bob Marley , except where noted . Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Concrete Jungle '' 4 : 13 2 . `` Slave Driver '' 2 : 54 3 . `` 400 Years '' Peter Tosh 2 : 45 4 . `` Stop That Train '' Peter Tosh 3 : 54 5 . `` Baby We 've Got a Date ( Rock It Baby ) '' 3 : 55 Side two No . Title Length 6 . `` Stir It Up '' 5 : 32 7 . `` Kinky Reggae '' 3 : 37 8 . `` No More Trouble '' 3 : 58 9 . `` Midnight Ravers '' 5 : 08 The Definitive Remastered edition ( 2001 ) ( edit ) show bonus tracks No . Title Length 10 . `` High Tide or Low Tide '' 4 : 44 11 . `` All Day All Night '' 3 : 29 Deluxe edition ( 2001 ) ( edit ) show Disc one : The Unreleased Original Jamaican Versions No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Concrete Jungle '' 4 : 11 2 . `` Stir It Up '' 3 : 37 3 . `` High Tide or Low Tide '' 4 : 40 4 . `` Stop That Train '' Tosh 3 : 52 5 . `` 400 Years '' Tosh 2 : 57 6 . `` Baby We 've Got a Date ( Rock It Baby ) '' 4 : 00 7 . `` Midnight Ravers '' 5 : 05 8 . `` All Day All Night '' 3 : 26 9 . `` Slave Driver '' 2 : 52 10 . `` Kinky Reggae '' 3 : 40 11 . `` No More Trouble '' 5 : 13 show Disc two : The Released Album No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Concrete Jungle '' 4 : 13 2 . `` Slave Driver '' 2 : 54 3 . `` 400 Years '' Tosh 2 : 45 4 . `` Stop That Train '' Tosh 3 : 54 5 . `` Baby We 've Got a Date ( Rock It Baby ) '' 3 : 55 6 . `` Stir It Up '' 5 : 32 7 . `` Kinky Reggae '' 3 : 37 8 . `` No More Trouble '' 3 : 58 9 . `` Midnight Ravers '' 5 : 08 Personnel ( edit ) Musicians The Wailers Peter Tosh -- organ , guitar , piano , vocals Bob Marley -- guitar , vocals Bunny Wailer -- bongos , conga , vocals Aston `` Family Man '' Barrett -- bass guitar Carlton `` Carlie '' Barrett -- drums Rita Marley -- backing vocals Marcia Griffiths -- backing vocals Additional Musicians John `` Rabbit '' Bundrick -- keyboards , synthesizer , clavinet Wayne Perkins -- guitar Tommy McCook -- flute Robbie Shakespeare -- bass guitar ( Concrete Jungle ) Francisco Willie Pep -- percussion Winston Wright -- percussion Chris Karan -- percussion Production Chris Blackwell -- production Bob Marley -- production Carlton Lee -- engineering Stu Barrett -- engineering Tony Platt -- engineering Bob Weiner -- design Rod Dyer -- design References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kevin O'Brien Chang , Wayne Chen ( 1998 ) . Reggae Routes : The Story of Jamaican Music . Temple University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9781566396295 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2002 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : White 2006 , p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2002 , p. 164 . ^ Jump up to : Moskowitz & February 2007 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Irvin , p. 307 ^ Jump up to : John Masouri ( 1 September 2010 ) . `` Chapter Twelve : Catch A Fire '' . Wailing Blues : The Story of Bob Marley 's Wailers . Music Sales Group . ISBN 9781847727060 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : White 2006 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ The album title was also to become the title of a biography of Marley written by Timothy White . Jump up ^ David Vlado Moskowitz ( 2007 ) . The Words and Music of Bob Marley . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98935 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Catch A Fire - Classic Albums ( DVD ) ( 2001 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Bob Marley : DVD & Blu - ray '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Vik Iyengar . `` Catch a Fire -- Bob Marley & the Wailers '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Moskowitz & February 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Miley 2008 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Moskowitz & August 2007 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Farley 2007 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Chris ( 1999 ) Stir It Up : Reggae Album Cover Art , Chronicle Books , ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2616 - 3 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ de Ville , Nicholas ( 2003 ) . Album : Style and Image in Sleeve Design . Mitchell Beazley . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84000 - 605 - 6 . Jump up ^ White 2006 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ `` Catch a Fire -- Bob Marley & the Wailers : Charts and Awards '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Catch A Fire ( Deluxe Edition ) -- Amazon '' . Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bamberger , Bradley ( 2000 ) `` On DVD '' , Billboard , 19 August 2000 , p. 22 , retrieved 17 June 2012 Jump up ^ Thompson 2002 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Moskowitz & August 2007 , pp. 20 - 22 . Jump up ^ White 2006 , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : `` Artist Lists - Marley , Bob and The Wailers - Catch a Fire '' . Acclaimedmusic . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilson Neate ( 11 June 2001 ) . `` Bob Marley and the Wailers : Catch a Fire / Burnin ' '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Christgau review '' . Robertchristgau.com . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Marley -- Album Guide '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Albums -- Catch a Fire '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodigan , Dave ( 22 April 2012 ) . `` Spotify Sunday : The essential Bob Marley '' . The Spectator Arts and Culture Blog . Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Bibliography Farley , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Before the Legend : The Rise of Bob Marley. Harper Collins . ISBN 0060539925 . Irvin , Jim ( 2007 ) . The MOJO Collection : The Ultimate Music Companion . Canongate Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1841959733 . Miley , Barry ; Scott , Grant ; Morgan , Johnny ( 2008 ) . The Greatest Album Covers of All Time . Anova Books . ISBN 978 - 1843404811 . Moskowitz , David Vlado ( August 2007 ) . Bob Marley : A Biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0313338795 . Moskowitz , David Vlado ( February 2007 ) . The Words and Music of Bob Marley . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0275989356 . Thompson , Dave ( 2002 ) . Reggae & Caribbean Music . Backbeat Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 655 - 6 . White , Timothy ( 2 May 2006 ) . Catch a Fire : The Life of Bob Marley . Henry Holt . ISBN 9780805080865 . External links ( edit ) Catch a Fire ( Adobe Flash ) at Myspace ( streamed copy where licensed ) Bob Marley and the Wailers Bob Marley ( outline ) Peter Tosh Bunny Wailer Other vocalists : Junior Braithwaite Cherry Smith Beverley Kelso Constantine Walker Rita Marley Marcia Griffiths Judy Mowatt Musicians : Aston Barrett Carlton Barrett Earl Lindo Tyrone Downie Alvin Patterson Al Anderson Earl Smith Donald Kinsey Junior Marvin Studio albums Early The Wailing Wailers ( 1965 ) Soul Rebels ( 1970 ) Soul Revolution ( 1971 ) The Best of The Wailers ( 1971 ) Island Catch a Fire ( 1973 ) Burnin ' ( 1973 ) Natty Dread ( 1974 ) Rastaman Vibration ( 1976 ) Exodus ( 1977 ) Kaya ( 1978 ) Survival ( 1979 ) Uprising ( 1980 ) Confrontation ( 1983 ) Compilations Island Legend ( 1984 ) Rebel Music ( 1986 ) Natural Mystic ( 1995 ) One Love ( 2001 ) Gold ( 2005 ) Africa Unite ( 2005 ) Others African Herbsman ( 1973 ) Rasta Revolution ( 1974 ) Other albums Live Live ! ( 1975 ) Babylon by Bus ( 1978 ) Talkin ' Blues ( 1991 ) Live at the Roxy ( 2003 ) Live Forever ( 2011 ) Uprising Live ! ( 2014 ) Easy Skanking In Boston ' 78 ( 2015 ) Remix Chances Are ( 1981 ) Chant Down Babylon ( 1999 ) B Is for Bob ( 2009 ) Box set Songs of Freedom ( 1992 ) The Complete Bob Marley & the Wailers 1967 -- 1972 ( 1997 -- 2002 ) Songs `` Concrete Jungle '' `` Get Up , Stand Up '' `` No Woman , No Cry '' `` So Jah Seh '' `` Jah Live '' `` Johnny Was '' `` Roots , Rock , Reggae '' `` Positive Vibration '' `` Exodus '' `` Waiting in Vain '' `` Jamming '' `` Punky Reggae Party '' `` Three Little Birds '' `` One Love / People Get Ready '' `` Is This Love '' `` Satisfy My Soul '' `` Stir It Up '' `` So Much Trouble in the World '' `` Survival '' `` Zimbabwe '' `` Could You Be Loved '' `` Redemption Song '' `` Reggae on Broadway '' `` Natural Mystic '' `` Buffalo Soldier '' `` Iron Lion Zion '' `` Why Should I '' `` Keep on Moving '' `` Easy Skanking '' `` What Goes Around Comes Around '' `` Sun Is Shining '' `` Turn Your Lights Down Low '' `` Kinky Reggae '' `` Rainbow Country '' `` I Know a Place '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' `` Slogans '' `` Africa Unite '' `` Stand Up Jamrock '' `` Mr Brown '' Performances Catch a Fire Tour ( 1973 ) Burnin ' Tour ( 1973 ) Natty Dread Tour ( 1975 ) Rastaman Vibration Tour ( 1976 ) Smile Jamaica Concert ( 1976 ) Exodus Tour ( 1977 ) One Love Peace Concert ( 1978 ) Kaya Tour ( 1978 ) Babylon by Bus Tour ( 1979 ) Survival Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Uprising Tour ( 1980 ) Associated acts The Skatalites The Upsetters The I Threes Word , Sound and Power The Wailers Band The Original Wailers Related people Chris Blackwell Errol Brown Allan Cole Coxsone Dodd Vincent Ford Neville Garrick Joe Higgs Lee Jaffe Arthur Jenkins King Sporty Leslie Kong Johnny Nash Jimmy Norman Lee `` Scratch '' Perry Mortimer Planno Karl Pitterson Alex Sadkin Related articles Discography Band members Marley Natural Upsetter Records Tuff Gong Bob Marley Museum Tribute to the Legend : Bob Marley Marley ( soundtrack ) Hall of Fame : A Tribute to Bob Marley 's 50th Anniversary Time Will Tell : A Tribute to Bob Marley One Love : The Bob Marley Musical Book Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catch_a_Fire&oldid=854872375 '' Categories : Bob Marley and the Wailers albums Tuff Gong albums 1973 albums Island Records albums Albums produced by Chris Blackwell Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 10 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	bob marley & the wailers - catch a fire	[]	[]
8411559122929770929	The Recombination Hypothesis	The Recombination Hypothesis - wikipedia The Recombination Hypothesis `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' The Big Bang Theory episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 13 Directed by Mark Cendrowski Story by Chuck Lorre Teleplay by Bill Prady Steven Molaro Production code 3X6863 Original air date January 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 19 ) Running time 22 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jim Turner as Reverend White Episode chronology ← Previous `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' Next → `` The Beta Test Initiation '' The Big Bang Theory ( season 5 ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' is the 100th episode of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory and the 13th episode of the series ' fifth season . It premiered on CBS in the United States on January 19 , 2012 . In this episode , Leonard impulsively asks Penny out for dinner on a date . The story and concept of the episode was written by series co-creator Chuck Lorre . The teleplay was written by co-creator Bill Prady and writer Steven Molaro . `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' was directed by Mark Cendrowski . The episode received good reviews from television critics who spoke positive about Leonard and Penny trying to rework their relationship . Upon airing , `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' garnered 15.71 million viewers in the United States and 5.3 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The episode begins with Sheldon receiving a cardboard cut - out of Spock he ordered , however is dismayed to find it is not the Spock played by Leonard Nimoy but rather Zachary Quinto . While Sheldon complains , Leonard sees Penny and they exchange smiles . Leonard walks over asking her if she has any plans for dinner . Penny looks surprised about being asked out on a date and accepts . Penny is trying on clothes with Amy and Bernadette . Penny acts nervous and Bernadette tells her that everything will work out great since Leonard is crazy about her . Whilst playing Settlers of Catan , Sheldon keeps asking for `` wood '' to build a road causing Howard and Raj to laugh at him not realizing the sexual innuendo . The gang asks Leonard why he is putting himself through another relationship with Penny . During dinner Leonard asks Penny whether there is a name for a first - date with someone you used to date and Penny replies `` awkward . '' They decide to make - believe like they are on a real first date . Leonard tells Penny about his work and that he built a Bat - Signal . Penny laughs and asks him if he is some kind of nerd . Leonard says that he is the `` King of the Nerds '' . If anyone displeases him , he will not help them set - up their printer . Leonard then asks Penny whether they are going to get back together . Shocked Penny confesses that she will always have feelings for him and that he always over thinks everything . Back at the apartment , Leonard charges in as his buddies tease him about his date ending at 8 : 30 . Later Leonard is asleep and awakened by a text from Penny who meets him in the hallway , kisses him , takes him into her apartment and tells him to be quiet . Leonard wonders how a bad date ended in sex . Penny thought that things were great until he asked if they were getting back together . Leonard suggests that they treat their relationship like a new version of software , a `` Penny and Leonard 2.0 '' . They could try being together and not tell their friends until they know it is working . At The Cheesecake Factory , Bernadette is disappointed that things did not work out . Leonard sits down and starts a fight with Penny . Penny counters that he has to always be right . Sheldon thinks that Leonard is wrong more than anyone he knows . Leonard gets another early morning text . She demands to know why he was a jerk at work . They had agreed to be friends , not fight . Leonard heads toward her apartment because their new relationship was about sex after fighting . Later , Leonard asks Penny what exactly they are doing since every relationship scenario he plays out ends badly . Then Leonard hears Sheldon calling him . It turns out that Leonard was imagining everything , and he is still with Sheldon complaining about the Spock cardboard cut - out . Leonard decides that , despite the fact it seems that the relationship will once again end badly , he still wishes to ask Penny out . Penny asks whether he has thought things through . Leonard replies that he has and still thinks they should go ahead with it . Penny therefore agrees and then smiles . In Penny 's bedroom , she is again choosing an outfit for her date . Daydreaming she sees herself in a wedding dress and heavily pregnant . Penny rubs her belly and tells Leonard that it is too late to start saying no now . Penny wakes up , apologizes and the dream reminds her to go to the drugstore . Production ( edit ) `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' is the first episode of a two episode arc featuring Leonard and Penny attempting to restart their relationship that has been one of the major plot lines and driving forces of the series . The arc concludes with the next episode `` The Beta Test Initiation '' where Penny and Leonard return from their date . The first scene is a salute to the original pilot where Leonard and Sheldon climb the stairs wearing similar outfits and they spot Penny through her apartment door wearing the same shirt from the pilot . Sheldon is disappointed to discover that a Mr. Spock cardboard stand - up he ordered is a portrayal of Zachary Quinto 's Spock not Leonard Nimoy 's Spock . According to Bill Prady , the co-creator of The Big Bang Theory , approval from Paramount , J.J. Abrams ( producer of the new Star Trek series ) and Zachary Quinto was required in order to mock Spock . Also , this is the first time that an entire episode is a `` dream - sequence '' , a unique style of storytelling , and is the second Chuck Lorre show to achieve the `` dream - sequence '' story , after Two and a Half Men in the episode `` Frodo 's Headshots '' . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' was originally broadcast on January 19 , 2012 in the United States between 8 : 00 p.m. and 8 : 30 p.m. Upon airing , `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' garnered 15.71 million viewers with the best ever ratings in the adults 25 - 54 , adults 18 - 49 and adults 18 - 34 categories . Critical reception ( edit ) `` The Recombination Hypothesis ' '' received positive reviews from television commentators . R.L Shaffer of IGN gave the episode a `` really good '' review . The reviewer says the episode `` knocked it out of the park '' even though it started like `` another attempt to tease the anxiety of the Penny / Leonard relationship '' the final twist did show some growth in Leonard 's character that he must not over-think their relationship . Carla Day of TV Fanatic gave a positive review . Day noted that revisiting Leonard and Penny on the 100th episode was the best way to honor the history of the series . Though she was happy to see `` Peonard or Lenny '' back together , she felt that the other guys had the best lines with the `` wood '' jokes . Overall she found the show `` brought us back to the origins of the comedy and what made us fall in love with these nerds and their gorgeous neighbor . '' The Editor Rating was 4.7 out of 5.0 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' 100th Episode : Penny And Leonard 2.0 Software Defined '' . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Episode : `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' The Recombination Hypothesis ( 2012 ) `` . IMDb . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory - The Recombination Hypothesis '' . CBS Interactive . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Big Bang Theory '' Tops `` American Idol '' in Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 25 - 54 in Common Half - Hour `` . The Futon Critic . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Recombination Hypothesis ( 2012 ) Did You Know ? '' . IMDb . July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' Review `` . IGN . January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Review : Penny and Leonard 2.0 '' . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' on IMDb `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' at TV.com hide The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( jellyfish ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Recombination_Hypothesis&oldid=848167949 '' Categories : The Big Bang Theory episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2012 Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 05 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what episode did penny and leonard get back together	[]	[]
-5296961395638525097	Death of a Salesman	Death of a Salesman - wikipedia Death of a Salesman This article is about the play . For other uses , see Death of a Salesman ( disambiguation ) . Death of a Salesman First edition cover ( Viking Press ) Written by Arthur Miller Characters Willy Loman Linda Loman Biff Loman Happy Loman Ben Loman Bernard Charley The Woman Howard Date premiered February 10 , 1949 Place premiered Morosco Theatre New York City Original language English Subject The waning days of a failing salesman Genre Tragedy Setting Late 1940s ; Willy Loman 's house ; New York City and Barnaby River ; Boston Death of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by American playwright Arthur Miller . It was the recipient of the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and Tony Award for Best Play . The play premiered on Broadway in February 1949 , running for 742 performances , and has been revived on Broadway four times , winning three Tony Awards for Best Revival . It is widely considered to be one of the greatest plays of the 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Summary 3 Themes 3.1 Reality and Illusion 3.2 The American Dream 3.2. 1 Willy Loman 3.2. 2 Uncle Ben 3.2. 3 Biff 3.2. 4 Bernard and Charley 4 Reception 4.1 In the United States 4.2 In the United Kingdom 4.3 In Germany 4.4 In India 4.5 In China 5 Productions 6 Adaptations in other media 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Editions 10.2 Criticism 11 External links 11.1 At Playbill Vault Characters ( edit ) William `` Willy '' Loman : The salesman . He is 63 years old and unstable , insecure , and self - deluded . Willy tends to re-imagine events from the past as if they were real . He vacillates between different eras of his life . Willy seems childlike and relies on others for support , coupled with his recurring flashbacks to various moments throughout his career . His first name , Willy , reflects this childlike aspect as well as sounding like the question `` Will he ? '' His last name gives the feel of Willy 's being a `` low man '' , someone who wo n't succeed ; however , this popular interpretation of his last name was dismissed by Miller , who stated that the character 's name is due to his relation to the English queen . Linda Loman : Willy 's loyal and loving wife . Linda is passively supportive and docile when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future , although she seems to have a good knowledge of what is really going on . She chides her sons , particularly Biff , for not helping Willy more , and supports Willy lovingly even though Willy sometimes treats her poorly , ignoring her opinions over those of others . She is the first to realize that Willy is contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play , and urges Biff to make something of himself , while expecting Willy to help Biff do so . Biff Loman : Willy 's elder son . Biff was a football star with a lot of potential in high school , but failed math his senior year and dropped out of summer school when he saw Willy with another woman while visiting him in Boston . He wavers between going home to try to fulfill Willy 's dream for him as a businessman or ignoring his father by going out West to be a farmhand where he feels happy . He likes being outdoors and working with his hands , yet wants to do something worthwhile so Willy will be proud of him . Biff steals because he wants evidence of success , even if it is false evidence , but overall Biff remains a realist and informs Willy that he is just a normal guy and will not be a great man . Harold `` Happy '' Loman : Willy 's younger son . He 's lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff most of his life and seems to be almost ignored , but he still tries to be supportive towards his family . He has a restless lifestyle as a womanizer and dreams of moving beyond his current job as an assistant to the assistant buyer at the local store , but he is willing to cheat a little in order to do so , by taking bribes . He is always looking for approval from his parents , but he rarely gets any , and he even goes as far as to make things up just for attention , such as telling his parents he is going to get married . He tries often to keep his family 's perceptions of each other positive or `` happy '' by defending each of them during their many arguments , but still has the most turbulent relationship with Linda , who looks down on him for his lifestyle and apparent cheapness , despite his giving them money . Charley : Willy 's somewhat wise - cracking yet kind and understanding neighbor . He pities Willy and frequently lends him money and comes over to play cards with him , although Willy often treats him poorly . Willy is jealous of him because his son is more successful than Willy 's . Charley offers Willy a job many times during visits to his office , yet Willy declines every time , even after he loses his job as a salesman . Bernard : Charley 's son . In Willy 's flashbacks , he is a nerd , and Willy forces him to give Biff test answers . He worships Biff and does anything for him . Later , he is a very successful lawyer , married , and expecting a second son -- the same successes that Willy wants for his sons , in particular Biff . Bernard makes Willy contemplate where he has gone wrong as a father . Uncle Ben : Willy 's older brother who became a diamond tycoon after a detour to Africa . He is dead , but Willy frequently speaks to him in his hallucinations of the past . He is Willy 's role model , although he is much older and has no real relationship with Willy , preferring to assert his superiority over his younger brother . He represents Willy 's idea of the American Dream success story , and is shown coming by the Lomans ' house while on business trips to share stories . The Woman : A woman , whom Willy calls `` Miss Francis '' , with whom Willy cheated on Linda . Howard Wagner : Willy 's boss . Willy worked originally for Howard 's father and claims to have suggested the name Howard for the newborn son . He however sees Willy as a liability for the company and fires him , ignoring all the years that Willy has given to the company . Howard is extremely proud of his wealth , which is manifested in his new wire recorder , and of his family . Jenny : Charley 's secretary . Stanley : A waiter at the restaurant who seems to be friends or acquainted with Happy . Miss Forsythe : A girl whom Happy picks up at the restaurant . She is very pretty and claims she was on several magazine covers . Happy lies to her , making himself and Biff look like they are important and successful . ( Happy claims that he attended West Point and that Biff is a star football player . ) Letta : Miss Forsythe 's friend . Summary ( edit ) Willy Loman returns home exhausted after a business trip he has cancelled . Worried over Willy 's state of mind and recent car accident , his wife Linda suggests that he ask his boss Howard Wagner to allow him to work in his home city so he will not have to travel . Willy complains to Linda that their son , Biff , has yet to make good on his life . Despite Biff 's promising showing as an athlete in high school , he failed in mathematics and was unable to enter a university . Biff and his brother Happy , who is temporarily staying with Willy and Linda after Biff 's unexpected return from the West , reminisce about their childhood together . They discuss their father 's mental degeneration , which they have witnessed in the form of his constant indecisiveness and daydreaming about the boys ' high school years . Willy walks in , angry that the two boys have never amounted to anything . In an effort to pacify their father , Biff and Happy tell their father that Biff plans to make a business proposition the next day . The next day , Willy goes to ask his boss , Howard , for a job in town while Biff goes to make a business proposition , but both fail . Willy gets angry and ends up getting fired when the boss tells him he needs a rest and can no longer represent the company . Biff waits hours to see a former employer who does not remember him and turns him down . Biff impulsively steals a fountain pen . Willy then goes to the office of his neighbor Charley , where he runs into Charley 's son Bernard ( now a successful lawyer ) ; Bernard tells him that Biff originally wanted to do well in summer school , but something happened in Boston when Biff went to visit his father that changed his mind . Charley gives the now - unemployed Willy money to pay his life - insurance premium ; Willy shocks Charley by remarking that ultimately , a man is `` worth more dead than alive . '' Happy , Biff , and Willy meet for dinner at a restaurant , but Willy refuses to hear bad news from Biff . Happy tries to get Biff to lie to their father . Biff tries to tell him what happened as Willy gets angry and slips into a flashback of what happened in Boston the day Biff came to see him . Willy had been having an affair with a receptionist on one of his sales trips when Biff unexpectedly arrived at Willy 's hotel room . A shocked Biff angrily confronted his father , calling him a liar and a fraud . From that moment , Biff 's views of his father changed and set Biff adrift . Biff leaves the restaurant in frustration , followed by Happy and two girls that Happy has picked up . They leave a confused and upset Willy behind in the restaurant . When they later return home , their mother angrily confronts them for abandoning their father while Willy remains outside , talking to himself . Biff tries unsuccessfully to reconcile with Willy , but the discussion quickly escalates into another argument . Biff conveys plainly to his father that he is not meant for anything great , insisting that both of them are simply ordinary men meant to lead ordinary lives . The feud reaches an apparent climax with Biff hugging Willy and crying as he tries to get Willy to let go of the unrealistic expectations . Rather than listen to what Biff actually says , Willy appears to believe his son has forgiven him and will follow in his footsteps , and after Linda goes upstairs to bed ( despite her urging him to follow her ) , lapses one final time into a hallucination , thinking he sees his long - dead brother Ben , whom Willy idolized . In Willy 's mind , Ben approves of the scheme Willy has dreamed up to kill himself in order to give Biff his insurance policy money . Willy exits the house . Biff and Linda cry out in despair as the sound of Willy 's car blares up and fades out . The final scene takes place at Willy 's funeral , which is attended only by his family , Charley and Bernard ( Bernard says nothing at the funeral , but in the stage directions , he is present ) . The ambiguities of mixed and unaddressed emotions persist , particularly over whether Willy 's choices or circumstances were obsolete . At the funeral Biff retains his belief that he does not want to become a businessman like his father . Happy , on the other hand , chooses to follow in his father 's footsteps , while Linda laments her husband 's decision just before her final payment on the house . Themes ( edit ) Reality and illusion ( edit ) Death of a Salesman uses flashbacks to present Willy 's memory during the reality . The illusion not only `` suggests the past , but also presents the lost pastoral life . '' Willy has dreamed of success his whole life and makes up lies about his and Biff 's success . The more he indulges in the illusion , the harder it is for him to face reality . Biff is the only one who realizes that the whole family lived in the lies and tries to face the truth . The American Dream ( edit ) The American Dream is the theme of the play , but everyone in the play has their own way to describe their American Dreams . Willy Loman ( edit ) Willy Loman dreams of being a successful salesman like Dave Singleman , somebody who has both wealth and freedom . Willy believes that the key to success is being well - liked , and his frequent flashbacks show that he measures happiness in terms of wealth and popularity . One analyst of the play writes : `` Society tries to teach that , if people are rich and well - liked , they will be happy . Because of this , Willy thought that money would make him happy . He never bothered to try to be happy with what he had ... '' . Willy also believes that to attain success , one must have a suitable personality . According to another analyst , `` He believes that salesmanship is based on ' sterling traits of character ' and ' a pleasing personality . ' But Willy does not have the requisite sterling traits of character ; people simply do not like him as much as he thinks is necessary for success . '' Uncle Ben ( edit ) Ben symbolizes another kind of successful American Dream for Willy : to catch opportunity , to conquer nature , and to gain a fortune . His mantra goes : `` Why , boys , when I was seventeen I walked into the jungle , and when I was twenty - one I walked out . ( He laughs . ) And by God I was rich . '' Biff ( edit ) After seeing his father 's real identity , Biff does not follow his father 's `` dream '' because he knows that , as two analysts put it , `` Willy does see his future but in a blind way . Meaning that he can and can not see at the same time , since his way of seeing or visualizing the future is completely wrong . '' Bernard and Charley ( edit ) One thing that is apparent from the Death of a Salesman is the hard work and dedication of Charley and Bernard . Willy criticizes Charley and Bernard throughout the play , but it is not because he hates them . Rather , it 's argued that he is jealous of the successes they have enjoyed , which is outside his standards . The models of business success provided in the play all argue against Willy 's `` personality theory . '' One is Charley , Willy 's neighbor and apparently only friend . Charley has no time for Willy 's theories of business , but he provides for his family and is in a position to offer Willy a do - nothing job to keep him bringing home a salary . ( Bloom 51 ) Reception ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( June 2015 ) In the united states ( edit ) Death of a Salesman first opened on February 10 , 1949 , to great success . Drama critic John Gassner wrote that `` the ecstatic reception accorded Death of Salesman has been reverberating for some time wherever there is an ear for theatre , and it is undoubtedly the best American play since A Streetcar Named Desire . '' In the united kingdom ( edit ) The play reached London on July 28 , 1949 . London responses were mixed , but mostly favorable . The Times criticized it , saying that `` the strongest play of New York theatrical season should be transferred to London in the deadest week of the year . '' However , the public understanding of the ideology of the play was different from that in America . Some people , such as Eric Keown , think of Death of a Salesman as `` a potential tragedy deflected from its true course by Marxist sympathies . '' In germany ( edit ) The play was hailed as `` the most important and successful night '' in Hebbel - Theater in Berlin . It was said that `` it was impossible to get the audience to leave the theatre '' at the end of the performance . The Berlin production was more successful than New York , possibly due to better interpretation . In india ( edit ) Compared to Tennessee Williams and Beckett , Arthur Miller and his Death of Salesman were less influential . Rajinder Paul said that `` Death of a Salesman has only an indirect influence on Indian theatre practitions . '' However , it was translated and produced in Bengali as ' Pheriwalar Mrityu ' by the theater group Nandikar . Director Feroz Khan adapted the play in Hindi and English by the name `` Salesman Ramlal '' played brilliantly by Satish Kaushik and with the role of his son portrayed by Kishore Kadam . In China ( edit ) Death of a Salesman was welcomed in China . There , Arthur Miller directed the play himself . As Miller stated , `` It depends on the father and the mother and the children . That 's what it 's about . The salesman part is what he does to stay alive . But he could be a peasant , he could be , whatever . '' Here , the play focuses on the family relationship . It is easier for the Chinese public to understand the relationship between father and son because `` One thing about the play that is very Chinese is the way Willy tries to make his sons successful . '' The Chinese father always wants his sons to be ' dragons . ' Productions ( edit ) The original Broadway production was produced by Kermit Bloomgarden and Walter Fried . The play opened at the Morosco Theatre on February 10 , 1949 , closing on November 18 , 1950 , after 742 performances . The play starred Lee J. Cobb as Willy Loman , Mildred Dunnock as Linda , Arthur Kennedy as Biff , Howard Smith as Charley and Cameron Mitchell as Happy . Albert Dekker and Gene Lockhart later played Willy Loman during the original Broadway run . It won the Tony Award for Best Play , Best Supporting or Featured Actor ( Arthur Kennedy ) , Best Scenic Design ( Jo Mielziner ) , Producer ( Dramatic ) , Author ( Arthur Miller ) , and Director ( Elia Kazan ) , as well as the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award for Best Play . Jayne Mansfield performed in a production of the play in Dallas , Texas , in October 1953 . Her performance in the play attracted Paramount Pictures to hire her for the studio 's film productions . The play has been revived on Broadway four times : June 26 , 1975 , at the Circle in the Square Theatre , running for 71 performances . George C. Scott starred as Willy . March 29 , 1984 , at the Broadhurst Theatre , running for 97 performances . Dustin Hoffman played Willy . In a return engagement , this production re-opened on September 14 , 1984 , and ran for 88 performances . The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival . February 10 , 1999 , at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre , running for 274 performances , with Brian Dennehy as Willy . The production won the Tony Award for : Best Revival of a Play ; Best Actor in Play ; Best Featured Actress in a Play ( Elizabeth Franz ) ; Best Direction of a Play ( Robert Falls ) . This production was filmed . February 13 , 2012 , at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre , in a limited run of 16 weeks . Directed by Mike Nichols , Philip Seymour Hoffman played Willy , Andrew Garfield played Biff , Linda Emond played Linda , and Finn Wittrock played Happy . It was also part of the inaugural season of the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis , Minnesota in 1963 . Christopher Lloyd portrayed Willy Loman in a 2010 production by the Weston Playhouse in Weston , Vermont , which toured several New England venues . Antony Sher played Willy Loman in the first Royal Shakespeare Company production of the play directed by Gregory Doran in Stratford - upon - Avon in the spring of 2015 , with Harriet Walter as Linda Loman . This production transferred to London 's West End , at the Noel Coward Theatre for ten weeks in the summer of 2015 . This production was part of the centenary celebrations for playwright Arthur Miller . Adaptations in other media ( edit ) 1951 : Adapted by Stanley Roberts and directed by László Benedek who won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Fredric March ) , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Kevin McCarthy ) , Best Actress in a Supporting Role ( Mildred Dunnock ) , Best Cinematography , Black - and - White and Best Music , Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture . 1960 : In USSR ( 1960 ) directed by Theodore Wolfovitch as `` You ca n't cross the bridge '' . 1961 : En Handelsresandes död starring Kolbjörn Knudsen and directed by Hans Abramson ( in Swedish ) 1968 : Der Tod eines Handlungsreisenden starring Heinz Rühmann and directed by Gerhard Klingenberg 1966 ( CBS ) : Starring Lee J. Cobb , Gene Wilder , Mildred Dunnock , James Farentino , Karen Steele and George Segal and directed by Alex Segal . 1966 ( BBC ) : Starring Rod Steiger , Betsy Blair , Tony Bill , Brian Davies and Joss Ackland and directed by Alan Cooke . 1985 : Starring Dustin Hoffman , Kate Reid , John Malkovich , Stephen Lang and Charles Durning and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . 1996 : Starring Warren Mitchell , Rosemary Harris , Iain Glen and Owen Teale and directed by David Thacker . 2000 : Starring Brian Dennehy , Elizabeth Franz , Ron Eldard , Ted Koch , Howard Witt and Richard Thompson and directed by Kirk Browning . 2008 : Play within the film in Synecdoche , New York , starring Philip Seymour Hoffman . 2015 : Radio drama , starring David Suchet and Zoë Wanamaker , directed by Howard Davies , and broadcast on BBC Radio 3 . 2016 : Play within the film in The Salesman ( Forushande ) , acting as counterpoint to the main plot . Starring Shahab Hosseini , Taraneh Alidoosti , Babak Karimi , and directed by Asghar Farhadi . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 1949 Broadway New York Drama Critics ' Circle Best Play ( win ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama ( win ) Tony Award for Best Play ( win ) Tony Award , Best Supporting or Featured Actor ( Dramatic ) -- Arthur Kennedy ( win ) Tony Award , Best Scenic Design -- Jo Mielziner ( win ) Tony Award Author -- Arthur Miller ( win ) Tony Award Best Director -- Elia Kazan ( win ) 1975 Broadway revival Tony Award Best Actor in Play -- George C. Scott ( nominee ) 1979 West End revival Olivier Award Director of the Year -- Michael Rudman ( nominee ) Olivier Award Actor of the Year in a Revival -- Warren Mitchell ( win ) Olivier Award Actor of the Year in a Supporting Role -- Stephen Greif ( nominee ) Olivier Award Actress of the Year in a Supporting Role -- Doreen Mantle ( win ) Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Actor -- Warren Mitchell ( win ) 1984 Broadway revival Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Play -- Dustin Hoffman ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play -- John Malkovich ( win ) ; David Huddleston ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Reproduction ( win ) 1999 Broadway revival Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play ( win ) Tony Award Best Actor in Play -- Brian Dennehy ( win ) Tony Award Best Featured Actor in a Play -- Kevin Anderson ( nominee ) ; Howard Witt ( nominee ) Tony Award Best Featured Actress in a Play -- Elizabeth Franz ( win ) Tony Award Best Direction of a Play -- Robert Falls ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Play ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Play -- Brian Dennehy ( win ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Play -- Elizabeth Franz ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play -- Kevin Anderson ( win ) ; Howard Witt ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Director of a Play -- Robert Falls ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award Outstanding Music in a Play -- Incidental music by Richard Woodbury ( nominee ) 2012 Broadway revival Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play ( win ) Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play -- Mike Nichols ( win ) Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play -- Philip Seymour Hoffman ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play -- Andrew Garfield ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play -- Linda Emond ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Play -- Brian MacDevitt ( nominee ) Tony Award for Best Sound Design of a Play -- Scott Lehrer ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play -- Philip Seymour Hoffman ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play ( nominee ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Director of a Play -- Mike Nichols ( win ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lighting Design -- Brian MacDevitt ( win ) See also ( edit ) Happy Lowman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Death of a Salesman '' . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Death of a Salesman '' . www.therep.org . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Martin Gottfried ( 2004 ) . Arthur Miller : His Life and Work . Perseus Books Group . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81377 - 1 . Jump up ^ Koon , Helene . Twentieth Century Interpretations of Death of Salesman . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall . ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Wade . `` The American Dream in `` Death of a Salesman '' `` . About.com . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Saurav . The American Dream in Context of Death of A Salesman . Academia . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Harold ( 2009 ) . The American Dream . Infobase Publishing . Jump up ^ Ziaul Haque , Md . & Kabir Chowdhury , Fahmida . `` The Concept of Blindness in Sophocles ' King Oedipus and Arthur Miller 's Death of a Salesman '' Archived 2014 - 05 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature , vol. 2 , no . 3 ; 2013 , p. 118 , Retrieved on April 02 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Meserve , Walter . Studies in Death of Salesman . Columbus , Ohio : Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 675 - 09259 - 0 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Miller . Salesman in Beijing . New York : Viking Press . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Steve . Va Va Voom , General Publishing Group , Los Angeles , California , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` Starry Revival of Arthur Miller 's ' Death of a Salesman ' Opens on Broadway '' Archived 2012 - 03 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , March 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( 25 August 2010 ) . `` Christopher Lloyd stars in ' Death of a Salesman ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` Arthur Miller Classic Death Of A Salesman To Make West End Transfer ) '' . LondonTheatreDirect.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 3 -- Drama on 3 , Death of a Salesman , by Arthur Miller '' . BBC . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) Miller , Arthur Death of a Salesman ( Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , 1996 ) ISBN 9780140247732 . Edited with an introduction by Gerald Weales . Contains the full text and various critical essays . Criticism ( edit ) Hurell , John D. ( 1961 ) . Two Modern American Tragedies : Reviews and Criticism of Death of a Salesman and A Streetcar Named Desire . New York : Scribner . pp. 82 -- 8 . OCLC 249094 . Sandage , Scott A. ( 2005 ) . Born Losers : A History of Failure in America . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01510 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Death of a Salesman . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Death of a Salesman Death of a Salesman at the Internet Broadway Database Character Analysis of Willy Loman Character Analysis of Linda Loman Death of a Salesman : A Celebration at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 4 , 2006 ) , by Joyce Carol Oates Death of a Salesman Reviews At playbill vault ( edit ) First Revival − 1975 Second Revival -- 1984 Third Revival -- 1999 Fourth Revival -- 2012 Works by Arthur Miller Plays No Villain They Too Arise Honors at Dawn The Golden Years ( radio play ) That They May Win ( one - act ) The Man Who Had All the Luck All My Sons Death of a Salesman An Enemy of the People ( adapted ) The Crucible A View from the Bridge A Memory of Two Mondays The Misfits After the Fall Incident At Vichy The Price The Creation of the World and Other Business The Archbishop 's Ceiling The American Clock Up from Paradise Elegy for a Lady Some Kind of Love Story Everybody Wins The Last Yankee The Ride Down Mt . Morgan Broken Glass Mr. Peters ' Connections Resurrection Blues Finishing the Picture Novels Focus Homely Girl : A Life Screenplays The Hook ( 1947 ) Let 's Make Love ( 1960 ) The Misfits ( 1961 ) Everybody Wins ( 1984 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1985 ) The Crucible ( 1995 ) Arthur Miller 's Death of a Salesman Characters Willy Loman Film and TV Death of a Salesman ( 1951 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1966 , CBS ) Death of a Salesman ( 1966 , BBC ) Death of a Salesman ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1996 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2000 ) Related The Salesman ( 2016 ) Awards for Death of a Salesman Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival The Royal Family ( 1976 ) No award ( 1977 - 1981 ) Entertaining Mr Sloane ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) The House of Blue Leaves ( 1986 ) no award ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) A Little Night Music ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play Anna Christie ( 1993 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman / The Iceman Cometh ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) The Best Man ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( 2004 ) Twelve Angry Men ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) A View from the Bridge / Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) Twelfth Night ( 2014 ) The Elephant Man ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Angels in America ( 2018 ) Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ? ( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013 ) The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Cost of Living ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Play 1948 - 1975 Mister Roberts ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) The Cocktail Party ( 1950 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1951 ) The Fourposter ( 1952 ) The Crucible ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) The Desperate Hours ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) The Miracle Worker ( 1960 ) Becket ( 1961 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1962 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1963 ) Luther ( 1964 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) Marat / Sade ( 1966 ) The Homecoming ( 1967 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1968 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) Borstal Boy ( 1970 ) Sleuth ( 1971 ) Sticks and Bones ( 1972 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) The River Niger ( 1974 ) Equus ( 1975 ) 1976 - 2000 Travesties ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) Da ( 1978 ) The Elephant Man ( 1979 ) Children of a Lesser God ( 1980 ) Amadeus ( 1981 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1982 ) Torch Song Trilogy ( 1983 ) The Real Thing ( 1984 ) Biloxi Blues ( 1985 ) I 'm Not Rappaport ( 1986 ) Fences ( 1987 ) M. Butterfly ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Grapes of Wrath ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) Dancing at Lughnasa ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Angels in America : Perestroika ( 1994 ) Love ! Valour ! Compassion ! ( 1995 ) Master Class ( 1996 ) The Last Night of Ballyhoo ( 1997 ) ' Art ' ( 1998 ) Side Man ( 1999 ) Copenhagen ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Proof ( 2001 ) The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? ( 2002 ) Take Me Out ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) The History Boys ( 2006 ) The Coast of Utopia ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) God of Carnage ( 2009 ) Red ( 2010 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Clybourne Park ( 2012 ) Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike ( 2013 ) All the Way ( 2014 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2015 ) The Humans ( 2016 ) Oslo ( 2017 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2018 ) Tony Award for Best Revival Porgy and Bess ( 1977 ) Dracula ( 1978 ) No Award ( 1979 ) Morning 's at Seven ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Othello ( 1982 ) On Your Toes ( 1983 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1984 ) Joe Egg ( 1985 ) Sweet Charity ( 1986 ) All My Sons ( 1987 ) Anything Goes ( 1988 ) Our Town ( 1989 ) Gypsy ( 1990 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1991 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1992 ) Anna Christie ( 1993 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( a combination of Part 1 and Part 2 ) ( 2004 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2014 ) Skylight ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Angels in America ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_a_Salesman&oldid=847151115 '' Categories : 1949 plays Plays by Arthur Miller Broadway plays Drama Desk Award - winning plays New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award winners Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning works Tony Award - winning plays American plays adapted into films Termination of employment in popular culture Viking Press books Suicide in fiction Works about dysfunctional families Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 08 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	death of the salesman summary by arthur miller	[]	[]
-1052297816434487121	Indonesian language	Indonesian language - wikipedia Indonesian language Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the official language of Indonesia . For an overview on all languages used in Indonesia , see Languages of Indonesia . Indonesian bahasa Indonesia Pronunciation ( baˈhasa indoneˈsia ) Native to Indonesia Native speakers 43 million ( 2010 census ) L2 speakers : 156 million ( 2010 census ) Language family Austronesian Malayo - Polynesian ( MP ) Nuclear MP Malayo - Sumbawan Malayic Malayan Malay Malacca ( `` Riau '' ) Malay Indonesian Writing system Latin ( Indonesian alphabet ) Indonesian Braille Signed forms Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia Official status Official language in Indonesia Recognised minority language in East Timor ASEAN Regulated by Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Language codes ISO 639 - 1 id ISO 639 - 2 ind ISO 639 - 3 ind Glottolog indo1316 Linguasphere 31 - MFA - ac Countries of the world where Indonesian is a majority native language Countries where Indonesian is a minority language This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Indonesian ( bahasa Indonesia ( baˈhasa indoneˈsia ) ) is the official language of Indonesia . It is a standardized register of Malay , an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries . Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world . Of its large population , the majority speak Indonesian , making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world . Most Indonesians , aside from speaking the national language , are fluent in any of more than 700 indigenous local languages ; examples include Javanese , Sundanese and Balinese , which are commonly used at home and within the local community . However , most formal education , and nearly all national mass media , governance , administration , judiciary , and other forms of communication , are conducted in Indonesian . The Indonesian name for the language is bahasa Indonesia ( literally `` the language of Indonesia '' ) . This term is also occasionally found in English and other languages . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early kingdoms era 1.2 Old Malay as lingua franca 1.3 Dutch colonial era 1.4 Birth of Indonesian language 1.5 Adopted as national language 1.6 Modern and colloquial Indonesian 2 Classification and related languages 3 Geographical distribution 4 Official status 5 Phonology 5.1 Vowels 5.1. 1 Diphthongs 5.2 Consonants 5.3 Stress 5.4 Rhythm 6 Grammar 6.1 Affixes 6.1. 1 Noun affixes 6.1. 2 Verb affixes 6.1. 3 Adjective affixes 6.2 Nouns 6.2. 1 Gender 6.2. 2 Number 6.3 Pronouns 6.3. 1 Personal pronouns 6.3. 2 Possessive pronouns 6.3. 3 Demonstrative pronouns 6.4 Verbs 6.4. 1 Negation 6.4. 2 Prohibition 6.5 Adjectives 6.6 Word order 6.6. 1 Emphasis 6.7 Measure words 7 Writing system 7.1 Letter names and pronunciations 8 Vocabulary 8.1 Loan words of Sanskrit origin 8.2 Loan words of Chinese origin 8.3 Loan words of Arabic origin 8.4 Loan words of Portuguese origin 8.5 Loan words of Dutch origin 8.6 Loan words of English origin 8.7 Other loan words 9 Literature 10 As speakers of other languages 11 Words 11.1 Numbers 11.1. 1 Cardinal 11.1. 2 Ordinal 11.2 Days and Months 11.2. 1 Days 11.2. 2 Months 11.3 Common phrases 11.4 Example 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 14.1 English - Indonesian translation services 14.2 English - Indonesian dictionaries History ( edit ) Early kingdoms era ( edit ) Rencong alphabet , native writing systems found in Malay Peninsula , central and South Sumatra . The text reads ( Voorhoeve 's spelling ) : `` haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang ( hitu hadik sa ) '' , which is translated by Voorhoeve as : `` I am weeping , calling you ; though called , you do not come '' ( hitu adik sa - is the rest of 4th line . Kedukan Bukit Inscription , written in Pallava script , is the oldest surviving specimen of the Old Malay language in South Sumatra , Indonesia . Indonesian is a standardized register of `` Riau Malay '' , which despite its common name is not the Malay dialect native to the Riau Islands , but rather the Classical Malay of the Malaccan royal courts . Originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra , Malay has been used as a lingua franca in the Indonesian archipelago for half a millennium . It might be attributed to its ancestor , the Old Malay language ( which can be traced back to the 7th century ) . The Kedukan Bukit Inscription is the oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay , the language used by Srivijayan empire . Since the 7th century , the Old Malay language has been used in Nusantara ( Indonesian archipelago ) , evidenced by Srivijaya inscriptions and by other inscriptions from coastal areas of the archipelago , such as those discovered in Java . Old Malay as lingua franca ( edit ) Trade contacts carried on by various ethnic peoples at the time were the main vehicle for spreading the Old Malay language , which was the main communications medium among the traders . Ultimately , the Old Malay language became a lingua franca and was spoken widely by most people in the archipelago . Indonesian ( in its standard form ) is essentially the same language as the official Malaysian , Singaporean and Brunei standards of Malay . However , it does differ from Malaysian in several respects , with differences in pronunciation and vocabulary . These differences are due mainly to the Dutch and Javanese influences on Indonesian . Indonesian was also influenced by the Melayu pasar ( literally `` market Malay '' ) , which was the lingua franca of the archipelago in colonial times , and thus indirectly by other spoken languages of the islands . Malaysian Malay claims to be closer to the classical Malay of earlier centuries , even though modern Malaysian has been heavily influenced , in lexicon as well as in syntax , by English . The question of whether High Malay ( Court Malay ) or Low Malay ( Bazaar Malay ) was the true parent of the Indonesian language is still in debate . High Malay was the official language used in the court of the Johor Sultanate and continued by the Dutch - administered territory of Riau - Lingga , while Low Malay was commonly used in marketplaces and ports of the archipelago . Some linguists have argued that it was the more common Low Malay that formed the base of the Indonesian language . Dutch colonial era ( edit ) When the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) first arrived in the archipelago , the Malay language was a significant trading and political language due to the influence of Malaccan Sultanate and later the Portuguese . However , the language had never been dominant among the population of the Indonesian archipelago as it was limited to mercantile activity . The VOC adopted the Malay language as the administrative language of their trading outpost in the east . Following the bankruptcy of the VOC , the Batavian Republic took control of the colony in 1799 and it was only then that education in and promotion of Dutch began in the colony . Even then , Dutch administrators were remarkably reluctant to promote the use of Dutch compared to other colonial regimes . Dutch thus remained the language of a small elite : in 1940 , only 2 % of the total population could speak Dutch . Nevertheless , it did have a significant influence on the development of Malay in the colony : during the era of colonization the language that would become Indonesian absorbed a large amount of Dutch vocabulary in the form of loanwords . Birth of Indonesian language ( edit ) Volksraad session held in July 1938 in Jakarta , where Indonesian was formally used for the first time by Jahja Datoek Kajo . The nationalist movement that ultimately brought Indonesian to its national language status rejected Dutch from the outset . However , the rapid disappearance of Dutch was a very unusual case compared to other colonized countries , where the colonial language generally has continued to function as the language of politics , bureaucracy , education , technology , and other important areas for a significant time after independence . Soenjono Dardjowidjojo even goes so far as to say that , `` Indonesian is perhaps the only language that has achieved the status of a national language in its true sense '' since it truly dominates in all spheres of Indonesian society . The ease with which Indonesia eliminated the language of its former colonial power can perhaps be explained as much by Dutch policy as by Indonesian nationalism , though . In marked contrast to the French , Spanish and Portuguese , who pursued an assimilation colonial policy , or even the British , the Dutch did not attempt to spread their language among the indigenous population . In fact , they consciously prevented the language from being spread by refusing to provide education , especially in Dutch , to the native Indonesians so they would not come to see themselves as equals . Moreover , the Dutch wished to prevent the Indonesians from elevating their perceived social status by taking on elements of Dutch culture . Thus , until the 1930s , they maintained a minimalist regime and allowed Malay to spread quickly throughout the archipelago . Dutch dominance at that time covered nearly all aspects , with official forums requiring the use of Dutch , although since the Youth Congress ( 1928 ) the use of Indonesian as the national language was agreed on as one of the tools in the pro-independence struggle . As of it , Mohammad Husni Thamrin inveighed actions underestimating Indonesian . After some criticism and protests , the use of Indonesian was allowed since the Volksraad sessions held in July 1938 . By the time they tried to counter the spread of Malay by teaching Dutch to the natives , it was too late , and in 1942 , the Japanese conquered Indonesia and outlawed the use of the Dutch language . Three years later , the Indonesians themselves formally abolished the language and established Bahasa Indonesia as the national language of the new nation . Adopted as national language ( edit ) The Pledge was the result of second Youth Pledge held in Batavia in October 1928 . On the last pledge , there was an affirmation of Indonesian language as a unifying language throughout the archipelago . The adoption of Indonesian as the country 's national language was in contrast to most other post-colonial states , as neither the language with the most native speakers ( in this case , Javanese ) nor the language of the former European colonial power ( in this case , Dutch ) was to be adopted , but rather a local language with many fewer native speakers than the most widely spoken local language ( nevertheless , Malay was the second most widely spoken language in the colony after Javanese , and had many L2 speakers using it for trade , administration , and education ) . In 1945 when Indonesia declared its independence , Indonesian was formally declared the national language , although then it was the native language of only about 5 per cent of the population , whereas Javanese and Sundanese were the mother tongues of 42 -- 48 percent and 15 percent respectively . It was a combination of nationalistic , political , and practical concerns that ultimately led to the successful adoption of Indonesian as a national language . In 1945 , Javanese was easily the most prominent language in Indonesia . It was the native language of nearly half the population , the primary language of politics and economics , and the language of courtly , religious , and literary tradition . What it lacked , however , was the ability to unite the diverse Indonesian population as a whole . With thousands of islands and hundreds of different languages , the newly independent country of Indonesia had to find a national language that could realistically be spoken by the majority of the population and that would not divide the nation by favoring one ethnic group , namely the Javanese , over the others . In 1945 , Indonesian was already in widespread use ; in fact , it had been for roughly a thousand years . Over that long period of time , Malay , which would later become Indonesian , was the primary language of commerce and travel . In addition , it was the language used for the propagation of Islam in the 13th to 17th centuries , as well as the language of instruction used by Portuguese and Dutch missionaries attempting to convert the indigenous people to Christianity . The combination of all of these factors meant that the language was already known to some degree by most of the population , and it could be more easily adopted as the national language than perhaps any other . Over the first 53 years of Indonesian independence , the country 's first two presidents , Sukarno and Suharto constantly nurtured the sense of national unity embodied by Indonesian , and the language remains an important component of Indonesian identity today . Through a language planning program that made Indonesian the language of politics , education , and nation - building in general , Indonesia became one of the few success stories of an indigenous language effectively overtaking that of a country 's colonizers to become the de jure and de facto official language . It is a unique and somewhat unusual story , especially considering the historical dominance of Javanese ; a diverse collection of peoples were able to compromise to hold the nation together . Today , Indonesian continues to function as the language of national identity as the Congress of Indonesian Youth envisioned , and it also serves as the language of education , literacy , modernization , and social mobility . Despite still being a second language to most Indonesian citizens , it is unquestionably the language of the Indonesian nation as a whole , as it has had unrivaled success as a factor in nation - building and the strengthening of Indonesian identity . Modern and colloquial Indonesian ( edit ) Further information : Indonesian slang language Road - signs in an airport terminal Toll gate in Indonesia Indonesian language used on a bus advertisement While Indonesian is spoken as a mother tongue by only a small proportion of Indonesia 's large population ( i.e. mainly those who reside within the vicinity of Jakarta and other large predominantly Indonesian - speaking cities such as Medan and Balikpapan ) , over 200 million people regularly make use of the national language , with varying degrees of proficiency . In a nation that boasts more than 700 native languages and a vast array of ethnic groups , it plays an important unifying and cross-archipelagic role for the country . Use of the national language is abundant in the media , government bodies , schools , universities , workplaces , among members of the Indonesian upper - class or nobility and also in many other formal situations , although the 2010 Indonesian Census shows that only 19.94 % of people over 5 years old speak mainly Indonesian at home . Standard and formal Indonesian is used in books and newspapers and on television / radio news broadcasts ; however , few native Indonesian speakers use the formal language in their daily conversations . While this is a phenomenon common to most languages in the world ( for example , spoken English does not always correspond to written standards ) , the degree of `` correctness '' of spoken Indonesian ( in terms of grammar and vocabulary ) by comparison to its written form is noticeably low . This is mostly due to Indonesians combining aspects of their own local languages ( e.g. , Javanese , Sundanese , Balinese , and Chinese ) with Indonesian . This results in various `` regional '' Indonesian dialects , the very types that a foreigner is most likely to hear upon arriving in any Indonesian city or town . This phenomenon is amplified by the use of Indonesian slang , particularly in the cities . The most common and widely used colloquial Indonesian is heavily influenced by Betawi language , a Malay - based creole of Jakarta , amplified by its popularity in Indonesian popular culture in mass media and Jakarta 's status as the national capital . In informal spoken Indonesian , various words are replaced with those of a less formal nature . For example , tidak ( no ) is often replaced with the Javanese nggak or the even simpler gak , while seperti ( like , similar to ) is often replaced with kayak ( pronounced kai - yah ) . Sangat or amat ( very ) , the term to express intensity , is often being replaced with Javanese - influenced banget . As for pronunciation , the diphthongs ai and au on the end of base words are typically pronounced as / e / and / o / . In informal writing the spelling of words is modified to reflect the actual pronunciation in a way that can be produced with less effort . For example , capai becomes cape or capek , pakai becomes pake , kalau becomes kalo . In verbs , the prefix me - is often dropped , although an initial nasal consonant is often retained , as when mengangkat becomes ngangkat ( the basic word is angkat ) . The suffixes - kan and - i are often replaced by - in . For example , mencarikan becomes nyariin , menuruti becomes nurutin . The latter grammatical aspect is one often closely related to the Indonesian spoken in Jakarta and its surrounding areas . Classification and related languages ( edit ) Indonesian has its roots in Malay . Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast . A form known as Proto - Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was , it has been argued , the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages . Its ancestor , Proto - Malayo - Polynesian , a descendant of the Proto - Austronesian language , began to break up by at least 2000 BCE , possibly as a result of the southward expansion of Austronesian peoples into Maritime Southeast Asia from the island of Taiwan . Indonesian , which originated from Malay , is a member of the Austronesian family of languages , which includes languages from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean , with a smaller number in continental Asia . Malagasy , a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean ; the Philippines national language , Filipino ; and the native language of New Zealander , Māori language are also members of this language family . Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible , their similarities are rather striking . Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor , Proto - Austronesian language . There are many cognates found in the languages ' words for kinship , health , body parts and common animals . Numbers , especially , show remarkable similarities . Numbers in Austronesian languages Language 5 6 7 8 9 10 PAN , c. 4000 BCE * isa * DuSa * telu * Sepat * lima * enem * pitu * walu * Siwa * puluq Amis cecay tusa tulu sepat lima enem pitu falu siwa pulu ' Rukai itha drusa tulru supate lrima eneme pitu valru bangate pulruku Tsou coni yuso tuyu sʉptʉ eimo nomʉ pitu voyu sio maskʉ Tagalog isá dalawá tatló ápat limá ánim pitó waló siyám sampu Ilocano maysá dua talló uppát limá inném pitó waló siam sangapúlo Cebuano usá duhá tuló upat limá unom pitó waló siyám napulu Chamorro maisa / håcha hugua tulu fatfat lima gunum fiti guålu sigua månot / fulu Malagasy iray roa telo efatra dimy enina fito valo sivy folo Malay / Indonesian satu dua tiga empat lima enam tujuh lapan / delapan sembilan sepuluh Minangkabau ciek duo tigo ampek limo anam tujuah salapan sambilan sapuluah Javanese siji loro telu papat limo nem pitu wolu songo sepuluh Tetun ida rua tolu hat lima nen hitu ualu sia sanulu Fijian dua rua tolu vā lima ono vitu walu ciwa tini Kiribati teuana uoua teniua aua nimaua onoua itiua waniua ruaiua tebuina Tongan taha ua tolu fā nima ono fitu valu hiva - fulu Sāmoan tasi lua tolu fā lima ono fitu valu iva sefulu Māori tahi rua toru whā rima ono whitu waru iwa tekau ( archaic : ngahuru ) Tahitian hō'ē piti toru maha pae ōno hitu va'u iva ' ahuru Marquesan tahi ' ua to'u hā ' ima ono hitu va'u iva ' ahu'u Leeward Islands ( Society Islands ) language tahi rua toru fā rima ono fitu varu iva ' ahuru Hawaiian kahi lua kolu hā lima ono hiku walu iwa - ' umi However , Indonesian as it is known today was heavily influenced by several languages due to historical ties with other nations . Dutch made the highest contribution to the language , especially in vocabulary due to the Dutch 's colonization for over three centuries , from the 16th century until mid-20th century . Asian languages also influenced the language , with Chinese influencing Indonesian during the 15th and 16th centuries due to the spice trade , Sanskrit and Hindi contributing during the flourishing of Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms from the 2nd to the 14th century , followed by Arabic after the spread of Islam in the archipelago in the 13th century . Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia . Indonesian also receives many of English words as results of globalization and modernization , especially since the 1990s , as far as the Internet 's emergence and development until now . Some Indonesian words have also been borrowed into English , among them the common words orangutan , gong , bamboo , rattan , sarong , and the less common words such as paddy , sago and kapok . The phrase `` to run amock '' comes from the Indonesian verb amuk ( to run out of control , to rage ) . Due to the complexity of historical background of the language , Indonesian has become more advanced , even when compared to its own ancestor , Malay . Geographical distribution ( edit ) In 2010 , Indonesian had 42.8 million native speakers , and 154.9 million second - language speakers , who speak it alongside their local mother tongue , giving a total number of speakers in Indonesia of 197.7 million . It is common as a first language in urban areas , and as a second language by those residing in more rural parts of Indonesia . The VOA and BBC use Indonesian as their standard for broadcasting in Malay . In Australia , Indonesian is one of three Asian target languages , together with Japanese and Mandarin , taught in some schools as part of the Languages Other Than English programme . Indonesian has been taught in Australian schools and universities since the 1950s . In East Timor , which was occupied by Indonesia between 1975 and 1999 , Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages ( the other being English ) , alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese . Its understood by among the Malay people of Australia 's Cocos Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean , also in some parts of the Sulu area of the southern Philippines and traces of it are to be found among people of Malay descent in Sri Lanka , South Africa , Suriname , and other places . Official status ( edit ) Indonesian is also the language of Indonesian mass media , such as magazines . Printed and broadcast mass media are encouraged to use proper Indonesian , although more relaxed popular slang often prevails . Warning sign in Indonesia Indonesian is the official language of the Republic of Indonesia , thus its usage is encouraged throughout Indonesian archipelago . Its regulated in Chapter XV , Constitution of Indonesia 1945 about the flag , official language , coat of arms , and national anthem of Indonesia . Also in Chapter III , Section 25 to 45 , Government regulation No. 24 / 2009 specifically mentions the status of the Indonesian language . The national language shall be Indonesian -- Article 35 , Chapter XV , Constitution of Indonesia Indonesian functions as a symbol of national identity and pride , and is a unifying language among the diverse Indonesian ethnic groups . It also serves as a vehicle of communication among the Indonesian provinces and different regional cultures in Indonesia . The language is used as the national official language , the language of education , communication , transaction and trade documentation , the development of national culture , science , technology , and mass media in Indonesia . According to Indonesian law , the Indonesian language was proclaimed as the unifying language during Sumpah Pemuda on 28 October 1928 , developed further to accommodate the dynamics of Indonesian civilization . As mentioned previously , the language was based on Riau Malay , though linguists note that this is not the local dialect of Riau , but the Malaccan dialect that was used in the Riau court . Since its conception in 1928 and its official recognition in 1945 Constitution , the Indonesian language has been loaded with a nationalist political agenda to unify Indonesia ( former Dutch East Indies ) . This status has made Indonesian language relatively open to accommodate influences from other Indonesian ethnic languages , most notably Javanese as the majority ethnic group in Indonesia , and Dutch as the previous colonizer . Compared to Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and Malay peninsula or standardized version of Malaysian language , Indonesian language differ profoundly by a large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary . As a result , Indonesian has wider sources of loanwords , compared to Malay . It was suggested that the Indonesian language is an artificial language made official in 1928 . By artificial it means that Indonesian was designed by academics rather than evolving naturally as most common languages have , in order to accommodate the political purpose of establishing an official unifying language of Indonesia . By borrowing heavily from numerous other languages it expresses a natural linguistic evolution ; in fact , it is as natural as the next language , as demonstrated in its exceptional capacity for absorbing foreign vocabulary . The disparate evolution of Indonesian and Malaysian has led to a rift between the two standards . This has been based more upon political nuance and the history of its standardization rather than cultural reasons , and as a result there are asymmetrical views regarding each other 's standard among Malaysians and Indonesians . In Malaysia , the national language is Malaysian ; in Indonesia , it is Indonesian . Malaysians tend to assert that Malaysian and Indonesian are merely variants of the same language , while Indonesians tend to treat them as separate , albeit related , languages . The result of this attitude is that Indonesians feel little need to harmonize their language with Malaysia and Brunei , whereas Malaysians are keener to coordinate the evolution of the language with Indonesians , although the 1972 Indonesian alphabet reform was largely seen as a concession of Dutch - based Indonesian to the English - based spelling of Malaysian . Phonology ( edit ) Vowels ( edit ) It is usually said that there are six vowels in Indonesian . These six vowels are shown in the table below . However , other analyses set up a system with other vowels , particularly the open - mid vowels / ɛ / and / ɔ / . Table of vowel phonemes of Indonesian Front Central Back Close i u Close - Mid ə o Open - Mid ( ɛ ) ( ɔ ) Open In standard Indonesian orthography , the Latin alphabet is used , and five vowels are distinguished : a , i , u , e , o . In materials for learners , the mid-front vowel / e / is sometimes represented with a diacritic as é to distinguish it from the mid-central vowel / ə / . Diphthongs ( edit ) Some analyses claim that Indonesian has three native diphthong phonemes only in open syllables , they are : / ai̯ / : kedai ( ' shop ' ) , pandai ( ' clever ' ) / au̯ / : kerbau ( ' buffalo ' ) , limau ( ' orange ' ) / oi̯ / ( or / ʊi̯ / in Indonesian ) : dodoi , amboi Others assume that these `` diphthongs '' are actually a monophthong followed by an approximant , so ⟨ ai ⟩ represents / aj / , ⟨ au ⟩ represents / aw / , and ⟨ oi ⟩ represents / oj / . On this basis , there are no phonological diphthongs in Indonesian . Diphthongs are differentiated from two vowels in two syllables , such as : / a. ʔi / : e.g. rayakan ( ' celebrate ' ) ( ra. ʔi ) , air ( ' water ' ) ( a. ʔer ) ( or ( a. ʔɪr ) in Indonesia and ( a. ʔir ) elsewhere ) / a. ʔu / : bau ( ' smell ' ) ( ba. ʔu ) , laut ( ' sea ' ) ( la. ʔot ) ( or ( la. ʔʊt ) in Indonesia and ( la. ʔut ) elsewhere ) Consonants ( edit ) The consonants of Indonesian are shown below . Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words , principally from Arabic and English , are shown in parentheses . Some analyses list 19 `` primary consonants '' for Indonesian as the 18 symbols that are not in parentheses in the table as well as the glottal stop ( ʔ ) . Consonant phonemes of Standard Indonesian Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Plosive voiceless p t͡ʃ k ( ʔ ) voiced d d͡ʒ ɡ Fricative voiceless ( f ) s ( ʃ ) ( x ) h voiced ( v ) ( z ) Approximant w l j Trill r Orthographic note : The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above , except : / ɲ / is written ⟨ ny ⟩ before a vowel , ⟨ n ⟩ before ⟨ c ⟩ and ⟨ j ⟩ / ŋ / is written ⟨ ng ⟩ the glottal stop ( ʔ ) is written as a final ⟨ k ⟩ or an apostrophe ⟨ ' ⟩ ( the use ⟨ k ⟩ from its being an allophone of / k / or / ɡ / in the syllable coda ) / tʃ / is written ⟨ c ⟩ / dʒ / is written ⟨ j ⟩ / ʃ / is written ⟨ sy ⟩ / x / is written ⟨ kh ⟩ / j / is written ⟨ y ⟩ Stress ( edit ) Indonesian has light stress that falls on either the final or penultimate syllable , depending on regional variations as well as the presence of the schwa ( / ə / ) in a word . It is generally the penultimate syllable that is stressed , unless its vowel is a schwa / ə / . If the penult has a schwa , then stress moves to the ante - penultimate syllable if there is one , even if that syllable has a schwa as well ; if the word is disyllabic , the stress is final . In disyllabic stress with a closed penultimate syllable , such as tinggal ( ' stay ' ) and rantai ( ' chain ' ) , stress falls on the penult . However , there is some disagreement among linguists over whether stress is phonemic ( unpredictable ) , with some analyses suggesting that there is no underlying stress in Indonesian . Rhythm ( edit ) The classification of languages based on rhythm can be problematic . Nevertheless , acoustic measurements suggest that Indonesian has more syllable - based rhythm than British English , even though doubts remain about whether the syllable is the appropriate unit for the study of Malay prosody . However , many linguists suggest that rhythm in Indonesian is not payed , because Indonesian is not a kind of tonal language like Chinese , Thai , or Vietnamese . Grammar ( edit ) Word order in Indonesian is generally Subject - Verb - Object ( SVO ) , similar to that of most modern European languages , such as English . However considerable flexibility in word ordering exists , in contrast with languages such as Japanese or Korean , for instance , which always end clauses with verbs . Indonesian , while allowing for relatively flexible word orderings , does not mark for grammatical case nor does it make use of grammatical gender . Affixes ( edit ) In Indonesian , affixes take on an important role because slightly different affixes may have very different meanings . There are four types of affixes : prefixes ( awalan ) , suffixes ( akhiran ) , circumfixes ( apitan ) and infixes ( sisipan ) . Affixes are categorized into noun , verb , and adjective affixes . Root words are either nouns or verbs , which can take on affixes to generate new words , for example , masak ( to cook ) may become memasak ( cooks ) , memasakkan ( cooks for ) , dimasak ( cooked ) , pemasak ( a cook ) , masakan ( a meal , cookery ) . Many initial consonants alternate in the presence of prefixes : sapu ( to sweep ) becomes menyapu ( sweeps / sweeping ) ; panggil ( to call ) becomes memanggil ( calls / calling ) , tapis ( to sieve ) becomes menapis ( sieves ) . Other examples of the use of affixes to change the meaning of a word can be seen with the word ajar ( teach ) : ajar = teach ajaran = teachings belajar = to learn mengajar = to teach ( intransitive ) mengajarkan = to teach ( transitive ) diajar = being taught ( intransitive ) diajarkan = being taught ( transitive ) mempelajari = to study dipelajari = being studied pelajar = student pengajar = teacher pelajaran = subject , education pengajaran = lesson pembelajaran = learning terajar = taught ( accidentally ) terpelajar = well - educated , literally `` been taught '' berpelajaran = is educated , literally `` has education '' Noun affixes ( edit ) Noun affixes are affixes that form nouns upon addition to root words . The following are examples of noun affixes : Type of noun affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word Prefix pə ( r ) - ~ pəng - duduk ( sit ) penduduk ( population ) kə - hendak ( want ) kehendak ( desire ) Infix ⟨ əl ⟩ tunjuk ( point ) telunjuk ( index finger , command ) ⟨ əm ⟩ kelut ( dishevelled ) kemelut ( chaos , crisis ) ⟨ ər ⟩ gigi ( teeth ) gerigi ( toothed blade ) Suffix - an bangun ( wake up , raise ) bangunan ( building ) Circumfix kə - ... - an raja ( king ) kerajaan ( kingdom ) pə ( r ) - ... - an pəng - ... - an kerja ( work ) pekerjaan ( occupation ) The prefix per - drops its r before r , l and frequently before p , t , k . In some words it is peng - ; though formally distinct , these are treated as variants of the same prefix in Indonesian grammar books . Verb affixes ( edit ) Similarly , verb affixes in Indonesian are attached to root words to form verbs . In Indonesian , there are : Type of verb affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word Prefix bər - ajar ( teach ) belajar ( to study ) məng - tolong ( help ) menolong ( to help ) di - ambil ( take ) diambil ( be taken ) məmpər - panjang ( length ) memperpanjang ( to lengthen ) dipər - dalam ( deep ) diperdalam ( be deepened ) tər - makan ( eat ) termakan ( to have accidentally eaten ) Suffix - kan letak ( place , keep ) letakkan ( keep ) - i jauh ( far ) jauhi ( avoid ) Circumfix bər - ... - an pasang ( pair ) berpasangan ( in pairs ) bər - ... - kan dasar ( base ) berdasarkan ( based on ) məng - ... - kan pasti ( sure ) memastikan ( to make sure ) məng - ... - i teman ( company ) menemani ( to accompany ) məmpər - ... - kan guna ( use ) mempergunakan ( to utilise , to exploit ) məmpər - ... - i ajar ( teach ) mempelajari ( to study ) kə - ... - an hilang ( disappear ) kehilangan ( to lose ) di - ... - i sakit ( pain ) disakiti ( to be hurt by ) di - ... - kan benar ( right ) dibenarkan ( is allowed to ) dipər - ... - kan kenal ( know , recognise ) diperkenalkan ( is being introduced ) Adjective affixes ( edit ) Adjective affixes are attached to root words to form adjectives : Type of adjective affixes Affix Example of root word Example of derived word Prefix tər - kenal ( know ) terkenal ( famous ) sə - lari ( run ) selari ( parallel ) Infix ⟨ əl ⟩ serak ( disperse ) selerak ( messy ) ⟨ əm ⟩ cerlang ( radiant bright ) cemerlang ( bright , excellent ) ⟨ ər ⟩ sabut ( husk ) serabut ( dishevelled ) Circumfix kə - ... - an barat ( west ) kebaratan ( westernized ) In addition to these affixes , Indonesian also has a lot of borrowed affixes from other languages such as Sanskrit , Arabic and English . For example , maha - , pasca - , eka - , bi - , anti - , pro - etc . Nouns ( edit ) Common derivational affixes for nouns are peng - / per - / juru - ( actor , instrument , or someone characterized by the root ) , - an ( collectivity , similarity , object , place , instrument ) , ke - ... - an ( abstractions and qualities , collectivities ) , per - / peng - ... - an ( abstraction , place , goal or result ) . Gender ( edit ) Indonesian does not make use of grammatical gender , and there are only selected words that use natural gender . For instance , the same word is used for he / him and she / her ( dia or ia ) or for his and her ( dia , ia or - nya ) . No real distinction is made between `` girlfriend '' and `` boyfriend '' , both pacar ( although more colloquial terms as cewek girl / girlfriend and cowok boy / boyfriend can also be found ) . A majority of Indonesian words that refer to people generally have a form that does not distinguish between the sexes . However , unlike English , distinction is made between older or younger . There are some words that have gender , for instance putri means `` daughter '' , and putra means `` son '' and also pramugara means `` male flight attendant '' and pramugari meaning `` female flight attendant '' . Another example would be olahragawan , which equates to `` sportsman '' , and olahragawati , meaning sportswoman . Often , words like these ( or certain suffixes such as `` - a '' and `` - i '' or `` - wan '' and `` wati '' ) are absorbed from other languages ( in these cases , from Sanskrit through the Old Javanese language ) . In some regions of Indonesia such as Sumatera and Jakarta , abang ( a gender - specific term meaning `` older brother '' ) is commonly used as a form of address for older siblings / males , while kakak ( a non-gender specific term meaning `` older sibling '' ) is often used to mean `` older sister '' . Similarly , more direct influences from other languages , such as Javanese and Chinese , have also seen further use of other gendered words in Indonesian . For example : Mas ( `` older brother '' ) , M'bak ( `` older sister '' ) , Koko ( `` older brother '' ) and Cici ( `` older sister '' ) . Number ( edit ) Indonesian grammar does not regularly mark plurals . In Indonesian , to change a singular into a plural one either repeats the word or adds para before it ( the latter for living things only ) ; for example , `` students '' can be either murid - murid or para murid . Plurals are rarely used in Indonesian , especially in daily and informal situations . Reduplication is often mentioned as the formal way to express the plural form of nouns in Indonesian ; however , in informal daily discourse , speakers of Indonesian usually use other methods to indicate the concept of something being `` more than one '' . Reduplication may also indicate the conditions of variety and diversity as well , and not simply plurality . Reduplication is commonly used to emphasize plurality ; however , reduplication has many other functions . For example , orang - orang means `` ( all the ) people '' , but orang - orangan means `` scarecrow '' . Similarly , while hati means `` heart '' or `` liver '' , hati - hati is a verb meaning `` to be careful '' . Also , not all reduplicated words are inherently plural , such as orang - orangan `` scarecrow / scarecrows '' , biri - biri `` a / some sheep '' and kupu - kupu `` butterfly / butterflies '' . Some reduplication is rhyming rather than exact , as in sayur - mayur `` ( all sorts of ) vegetables '' . Distributive affixes derive mass nouns that are effectively plural : pohon `` tree '' , pepohonan `` flora , trees '' ; rumah `` house '' , perumahan `` housing , houses '' ; gunung `` mountain '' , pegunungan `` mountain range , mountains '' . Quantity words come before the noun : seribu orang `` a thousand people '' , beberapa pegunungan `` a series of mountain ranges '' , beberapa kupu - kupu `` some butterflies '' . Plural in Indonesian is just to clarify the number of objects in sentence . For example , Ani membeli satu kilo mangga ( Ani buys one kilogram of mangoes ) . In this case , `` mangoes '' , which is plural , is not said as mangga - mangga because the plurality is implicit : the amount a kilogram means more than one mango . So , as it is logically , one does not change the singular into the plural form , because it is not necessary and considered a pleonasm ( in Indonesian often called Pemborosan Kata ) . Pronouns ( edit ) Personal pronouns are not a separate part of speech , but a subset of nouns . They are frequently omitted , and there are numerous ways to say `` you '' . Commonly the person 's name , title , title with name , or occupation is used ( `` does Johnny want to go ? '' , `` would Madam like to go ? '' ) ; kin terms , including fictive kinship , are extremely common . However , there are also dedicated personal pronouns , as well as the demonstrative pronouns ini `` this , the '' and itu `` that , the '' . Personal pronouns ( edit ) From the perspective of a European language , Indonesian boasts a wide range of different pronouns , especially to refer to the addressee ( the so - called second person pronouns ) . These are used to differentiate several parameters of the person they are referred to , such as the social rank and the relationship between the addressee and the speaker . This table shows an overview over the most commonly and widely used pronouns of the Indonesian language : Common pronouns person respect singular plural 1st person exclusive informal , familiar aku kami ( we : they and me , she / he and me ) standard , polite saya inclusive kita ( we : you and me , you and us ) 2nd person familiar kamu kalian polite Anda ( you ) Anda sekalian ( you , you all ) 3rd person dia or ia ( she / he ) mereka ( itu ) ( they ) First person pronouns Notable among the personal - pronoun system is a distinction between two forms of `` we '' : kita ( you and me , you and us ) and kami ( us , but not you ) . The distinction is increasingly confused in colloquial Indonesian . Saya and aku are the two major forms of `` I '' . Saya is the more formal form , whereas aku is used with family , friends , and between lovers . Sahaya is an old or literary form of saya . Sa ( ha ) ya may also be used for `` we '' , but in such cases it is usually used with sekalian or semua `` all '' ; this form is ambiguous as to whether it corresponds with inclusive kami or exclusive kita . Less common are hamba `` slave '' , hamba tuan , hamba datuk ( all extremely humble ) , beta ( a royal addressing oneselves ) , patik ( a commoner addressing a royal ) , kami ( royal or editorial `` we '' ) , kita , təman , and kawan . Second person pronouns There are three common forms of `` you '' , Anda ( polite ) , kamu ( familiar ) , and kalian `` all '' ( commonly used as a plural form of you , slightly informal ) . Anda is used with strangers , recent acquaintances , in advertisements , in business , and when you wish to show respect ( though terms like tuan `` sir '' and other titles also show respect ) , while kamu is used in situations where the speaker would use aku for `` I '' . Anda sekalian is polite plural . Engkau ( əngkau ) , commonly shortened to kau , and hang are used to social inferiors , awak to equals , and əncik ( cek before a name ) is polite , traditionally used for people without title . The compounds makcik and pakcik are used with village elders one is well acquainted with or the guest of . Third person pronouns The common word for `` s / he '' and `` they '' is ia , which has the object and emphatic / focused form dia . Bəliau `` his / her Honour '' is respectful . As with `` you '' , names and kin terms are extremely common . Mereka `` someone '' , mereka itu , or orang itu `` those people '' are used for `` they '' . Regional varieties There are a large number of other words for `` I '' and `` you '' , many regional , dialectical , or borrowed from local languages . Saudara `` you '' ( male ) and saudari ( female ) ( plural saudara - saudara or saudari - saudari ) show utmost respect . Daku `` I '' and dikau `` you '' are poetic or romantic . Indonesian gua `` I '' and lu `` you '' are slang and extremely informal . In the state of Pahang , two variants for `` I '' and `` you '' exist , depending on location . In East Pahang , around Pekan , `` kome '' is used as `` I '' while in the west around Temerloh , `` koi '' is used . Interestingly , `` kome '' is also used in Kuala Kangsar , Perak , but instead it means `` you '' . This allegedly originated from the fact that both the royal families of Pahang and Perak ( whose seats are in Pekan and Kuala Kangsar respectively ) were descendants of the same ancient line . The pronouns aku , kamu , engkau , ia , kami , and kita are indigenous to Indonesian . Possessive pronouns ( edit ) Aku , kamu , engkau , and ia have short possessive enclitic forms . All others retain their full forms like other nouns , as does emphatic dia : meja saya , meja kita , meja anda , meja dia `` my table , our table , your table , his / her table '' . Possessed forms of meja `` table '' Pronoun Enclitic Possessed form aku - ku mejaku ( my table ) kamu - mu mejamu ( your table ) ia - nya mejanya ( his , her , their table ) There are also proclitic forms of aku , ku - and kau - . These are used when there is no emphasis on the pronoun : Ku - dengar raja itu menderita penyakit kulit . Aku mengetahui ilmu kedokteran . Aku - lah yang akan mengobati dia . `` It has come to my attention that the King has a skin disease . I am skilled in medicine . I will cure him . '' Here ku - verb is used for a general report , aku verb is used for a factual statement , and emphatic aku - lah meng - verb ( ≈ `` I am the one who ... '' ) for focus on the pronoun . Demonstrative pronouns ( edit ) There are two demonstrative pronouns in Indonesian . Ini `` this , these '' is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker . Itu `` that , those '' is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker . Either may sometimes be equivalent to English `` the '' . There is no difference between singular and plural . However , plural can be indicated through duplication of a noun followed by a ini or itu . The word yang `` which '' is often placed before demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of certainty , particularly when making references or enquiries about something / someone , like English `` this one '' or `` that one '' . Pronoun Indonesian English ini buku ini This book , these books , the book ( s ) buku - buku ini These books , ( all ) the books itu kucing itu That cat , those cats , the cat ( s ) kucing - kucing itu Those cats , the ( various ) cats Pronoun + yang Example Sentence English Meaning Yang ini Q : Anda mau membeli buku yang mana ? A : Saya mau yang ini . Q : Which book do you wish to purchase ? A : I would like this one . Yang itu Q : Kucing mana yang memakan tikusmu ? A : Yang itu ! Q : Which cat ate your mouse ? A : That one ! Verbs ( edit ) Verbs are not inflected for person or number , and they are not marked for tense ; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs ( such as `` yesterday '' ) or by other tense indicators , such as sudah `` already '' and belum `` not yet '' . On the other hand , there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote voice or intentional and accidental moods . Some of these affixes are ignored in colloquial speech . Examples of these are the prefixes di - ( patient focus , frequently but erroneously called `` passive voice '' , for OVA word order in the third person , and OAV in the first or second persons ) , meng - ( agent focus , frequently but erroneously called `` active voice '' , for AVO word order ) , memper - and diper - ( causative , agent and patient focus ) , ber - ( stative or habitual ; intransitive VS order ) , and ter - ( agentless actions , such as those which are involuntary , sudden , stative or accidental , for VA = VO order ) ; the suffixes - kan ( causative or benefactive ) and - i ( locative , repetitive , or exhaustive ) ; and the circumfixes ber - ... - an ( plural subject , diffuse action ) and ke - ... - an ( unintentional or potential action or state ) . duduk to sit down mendudukkan to sit someone down , give someone a seat , to appoint menduduki to sit on , to occupy didudukkan to be given a seat , to be appointed diduduki to be sat on , to be occupied terduduk to sink down , to come to sit kedudukan to be situated Forms in ter - and ke - ... - an are often equivalent to adjectives in English . Negation ( edit ) Four words are used for negation in Indonesian , namely tidak , bukan , jangan , and belum . Tidak ( not ) , often shortened to tak , is used for the negation of verbs and `` adjectives '' . Bukan ( be-not ) is used in the negation of a noun . For example : Indonesian Gloss English Saya tidak tahu I not know I do not know Ibu saya tidak senang mother I not be-happy My mother is not happy Itu bukan anjing saya that be-not dog I That is not my dog Prohibition ( edit ) For negating imperatives or advising against certain actions in Indonesian , the word jangan ( do not ) is used before the verb . For example , Jangan tinggalkan saya di sini ! Do n't leave me here ! Jangan lakukan itu ! Do n't do that ! Jangan ! Itu tidak bagus untukmu . Do n't ! That 's not good for you . Adjectives ( edit ) There are grammatical adjectives in Indonesian . Stative verbs are often used for this purpose as well . Adjectives are always placed after the noun which they modify . Hence , `` rumah saya '' means `` my house '' , while `` saya rumah '' means `` I am a house '' . Indonesian Gloss English Hutan hijau forest green ( The ) green forest . Hutan itu hijau forest that green That / the forest is green . Kəreta yang merah carriage which ( is ) red . ( The ) carriage which is red = the red carriage . Kəreta merah carriage red . Red carriage . Dia orang yang terkenal sekali he / she person which be-famous very He / she is a very famous person Orang terkenal person famous . Famous person . Orang ini terkenal sekali person this be-famous very This person is very famous To say that something `` is '' an adjective , the determiners `` itu '' and `` ini '' ( `` that '' and `` this '' ) are often used . For example , in the sentence `` anjing itu galak '' , the use of `` itu '' gives a meaning of `` the / that dog is ferocious '' , while `` anjing ini galak '' , gives a meaning of `` this dog is ferocious '' . However , if `` itu '' or `` ini '' were not to be used , then `` anjing galak '' would meaning only `` ferocious dog '' , a plain adjective without any stative implications . The all - purpose determiner , `` yang '' , is also often used before adjectives , hence `` anjing yang galak '' also means `` ferocious dog '' or more literally `` dog which is ferocious '' ; `` yang '' will often be used for clarity . Hence , in a sentence such as `` saya didekati oleh anjing galak '' which means `` I was approached by a ferocious dog '' , the use of the adjective `` galak '' is not stative at all . Often the `` ber - '' intransitive verb prefix , or the `` ter - '' stative prefix will be used to suggest a meaning of `` to be ... '' . For example , `` beda '' means `` different '' , hence `` berbeda '' means `` to be different '' ; `` awan '' means `` cloud '' , hence `` berawan '' means `` cloudy '' . Using the `` ter - '' prefix , implies a state of being . For example , `` buka '' means `` open '' , hence `` terbuka '' means `` is opened '' ; `` tutup '' means `` closed / shut '' , hence `` tertutup '' means `` is closed / shut '' . Word order ( edit ) Adjectives , demonstrative determiners , and possessive determiners follow the noun they modify . Indonesian does not have a grammatical subject in the sense that English does . In intransitive clauses , the noun comes before the verb . When there is both an agent and an object , these are separated by the verb ( OVA or AVO ) , with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb . OVA , commonly but inaccurately called `` passive '' , is the basic and most common word order . Either the agent or object or both may be omitted . This is commonly done to accomplish one of two things : 1 ) Adding a sense of politeness and respect to a statement or question For example , a polite shop assistant in a store may avoid the use of pronouns altogether and ask : Ellipses of pronoun ( agent & object ) Literal English Idiomatic English Bisa dibantu ? Can + to be helped ? Can ( I ) help ( you ) ? 2 ) Agent or object is unknown , not important , or understood from context For example , a friend may enquire as to when you bought your property , to which you may respond : Ellipses of pronoun ( understood agent ) Literal English Idiomatic English Rumah ini dibeli lima tahun yang lalu House this + be purchased five year ( s ) ago The house ' was purchased ' five years ago Ultimately , the choice of voice and therefore word order is a choice between actor and patient and depends quite heavily on the language style and context . Emphasis ( edit ) Word order is frequently modified for focus or emphasis , with the focused word usually placed at the beginning of the clause and followed by a slight pause ( a break in intonation ) : Saya pergi ke pasar kemarin `` I went to the market yesterday '' -- neutral , or with focus on the subject . Kemarin saya pergi ke pasar `` Yesterday I went to the market '' -- emphasis on yesterday . Ke pasar saya pergi , kemarin `` To the market I went yesterday '' -- emphasis on where I went yesterday . Pergi ke pasar , saya , kemarin `` To the market went I yesterday '' -- emphasis on the process of going to the market . The last two are more likely to be encountered in speech than in writing . Measure words ( edit ) Another distinguishing feature of Indonesian is its use of measure words , also called classifiers ( Kata penggolong ) . In this way , it is similar to many other languages of Asia , including Chinese , Japanese , Vietnamese , Thai , Burmese , and Bengali . Measure words are also found in English such as two head of cattle , a loaf of bread , or this sheet of paper , where * two cattle , a bread , and this paper ( in the sense of this piece of paper ) would be ungrammatical . The word satu reduces to se - / sə / , as it does in other compounds : Measure word Used for measuring Literal translation Example buah things ( in general ) , large things , abstract nouns houses , cars , ships , mountains ; books , rivers , chairs , some fruits , thoughts , etc . ' fruit ' dua buah meja ( two tables ) , lima buah rumah ( five houses ) ekor animals ' tail ' seekor ayam ( a chicken ) , tiga ekor kambing ( three goats ) orang human beings ' person ' seorang laki - laki ( a man ) , enam orang petani ( six farmers ) , seratus orang murid ( a hundred students ) biji smaller rounded objects most fruits , cups , nuts ' grain ' sebiji / sebutir telur ( an egg ) , sebutir / butiran - butiran beras ( rice or rices ) batang long stiff things trees , walking sticks , pencils ' trunk , rod ' sebatang tongkat ( a stick ) həlai things in thin layers or sheets paper , cloth , feathers , hair ' leaf ' sepuluh helai pakaian ( ten cloths ) kəping keping flat fragments slabs of stone , pieces of wood , pieces of bread , land , coins , paper ' chip ' sekeping uang logam ( a coin ) pucuk letters , firearms , needles ' sprout ' sepucuk senjata ( a weapon ) bilah things which cut lengthwise and thicker ' blade ' sebilah kayu ( a piece of wood ) bidanɡ things which can be measured with number ' field ' sebidang tanah / lahan ( an area ) potong bread ' cut ' sepotong roti ( slices of bread ) utas nets , cords , ribbons ' thread ' seutas tali ( a rope ) carik things easily torn , like paper ' shred ' secarik kertas ( a piece of paper ) Example : Measure words are not necessary just to say `` a '' : burung `` a bird , birds '' . Using se - plus a measure word is closer to English `` one '' or `` a certain '' : Ada seekor burung yang bisa berbicara `` There was a ( certain ) bird that could talk '' Writing system ( edit ) Main articles : Indonesian alphabet and Perfected Spelling System Indonesian is written with the Latin script . It was originally based on the Dutch spelling and still bears some similarities to it . Consonants are represented in a way similar to Italian , although ⟨ c ⟩ is always / tʃ / ( like English ⟨ ch ⟩ ) , ⟨ g ⟩ is always / ɡ / ( `` hard '' ) and ⟨ j ⟩ represents / dʒ / as it does in English . In addition , ⟨ ny ⟩ represents the palatal nasal / ɲ / , ⟨ ng ⟩ is used for the velar nasal / ŋ / ( which can occur word - initially ) , ⟨ sy ⟩ for / ʃ / ( English ⟨ sh ⟩ ) and ⟨ kh ⟩ for the voiceless velar fricative / x / . Both / e / and / ə / are represented with ⟨ e ⟩ . Spelling changes in the language that have occurred since Indonesian independence include : Phoneme Obsolete spelling Modern spelling / u / oe u / tʃ / tj / dʒ / dj j / j / j y / ɲ / nj ny / ʃ / sj sy / x / ch kh Introduced in 1901 , the van Ophuijsen system , ( named from the advisor of the system , Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen ) was the first standardization of romanized spelling . It was most influenced by the then current Dutch spelling system . In 1947 , the spelling was changed into Republican Spelling or Soewandi Spelling ( named by at the time Minister of Education , Soewandi ) . This spelling changed formerly - spelled oe into u ( however , the spelling influenced other aspects in orthography , for example writing reduplicated words ) . All of the other changes were a part of the Perfected Spelling System , an officially - mandated spelling reform in 1972 . Some of the old spellings ( which were derived from Dutch orthography ) do survive in proper names ; for example , the name of a former president of Indonesia is still sometimes written Soeharto , and the central Java city of Yogyakarta is sometimes written Jogjakarta . Letter names and pronunciations ( edit ) The Indonesian alphabet is exactly the same as in English . Majuscule Forms Q U V X Y Z Minuscule Forms d f g h i j k l m n o p q r s u w x y z Indonesian follows the letter names of the Dutch alphabet . Indonesian alphabet has a phonemic orthography ; words are spelled the way they are pronounced , with few exceptions . The letters Q , V and X are rarely encountered , being chiefly used for writing loanwords . Letter Name ( in IPA ) Sound ( in IPA ) English equivalent Aa a ( / a / ) / a / a as in father Bb bé ( / be / ) / b / b as in bed Cc cé ( / t͡ʃe / or / se / ) / t͡ʃ / ch as in check Dd dé ( / de / ) / d / d as in day Ee é ( / e / ) / e / e as in red Ff éf ( / ef / ) / f / f as in effort Gg gé ( / ge / ) / ɡ / g as in gain Hh ha ( / ha / ) / h / h as in harm Ii i ( / i / ) / i / i as in pin Jj jé ( / d͡ʒe / ) / d͡ʒ / j as in jam Kk ka ( / ka / ) / k / k as in skate Ll él ( / el / ) / l / l as in let Mm ém ( / em / ) / m / m as in mall Nn én ( / en / ) / n / n as in net Oo o ( / o / ) / o / o as in owe Pp pé ( / pe / ) / p / p as in speak Qq ki ( / ki / ) / q / q as in queen Rr ér ( / er / ) / r / Spanish rr as in puerro Ss és ( / es / ) / s / s as in sun Tt te ( / te / ) / t / unaspirated t as in still Uu u ( / u / ) / u / u as in pull Vv ve ( / ve / or / fe / ) / v / v as in van Ww we ( / we / ) / w / w as in wet Xx ex ( / ex / ) / ks / x as in xylophone Yy yé ( / je / ) / j / y as in yarn Zz zet ( / zet / ) / z / z as in zebra In addition , there are digraphs that are not considered separate letters of the alphabet : Digraph Sound English equivalent ai / ai̯ / uy as in buy au / au̯ / ou as in ouch oi / oi̯ / oy as in boy gh / ɣ / or / x / similar to Dutch and German ch , but voiced kh / x / ch as in loch ng / ŋ / ng as in sing ny / ɲ / Spanish ñ ; similar to ny as in canyon with a nasal sound sy / ʃ / sh as in shoe Vocabulary ( edit ) See also : List of loanwords in Indonesian A pie chart showing percentage of other languages contribute on loan words of Indonesian language . Dutch ( 42.5 % ) English ( 20.9 % ) Arabic ( 19 % ) Sanskrit and Hindi ( 9 % ) Chinese ( 3.6 % ) Portuguese ( 2 % ) Tamil ( 2 % ) Persian ( 1 % ) A modern dialect of Malay , Indonesian has also been influenced by other languages , including Dutch , English , Arabic , Chinese , Portuguese , Sanskrit , Tamil , Hindi , and Persian . It is estimated that there are some 750 Sanskrit loanwords in modern Indonesian , 1,000 Arabic loans , some of Persian and Hebrew origin , some 125 words of Portuguese , some of Spanish and Italian origin , and 10,000 loanwords from Dutch . The vast majority of Indonesian words , however , come from the root lexical stock of Austronesian ( including Old Malay ) . The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reveals both its historical and social contexts . Examples are the early Sanskrit borrowings from the 7th century during the trading era , the borrowings from Arabic and Persian during the time of the establishment of Islam in particular , and those from Dutch during the colonial period . Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked . List of loan words of Indonesian language published by the Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa ( The Language Center ) under Ministry of Education and Culture : Language origin Number of words Dutch 3280 English 1610 Arabic 1495 Sanskrit 677 Chinese 290 Portuguese 131 Tamil 131 Persian 63 Hindi 7 Loan words of Sanskrit origin ( edit ) Indonesian National Armed Forces , Indonesian National Police , Indonesian Air Force and Indonesian Army mottos are Tri Dharma Eka Karma , Rastra Sewakottama , Swa Bhuwana Paksa , Kartika Eka Paksi , all in Sanskrit language . The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India since ancient times . The words were either borrowed directly from India or with the intermediary of the Old Javanese language . Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia , Sanskrit , which was the language vehicle for these religions , is still held in high esteem and is comparable with the status of Latin in English and other Western European languages . Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms , these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots . The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion , art and everyday life . Sanskrit loanwords , unlike those from other languages , have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that , for many , they are no longer perceived as foreign . From Sanskrit came such words as स्वर्ग surga ( heaven ) , भाषा bahasa ( language ) , काच kaca ( glass , mirror ) , राज - raja ( king ) , मनुष्य manusia ( mankind ) , चिन्ता cinta ( love ) , भूमि bumi ( earth ) , भुवन buana ( world ) , आगम agama ( religion ) , स्त्री Istri ( wife / woman ) , जय Jaya ( victory / victorious ) , पुर Pura ( city / temple / place ) , रक्षस Raksasa ( giant / monster ) , धर्म Dharma ( rule / regulations ) , मन्त्र Mantra ( words / poet / spiritual prayers ) , क्षत्रिय Satria ( warrior / brave / soldier ) , विजय Wijaya ( greatly victorious / great victory ) , etc . Sanskrit words and sentences are also used in names , titles , and mottos of the Indonesian National Police and Indonesian Armed Forces such as : Bhayangkara , Laksamana , Jatayu , Garuda , Dharmakerta Marga Reksyaka , Jalesveva Jayamahe , Kartika Eka Paksi , Swa Bhuwana Paksa , Rastra Sewakottama , Yudha Siaga , etc . The Sanskrit words also still makes the Indonesian language more powerful in meaning from the usage of the National Armed Forces titles such as ( above ) and more meanings that also contributes to official and formal languages of Indonesia . Because Sanskrit has been very long known in the Indonesian archipelago , the Sanskrit loanwords , unlike those from other languages , have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that , for many , they are no longer perceived to be foreign . Therefore , one could write a short story using only Sanskrit words . The short story below consists of approximately 80 words in Indonesian that are written using Sanskrit words alone , except for a few particles . Karena semua di biaya i dana negara juta an rupiah , sang mahaguru sastra bahasa Kawi dan mahasiswa - mahasiswi nya , duta - duta negeri mitra , Menteri Ke budaya an dan Pariwisata suami - istri , be serta karyawan - karyawati lembaga nirlaba segera ber dharmawisata ke pe desa an di utara kota ka bupate n Probolinggo antara candi - candi purba , ber wahana keledai di kala senja dan ber sama kepala desa me nyaksi kan para tani yang ber jiwa ber sahaja serta ber budi nirmala se cara ber bahagia ber upacara , seraya merdu me nyuara kan gita - gita mantra , yang me rupa kan sarana puji an mereka me muja nama suci Pertiwi , Dewi Bumi yang ber sedia meng anugerah i mereka karunia dan restu , me raksa dari bahaya , mala petaka dan bencana . Loan words of Chinese origin ( edit ) The relationship with China has been going since the 7th century when Chinese merchants traded in some areas of the archipelago such as Riau , West Borneo , East Kalimantan , and North Maluku . At the kingdom of Srivijaya appeared and florished , China opened diplomatic relations with the kingdom in order to secure trade and seafaring . In 922 , Chinese travelers visited Kahuripan in East Java . Since the 11th century , hundreds of thousands of Chinese migrants left Mainland China and settled in many parts of Nusantara ( now called as Indonesia ) . The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine , trade or often just things exclusively Chinese . Words of Chinese origin ( presented here with accompanying Hokkien / Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters ) include pisau ( 匕首 bǐshǒu -- knife ) , loteng , ( 樓 / 層 = lóu / céng -- ( upper ) floor / level ) , mie ( 麵 > 面 Hokkien mī -- noodles ) , lumpia ( 潤餅 ( Hokkien = lūn - pián ) -- springroll ) , cawan ( 茶碗 cháwǎn -- teacup ) , teko ( 茶壺 > 茶壶 = cháhú ( Mandarin ) , teh - ko ( Hokkien ) = teapot ) , 苦力 kuli = 苦 khu ( bitter ) and 力 li ( energy ) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu ( from the Hokkien ' goa ' 我 and ' lu / li ' 你 -- meaning ' I / me ' and ' you ' ) . Loan words of Arabic origin ( edit ) The word masjid ( mosque ) in Indonesian derrived from Arabic word masjid ( مسجد ) . Many Arabic words were brought and spread by merchants from Arab Peninsula like Arabian , Persian , and from the western part of India , Gujarat where many Muslims lived . As a result , many Indonesian words come from the Arabic language . Especially since the late 12th century , Old Malay was heavily influenced by the language and produced many great literary works such as Syair , Babad , Hikayat , and Suluk . This century is known as The Golden Age of Indonesian Literature . Many loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion , in particular with Islam , and by extension , with greetings such as the word , `` selamat '' ( from Arabic : سلام ‎ ‎ salām = peace ) means `` safe '' or `` lucky '' . Words of Arabic origin include dunia ( from Arabic : دنيا ‎ ‎ dunyā = the present world ) , names of days ( except Minggu ) , such as Sabtu ( from Arabic : سبت ‎ ‎ sabt - u = Saturday ) , iklan ( آعلان iʻlan = advertisement ) , kabar ( خبر khabar = news ) , Kursi ( كرسي kursī = a chair ) , jumat ( جمعة jumʻa = Friday ) , ijazah ( إجازة ijāza = ' permission ' , certificate of authority , e.g. a school diploma certificate ) , kitab ( كتاب kitāb = book ) , tertib ( ترتيب tartīb = order / arrangement ) and kamus ( قاموس qāmūs = dictionary ) . Allah ( Arabic : الله ‎ ‎ ) , as it is mostly the case for Arabic speakers , is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations . Many early Bible translators , when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names , used the Arabic cognates . In the newer translations this practice is discontinued . They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew Word . For example , the name Jesus was initially translated as ' Isa ( Arabic : عيسى ‎ ‎ ) , but is now spelt as Yesus . Several ecclesiastical terms derived from Arabic still exist in Indonesian language . Indonesian word for bishop is uskup ( from Arabic : أسقف ‎ ‎ usquf = bishop ) . This in turn makes the Indonesian term for archbishop uskup agung ( literally great bishop ) , which is combining the Arabic word with an Old Javanese word . The term imam ( from Arabic : إمام ‎ ‎ imām = leader , prayer leader ) is used to translate a Catholic priest , beside its more common association with an Islamic prayer leader . Some Protestant denominations refer to their congregation jemaat ( from Arabic : جماعة ‎ ‎ jamāʻa = group , a community ) . Even the name of the Bible in Indonesian translation is Alkitab ( from Arabic : الكتاب ‎ ‎ al - kitāb = the book ) , which literally means `` the Book '' . Loan words of Portuguese origin ( edit ) Indonesian word gereja ( church ) is derived from Portuguese igreja . Alongside Malay , Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century . The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail eastwards to the `` Spice Islands '' . Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles that the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia . Indonesian words derived from Portuguese include meja ( from mesa = table ) , bangku ( from banco = chair ) , lemari ( from armário = closet ) , boneka ( from boneca = doll ) , jendela ( from janela = window ) , gereja ( from igreja = church ) , misa ( from missa = mass ) , natal ( from natal = Christmas ) , pesta ( from festa = party ) , dansa ( from dança = dance ) , pesiar ( from passear = cruise ) , bendera ( from bandeira = flag ) , sepatu ( from sapato = shoes ) , garpu ( from garfo = fork ) , kemeja ( from camisa = shirt ) , kereta ( from carreta = chariot ) , pompa ( from bomba hidráulica = pump ) , pigura ( from figura = picture ) , roda ( from roda = wheel ) , nona ( from dona = young woman ) , sekolah ( from escola = school ) , lentera ( from lanterna = lantern ) , paderi ( from padre = priest ) , santo , santa ( from santo , santa = saint ) , puisi ( from poesia = poetry ) , tukar ( from trocar = exchange ) , keju ( from queijo = cheese ) , mentega ( from manteiga = butter ) , serdadu ( from soldado = soldier ) , meski ( from mas que = although ) , kamar ( from câmara = room ) , laguna ( from laguna = lagoon ) , lelang ( from leilão = auction ) , persero ( from parceiro = company ) , markisa ( from maracujá = passion fruit ) , limau ( from limão = lemon ) , kartu ( from cartão = card ) , ombak ( from onda = waves ) , Inggris ( from inglês = English ) , Sabtu ( from sábado = Saturday ) and Minggu ( from domingo = Sunday ) . Loan words of Dutch origin ( edit ) Chunghua bioscoop ( now bioskop = cinema ) , Glodok , Jakarta in 1953 . The former colonial power , the Netherlands , left a sizable amount of vocabulary that can be seen in words such as polisi ( from politie = police ) , kualitas ( from kwaliteit = quality ) , aktual ( from actueel = current ) , rokok ( from roken = smoking cigarettes ) , korupsi ( from corruptie = corruption ) , kantor ( from kantoor = office ) , resleting ( from ritssluiting = zipper ) , pelopor ( from voorloper = frontrunner ) persneling ( from versnelling = transmission gear ) , setrum ( from stroom = electricity current ) , maskapai ( from maatschappij = company ) , apotek ( from apotheek = pharmacy ) , handuk ( from handdoek = towel ) , setrika ( from strijkijzer = clothes iron ) , bioskop ( from bioscoop = cinema ) , spanduk ( from spandoeken = banner ) , korsleting ( from kortsluiting = short circuit ) , om ( from oom = uncle ) , tante ( from tante = aunt ) , traktir ( from trakteer = treat ) and gratis ( from gratis = free ) . These Dutch loanwords , and many other non-Italo - Iberian , European language loanwords that came via Dutch , cover all aspects of life . Some Dutch loanwords , having clusters of several consonants , pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian . This problem is usually solved by insertion of the schwa . For example , Dutch schroef ( ˈsxruf ) > sekrup ( səˈkrup ) ( screw ( n . ) ) . One scholar argues that 20 % of Indonesian words are inspired by the Dutch language . Before the standardization of the language , many Indonesian words follow standard Dutch alphabet and pronunciation such as `` oe '' for vowel `` u '' or `` dj '' for consonant `` j '' ( dʒ ) . As a result , Malay words are written with that orthography such as : passer for the word Pasar or djalan for the word jalan , older Indonesian generation tend to have their name written in such order as well . Loan words of English origin ( edit ) Many English words were incorporated into Indonesian through globalization . Many Indonesians , however , mistake words already adopted from Dutch as words borrowed from English . This is due to the Germanic traces that exist in the two languages . Indonesian adopts English words with standardization . For example : imajinasi from imagination , universitas from university , aksesori from accessory , geografi from geography , konservatif from conservative , rutin from routine , and so other . However , there are several words that directly borrowed without standardization which have same meanings in English such as : bus , data , domain , detail , internet , film , golf , lift , monitor , radio , radar , unit , safari , sonar , and video . Other loan words ( edit ) Modern Indonesian draws many of its words from foreign sources , there are many synonyms . For example , Indonesian has three words for `` book '' , i.e. pustaka ( from Sanskrit ) , kitab ( from Arabic ) and buku ( from Dutch boek ) ; however , each has a slightly different meaning . A pustaka is often connected with ancient wisdom or sometimes with esoteric knowledge . A derived form , perpustakaan means a library . A kitab is usually a religious scripture or a book containing moral guidance . The Indonesian words for the Bible and Gospel are Alkitab and Injil , both directly derived from Arabic . The book containing the penal code is also called the kitab . Buku is the most common word for books . There are direct borrowings from various other languages of the world , such as karaoke ( from カラオケ ) from Japanese , and ebi ( from えび ) which means dried shrimp . Many words that originally are adopted through the Dutch language today however often are mistaken as English due to the similarity in the Germanic nature of both languages . In some cases the words are replaced by English language through globalization : although the word arbei ( Dutch : aardbei ) still literally means strawberry in Indonesian , today the usage of the word stroberi is more common . Greek words such as demokrasi ( from δημοκρατία dēmokratía ) , filosofi ( from φιλοσοφία philasophia ) , mitos ( from μῦθος mythos ) came through Dutch , Arabic and Portuguese respectively . It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins : Malaysian utilizes words that reflect the English usage ( as used by its former colonial power , the British ) , while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage ( e.g. aktiviti ( Malaysian ) vs. aktivitas ( Indonesian ) , universiti ( Malaysian ) vs. universitas ( Indonesian ) ) . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Indonesian literature Indonesia hosts a sparkling variety of traditional verbal arts such as poetry , historical narratives , romances , and drama ; which are expressed in local languages , but modern genres are expressed mainly through Indonesian . Some of Indonesian great classic stories including Sitti Nurbaya by Marah Rusli , Azab dan Sengsara by Merari Siregar , and Sengsara Membawa Nikmat by Tulis Sutan Sati . Modern literature like novels , short stories , stage plays , and free - form poetry has developed since the late years of the 19th century and has produced such internationally recognised figures as novelist Pramoedya Ananta Toer , dramatist W.S. Rendra , poet Chairil Anwar , and cinematographer Garin Nugroho . Indonesia 's classic novels itself , have their own charm , offering insight into local culture and traditions and the historical background prior to and immediately after the country gained independence . One of the great is Shackles which was written by Armijn Pane in 1940 . Originally titled Belenggu and translated into many languages including English and German . As speakers of other languages ( edit ) BIPA ( Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing ) book , which helps foreigners to learn Indonesian language effectively . Over the past few years , interest in learning Indonesian has grown among non-Indonesians . Various universities have started to offer courses that emphasise the teaching of the language to non-Indonesians . In addition to National Universities , private institutions have also started to offer courses , like the Indonesia Australia Language Foundation and the Lembaga Indonesia Amerika . As early as 1988 , teachers of the language have expressed the importance of a standardised Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing ( also called BIPA ) materials ( mostly books ) , and this need became more evident during the 4th International Congress on the Teaching of Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages held in 2001 . Since 2013 , the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language courses to 16 batches of Filipino students , as well as training to members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines . Due to increasing demand among students , the Embassy will open an intermediate Indonesian language course later in the year . The Indonesian Embassy in Washington , D.C. , USA also began offering free Indonesian language courses at the beginner and intermediate level . In an interview , Department of Education Secretary Armin Luistro said that the country 's government should promote Indonesian or Malay , which are related to Filipino . Thus , the possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied . Words ( edit ) Numbers ( edit ) Cardinal ( edit ) Number English Indonesian 0 zero nol / kosong one satu two dua three tiga four empat 5 five lima 6 six enam 7 seven tujuh 8 eight delapan 9 nine sembilan 10 ten sepuluh 11 eleven sebelas 12 twelve dua belas 20 twenty dua puluh 21 twenty one dua puluh satu 30 thirty tiga puluh 100 one hundred seratus 200 two hundred dua ratus 210 two hundred ten dua ratus sepuluh 1000 one thousand seribu 10000 ten thousand sepuluh ribu 100000 one hundred thousand seratus ribu 1000000 one million sejuta , satu juta 1000000000 one billion satu miliar 1000000000000 one trillion satu triliun Ordinal ( edit ) Number English Indonesian 1st first pertama 2nd second kedua 3rd third ketiga 4th fourth keempat 5th fifth kelima 6th sixth keenam 7th seventh ketujuh 8th eighth kedelapan 9th ninth kesembilan 10th tenth kesepuluh Days and Months ( edit ) Days ( edit ) English Indonesian Monday Senin Tuesday Selasa Wednesday Rabu Thursday Kamis Friday Jumat Saturday Sabtu Sunday Minggu Months ( edit ) English Indonesian January Januari February Februari March Maret April April May Mei June Juni July Juli August Agustus September September October Oktober November November December Desember Common phrases ( edit ) English Indonesian Spelling ( in IPA ) Hello ! Halo ! ( halo ) Good morning ! Selamat pagi ! ( sə'la : mat pa'gi ) Good afternoon ! Selamat siang ! ( sə'la : mat siaŋ ) Good evening ! or Good night ! Selamat malam ! ( sə'la : mat ma'lam ) Goodbye ! Selamat tinggal ! ( sə'la : mat tiŋ'gal ) See you later ! Sampai jumpa lagi ! ( sam'pai dʒum'pa lagi ) Thank you Terima kasih ( formal ) ( təri'ma kasih ) Thanks Makasih ( colloquial ) ( maka'sih ) You are welcome Sama - sama or terima kasih kembali ( sa'ma sa'ma ) or ( təri'ma kasih kəm'bali ) Yes Ya or iya ( ja ) or ( i'ja ) No Tidak ( ti'dak ) And Dan ( dan ) Or Atau ( a'taʊ ) Because Karena ( karə'na ) Therefore Karena itu ( karə'na itu ) Nothing Tidak ada ( ti'dak ada ) Maybe Mungkin ( mung'kin ) How are you ? Apa kabar ? ( apa ka'bar ) I am fine Baik or Baik - baik saja ( baik ) or ( baik baik sa'dʒa ) Have a nice day ! Semoga hari Anda menyenangkan ! ( sə'moga hari an'da mə'ɲənaŋ'kan ) Bon appetite ! Selamat makan ! or Selamat menikmati ! ( sə'la : mat ma'kan ) or ( sə'lamat mə'nikmati ) I am sorry Maafkan saya ( ma'afkan sa'ja ) Excuse me Permisi ( pər'misi ) What ? Apa ? ( apa ) Who ? Siapa ? ( sia'pa ) When ? Kapan ? ( ka'pan ) Where ? Di mana ? ( di'mana ) Why ? Mengapa ? ( mə'ŋapa ) How ? Bagaimana ? ( ba'gai'mana ) How much ? Berapa ? ( bə'rapa ) What is your name ? Nama Anda siapa ? ( nama an'da si'apa ) My name is ... Nama saya ... ( nama sa'ja ... ) Do you know ? Apakah Anda tahu ? ( apa'kah an'da ta'hu ) Yes , I know / No , I do not know Ya , saya tahu / Tidak , saya tidak tahu ( ja , sa'ja ta'hu ) / ( ti'dak , sa'ja ti'dak ta'hu ) Can you speak Indonesian ? Bisakah Anda berbicara bahasa Indonesia ? ( bisa'kah an'da bərbi'cara baha'sa indone'sia ) Yes , I can speak Indonesian / No , I can not speak Indonesian Ya , saya bisa berbicara bahasa Indonesia / Tidak , saya tidak bisa berbicara bahasa indonesia ( ja , sa'ja bisa bərbi'cara baha'sa Indone'sia ) / ( ti'dak , sa'ja ti'dak bisa bərbi'cara baha'sa indone'sia ) What time is it now ? Pukul berapa sekarang ? ( pukul bə'rapa səka'raŋ ) It is 5.00 o'clock Sekarang pukul 5.00 ( səka'raŋ pukul lima ) When will you go to the party ? Kapan Anda akan pergi ke pesta itu ? ( kapan an'da akan pər'gi ke pesta itu ) Soon Nanti ( nanti ) Today Hari ini ( hari ini ) Tomorrow Besok ( be'sok ) Day after tomorrow Lusa ( lusa ) Yesterday Kemarin ( kə'marin ) Congratulations ! Selamat ! ( sə'la : mat ) Happy New Year ! Selamat Tahun Baru ! ( sə'la : mat ta'hun baru ) Merry Christmas ! Selamat Natal ! ( sə'la : mat na'tal ) Please Mohon or tolong ( mo'hon ) or ( to'loŋ ) Stop ! Berhenti ! ( bər'henti ) I am happy Saya senang ( sa'ja sə'naŋ ) I understand Saya mengerti ( sa'ja mə'ŋərti ) Help ! Tolong ! ( to'loŋ ) I need help Saya memerlukan bantuan ( sa'ja mə'mərlukan ban'tuan ) Can you help me ? Bisakah Anda menolong saya ? ( bisa'kah an'da mə'noloŋ sa'ja ) Can I help you ? / Do you need help ? Dapatkah saya membantu Anda ? / Apakah Anda membutuhkan bantuan ? ( da'patkah an'da məm'bantu sa'ja ) / ( apa'kah an'da məm'butuh'kan bantu'an ) May I borrow your eraser ? Bolehkah saya meminjam penghapus Anda ? ( boleh'kah sa'ja mə'minjam peŋ'hapus an'da ) With my pleasure Dengan senang hati ( deŋan sə'naŋ hati ) Welcome Selamat datang ( sə'la : mat da'taŋ ) Welcome to Indonesia Selamat datang di Indonesia ( sə'la : mat da'taŋ di indone'sia ) I agree / I disagree Saya setuju / Saya tidak setuju ( sa'ja sə'tuju ) / ( sa'ja ti'dak sə'tuju ) I understand / I do not understand Saya mengerti / Saya tidak mengerti ( sa'ja mə'ŋərti ) / ( sa'ja ti'dak mə'ŋərti ) I am hungry Saya lapar ( sa'ja la'par ) I am thirsty Saya haus ( sa'ja haʊs ) I am sick Saya sakit ( sa'ja sakit ) Get well soon Semoga cepat sembuh ( sə'moga cə'pat səmbuh ) Example ( edit ) The following texts are excerpts from the official translations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Indonesian and Malay , along with the original declaration in English . English Indonesian Malay Universal Declaration of Human Rights Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia sejagat Article 1 Pasal 1 Perkara 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak - hak yang sama . Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan . Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak - hak . Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bergaul dengan semangat persaudaraan . See also ( edit ) Indonesia portal Languages portal Austronesian languages Bahasa , for other languages referred to as bahasa Language families and languages Malay language Demographics of Indonesia Indonesian slang language Indonesian abbreviated words Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian List of English words of Indonesian origin List of loanwords in Indonesian References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Badan Pusat Statistik ( 28 March 2013 ) . `` Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 ( Result of Indonesia Population Census 2010 ) '' . pp. 421 , 427 . ISSN 2302 - 8513 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Timor Languages '' . www.easttimorgovernment.com . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Indonesian '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ James Neil Sneddon . The Indonesian Language : Its History and Role in Modern Society . UNSW Press , 2004 . Page 14 . '' Jump up ^ Setiono Sugiharto ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Indigenous language policy as a national cultural strategy '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammam Riza ( 2008 ) . `` Resources Report on Languages of Indonesia '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.hawaii.edu/sealit/Downloads/The%2520Indonesian%2520Language.doc ^ Jump up to : `` Bahasa dan dialek '' ( in Indonesian ) . Republic of Indonesia Embassy in Astana . Jump up ^ `` Bahasa Melayu Riau dan Bahasa Nasional '' . Melayu Online . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sneddon 2003 , The Indonesian Language : Its History and Role in Modern Society , p. 70 Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue : Languages of the World '' . Ethnologue . Jump up ^ `` Sriwijaya dalam Tela'ah '' . Melayu Online . 5 June 2007 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Bambang Budi Utomo ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Risen Up Maritime Nation ! '' . Melayu Online . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bahasa Indonesia : Memasyarakatkan Kembali ' Bahasa Pasar ' ? '' . Melayu Online . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : de Swaan , Abram ( 2001 ) . Words of the World . Cambridge , UK : Polity . pp. 81 -- 95 . ISBN 074562748X . Jump up ^ `` The Indonesian Language - Bahasa Indonesia '' . 8 May 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Paauw , Scott ( 2009 ) . `` One Land , One Nation , One Language : An Analysis of Indonesia 's National Language Policy '' ( PDF ) . University of Rochester Working Papers in the Language Sciences . 5 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 16 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Indonesian Language '' . Language Translation , Inc . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kratz , U. ( 2006 ) . `` Indonesia : language situation '' . Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics ( Second ed . ) . pp. 639 -- 641 . doi : 10.1016 / B0 - 08 - 044854 - 2 / 01720 - X . Jump up ^ http://sp2010.bps.go.id/files/ebook/kewarganegaraan%20penduduk%20indonesia/index.html Jump up ^ Adelaar , K. Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Where does Malay come from ? Twenty years of discussions about homeland , migrations and classifications '' . Bijdragen tot de Taal - , Land - en Volkenkunde. 160 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 . JSTOR 27868100 . doi : 10.1163 / 22134379 - 90003733 . Jump up ^ Andaya , Leonard Y. ( 2001 ) , `` The Search for the ' Origins ' of Melayu '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , University of Singapore , 32 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 330 , JSTOR 20072349 , doi : 10.1017 / s0022463401000169 Jump up ^ `` The Indonesian Language ( James N Sneddon ) - book review '' . dannyreviews.com . Jump up ^ `` The Dutch East Indies in photographs , 1860 - 1940 - Memory of the Netherlands '' . www.geheugenvannederland.nl . Jump up ^ Steinhauer , H. ( 1980 ) . `` On the history of Indonesian '' . Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 1 : 349 -- 375 . JSTOR 40996873 . Jump up ^ `` Language interference : Indonesian and English '' . www.macmillandictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian ( Bahasa Indonesia ) - About World Languages '' . aboutworldlanguages.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Indonesian '' . ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu . Jump up ^ Nazarudin , Nazarudin . `` Language Policy in Indonesia and Malay Countries '' . Jump up ^ `` Voice of America Bahasa Indonesia '' . Voice of Indonesia . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Languages : News and Analysis in your Language '' . BBC World Service . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Building an Asia - literate Australia : an Australian strategy for Asian language proficiency '' . Australian Policy Online . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian '' . www.australiancurriculum.edu.au . Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia ^ Jump up to : `` Undang - undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 2009 Tentang Bendera , Bahasa , dan Lambang Negara , serta Lagu Kebangsaan '' ( PDF ) . Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa , Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_174556.pdf Jump up ^ `` Indonesian , A language of Indonesia '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bahasa Indonesia , The complex story of a simple language '' . Interesting Thing of the Day . 17 September 2004 . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Malay ? '' . July 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Soderberg , C.D. ; Olson , K.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Indonesian '' . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 38 : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025100308003320 . Jump up ^ Yunus Maris , M. ( 1980 ) . The Indonesian Sound System . Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn . Bhd , page 2 . Jump up ^ Clynes , A ( 1997 ) . `` On the Proto - Austronesian ' diphthongs ' '' . Oceanic Linguistics. 36 ( 2 ) : 347 -- 362 . JSTOR 3622989 . doi : 10.2307 / 3622989 . ^ Jump up to : Clynes , A. , & Deterding , D. ( 2011 ) . Standard Indonesian ( Brunei ) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 41 , 259 -- 268. On - line Version Jump up ^ Asmah Haji Omar ( 2008 ) . Ensiklopedia Bahasa Melayu . Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka , page 108 . Jump up ^ Yunus Maris , M. ( 1980 ) . The Indonesian Sound System . Kuala Lumpur : Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn . Bhd , page 52 . ^ Jump up to : Mohd Don , Zuraidah ; Knowles , G. ; Yong , J. ( 2008 ) . `` How words can be misleading : A study of syllable timing and ' stress ' in Indonesian '' . The Linguistics Journal . 3 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ http://email.eva.mpg.de/~gil/ismil/11/abstracts/Gil.pdf Gil , David . `` A Typology of Stress , And Where Indonesian / Indonesian Fits In '' ( abstract only ) Jump up ^ Roach , P. ( 1982 ) . `` On the distinction between ' stress - timed ' and ' syllable - timed ' languages '' . In D. Crystal ( ed . ) , Linguistic Controversies ( pp. 73 -- 79 ) . London : Edward Arnold . Jump up ^ Deterding , D. ( 2011 ) . `` Measurements of the rhythm of Indonesian '' . In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences , Hong Kong , 17 -- 21 August 2011 , pp. 576 -- 579 . On - line Version Jump up ^ The root ajar retrieves a historic initial l after the suffixes ber - and pe ( r ) - . Jump up ^ M.B. Lewis , 1947 , Teach Yourself Indonesian , p. 178 , ASIN : B0007JGNQO Jump up ^ `` Malay language , alphabets and pronunciation '' . www.omniglot.com . Jump up ^ This is research led by Prof. Dr. J.W. de Vries of the University of Leiden in the Netherlands Jump up ^ C.D. Grijns ; et al. ( eds . ) . `` Loan - words in Indonesian and Malay '' . ASEASUK , Association of South - East Asian Studies in the United Kingdom . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa - Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan '' . badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id . ^ Jump up to : http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/98020577.pdf Jump up ^ Ricklefs , M.C. ( 1991 ) . A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 , 2nd Edition . London : MacMillan . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 57689 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hendrik M. Maier ( 8 Feb 2005 ) . `` A Hidden Language -- Dutch in Indonesia '' . Institute of European Studies , . Berkeley : University of California . ^ Jump up to : http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20316254-S42391-Kata%20serapan.pdf Jump up ^ `` Indonesian Literature '' . Resourceful Indonesian . Jump up ^ http://www.accu.or.jp/appreb/09/pdf32-1/32-1p.03-4.pdf Jump up ^ `` A new introduction to modern Indonesian literature '' . Indonesia Circle . School of Oriental & African Studies . Newsletter. 10 : 33 -- 40 . doi : 10.1080 / 03062848208729531 . Jump up ^ Post , The Jakarta . `` Must - read Indonesian classic novels '' . Jump up ^ Department Pendidikan Nasiona ( 2006 ) . Lentera Indonesia 1 . Jakarta : Department Pendidikan Nasiona . p. v. ISBN 979 - 685 - 403 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Conference Report : The Fourth International Conference on Teaching Indonesian to Speakers of Other Languages '' . www.ialf.edu . Jump up ^ http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/wordpress/?page_id=1105 Jump up ^ Rainier Alain , Ronda ( 22 March 2013 ) . `` Bahasa in schools ? DepEd eyes 2nd foreign language '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OHCHR - '' . www.ohchr.org . Jump up ^ `` OHCHR - '' . www.ohchr.org . Jump up ^ `` OHCHR - '' . www.ohchr.org . External links ( edit ) Indonesian edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Indonesian Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Indonesian . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indonesian language . How many people speak Indonesian ? free language resource Learning Indonesian Indonesian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words ( from Wiktionary 's Swadesh - list appendix ) Indonesia WWW Virtual Library Bahasa Indonesia Dictionary Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan ( Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language of the Language Center , in Indonesian only ) Example recording of spoken bahasa Indonesia Informasi Bahasa Indonesia Tv Online Indonesia Language babla.co.id English - Indonesian dictionary from bab.la , a language learning portal Bahasa Indonesia English Dictionary English - Indonesian translation services ( edit ) Google Indonesia Translator http://www.indotranslate.com/translated-text.php http://vvv.sederet.com/translate.php http://translation2.paralink.com/English-Indonesian-Translator http://imtranslator.net/translation/english/to-indonesian/translation/ http://www.toggletext.com/main.cgi?page=translation English - Indonesian dictionaries ( edit ) http://www.softpedia.com/get/Others/Home-Education/Kamus.shtml http://indodic.com/dlEnglish.html http://indodic.com/dlIndo.html Languages of Indonesia Sunda - Sulawesi languages Malayo - Sumbawan Indonesian Bahasa Binan Slang Malay Bangka Bengkulu Berau Jambi Kutai Larantuka Palembang Natuna Pontianak Acehnese Balinese Bamayo Banjarese Col Duano ' Haji Iban Kangean Kaur Kendayan Keninjal Kerinci Kubu Lubu Loncong Madurese Minangkabau Mualang Pekal Sasak Seberuang Sumbawan Sundanese Baduy Bantenese Javanese Javanese Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Celebic Andio Badaic Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia - Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu Lampungic Komering Lampung Northwest Sumatran Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Mandailing Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Simeulue Sikule South Sulawesi Aralle - Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong - Budong Buginese Campalagian Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Kalumpang Konjo Lemolang Maiwa Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Tae ' Talondo ' Taman Toraja - Sa'dan Ulumanda ' Bornean languages Barito Ampanang Bajaw Bakumpai Deyah Kohin Lawangan Ma'anyan Malang Ngaju Ot Danum Ot Siang Tunjung Witu Pakau Kayan -- Murik Aoheng Aput Bahau Hovongan Kayan Krio Modang Punan Merah Segai Land Dayak Bakati ' Biatah Bukar Sadong Jangkang Kembayan Laraʼ Nyadu ' Rejangese Ribun Sanggau Sara Semandang Tringgus North Bornean Bah - Biau Basap Bukat Bukitan Kelabit Kenyah Mainstream Lengilu Lun Bawang Murut Okolod Selungai Sembakung Tagol Punan Merap Punan Tubu Sa'ban Sajau Tidung Burusu Kalabakan Nonukan Philippine languages Central Philippine Tausug Gorontalo - Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontaloan Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Central - Eastern languages Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola - Kompane Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Central Maluku Alune Amahai Ambelau Asilulu Banda Bati Benggoi Boano Bobot Buru Geser Haruku Hitu Hoti Huaulu Hulung Kaibobo Kamarian Laha Larike - Wakasihu Latu Liana - Seti Lisabata - Nuniali Lisela Loun Luhu Mangole Manipa Manusela Masiwang Naka'ela Nuaulu Nusa Laut Paulohi Salas Saleman Saparua Seit - Kaitetu Sepa - Teluti Sula Taliabo Teor - Kur Tulehu Watubela Wemale Yalahatan Flores -- Lembata Adonara Alorese Ile Ape Kedang Lamaholot Lamalera Lamatuka Levuka Lewo Eleng Lewotobi Sika South Lembata West Lembata Halmahera - Cenderawasih Ambai Ansus Arguni Bedoanas Biak Busami Dusner Erokwanas Irarutu Iresim Kuri Kurudu Munggui Marau Meoswar Mor Pom Papuma Roon Serui - Laut Tandia Wabo Waropen Wandamen Woi Yaur Yeretuar Kei - Tanimbar Fordata Kei Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Yamdena Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Sumba -- Flores Anakalangu Baliledo Bima Dhao Ende - Li'o - Ke'o - Nage Gaura Hawu Kambera Kodi Komodo Lamboya Mamboru Manggarai Ngadha Palu'e Pondok Rajong Rembong Riung Rongga So'a Kepo ' Wae Rana Wanukaka Wejewa Timor -- Babar Tetum Uab Meto Amarasi Baikeno Bekais Bilba Dai Dawera - Daweloor Dela - Oenale Dengka East Damar Emplawas Helong Imroing Kisar Leti Lole Luang Masela Nila North Babar Ringgou Romang Serili Serua Southeast Babar Tela'a Termanu Te'un Tii West Damar Wetar Western Oceanic Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Other Kowiai Papuan languages Abui Abun Adang Aghu Airoran Asmat Auye Ayamaru Bagusa Baham Baropasi Bauzi Bayono - Awbono Berik Betaf Bimin Blagar Bonerif Bunak Burate Burmeso Burumakok Buruwai Citak Dabe Dao Demisa Demta Dineor Ekari Faiwol Galela Gamkonora Grand Valley Dani Hattam Hupla Iha Isirawa Itik Iwur Jofotek - Bromnya Kaera Kafoa Kalabra Kamang Kamberau Kamoro Kanum Karas Karon Dori Kauwera Kehu Keijar Klon Kofei Kombai Kombai -- Wanggom Komyandaret Koneraw Kopka Kopkaka Korowai Kui Kula Kuwani Kwerba Mamberamo Kwerba Kwesten Kwinsu Loloda Maklew Mander Mandobo Mantion Mawes Meax Meninggo Mian Modole Moi Mombum Momina Momuna Moni Moraid Mpur Muyu Nafri Nakai Nduga Nedebang Ngalum Nggem Ninggerum Nisa - Anasi Oksapmin Orya Pagu Pisa Retta Sahu Samarokena Saponi Sauri Sause Saweru Sawi Sawila Seget Sempan Sentani Setaman Shiaxa Silimo Skou Suganga Tabaru Tabla Tangko Tause Tefaro Tehit Teiwa Telefol Ternate Tidore Tifal Tobelo Trimuris Tsaukambo Tunggare Urapmin Vitou Waioli Walak Wambon Wano Wares Wersing West Makian Western Dani Western Pantar Wolani Woria Yali Yawa Yelmek Yonggom Other languages Creoles and Pidgins Malay - based creoles Ambonese Malay Baba Malay Bandanese Malay Bacanese Malay Balinese Malay Betawi Gorap Kupang Malay Manado Malay Makassar Malay North Moluccan Malay Papuan Malay Other creoles and pidgins Javindo Petjo Mardijker Pidgin Iha Pidgin Onin Portugis Bidau Creole Portuguese Sinitic languages Cantonese Hakka Hokkien Medan Riau Mandarin Teochew Afro - Asiatic languages Modern Standard Arabic Dravidian languages Tamil Germanic languages English Dutch ( historical ) Sign languages Indonesian Sign Language Kata Kolok Indonesia articles History Timeline Hinduism - Buddhism era Spread of Islam VOC era ( 1603 -- 1800 ) Dutch East Indies ( 1800 -- 1942 ) Japanese occupation ( 1942 -- 45 ) National Revolution ( 1945 -- 49 ) Liberal democracy era ( 1950 -- 57 ) Guided Democracy ( 1957 -- 65 ) Transitional period ( 1965 -- 66 ) New Order ( 1966 -- 98 ) Reformasi ( since 1998 ) Geography Cities Deforestation Earthquakes Environmental issues Geology Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Natural history Fauna Flora Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Provinces Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Military History Pancasila People 's Consultative Assembly Police Political parties President Economy Agriculture Aviation Banks Energy History Palm oil production Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water supply and sanitation Culture Architecture Art Batik Cinema Cuisine Dance Ikat Heroes Legends Literature Martial arts Media Music Properties Public holidays Sport Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Languages Nusantara Religion Women Symbols Anthem Costume Emblem Faunal emblems Asian arowana Javan hawk - eagle Komodo dragon Flag Floral emblems Common jasmine Moon orchid Giant padma Garuda Motto Personification Songs Tree Outline Index Book Portal Gallery Atlas Languages of East Timor Official languages Portuguese Tetum National languages Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuv'a Mambai Tocodede Nuclear Malayo - Polynesian languages Malayo - Sumbawan Sundanese Sundanese ( Baduy ) Madurese Kangean Madurese Malayo - Chamic Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat ( Utsat ) Malayic Bamayo Banjar Brunei / Kedayan Malay Berau Malay Bangka Malay Balau Bengkulu Col Duano ' Haji Iban Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan - Pattani Malay ( Yawi ) Kendayan Keninjal Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Malay language ( Malaysian & Indonesian ) Minangkabau Musi Mualang Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Remun Sarawak Malay Seberuang Sebuyau Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi ' Bali -- Sasak Balinese Sasak Sumbawa Northwest Sumatran Enggano Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Batak Angkola Batak Dairi Batak Karo Batak Simalungun Batak Toba Mandailing Lampungic Lampung Api Lampung Nyo Komering Celebic ( Disputed ) Andio Badaic Bahonsuai Balaesang Balantak Banggai Batui Boano Bobongko Bonerate Bungku Busoa Cia - Cia Dampelas Dondo Kalao Kaili Kaimbulawa Kamaru Kodeoha Kulisusu Kumbewaha Lasalimu Laiyolo Lauje Liabuku Mbelala Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Moma Muna Padoe Pancana Pendau Rahambuu Rampi Saluan Sarudu Sedoa Pamona Taje Tajio Tukang Besi Tolaki Tomadino Topoiyo Tomini Totoli Uma Waru Wawonii Wolio Wotu South Sulawesi Aralle - Tabulahan Bambam Bentong Budong - Budong Buginese Campalagian Dakka Duri Embaloh Enrekang Kalumpang Konjo Lemolang Maiwa ( Sulawesi ) Makassarese Malimpung Mamasa Mamuju Mandar Panasuan Pannei Selayar Seko Tae ' Talondo ' Taman Toraja - Sa'dan Ulumanda ' Moken Moken dialects Javanese Arekan Banyumasan Mataraman Kawi ( Old Javanese ) Kedu Osing Tenggerese Central -- Eastern Malayo - Polynesian ( over 700 languages ) Eastern Malayo - Polynesian groups Halmahera -- Cenderawasih Oceanic languages Central Malayo - Polynesian linkages Aru Central Maluku Kei - Tanimbar Kowiai Selaru Sumba -- Flores Teor -- Kur Timoric West Damar Unclassified Chamorro Hukumina † Palauan GND : 4086266 - 5 NDL : 00564096 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_language&oldid=801211028 '' Categories : Indonesian language Agglutinative languages Malayic languages Languages of Indonesia Languages of East Timor Standard languages Subject -- verb -- object languages Hidden categories : CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles containing Indonesian - language text Languages with ISO 639 - 2 code Languages with ISO 639 - 1 code ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue Articles containing Javanese - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Malay - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Коми Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 10 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how to write i love you in indonesian	[]	[]
3288345800455088472	Brand New Key	Brand New key - wikipedia Brand New key Jump to : navigation , search `` Brand New Key '' Single by Melanie from the album Gather Me B - side `` Some Say ( I Got Devil ) '' Released October 1971 Genre Folk , pop Length 2 : 26 Label Neighborhood Songwriter ( s ) Melanie Safka Producer ( s ) Peter Schekeryk Melanie singles chronology `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` The Nickel Song '' ( 1972 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` The Nickel Song '' ( 1972 ) `` Brand New Key '' is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie . Initially a track of Melanie 's album Gather Me , produced by Melanie 's husband , Peter Schekeryk , it was known also as `` The Rollerskate Song '' due to its chorus . It was her greatest success , scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972 . It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Controversy 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Selected list of recorded versions 5 Parodies and other versions 6 References in popular culture 7 References Overview ( edit ) The song is sung from the viewpoint of a girl with roller skates trying to attract the attention of a boy . In an interview with Examiner.com , Melanie described what she claimed was the inspiration for the song : `` I was fasting with a 27 - day fast on water . I broke the fast and went back to my life living in New Jersey and we were going to a flea market around six in the morning . On the way back ... and I had just broken the fast , from the flea market , we passed a McDonald 's and the aroma hit me , and I had been a vegetarian before the fast . So we pulled into the McDonald 's and I got the whole works ... the burger , the shake , and the fries ... and no sooner after I finished that last bite of my burger ... that song was in my head . The aroma brought back memories of roller skating and learning to ride a bike and the vision of my dad holding the back fender of the tire . And me saying to my dad ... ' You 're holding , you 're holding , you 're holding , right ? ' Then I 'd look back and he was n't holding and I 'd fall . So that whole thing came back to me and came out in this song . '' Controversy ( edit ) Many listeners detect sexual innuendo in the lyrics , with the key in its lock thought to symbolize sexual intercourse , or in phrases such as `` I go pretty far '' and `` I 've been all around the world '' . Another common viewpoint on the song , is that the song is clearly an innocent reflection upon the typical workings of a child 's mind regarding their possessions ( In this case , quad skates and the associated key essential for tightening / loosening a locking clamp on the skates ) . Melanie has acknowledged the possibility of detecting sexual innuendo in the song , without confirming or denying the intent : ( The song ) , `` Brand New Key '' , I wrote in about fifteen minutes one night . I thought it was cute ; a kind of old thirties tune . I guess a key and a lock have always been Freudian symbols , and pretty obvious ones at that . There was no deep serious expression behind the song , but people read things into it . They made up incredible stories as to what the lyrics said and what the song meant . In some places , it was even banned from the radio . My idea about songs is that once you write them , you have very little say in their life afterward . It 's a lot like having a baby . You conceive a song , deliver it , and then give it as good a start as you can . After that , it 's on its own . People will take it any way they want to take it . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 -- 72 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Canada ( RPM ) New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 11 Canada 27 UK 49 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Cash Box Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1995 Sharon , Lois & Bram , on the album Let 's Dance ! 1996 Rasputina , on the album Thanks for the Ether . 1998 Deana Carter , on the album Everything 's Gonna Be Alright . 2007 The Dollyrots , on the album Because I 'm Awesome . 2009 Katharine McPhee , on the album Unbroken . 2012 Olivia Newton - John , on the album A Few Best Men ( soundtrack ) . Parodies and other versions ( edit ) A version of the song entitled `` Combine Harvester '' , with new rustic - themed lyrics by Irish songwriter Brendan O'Shaughnessy ( including `` I 've got a brand new combine harvester An ' I 'll give you the key '' ) , was recorded by Irish comedian Brendan Grace , whose version scored No. 1 on the Irish Charts during 1975 . For the UK Singles Chart , West Country comedy folk act The Wurzels scored No. 1 for two weeks during June 1976 with a version of this . After the January 1994 attack on Nancy Kerrigan , a parody of `` Brand New Key '' circulated on radio stations . The parody featured lyrics from Tonya Harding 's point of view , and included the chorus , `` I 've got a brand new pair of figure skates / You 've got a busted knee ; / They 're gon na lock up my ex-husband and throw away the key . '' The song was used prominently in the 2005 movie Evil Aliens . With lyrics describing Best Film nominee Pan 's Labyrinth , Minnie Driver sang a parody of the song at the 2007 Spirit Awards ( `` I blew a giant frog to smithereens , I got his golden key '' ) . References in popular culture ( edit ) Melanie 's version is heard in the 1997 music Boogie Nights as Dirk Diggler ( Mark Wahlberg ) has his `` audition '' with Rollergirl ( Heather Graham ) in front of Jack Horner ( Burt Reynolds ) . The song is also played in Jackass 3 - D during the `` Bungee Boogie '' stunt skit ( in which the cast members use bungee cords , skateboards and a ramp to slingshot into a kiddie pool ) . On April 4 , 2016 , Jimmy Fallon lip synced the song during a `` Lip Sync Battle '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , while he competed with actress Melissa McCarthy . On the October 17 , 2016 , episode of singing competition television show The Voice , Team Miley ( Cyrus ) contestants Darby Walker and Karlee Metzger performed the song in a battle round . Despite coaches Adam Levine , Blake Shelton , and Alicia Keys all preferring Metzger 's vocal performance , Cyrus chose to name Walker the winner of the battle . Shortly after , Metzger was stolen onto Team Blake , saving her from elimination . The original version appears in season 1 of the FX show The Bridge , as the character Daniel Frye flushes his supply of drugs and alcohol . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ray Shahso ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Classic Rock Music Reporter : ' Melanie ' Safka Exclusive : `` My Mother Drove Me To Woodstock '' ( Part 1 ) `` . classicrockmusicwriter.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Brand New Key '' - Melanie `` . Superseventies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MELANIE '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Year 1972 '' . tsort.info . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1972 '' . top-source.info . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Maclean 's Magazine November 6 , 1995 . Vol. 108 , Iss. 45 ; pg. 72 . `` Let 's Dance by Sharon , Lois & Bram '' . Chisholm , Patricia . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 327 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Boogie Nights soundtrack listing and review by Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine http://www.allmusic.com/album/boogie-nights-original-soundtrack-mw0000027564 Retrieved 3 / 30 / 14 . Jump up ^ Lip Sync Battle with Melissa McCarthy . YouTube . April 4 , 2016 . Preceded by `` Family Affair '' by Sly & the Family Stone Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Melanie version ) December 25 , 1971 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` American Pie '' by Don McLean Preceded by `` No Charge '' by J.J. Barrie UK number one single ( Wurzels version ) June 12 , 1976 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` You to Me Are Everything '' by The Real Thing ( hide ) Melanie Albums Born to Be ( 1968 ) Affectionately Melanie ( 1969 ) Candles in the Rain ( 1970 ) Leftover Wine ( 1970 ) The Good Book ( 1970 ) Gather Me ( 1971 ) Garden in the City ( 1972 ) Stoneground Words ( 1972 ) Melanie at Carnegie Hall ( 1973 ) Madrugada ( 1974 ) Photograph ( 1976 ) Ballroom Streets ( 1978 ) Noted singles `` Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) '' ( 1970 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1970 ) `` Brand New Key '' ( 1971 ) `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' ( 1973 ) Related Woodstock Music Festival Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_New_Key&oldid=800128168 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1972 singles 1976 singles British pop songs Melanie Safka songs Novelty songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles 1971 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 17 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	i've got a brand new roller skate song	[]	[]
4583310742670395448	Pacific Rim (film)	Pacific Rim ( film ) - wikipedia Pacific Rim ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Pacific Rim Theatrical release poster Directed by Guillermo del Toro Produced by Guillermo del Toro Thomas Tull Jon Jashni Mary Parent Screenplay by Travis Beacham Guillermo del Toro Story by Travis Beacham Starring Charlie Hunnam Idris Elba Rinko Kikuchi Charlie Day Rob Kazinsky Max Martini Ron Perlman Music by Ramin Djawadi Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by John Gilroy Peter Amundson Production companies Legendary Pictures DDY Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) ( Mexico City ) July 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 132 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $190 million Box office $411 million Pacific Rim is a 2013 American science fiction action film directed by Guillermo del Toro and starring Charlie Hunnam , Idris Elba , Rinko Kikuchi , Charlie Day , Burn Gorman , Robert Kazinsky , Max Martini , and Ron Perlman . The screenplay was written by Travis Beacham and del Toro from a story by Beacham . The film is set in the future , when Earth is at war with the Kaiju , colossal sea monsters which have emerged from an interdimensional portal on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean . To combat the monsters , humanity unites to create the Jaegers , gigantic humanoid mechas , each controlled by at least two pilots , whose minds are joined by a mental link . Focusing on the war 's later days , the story follows Raleigh Becket , a washed - up Jaeger pilot called out of retirement and teamed with rookie pilot Mako Mori as part of a last - ditch effort to defeat the Kaiju . Principal photography began on November 14 , 2011 , in Toronto and lasted through April 2012 . The film was produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. It was released on July 12 , 2013 , in 3D and IMAX 3D , receiving generally positive reviews ; the visual effects , action sequences , and nostalgic style were highly praised . While it underperformed at the box office in the United States , it was highly successful in other markets . It earned a worldwide total of more than $411 million -- $114 million in China alone , its largest market -- becoming Del Toro 's most commercially successful film to date . A sequel titled Pacific Rim Uprising , directed by Steven S. DeKnight and produced by Del Toro , with Kikuchi , Day , and Gorman reprising their roles , and Universal Pictures taking the film distribution , was released on March 23 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Principal photography 4.3 Design 4.4 Visual effects 5 Video game 6 Music 7 Marketing and promotion 8 Release 8.1 Box office 8.2 Critical response 8.3 Accolades 8.4 Home media 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In 2013 , huge alien sea monsters called Kaiju emerge from an interdimensional portal called the Breach at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean . Over the course of three years , the Kaiju wreak havoc upon coastal cities along the Ring of Fire , such as San Francisco , Cabo San Lucas , Sydney , Manila , and Hong Kong . Humanity responds by constructing massive robotic machines called Jaegers to combat the Kaiju threat . Each Jaeger is piloted by two or more people , who are connected by a neural bridge in a process called `` drifting '' to share the mental stress of piloting the machine . In 2020 , the Jaeger Gipsy Danger , piloted by brothers Raleigh and Yancy Beckett , defends Anchorage from the Kaiju named Knifehead . They both engage in combat , with Gipsy gaining the upper hand and defeating the Kaiju by blasting it with its plasma cannon . Unknown to them , the Kaiju is still alive . Knifehead then re-emerges , ambushes them , critically damages Gipsy Danger by severing its left arm , and throws Yancy out of the cockpit , killing him . Raleigh manages to pilot Gipsy alone , activating the remaining plasma cannon and finally killing Knifehead . Traumatized by Yancy 's death , Raleigh quits the Jaeger program . In 2025 , the world governments decide to end funding for the continuous construction of Jaegers , in favor of building massive coastal walls , as the Kaiju are growing more powerful , their attacks more frequent , and Jaegers are being destroyed faster than they are being built . The remaining four Jaegers are relocated to Hong Kong under the command of Marshal Stacker Pentecost , who plans to end the Kaiju War by destroying the Breach using a nuclear weapon . Pentecost tracks down Raleigh at a wall - construction site in Alaska and persuades him to rejoin the program . Traveling to the Hong Kong base , the Shatterdome , Raleigh is introduced to Mako Mori , director of the Jaeger restoration program and Pentecost 's adoptive daughter . Four Jaegers remain in operation -- the refurbished Gipsy Danger , the Russian Cherno Alpha , the Chinese Crimson Typhoon , and the Australian Striker Eureka that will carry the bomb , and piloted by father and son Herc and Chuck Hansen . To find a new co-pilot , Raleigh participates in tryouts , assuming Mako is `` drift - compatible '' , despite Pentecost 's protests . During their first drifting test , Raleigh is distracted by the memory of Yancy 's death . Mako , in turn , is lost in the memory of the Kaiju attack on Tokyo that orphaned her , and nearly fires Gipsy 's plasma cannon . Mako is promptly relieved of piloting duties , and Raleigh confronts Pentecost , the former Jaeger pilot who fought and killed the Kaiju that attacked Tokyo and adopted Mako after the battle , telling him that he is being overprotective of her . Pentecost consults Kaiju experts Newton Geiszler and Hermann Gottlieb . Hermann claims that the Breach will stabilize and the Kaiju will increase in number , but it will allow the assault to succeed , while Newton suggests drifting with a Kaiju 's brain to learn more about them . Newton goes ahead with his plan despite Hermann 's protests and discovers that the Kaiju are actually bioweapons grown by alien colonists , that live in the dimension on the other side of the breach called the Anteverse , who plan on wiping out humanity . With Pentecost 's permission , Newton searches for black market dealer Hannibal Chau , who sells body parts of dead Kaiju , to obtain a fresh Kaiju brain to drift with . However , he soon figures out that since drifting is a two - way link , the Kaiju hive mind gained access to his knowledge just as he did theirs . Soon after , two new Kaijus , Leatherback and Otachi , emerge simultaneously to find Newton . All Jaegers except Gipsy Danger are dispatched to intervene . Otachi destroys Crimson Typhoon , while Leatherback destroys Cherno Alpha and paralyzes Striker Eureka with an EMP blast . Out of options , Pentecost reluctantly allows Mako and Raleigh to pilot Gipsy Danger . Gipsy successfully kills Leatherback and Otachi , while almost destroying Hong Kong in the process . Examining Otachi 's body , Newton and Hannibal find out that it is pregnant . The infant Kaiju bursts out and devours Hannibal but soon dies from being strangled by its own umbilical cord . Newton and Hermann drift with the infant 's brain , discovering that the Breach can only open in the presence of a Kaiju 's DNA . As Herc was injured during the previous fight , Pentecost , who is dying from radiation sickness resulting from piloting a Jaeger built with a nuclear core before the implementation of radiation shielding , pilots Striker Eureka with Chuck . Along with Gipsy Danger , they approach the Breach . Three Kaijus emerge from the Breach to defend it , one being the largest ever encountered . The Jaegers kill one Kaiju and injure the others , but Striker is immobilized by the largest Kaiju . Pentecost and Chuck decide to detonate the bomb , as they are easily overwhelmed , depending on Gipsy 's nuclear reactor to seal the Breach . After the explosion leaves the largest Kaiju alive , Gipsy kills it and , considering Newton and Hermann 's discovery , rides its corpse into the Breach . As the Jaeger reaches the other side , Raleigh successfully overloads the reactor and ejects Mako and himself using escape pods . The reactor explodes , killing a few nearby alien creatures and destroying the Breach , while Raleigh and Mako 's escape pods surface in the Pacific Ocean . Herc , now the Marshal , orders the war clock to stop , indicating mankind 's victory , and Raleigh and Mako embrace as rescue helicopters arrive . In a mid-credits scene , Hannibal cuts his way out of the Kaiju infant , and looks for his lost shoe . Cast ( edit ) Top to bottom : Charlie Hunnam , Idris Elba , and Rinko Kikuchi star in the film as Raleigh Becket , Stacker Pentecost and Mako Mori respectively . Charlie Hunnam as Raleigh Becket : A washed - up former pilot called out of retirement by the Pan Pacific Defense Corps . On casting Hunnam , del Toro stated : `` I saw him and I thought he had an earnest , really honest nature . And he was the kind of guy that I can relate to , as a male audience member I go , ' I like that guy . I would like to have a few beers with that guy ' ... he has an earthy quality . '' Describing the character , Hunnam stated : `` When you meet me , in the beginning of the story , I 've suffered a giant loss . Not only has it killed my sense of self - worth , but also my will to fight and keep on going . And then , Rinko and Idris , and a couple other people , bring me out of retirement to try to help with this grand push . I think that journey is a very relatable one . Everybody , at some point in their life , has fallen down and not felt like getting back up , but you have to , no matter how difficult it is . '' Hunnam was also considered for the role of Prince Nuada in del Toro 's previous film , Hellboy II : The Golden Army . Paul Michael Wyers plays Raleigh as a child . Idris Elba as Marshal Stacker Pentecost : Raleigh 's commanding officer and former Jaeger pilot . On selecting Elba , del Toro stated : `` This is a movie where I have had to deal with more dialogue than ever , and the way I cast the movie was -- who do I want to hear say these things ? Who do I want Charlie Hunnam to go against ? Who can really tell Charlie Hunnam ' sit down and listen ' ? '' In another interview , the director said : `` I wanted to have Idris not be the blonde , square - jawed , Anglo , super hip marine that knows ( everything ) . I wanted somebody that could bring a lot of authority , but that you could feel the weight of the world on his shoulders . When I watched Luther , that 's the essence of the character ... Luther is carrying literally the evils of the world on his shoulders . He 's doing penance for all humanity ... Idris is one of those actors that is capable of embodying humanity , in almost like a Rodin sculpture - type , larger than life , almost like a Russian realism statue , you know , big hands , all the turmoil of humanity in his eyes . I wanted somebody that you could have doubts internally , and very few guys can do that . '' To prepare for the role , Elba watched footage of politicians David Cameron and Barack Obama , as well as Russell Crowe in Gladiator and Mel Gibson in Braveheart . Del Toro initially offered the role to Tom Cruise , who declined because of scheduling conflicts . Rinko Kikuchi as Mako Mori : Raleigh 's co-pilot who lost her family in a Kaiju attack and was adopted by Pentecost . Though Mori possesses a strength and fury that should serve well against the Kaiju , Pentecost is reluctant to use her , partly because of a fatherly bond and partly because he knows she is still fighting the terror of her childhood . Del Toro stated : `` I was very careful how I built the movie . One of the other things I decided was that I wanted a female lead who has the equal force as the male leads . She 's not going to be a sex kitten , she 's not going to come out in cutoff shorts and a tank top , and it 's going to be a real earnestly drawn character . '' Noting that the other actors were exhausted and `` destroyed physically '' by filming in the intensive Jaeger cockpit harnesses , del Toro said : `` The only one that did n't break was Rinko Kikuchi , the girl . She never complained ... I asked Rinko her secret and she said ' I think of gummi bears and flowers . ' I try to do that in my life now . '' Mana Ashida plays Mako as a child . Charlie Day as Dr. Newt Geiszler : A scientist studying the Kaiju . Day stated : `` Certainly myself and Burn Gorman provide a little bit of much needed levity , it 's a break from the monsters and the guys fighting . But then the character gets thrust into the story in a way that his life is seriously at risk and it becomes a little more action oriented and a little more horror movie-esque . So , he kinda bounces back between being humorous and also being real ... the rest of these guys , they look really good in their suits and they 've got abs , they can kick and fight and punch . Newt is sort of the ' everyman ' and he 's flawed and he 's arrogant . '' Del Toro gave Geiszler the mentality of a celebrity chef , with tattoos and a `` big personality '' . According to the director , Day was cast based on his performance in an episode of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : `` He comes out with a stick , and he has a monologue about what it is to hunt the rats in the basement . It was very funny , but he was coming from character . He was not doing big stuff , he was , like , really mourning and lamenting his job , you know , how inhuman it is . And I thought , ' This guy is great at shading and comedy . ' There are moments in the movie where he delivers them both . '' Trek Buccino portrays Newt as a child . Burn Gorman as Dr. Hermann Gottlieb : A scientist studying the Kaiju alongside Geiszler . According to del Toro , Gottlieb is a `` tweed - wearing , English , phlegmatic introvert that never leaves the lab '' . The modest Gottlieb resents Geiszler 's arrogance and radical behavior ; the duo echo the film 's theme of incompatible people functioning together when the time comes . Drew Adkins portrays Gottlieb as a child . Ron Perlman as Hannibal Chau : A black marketeer who makes a living dealing Kaiju organs . Perlman stated , `` I actually think this character was designed to be played by another ethnicity other than myself . And somewhere along the way , ( del Toro ) had the notion , ' Would n't it be interesting to turn this guy into more of an invention . ' So , in other words , somebody takes on a persona that completely sounds like he 's someone else and acts like he 's someone else but he 's really , you know , as you see me . That added a dimension to the larger - than - life aspect of the character ... I 'm playing somebody very close to my own origins . But a completely made - up persona ... which makes him even more full of shit . And I think that 's the charm of the guy -- that he 's kind of elusive , hard to pin down . '' Pacific Rim marks Perlman 's fifth appearance in a del Toro film . The director stated : `` I think the moment you have a guy that is called Hannibal Chau and Ron shows up , and he 's from Brooklyn and he 's been selling black market organs , you know the whole story ... That 's all I need to know . If it 's any other actor , there 's a lot more explaining to do . But when Ron comes in with that look , you can make your own story and it 'll be as compelling as anything I can invent . You do a little weightlifting with the audience . '' The bird tattoos on Chau 's fingers indicate his past as a gangster . In the film , Chau states he took the name from his favorite historical figure and his second - favorite Szechuan restaurant in Brooklyn . Del Toro drew inspiration from Burt Lancaster 's performance in Elmer Gantry when writing the character . Max Martini as Hercules `` Herc '' Hansen : Chuck 's father and co-pilot . Kazinsky stated Martini hated the fact that he was cast as Chuck 's father , being only 13 years Kazinsky 's senior . However , Kazinsky said they developed a bond while filming , `` Because we were working so tight together , we would finish and then we would go out for dinner every night and we would go to the gym together on days off we had ... The emotional scene toward the end with the father - son parting , it was very easy for me to play because I had grown to actually genuinely love Max as a man and as a friend . '' Kazinsky revealed that Herc and Chuck 's pet bulldog was del Toro 's idea and said , `` The dog 's name was Max , ironically , and we ended up using Max for so many things . The story was that Herc and Chuck have difficulty communicating , that they communicated via the dog , and all the love that they could n't show each other they would show the dog . '' The role was originally written for Ron Perlman , but del Toro decided the scenes between Perlman 's Herc and Hunnam 's Raleigh `` might start to feel like Sons of Anarchy 2.0 '' . Robert Kazinsky as Chuck Hansen : An Australian Jaeger pilot considered the finest soldier left in the Resistance . He and his father Herc pilot Striker Eureka , `` the strongest and the fastest '' Jaeger with eleven Kaiju kills , and make up the Resistance 's `` go - to team '' . Kazinsky , a fan of science - fiction , was initially drawn by the film 's concept , `` My immediate reaction was ' Holy crap , that 's cool . ' In the hands of somebody else , you might sit there and go , ' Well , this might be terrible , ' but with del Toro doing it , you kind of go , ' This is going to be amazing . ' '' . Reflecting on his experience in the film , Kazinsky said in an interview , `` The most fun I have ever had in my entire life was Pacific Rim , playing Chuck was incredibly fun . '' Clifton Collins , Jr. as Ops Tendo Choi : A Chinese - American Jaeger technician . Collins described his character as the `` brains '' behind the Jaegers . Diego Klattenhoff as Yancy Beckett : Raleigh 's older brother and co-pilot . Klattenhoff joined the project to work with del Toro . Describing his character , Klattentoff stated : `` This is a guy who is looking out for his very eager , younger brother and they were enabled with this gift that gave them the opportunity to kind of save the world . Or help , at least . '' Tyler Stevenson plays Yancy as a child . Ellen McLain as the voice of Gipsy AI : The Gipsy Danger 's artificial intelligence system . Del Toro secured permission from Valve Corporation to cast McLain in homage to GLaDOS , her homicidal AI character in the Portal video games . The director stated : `` It was clear to me that we needed something beautiful in that voice . My daughter is my wingman , we had done co-op on Portal 2 for a long time and I did Portal 1 when it came out . It becomes ingrained in you , that voice . I did n't want to use her as a negative force of evil . I called Valve and asked ' Can you give us the filter ? ' so we went full GLaDOS for the first commercial , but I thought it was too much . If you 're a gamer , it 's too distracting so we created our own GLaDOS 2.0 filter that 's a little less full - on . '' Additional Jaeger pilots include Charles Luu , Lance Luu and Mark Luu as the Wei Tang triplets ( China ) , and Robert Maillet and Heather Doerksen as Sasha and Aleksis Kaidanovsky ( Russia ) . Joe Pingue portrays Captain Merrit , the captain of a fishing boat caught in a battle between Jaeger and Kaiju . Santiago Segura plays an aide to Hannibal Chau . Brad William Henke and Larry Joe Campbell portray members of an Alaskan construction team that Raleigh joins after retiring from the Pan Pacific Defense Corps . Robin Thomas , Julian Barnes , and David Richmond - Peck portray U.N. representatives from the United States , Great Britain , and Canada , respectively . Sebastian Pigott appears as a Jaeger engineer and Joshua Peace appears as an officer , Jonathan Foxon appears as a frantic civilian . David Fox plays an old man on a beach , while Jane Watson portrays Raleigh and Yancy 's mother in a flashback sequence . Producer Thomas Tull makes a cameo appearance . Themes ( edit ) In the film , a Jaeger 's neural load is too much for a single pilot to handle alone , meaning they must first be psychically linked to another pilot -- a concept called `` drifting '' . When pilots drift , they quickly gain intimate knowledge of each other 's memories and feelings , and have no choice but to accept them ; del Toro found this concept 's dramatic potential compelling . The director expressed his intention that the empathy metaphors extend to real life : The pilots ' smaller stories actually make a bigger point , which is that we 're all together in the same robot ( in life ) ... Either we get along or we die . I did n't want this to be a recruitment ad or anything jingoistic . The idea of the movie is just for us to trust each other , to cross over barriers of color , sex , beliefs , whatever , and just stick together . Del Toro acknowledged this message 's simplicity , but said he would have liked to have seen adventure films with similar morals when he was a child . The film 's ten primary characters all have `` little arcs '' conducive to this idea ; del Toro stated : `` I think that 's a great message to give kids ... ' That guy you were beating the shit out of ten minutes ago ? That 's the guy you have to work with five minutes later . ' That 's life ... We can only be complete when we work together . '' The director noted that Hellboy and The Devil 's Backbone told the same message , though the latter conveyed it in a very different way . The film centers on the relationship between Becket and Mori , but is not a love story in a conventional sense . Both are deeply damaged human beings who have decided to suppress their respective traumas . While learning to pilot their Jaeger , they undergo a process of `` opening up '' , gaining access to each other 's thoughts , memories and secrets . Their relationship is necessarily one of respect and `` perfect trust '' . Hunnam commented that the film is `` a love story without a love story . It 's about all of the necessary elements of love without arriving at love itself '' . Both Becket and Mori have suffered profound personal tragedies ; one of the script 's central ideas is that two damaged people can metaphorically `` become one '' , with their figurative missing pieces connecting almost like a puzzle . Del Toro emphasized the characters ' emotional intimacy by filming their training fight scene the way he would a sex scene . Del Toro , a self - described pacifist , avoided what he termed `` car commercial aesthetics '' or `` army recruitment video aesthetics '' , and gave the characters Western ranks including `` marshal '' and `` ranger '' rather than military ranks such as `` captain '' , `` major '' or `` general '' . The director stated : `` I avoided making any kind of message that says war is good . We have enough firepower in the world . '' Del Toro wanted to break from the mass death and destruction featured in contemporary blockbuster films , and made a point of showing the streets and buildings being evacuated before Kaiju attacks , ensuring that the destruction depicted is `` completely remorseless '' . The director stated : I do n't want people being crushed . I want the joy that I used to get seeing Godzilla toss a tank without having to think there are guys in the tank ... What I think is you could do nothing but echo the moment you 're in . There is a global anxiety about how fragile the status quo is and the safety of citizens , but in my mind -- honestly -- this film is in another realm . There is no correlation to the real world . There is no fear of a copycat Kaiju attack because a Kaiju saw it on the news and said , `` I 'm going to destroy Seattle . '' In my case , I 'm picking up a tradition . One that started right after World War II and was a coping mechanism , in a way , for Japan to heal the wounds of that war . And it 's integral for a Kaiju to rampage in the city . Writing for the Los Angeles Review of Books , Wai Chee Dimock connected the film 's central theme of togetherness to its recurring image of missing shoes , stating the `` utopian dream '' driving the characters is that puny humans like us could be `` together '' -- not only in the specific neural melding that must take place between the two Jaeger co-pilots but also , more generally speaking , in a fractal web of resemblance , filling the world with copies of ourselves at varying orders of magnitude and with varying degrees of re-expression , beginning with the shoes on our feet . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In February 2006 , it was reported that Guillermo del Toro would direct Travis Beacham 's fantasy screenplay , Killing on Carnival Row , but the project never materialized . Beacham conceived Pacific Rim the following year . While walking on the beach near Santa Monica Pier , the screenwriter imagined a giant robot and a giant monster fighting to the death . `` They just sort of materialized out of the fog , these vast , godlike things . '' He later conceived the idea that each robot had two pilots , asking `` what happens when one of those people dies ? '' Deciding this would be `` a story about loss , moving on after loss , and dealing with survivor 's guilt '' , Beacham commenced writing the film . On May 28 , 2010 , it was reported that Legendary Pictures had purchased Beacham 's detailed 25 - page film treatment , now titled Pacific Rim . On July 28 , 2010 , it was reported that del Toro would next direct an adaptation of H.P. Lovecraft 's At the Mountains of Madness for Universal Studios , with James Cameron producing . When del Toro met with Legendary Pictures to discuss the possibility of collaborating with them on a film , he was intrigued by Beacham 's treatment -- still a `` very small pitch '' at this point . Del Toro struck a deal with Legendary : while directing At the Mountains of Madness , he would produce and co-write Pacific Rim ; because of the films ' conflicting production schedules , he would direct Pacific Rim only if At the Mountains of Madness were cancelled . Tom Cruise was attached to star in the Lovecraft adaptation . On March 7 , 2011 , it was reported that Universal would not proceed with At the Mountains of Madness because del Toro was unwilling to compromise on the $150 million budget and R rating . The director later reflected , `` When it happened , this has never happened to me , but I actually cried that weekend a lot . I do n't want to sound like a puny soul , but I really was devastated . I was weeping for the movie . '' The project collapsed on a Friday , and del Toro signed to direct Pacific Rim the following Monday . Del Toro spent a year working with Beacham on the screenplay , and is credited as co-writer . He introduced ideas he had always wished to see in the genre , such as a Kaiju birth and a Kaiju attack seen from a child 's perspective . The script also received an uncredited rewrite from Neil Cross , who previously created the Idris Elba - starring drama series Luther and wrote the del Toro - produced horror film Mama . Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan were enlisted to perform uncredited rewrites when their spec script Monstropolis caught the filmmaker 's attention . Drew Pearce also carried out uncredited work on the script . Principal photography ( edit ) Filming began on November 14 , 2011 , and continued in Toronto into April 2012 . Del Toro gave an update after the second week on filming finished . The film was referred to as Silent Seas and Still Seas during production . Del Toro had never shot a film in less than 115 days , but had only 103 to shoot Pacific Rim . In order to achieve this , del Toro scheduled a splinter unit that he could direct early in the day , before main unit , and on his off - days . The director worked 17 to 18 hours a day , seven days a week , for much of the schedule . Del Toro took a new approach to directing actors , allowing `` looser '' movements and improvisation ; the director maintained tight control over the production : `` Everything , 100 % goes through me sooner or later . I do not delegate anything . Some people like it , some people do n't , but it has to be done that way . '' The film was shot using Red Epic cameras . At first Guillermo del Toro decided not to shoot or convert the film to 3D , as the effect would not work due to the sheer size of the film 's robots and monsters , explaining I did n't want to make the movie 3D because when you have things that big ... the thing that happens naturally , you 're looking at two buildings lets say at 300 feet ( away ) , if you move there is no parallax . They 're so big that , in 3D , you barely notice anything no matter how fast you move ... To force the 3D effects for robots and monsters that are supposed to be big you are making their ( perspective ) miniaturized , making them human scale . It was later announced that the film would be converted to 3D , with the conversion taking 40 weeks longer than most . Del Toro said : `` What can I tell you ? I changed my mind . I 'm not running for office . I can do a Romney . '' Del Toro cut approximately an hour of material from the film . The unused footage explored the characters and their arcs in greater detail , but the director felt it was necessary to strike a balance , stating : `` We can not pretend this is Ibsen with monsters and giant robots . I can not pretend I 'm doing a profound reflection on mankind . '' Each character 's arc was edited down to its minimal requirements . The director wanted to keep the film around two hours , particularly for younger viewers . Alejandro González Iñárritu and Alfonso Cuarón helped with the editing ; Iñárritu removed ten minutes of footage , while Cuarón removed `` a few minutes '' and rearranged several scenes . Iñárritu and Cuarón receive a `` special thanks '' in the film 's end credits , as do James Cameron and David Cronenberg . Design ( edit ) Del Toro drew inspiration from Francisco Goya 's The Colossus , and hoped to evoke the same `` sense of awe '' with the film 's battles . Del Toro envisioned Pacific Rim as an earnest , colorful adventure story , with an `` incredibly airy and light feel '' , in contrast to the `` super-brooding , super-dark , cynical summer movie '' . The director focused on `` big , beautiful , sophisticated visuals '' and action that would satisfy an adult audience , but has stated his `` real hope '' is to introduce the Kaiju and mecha genres to a generation of children . While the film draws heavily on these genres , it avoids direct references to previous works . Del Toro intended to create something original but `` madly in love '' with its influences , instilled with `` epic beauty '' and `` operatic grandeur '' . The end credits dedicate the film to Ray Harryhausen and Ishirō Honda , who helped to establish the giant monster genre with films such as The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms and Godzilla , respectively . The film was to honor the Kaiju and mecha genres while creating an original stand - alone film , something `` conscious of the heritage , but not a pastiche or an homage or a greatest hits of everything '' . The director made a point of starting from scratch , without emulating or referencing any previous examples of those genres . He cautioned his designers not to turn to films like Gamera , Godzilla , or The War of the Gargantuas for inspiration , stating : `` I did n't want to be postmodern , or referential , or just belong to a genre . I really wanted to create something new , something madly in love with those things . I tried to bring epic beauty to it , and drama and operatic grandeur . '' Rather than popular culture , he drew inspiration from works of art such as The Colossus and George Bellows 's boxing paintings . The film 's designers include Wayne Barlowe , Oscar Chichoni , monster sculptors David Meng and Simon Lee , and Hellboy II and The Hobbit designer Francisco Ruiz Velasco . Del Toro has acknowledged that some designs created for his cancelled At the Mountains of Madness adaptation may have been used in Pacific Rim . Approximately one hundred Kaiju and one hundred Jaegers were designed , but only a fraction of these appear in the film ; every week the filmmakers would `` do an American Idol '' and vote for the best . In designing Kaiju , the film 's artists frequently drew inspiration from nature rather than other works . The director commented : `` Kaijus are essentially outlandish in a way , but on the other hand they come sort of in families : you 've got the reptilian Kaiju , the insect Kaiju , the sort of crustacean Kaiju ... So to take an outlandish design and then render it with an attention to real animal anatomy and detail is interesting . '' Del Toro avoided making the Kaiju too similar to any Earth creatures , instead opting to make them otherworldly and alien . Del Toro called the film 's Kaiju `` weapons '' , stating that they are `` the cleaning crew , the cats sent into the warehouse to clean out the mice . '' Certain design elements are shared by all the Kaiju ; this is intended to suggest that they are connected and were designed for a similar purpose . Each Kaiju was given a vaguely humanoid silhouette to echo the man - in - suit aesthetic of early Japanese Kaiju films . While del Toro 's other films feature ancient or damaged monsters , the Kaiju lack scars or any evidence of prior culture , indicating that they are engineered creations rather than the result of an evolutionary system . Knifehead , the first Kaiju to appear in the film , is a tribute to the plodding kaiju of 1960s Japanese films , and is intended to look almost like a man in a rubber suit ; its head was inspired by that of a goblin shark . Leatherback , the bouncer - like Kaiju which spews electro - magnetic charges , is a favorite of del Toro , who conceived it as a `` brawler with this sort of beer belly '' ; the lumbering movements of gorillas were used as a reference . The Kaiju Otachi homages the dragons of Chinese mythology . The director called it a `` Swiss army knife of a Kaiju '' ; with almost 20 minutes of screen time , it was given numerous features so the audience would not tire of it . The creature moves like a Komodo dragon in water , sports multiple jaws and an acid - filled neck sack , and unfurls wings when necessary . It is also more intelligent than the other Kaiju , employing eagle - inspired strategies against the Jaegers . Onibaba , the Kaiju that orphans Mako Mori , resembles a fusion of a Japanese temple and a crustacean . Slattern , the largest Kaiju , is distinguished by its extremely long neck and `` half - horn , half - crown '' head , which del Toro considered both demonic and majestic . Gipsy Danger , the American Jaeger , was based on the shape of New York City 's Art Deco buildings , such as the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building , but infused with John Wayne 's gunslinger gait and hip movements . Cherno Alpha , the Russian Jaeger , was based on the shape and paint patterns of a T - series Russian tank , combined with a giant containment silo to give the appearance of a walking nuclear power plant with a cooling tower on its head . Crimson Typhoon , the three - armed Chinese Jaeger , is piloted by triplets and resembles a `` medieval little warrior '' ; its texture evokes Chinese lacquered wood with golden edges . Striker Eureka , the Australian Jaeger , is likened by del Toro to a Land Rover ; the most elegant and masculine Jaeger , it has a jutting chest , a camouflage paint scheme recalling the Australian outback , and the bravado of its pilots . The film 's costumes were designed by Shane Mahan and Kate Hawley , who spent several months on the costumes of the Jaeger pilots . The Russian pilot suits are old - fashioned and echo cosmonaut space suits . Visual effects ( edit ) Industrial Light & Magic was chosen to create the visual effects for Pacific Rim . Del Toro hired Oscar winners John Knoll and Hal T. Hickel , both known for their work on the Star Wars prequel trilogy and the Pirates of the Caribbean films . Legacy Effects co-owner Shane Mahan , known for creating the armored suits for Iron Man , was tasked with building the suits , helmets and conn - pods . Oscar winner Clay Pinney , known for his work on Independence Day and Star Trek , was also brought on board . Hybride Technologies , a division of Ubisoft , and Rodeo FX also contributed to the visual effects . Del Toro used classic art such as Hokusai 's The Great Wave off Kanagawa as a reference for the film 's ocean battles . Del Toro conceived the film as an operatic work : That was one of the first words I said to the entire team at ILM . I said , `` This movie needs to be theatrical , operatic , romantic . '' We used a lot of words not usually associated with high - tech blockbusters ... We went for a very , very , very , very saturated color palette for the battle for Hong Kong . I kept asking John to tap into his inner Mexican and be able to saturate the greens and the purples and the pinks and the oranges . The classic Japanese woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa by Hokusai was a common motif in the ocean battles ; Del Toro recalled , `` I would say ' Give me a Hokusai wave ' ... we use the waves and weather in the movie very operatically . '' The director asked that Knoll not necessarily match the lighting from shot to shot : `` It 's pretty unorthodox to do that , but I think the results are really beautiful and very artistically free and powerful , not something you would associate with a big sci - fi action movie . '' Del Toro considers the film 's digital water its most exciting visual effect : `` The water dynamics in this movie are technically beautiful , but also artistically incredibly expressive . We agreed on making the water become almost another character . We would time the water very precisely . I 'd say ' Get out of the wave ( on this frame ) . ' '' The film also features extensive miniature effect shots provided by 32TEN Studios , under the supervision of ILM VFX Producer Susan Greenhow and ILM VFX Supervisors John Knoll and Lindy DeQuattro . Shot using RED Epic cameras on 3D rigs , the scenes produced by 32TEN involved the creation of a quarter - scale office building interior which was destroyed by the fist of a Jaeger robot which was on a separate pneumatically controlled rig , as well as a sequence which depicted several rows of seats in a soccer stadium being blown apart as a Jaeger lands in the stadium , which was created by using quarter - scale seats blown apart by air cannons . Additionally 32TEN provided several practical elements for ILM 's compositing team including dust clouds , breaking glass and water effects . Video game ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Rim ( video game ) A single - player fighting video game based on the film was announced by the Australian Classification Board for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 . Published and developed by Yuke 's , Pacific Rim : The Video Game was released along with the film on July 12 , 2013 . The game received generally negative reviews . Reliance Games developed a Pacific Rim tie - in game for smartphone platforms , such as iOS and Android devices ; this version also received negative reviews . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Rim ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi is the composer of the Pacific Rim score . The film 's score was composed by Ramin Djawadi . Del Toro selected Djawadi based on his works on Prison Break , Iron Man , and Game of Thrones , stating : `` His scores have a grandeur , but they have also an incredible sort of human soul . '' The director also stated that some Russian rap would be featured in the film . The soundtrack was released on digital download from Amazon on June 18 , 2013 , and CD on June 25 , 2013 . The physical version of the soundtrack was released on July 9 , 2013 , by WaterTower Music , three days before the theatrical release of the film itself . Guest musicians Tom Morello and Priscilla Ahn also feature as soloists on the score . Two songs appear in the film which are not included on the soundtrack are `` Just Like Your Tenderness '' by Luo Xiaoxuan , and the ending theme `` Drift '' , performed by Blake Perlman featuring Rza . The OST received mostly positive reviews . The Action Elite rated the album with a perfect five stars , the Empire gave four , while MSN and Filmtracks also gave the soundtrack four out of five stars . On July 27 , 2013 , the soundtrack was appeared at peak position number 7 on `` US Billboard Top Soundtracks . '' Marketing and promotion ( edit ) On November 28 , 2012 , the official film website premiered alongside two viral videos -- one depicting the initial Kaiju attack as captured by a handheld camera . Blueprints depicting the designs for the Jaeger machines were also released online . On June 5 , 2013 , the graphic novel Pacific Rim : Tales from Year Zero was released . Written by Travis Beacham and featuring cover art by Alex Ross , Tales from Year Zero serves as an introductory prologue to the film , and is set twelve years before its events . On June 18 , Insight Editions published Pacific Rim : Man , Machines , and Monsters , an art book written by David S. Cohen . The book chronicles the film 's production with concept art , photography , the cast and crew 's accounts of the shoot , and a foreword by del Toro . On July 2 , a viral video was released in which Ron Perlman 's character , Hannibal Chau , advertises his fictional Kaiju organ dealership , Kaiju Remedies . On the day of the film 's release , July 12 , 2013 , another viral video was released to promote the film . It involved the collaboration of the film studio ( including del Toro himself ) and the YouTube network Polaris ( also known as The Game Station ) . It featured members of the YouTube network ( such as the Game Grumps ) as Jaeger pilots fighting Kaiju . On July 16 , a novelization by Alex Irvine was released . NECA began selling action figures of the film 's Kaiju and Jaegers . Release ( edit ) Pacific Rim was initially expected to reach theaters in July 2012 . However , Warner Bros. decided to postpone the film 's release date to May 10 , 2013 . In March 2012 , it was announced that the film would be released on July 12 , 2013 . The film premiered in Mexico City on July 1 , 2013 . Box Office ( edit ) Pacific Rim grossed $101.8 million in North America , and has had a favorable international release , grossing $309.2 million in other countries , for a worldwide total of $411,002,906 . The film grossed $3.6 million from Thursday night showings , 23 percent of which came from IMAX showings . It then faced competition from Grown Ups 2 and ultimately fell behind it on opening day , earning $14.6 million . The film reached the # 3 spot during the opening weekend with $37.2 million , behind Despicable Me 2 and Grown Ups 2 . This is the highest - ever opening for a film by del Toro , surpassing Hellboy II : The Golden Army . Around 50 percent of tickets were in 3D , which makes it the second - highest 3D share of 2013 , behind Gravity . During its second weekend , the film dropped a steep 57 % with a gross of $16 million , and during its third weekend , had dropped a further 52 % with a gross of $7.7 million . On July 22 , 2013 , it was reported that the film had reached # 1 at the international box office over the weekend . The film had a successful opening in China , grossing $45.2 million , until overtaken by The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies the largest opening in China for a Warner Bros. title , and the sixth - largest Chinese debut of all time for any Hollywood film . On August 19 , 2013 , its gross crossed $100 million in China alone , becoming the sixth - highest - grossing American film ever in China . It grossed a total of $114.3 million in the country , making China the largest market for the film . In Japan , the film landed in the fifth position on opening weekend , with an initial earning of $3 million ( behind World War Z 's gross of $3.4 million ) . In September 2013 , Forbes highlighted Pacific Rim as `` the rare English - language film in history to cross $400 million while barely crossing $100 million domestic '' . Critical response ( edit ) Pacific Rim received generally positive reviews from critics . Review aggregation website Metacritic gives a rating of 65 out of 100 based on reviews from 48 critics , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 71 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 based on 269 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It may sport more style than substance , but Pacific Rim is a solid modern creature feature bolstered by fantastical imagery and an irresistible sense of fun . '' The Daily Telegraph 's Robbie Collin awarded the film five stars out of five , likening the experience of watching it to rediscovering a favorite childhood cartoon . He praised del Toro for investing his own affection for the genre and sense of artistry into the project in such a way that the viewer found themselves immersed in the film rather than watching from afar , noting the director had catered to younger and older audiences alike and expressed surprise that the film could rise above the sum of its parts . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review , describing the film as the sum of the potential every monster film had ever tried to fulfill . Lou Lumenick of The New York Post gave the film four stars out of four , and said it had `` no shortage of brains , brawn , eye candy , wit and even some poetry '' , praising the `` clean and coherent '' action sequences and the `` terrific chemistry '' between Hunnam and Kikuchi . Drew McWeeny of HitFix highlighted other aspects of the film , paying particular attention to the production and art design . He also praised the cinematography for `` perfectly capturing '' the film , and described the score as `` ridiculously cool '' . Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers called the film `` the work of a humanist ready to banish cynicism for compassion '' , saying that del Toro `` drives the action with a heartbeat '' . Keith Uhlich of Time Out called the film `` pure , pleasurable comic - book absurdity '' , and noted that del Toro had lent the proceedings a `` plausible humanity '' lacking in most of summer 2013 's destruction - heavy blockbusters . He said the Kaijus ' civilian victims make a `` palpably personal impression '' , deeming one scene with Mako Mori `` as mythically moving as anything in the mecha anime , like Neon Genesis Evangelion , that the director emulates with expert aplomb . '' The Village Voice 's Stephanie Zacharek called it `` summer entertainment with a pulse '' , praising its `` dumbly brilliant '' action and freedom from elitism , but noted the story is predictable and suggested del Toro 's time would be better spent on more visionary films . Angela Watercutter of Wired called it the `` most awesome movie of the summer '' , a `` fist - pumping , awe - inspiring ride '' , and opined that its focus on spectacle rather than characterization `` simply does not matter '' in the summer blockbuster context . Richard Roeper gave the film a B , commenting that either the Jaegers or Kaiju `` can take down any of the Transformers . '' Leonard Maltin gave the film two - and - a-half out of four stars , calling it `` three - quarters of a really good movie that does n't know when to quit . '' The Guardian 's Andrew Pulver was less enthusiastic , calling the film a mix of `` wafer - thin psychodrama '' and `` plot - generator dialogue '' . Time 's Richard Corliss said the action was let down by `` inert '' drama , describing the film as `` 45 minutes of awesome encased in 90 minutes of yawnsome . '' Justin Chang of Variety criticized it as loud and lacking the nuance and subtlety of del Toro 's previous films . The New Yorker 's Anthony Lane 's verdict read as `` It is possible to applaud Pacific Rim for the efficacy of its business model while deploring the tale that has been engendered -- long , loud , dark , and very wet . You might as well watch the birth of an elephant . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mike LaSalle reacted extremely negatively by stating `` If this is the best we can do in terms of movies -- if something like this can speak to the soul of audiences -- maybe we should just turn over the cameras and the equipment to the alien dinosaurs and see what they come up with ... Director Guillermo del Toro , who gave us Pan 's Labyrinth not too many years ago , used to be known as an artistic and discerning filmmaker , despite his affection for blockbuster action and grotesqueness . But too often he gets lost in his computer ... Why go to the movies to look at somebody else 's computer after looking at your own all week ? ... The actors ca n't make Pacific Rim any better . They can only relieve some of the pain . '' Slant Magazine 's Ed Gonzalez , who said the film lacked poignancy , compared it to a video game : `` a stylish but programmatic ride toward an inevitable final boss battle '' . The Wrap 's Alonso Duralde criticized the choice to set most battles at night or during the rain , feeling it detracted from the action , and said the comic relief actors -- Day , Gorman , and Perlman -- stole the film from the less interesting leads . Jordan Hoffman of Film.com identified Hunnam as the weak link in the cast , calling him a `` charisma black hole '' . Giles Hardie of The Sydney Morning Herald was particularly critical of the film , awarding the action sequences `` five IQ points out of five '' as he described the film as an hour and twenty minutes of fight sequences vaguely connected by ten minutes of story . Director Rian Johnson praised the film , as did Japanese game director Hideo Kojima , who called it the `` ultimate otaku film '' and stated he `` never imagined ( he ) would be fortunate enough to see a film like this in ( his ) life '' . Go Nagai , who pioneered the idea of mecha piloted from an interior cockpit , praised the film 's fun and intense action , while game developer Fumito Ueda said its battle scenes surpassed memories of the tokusatsu films he saw as an impressionable child . Science fiction author William Gibson called the film `` A ravishing display of intelligent , often wonderfully witty visual design , every frame alive with coherent language , in the service of what is at heart a children 's story ... A baroque that does n't curdle , that never fetishizes itself . '' The inclusion of only one female character of note resulted in Pacific Rim not passing the Bechdel test . This became a topic of discussion in the media and on the Internet . Opinions were divided between those pointing to the film as an example of Hollywood 's practice of ostracizing women , and those noting that the film did not sexually objectify Mako Mori and gave her a narrative arc not revolving around a man . Accolades ( edit ) Award Winner / Nominee Result ABFF Hollywood Awards Artist of the Year Idris Elba ( also for Mandela : Long Walk to Freedom and Thor : The Dark World ) Nominated Annie Award Outstanding Achievement , Animated Effects in a Live Action Production Won Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nominated British Academy Film Awards Best Special Visual Effects Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Award Best Visual Effects Nominated Denver Film Critics Society Best Science Fiction / Horror Film Nominated Empire Awards Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Hollywood Film Awards Best Visual Effects John Knoll Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Horror / Sci - Fi Film Won Saturn Award Best Science Fiction Film Nominated Best Director Guillermo del Toro Nominated Best Production Design Andrew Neskoromny and Carol Spier Nominated Best Editing Peter Amundson and John Gilroy Nominated Best Special Effects John Knoll , James E. Price , Clay Pinney and Rocco Larizza Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Visual Special Effects John Knoll Nominated Teen Choice Awards Summer Movie Action Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture John Knoll , Susan Greenhow , Chris Raimo , Hal Hickel Nominated Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Jakub Pistecky , Frank Gravatt , Cyrus Jam , Chris Havreberg for Kaiju - Leatherback Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Johan Thorngren , Jeremy Bloch , David Meny , Polly Ing for `` Virtual Hong Kong '' Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Colin Benoit , Nick Walker , Adam Schnitzer , Victor Schutz for `` Hong Kong Ocean Brawl '' Nominated Outstanding Models in a Feature Motion Picture David Fogler , Alex Jaeger , Aaron Wilson , David Behrens Nominated Home media ( edit ) Pacific Rim became available for download on the iTunes Store and Vudu on October 1 , 2013 . The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc in the US on October 15 , 2013 , and in the UK and other countries on November 25 , 2013 . A collector 's edition was also available on the same date . To help promote the home media release , Bryan Harley and Roque Rodriguez of Fresno , California , produced a `` sweded '' version of the film 's Gipsy Danger vs. Otachi battle scene , after del Toro was impressed by the duo 's `` sweded '' trailer released on YouTube in March 2013 . As of March 2014 , Pacific Rim has sold 961,845 DVDs along with 1,427,692 Blu - ray Discs in the United States for $10,045,530 and $24,634,992 in revenue , respectively , for a total of $37,079,122 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Rim Uprising A sequel titled Pacific Rim Uprising was released on March 23 , 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The name of the monsters comes from the Japanese word kaijū ( 怪獣 , `` strange creature , monster '' ) . Japanese lacks a plural form for its words , but it is often common for Japanese loanwords into English to receive English style pluralization . Travis Beacham has said that he believes both `` Kaiju '' and `` Kaijus '' to be correct within the film 's universe , although he prefers the former . Jump up ^ The name of the mechas comes from the German word Jäger ( `` hunter '' ) . In German , the plural form for this word occurs in the definite article rather than as a suffix to the word itself ( `` der Jäger '' is `` the hunter '' ; `` die Jäger '' is `` the hunters '' ) . As this is an English - language movie , the film specifically uses the plural `` Jaegers '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PACIFIC RIM ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim ( EN ) '' . Lumiere . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pacific Rim '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sacks , Ethan ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` The Kaijus and Jaegers of Guillermo del Toro 's ' Pacific Rim ' are modern updates on classic movie monsters like Godzilla '' . nydailynews.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mr. Beaks ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro And Mr. Beaks Discuss DON 'T BE AFRAID OF THE DARK , PACIFIC RIM And The Far - From - Used - Up Future Of AT THE MOUNTAINS OF MADNESS ! '' . aintitcool.com . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` Unbelievable Pacific Rim video reveals all of the Kaiju 's secrets '' . io9.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Travis . `` The grammar of Pacific Rim '' . the principle fantastic . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mendelson , Scott ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim And More Domestic ' Flops ' That Became Global Hits '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim 2 : Steven S. DeKnight to Direct '' . Collider . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pacific Rim 2 ' Gets 2018 Release Date '' . Jump up ^ `` Total Guide to Pacific Rim '' . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks Getting Back in the Director 's Chair , the Evolution of the Script , Creating the World on a Giant Scale , and More on the Set of PACIFIC RIM '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con : Guillermo Del Toro and Charlie Hunnam Talk PACIFIC RIM , Giving the Robots a Personality , Ghost Stories , PROMETHEUS , and More '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jamie ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro talks Pacific Rim '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nicholson , Max ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` IGN Heads to the Set of Pacific Rim '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim interview with Idris Elba '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro : Hunnam can date daughters '' . belfasttelegraph.com . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McWeeny , Drew ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Rinko Kikuchi on how trauma forms character in Pacific Rim '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Peter ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim 's Guillermo del Toro is a monster - loving pacifist '' . thestar.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kline , Doug ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` GUILLERMO DEL TORO TALKS PACIFIC RIM ROBOTS , MONSTERS , CAST , AND MORE ! '' . geekexchange.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ashida Mana to make her Hollywood debut in ' Pacific Rim ' '' . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Day Talks How He Got Involved with the Project , Bringing Levity to the Story , the Giant Sets , and More on the Set of PACIFIC RIM '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julian , Mark ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro On Pacific Rim '' . youtube.com . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Heads to the Set of Pacific Rim '' . ign.com . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` Ron Perlman Talks Developing His Own Character , Practical Effects vs. CG , His Relationship with Guillermo del Toro , & More on the Set of PACIFIC RIM '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shamsul , Jayeeta ( July 14 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Ron Perlman 's New Direction in Life '' . guardianlv.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Tom ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim is the heartfelt project from del Toro '' . bostonglobe.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Gina ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' True Blood ' actor Robert Kazinsky talks genre , ' Pacific Rim ' role '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Phil ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Talking to ... Guillermo del Toro '' . TORO Magazine . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` Rob Kazinsky Talks TRUE BLOOD Season 6 , His Character 's Relationship with Sookie , Getting Naked on the Show , PACIFIC RIM , and More '' . collider.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Shannon . `` Rob Kazinsky Talks Siren , Pacific Rim and True Blood '' . Entertainment Monthly . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Clifton Collins Jr Interview '' . Flicks . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim : Diego Klattenhoff `` Yancy Becket '' On Set Interview `` . Screen Slam . July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro 's Next Movie Has a Little GlaDOS in It '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro got Valve 's permission to use GlaDOS ' voice in Pacific Rim '' . January 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vespe , Eric ( June 30 , 2013 ) . `` Quint reports on the latest from Legendary Pictures ! Pacific Rim , Mass Effect , Warcraft , Seventh Son , Godzilla and more ! Plus a photo tour of the Kubrick Exhibit ! '' . aintitcool.com . Ai n't It Cool News . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro casts Perlman , Segura in Pacific Rim '' . globalpost.com . June 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Resume for Jane Watson ( VI ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) -- Full cast and crew Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Watercutter , Angela ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Is Literally the Most Awesome Movie of the Summer '' . wired.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mr. Beaks ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Mr. Beaks Talks PACIFIC RIM , World Building And Gargantuas With Guillermo del Toro And Travis Beacham ! Part One Of Two ! '' . aintitcool.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( August 2012 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Talks Love and Psychic Bonds in Pacific Rim '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Director Guillermo del Toro Discusses Pacific Rim '' . movies.about.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fear , David ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` TONY Q&A : Pacific Rim 's Guillermo del Toro '' . Time Out . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Shock Interview : Guillermo del Toro on the Development , Destruction and Family - Friendly Pacific Rim '' . shocktillyoudrop.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimock , Wai Chee ( July 27 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Guillermo del Toro 's Fractal Shoes '' . Los Angeles Review of Books . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cullin , Liam ( February 9 , 2006 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Directing Carnival Row '' . empiremovies.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Monsters in the Mist '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Legendary Pictures Re-Teams With Clash Of The Titans Scribe On Pacific Rim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro And James Cameron Ready To Climb ' Mountains Of Madness ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scheidt , Dave ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive Sneak Peak of the Costumes From Guillermo del Toro 's Pacific Rim and Interview '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Competition For Guillermo Del Toro 's Next Picture : Legendary Preps ' Pacific Rim ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Q&A : Guillermo Del Toro On Why He Will Next Direct Pacific Rim After At The Mountains Of Madness Fell Apart '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Gina . `` Guillermo del Toro edges toward greater success with Pacific Rim '' . Hero Complex -- movies , comics , pop culture . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Kit , Boris ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Luther Creator Neil Cross Set to Grow Ghost House 's Day of the Triffids Adaptation '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Boris ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Pacific Rim Writers Tapped for God of War Adaptation ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pacific Rim ' Production Update From Guillermo del Toro '' . Screenrant . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro gives Update on PACIFIC RIM -- Production has Begun '' . geektyrant . November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Productions currently filming in Toronto '' ( PDF ) . toronto.ca . Toronto : Toronto Film and Television Office . January 26 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turek , Ryan ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Offers Pacific Rim Update '' . Shock Till You Drop . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan . `` New Video and Photos from the PACIFIC RIM Set Show How Guillermo del Toro Turned Toronto Into Tokyo '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Inside Pacific Rim with Guillermo del Toro '' . variety.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro Talks PACIFIC RIM , Why They Used the RED EPIC & Did n't Do 3D ; Reveals Blu - ray Will Have 30 Minutes of Deleted Scenes '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Shaefer , Sandy . `` Guillermo del Toro : Pacific Rim Is Not Japanese Monster Movie Homage ; No 3D '' . Screenrant . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks The Strain and Pacific Rim 's 3D Conversion '' . Shock Till You Drop . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim 's Guillermo del Toro on 3 - D , Long Movies , and Mexican Matinees '' . vulture.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Longshore , James ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Film review : Pacific Rim -- Sit in the back '' . Romania-Insider.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Castro , Adam - Troy ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why Del Toro warned Pacific Rim designers never to watch Godzilla '' . blastr.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Scott ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim After The Credits Spoiler '' . comicbook.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro wants Pacific Rim Kaiju to ' start from scratch ' '' . herocomplex.latimes.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro 's Pacific Rim Brings Back The Monster Movie '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Anders , Charlie Jane ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Why Pacific Rim Does n't Look Like Any Movie You 've Ever Seen Before '' . io9.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : della Cava , Marco R. ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : A monster challenge for special effects '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ PACIFIC RIM Behind The Scenes : The Pilot Suits - Legacy Effects . YouTube . July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hybride Delivers VFX for Guillermo del Toro 's Pacific Rim '' . itbusinessnet.com . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rodeo FX Once Again Teams with ILM to Deliver Innovative and `` Incredibly Realistic '' VFX for `` Pacific Rim '' `` . shootonline.com . July 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , David S. ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Visual Effects Get Operatic Twist '' . variety.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 32TEN Studios Provides Practical Effects for Pacific Rim '' . anw.com . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim game revealed '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim for Xbox360 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim for iPhone '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ramin Djawadi to Score Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Pacific Rim ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks PACIFIC RIM Soundtrack and Collectables '' . collider.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim on Amazon '' . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Pacific Rim ' Soundtrack Details '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Actor gets choice role in Pacific Rim '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Movie Score ( 2013 ) Review '' . The Action Elite . July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graydon , Danny ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim '' . Empire . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yang , Sherman ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . MSN . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : Pacific Rim ( Ramin Djawadi ) '' . Filmtracks.com . July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks : Jul 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pan Pacific Defense Corps '' . Panpacificdefense.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Casey , Dan ( March 30 , 2013 ) . `` Wondercon : Pacific Rim : Tales From Year Zero Alex Ross Cover Revealed `` Nerdist '' . Nerdist.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ PacRim ( December 24 , 2012 ) . `` Pacific Rim Le film : Merchandising / collectibles '' . Pacificrimfilm.blogspot.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim : Man , Machines , and Monsters ( Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Perlman Has Your Pacific Rim Kaiju Remedies Right Here ! '' . dreadcentral.com . July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Youtube : Pacific Rim -- Training Day '' . Maker Studios . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim : The Official Movie Novelization : Alexander Irvine : 9781781166789 : Amazon.com : Books '' . amazon.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Picard , Chris ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : First Look at Finished NECA Pacific Rim Figures ! '' . Scified.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Release Schedule -- NEW DATES & CHANGES '' . Box Office Mojo . March 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Week In Movies : Pacific Rim Launches '' . July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forecast : ' Pacific Rim ' Goes to War With ' Grown Ups 2 ' This Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 24 - 26 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Conjuring ' Haunts First With Record Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Wolverine ' Bleeds , But Still Easily Leads '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim # 1 Internationally Over Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Storms China ; ' Sniper ' Takes Out More Records : International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 4 , 2013 ) . `` Box Office Report : Pacific Rim Scores Massive $45.2 Million China Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : ' The Butler ' Opens To $25 m , ' Kick - Ass 2 ' , ' Jobs ' , And ' Paranoia ' Crash '' . Forbes . August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bai Shi ( Beijing Review ) ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood Takes a Hit '' . english.entgroup.cn . EntGroup Inc . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Fails to Wow Auds '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Japan Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim , review '' . telegraph.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Film Review '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim baddies are big , but the heroes are better '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McWeeny , Drew ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Guillermo Del Toro 's Pacific Rim is an eccentric and emotional thrill '' . hitfix.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Peter Travers ' Three - Star Review of Pacific Rim '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Uhlich , Keith ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : movie review ( PG - 13 ) '' . Time Out . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Building a Better Blockbuster '' . villagevoice.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Review '' . Reelz . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Review '' . Reelz . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim -- review '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim : Transformers Transcended '' . entertainment.time.com . Time . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : Pacific Rim '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Grim Tidings '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pacific Rim ' review : Humans do n't deserve to win '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim -- Film Review '' . slantmagazine.com . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim Review : There Be Monsters in Here Somewhere '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Jordan ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Pacific Rim '' . film.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hardie , Giles ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim is an all - action monster with no tale '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim gets a rave review from Rian Johnson , plus some stunning new images '' . io9.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hideo Kojima Reviews Pacific Rim In Eight Tweets '' . July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metal Gear 's Shinkawa Draws Pacific Rim Poster & Japan 's Creators Laud Film '' . animenewsnetwork.com . July 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , William ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Pacific Rim , over 140 characters : '' . tweetlonger.org . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Mako Mori Test : ' Pacific Rim ' inspires a Bechdel Test alternative '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGuinness , Ross ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Bechdel test and why Hollywood is a man 's , man 's , man 's world '' . Metro . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases for the Week of Oct 1 '' . vudu.com . October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Picard , Chris ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` Own Pacific Rim on BluRay and DvD October 15th ! '' . Scified.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific Rim Collector 's Edition ( Blu - ray 3D + Blu - ray + DVD + UltraViolet Combo Pack ) ( 2013 ) '' . Jump up ^ Tehee , Joshua ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fresno Swede Fest founders help pitch ' Pacific Rim ' DVD '' . The Fresno Bee . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pacific Rim - Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information . The Numbers . Retrieved on June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pacific Rim ( film ) Official website Pacific Rim on IMDb Pacific Rim at Rotten Tomatoes Pacific Rim at Box Office Mojo Pacific Rim at AllMovie ( hide ) Guillermo del Toro Filmography Unrealized projects Awards and nominations Films Directed Doña Lupe ( short ; 1985 ) Geometria ( short ; 1987 ) Cronos ( 1993 ) Mimic ( 1997 ) The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) Blade II ( 2002 ) Hellboy ( 2004 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Written only Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Produced only Crónicas ( 2004 ) Insignificant Things ( 2008 ) Rudo y Cursi ( 2008 ) Julia 's Eyes ( 2010 ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) Novels The Strain ( 2009 ) The Fall ( 2010 ) The Night Eternal ( 2011 ) Trollhunters ( 2015 ) Television `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV '' ( 2013 ; opening sequence ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) `` Night Zero '' Tales of Arcadia Trollhunters ( 2016 -- present ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Video games Hellboy : The Science of Evil ( 2008 ) P.T. ( 2014 ) Death Stranding ( TBA ) Sundown ( canceled ) Insane ( canceled ) Silent Hills ( canceled ) Related articles Cha Cha Cha Films Mirada Studios The Hobbit ( film series ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Rim_(film)&oldid=835706329 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s science fiction films 2013 3D films Alien invasions in films American films American 3D films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films Annie Award winners Apocalyptic films Brain -- computer interfacing in fiction Films about technology Films directed by Guillermo del Toro Films produced by Guillermo del Toro Films produced by Thomas Tull Films set in the 2020s Films set in the future Films set in 2013 Films set in 2020 Films set in 2025 Films set in Alaska Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Manila Films set in San Francisco Films set in the Pacific Ocean Films set in Tokyo Films shot in Toronto Films using computer - generated imagery Foreign films shot in the Philippines Giant monster films IMAX films Kaiju films Legendary Pictures films Mecha films Parallel universes in fiction Military of the United States in fiction Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro Super robot anime and manga Films scored by Ramin Djawadi Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 08 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the first pacific rim come out	[ "Pacific Rim is a 2013 American science fiction action film directed by Guillermo del Toro and starring Charlie Hunnam, Idris Elba, Rinko Kikuchi, Charlie Day, Burn Gorman, Robert Kazinsky, Max Martini, and Ron Perlman. The screenplay was written by Travis Beacham and del Toro from a story by Beacham. The film is set in the future, when Earth is at war with the Kaiju,[a] colossal sea monsters which have emerged from an interdimensional portal on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. To combat the monsters, humanity unites to create the Jaegers,[b] gigantic humanoid mechas, each controlled by at least two pilots, whose minds are joined by a mental link. Focusing on the war's later days, the story follows Raleigh Becket, a washed-up Jaeger pilot called out of retirement and teamed with rookie pilot Mako Mori as part of a last-ditch effort to defeat the Kaiju." ]	[ "2013" ]
2087194220332753946	Best Thing I Never Had	Best Thing I Never Had - wikipedia Best Thing I Never Had Jump to : navigation , search `` Best Thing I Never Had '' Single by Beyoncé from the album 4 Released June 1 , 2011 Format CD single , digital download Recorded 2011 ; MSR Studio , KMA Studio ( New York City ) Genre Pop R&B Length 4 : 13 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Antonio Dixon Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds Larry Griffin , Jr . Beyoncé Knowles Caleb McCampbell Patrick `` J. Que '' Smith Shea Taylor Producer ( s ) Babyface S1 & Caleb Dixon Knowles Shea Taylor Beyoncé singles chronology `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Best Thing I Never Had '' ( 2011 ) `` Lift Off '' ( 2011 ) `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' ( 2011 ) `` Best Thing I Never Had '' ( 2011 ) `` Lift Off '' ( 2011 ) `` Best Thing I Never Had '' is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her fourth studio album , 4 ( 2011 ) . It was released by Columbia Records on June 1 , 2011 , as the third single from the album . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' was composed by Patrick `` J. Que '' Smith , Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds , Symbolyc One , Caleb McCambpell , Antonio Dixon , Beyoncé , and Shea Taylor . The song was originally not written as a ballad , but was inspired by the drumming on Doug E. Fresh 's 1985 single `` The Show '' . Beyoncé said that both men and women should be able to relate to the song . A pop and R&B ballad , the subjects of `` Best Thing I Never Had '' are revenge and karma . Not wanting to feel broken - hearted , the female protagonist sings that she feels happy to have left her lover , who did not recognize the potential for a happy life with her . Some critics viewed it as a sequel to Beyoncé 's 2006 single `` Irreplaceable '' as the two songs are thematically similar . However , some lyrics , including `` showed your ass '' and `` sucks to be you right now '' , were criticized . The ballad was also likened to Vanessa Carlton 's 2002 single `` A Thousand Miles '' ( 2002 ) . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' peaked at number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number four on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . It rose to number three on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the Irish Singles Chart among others . The song reached number one on the South Korea Gaon International Chart , the UK R&B Chart , and the US Hot Dance Club Play chart , and the top 30 in mainland Europe , Oceania , and Canada . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) and the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , and gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) . The accompanying music video for `` Best Thing I Never Had '' was directed by Diane Martel . It shows Beyoncé getting ready for her wedding while she recalls her ex-lover , who never gave her the attention she deserved . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' was promoted with several live performances by Beyoncé , notably at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival and on the televised ABC show The View . The song was also included on the set list for her concert 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé and other shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 2 Artwork and release 3 Composition and lyrical interpretation 4 Critical reception 4.1 Recognition 5 Chart performance 6 Music video 6.1 Background and concept 6.2 Synopsis 6.3 Reception 6.4 Alternate video 7 Live performances 8 Other versions and cover versions 9 Formats and track listings 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts and certifications 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 Sales and certifications 12 Release history 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Writing and Recording ( edit ) Beyoncé and Patrick `` J. Que '' Smith wrote `` Best Thing I Never Had '' in collaboration with its producers Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds , Symbolyc One , Antonio Dixon , Shea Taylor , and Caleb McCampbell . According to Smith , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' is a ballad but was not originally written so ; early demos sounded like late 1980s hip hop material . The main inspiration for the song was the drumming of Doug E. Fresh 's song `` The Show '' ( 1985 ) . Smith told Gyant of Black Entertainment Television ( BET ) that he was initially intimidated at the prospect of working with Beyoncé . He was in Los Angeles when Tony Dixon telephoned him to say he and Edmonds were going to write some songs with Beyoncé. Smith was asked to join them in the studio and the trio wrote part of `` Best Thing I Never Had '' . After a few days , Dixon and Smith went to the studio again and completed the writing . The song was modified by Edmonds after hearing a demo ; he tweaked the lyrics and added a few more melodies . Beyoncé 's vocals were recorded at the KMA Studio in New York City . When the trio played Beyoncé the demo of `` Best Thing I Never Had '' , she immediately approved it after making slight modifications . Smith says that Beyoncé was literally jumping up and down after hearing the demo . One hour later Beyoncé recorded `` Best Thing I Never Had '' and two other songs . Smith recalled that Beyoncé focused solely on the recording , ignoring hunger as she worked into the night . Beyoncé has stated that every man and woman can relate to the song 's subject matter because at one point , almost everyone ends a relationship because of lack of commitment by his or her partner . Artwork and release ( edit ) A private listening party for Beyoncé 's fourth studio album , 4 , was held on May 12 , 2011 . Beyoncé offered a select group of fans a preview of five songs from 4 , including `` Best Thing I Never Had '' . On May 20 , 2011 , a song called `` End of Time '' , featuring Beyoncé professing everlasting love , was leaked online , watermarked with the tag `` internal use only '' . Several websites , including MTV News reported that it might be released as the second single from 4 . However , these speculations were soon overshadowed by the release of `` 1 + 1 '' on May 25 , 2011 , a promotional single in the United States exclusively . Nevertheless , Columbia Records reported that `` 1 + 1 '' would not be released for airplay and that `` Best Thing I Never Had '' was favored as the second single from 4 , following `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' . On May 27 , 2011 , Pittsburgh radio station 96.1 Kiss FM received an email from Beyoncé 's management , informing them that `` Best Thing I Never Had '' would premiere on radio on June 1 , 2011 . The single debuted on US radio at 8 a.m. ( EST ) that day . Its cover artwork was also unveiled on June 1 , 2011 , on Beyoncé 's official website . It was photographed by Ellen von Unwerth and shows Beyoncé posing in a bathroom in front of a mirror while wearing a tight - fitting dress designed by Lleah Rae . She holds a tube of red lipstick , which has been used to write `` King B '' on the mirror . The song was digitally released in Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and the US on June 1 , 2011 , and in Europe on June 9 , 2011 . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' was released as a digital download in the UK on July 3 , 2011 , and as a CD single in Germany on July 29 , 2011 , and in the UK on August 2 , 2011 . A Digital EP containing four remixes of the song was released in Australia , New Zealand , Europe , and the UK on September 2 , 2011 . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` Best Thing I Never Had '' A 25 - second sample of second verse of `` Best Thing I Never Had '' ; a female empowering ballad , which has `` a sort of wit and openness '' . Backed by a string undercurrent , big bass drums , and a cascading piano work , Knowles adopts occasionally aggressive vocals as she sings with a `` compelling mix of wounded pride and genuine heartbreak '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' is a midtempo pop and R&B power ballad , which incorporates elements of gospel music . The song is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute , and is written in the key of G ♭ major . The introduction follows the chord progression of G ♭ -- C ♭ -- E ♭ m -- D ♭ , while the verses follow E ♭ m -- G ♭ -- G ♭ -- E ♭ m -- D ♭ -- G ♭ -- G ♭ . Beyoncé 's voice spans from the low note of E ♭ to the high note of G ♭ . Layered female vocals provide a backing to Beyoncé 's occasionally aggressive vocals . The instrumentation includes a piano , stadium - sized bass drums , and strings . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' is thematically a kiss - off song ; it is in this respect similar to Beyoncé 's own songs `` Irreplaceable '' ( 2006 ) and `` If I Were a Boy '' ( 2008 ) . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly wrote that elements of the ballad have emanated from Celine Dion 's `` That 's The Way It Is '' ( 1999 ) , and Bruce Hornsby 's `` The Way It Is '' ( 1986 ) . Caryn Ganz of Yahoo ! Music wrote that `` Best Thing I Never Had '' resembles Vanessa Carlton 's 2002 song `` A Thousand Miles '' paired with Ryan Tedder 's thumping beat . Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media also noted that the song would n't sound `` out - of - place '' on a Vanessa Carlton album . Priya Elan of NME noted that the ballad is reminiscent of Beyoncé 's own 2008 songs `` Halo '' and `` Scared Of Lonely '' , owing to its cascading piano work and drum beat . James Dinh of MTV News wrote that `` Best Thing I Never Had '' sounds like a song from a Broadway musical ; he attributed the comparison to Beyoncé 's collaboration with the band from Fela ! to gain inspiration from the play 's subject , Nigerian musician and composer Fela Kuti . The song 's lyrics are about the breakdown of a relationship between Beyoncé and her lover , a situation that suits both of them . They also touch on revenge and karma , particularly the opening line , `` What goes around comes back around '' , the lines `` Best thing I never had '' , `` Best thing you never had '' , and the closing line , `` Sucks to be you right now '' . Happy to have avoided heartbreak , Beyoncé continues to sing about her ex-lover , who did not recognize the possibility of a happy relationship with Beyoncé until the relationship broke down . Beyoncé no longer desires her lover after discovering his deceit ; as shown in the pre-chorus and chorus lines , `` When I think of the time that I almost loved you / You showed your ass and I saw the real you / Thank God you blew it , I thank God I dodged a bullet / I 'm so over you , so baby good looking out / I wanted you bad / I 'm so through with that / Because honestly / You turned out to be the best thing I never had / And will always be the best thing you never had . '' In the second verse , Beyoncé continues to dismiss her former lover as she sings , `` So sad , you 're hurt / boo hoo ... '' , over a tinkling piano riff and bass drums . She then chants the ascendant chorus , which this time features soaring strings and an uplifting aggressive piano accompaniment . Nadine Cheung of AOL Radio noted that though Beyoncé rips through the verses , she sings the chorus and bridge with restraint ; on the latter , she affirms that she has moved on in life . The song ends as Beyoncé repeatedly sings , `` What goes around comes back around / I bet it sucks to be you right now '' . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Best Thing I Never Had '' received moderately positive reviews from music critics . Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times noted similarities between `` Best Thing I Never Had '' and Beyoncé 's previous singles including `` Irreplaceable '' and `` If I Were a Boy '' , and concluded that Beyoncé `` certainly knows how to dump a man in style '' . Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote that `` Best Thing I Never Had '' could be `` Irreplaceable Part Two '' and noted that Beyoncé 's vocal performance brings depth to the song . Rich Juzwiak of The Village Voice wrote that the song is not as iconic as its reference point `` Irreplaceable '' , but `` nor is it as shady '' . He commended the optimism in the song 's lyrics . Consequence of Sound writer Chris Coplan commented that the ballad is a powerful moment of self - realization , which is enhanced by Beyoncé 's vocal performance `` as ( a ) wounded bird turned resilient lioness '' . Choosing `` Best Thing I Never Had '' as the highlight of 4 , Andy Kellman of Allmusic described it as `` a bombastic kiss - off saved by Beyoncé 's ability to plow through it '' . Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly noted the moderate chart performance of `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' , and wrote : `` Best Thing I Never Had '' finds Beyoncé mining the same kind of girl - power imagery as she did on ' Run the World ( Girls ) ' . But there is something more direct and honest about the lyrics on the new single ( perhaps it 's the instant greatness of the line , ' When I think of the time I almost loved you / You showed your ass and I saw the real you ' ) . ' Best Thing I Never Had ' feels like the kind of crossover hit that will help 4 join the rest of Beyoncé 's discography in multiplatinum land . Jessica Sinclair of Long Island Press noted that `` Best Thing I Never Had '' is different from `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' and that it shows a side of Beyoncé that listeners rarely see . Similarly , Joanne Dorken of MTV UK wrote that the song reveals `` a more ferocious side to Beyoncé with it 's ( sic ) faster pace and aggressive piano backing '' . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy commented that the `` ( ' Best Thing I Never Had ' ) is a classic Beyoncé track waiting to happen '' . Chad Grischow of IGN wrote that `` the lush backing music and ( the ) soaring vocals '' on the song sound suitable for an updated take on the Waiting To Exhale soundtrack album as Beyoncé is ecstatic that she ended a poor relationship before it was too late . Jon Caramainca of The New York Times commented that the `` Best Thing I Never Had '' has `` optimistic , coffee - commercial '' pianos , which place Beyoncé directly in Lilith Fair territory . James Montgomery of MTV News wrote that it is one of the best ballads on the album 4 . James Dinh of the same publication added that the song has a radio - friendly appeal and a catchy chorus . Similarly , Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly and Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle praised the song 's radio nature , with the latter calling it `` a return to form '' with a `` regal sound of a radio smash '' . Jim Farber of Daily News wrote that the melodies and the clever lyrics of `` Best Thing I Never Had '' are likely to inspire significant airplay . Ricky Schweitzer of One Thirty BPM commented that even though the ballad sounds like a place - filler on 4 , it remains largely superior `` to the majority of the trash being churned out by Beyoncé 's peers '' . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' also received a few mixed and negative reviews . Amos Barshad of New York magazine wrote that the ballad borrows more heavily from Beyoncé 's own 2006 single `` Irreplaceable '' , and that `` ( this ) ca n't be a bad thing '' . However , he noted that `` this time in language ( ' Sucks to be you right now ' ) agreeable to a nation of tweens and in a manner agreeable to anyone who likes yelping along in unison to ascendant pop choruses . '' David Amidon of PopMatters wrote that lines like `` showed your ass '' and `` it must suck to be you '' exemplify lame lyrics . He concluded that , `` ( listeners ) are wondering how such lame lyrics could be sung with such earnestness . '' Alexis Petridis of The Guardian wrote that the most interesting thing about `` Best Thing I Never Had '' is the curious image evoked by the chorus ' lyric , noting that everything seemed fine until `` the protagonist 's former amorata ' showed your ass ' '' . Music Week 's Ben Cardew commented that its 1980s sound is `` not a highlight '' . A negative review came from Al Shipley of The Village Voice who wrote that `` Best Thing I Never Had '' and `` Party '' were `` among the album 's worst and most unrepresentative songs '' . Recognition ( edit ) `` Best Thing I Never Had '' received a nomination for Record of the Year at the 2011 Soul Train Music Awards . At the 43rd NAACP Image Award presented on February 17 , 2012 , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' received a nomination in the category for Outstanding Song . At the 2012 ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' won in the category for Award - Winning R&B / Hip - Hop Songs . The Guardian 's critic Dan Hancox placed the song at number four on his list of the 10 best songs of 2011 . On The Village Voice 's 2011 year - end Pazz & Jop singles list , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' was ranked at number 604 . Chart performance ( edit ) For the chart issue dated June 18 , 2011 , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' debuted at number 84 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . The following week , the song climbed to number 75 ; the week her album 4 was released , it further moved from number 58 to number 29 on the Hot 100 chart dated July 16 , 2011 . Four weeks later , the ballad entered the top 20 , moving from number 25 to number 19 on the Hot 100 chart . For the week ending August 13 , 2011 , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' peaked at number 16 on the Hot 100 chart . It was last seen on the chart issue dated October 29 , 2011 , at number 67 , having spent 19 consecutive weeks on it . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' debuted at number 53 on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart issue dated June 18 , 2011 , where it was the highest debut that week . For the week ending September 24 , 2011 , the song reached number one on the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems ( BDS ) urban airplay chart with 3765 spins , which were heard by 22.033 million listeners . It stayed at number one for one additional week . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' eventually peaked at number four on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . The song reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart , on the issue dated September 10 , 2011 . As of October 2012 , it has sold over 1 million paid digital downloads in the US . For the week ending June 18 , 2011 , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' debuted at number one on the South Korea Gaon International Chart with digital sales of 85,742 copies . The following week , it remained at number one and sold twice as many copies , amassing 174,773 digital sales . As of October 2012 , the single has sold over 1.1 million copies in South Korea . On June 13 , 2011 , the ballad debuted at number 29 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' kept fluctuating on the chart for the next five weeks until it entered the top 20 on July 25 , 2011 , at number 18 . On August 1 , 2011 , the song peaked at number 17 on the singles chart and at number six on ARIA 's urban singles chart . It was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipment 70,000 copies . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' debuted on the New Zealand Singles Chart on June 26 , 2011 . On its fifth week on the chart , it peaked at number five . On August 14 , 2011 , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , denoting shipment 7,500 copies . Before the song 's official release in the United Kingdom , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the UK R&B Chart on July 4 , 2011 , selling 51,365 copies that week . Music Week 's Alan Jones attributed the high sales to Beyoncé 's performance at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival . It became Beyoncé 's sixteenth top 10 UK single as a solo artist , and her highest charting UK single since `` If I Were a Boy '' peaked at number one in November 2008 . On July 17 , 2011 , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' reached number one on the UK R&B Chart , and the UK Airplay Chart the following week , amassing 71.58 million listener impressions . It became Beyoncé 's fourth single as a solo artist , and seventh , including her singles with Destiny 's Child , to reach number one on that chart The song was last seen in the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart on January 8 , 2012 , having spent 28 weeks on the chart . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' debuted at number 35 in the Irish Singles Chart on June 16 , 2011 . Although the song fell to number 42 the following week , it began to continually climb the chart as from June 30 , 2011 , and entered the top 20 four weeks later . On July 14 , 2011 , `` Best Thing I Never Had '' entered the top 10 at number six , and peaked at number two the following week , becoming Beyoncé 's fourteenth single as a solo artist to peak inside the top 10 on the Irish Singles Chart . Music video ( edit ) Background and concept ( edit ) `` I wanted to do something a little brighter and so I thought it could be interesting to reenact a prom . I never got to go to my prom . I remember that awkward stage and usually you 're attracted to the person that is not really thinking about you . The guy is kinda flirting with everybody else and you 're kinda just sitting there shy and uncomfortable . I was that way when I was a teenager . ( ... ) I never went to my prom , so now I get to have a prom , but my prom sucks . '' -- Knowles talking about the concept of the video . The music video for `` Best Thing I Never Had '' was directed by Diane Martel , and filmed in Westchester County on June 15 , 2011 and in Fort Greene , Brooklyn , on June 16 , 2011 . On June 20 , 2011 , it was reported that Beyoncé would not play the prom queen in the video . Beyoncé said that not being prom queen in the video reminded her of how she never wore the coveted tiara at her own high school dance . She added that she felt strange because her father , Mathew Knowles , did not escort her down the aisle in the wedding scene , as he had when she married Jay - Z in April 2008 . The wedding scene was filmed at Sleepy Hollow Country Club on June 15 , 2011 . In July 2011 , Beyoncé was interviewed by Access Hollywood , where she said of the video 's set : It was a little strange . And definitely when I walked down the aisle I was like , ' This is kind of creepy -- there 's some other man standing there ! ' It was really beautiful . People were all really excited like it was really my wedding . My mother was even like , ' Aww ' , and I was like , ' Mom , it 's a video . This is not my dress . This is not the real wedding . ' But I think it 's just one of those moments that every woman kind of fantasizes and relives . Beyoncé said that the wedding dress she wears in the video was a Baracci one , which she saw in a shop window a year ago when she was at the 52nd Grammy Awards . She added that the dress was `` just like a beautiful fantasy , so we called and they still had the dress '' . Beyoncé also wears a tiara designed by Lorraine Schwartz , who converted it from a necklace . Beyoncé said that the wedding outfit made her feel `` like royalty ... like a queen '' . She added that the music video wedding was more chaotic than her real wedding in 2008 , `` This may have been a little more crazy , actually . I had to sing at the same time ! '' The ivory draped V - neck gown which Beyoncé wears in the video was designed by the Chinese - American fashion designer Vera Wang . The video premiered online at 8 pm ( EST ) on July 7 , 2011 . It was available for digital download on June 9 , 2011 . Synopsis ( edit ) The music video begins with Beyoncé preparing herself for her wedding ceremony . She is in her boudoir wearing a lacy corset and a lingerie combo with garters . As the song begins , Beyoncé looks towards the camera , addressing the viewer while affirming the subject of the song that she was the best he ever had . The video moves from Beyoncé playing with a tiara , a veil and tulle netting on a bed , to various stages of getting dressed . Between scenes , flash back scenes of Beyoncé in high school are shown . Beyoncé is seen with a high school boyfriend at their senior - prom night on May 16 , 1998 . As Beyoncé and her boyfriend dance , he becomes interested in another girl , leaving Beyoncé alone on the dance floor . The video then returns to the present , with Beyoncé in her final preparations before her marriage . She is shown wearing a white gown and singing at sunset atop a grassy hill , followed by a scene of her walking down the aisle and exchanging vows . Her former lover is shown at the prom , deep in thought , with his prom king crown askew on his head . Beyoncé and her new husband are seen celebrating at a happy and well - attended reception . The groom removes the bride 's garter with his teeth and they start dancing with their younger family members . The final scene features Beyoncé looking into the camera looking happy and satisfied . She walks off confidently to rejoin her wedding party and new husband , and then the screen fades to black . Reception ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly 's Adam B. Vary wrote that Beyoncé was `` at her peak -- in voice , in looks , in taste in opulent wedding gowns '' . A Rolling Stone 's critic commented Beyoncé was looking stunning in a bridal suite , adding that the most disarming thing about the clip is that she sings directly to the camera . The review concludes that , `` the video hits all of its marks perfectly , conveying all of the nuances in the lyrics while providing a lovely , memorable visual . '' The Washington Post 's Sarah Anne Hughes wrote Beyoncé is `` extravagantly dressed '' in the video adding that the only downside is that there is no dance in the tradition of `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( 2008 ) . Kara Warner of MTV News called `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' and `` Best Thing I Never Had '' , `` as different as night and day '' adding that the same thing happened with their music videos . Werner further praised Beyoncé ' `` gorgeous '' dress and added that it `` will likely land on a few style blogs soon , given its embroidered and jeweled details , not to mention the silk bows and ruching on the sides '' . A writer of The Huffington Post described the video as a transition to the one for `` Run the World '' . Cristina Everett of Daily News noted that the look of satisfaction and hapinness on her face make the video the best revenge for her ex-lover . Pitchfork Media 's Tom Breihan noted that Beyoncé was looking `` makeup - commercial - flawless '' . He also wrote that if country singer Kellie Pickler remade the video shot - for - shot , it would never leave CMT rotation for it is `` a perfect CMT video '' . Andrea Magrath of Daily Mail compared Beyoncé with Maria von Trapp in the video . Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine praised the video , `` What better way to show your ex they 're the best thing you never had than with saying ' I Do ' to someone bigger and better in a Baracci Beverly Hills wedding gown . '' Jason Lipshutz of the same publication described it as a `` smile - inducing clip with a dream wedding '' . A writer of Rap - Up praised the video 's `` fairytale '' ending . Gordon Smart of The Sun described the white corset that Beyoncé wore in the video as sexy and wrote that `` her ex will be feeling a bit of a mug watching it when he remembers what he 's missing out on . '' Ashleigh Rainbird of the Daily Mirror found Beyoncé , `` looking sexy in white lacy undies and garter -- and later in a Big Fat Gypsy Wedding - style frock '' . Amos Barshad of New York magazine commented , `` To just full - on hammer down the whole ' mature and settled down and happy ' thing , Mrs. Hova saunters around with the most irrepressible smile you 've ever seen , shimmying amazingly ( note the moves at 3 : 30 ) as home footage of that jerk she threw away like a parking ticket cuts in and out . '' The music video peaked at number one on the UK TV Airplay Chart , logging 634 plays on July 24 , 2011 . Alternate video ( edit ) On July 26 , 2011 , Beyoncé announced plans to make an alternative music video for `` Best Thing I Never Had `` . She asked her fans to send pictures from their weddings or prom day experiences , which would be included in a re-edited version of the video . This alternate video was scheduled for release in September 2011 . However , it premiered on October 11 , 2011 , on Celebuzz . Charli Penn of Essence magazine praised the alternate video for `` Best Thing I Never Had '' calling it a `` must - see '' video and adding that `` it has already become a huge hit with fans '' . Live performances ( edit ) Beyoncé performing on Good Morning America 's Summer Concert Series . Wearing a pink fringe dress , Beyoncé performed `` Best Thing I Never Had '' live for the first time during her concert at Palais Nikaia in Nice , France on June 20 , 2011 . She then sang the ballad on June 26 , 2011 , at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival , where she was the closing act , and the first major solo female headliner to appear on the Pyramid stage in over twenty years . She was wearing a low - cut and sequined gold jacket while performing . Beyoncé 's performance of `` Best Thing I Never Had '' at the Glastonbury Festival was broadcast in the US during the 2011 BET Awards later the same day . On June 28 , 2011 , she performed the song during the finale of X Factor France , dressed in a Roman - style dress . On July 1 , 2011 , Beyoncé gave a free concert , including on Good Morning America as part of its Summer Concert Series . Wearing a yellow fringe dress and gold stilettos , she sang `` Best Thing I Never Had '' . Dressed in a black gown , Beyoncé sang the ballad at Macy 's 35th Annual July 4 Fireworks Spectacular to an audience , which included serving members of the armed forces . Beyoncé performed `` Best Thing I Never Had '' on The View and on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon . During the performance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , she was dressed in white dress and backed by house band The Roots . Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Beyoncé `` flipped the track three ways -- first '' as she performed it in its piano - driven as heard on the album , then adopted a funky style to chant the second verse , before ending in jazzy fashion on the bridge . Caroline Shin of New York magazine described Beyoncé 's performance as powerful . She performed `` Best Thing I Never Had '' on August 14 , 2011 during the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé revue , held at the Roseland Ballroom , in New York City . Wearing a gold dress , Beyoncé sang it to an audience of 3,500 , and was backed by her all - female band as well as her backing singers , called the Mamas . Maura Johnston of The Village Voice wrote that the fans who attended the show , `` were able to watch her bask in their singing the supremely confident ' Irreplaceable ' and ' Best Thing I Never Had ' as fearlessly as they might at home . '' Jon Caramanica of The New York Times wrote that the performance `` hums beautifully but not powerfully '' , and added that Beyoncé was `` practically in earth mother mode , a healer curing her minions '' . During the ITV special A Night With Beyoncé which aired on December 4 in the United Kingdom , Beyoncé performed the ballad to a selected crowd of fans . She was dressed in a corseted gown with a long leather train . Other versions and cover versions ( edit ) Smith posted the original version of the song on his website , The Super Random , on July 28 , 2011 . On August 18 , 2011 , rappers and producers Lil Jon and Shawty Putt revealed their DJ Kontrol Remix of `` Best Thing I Never Had '' . The song was remixed to incorporate elements of funk and hip hop genres , according to Rap - Up . Lil Jon mixed Beyoncé 's vocals over a sample of The Gap Band 's 1982 single , `` Outstanding '' . This remix features percussive beats and a rap verse by Putt . The Horrors , an English new wave band , performed a cover version of `` Best Thing I Never Had '' during an edition of the Live Lounge on BBC Radio 1 . Chris Coplan of Consequence of Sound wrote , `` ( ... ) reworking the song from fierce anthem to a decidedly Smiths - ian weep-fest , the lads struck the perfect balance between the sass of the original and their own depressing sound . '' Krissi Murison of NME commented that their cover was `` undoubtedly the greatest song psychedelic shoegaze never had '' . `` Best Thing I Never Had '' was also covered by The X Factor contestant , Craig Colton , during the second week of the competition , in accordance with the theme ' Love and Heartbreak ' . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Best Thing I Never Had '' -- 4 : 12 German CD single `` Best Thing I Never Had '' -- 4 : 13 `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' ( Kaskade Club Remix ) -- 5 : 03 Digital Remixes EP `` Best Thing I Never Had '' ( Gareth Wyn Remix ) -- 6 : 33 `` Best Thing I Never Had '' ( Olli Collins & Fred Portelli Remix ) -- 6 : 23 `` Best Thing I Never Had '' ( Billionaire Remix ) -- 4 : 40 `` Best Thing I Never Had '' ( Moguai Remix ) -- 6 : 17 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from 4 liner notes . Val Brathwaite -- mixer assistant Antonio Dixon -- producer , songwriter Kenneth `` Babyface '' Edmonds -- producer , songwriter Gloria Kaba -- engineer assistant Beyoncé Knowles -- vocals , producer , songwriter Caleb McCampbell -- producer , songwriter Tony Maserati -- mixer Serge Nudel -- engineer assistant Symbolyc One -- producer , songwriter Rob Suchecki -- guitar Patrick `` J. Que '' Smith -- songwriter Shea Taylor -- producer , songwriter Pete Wolford -- engineer assistant Jordan `` DJ Swivel '' Young -- recorder Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 17 Australian Urban Singles Chart 6 Austrian Singles Chart 39 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 50 Belgian Tip Chart ( Wallonia ) 8 Brazil Hot 100 Airplay 5 Canadian Hot 100 27 Czech Airplay Chart 29 Danish Singles Chart 24 Dutch Top 40 23 French Singles Chart 61 German Singles Chart 29 Irish Singles Chart Israeli Airplay Chart 10 Japan Hot 100 14 New Zealand Singles Chart 5 Scottish Singles Chart Slovak Airplay Chart South Africa Airplay Chart South Korea Gaon International Chart Spanish Singles Chart 46 Swedish Singles Chart 44 Swiss Singles Chart 35 UK Singles Chart UK R&B Chart US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Adult R&B Songs 18 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs US Pop Songs 15 US Hot Dance Club Songs US Rhythmic 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 90 Australian Urban Singles Chart 35 South Korea Gaon International Chart 6 UK Singles Chart 34 UK R&B Chart 6 US Billboard Hot 100 86 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 25 US Rhythmic Songs 36 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Single version 823,512 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Album version 187,712 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Australia June 1 , 2011 Digital download Canada New Zealand United States Europe June 9 , 2011 Brazil United Kingdom July 3 , 2011 Germany July 29 , 2011 CD single United Kingdom August 9 , 2011 Australia September 2 , 2011 Digital EP New Zealand Europe United Kingdom See also ( edit ) Book : 4 ( Beyoncé Knowles album ) List of number - one dance singles of 2011 ( U.S. ) List of UK R&B Chart number - one singles of 2011 List of number - one international songs of 2011 ( South Korea ) List of UK top 10 singles in 2011 List of top 10 singles in 2011 ( Ireland ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dinh , James ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Premieres ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gyant ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` '' Best Thing I Never Had '' Songwriter Inspired by Beyonce `` . BET News . BET Networks . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 4 ( Media notes ) . Beyoncé . Columbia Records . 2011 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Music : Beyoncé -- ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wete , Brad ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce performs ' Best Thing I Never Had ' on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon , song writer releases original version '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ramirez , Erika ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Songwriter Releases Original Version : Listen -- The Juice '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Knowles , Beyoncé ( 2011 ) . Beyoncé : Behind the Camera -- video ; Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 ( DVD ) . Columbia Records / Sony Music Entertainment . Event occurs at 1 : 10 to 3 : 03 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Knowles , Beyoncé ( 2011 ) . Beyoncé : Best Thing I Never Had Live at Roseland : Elements of 4 ( DVD ) . Columbia Records / Sony Music Entertainment . Event occurs at 60 : 12 to 61 : 45 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : MTV News Staff ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Previews 4 , ' Run The World ( Girls ) ' Video '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Listen to Beyoncé 's Next Single , ' Till the End of Time ' -- Vulture '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dinh , James ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Till The End Of Time ' Hits The Internet '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé releases new song ' 1 + 1 ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi Médias . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` ' Idols ' Scott McCreery & Laura Alaina Top Hot 100 Debuts , Adele Still No. 1 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce to Release New Single on Wednesday '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Single ' Best THing I Never Had ' From Beyoncé 's Upcoming Album ' 4 ' ( Listen ) '' . Beyoncé Knowles ' Official Website . October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michault , Jessica ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` For Her New Look , Beyoncé Goes Under the Radar '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( New Zealand ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Thing I Never Had -- Single '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store ( Denmark ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( Belgium ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Robert ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé : ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi Médias . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyoncé -- Best Thing I Never Had -- Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH '' . Sony Music Entertainment Germany GmbH . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had -- Single ( Audio CD ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had ( Remixes ) -- EP Beyoncé '' . iTunes Store ( Australia ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had ( Remixes ) -- EP Beyoncé '' . iTunes Store ( New Zealand ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had ( Remixes ) -- EP Beyoncé '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Thing I Never Had ( Remixes ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Amazon Inc . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Coplan , Chris ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Album Review : Beyoncé -- 4 '' . Consequence of Sound . Complex Media Network . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Robert ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé 's new album ' 4 ' : First listen '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi Médias . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elan , Priya ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce , ' 4 ' -- First Listen '' . NME . IPC Media . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Perpetua , Matthew ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé 's ' 4 ' : A Track - by - Track Breakdown '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé : ' 4 ' '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi Médias . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce album review ; 4 '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- Best Thing I Never Had Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . EMI Music Publishing . MN0094720 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kyle ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's New Single ' Best I Never Had ' : Hear It Here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé debuts new single , ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Guerra , Joey ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Review : It figures Beyoncé 's 4 is another jewel '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jobs , Steve ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce shows a vulnerable side in album ' 4 ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ganz , Caryn ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Sasha Meh ? Beyonce Debuts Dull Ballad ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dombal , Ryan ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Album Reviews : Beyoncé : 4 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Herrera , Monica ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Single Premieres : Listen '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé 's ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Out On Radio '' . RTTNews . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cheung , Nadine ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce , ' Best Thing I Never Had ' -- New Song '' . AOL Radio . AOL Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Jim ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce review : Singer shows softer side and lyrical power with new album ' 4 ' '' . Daily News . Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barshad , Amos ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Hear Beyoncé : Still Irreplaceable ! '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ian ( June 30 , 2011 ) . `` Album Review : Beyoncé Knowles -- 4 '' . AbsolutePunk . Buzz Media . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dorken , Joanne ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé ' 4 ' Track By Track Review '' . MTV UK . MTV Networks . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' 4 : ' Track - by - Track Review '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Juzwiak , Rich ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's Odes to Joy '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Andy . `` 4 -- Beyoncé '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Jessica ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé : Best Thing I Never Had Video '' . Long Island Press . Morey Publishing . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grischow , Chad ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce : 4 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` On ' 4 , ' Beyoncé Bids Farewell ( for Now ) to Her Old Selves '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Countdown ' Video A Bridge To The Past '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Markowitz , Adam ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` 4 review -- Beyoncé Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schweitzer , Ricky ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Album Review : Beyoncé -- 4 '' . One Thirty BPM . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amidon , David ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé : 4 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alexis ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé : 4 -- review '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cardew , Ben ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` First Listen : Beyonce 's eclectic album 4 is much better than its first singles '' . Music Week . United Business Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Hits One : Playing Armchair A&R With The Singles From 2011 's Biggest And Best Albums '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . November 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Justin ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Centric Announces 2011 Soul Train Awards Nominees , Chris Brown Leads With 5 Nominations '' . Centric . BET Networks . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Chris Brown Leads Soul Train Awards Nominations '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beard , Lanford ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards nominees announced '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rys , Dan ( July 1 , 2012 ) . `` Quincy Jones , Pharrell Williams Honored ; EMI Wins Big at ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best albums of 2011 : how Guardian critics voted '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . December 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Pazz and Jop Singles - 2011 '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Adele 's Still ' Deep ' Atop Hot 100 , Coldplay Makes a Splash '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending June 12 , 2011 . Songs : The Odd Couples '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending July 3 , 2011 . Songs : Songs Of A Legend '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending July 17 , 2011 . Songs : Bad Meets Bruno '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! Inc . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Hot 100 for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 For Week Ending October 29 , 2011 : ( 61 -- 70 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs : Week Ending June 18 , 2011 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BDSradio.com -- Urban National Airplay Chart '' . Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BDSradio.com -- Urban National Airplay Chart '' . Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Week of September 24 , 2011 -- Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Week of September 10 , 2011 -- Hot Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( October 20 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : The Twitter - Sized Edition '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : June 11 , 2011 to June 18 , 2011 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : June 18 , 2011 to June 25 , 2011 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Downloads Chart ( Year : 2012 to October 27 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . User must click on `` 국 의 '' and `` 연간 '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Top 50 Singles Chart ( June 13 , 2011 ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyonce -- Best Thing I Never Had '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 31 , 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Australia Top 50 Singles Chart ( July 25 , 2011 ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 Urban Albums & Singles Chart -- 31 July 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA 2011 Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart ( June 26 , 2011 ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart ( July 31 , 2011 ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Alan ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's 4 wins the album chart numbers game '' . Music Week . United Business Media . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive 9th July 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Telegraph Reporter ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce : I will never forget dream night at Glastonbury '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive 23rd July 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Template : Cite journal The song crossed the 5 million sales mark worldwide as of June 2015 becoming one of the best Singles of all time Note : Music Week subscription is required to access the source . Jump up ^ `` Official UK Singles Top 100 -- 14th January 2012 '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Singles Chart ( June 16 , 2011 ) '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart ( June 23 , 2011 ) '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart ( July 7 , 2011 ) '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart ( July 14 , 2011 ) '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Singles Chart ( July 21 , 2011 ) '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Beyoncé '' . Irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Crasher , Gate ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé 's mama Tina Knowles has more of a diva attitude than the ' Bootylicious ' singer '' . Daily News . New York : Mortimer Zuckerman . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Turiano , John Bruno ( September 2011 ) . `` Sleepy Hollow Country Club General Manager William Nitschke on Pop Star Beyoncé Knowles ' Appearance to Shoot her `` Best Thing I Never Had '' Music Video `` . Westchester Magazine . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beyonce Relives Wedding For ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Video '' . Access Hollywood . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crasher , Gate ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé Goes Bridal ! '' . Vera Wang 's Official Website . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Walks Down the Aisle in ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bark , Theo ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Plays a Blushing Bride in ' Best Thing I Never Had ' video '' . AOL Music . AOL . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Music Videos - Best Thing I Never Had by Beyoncé '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Warner , Kara ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce 's ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Video Premieres '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ B. Vary , Adam ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` New video for Beyonce 's ' Best Thing I Never Had ' features lace teddy , great lighting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video : ' The Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anne Hughes , Sarah ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce gets hitched in ' Best Thing I Never Had ' video '' . The Washington Post . Katharine Weymouth . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Video Features Lingerie , Wedding ( Video ) '' . The Huffington Post . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cristina ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce struts around in lingerie in new video ; does world 's top singer need to pull such a stunt ? '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Video : Beyoncé : `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Magrath , Andrea ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé in bridal lingerie for new Best Thing I Never Had video '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Walks Down the Aisle in ' Best Thing I Never Had ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : What is Beyonce 's Best `` 4 '' Music Video ? `` . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Video : BeyoncÉ -- ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon ( July 9 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce wears bridal underwear in new music video '' . The Sun . London : News International . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rainbird , Ashleigh ( July 9 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce wear bridal lingerie in Best Thing I Never Had video '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barshad , Amos ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé Gets the Dream Wdding She 's Always Wanted '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Making Alternate ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Video , Calls Fans for Help '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé asks fans to star in new ' Best Thing I Never Had ' video '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi Médias . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Alternate Fan Video '' . Beyoncé Knowles ' Official Website . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Penn , Charli ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Must - See : Beyonce 's ' Best Thing I Never Had ' Fan Video '' . Essence . Essence Communications . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Invades the Stage at European Concert Kickoff ( Video ) '' . Rap - Up . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : MTV Reporter ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé Closes 2011 Glastonbury Festival '' . MTV UK . MTV Networks . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce covers Kings Of Leon and Prince at Glastonbury '' . NME . IPC Media . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Performs During BET Awards ( Video ) '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . June 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ziegbe , Mawuse ( June 26 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Runs The BET Awards Stage From Abroad '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littlejohn , Georgina ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce gyrates on the judges ' table on X Factor France '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved June 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce ' fros some moves in identical yellow and black crochet dresses for Good Morning America performance '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers Ltd . July 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Blesses Macy 's 4 July Fireworks Spectacular ( Preview ) '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Visits ' The View ' ( Video ) '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maloy , Sarah ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce Performs ' Best Thing I Never Had ' on ' Jimmy Fallon ' : Watch -- Viral Videos '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shin , Caroline ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Last Night on Late Night : Lady Gaga Will Not Wear Bowling Shoews '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jason ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Concert Review : Beyoncé Reigns at Roseland Ballroom '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wete , Brad ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Beyonce performs first of four - night run of her new ' 4 ' album at small NYC theater -- an EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Maura ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Kenny Chesney and Beyonce Pull Their Audiences Close '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Beyoncé Showcases ' 4 ' Live at Roseland Ballroom -- Closer to Her Fans and Further Away From Her Past '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé Knowles ( December 4 , 2011 ) . A Night With Beyoncé ( video ) . The Fountain Studios , London , United Kingdom : Victory Television Network in co-production with Sony Music Entertainment . Event occurs at 9pm . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bull , Sarah ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Video : Pregnant Beyoncé gets into the festive spirit in lace and red leather on ITV special '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Herrera , Monica ( August 18 , 2011 ) . `` New Music : Beyonce -- ' Best Thing I Never Had ( Lil Jon And DJ Kontrol Remix ) ' '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to The Horrors cover Beyonce 's ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . NME . IPC Media . October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coplan , Chris ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Check Out : The Horrors cover Beyoncé '' . Consequence of Sound . Complex Media Network . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Murison , Krissi ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` The Horrors -- ' Best Thing I Never Had ' '' . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor UK , Series 8 , Week 2 -- Songlist X Factor Updates '' . The X Factor . October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . São Paulo . 24 ( 106 ) . October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Canadian Hot 100 for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Top100 Oficiální -- Beyoncé -- Best Thing I Never Had -- Czech Republic '' ( in Czech ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( Czech Republic ) . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé -- 4 '' . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Beyonce / Single '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Musicline ( Germany ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart - June 19 , 2011 to June 25 , 2011 '' . Media Forest . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 20121 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Japan Charts > Billboard Japan Hot 100 ( August 17 , 2011 ) '' . Billboard Japan Hot 100 for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Top100 Oficiálna -- Best Thing I Never Had '' ( in Slovak ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( Slovakia ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South African Top 10 Airplay Chart '' . Mediaguide . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Thing I Never Had -- South Korea '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive > UK Singles > 9 July 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive > R&B Singles > 23 July 2011 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Adult R&B Songs for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Beyonce . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Jump : Week of July 9 , 2011 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/281569/beyonce/chart?f=378 Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Urban Singles 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual South Korea International Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Year '' . BBC Music . BBC . January 54 , 2012 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( January 20 , 2012 ) . `` The biggest selling R&B and hip hop albums and singles of 2011 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs -- Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs -- Year - End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Beyonce -- Best Thing I Never Had '' . Music Canada . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Beyonce -- Best Thing I Never Had '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2011 년 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Type Beyonce in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Best Thing I Never Had and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Beyonce -- Best Thing I Never Had '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Enter Best Thing I Never Had in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Beyonce -- Best Thing I Never Had '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Best Thing I Never Had -- Single '' . Sonora.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official music video on YouTube Beyoncé Beyoncé 's official website Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Beyoncé songs Discography Dangerously in Love `` Crazy in Love '' `` Naughty Girl '' `` Baby Boy '' `` Me , Myself and I '' `` The Closer I Get to You '' `` Dangerously in Love 2 '' `` Daddy '' Live at Wembley `` What 's It Gonna Be '' `` Wishing on a Star '' B'Day `` Déjà Vu '' `` Get Me Bodied '' `` Suga Mama '' `` Upgrade U '' `` Ring the Alarm '' `` Kitty Kat '' `` Freakum Dress '' `` Green Light '' `` Irreplaceable '' `` Resentment '' `` Check on It '' `` Beautiful Liar / Bello Embustero '' `` Welcome to Hollywood '' `` Flaws and All '' `` Still in Love ( Kissing You ) '' `` Listen '' `` Amor Gitano '' I Am ... Sasha Fierce `` If I Were a Boy '' `` Halo '' `` Broken - Hearted Girl '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' `` Radio '' `` Diva '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` Video Phone '' `` Ego '' `` Honesty '' `` Why Do n't You Love Me '' `` Poison '' `` 1 + 1 '' `` I Care '' `` I Miss You '' `` Best Thing I Never Had '' `` Party '' `` Rather Die Young '' `` Start Over '' `` Love On Top '' `` Countdown '' `` End of Time '' `` I Was Here '' `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' `` Lay Up Under Me '' `` Schoolin ' Life '' `` Dance for You '' Beyoncé `` Pretty Hurts '' `` Haunted '' `` Drunk in Love '' `` Blow '' `` No Angel '' `` Partition '' `` Jealous '' `` Rocket '' `` Mine '' `` XO '' `` Flawless '' `` Superpower '' `` Heaven '' `` 7 / 11 '' `` Ring Off '' Lemonade `` Pray You Catch Me '' `` Hold Up '' `` Do n't Hurt Yourself '' `` Sorry '' `` 6 Inch '' `` Daddy Lessons '' `` Love Drought '' `` Sandcastles '' `` Forward '' `` Freedom '' `` All Night '' `` Formation '' As featured artist `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Feeling Myself '' `` Fighting Temptation '' `` Hollywood '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` I Got That '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lift Off '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Love in This Club Part II '' `` Mi Gente '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Runnin ' ( Lose It All ) '' `` Say Yes '' `` See Me Now '' `` Shining '' `` Telephone '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Walk on Water '' `` What More Can I Give '' Other songs `` A Woman Like Me '' `` All I Could Do Was Cry '' `` At Last '' `` Back to Black '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` Die with You '' `` Fever '' `` God Bless the USA '' `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` In da Club ( Sexy Lil Thug ) '' `` One Night Only '' `` Perfect Duet '' `` Summertime '' `` Work It Out '' Book Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_Thing_I_Never_Had&oldid=806427695 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2011 singles 2011 songs Beyoncé songs Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Diane Martel Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Song recordings produced by Babyface ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Beyoncé Songs written by Babyface ( musician ) Songs written by Beyoncé Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Songs written by Antonio Dixon ( songwriter ) Songs written by Patrick `` J. Que '' Smith Songs written by Shea Taylor Songs about betrayal Songs written by Symbolyc One ( S1 ) Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 errors : missing author or editor CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Good articles Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Română Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did beyonce write best thing i never had about	[]	[]
8758373414435595904	2018–19 NBA season	2018 -- 19 NBA season - wikipedia 2018 -- 19 NBA season 2018 -- 19 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 16 , 2018 -- April 10 , 2019 April 13 -- May 2019 ( Playoffs ) May -- June 2019 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Deandre Ayton Picked by Phoenix Suns Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2017 -- 18 2019 -- 20 → The 2018 -- 19 NBA season is the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season began on October 16 , 2018 , and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The playoffs will begin April 13 , 2019 , with the NBA Finals concluding in June . The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 17 , 2019 , at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 1.3. 2 In - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 By conference 3.2 International games 4 Statistics 4.1 Individual statistic leaders 4.2 Individual game highs 4.3 Team statistic leaders 5 Awards 5.1 Players of the Week 5.2 Players of the Month 5.3 Rookies of the Month 5.4 Coaches of the Month 6 Arenas 7 Media 8 Uniforms 8.1 Uniform sponsorships 9 Notable occurrences 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Transactions Main article : List of 2018 -- 19 NBA season transactions Retirement On May 10 , 2018 , Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA . Collison played all his 14 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder franchise . On May 25 , 2018 , after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams , Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge . On July 17 , 2018 , after playing 9 seasons in the NBA for four teams , Roy Hibbert announced his retirement from the NBA . On August 27 , 2018 , Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA . Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise . On August 30 , 2018 , after playing 15 seasons in the NBA for four teams , David West announced his retirement from the NBA . On September 6 , 2018 , Boris Diaw announced his retirement from basketball . Diaw spent 14 years in the NBA and was an NBA champion with the San Antonio Spurs in 2014 . On October 13 , 2018 , after playing 17 seasons in the NBA for eight teams , Richard Jefferson announced his retirement from the NBA . Free agency Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes Coaching changes Off - season Team 2017 -- 18 season 2018 -- 19 season Atlanta Hawks Mike Budenholzer Lloyd Pierce Charlotte Hornets Steve Clifford James Borrego Detroit Pistons Stan Van Gundy Dwane Casey Milwaukee Bucks Joe Prunty ( interim ) Mike Budenholzer New York Knicks Jeff Hornacek David Fizdale Orlando Magic Frank Vogel Steve Clifford Phoenix Suns Jay Triano ( interim ) Igor Kokoškov Toronto Raptors Dwane Casey Nick Nurse In - season Team Outgoing coach Ingoing coach Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue Larry Drew ( interim ) Off - season On April 12 , 2018 , the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs . In addition , associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired . On April 12 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs . On April 13 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs . On April 25 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways . On May 1 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J.B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team . On May 2 , 2018 , the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season . On May 10 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach . On May 11 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason . On May 11 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach . On May 17 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach . On May 30 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach . On June 11 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach . On June 14 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach . In - season On October 28 , 2018 , the Cleveland Cavaliers fired head coach Tyronn Lue after a 0 - 6 start to the season and named Larry Drew interim head coach . Preseason The preseason began on September 28 and ended on October 12 . International games The Toronto Raptors played two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29 , and second with the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10 . The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers played two preseason games in China , in Shanghai on October 5 and in Shenzhen on October 8 . Regular season The regular season began on October 16 , 2018 and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The entire schedule was released on August 10 , 2018 . Eastern Conference Atlantic Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Toronto Raptors 6 . 857 0.0 5 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 7 Boston Celtics . 667 1.5 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 6 Philadelphia 76ers . 571 2.0 4 -- 0 0 -- 3 0 -- 1 7 Brooklyn Nets 5 . 286 4.0 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 1 7 New York Knicks 5 . 286 4.0 2 -- 2 0 -- 3 1 -- 2 7 Central Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Milwaukee Bucks 7 0 1.000 0.0 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 7 Detroit Pistons . 800 2.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Indiana Pacers . 571 3.0 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 7 Chicago Bulls 5 . 286 5.0 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 7 Cleveland Cavaliers 0 6 . 000 6.5 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 6 Southeast Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Miami Heat . 500 0.0 2 -- 2 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 6 Charlotte Hornets . 429 0.5 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 2 -- 0 7 Orlando Magic . 333 1.0 1 -- 2 1 -- 2 1 -- 1 6 Atlanta Hawks . 333 1.0 1 -- 1 1 -- 3 0 -- 0 6 Washington Wizards 5 . 167 2.0 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 0 -- 1 6 Western Conference Northwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Denver Nuggets 5 . 833 0.0 4 -- 0 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Utah Jazz . 667 1.0 0 -- 2 4 -- 0 0 -- 0 6 Portland Trail Blazers . 667 1.0 2 -- 1 2 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Minnesota Timberwolves . 429 2.5 3 -- 1 0 -- 3 0 -- 0 7 Oklahoma City Thunder . 200 3.5 1 -- 2 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 5 Pacific Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP Golden State Warriors 7 . 875 0.0 3 -- 0 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 8 Los Angeles Clippers . 667 2.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 0 -- 0 6 Sacramento Kings . 571 2.5 2 -- 1 2 -- 2 0 -- 0 7 Los Angeles Lakers 5 . 286 4.5 1 -- 2 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 7 Phoenix Suns 5 . 167 5.0 1 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 2 6 Southwest Division PCT GB Home Road Div GP New Orleans Pelicans . 667 0.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 San Antonio Spurs . 667 0.0 3 -- 1 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 6 Memphis Grizzlies . 600 0.5 2 -- 0 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 5 Dallas Mavericks 5 . 286 2.5 2 -- 1 0 -- 4 0 -- 1 7 Houston Rockets . 200 2.5 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 0 -- 1 5 By conference Eastern Conference # Team PCT GB GP Milwaukee Bucks * 7 0 1.000 -- 7 Toronto Raptors * 6 . 857 1.0 7 Detroit Pistons . 800 2.0 5 Boston Celtics . 667 2.5 6 5 Indiana Pacers . 571 3.0 7 6 Philadelphia 76ers . 571 3.0 7 7 Miami Heat * . 500 3.5 6 8 Charlotte Hornets . 429 4.0 7 9 Orlando Magic . 333 4.5 6 10 Atlanta Hawks . 333 4.5 6 11 Brooklyn Nets 5 . 286 5.0 7 12 New York Knicks 5 . 286 5.0 7 13 Chicago Bulls 5 . 286 5.0 7 14 Washington Wizards 5 . 167 5.5 6 15 Cleveland Cavaliers 0 6 . 000 6.5 6 Western Conference # Team PCT GB GP Golden State Warriors * 7 . 875 -- 8 Denver Nuggets * 5 . 833 1.0 6 New Orleans Pelicans * . 667 2.0 6 Utah Jazz . 667 2.0 6 5 Los Angeles Clippers . 667 2.0 6 6 Portland Trail Blazers . 667 2.0 6 7 San Antonio Spurs . 667 2.0 6 8 Memphis Grizzlies . 600 2.5 5 9 Sacramento Kings . 571 2.5 7 10 Minnesota Timberwolves . 429 3.5 7 11 Dallas Mavericks 5 . 286 4.5 7 12 Los Angeles Lakers 5 . 286 4.5 7 13 Oklahoma City Thunder . 200 4.5 5 14 Houston Rockets . 200 4.5 5 15 Phoenix Suns 5 . 167 5.0 6 Notes * -- Division leader International games On June 20 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 17 , 2019 . On August 7 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City . They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13 , 2018 , and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15 , 2018 . Statistics Individual statistic leaders Category Player Team Statistic Points per game Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 32.5 Rebounds per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 16.2 Assists per game Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 11.0 Steals per game Jimmy Butler Minnesota Timberwolves 3.0 Blocks per game Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 3.2 Turnovers per game Devin Booker Phoenix Suns 5.5 Fouls per game Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons 4.6 Minutes per game DeMar DeRozan San Antonio Spurs 38.8 FG % Rudy Gobert Utah Jazz 75.0 % FT % 8 players 100.0 % 3FG % Nikola Vučević Orlando Magic 77.8 % Efficiency per game Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors 32.7 Double - doubles Joel Embiid Philadelphia 76ers 5 Triple - doubles Ben Simmons Philadelphia 76ers Individual game highs Category Player Team Statistic Points Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 52 Rebounds Hassan Whiteside Miami Heat 24 Assists Kyle Lowry Toronto Raptors 15 Steals P.J. Tucker Houston Rockets 7 Blocks Michael Kidd - Gilchrist Charlotte Hornets 7 Three pointers Klay Thompson Golden State Warriors 14 Team statistic leaders Category Team Statistic Points per game New Orleans Pelicans 124.8 Rebounds per game Milwaukee Bucks 55.3 Assists per game Golden State Warriors 29.2 Steals per game Los Angeles Lakers 9.8 Blocks per game Memphis Grizzlies 7.8 Turnovers per game Atlanta Hawks 18.4 FG % Golden State Warriors 52.3 % FT % Portland Trail Blazers 87.2 % 3FG % Indiana Pacers 44.6 % + / − Milwaukee Bucks + 16.0 Awards Players of the Week The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week . Week Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October 16 -- 21 Kemba Walker ( Charlotte Hornets ) ( 1 / 1 ) Nikola Jokić ( Denver Nuggets ) ( 1 / 1 ) October 22 -- 28 Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks ) ( 1 / 1 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors ) ( 1 / 1 ) October 29 -- November 3 Players of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Rookies of the Month The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Coaches of the Month The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month . Month Eastern Conference Western Conference Ref October / November Arenas The Atlanta Hawks ' home arena formerly known as Phillips Arena was renamed State Farm Arena on August 29 , 2018 , coinciding with a $192.5 million renovation to the arena . This is the Golden State Warriors ' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland , before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco . The Warriors will play their final regular season game there on April 7 , 2019 , against the Los Angeles Clippers . This is the Milwaukee Bucks ' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018 . The Bucks played their first game there on October 3 , 2018 , in a preseason game against the Chicago Bulls , the first regular season game there was played on October 19 , 2018 , against the Indiana Pacers . The Toronto Raptors ' home arena formerly known as Air Canada Centre was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1 , 2018 . Media This will be the third year of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms The NBA will allow the players to wear any color of shoes they wish ; previously , they were restricted to white , black , or the colors of their teams . The `` City Edition '' jerseys will first be worn on November 9 , 2018 , while a sixth jersey apparel will first be worn on December 25 , 2018 . On June 6 , 2018 , the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On July 25 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On July 31 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 2 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 8 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On August 16 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta . On August 30 , 2018 , the Minnesota Timberwolves unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On September 20 , 2018 , the Utah Jazz unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 40th anniversary . On October 10 , 2018 , the Golden State Warriors unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform . Uniform sponsorships In April 2016 , the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017 -- 18 season . Prior and during the 2017 -- 18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract . Before the 2018 -- 19 season six more teams signed such contracts : Chicago Bulls -- Zenni Optical Houston Rockets -- ROKiT Phones Memphis Grizzlies -- FedEx Phoenix Suns -- PayPal Portland Trail Blazers -- Performance Health San Antonio Spurs -- Frost Bank As of October 16 , 2018 , three teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract : Indiana Pacers , Oklahoma City Thunder , and Washington Wizards . Notable occurrences On September 21 , 2018 , the NBA approved of three different rule changes affecting gameplay , starting with this season onward . These changes include shortening the game clock from the typical 24 seconds to 14 seconds during offensive rebounds , simplifying the clear path foul rule , and expanding the definition of a `` hostile act '' to invoke instant replays on certain events more easily . See also National Basketball Association portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Key dates for 2018 - 19 NBA season '' . NBA.com . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Nick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Seeing Off a True Pro -- Thunder Fan Favorite Nick Collison Retires '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Former UCLA coach Jim Harrick and former NBA player Mo Williams join coaching staff at Cal State Northridge '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/07/17/roy-hibbert-nba-future-lakers-moving-on/ Jump up ^ Schad , Matt ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Manu Ginobili announces retirement '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rohrbach , Ben ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` David West retires from the NBA an All - Star , champion and unquestioned leader '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Witt , Brian ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Going Out On Top : David West Retires After 15 - Year Career '' . NBA.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Adam . `` Boris Diaw Retires at Age 36 ; Played with Spurs , Suns , Hornets , Hawks , Jazz '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Jefferson retires after 17 NBA seasons '' . NBA.com . October 13 , 2018 . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hornacek Relieved of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Orlando Magic Dismiss Frank Vogel as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Relieve Clifford of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Part Ways With Head Coach Mike Budenholzer '' . NBA.com. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies introduce J.B. Bickerstaff Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Agree to Terms with Igor Kokoškov To Become New Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 2 , 2018 . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` New York Knicks name David Fizdale new coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Van Gundy to Be Replaced as Head Coach and President of Basketball Operations '' . Detroit Pistons . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Name James Borrego Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dwane Casey Relieved Of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Reach Agreement in Principle With Lloyd Pierce To Become Team 's Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Budenholzer Named Head Coach Of The Milwaukee Bucks '' . NBA.com . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic Name Steve Clifford Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Name Dwane Casey as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Name Nick Nurse Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Make Coaching Change '' . NBA.com . October 28 , 2018 . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` Cavaliers fire coach Tyronn Lue after 0 - 6 start '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors Will Play Preseason Game In Vancouver '' . Nationalpost.com . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA China Games 2018 Mavericks Vs 76ers '' . NBA.com. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA TV to reveal full 2018 - 19 regular - season schedule on Friday at 4 p.m. ET '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA London Game 2019 official '' . NBA.com . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Mexico City Games 2018 to feature Orlando Magic hosting Chicago Bulls and Utah Jazz '' . NBA.com . August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kemba Walker Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nikola Jokić Named NBA Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giannis Antetokounmpo Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` State Farm and Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announce Generational Collaboration To Transform City of Atlanta '' . NBA.com . August 29 , 2018 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saracevic , Al ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors ' Chase Center arena rising from the ground in SF '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bucks ' last regular season game at BMO Harris Bradley Center ends with a win , memories : Slideshow '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fiserv Forum is the New Home of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Bucks.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krashinsky Robertson , Susan ; Bradshaw , James ; Gray , Jeff ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto 's Air Canada Centre to be renamed Scotiabank Arena in $800 - million deal '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Blake ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` Air Canada Centre officially becomes Scotiabank Arena '' . Raptors Republic . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Uni Watch NBA season preview '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://lockervision.nba.com/ Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets Reveal Evolved Brand Identity '' . NBA.com . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Christopher ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Evolve : Nuggets Usher in a New Era with Reimagined Logos , Uniforms '' . Denver Nuggets . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Unveil New White Classic Uniform For 2018 - 19 Season '' . NBA . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unveil New Uniforms for 2018 - 19 '' . NBA.com . July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil reimagined brand identity system and newly designed uniforms '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John . `` Orlando Magic Unveil 30 Years of Pure Magic '' . nba.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announces Major Next - Generation Initiatives at Season Preview Event '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow Starts Today '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Unveil Classics Edition Uniforms and 30th Season Logo Design '' . NBA.com . August 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jazz to Celebrate 40 Seasons with Classic Jerseys '' . NBA.com . September 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ warriors_store ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` NEW @ warriors Classic Edition Jerseys from @ Nike are 🔥 🔥 🔥 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBA to begin selling jersey sponsorships in 2017 - 18 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenni Optical becomes first - ever jersey patch partner of the Chicago Bulls '' . NBA.com . October 16 , 2018 . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ROKiT Phones Named Inaugural Jersey Partner '' . NBA.com . October 16 , 2018 . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil new uniforms with FedEx as jersey sponsor '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Suns and Paypal Announce Multi-Year Global Partnership '' . NBA.com . October 2 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers , Performance Health Announce Multi-Year Partnership Including Biofreeze Jersey Patch '' . NBA.com . September 19 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Frost Bank Becomes First - Ever Jersey Partner of the San Antonio Spurs '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shot clock reset among rule changes approved by Board of Governors '' . NBA.com . September 21 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . External links Official website NBA seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2018 -- 19 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions G League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. Clippers L.A. Lakers Phoenix Sacramento Southwest Dallas Houston Memphis New Orleans San Antonio National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All - Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Category Portal 2018 -- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018 -- 19_NBA_season&oldid = 866480061 '' Categories : 2018 -- 19 NBA season Current basketball seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 16 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the start of the 2018 nba season	[ "The 2018–19 NBA season is the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 16, 2018, and will end on April 10, 2019. The playoffs will begin April 13, 2019,[1] with the NBA Finals concluding in June. The 2019 NBA All-Star Game will be played on February 17, 2019, at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.\n" ]	[ "October 16, 2018" ]
-5576175221271350390	Age of Aquarius	Age of Aquarius - wikipedia Age of Aquarius Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the astrological time period . For other uses with the term Aquarius , see Aquarius ( disambiguation ) . `` The Age of Aquarius '' redirects here . For the song , see Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In . `` Age of Aquarius '' is an astrological term denoting either the current or forthcoming astrological age , depending on the method of calculation . Astrologers maintain that an astrological age is a product of the earth 's slow precessional rotation and lasts for 2,160 years , on average ( 26,000 - year period of precession / 12 zodiac signs = 2,160 years ) . There are various methods of calculating the length of an astrological age . In sun - sign astrology , the first sign is Aries , followed by Taurus , Gemini , Cancer , Leo , Virgo , Libra , Scorpio , Sagittarius , Capricorn , Aquarius , and Pisces , whereupon the cycle returns to Aries and through the zodiacal signs again . Astrological ages , however , proceed in the opposite direction ( `` retrograde '' in astronomy ) . Therefore , the Age of Aquarius follows the Age of Pisces . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Astrological meaning 3 Common cultural associations 4 See also 5 References Overview ( edit ) The approximate 2,150 years for each age corresponds to the average time it takes for the vernal equinox to move from one constellation of the zodiac into the next . This can be computed by dividing the earth 's 25,800 - year gyroscopic precession period by twelve , the number of zodiac constellations used by astrologers . According to different astrologers ' calculations , approximate dates for entering the Age of Aquarius range from AD 1447 ( Terry MacKinnell ) to AD 3597 ( John Addey ) . Astrologers do not agree on when the Aquarian age will start or even if it has already started . Nicholas Campion in The Book of World Horoscopes lists various references from mainly astrological sources for the start of the Age of Aquarius . Based on Campion 's research , most published materials on the subject state that the Age of Aquarius arrived in the 20th century ( 29 claims ) , with the 24th century in second place with twelve claimants . Astrological ages exist as a result of precession of the equinoxes . The slow wobble of the earth 's spin axis on the celestial sphere is independent of the diurnal rotation of the Earth on its own axis and the annual revolution of the earth around the sun . Traditionally this 25,800 - year - long cycle is calibrated , for the purposes of determining astrological ages , by the location of the sun in one of the twelve zodiac constellations at the vernal equinox , which corresponds to the moment the sun rises above the celestial equator , marking the start of spring in the Northern Hemisphere each year . Roughly every 2,150 years the sun 's position at the time of the vernal equinox will have moved into a new zodiacal constellation . However zodiacal constellations are not uniform in size , leading some astrologers to believe that the corresponding ages should also vary in duration . This however is a contentious issue among astrologers . In 1929 the International Astronomical Union defined the edges of the 88 official constellations . The edge established between Pisces and Aquarius officially locates the beginning of the Aquarian Age around AD 2600 . Many astrologers dispute this approach because of the varying sizes and overlap between the zodiacal constellations . Astrological meaning ( edit ) Astrologers believe that an astrological age affects humanity , possibly by influencing the rise and fall of civilizations or cultural tendencies . Traditionally , Aquarius is associated with electricity , computers , flight , democracy , freedom , humanitarianism , idealism , modernization , astrology , nervous disorders , rebellion , nonconformity , philanthropy , veracity , perseverance , humanity , and irresolution . The variations of views among astrologers include : Among other dates , one view is that the Age of Aquarius arrived around 1844 , with the harbinger of the Siyyid ` Alí Muḥammad ( 1819 -- 1850 ) , who founded Bábism . Marcia Moore and Mark Douglas promoted the view that , although no one knows when the Aquarian Age begins , the American Revolution , the Industrial Revolution , and the discovery of electricity are all attributable to the Aquarian Age . Moore and Douglas make a number of predictions about the trends that they believe will develop in the Aquarian Age . A common position expressed by many astrologers sees the Age of Aquarius as that time when humanity takes control of the Earth and its own destiny as its rightful heritage , with the destiny of humanity being the revelation of truth and the expansion of consciousness , and that some people will experience mental enlightenment in advance of others and therefore be recognized as the new leaders in the world . Proponents of medieval astrology suggest that the Pisces world where religion is the opiate of the masses will be replaced in the Aquarian Age by a world ruled by secretive , power - hungry elites seeking absolute power over others ; that knowledge in the Aquarian Age will only be valued for its ability to win wars ; that knowledge and science will be abused , not industry and trade ; and that the Aquarian Age will be a Dark Age in which religion is considered offensive . Another view suggests that the rise of scientific rationalism , combined with the fall of religious influence , the increasing focus on human rights since the 1780s , the exponential growth of technology , plus the advent of flight and space travel , are evidence of the dawning of the Age of Aquarius . A `` wave '' theory of the shifting Great Ages suggests that the Age of Aquarius will not arrive on a given date but is instead emerging in influence over many years , similar to how the tide surges forward incrementally rather than all at once . Rudolf Steiner believed that the Age of Aquarius will arrive in 3573 . In Steiner 's approach , each age is exactly 2,160 years . Based on this structure , the world has been in the Age of Pisces since 1413 . Rudolf Steiner had spoken about two great spiritual events : the return of Christ in the ethereal world ( and not in a physical body ) , because people must develop their faculties until they can reach the ethereal world ; and the incarnation of Ahriman , Zoroaster 's `` destructive spirit '' that will try to block the evolution of humanity . A variation of Steiner 's approach has the age of Aquarius arriving in 1433 ( or up to two years earlier ) , with the influence of Pisces exceeding Aquarius at this time . In an article about feminism in the French newspaper La Fronde from February 26 , 1890 , August Vandekerkhove stated : `` About March , 21st this year the cycle of Aquarius will start . Aquarius is the house of the woman '' . He adds that is in this age the woman will be equal to the man . Common cultural associations ( edit ) The expression Age of Aquarius in popular culture usually refers to the heyday of the hippie and New Age movements in the 1960s and 1970s . Although more rock than new - age in genre , the 1967 musical Hair , with its opening song `` Aquarius '' and the memorable line `` This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius '' , brought the Aquarian age concept to the attention of audiences worldwide . However , the song further defines this dawning of the age within the first lines : `` When the Moon is in the seventh house and Jupiter aligns with Mars , then peace will guide the planets and love will steer the stars '' . Astrologer Neil Spencer denounced the lyrics as `` astrological gibberish '' , noting that Jupiter aligns with Mars several times a year and the moon is in the 7th House for two hours every day . These lines are considered by many to be merely poetic license , though some people take them literally . An example is the identification of Valentine 's Day 2009 as the `` perfect alignment to support our collective manifestation of love and peace and dawning of the Age of Aquarius '' . In popular culture , the NBC television show Aquarius , which premiered on May 28 , 2015 , is based on the Charles Manson case . The name relates to the `` dawn of Aquarius , '' also commonly referred to as the New Age way of thinking . See also ( edit ) 1960s portal Anthropocene Astrological age Milankovitch cycles Woodstock References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Neil Spencer , True as the Stars Above , 2000 , pp. 115 -- 27 - chapter 7 - `` Love Shall Steer the Stars - The Long Dawning of the Age of Aquarius '' Jump up ^ Nicholas Campion , The Book of World Horoscopes , 1999 , pp. 489 -- 95 Jump up ^ Neil Spencer , True as the Stars Above , 2000 , p. 115 Jump up ^ Eight researchers claim the Aquarian age will arrive in the 25th century while the 21st , 26th , and 27th centuries have seven supporters each . Other centuries that have a number of supporters for the beginning of the Aquarian age include : 22nd and 23rd centuries ( 6 each ) ; 19th century ( 5 ) ; and the 18th century ( 4 ) Nicholas Campion , The Book of World Horoscopes , The Wessex Astrologer Ltd. , 1999 , Pgs 489 - 495 Jump up ^ Ray Grasse , Signs of the Times , 2002 , p. 263 Jump up ^ Rex E Bills , The Ruler - ship Book , 1974 , pp. 362 -- 365 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Dean , Recent Advances in Natal Astrology - A Critical Review 1900 -- 1976 , 1977 , p. 54 Jump up ^ David Williams , Simplified Astronomy for Astrologers , 1969 , American Federation of Astrologers , pp. 45 -- 56 Jump up ^ Marcia Moore & Mark Douglas , Astrology , The Divine Science , 1971 , p. 677 Jump up ^ Marcia Moore & Mark Douglas , Astrology , The Divine Science , 1971 , p. 687 Jump up ^ Vera W Reid , Towards Aquarius , 1971 , pp. 97 -- 116 Jump up ^ Robert Zoller , `` The Use of Archetypes in Prediction '' , The FAA Journal September 2002 Volume 32 No 3 ( Federation of Australian Astrologers ) , pp. 37 -- 53 Jump up ^ Neil Spencer , True as the Stars Above , 2000 , pp. 126 -- 7 Jump up ^ Louis MacNeice , Astrology , Bloomsbury Books , London , 1989 , pp. 100 -- 1 Jump up ^ Ray Grasse , Signs of the Times , 2002 , pp. 228 -- 231 Jump up ^ Christian Lazaridès , `` Vivons - nous les commencements de l'Ere des Poissons '' - Editions anthroposophiques romandes. 1989 pp. 143 -- 155 Jump up ^ Terry MacKinnell , `` The Dawning -- Shedding New Light on the Astrological Ages '' , Xlibris , 2011 , pp. 296 -- 7 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 8253 - 2 Jump up ^ Neil Spencer , True as the Stars Above , 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Judecurrivan.com ( hide ) New Age movement Non-exclusive Themes Age of Aquarius Akashic records Alternative medicine Ancient astronauts Angels Animism Ascended master Astral projection Astrology Atlantis Aura Conspiracy theories Contactee Cosmic ordering Crystal healing Earth Changes Earth mysteries Ecofeminism Energy Environmentalism Faith healing Feng shui Gaia hypothesis Gaia philosophy Gnosis Goddess movement Idealism Indigo children Intuition Karma Law of attraction Lemuria Magic Meditation Mediumship Michael Teachings New Age communities New Age music Odic force Paganism Pantheism Parapsychology Perception Perennial philosophy Quantum mysticism Qi Reincarnation Religious pluralism Supernatural Tantra UFOs Veganism Vegetarianism Wellness Yoga Proponents or individual influences José Argüelles Richard Bach Alice Bailey Annie Besant Helena Blavatsky William Bloom Gregg Braden Rhonda Byrne Eileen Caddy Marjorie Cameron Lee Carroll Edgar Cayce Deepak Chopra Andrew Cohen Benjamin Creme Aleister Crowley Scott Cunningham Adi Da Ram Dass Wayne Dyer Werner Erhard Marilyn Ferguson Debbie Ford Gandalf Linda Goodman Glenda Green Alex Grey Michael Harner Esther Hicks Barbara Marx Hubbard David Icke Timothy Leary John Lilly Max Freedom Long Shirley MacLaine Leon MacLaren Terence McKenna Corinne McLaughlin Michael Mirdad Leonard Orr Jack Parsons Daniel Quinn Rajneesh James Redfield Wilhelm Reich Jane Roberts Helena Roerich Mark Satin Helen Schucman John Selby Ravi Shankar David Spangler Joshua David Stone Ingo Swann Michael Talbot William Thetford Eckhart Tolle Neale Donald Walsch Ken Wilber Stuart Wilde Marianne Williamson Robert Anton Wilson Oprah Winfrey Fred Alan Wolf Roger Woolger Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Other influences Advaita Vedanta Animism Anthroposophy Ariosophy Ascended Master Teachings Astrology Beat Generation Buddhism Cannabis culture Cognitive science Conspiracy theories Discordianism Eight - circuit model of consciousness Entheogens Esoteric Christianity Esotericism Freemasonry Fringe science Gay liberation Gnosticism Hermeticism Hinduism Hippie subculture Human Potential Movement Huna Integral theory Kabbalah Leather subculture Metaphysics Neuro - linguistic programming New Thought Nonviolence Occultism Paganism Neo-Druidism Wicca Postmodernism Pseudoarchaeology Pseudoscience Psychedelic music Quantum mechanics Rastafari movement Rosicrucianism School of Economic Science Science fiction Seth Material Shamanism Shinto Spiritism Spiritualism Spirituality Sufism Taoism Thelema Theosophy Traditionalist School Transhumanism Transpersonal psychology Zen New religious movements Major groups Ahmadiyya Ananda Marga Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis Anthroposophical Society Antoinism Armstrongism Azali Bábism Bahá'í Faith BAPS Brahma Kumaris Branch Davidians Christadelphians Christian Science Church of Divine Science Church of Satan ( LaVeyan Satanism ) Church of Scientology Church of the SubGenius Creativity Discordianism Falun Gong Family International Friends of Man Heathenry Heaven 's Gate International Society for Krishna Consciousness Invitation to Life Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saints Maha Bodhi Society Nation of Islam New Apostolic Church The New Church Noahidism Peoples Temple Pilgrims of Arès The Process Church Quakers Raëlism Rajneesh Ramakrishna Mission Rastafari Religious Science Sahaja Yoga Sathya Sai Baba Seventh - day Adventist Church Shakers Shambhala Buddhism Shri Ram Chandra Mission Soka Gakkai Sukyo Mahikari Temple of Set Tenrikyo Thelema Theosophy Theosophical Society Transcendental Meditation True Buddha School Twelve Tribes Unification Church Unitarian Universalist Association Unity Church Universal Church of the Kingdom of God Universal White Brotherhood The Way International Wicca Word of Faith World Mission Society Church of God Notable figures Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Herbert W. Armstrong Shoko Asahara Sri Aurobindo Subh - i - Azal Báb Sathya Sai Baba Bahá'u'lláh Alice Bailey David Berg Helena Blavatsky Sri Chinmoy Aleister Crowley Mary Baker Eddy Charles Fillmore Hak Ja Han L. Ron Hubbard Li Hongzhi Anton LaVey Lu Sheng - yen Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Meher Baba Sun Myung Moon Elijah Muhammad Nakayama Miki A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Phineas Quimby Rajneesh Ramakrishna Prem Rawat Helena Roerich Charles Taze Russell Joseph Franklin Rutherford Ahn Sahng - hong Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar Swaminarayan Joseph Smith Nirmala Srivastava Emanuel Swedenborg Rudolf Steiner Joseph W. Tkach Chögyam Trungpa Ellen G. White Concepts African initiated church Buddhist modernism Charismatic Movement Christian denomination Classifications of religious movements Cult Cybersectarianism Doomsday cult Goddess movement Heresy Hindu reform movements Japanese new religions Modern Paganism Neoshamanism New Age New Thought Open - source religion Pacific Northwest Personal development Religious conversion Schism Sect Self religion Spiritual evolution Syncretism Thelema UFO religion Vipassana movement Public education INFORM ( Information Network Focus on Religious Movements ) Scholarship Academic study of new religious movements CESNUR Journal of Contemporary Religion Nova Religio Sociology of religion Opposition Anti-cult movement Anti-Mormonism Christian countercult movement Persecution of Ahmadis Persecution of Bahá'ís Persecution of Falun Gong Persecution of Jehovah 's Witnesses Lists In popular culture New religious movements Academic study Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Aquarius&oldid=796757917 '' Categories : Astrological ages New Age 1960s fads and trends Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do we move into the age of aquarius	[]	[]
-458190929990716063	I Dreamed a Dream	I Dreamed a Dream - wikipedia I Dreamed a Dream Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see I Dreamed a Dream ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Song by Rose Laurens as Fantine from Les Misérables Language French English Published 1980 Recorded 1980 ( French cast ) 1985 ( London cast ) 1987 ( Broadway cast ) Genre Musical theatrical pop Composer ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg Lyricist ( s ) Alain Boublil ( French ) Herbert Kretzmer ( English ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' is a song from the musical Les Misérables . It is a solo that is sung by the character Fantine during the first act . The music is by Claude - Michel Schönberg , with orchestrations by John Cameron . The English lyrics are by Neil Diamond And Herbert Kretzmer , based on the original French libretto by Alain Boublil and Jean - Marc Natel from the original French production . The song is a lament , sung by the anguished Fantine , who has just been fired from her job at the factory and thrown onto the streets . She thinks back to happier days and wonders at all that has gone wrong in her life . The song is typically played in the key of E-flat major with the final chorus in F major , though the pitch is shifted up a bit for high - toned TVs , and it has also become a jazz standard . In the 1985 musical , the song occurs after Fantine has been fired , and before `` Lovely Ladies '' . In the original French production and the 2012 film adaptation , these two musical numbers are swapped around , to place dramatic emphasis on Fantine 's depressing descent into prostitution . The original French song was very extensively rewritten for the English production by Herbert Kretzmer , adding the prologue ( There was a time ... ) and cutting the last few lines which became the ending to `` Lovely Ladies '' ( ' Do n't they know they 're making love to one already dead ' ) . For the French revival in 1991 , the song was loosely translated back from the English version ; there are thus two very different French versions of the song . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Cover versions 3 Susan Boyle version 3.1 Chart performance 4 2012 film version 4.1 Reception 4.1. 1 Critical reception 4.1. 2 Commercial reception 5 Tomomi Kahara version 5.1 Commercial performance 5.2 Track listing 5.3 Charts 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The song , as it appeared in the original Paris production from 1980 , was entitled J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie ( `` I had dreamed of another life '' ) , and was originally sung by Rose Laurens . The first English - language production of Les Misérables opened on the West End in London in October 1985 , with the role of Fantine portrayed by Patti LuPone . She would later feature the song on her 1993 album Patti LuPone Live ! When the musical made its Broadway début in New York City in March 1987 , Fantine was played by Randy Graff . Laurie Beechman would perform the role in the original U.S. touring production in 1988 and then on Broadway in 1990 . That year she included the song on her album Listen to My Heart . Debra Byrne sang the song on the Complete Symphonic Recording . Ruthie Henshall sang it on the Tenth Anniversary Concert Recording ( 1995 ) . A Broadway revival in 2006 featured Daphne Rubin - Vega ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Lea Salonga ( 2007 ) , and Judy Kuhn ( 2007 -- 08 ) . Lea Salonga sang it for the 25th Anniversary Concert in London ( 2010 ) . The show , and the song , has been translated into twenty - one languages , including Japanese , Hebrew , Icelandic , Norwegian , Czech , Polish , Spanish , and Estonian , and there have been 31 cast recordings featuring the song . The London cast version is Triple Platinum in the UK , for sales of more than 900,000 , and Platinum in the U.S. , for sales of more than one million . The Broadway cast version is Quadruple Platinum in the U.S. ( more than four million sold ) , where four other versions have also gone Gold . Cover versions ( edit ) Numerous popular singers have recorded cover versions of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' . Neil Diamond recorded the song for his 1987 live album Hot August Night II and released the song as a single . It peaked at no . 13 on the U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in November 1987 and at no . 90 on the UK Singles Chart . Diamond 's version features a lyrical alteration at the end of the song ; instead of `` Now life has killed the dream I dreamed '' Diamond sings , `` But life ca n't kill the dream I dreamed '' . Other male singers who have recorded the song include rock singer David Essex on his 1987 album Centre Stage , Phantom of the Opera star Michael Crawford on his 1987 album The Phantom Unmasked and on his 1992 release `` With Love '' , LuPone 's Evita co-star Mandy Patinkin on his 1994 album Experiment and British theater star Michael Ball ( Marius in the Original London production of Les Mis ) on his 1996 album The Musicals . In 1991 , Aretha Franklin included a version of the song on her album What You See is What You Sweat . Although not released as a single , Franklin has performed the song at various venues , including the 1993 inaugural celebration for U.S. President Bill Clinton . In the film The Commitments ( 1991 ) , one of the girls auditioning for the titular band sings `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as her audition song . Other female singers who have recorded versions of the song include English singer and stage actress Elaine Paige , from a 1993 performance at Birmingham Symphony Hall which was included on her 1995 album , Encore , original Annie title cast member Andrea McArdle in the 1996 recording On Broadway , New Zealander singer Hayley Westenra and British pop star Petula Clark , each in 2001 , Canadian singer - songwriter Allison Crowe in 2005 , and Broadway actress Susan Egan in 2008 . British actress and singer Marti Webb performed the song on her album Performance ( 1989 ) . In 2008 , Italian rock noir band Belladonna covered the song in their London show . In 2010 , popera singer Rose Jang covered the song for her digital album Songs of Hope by Mnet Media . The song was covered on the Glee episode `` Dream On '' by Shelby Corcoran and Rachel Berry , portrayed by Idina Menzel and Lea Michele respectively . This song took the place of a meeting between Shelby and Rachel , who found out during that episode that Shelby was her birth mother . At the end of that episode , Rachel met Shelby for the first time in real life ( the sequence where Shelby and Rachel sang `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was , in fact , something akin to a dream sequence ) . Josh Groban and Michael Ball sang a duet at the end of Never Mind the Buzzcocks ( Broadcast 21 December 2010 ) . Joe McElderry recorded the song for his second album , Classic . Katherine Jenkins released a French cover of the song entitled `` J'avais rêvé d'une autre vie / I dreamed of another life '' in her 8th studio album Daydream . Kika Edgar recorded a Spanish cover titled `` Un sueño que alguna vez soñé / A dream I once dreamed '' for her album Broadway . In 2011 , Celtic Woman performed `` I Dreamed a Dream '' as part of their 2011 `` Believe '' tour , recorded by PBS at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta . The song was one of two songs sung as `` A Tribute to Broadway '' , the other song being `` Circle of Life '' from the Disney movie The Lion King . The song , which was only released on DVD and as part of the television special , was sung by Lisa Kelly and Chloë Agnew . As part of a compilation , and the title track to the Australian album , Lucy Maunder sang the song for ABC Classics I Dreamed a Dream : The Hit Songs of Broadway Susan Boyle version ( edit ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Single by Susan Boyle from the album I Dreamed a Dream Released 15 April 2010 Format Music Download Recorded 2009 Genre Operatic pop Length 3 : 11 Label Syco , Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg ( music ) Herbert Kretzmer ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Susan Boyle singles chronology `` Wild Horses '' ( 2009 ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ( 2010 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 2010 ) `` Wild Horses '' ( 2009 ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ( 2009 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 2010 ) The song had a resurgence in popularity in 2009 when Scottish singer Susan Boyle performed it as her audition for the third series of the British reality television programme , Britain 's Got Talent . Boyle 's performance elicited a unanimous vote for passage into the next round of competition by judges Piers Morgan , Amanda Holden and Simon Cowell , with Morgan giving Boyle `` the biggest yes ( he had ) ever given '' in his three years of judging the show . Elaine Paige , Boyle 's role model , later expressed interest in singing a duet with her . The programme received high ratings and Boyle 's performance was quickly added to sites such as YouTube , where millions of people viewed it in the first month alone . Boyle sang the song again during the finals of Britain 's Got Talent on 30 May 2009 , where she placed second in the competition behind British dance troupe Diversity . Today , it is known as the song that catapulted her to super-stardom , and it helped sales of her album I Dreamed a Dream . Currently , the album has been declared as the fastest selling debut album of all time in the UK , and sold 701,000 copies in its first week in just the US , breaking the record for highest debut ever for a solo female artist . Shortly after Boyle 's audition aired on ITV in April , the Original London Cast Recording of LuPone singing `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was downloaded to such a degree that the song entered music charts in the U.S. and UK . The U.S. Billboard magazine 's Hot Digital Songs and Hot Singles Recurrents charts for the week of 2 May 2009 had LuPone 's 1985 recording at no . 61 and no . 20 , respectively . LuPone 's version also reached no . 45 on the UK Singles Chart on the week of 25 April 2009 . Susan Boyle 's later 2009 recording rivalled pre-order sales records on Amazon.com in November 2009 . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' entered the Irish Singles Chart on 26 November 2009 at number 20 . It also entered the UK Singles Chart on 29 November 2009 at no . 37 . Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 66 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 65 France ( SNEP ) Download Chart 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 49 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 37 US Billboard Hot 100 62 Scotland ( The Official Charts Company ) 27 2012 film version ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Song by Anne Hathaway from the album Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Published 1980 Released 21 December 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Musical theatrical pop Length 4 : 38 Label Universal Republic Composer ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg Lyricist ( s ) Herbert Kretzmer `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was covered again for the 2012 film adaption . The movie was produced by Working Title Films and directed by Tom Hooper from a script by William Nicholson , Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg with Herbert Kretzmer . The role of Fantine was played by Anne Hathaway for which she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . The film changed the ordering of some songs , and this song was swapped around with `` Lovely Ladies '' , to place dramatic emphasis on Fantine 's depression , after she has become a prostitute . As with the rest of the film , the vocals for the song were recorded by Hathaway , live on the set , and later edited together with the music . Her performance of the song was released as part of the Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack on 21 December 2012 and was confirmed to be featured in the upcoming deluxe edition of the album . It was well received by music critics and it was very commercially successful , entering the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and reaching the top thirty of the UK Singles Chart , along with entering various other singles charts around the world . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On his review of Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack , Rolling Stone 's Jody Rosen mentions Hathaway 's rendition of the classic as one of the two decent tracks on the compilation , stating that `` There are a couple of redeeming moments on this chart - topping soundtrack ; Sacha Baron Cohen has fun with the jaunty `` Master of the House , '' and Anne Hathaway gives the schmaltzy `` I Dreamed a Dream '' her all . '' Commercial reception ( edit ) On the week ending 19 January 2013 the song entered and peaked in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at number 69 , and spent a total of three weeks on the chart . The song was also a hit on the UK Singles Chart where it peaked at number 22 ( higher than Susan Boyle 's rendition ) and spent six weeks on the chart . It was also present for a week on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 73 . Among others , the song has also peaked in the Irish Singles Chart at number 26 , the Dutch Top 100 at number 58 , and the Spanish Singles Chart at number 21 . The song is also atop the iTunes Top Soundtrack Songs in Romania since January , 2013 , where the song sold over 6,000 digital copies . Tomomi Kahara version ( edit ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' Single by Tomomi Kahara from the album Dream : Self Cover Best Released 17 April 2013 Format CD single , music download Genre Pop Length 3 : 52 Label Universal J Songwriter ( s ) Claude - Michel Schönberg ( music ) Tokiko Iwatani ( Japanese lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Satoshi Takebe Tomomi Kahara singles chronology `` Ano Sayonara ni Sayonara o '' ( 2006 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Ano Sayonara ni Sayonara o '' ( 2006 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 夢やぶれて - I DREAMED A DREAM - , lit . `` Broken Dreams '' ) is Tomomi Kahara 's twenty - seventh single and first in over seven years . `` Yume Yaburete '' is the Japanese version of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' from the musical Les Misérables . The Japanese lyrics were written by lyricist and translator Tokiko Iwatani . Despite being famously sung by Hiromi Iwasaki , the Japanese rendition of `` I Dreamed a Dream '' was never released as a single until Kahara 's cover . The song was suggested for Kahara 's comeback by executives at Universal J , Kahara 's record label and the one behind the Japanese release of the soundtrack for the 2012 film adaptation of Les Misérables . Coincidentally , the song happened to be a favorite of Kahara 's that she often sang at auditions . The song was recorded with a backing orchestra of 41 musicians . The cover art for the single pays homage to the musical and the character of Fantine by depicting Kahara as a broken but hopeful woman . The single also includes a piano version of `` Yume Yaburete '' as well as a self - cover of Kahara 's 1996 hit song `` I 'm Proud '' . First pressing of the single includes a DVD featuring the music video for `` Yume Yaburete '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' entered the Oricon weekly singles chart at number 13 , marking Kahara 's first top 20 single since `` Anata ga Ireba '' ( 2004 ) . Track listing ( edit ) CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( 夢やぶれて `` Broken Dreams '' ) 3 : 52 2 . `` I 'm Proud '' ( 2013 Orchestra Version ) 4 : 44 3 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Piano Version ) 4 : 02 4 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Instrumental ) 3 : 52 5 . `` I 'm Proud '' ( 2013 Orchestra Version -- Instrumental ) 4 : 42 Total length : 21 : 14 ( show ) DVD No . Title Length 1 . `` Yume Yaburete ( I Dreamed a Dream ) '' ( Music Video ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Japan Billboard Hot 100 6 Japan Hot Top Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 Japan Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 9 Japan Daily Singles ( Oricon ) 11 Japan Weekly Singles ( Oricon ) 13 Japan Weekly Singles ( Recochoku ) 34 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables at IBDB.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Biamonte , Nicole ( 28 October 2010 ) . Pop - Culture Pedagogy in the Music Classroom : Teaching Tools from American Idol to YouTube . Scarecrow Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 7056 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone : Biography '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Patti LuPone Live ! Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Laurie Beechman Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Translations and Cast Recordings . LesMis.com '' . Archived from the original on 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum RIAA.com '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond 1987 version ( U.S. ) Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond 1987 version ( UK ) Chartstats.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond lyrics OldieLyrics.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Essex Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 10 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Crawford Billboard.com '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What You See Is What You Sweat track listing Discogs.com '' . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aretha Franklin : Biography '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Encore by Elaine Paige DiscountMusic.com '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea McArdle Billboard '' . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Dreamed A Dream -- Hit Songs of Broadway '' . ABC . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Caroline Davies ; Paul Kelbie ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Reality TV star Susan Boyle set for duet with idol Elaine Paige '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Holmwood , Leigh ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` '' TV ratings : Britain 's Got Talent hits high note '' Guardian.co.uk `` . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` '' Susan Boyle breaks past 100 million online views '' Reuters.com `` . 20 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dancers beat Boyle in talent show '' BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 30 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LuPone 1985 version ( US ) Billboard.com '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LuPone 1985 version ( UK ) Chartstats.com '' . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` lescharts.com -- Français '' ( in French ) . Les classement de telechargement single . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2009 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Susan Boyle -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Susan Boyle Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody . `` Various Artists - Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Peak chart positions for charted songs in the United States : `` I Dreamed A Dream '' : `` The Billboard Hot 100 Week of 12 January 2013 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Hathaway 's chart history '' . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles , Week Ending 17 January 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Anne Hathaway -- I Dreamed a Dream '' . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 年ぶりの新曲「夢やぶれて」をリリースした華原朋美さん '' . Yomiuri Shimbun. 23 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 July 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( オリコン ) 華原朋美、復帰曲が 8 年 7 ヶ月ぶり TOP20 '' . Oricon. 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Top Airplay '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 年 04 月 18 日の CD シングルデイリーランキング '' . Oricon . Archived from the original on 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` シングルランキング週間 4 / 17 ~ 4 / 23 '' . Recochoku . Archived from the original on 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Les Misérables official website Idina Menzel Filmography Discography Studio albums Still I Ca n't Be Still Here I Stand Holiday Wishes Idina Live albums Live : Barefoot at the Symphony Singles `` Defying Gravity '' `` Brave '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Poker Face '' `` Let It Go '' Featured songs `` The Wizard and I '' `` What is this Feeling ? '' `` One Short Day '' `` I 'm Not that Girl '' `` Dancing Through Life '' `` For Good '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Concert tours Still I Ca n't Be Still Tour I Stand tour Barefoot at the Symphony Tour Idina Menzel : Live at Radio City Idina Menzel : World Tour Idina 2017 world tour Related articles Taye Diggs Book Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Susan Boyle Discography Studio albums I Dreamed a Dream ( 2009 ) The Gift ( 2010 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 2011 ) Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage ( 2012 ) Home For Christmas ( 2013 ) Hope ( 2014 ) A Wonderful World ( 2016 ) Singles `` Wild Horses '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` Perfect Day '' `` I Know Him So Well '' `` Enjoy the Silence '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` The Winner Takes It All '' `` You 'll See '' Featured singles `` Everybody Hurts '' `` A Mother 's Prayer '' Other songs `` Who I Was Born to Be '' Television Britain 's Got Talent I Dreamed a Dream : The Susan Boyle Story ( 2009 ) Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar ( 2011 ) Theatre I Dreamed a Dream ( musical ) Concert tours Susan Boyle in Concert ( 2013 -- 14 ) Related articles Syco Music Columbia Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Dreamed_a_Dream&oldid=816681355 '' Categories : 1980s ballads 1980 songs 1987 singles Songs from musicals Works based on Les Misérables Neil Diamond songs Aretha Franklin songs Susan Boyle songs Tomomi Kahara songs Songs with lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer Compositions in E-flat major 1980s jazz standards Syco Music singles Columbia Records singles Universal Music Japan singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2016 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Wallonia ) Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Frenchdigital Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Articles containing Japanese - language text Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Français 한국어 Italiano مصرى 日本語 Polski Português Русский Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings i dreamed a dream in les miserables	[ "\"I Dreamed a Dream\" is a song from the musical Les Misérables.[1] It is a solo that is sung by the character Fantine during the first act. The music is by Claude-Michel Schönberg, with orchestrations by John Cameron. The English lyrics are by Neil Diamond And Herbert Kretzmer, based on the original French libretto by Alain Boublil and Jean-Marc Natel from the original French production." ]	[ "the character Fantine" ]
965683480891787488	Behaviorism	Behaviorism - wikipedia Behaviorism Not to be confused with Behavioralism . `` Behavior analysis '' redirects here . For other uses , see Behavior analysis ( disambiguation ) . Behaviorism ( or behaviourism ) is a systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans and other animals . It assumes that all behaviors are either reflexes produced by a response to certain stimuli in the environment , or a consequence of that individual 's history , including especially reinforcement and punishment , together with the individual 's current motivational state and controlling stimuli . Although behaviorists generally accept the important role of inheritance in determining behavior , they focus primarily on environmental factors . Behaviorism combines elements of philosophy , methodology , and psychological theory . It emerged in the late nineteenth century as a reaction to depth psychology and other traditional forms of psychology , which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested experimentally . The earliest derivatives of Behaviorism can be traced back to the late 19th century where Edward Thorndike pioneered the law of effect , a process that involved strengthening behavior through the use of reinforcement . During the first half of the twentieth century , John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism , which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events . It was not until the 1930s that B.F. Skinner suggested that private events -- including thoughts and feelings -- should be subjected to the same controlling variables as observable behavior , which became the basis for his philosophy called radical behaviorism . While Watson and Ivan Pavlov investigated the stimulus - response procedures of classical conditioning , Skinner assessed the controlling nature of consequences and also its potential effect on the antecedents ( or discriminative stimuli ) that strengthens behavior ; the technique became known as operant conditioning . Skinner 's radical behaviorism has been highly successful experimentally , revealing new phenomena with new methods . But Skinner 's dismissal of theory limited its development . Theoretical behaviorism recognized that a historical system , an organism , has a state as well as sensitivity to stimuli and the ability to emit responses . Indeed , Skinner himself acknowledged the possibility of what he called `` latent '' responses in humans , even though he neglected to extend this idea to rats and pigeons . Latent responses constitute a repertoire , from which operant reinforcement can select . Skinner 's research was with animals . He studied principles of behavior with animals . His principles were relevant to animal behavior as well as human behavior . He called his methodology the experimental analysis of behavior . He did not develop principles of human learning . Skinner analyzed theoretically various types of human behavior using his principles of behavior . Those treatments have had great impact and are very important in the development of behaviorism . As will be indicated below , psychological behaviorism in contrast drew from the animal based behaviorism , but introduced the study of human learning and the development of the principles of human learning . The field of applied behavior analysis is considered by many to have derived from radical behaviorism . Actually the field derives from both radical behaviorism and the human based psychological behaviorism . Applied behavior analysis has been used in various settings including the treatment of disorders such as autism and substance abuse , as well as child raising , personality development , and abnormal behavior generally . In addition , psychological behaviorism has indicated how cognitive schools of psychological thought , while not behavioral , can be joined with a human oriented behaviorism . The field of cognitive behavior therapy , which has widely demonstrated utility in treating certain pathologies including simple phobias , PTSD , and mood disorders , has shown the productivity of that combination . Contents 1 Versions 1.1 Radical behaviorism 2 Experimental and conceptual innovations 3 Relation to language 4 Education 5 Operant conditioning 6 Classical conditioning 7 In philosophy 7.1 Molecular versus molar behaviorism 7.2 Psychological Behaviorism 7.3 21st - century behavior analysis 8 Behavior analysis and culture 9 Behavior informatics and behavior computing 10 Criticisms and limitations of behaviorism 11 List of notable behaviorists 12 See also 12.1 Related therapies 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Versions ( edit ) There is no universally agreed - upon classification , but some titles given to the various branches of behaviorism include : Methodological behaviorism : Watson 's behaviorism states that only public events ( behaviors of an individual ) can be objectively observed , and that therefore private events ( thoughts and feelings ) should be ignored . It also became the basis for the early approach behavior modification in the 1970s and early 1980s . Radical behaviorism : Skinner 's behaviorism theorizes that processes within the organism should be acknowledged , particularly the presence of private events ( such as thoughts and feelings ) , and suggests that environmental variables also control these internal events just as they control observable behaviors . Radical behaviorism forms the core philosophy behind behavior analysis . Willard Van Orman Quine used many of radical behaviorism 's ideas in his study of knowledge and language . Teleological behaviorism : Post-Skinnerian , purposive , close to microeconomics . Focuses on objective observation as opposed to cognitive processes . Theoretical behaviorism : Post-Skinnerian , accepts observable internal states ( `` within the skin '' once meant `` unobservable '' , but with modern technology we are not so constrained ) ; dynamic , but eclectic in choice of theoretical structures , emphasizes parsimony . Biological behaviorism : Post-Skinnerian , centered on perceptual and motor modules of behavior , theory of behavior systems . Psychological behaviorism : As proposed by Arthur W. Staats , unlike the previous behaviorisms of Skinner , Hull , and Tolman , was based upon a program of human research involving various types of human behavior . Psychological behaviorism introduces new principles of human learning . Humans learn not only by the animal learning principles but also by special human learning principles . Those principles involve human 's uniquely huge learning ability . Humans learn repertoires that enable them to learn other things . Human learning is thus cumulative . No other animal demonstrates that ability , making the human species unique . To understand the nature of radical behaviorism and psychological behaviorism , go to the wikipedia section on Psychological Behaviorism . Two subtypes are : Hullian and post-Hullian : theoretical , group data , not dynamic , physiological Purposive : Tolman 's behavioristic anticipation of cognitive psychology Radical behaviorism ( edit ) Main article : Radical behaviorism B.F. Skinner proposed radical behaviorism as the conceptual underpinning of the experimental analysis of behavior . This view differs from other approaches to behavioral research in various ways but , most notably here , it contrasts with methodological behaviorism in accepting feelings , states of mind and introspection as behaviors subject to scientific investigation . Like methodological behaviorism it rejects the reflex as a model of all behavior , and it defends the science of behavior as complementary to but independent of physiology . Radical behaviorism overlaps considerably with other western philosophical positions such as American pragmatism . Experimental and conceptual innovations ( edit ) This essentially philosophical position gained strength from the success of Skinner 's early experimental work with rats and pigeons , summarized in his books The Behavior of Organisms and Schedules of Reinforcement . Of particular importance was his concept of the operant response , of which the canonical example was the rat 's lever - press . In contrast with the idea of a physiological or reflex response , an operant is a class of structurally distinct but functionally equivalent responses . For example , while a rat might press a lever with its left paw or its right paw or its tail , all of these responses operate on the world in the same way and have a common consequence . Operants are often thought of as species of responses , where the individuals differ but the class coheres in its function - shared consequences with operants and reproductive success with species . This is a clear distinction between Skinner 's theory and S -- R theory . Skinner 's empirical work expanded on earlier research on trial - and - error learning by researchers such as Thorndike and Guthrie with both conceptual reformulations -- Thorndike 's notion of a stimulus -- response `` association '' or `` connection '' was abandoned ; and methodological ones -- the use of the `` free operant '' , so called because the animal was now permitted to respond at its own rate rather than in a series of trials determined by the experimenter procedures . With this method , Skinner carried out substantial experimental work on the effects of different schedules and rates of reinforcement on the rates of operant responses made by rats and pigeons . He achieved remarkable success in training animals to perform unexpected responses , to emit large numbers of responses , and to demonstrate many empirical regularities at the purely behavioral level . This lent some credibility to his conceptual analysis . It is largely his conceptual analysis that made his work much more rigorous than his peers ' , a point which can be seen clearly in his seminal work Are Theories of Learning Necessary ? in which he criticizes what he viewed to be theoretical weaknesses then common in the study of psychology . An important descendant of the experimental analysis of behavior is the Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior . Relation to language ( edit ) As Skinner turned from experimental work to concentrate on the philosophical underpinnings of a science of behavior , his attention turned to human language with his 1957 book Verbal Behavior and other language - related publications ; Verbal Behavior laid out a vocabulary and theory for functional analysis of verbal behavior , and was strongly criticized in a review by Noam Chomsky . Skinner did not respond in detail but claimed that Chomsky failed to understand his ideas , and the disagreements between the two and the theories involved have been further discussed . Innateness theory is opposed to behaviorist theory which claims that language is a set of habits that can be acquired by means of conditioning . According to some , the behaviorist account is a process which would be too slow to explain a phenomenon as complicated as language learning . What was important for a behaviorist 's analysis of human behavior was not language acquisition so much as the interaction between language and overt behavior . In an essay republished in his 1969 book Contingencies of Reinforcement , Skinner took the view that humans could construct linguistic stimuli that would then acquire control over their behavior in the same way that external stimuli could . The possibility of such `` instructional control '' over behavior meant that contingencies of reinforcement would not always produce the same effects on human behavior as they reliably do in other animals . The focus of a radical behaviorist analysis of human behavior therefore shifted to an attempt to understand the interaction between instructional control and contingency control , and also to understand the behavioral processes that determine what instructions are constructed and what control they acquire over behavior . Recently , a new line of behavioral research on language was started under the name of relational frame theory . Education ( edit ) See also : Philosophy of education § Realism Behaviourism focuses on one particular view of learning : a change in external behaviour achieved through using reinforcement and repetition ( Rote learning ) to shape behavior of learners . Skinner found that behaviors could be shaped when the use of reinforcement was implemented . Desired behavior is rewarded , while the undesired behavior is punished . Incorporating behaviorism into the classroom allowed educators to assist their students in excelling both academically and personally . In the field of language learning , this type of teaching was called the audio - lingual method , characterised by the whole class using choral chanting of key phrases , dialogues and immediate correction . Within the behaviourist view of learning , the `` teacher '' is the dominant person in the classroom and takes complete control , evaluation of learning comes from the teacher who decides what is right or wrong . The learner does not have any opportunity for evaluation or reflection within the learning process , they are simply told what is right or wrong . The conceptualization of learning using this approach could be considered `` superficial '' as the focus is on external changes in behaviour i.e. not interested in the internal processes of learning leading to behaviour change and has no place for the emotions involved the process . Operant conditioning ( edit ) Main article : Operant conditioning Operant conditioning was developed by B.F. Skinner in 1937 and deals with the modification of `` voluntary behaviour '' or operant behaviour . Operant behavior operates on the environment and is maintained by its consequences . Reinforcement and punishment , the core tools of operant conditioning , are either positive ( delivered following a response ) , or negative ( withdrawn following a response ) . Skinner created the Skinner Box or operant conditioning chamber to test the effects of operant conditioning principles on rats . From this study , he discovered that the rats learned very effectively if they were rewarded frequently . Skinner also found that he could shape the rats ' behavior through the use of rewards , which could , in turn , be applied to human learning as well . Classical conditioning ( edit ) Main article : Classical conditioning Although operant conditioning plays the largest role in discussions of behavioral mechanisms , classical conditioning ( or Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning ) is also an important behavior - analytic process that need not refer to mental or other internal processes . Pavlov 's experiments with dogs provide the most familiar example of the classical conditioning procedure . In simple conditioning , the dog was presented with a stimulus such as a light or a sound , and then food was placed in the dog 's mouth . After a few repetitions of this sequence , the light or sound by itself caused the dog to salivate . Although Pavlov proposed some tentative physiological processes that might be involved in classical conditioning , these have not been confirmed . The idea of classical conditioning helped behaviorist John Watson discover the key mechanism behind how humans acquire the behaviors that they do , which was to find a natural reflex that produces the response being considered . Watson 's `` Behaviourist Manifesto '' has three aspects that deserve special recognition : one is that psychology should be purely objective , with any interpretation of conscious experience being removed , thus leading to psychology as the `` science of behaviour '' ; the second one is that the goals of psychology should be to predict and control behaviour ( as opposed to describe and explain conscious mental states ; the third one is that there is no notable distinction between human and non-human behaviour . Following Darwin 's theory of evolution , this would simply mean that human behaviour is just a more complex version in respect to behaviour displayed by other species . In philosophy ( edit ) Behaviorism is a psychological movement that can be contrasted with philosophy of mind . The basic premise of radical behaviorism is that the study of behavior should be a natural science , such as chemistry or physics , without any reference to hypothetical inner states of organisms as causes for their behavior . Less radical varieties are unconcerned with philosophical positions on internal , mental and subjective experience . Behaviorism takes a functional view of behavior . According to Edmund Fantino and colleagues : `` Behavior analysis has much to offer the study of phenomena normally dominated by cognitive and social psychologists . We hope that successful application of behavioral theory and methodology will not only shed light on central problems in judgment and choice but will also generate greater appreciation of the behavioral approach . '' Behaviorist sentiments are not uncommon within philosophy of language and analytic philosophy . It is sometimes argued that Ludwig Wittgenstein defended a behaviorist position ( e.g. , the beetle in a box argument ) -- but while there are important relations between his thought and behaviorism , the claim that he was a behaviorist is quite controversial . Mathematician Alan Turing is also sometimes considered a behaviorist , but he himself did not make this identification . In logical and empirical positivism ( as held , e.g. , by Rudolf Carnap and Carl Hempel ) , the meaning of psychological statements are their verification conditions , which consist of performed overt behavior . W.V. Quine made use of a type of behaviorism , influenced by some of Skinner 's ideas , in his own work on language . Gilbert Ryle defended a distinct strain of philosophical behaviorism , sketched in his book The Concept of Mind . Ryle 's central claim was that instances of dualism frequently represented `` category mistakes '' , and hence that they were really misunderstandings of the use of ordinary language . Daniel Dennett likewise acknowledges himself to be a type of behaviorist , though he offers extensive criticism of radical behaviorism and refutes Skinner 's rejection of the value of intentional idioms and the possibility of free will . This is Dennett 's main point in `` Skinner Skinned . '' Dennett argues that there is a crucial difference between explaining and explaining away ... If our explanation of apparently rational behavior turns out to be extremely simple , we may want to say that the behavior was not really rational after all . But if the explanation is very complex and intricate , we may want to say not that the behavior is not rational , but that we now have a better understanding of what rationality consists in . ( Compare : if we find out how a computer program solves problems in linear algebra , we do n't say it 's not really solving them , we just say we know how it does it . On the other hand , in cases like Weizenbaum 's ELIZA program , the explanation of how the computer carries on a conversation is so simple that the right thing to say seems to be that the machine is n't really carrying on a conversation , it 's just a trick . ) -- Curtis Brown , Philosophy of Mind , `` Behaviorism : Skinner and Dennett '' Molecular versus molar behaviorism ( edit ) Skinner 's view of behavior is most often characterized as a `` molecular '' view of behavior ; that is , behavior can be decomposed into atomistic parts or molecules . This view is inconsistent with Skinner 's complete description of behavior as delineated in other works , including his 1981 article `` Selection by Consequences '' . Skinner proposed that a complete account of behavior requires understanding of selection history at three levels : biology ( the natural selection or phylogeny of the animal ) ; behavior ( the reinforcement history or ontogeny of the behavioral repertoire of the animal ) ; and for some species , culture ( the cultural practices of the social group to which the animal belongs ) . This whole organism then interacts with its environment . Molecular behaviorists use notions from melioration theory , negative power function discounting or additive versions of negative power function discounting . Molar behaviorists , such as Howard Rachlin , Richard Herrnstein , and William Baum , argue that behavior can not be understood by focusing on events in the moment . That is , they argue that behavior is best understood as the ultimate product of an organism 's history and that molecular behaviorists are committing a fallacy by inventing fictitious proximal causes for behavior . Molar behaviorists argue that standard molecular constructs , such as `` associative strength '' , are better replaced by molar variables such as rate of reinforcement . Thus , a molar behaviorist would describe `` loving someone '' as a pattern of loving behavior over time ; there is no isolated , proximal cause of loving behavior , only a history of behaviors ( of which the current behavior might be an example ) that can be summarized as `` love '' . Psychological behaviorism ( edit ) Radical Behaviorism , is essentially , an animal behaviorism . Skinner 's work was in animal research . He did not do research on humans . The responses that were studied with animals were simple immediate responses . They did not require learning . He did not study learning . He believed that the way to study human behavior was through using the methodology he developed with animals . His students who began to work with humans -- very valuable research -- was with simple responses , pulling a plunger , tapping a key . As valuable as it was , it did not study complex human behavior and the learning of complex human behavior . Psychological behaviorism , from its beginning , studied complex human behavior , various types of complex human behavior , in a program directed toward the study of complex human learning . Psychological behaviorism differed fundamentally from radical behaviorism in being a human behaviorism . Rather than radical behaviorism 's extension of animal behavior principles to analysis of human behavior , psychological behaviorism had a program of research on various kinds of human behavior . That brought to light the importance of learning in the formation of human behavior . It revealed that humans learned according to principles in a way that no other animal species does . The human species is unique among species in a way that can not be realized or understood in radical behaviorism . Psychological behaviorism is based upon a more than 60 year program of studying different kinds of complex human learning . That study makes radical behaviorism and psychological behaviorism fundamentally different . 21st - century behavior analysis ( edit ) This section contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The early term behavior modification has been obsolete since the 1990s as it currently refers to the brief revival of methodological behaviorism in the 1970s and early 1980s . Applied behavior analysis -- the term that replaced behavior modification -- has emerged into a thriving field . The independent development of behaviour analysis outside the US also continues to develop , In terms of motivation , there remains strong interest in the variety of human motivational behaviour factors , e.g. , . Some , may go as far as suggesting that the current rapid change in organisational behaviour could partly be attributed to some of these theories and the theories that are related to it . The interests among behavior analysts today are wide - ranging , as a review of the 30 Special Interest Groups ( SIGs ) within ABAI indicates . Such interests include everything from developmental disabilities and autism , to cultural psychology , clinical psychology , verbal behavior , Organizational Behavior Management ( OBM ; behavior analytic I -- O psychology ) . OBM has developed a particularly strong following within behavior analysis , as evidenced by the formation of the OBM Network and the influential Journal of Organizational Behavior Management ( JOBM ; recently rated the 3rd highest impact journal in applied psychology by ISI JOBM rating ) . Applications of behavioral technology , also known as applied behavior analysis or ABA , have been particularly well established in the area of developmental disabilities since the 1960s . Treatment of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders has grown especially rapidly since the mid-1990s . This demand for services encouraged the formation of a professional credentialing program administered by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board , Inc . ( BACB ) and accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies . As of early 2012 , there are over 300 BACB approved course sequences offered by about 200 colleges and universities worldwide preparing students for this credential and approximately 11,000 BACB certificants , most working in the United States . The Association of Professional Behavior Analysts was formed in 2008 to meet the needs of these ABA professionals . Modern behavior analysis has also witnessed a massive resurgence in research and applications related to language and cognition , with the development of relational frame theory ( RFT ; described as a `` Post-Skinnerian account of language and cognition '' ) . RFT also forms the empirical basis for the highly successful and data - driven acceptance and commitment therapy ( ACT ) . In fact , researchers and practitioners in RFT / ACT have become sufficiently prominent that they have formed their own specialized organization that is highly behaviorally oriented , known as the Association for Contextual Behavioral Science ( ACBS ) . Some of the current prominent behavior analytic journals include the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis ( JABA ) , the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior ( JEAB ) JEAB website , the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management ( JOBM ) , Behavior and Social Issues ( BSI ) , as well as the Psychological Record . Currently , the US has 14 ABAI accredited MA and PhD programs for comprehensive study in behavior analysis . Behavior analysis and culture ( edit ) Cultural analysis has always been at the philosophical core of radical behaviorism from the early days ( as seen in Skinner 's Walden Two , Science & Human Behavior , Beyond Freedom & Dignity , and About Behaviorism ) . During the 1980s , behavior analysts , most notably Sigrid Glenn , had a productive interchange with cultural anthropologist Marvin Harris ( the most notable proponent of `` cultural materialism '' ) regarding interdisciplinary work . Very recently , behavior analysts have produced a set of basic exploratory experiments in an effort toward this end . Behaviorism is also frequently used in game development , although this application is controversial . Behavior informatics and behavior computing ( edit ) With the fast growth of big behavioral data and applications , behavior analysis is ubiquitous . Understanding behavior from the informatics and computing perspective becomes increasingly critical for in - depth understanding of what , why and how behaviors are formed , interact , evolve , change and affect business and decision . Behavior informatics and behavior computing deeply explore behavior intelligence and behavior insights from the informatics and computing perspectives . Criticisms and limitations of behaviorism ( edit ) See also : Cognitive psychology and Cognitive neuroscience In the second half of the 20th century , behaviorism was largely eclipsed as a result of the cognitive revolution . This shift was due to methodological behaviorism being highly criticized for not examining mental processes , and this led to the development of the cognitive therapy movement . In the mid-20th century , three main influences arose that would inspire and shape cognitive psychology as a formal school of thought : Noam Chomsky 's 1959 critique of behaviorism , and empiricism more generally , initiated what would come to be known as the `` cognitive revolution '' . Developments in computer science would lead to parallels being drawn between human thought and the computational functionality of computers , opening entirely new areas of psychological thought . Allen Newell and Herbert Simon spent years developing the concept of artificial intelligence ( AI ) and later worked with cognitive psychologists regarding the implications of AI . The effective result was more of a framework conceptualization of mental functions with their counterparts in computers ( memory , storage , retrieval , etc . ) Formal recognition of the field involved the establishment of research institutions such as George Mandler 's Center for Human Information Processing in 1964 . Mandler described the origins of cognitive psychology in a 2002 article in the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences In the early years of cognitive psychology , behaviorist critics held that the empiricism it pursued was incompatible with the concept of internal mental states . Cognitive neuroscience , however , continues to gather evidence of direct correlations between physiological brain activity and putative mental states , endorsing the basis for cognitive psychology . List of notable behaviorists ( edit ) Donald Baer Albert Bandura Dermot Barnes - Holmes Vladimir Bekhterev Sidney W. Bijou Charles Ferster Jacque Fresco Edwin Ray Guthrie Steven C. Hayes Richard J. Herrnstein Clark L. Hull Brian Iwata Alan E. Kazdin Fred S. Keller Jon Levy Marsha M. Linehan Ole Ivar Lovaas Neal E. Miller O. Hobart Mowrer Charles E. Osgood Ivan Pavlov Murray Sidman B.F. Skinner Kenneth W. Spence J.E.R. Staddon Edward Thorndike Edward C. Tolman John B. Watson Montrose Wolf See also ( edit ) Antecedent stimuli Behavior analysis of child development Behavioral change theories Behavioral economics Behavioral medicine Behavioral neuroscience Counterconditioning Criminology Dog behaviorist Emergency psychiatry Ethology Functional analysis ( psychology ) Habituation List of publications in psychology § Behaviorism The Logic of Modern Physics Law of effect Mentalism ( psychology ) Models of abnormality § Behavioural model Observational learning Operationalization Pharmacology § Behavioral pharmacology Perceptual control theory Professional practice of behavior analysis Punishment Reinforcement Relational frame theory Token economy Verbal Behavior ZebraBox Zoosemiotics Related therapies ( edit ) Acceptance and commitment therapy Applied animal behavior Behavioral activation Behavior modification Behavior therapy Biofeedback Clinical behavior analysis Cognitive behavior therapy Contingency management Desensitization Dialectical behavior therapy Direct instruction Discrete trial training Exposure and response prevention Exposure therapy Functional analytic psychotherapy Habit reversal training Organizational behavior management Pivotal response treatment Positive behavior support Rational emotive behavior therapy Social skills training Systematic desensitization References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chiesa , Mecca ( 1994 ) . Radical Behaviorism : The Philosophy and the Science . Authors Cooperative , Inc . pp. 1 -- 241 . ISBN 0962331147 . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillenburger , Karola & Keenan , Mickey ( 2009 ) . `` None of the As in ABA stand for autism : Dispelling the myths '' . Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability. 34 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 195 . doi : 10.1080 / 13668250902845244 . PMID 19404840 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Staddon , John ( 2014 ) The New Behaviorism ( 2nd edition ) Philadelphia , PA : Psychology Press . Jump up ^ Staddon , J. Theoretical behaviorism . Philosophy and Behavior . ( 45 ) in press . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats ( 2012 ) . The Marvelous Learning Animal . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats ( 1983 ) . Psychology 's Crisis of Disunity : Philosophy and Method for a Unified Science . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats ( 1971 ) . Child Learning , Intelligence , and Personality : Principles of a Behavioral Interaction Approach . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats ( 1967 ) . Learning , Language , & Cognition : Theory , Research , and Method for the Study of Human Behavior and Its Development . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats ( 1975 ) . Social Behaviorism . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats ( 1996 ) . Behavior and Personality : Psychological Behaviorism . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats ( 1963 ) . Complex Human Behavior : A Systematic Extension of Learning Principles . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthur W. Staats ( 1972 ) . `` Language Behavior Therapy : A Derivation of Social Behaviorism '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Skinner , BF ( 1976 ) . About Behaviorism . New York : Random House , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 71618 - 3 . Jump up ^ Moxley , R.A. ( 2004 ) . `` Pragmatic selectionism : The philosophy of behavior analysis '' ( PDF ) . The Behavior Analyst Today . 5 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1991 ) . The Behavior of Organisms . Copley Pub Group . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 87411 - 487 - X . Jump up ^ Cheney , Carl D. ; Ferster , Charles B. ( 1997 ) . Schedules of Reinforcement ( B.F. Skinner Reprint Series ) . Acton , MA : Copley Publishing Group . p. 758 . ISBN 0 - 87411 - 828 - X . Jump up ^ Commons , M.L. ( 2001 ) . `` A short history of the Society for the Quantitative Analysis of Behavior '' ( PDF ) . Behavior Analyst Today . 2 ( 3 ) : 275 -- 9 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Thornbury , Scott ( 1998 ) . `` The Lexical Approach : A journey without maps '' . Modern English Teacher. 7 ( 4 ) : 7 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Skinner , Burrhus Frederick ( 1957 ) . Verbal Behavior . Acton , Massachusetts : Copley Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 58390 - 021 - 7 . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1969 ) . `` An operant analysis of problem - solving '' : 133 -- 57 . ; chapter in Skinner , B.F. ( 1969 ) . Contingencies of reinforcement : a theoretical analysis . Appleton - Century - Crofts . p. 283 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 171728 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ; Skinner , B.F. ( 1959 ) . `` A Review of B.F. Skinner 's Verbal Behavior '' . Language . 35 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 58 . doi : 10.2307 / 411334 . JSTOR 411334 . Jump up ^ Kennison , Shelia M. ( 2013 ) . Introduction to language development . Los Angeles : SAGE Publications . ISBN 9781483315324 . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1972 ) . `` I Have Been Misunderstood '' . Center Magazine ( March -- April ) : 63 . Jump up ^ MacCorquodale , K. ( 1970 ) . `` On Chomsky 's Review of Skinner 's VERBAL BEHAVIOR '' . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 13 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 99 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 1970.13 - 83 . PMC 1333660 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stemmer , N. ( 1990 ) . `` Skinner 's verbal behavior , Chomsky 's review , and mentalism '' . J Exp Anal Behav. 54 ( 3 ) : 307 -- 15 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 1990.54 - 307 . PMC 1323000 . PMID 2103585 . Jump up ^ Thornbury , Scott ( 2006 ) . An A-Z of ELT . Oxford : Macmillan . p. 24 . ISBN 1405070633 . Jump up ^ Douglas Brown , H ( 2000 ) . Principles of Language Learning and Teaching ( Fourth ed . ) . White Plains : Longman / Pearson Education . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 017816 - 0 . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1969 ) . Contingencies of reinforcement : a theoretical analysis . Appleton - Century - Crofts . p. 283 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 171728 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Behaviorism - Learning Theories '' . Learning Theories. 2007 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Classical and Operant Conditioning - Behaviorist Theories '' . Learning Theories. 2015 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Pavlov '' . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard Gross , Psychology : The Science of Mind and Behaviour Jump up ^ Fantino , E. ; Stolarz - Fantino , S. ; Navarro , A. ( 2003 ) . `` Logical fallacies : A behavioral approach to reasoning '' . The Behavior Analyst Today . 4 . p. 116 ( pp. 109 -- 117 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dennett , D.C. `` The Message is : There is no Medium '' . Tufts University . Archived from the original on 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dennett , Daniel ( 1981 ) . Brainstorms : Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology . Bradford Books . MIT Press . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 54037 - 7 . LCCN 78013723 . Jump up ^ Brown , Curtis ( 2001 ) . `` Behaviorism : Skinner and Dennett '' . Philosophy of Mind . San Antonio , TX : Trinity University . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F ( 31 July 1981 ) . `` Selection by Consequences '' ( PDF ) . Science . 213 ( 4507 ) : 501 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 213 ... 501S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7244649 . PMID 7244649 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Fantino , E. ( 2000 ) . `` Delay - reduction theory -- the case for temporal context : comment on Grace and Savastano ( 2000 ) '' . J Exp Psychol Gen. 129 ( 4 ) : 444 -- 6 . doi : 10.1037 / 0096 - 3445.129. 4.444 . PMID 11142857 . Jump up ^ Baum , W.M. ( 2003 ) . `` The molar view of behavior and its usefulness in behavior analysis '' . Behavior Analyst Today . 4 : 78 -- 81 . doi : 10.1037 / h0100009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mace , F. Charles ( 1994 ) . `` The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 27 ( 2 ) : 385 -- 392 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1994.27 - 385 . PMC 1297814 . PMID 16795830 . Jump up ^ Pelios , L. ; Morren , J. ; Tesch , D. ; Axelrod , S. ( 1999 ) . `` The impact of functional analysis methodology on treatment choice for self - injurious and aggressive behavior '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 32 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 95 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1999.32 - 185 . PMC 1284177 . PMID 10396771 . Jump up ^ Mace , F. Charles ; Critchfield , Thomas S. ( May 2010 ) . `` Translational research in behavior analysis : Historic traditions and imperative for the future '' . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 93 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 312 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 2010.93 - 293 . PMC 2861871 . PMID 21119847 . Jump up ^ Kellaway , Lucy ( 7 January 2015 ) . `` My team gets more excited by loo roll than business budgets : Work problems answered '' . London : Financial Times . p. 10 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Eyres , Harry ( 19 December 2009 ) . `` Peaks in a trough year : The Slow Lane '' . Financial Times . p. 22 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Stern , Stefan ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Keep up motivation levels through long summer days '' . London : Financial Times . p. 12 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Skapinker , Michael ( 11 December 2002 ) . `` Human capitalism : Does treating workers well help business too ? A PwC report provides some evidence '' . London : Financial Times . p. 22 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Skapinker , Michael ( 9 April 2013 ) . `` The 50 ideas that shaped business today '' . London : Financial Times . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reinventing the deal ; American capitalism '' ( 417.8961 ) . London : The Economist. 24 October 2015 . pp. 21 -- 24 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hayes , S.C. ; Barnes - Holmes , D. & Roche , B. ( 2001 ) Relational Frame Theory : A Post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition . Kluwer Academic : New York . Jump up ^ Ward , Todd A. ; Eastman , Raymond ; Ninness , Chris ( 2009 ) . `` An Experimental Analysis of Cultural Materialism : The Effects of Various Modes of Production on Resource Sharing '' . Behavior and Social Issues . 18 : 1 -- 23 . doi : 10.5210 / bsi. v18i1. 1950 . Jump up ^ Jon Radoff ( 2011 ) . `` Gamification , Behaviorism and Bullsh $ ! '' . Radoff.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cao , Longbing ( 2010 ) . `` In - depth Behavior Understanding and Use : the Behavior Informatics Approach '' . Information Science . 180 ( 17 ) : 3067 -- 3085 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ins. 2010.03. 025 . Jump up ^ Cao , Longbing ; Joachims , Thorsten ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Behavior Informatics : A New Perspective '' . IEEE Intelligent Systems . 29 ( 4 ) : 62 -- 80 . doi : 10.1109 / mis. 2014.60 . Jump up ^ Cao , Longbing ; Yu , Philip ( eds ) ( 2012 ) . Behavior Computing : Modeling , Analysis , Mining and Decision . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4471 - 2969 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cao , Longbing ; Motoda , Hiroshi ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Behavior and Social Computing . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 04047 - 9 . Jump up ^ Friesen , N. ( 2005 ) . Mind and Machine : Ethical and Epistemological Implications for Research . Thompson Rivers University , B.C. , Canada . Jump up ^ Waldrop , M.M. ( 2002 ) . The Dream Machine : JCR Licklider and the revolution that made computing personal . New York : Penguin Books . ( pp. 139 -- 40 ) . Jump up ^ Chomsky , N ( 1959 ) . `` Review of Skinner 's Verbal Behavior '' . Language . 35 : 26 -- 58 . doi : 10.2307 / 411334 . Chomsky N. Preface to the reprint of A Review of Skinner 's Verbal Behavior . In : Jakobovits L.A , Miron M.S , editors . Readings in the psychology of language . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall ; 1967 . Jump up ^ Mandler , George ( 2002 ) . `` Origins of the cognitive ( r ) evolution '' . Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences . 38 : 339 -- 353 . doi : 10.1002 / jhbs. 10066 . PMID 12404267 . Further reading ( edit ) Baum , W.M. ( 2005 ) Understanding behaviorism : Behavior , Culture and Evolution . Blackwell . Cao , L.B. ( 2013 ) IJCAI2013 tutorial on behavior informatics and computing . Cao , L.B. ( 2014 ) Non-IIDness Learning in Behavioral and Social Data , The Computer Journal , 57 ( 9 ) : 1358 -- 1370 . Chiesa , Mecca ( 1994 ) . `` Radical Behaviorism : The Philosophy and the Science '' . Authors Cooperative , Inc . Cooper , John O. , Heron , Timothy E. , & Heward , William L. ( 2007 ) . `` Applied Behavior Analysis : Second Edition '' . Pearson . Ferster , C.B. & Skinner , B.F. ( 1957 ) . Schedules of reinforcement . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Malott , Richard W. Principles of Behavior . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Prentice Hall , 2008 . Print . Mills , John A. , Control : A History of Behavioral Psychology , Paperback Edition , New York University Press 2000 . Lattal , K.A. & Chase , P.N. ( 2003 ) `` Behavior Theory and Philosophy '' . Plenum . Pierce , W. David & Cheney , Carl D. ( 2013 ) . `` Behavior Analysis and Learning : Fifth Edition '' . Psychology Press . Plotnik , Rod . ( 2005 ) Introduction to Psychology . Thomson - Wadsworth ( ISBN 0 - 534 - 63407 - 9 ) . Rachlin , H. ( 1991 ) Introduction to modern behaviorism . ( 3rd edition . ) New York : Freeman . Skinner , B.F. Beyond Freedom & Dignity , Hackett Publishing Co , Inc 2002 . Skinner , B.F. ( 1938 ) . The behavior of organisms . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Skinner , B.F. ( 1945 ) . `` The operational analysis of psychological terms '' . Psychological Review . 52 ( 270 -- 7 ) : 290 -- 4 . doi : 10.1037 / h0062535 . Skinner , B.F. ( 1953 ) . Science and Human Behavior ( ISBN 0 - 02 - 929040 - 6 ) Online version . Skinner , B.F. ( 1957 ) . Verbal behavior . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . Skinner , B.F. ( 1969 ) . Contingencies of reinforcement : a theoretical analysis . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Skinner , B.F. ( 31 July 1981 ) . `` Selection by Consequences '' ( PDF ) . Science . 213 ( 4507 ) : 501 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1981Sci ... 213 ... 501S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7244649 . PMID 7244649 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Klein , P. ( 2013 ) `` Explanation of Behavioural Psychotherapy Styles '' . ( 1 ) . Staddon , J. ( 2014 ) The New Behaviorism , 2nd Edition . Philadelphia , PA : Psychology Press . pp. xi , 1 -- 282 . Watson , J.B. ( 1913 ) . Psychology as the behaviorist views it . Psychological Review , 20 , 158 -- 177 . ( on - line ) . Watson , J.B. ( 1919 ) . Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist . Watson , J.B. ( 1924 ) . Behaviorism . Zuriff , G.E. ( 1985 ) . Behaviorism : A Conceptual Reconstruction , Columbia University Press . LeClaire , J. and Rushin , J.P. ( 2010 ) Behavioral Analytics For Dummies . Wiley . ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 58727 - 0 ) . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Behaviorism Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Wikiquote has quotations related to : Behaviorism Look up behaviorism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Automated Behavior analysis Behavior Informatics Graham , George . `` Behaviorism '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . `` Behaviorism '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Dictionary of the History of Ideas : Behaviorism Books and Journal Articles On Behaviorism Wuerzburg University : behaviourism B.F. Skinner Foundation Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies Skinner 's Theories APA Behaviour Analysis Association for Behavior Analysis Theory of Behavioral Anthropology ( Documents No. 9 and 10 in English ) California Association for Behavior Analysis Examining Learning From Multiple Perspectives by Michigan State University Association for Contextual Behavioral Science Behavior Analysis Online Tutorials Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive / Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Neuropsychology Perception Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Psychophysics Qualitative research Quantitative research Self - report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists Wilhelm Wundt ( 1832 -- 1920 ) William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) John B. Watson ( 1878 -- 1958 ) Clark L. Hull ( 1884 -- 1952 ) Kurt Lewin ( 1890 -- 1947 ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) Gordon Allport ( 1897 -- 1967 ) J.P. Guilford ( 1897 -- 1987 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) B.F. Skinner ( 1904 -- 1990 ) Donald O. Hebb ( 1904 -- 1985 ) Ernest Hilgard ( 1904 -- 2001 ) Harry Harlow ( 1905 -- 1981 ) Raymond Cattell ( 1905 -- 1998 ) Abraham Maslow ( 1908 -- 1970 ) Neal E. Miller ( 1909 -- 2002 ) Jerome Bruner ( 1915 -- 2016 ) Donald T. Campbell ( 1916 -- 1996 ) Hans Eysenck ( 1916 -- 1997 ) Herbert A. Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) David McClelland ( 1917 -- 1998 ) Leon Festinger ( 1919 -- 1989 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1920 -- 2012 ) Richard Lazarus ( 1922 -- 2002 ) Stanley Schachter ( 1922 -- 1997 ) Robert Zajonc ( 1923 -- 2008 ) Albert Bandura ( b . 1925 ) Roger Brown ( 1925 -- 1997 ) Endel Tulving ( b . 1927 ) Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) Noam Chomsky ( b . 1928 ) Ulric Neisser ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Jerome Kagan ( b . 1929 ) Walter Mischel ( b . 1930 ) Elliot Aronson ( b . 1932 ) Daniel Kahneman ( b . 1934 ) Paul Ekman ( b . 1934 ) Michael Posner ( b . 1936 ) Amos Tversky ( 1937 -- 1996 ) Bruce McEwen ( b . 1938 ) Larry Squire ( b . 1941 ) Richard E. Nisbett ( b . 1941 ) Martin Seligman ( b . 1942 ) Ed Diener ( b . 1946 ) Shelley E. Taylor ( b . 1946 ) John Anderson ( b . 1947 ) Ronald C. Kessler ( b . 1947 ) Joseph E. LeDoux ( b . 1949 ) Richard Davidson ( b . 1951 ) Susan Fiske ( b . 1952 ) Roy Baumeister ( b . 1953 ) Lists Counseling topics Disciplines Important publications Organizations Outline Psychologists Psychotherapies Research methods Schools of thought Timeline Topics Wiktionary definition Wiktionary category Wikisource Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikinews Wikibooks Philosophy of mind Theories Behaviorism ( Radical ) Biological naturalism Cognitive psychology Mind -- body dualism Eliminative materialism Emergent materialism Emergentism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Idealism Interactionism Materialism Monism Naïve realism Neurophenomenology Neutral monism Occasionalism Psychoanalysis Parallelism Phenomenalism Phenomenology Physicalism identity theory Property dualism Representational Solipsism Substance dualism Concepts Abstract object Artificial intelligence Chinese room Cognition Cognitive closure Concept Concept and object Consciousness Hard problem of consciousness Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Ingenuity Intelligence Intentionality Introspection Intuition Language of thought Materialism Mental event Mental image Mental process Mental property Mental representation Mind Mind -- body problem Non-physical entity New mysterianism Pain Problem of other minds Propositional attitude Qualia Tabula rasa Understanding Zombie more ... Related topics Metaphysics Philosophy of artificial intelligence / information / perception / self Portal Philosophers category Project Task Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behaviorism&oldid=854169801 '' Categories : Behaviorism Mind -- body problem Philosophy of psychology Psychological theories Theory of mind Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Pages incorrectly using the quote template Articles with a promotional tone from March 2015 All articles with a promotional tone Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Tok Pisin Polski Português Română Русский Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 12 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who posts that learning is a central process in understanding human behaviour	[]	[]
4399473862791053882	Man's best friend (phrase)	Man 's best friend ( phrase ) - wikipedia Man 's best friend ( phrase ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Man 's best friend ( disambiguation ) . Dog is Man 's best friend `` Man 's best friend '' is a common phrase about domestic dogs , referring to their millennia - long history of close relations , loyalty , and companionship with humans . The first recorded use of a related phrase is by Frederick the Great of Prussia . It was likely popularized by its use in a poem by Ogden Nash and has since become a common colloquialism . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Argos and Odysseus 1.2 Yudhishthira refuses heaven to stay with his dog 2 Sources 2.1 King Frederick of Prussia 2.2 Poet C.S. van Winkle 2.3 Attorney George Graham Vest 2.4 Writer Voltaire 3 References History ( edit ) Before the evolution of wolf into dog , it is posited that humans and wolves worked together hunting game . Wolves were the superior tracker but humans were the superior killer ; thus wolves would lead humans to the prey and humans would leave some of the meat to the wolves . This working relationship eventually led to the evolution of dogs , though there is controversy as to the exact nature of that transition . Some say wolves evolved naturally into dogs , wherein the wolves that worked best with humans slowly began to assimilate and pass their domesticated genes down . Others say that humans took wolf pups and raised them to be domesticated . Either way , humans and dogs formed a working relationship . Previous to the 19th century , breeds of dogs ( other than lap dogs ) were largely functional . They served for activities such as hunting , watching , and guarding , language describing the dog often reflected these positions within society . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , `` In the oldest proverbs and phrases dogs are rarely depicted as faithful or as man 's best friend , but as vicious , ravening , or watchful . '' Beginning in the 18th century , multiplying in the 19th and flourishing in the 20th century , language and attitudes towards dogs began to shift . Possibly , this societal shift can be attributed to discovery of the rabies vaccine in 1869 . Argos and Odysseus ( edit ) In Homer 's Odyssey ( c. 8th century BC ) , upon Odysseus ' return , his beloved dog Argos is the only individual to recognize him . Odysseus anonymously asks his old friend , `` Eumaeus , what a noble hound that is over yonder on the manure heap : his build is splendid ; is he as fine a fellow as he looks , or is he only one of those dogs that come begging about a table , and are kept merely for show ? '' `` This dog , '' answered Eumaeus , `` belonged to him who has died in a far country . If he were what he was when Odysseus left for Troy , he would soon show you what he could do . There was not a wild beast in the forest that could get away from him when he was once on its tracks . But now he has fallen on evil times , for his master is dead and gone , and the women take no care of him . '' Unable to greet his beloved dog , as this would betray who he really was , Odysseus passed by ( but not without shedding a tear ) and entered the well - built mansion , and made straight for the riotous pretenders in the hall . But Argos passed into the darkness of death , now that he had fulfilled his destiny of faith and seen his master once more after twenty years . This story shows both companionship and neglect towards dogs amongst humans . Yudhishthira refuses Heaven to stay with his dog ( edit ) It is said that giving up all their belongings and ties , the Pandavas , accompanied by a dog , made their final journey of pilgrimage to the Himalayas . Yudhishthira was the only one to reach the mountain peak in his mortal body , because he was unblemished by sin or untruth . On reaching the top , Indra asked him to abandon the dog before entering the Heaven . But Yudhishthira refused to do so , citing the dog 's unflinching loyalty as a reason . It turned out that the dog was his god - father , Dharma . The incident symbolized that dharma follows you till the end . Sources ( edit ) King Frederick of Prussia ( edit ) The statement that Dog is man 's best friend was first recorded as being made by Frederick , King of Prussia ( 1740 - 1786 ) . Frederick referred to one of his Italian Greyhounds as his best friend . Poet C.S. van Winkle ( edit ) The earliest citation in the U.S. is traced to a poem printed in the The New - York Literary Journal , Volume 4 , 1821 : The faithful dog -- why should I strive To speak his merits , while they live In every breast , and man 's best friend Does often at his heels attend . Attorney George Graham Vest ( edit ) In 1870 Warrensburg , Missouri , George Graham Vest represented a farmer suing for damages after his dog , Old Drum , had been shot and killed . Vest 's closing speech included this quote , `` The one absolutely unselfish friend that a man can have in this selfish world , the one that never deserts him and the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous is his dog . '' In 1958 , a statue of Old Drum was erected on the Johnson County Courthouse lawn containing a summation of Vest 's closing speech , `` A man 's best friend is his dog . '' Writer Voltaire ( edit ) Much earlier , however , Voltaire had written in his Dictionnaire philosophique of 1764 : CHIEN . -- Il semble que la nature ait donné le chien à l'homme pour sa défense et pour son plaisir . C'est de tous les animaux le plus fidèle : c'est le meilleur ami que puisse avoir l'homme . Translated , this reads : DOG . -- It seems that nature has given the dog to man for his defense and for his pleasure . Of all the animals it is the most faithful : it is the best friend man can have . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Derr , Mark . `` How Dog 's Evolved Into `` Our Best Friend '' `` . NPR . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Paton , Bernadette ( 2013 ) . `` The dog : man 's best friend ? ( The use of man 's best friend has usually been about dogs . They are hard working and reliable mammals ) . '' . www.oed.com . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laveaux , C.J. & King of Prussia , F ( 1789 ) . The life of Frederick the Second , King of Prussia : To which are added observations , Authentic Documents , and a Variety of Anecdotes . J. Derbett London . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Martin , Gary . `` Man 's Best Friend . '' The Phrase Finder . N.p. , n.d. Web . 13 July 2013 . < http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/mans-best-friend.html > . Jump up ^ Van Winkle , C.S. , ed . Vol. 4 . New York : C.S. van Winkle , 1821 . 123 . The New - York Literary Journal , and Belles - lettres Repository , Volume 4 . University of Minnesota . Web . 13 July 2013 . < https://books.google.com/books?id=raceAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=faithful+dog > . Jump up ^ Coren , Stanley ( 2009 - 10 - 21 ) . `` '' A Man 's Best Friend is his Dog `` : The Senator , the Dog , and the Trial '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Trial of Old Drum -- New York Times Television Review -- June 9 , 2000 Jump up ^ Oeuvres complètes , tome 7ième , Paris 1817 , p. 587 books. google Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man%27s_best_friend_(phrase)&oldid=798307140 '' Categories : Dogs as pets English - language idioms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 04 : 10 . About Wikipedia	where did the phrase man's best friend come from	[]	[]
-665834887284311130	Lynette Scavo	Lynette Scavo - wikipedia Lynette Scavo Jump to : navigation , search This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lynette Scavo Desperate Housewives character Portrayed by Felicity Huffman Duration 2004 -- 12 First appearance `` Pilot '' 1x01 , October 3 , 2004 Last appearance `` Finishing the Hat '' 8x23 , May 13 , 2012 Created by Marc Cherry Spin - off appearances Desperate Housewives : The Game ( 2006 ) Profile Other names Lynette Lindquist ( maiden name ) Lynnie ( by her mother ) Occupation CEO Former Interior Designer Advertising Executing Restaurant Manager Residence Upper East Side , New York , New York Former 4355 Wisteria Lane Fairview , Eagle State Chicago , Illinois ( before Season 1 ) ( show ) Family Parents Stella Lindquist Siblings Lucy Lindquist Lydia Lindquist Spouse Tom Scavo Children Porter Scavo Preston Scavo Parker Scavo Penny Lynn Scavo Paige Scavo Patrick Scavo ( miscarriage ) Grandchildren Sophie Mayer - Scavo ( via Porter with Julie ) Six other grandchildren Other relatives Polly ( aunt ) Lynette Scavo ( née Lindquist ) is a fictional character and one of the four protagonists on the series Desperate Housewives . The character is played by actress Felicity Huffman , who won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for the role in 2005 , and was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy for 2005 to 2007 . While show creator Marc Cherry based Bree Van de Kamp 's family on his teenage years , he based Lynette 's on his childhood life . Other actresses who claim to have auditioned for the show include Alex Kingston , who was apparently turned down for being too curvy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Past 1.2 Season 1 1.3 Season 2 1.4 Season 3 1.5 Season 4 1.5. 1 Five - year jump 1.6 Season 5 1.7 Season 6 1.8 Season 7 1.9 Season 8 2 References History ( edit ) Past ( edit ) Lynette Marie Lindquist was the eldest of three daughters born to Stella Lindquist and her first husband . After their father 's death , their mother had a series of unpleasant and unstable boyfriends , but finally married Glenn Wingfield , whom Lynette adored . After a short time , Glenn left , and Lynette blamed her mother for driving him away for a long time . Stella finally remarries in season seven but is widowed about a week after their wedding . She graduated from Northwestern University . In season one , it is learned that she met Tom when they worked together in Advertising . They married and moved to Wisteria Lane . Lynette has six children with Tom , with the last pregnancy there was a difficulty and one of the twins had died and not to mention the love child Tom had with a one - night stand twelve years before he met Lynette , which resulted to Tom having a child with Nora Huntington . After Nora 's death , Kayla moved in full - time from season three to the end of season four . Lynette is always willing to do what is best for her family . Season 1 ( edit ) As the series begins , Lynette is near to breaking point - stuck at home alone with four kids . Her husband is always away on business trips or at work . Lynette struggled to cope with her four children until Preston and Porter were prescribed medication for ADHD ( attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ) . Lynette decided not to medicate them and started taking the medication herself so she could make the costumes for a school play . Realising she was addicted , Lynette managed to stop taking the pills after she and Tom hired a nanny . Unfortunately the nanny did n't stay long as she caught Tom 's eye a little too much . Her problems got worse when Tom told her that he was offered a lucrative promotion that would take him away from home more often , which he refused to discuss with her , so she made sure that his boss did n't offer him the promotion . When Tom found out what Lynette had done , he quit his job , and in the season finale informs her that she will be going back to work . Lynette also has trouble with Tom 's ex-girlfriend , Annabel Foster . So , she talks to an executive of her old firm , and Tom 's firm , to hire his ex as the VP of the firm , which she willingly does . When Tom finds out what Lynette had done , he forgives her , and decides to be a stay - at - home dad , where she has to go back to work , and earn the money . Season 2 ( edit ) Lynette got a job at an advertising agency and for much of the season , deals with obstacles at work and colleagues . Stu , a bumbling secretary at the agency , is kind to Lynette , often doing her favors or helping her in tough situations . Nina is the boss from hell ; bitchy , self - centered and neurotic . She causes Lynette many problems and stresses her out with work . Ed , the boss , is the seemingly cool guy but his faults lead to Tom being fired after working with her at the agency for a while . Lynette also testifies for Bree when she is accused of child abuse but makes Bree realise she has a problem with alcohol . At the end of the season , Lynette thinks Tom is cheating on her but discovers Tom has another child - resulting from a one - night stand before he met Lynette - a daughter , Kayla Huntington . She and her mother , Nora Huntington , use the back child support from Tom to move to Fairview so Kayla can get to know her father , stepmother and half - siblings . Season 3 ( edit ) Lynette has trouble adjusting to Nora and Kayla being around but does her best . Lynette learns Nora wants Tom back and warns her to keep her distance . When Nora decides to leave town with Kayla in tow , Lynette and Tom sue for custody . However , a court date becomes unnecessary when Nora and Lynette are held hostage in a supermarket by Carolyn Bigsby , Nora is shot and killed during the standoff . As Nora lays dying , Lynette pledges to always care for Kayla . Lynette is shot in the arm , but survives . Lynette and Kayla struggle to get on as Kayla blames Lynette for her mother 's death . When an out - of - work Tom follows his lifelong dream to open a pizzeria , Lynette attempts to support him . When a back injury leaves Tom bedridden and Lynette solely responsible for the operation of the restaurant , Lynette hires a manager , Rick , for whom she quickly develops romantic feelings . Tom , jealous and suspicious , demands that Rick leave the business but Rick refuses . When he confesses to Lynette that he is attracted to her , she fires him , establishing firmly that her family matters more than her business . Following a nasty fall out of bed , Lynette undergoes a CAT scan which reveals swollen lymph nodes . In the season finale , Lynette tells her sister Lucy that she has been diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma and asks her for a loan . Lucy is sympathetic but unable to help as her husband has just lost his job . Tom borrows the money from Lynette 's mother , Stella Wingfield , much to his wife 's chagrin . Stella tells Lynette that she is moving in to help with the family while Lynette fights cancer . Season 4 ( edit ) While undergoing chemotherapy , Lynette wears wigs to conceal her illness and avoid the pity of friends and neighbors . When she finally confesses , her friends are shocked but supportive . In a fit of pique at being served marijuana - laced brownies , Lynette decides that Stella has to go . While she soon changes her mind and asks her mother to stay , Stella is hurt and leaves the Scavo home . When Lynette learns that Glenn left Stella because he is gay , she tells her mother that she appreciates the time they 've spent together . Stella , not wanting to ruin the happy memories , decides not to return and moves in with Glenn . A short time later , a tornado threatens Fairview and Lynette persuades her elderly neighbor , Karen McCluskey , to let the Scavos shelter in her cellar . Ida Greenberg and her cat join them but Tom , allergic to cats , starts struggling to breathe . Lynette attempts to sneak the cat out of the shelter , and Karen follows her into the storm . As the tornado hits , Karen and Lynette are forced to shelter in a bathtub in the Scavo house . After the tornado , Lynette and Karen find the McCluskey house in ruins . Lynette 's family is safe , but only because Ida Greenberg died to save them . Kayla begins a pattern of disrespectful behavior , which culminates when Lynette slaps her for threatening Penny . Kayla takes revenge by burning herself with a curling iron and blaming Lynette , who is arrested . While in jail , Lynette tells Tom what Kayla did . When Kayla confesses that she lied , Tom sends her to live with her grandparents . He is sad to send her away , but in time the family ( and Tom and Lynette 's marriage ) recovers from the strain placed upon it by Kayla . Five - year jump ( edit ) Lynette and Tom are still running the pizzeria , Preston , Porter , and Parker are teenagers and Penny is nine . Lynette 's hair is back and Kayla is gone and not mentioned at all . Season 5 ( edit ) After the five - year time jump , Tom and Lynette are still running the pizzeria and having trouble with their twin sons , now teenagers . Tom is having a mid-life crisis - he often sides with his disobedient sons , and he starts a band with the other neighborhood husbands , all to the irritation of his wife . Lynette and Tom discover that Porter is having an affair with Anne Shilling , an older married woman . Anne tells Porter that she is having his baby and they make plans to run away together . When Lynette confronts Anne about her affair with Porter , they are overheard by Anne 's abusive husband Warren . When Lynette later finds Warren beating Anne severely , Warren jeeringly dares the women to phone the police , because Anne is guilty of statutory rape . That evening , when Tom 's band plays a gig at Warren 's nightclub , Porter and Warren fight but Lynette intervenes again . She confronts Warren about hitting women and children . Warren locks the doors , and when Dave Williams sets fire to the club , it causes a panic . The club patrons escape through a window , but Warren blames Porter for the fire . Porter is arrested and released on bail . Lynette pays Anne to leave town without Warren , and asks to be notified when the baby is born . Anne admits that there is no baby . After Warren threatens his life , Porter jumps bail and leaves town . Tom and Lynette get Preston to pose as Porter in court . When he is discovered hiding at his grandmother 's nursing home , Porter returns and the charges are dropped . Unfortunately , legal bills and the payoff to Anne have left the Scavos broke and Tom is forced to sell the pizzeria . Lynette returns to the workforce , working for Carlos Solis . In the finale , Lynette starts feeling ill and fears her cancer is active , although she is pregnant with another set of twins . Season 6 ( edit ) In her first trimester , Lynette is depressed about the prospect of having twins so late in life and fears she will not love them . She hides the pregnancy from her boss , Carlos , so as not to jeopardize her promotion . Gabrielle soon discovers the truth , and is angry with Lynette for putting the future of Carlos ' company at stake . She does not tell Carlos , although Lynette thought she would , so reveals her secret to him without knowledge . He tells her that her options are to move to Miami or to quit . He then gives her a huge amount of work to do in one night , but when Lynette attends her daughter 's Christmas pageant instead , Carlos subsequently fires her . Lynette and Gaby 's friendship becomes strained , but is restored when Lynette saves Celia Solis from being hit by a plane that crashes on Wisteria Lane . Following the crash , Lynette is in pain and realizes something is wrong with the babies . Her doctor discovers one of the twins needs circulatory surgery . While unconscious , Lynette dreams of the struggle of life with a disabled child . The dream ends with her disabled son 's graduation , where he thanks her for always challenging him . When she awakens , Tom tells her that the ill baby died but the other survived . Despite her early reluctance to have these twins at all , Lynette sobs for her lost baby . She has trouble processing her grief until Tom suggests that she stay home with their daughter after she is born . Later in the season , Preston returns from Europe with a Russian woman named Irina . Lynette investigates and learns that Irina is a gold digger and prostitute , but Irina is killed by the Fairview Strangler . She invites the troubled teen Eddie to live with her family , unaware that he is the Fairview Strangler . Eddie becomes protective of Lynette , attacking Porter and nearly attacking Tom when each of them treats her in a way Eddie regards as disrespectful . Tom and Lynette agree that Eddie must see a therapist . The therapist suggests that Eddie 's progress would improve if his mother accompanied him to therapy . However , no one answers the door at Eddie 's house even though his mother 's car is still there , and Lynette 's suspicions are raised . When she learns that both Irina and Eddie 's mother have been found dead , she confronts Eddie at his house and he traps her inside . With her life at Eddie 's mercy , Lynette goes into labor . She gives birth to her daughter , Paige , with Eddie 's help . Eddie attempts to flee , but Lynette begs him to turn himself in , telling him that she would be proud to have a son like him . Eddie asks Lynette to do it for him . Lynette agrees , letting him hold the baby while she dials 911 . Season 7 ( edit ) While raising their new baby daughter Paige , Tom is diagnosed with male postpartum depression . She invites her old college roommate , Renee , to stay when she learns of her on - going divorce . But she is astonished that Renee is taking Tom 's diagnosis seriously . Renee ( who is still staying in the Scavo home ) warns Lynette that she should take Tom 's concerns more seriously , but Lynette ignores this . Lynette is especially angered when she learns that Tom has been confiding in Renee , listening to his problems when Lynette will not . One evening , Lynette learns that the two have gone to dinner but left a message for her to join them if she wishes . Angry , Lynette meets the two at a restaurant just as they are discussing Lynette 's dismissive behavior towards Tom . Lynette pulls Renee aside and tells her that it is inappropriate to be so close to Tom and demands that their current friendship be toned down . That night , Lynette realizes she needs to be there for her husband more often and the two decide to simply talk to each other rather than make love , thus making progress in their marriage . Renee later apologizes to Lynette and is forgiven , and reveals that she has just bought Edie Britt 's former home on Wisteria Lane . Lynette is hesitant to the idea , but happy nonetheless . In private , Tom warns Renee that it may be a bad idea for her to be their neighbor because he is afraid Lynette may find out about `` something that happened '' between him and Renee years earlier . Lynette and Renee start a new business in interior design , after a little persuasion from Renee . Renee suggests hiring Susan as Lynette 's nanny . Lynette is reluctant , but eventually agrees . Lynette ends up comforting Susan when she feels bad about not being as financially stable as her friends . Mike has taken the job in Alaska , and Susan accepts Lynette 's offer to be baby Paige 's nanny , even though she originally thought she was being hired to work in Lynette and Renee 's new business . She overhears a new client of Lynette and Renee 's , and suggests that she ask her daughter for her favorite characters to paint on her wall . The woman likes Susan 's idea . Renee gets mad at Susan , while Lynette wonders why her friend is acting strange . Susan eventually reveals that she feels the nanny job is beneath her , and is shamed to be the poor person in her group of friends . Lynette comforts her , saying that money ca n't change the way she looks in their eyes . Lynette is shown to be insecure in their marriage when Tom complains that she never `` talks him up '' to her friends . She admits to him that this is because she believes he is so perfect , that she does n't deserve to be with him . He tells her that she is the type of person who still cries when their last child grows out of their onesies , even after raising four other children . Lynette learns that Renee and Tom had a one - night stand 20 years ago which happened right after Tom and Lynette became engaged and she was visiting her parents ( they were on a break ) . She does n't take it well , and is of course upset but keeps it quiet and instead begins a series of pranks against Tom as payback . When Renee finds out what Lynette is doing , she tells Tom about it . Tom confronts Lynette and informs her that he wanted to tell her about Renee , but there was never a good time for it because he did not want to ruin the wonderful life they have together . Lynette then forgives Tom . Tom gets a new job that provides well and Renee encourages Lynette to spend money more freely but also warns her that Tom will be spending more time away . Lynette tries to seduce Tom on an airplane but he insists that he enjoys his work too much . When Tom attends a conference , Lynette is upset that she is unable to attend any of the events because she 's just a wife , relegated to spa time and other events with other wives . She tries to encourage them to fight for their equality but they 're all happy with being out of the business side of things . Lynette steals one woman 's ID to attend a talk only to discover she has the identity of the keynote speaker . Back home , Renee watches as Tom and Lynette argue , Tom snapping that after so many years supporting Lynette , it hurts that she wo n't do the same for him . Lynette complains to Renee but she fires back that Lynette has to choose whether to be a good wife or not . Tom hires the duo to decorate his office in the style of an arrogant boss but Lynette vetoes it as she feels it 's not right for him . Renee overrules her to give Tom the office he wants . Lynette confronts Tom over how this is n't really him but he retorts that it 's how he has to be in order to succeed and that Lynette needs to stop thinking of him as the soft man he 's been at home for the last few years . When Tom decides to book a luxurious holiday for the family and announces it Lynette is annoyed and consults Tom about why he did not consult her about it first ( since she already informed him a few weeks ago that she had already planned a trip ) . The two then pitch to the kids what they think is the best holiday which leads to yet another fight between them ; this time however they insult each other . Lynette calls Tom a `` Pompous Ass '' while Tom labels Lynette as a `` Raging Bitch '' leaving them to decide that it is only them who need to spend a holiday together . The holiday turns out badly and the relationship deteriorates and becomes extremely awkward . When they return home Tom leads Lynette to believe that he will be spending a while in an apartment near to his work offices . Before Lynette attends a street dinner party , Penny reveals to her that Tom had left her a note . Lynette is surprised and finds that Tom 's unpacked suitcase from the holiday is not in the bedroom , convincing her that Tom had left her . After revealing to Susan that she thought Tom had left her , Lynette walks into her house , finding Tom , chopping up salad ingredients . He tells Lynette that he had only gone to buy the ingredients . Lynette questions him why it had taken him two hours , leading Tom to reveal that he had left but came back when he considered that Lynette would have to lie about where Tom was to her friends at the dinner party . The two talk for a while and Lynette confesses that when she thought Tom had left , she felt relieved , leading the pair to finally decide to separate . In the same evening that Lynette decides to separate from Tom , she , along with Bree and Susan , walk into Gaby 's living room to find that Carlos has murdered Alejandro , Gaby 's stepfather . The four ladies agree to cover up the murder to protect Carlos , stuffing the body in a wooden box used as a table at the evening 's dinner party . Season 8 ( edit ) Not only is Lynette suffering strain from the murder but she is also having a tough time with her separation from Tom . At first she is reluctant to tell the children , but after she has a one - night stand with Tom , he decides to tell them . They then clash over Tom letting the children have whatever they want , making Lynette the bad person who always says `` No '' . Lynette talks to Tom about booking couples therapy to try to heal their relationship . However , after Renee comments that Tom has been taking care of himself lately ( dressing smartly and working out ) and suspects he has been dating someone , Lynette becomes worried . She goes to a gym class with Renee to spy on the trainer she believes Tom is seeing , but realizes he is actually dating the woman 's mother , Jane , leaving Lynette devastated . Terrified of what would happen to her children if she is caught by Chuck , Lynette confesses her secret to Tom just as he is about to leave for Paris with Jane . He decides not to go , leaving his relationship on the rocks , which leaves him furious with Lynette . Lynette then feels bad about him having to stay for her , as he thinks that she might be the `` one '' . Lynette then tells him to go to Paris . This leads Lynette to try to experiment with new dates herself , and meets a new man , who seems very keen on her . She finally sleeps with Renee 's barber and moves on , though at first she cries during the sex . She along with her friends finally find out that Bree tried to commit suicide because of them , and after Bree rejects them , was loss for words . Just as Lynette is getting used to single life , Porter and Preston move back home , needing a place to stay after losing their apartment . Lynette is already frazzled when she learns that Porter is the father of Julie Mayer 's baby , making Susan and Lynette grandmothers . Her world is further shocked when Tom asks for a divorce , and announces that he and Jane will be moving in together . Lynette is devastated , and her rivalry with Jane becomes more heated at Penny 's birthday party when they continually try to one up each other . Jane then later tries to reconcile with Lynette , but then she begins to choke on a snack . Lynette hesitates to help Jane , but ultimately comes to her aid and saves her . However , Jane is alarmed at Lynette thinking such an action over believing she thought of letting Jane die . Then on the day of Mike Delfino 's funeral , Tom and Lynette comfort each other as Jane looks on . Sparks of their marriage appear and while sitting at the service Lynette thinks back to the day Tom moved out . Mike tries to understand why Lynette is n't fighting for her marriage . He then reveals that everyone in the neighborhood knows that she and Tom belong together . This memory finally causes Lynette to make the decision to fight for her marriage , win Tom back , and dissolve his romance with Jane . In With So Little to Be Sure Of Lynette and Tom officially sign their divorce papers ending their marriage . When Lynette hears Tom has n't filed the papers , she is hopeful but after seeing Tom and Jane kiss at the office , she accepts a date from Tom 's boss . It goes well at first but when he plans to transfer Tom to India , Lynette breaks it off . The boss sardonically insults Lynette before Tom about her being hung up on another man and after insults to her , Tom punches him . He and Jane argue with Jane realizing that Tom still loves Lynette and they break up . Tom goes to see Lynette but sees her hugging Lee and ( not seeing who it is ) , thinks Lynette has moved on . He tells her he is filing but in a later talk , they realize how much they love each other and reconcile . Katherine Mayfair comes back to Wisteria Lane , offering Lynette a job at her new food company . Lynette does n't want it as she and Tom are together again but wants to prove herself . At first taken aback , Tom lets Lynette know he 'll support her no matter what . It 's revealed in the final moments that the two move to New York , Lynette becoming a successful businesswoman and eventually watching over six grandchildren . In the finale , Julie gives birth to Porter 's daughter , who is Lynette 's granddaughter . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Finishing the Hat '' . David Grossman ( director ) , Marc Cherry ( writer ) . Desperate Housewives . ABC . Season 8 , no . 23 . Jump up ^ `` Mother of Desperate Housewives creator featured in season two extras '' . The Virginian Pilot . September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Heather ( May 23 , 2006 ) . `` Alex Kingston slams skinniness of the Desperate Housewives '' . Fametastic . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 27 . Desperate Housewives Episodes Season 1 6 7 8 Characters Betty Applewhite Angie Bolen Edie Britt Mike Delfino Orson Hodge Bob Hunter and Lee McDermott Julie Mayer Karl Mayer Susan Mayer Katherine Mayfair Karen McCluskey Renee Perry John Rowland Lynette Scavo Tom Scavo Carlos Solis Gabrielle Solis Andrew Van de Kamp Bree Van de Kamp Rex Van de Kamp Dave Williams Mary Alice Young Paul Young Related Cast members Awards and nominations DVDs Soundtrack Game Mobile App Wisteria Lane Amas de Casa Desesperadas ARG COL / ECU US Donas de Casa Desesperadas Desperate Housewives Africa Devious Maids Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lynette_Scavo&oldid=824425489 '' Categories : Desperate Housewives characters Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters introduced in 2004 Fictional housewives Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 07 : 11 . About Wikipedia	what happened to lynette's twins on desperate housewives	[]	[]
-5212776505334308192	The Only Exception	The Only Exception - wikipedia The Only Exception `` The Only Exception '' Single by Paramore from the album Brand New Eyes Released February 17 , 2010 Format Digital download 7 '' vinyl CD single Recorded 2009 ; Lightning Sound Studios ( Hidden Hills , California ) Genre Soft rock folk rock Length 4 : 28 Label Fueled by Ramen Songwriter ( s ) Hayley Williams Josh Farro Producer ( s ) Rob Cavallo Paramore singles chronology `` Brick by Boring Brick '' ( 2009 ) `` The Only Exception '' ( 2010 ) `` Careful '' ( 2010 ) `` Brick by Boring Brick '' ( 2009 ) `` The Only Exception '' ( 2010 ) `` Careful '' ( 2010 ) `` The Only Exception '' is a song by American rock band Paramore . It was released by Fueled by Ramen in February 2010 as the third single from the band 's third studio album , Brand New Eyes ( 2009 ) . The song was written by band members Hayley Williams and Josh Farro ; Paramore is also credited as being co-producers to the song . The song was generally well received by music critics ; praise of the song was mainly about Williams ' vocal performance . Music critics reviewing the song noted that `` The Only Exception '' was a different musical theme for the band . `` The Only Exception '' was the most successful single from Brand New Eyes , having topped the United Kingdom Rock Chart and peaked at No. 13 and No. 17 in New Zealand and Australia respectively . The single has become the band 's third of five top forty hits to date on the Billboard Hot 100 . A music video for the song , directed by Brandon Chesbro , was released on February 17 , 2010 , via the band 's official website . The song received a Grammy nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . It was the band 's most successful single until the release of `` Ai n't It Fun '' ( 2014 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 4.1 Background 4.2 Synopsis 4.3 Reception 5 Live performances 6 The Only Exception EP 6.1 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Charts 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 In popular culture 9.1 Live performances 9.2 Other appearances 9.3 Covers 9.4 Glee cover 9.5 Rock Band music gaming platform 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) `` The Only Exception '' was released as the third single from the band 's 2009 studio album Brand New Eyes in February 2010 . It was noticed by music critics that , Paramore , who usually write and record darker material , mainly of the alternative genre , had , musically , gone in a different direction with `` The Only Exception '' . Rolling Stone described the song as `` a subtle , Radiohead-esque ballad . '' The song 's lyrics pertain to the protagonist not believing that love exists and trying to live without it , mainly to avoid rejection , but eventually realizing that it does exist , describing the person as being their `` only exception '' . Many fans believe that the song was written as an ode to Chad Gilbert from New Found Glory . Incidentally , Williams has declined to comment directly on the issue , merely saying , `` Read a couple blogs , and you 'll figure it out . '' Other themes include trying to pursue a relationship , as well as trying to make a relationship last , which can be seen in the lyrics , `` I know you 're leaving in the morning , when you wake up / Leave me with some kind of proof it 's not a dream '' . According to the sheet music published on Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , the single is written in the time signature of 12 / 8 . The song is played in the key of B Mixolydian and is sung in the vocal range of F # 3 to D # 5 . `` The Only Exception '' has a moderately slow tempo of forty eight beats per minute . Critical reception ( edit ) `` The Only Exception '' received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics . Williams ' vocal performance was mainly praised by music critics . Mikael Wood , a writer for Spin felt that `` The Only Exception '' was a `` surprisingly soulful acoustic number '' and compared its musical structure to Coldplay 's Parachutes - era . Wood commented that the song was an `` upgrade '' that consisted of `` focus and intensity '' . Leonie Cooper of NME noted in his review for Brand New Eyes that Paramore were able to `` showcase their maturity '' with multiple ballad songs , specifying `` The Only Exception '' . Cooper commented that while the song 's lyrics seemed to be a `` nondescript love song '' that does not `` quite warrant the abrupt change of pace '' , he praised Williams ' vocals . Cooper further stated , `` ( The song ) feels like something Katy Perry would dismiss for being too lightweight , with its mechanical , campfire strumming and general uninspiring air . Its saving grace , however , comes with Williams ' vocals , which are flawless and sturdy throughout . Even though the song gets soppy , she never does -- weakness just ai n't in this lady 's repertoire , and for that we offer her a hefty high five . '' Marc Hirsh of The Boston Globe listed `` The Only Exception '' as the highlight of Brand New Eyes , crediting the song as being an `` essential '' . Hirsh said that `` The Only Exception '' is `` probably the best place to start '' with the album , describing Williams ' vocals as `` forging a connection '' rather than `` simply spitting out her feelings '' ; he also praised the other band members for locking in at a `` sympathetic simmer '' . Channing Freeman of Sputnikmusic felt that `` The Only Exception '' had similarities to `` The Boy Who Blocked His Own Shot '' by Brand New . Freeman stated that on Paramore 's All We Know Is Falling , `` My Heart '' was a `` blunt and obvious song '' that focused on a `` climax to be emotional '' , but with `` The Only Exception '' , Paramore have `` figured out that it does n't have to finish loud to incite a reaction in the listener '' . He also noted that the song shows that Williams ' lyrics have `` definitely improved '' . Jesse Catalodo of Slant felt that the lyrics to `` The Only Exception '' may be `` irredeemably over-the - top '' but its `` vocal melodies are the stuff of perfect pop '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) It peaked at number 12 on the Billboard component chart for Pop Songs ; the song remained on the chart for twenty weeks . However , on the week of June 12 , 2010 , the song debuted at number ninety on the Billboard Hot 100 . It has since peaked at No. 24 , becoming ( at the time ) the most successful Paramore single overall ( outside of alternative airplay -- Misery Business remains their most - successful alternative - pop airplay single to date ) . It was their third top forty hit in the US , preceding Still Into You and Ai n't It Fun , which became their fourth and fifth top forty hits , respectively . `` The Only Exception '' also became the band 's first foray onto Adult Contemporary stations , peaking at number 28 on the component Billboard Adult Contemporary chart . The track was more successful internationally , peaking generally within the top twenty on multiple countries ' charts . On the New Zealand RIANZ singles chart , it debuted at number thirty - eight on February 22 , 2010 . The following week , the song moved up fifteen positions to number twenty - three . The song peaked at number thirteen . After four weeks on the chart , `` The Only Exception '' peaked at number two on the United Kingdom 's Rock Chart on March 14 , 2010 , staying at that position for three weeks but moving up to number one on the chart 's issue date of April 5 , 2010 . The song entered the UK Singles Chart at number eighty on March 28 , 2010 . It peaked at number thirty - one . The track peaked at number forty - seven in Austria on March 28 , 2010 . The single also debuted as its peak position , number eighty - four , on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart on April 24 , 2010 . `` The Only Exception '' debuted at number fifty - nine in Brazilian Hot 100 Airplay chart in June 2010 , becoming the group 's first single to enter the Brazilian charts , achieving the following months the position at No. 32 . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Williams in the song 's music video . In the scene Williams is shown lying on Valentine - themed cards while singing the song 's chorus . The cards shown in the video were fan - made . Chesbro said that the scene was his favorite part of the video to film . A music video for `` The Only Exception '' was directed by Brandon Chesbro , who had been working with Paramore for over two years . The song 's music video was Chesbro 's music video directorial debut . Prior to `` The Only Exception '' video , Chesbro had been approached to direct music videos for Brand New Eyes ' two previous singles , but decided against it due to creative opinions . In December 2009 , he was asked to direct the music video for `` The Only Exception '' . Although the story board process took a while , the video was filmed in four days . The music video premiered on February 17 , 2010 , on Paramore 's website . Williams confirmed that as part of a Valentine 's Day theme , the band selected cards that were sent to them by fans and featured them in the video . In an interview with MTV , Chesbro commented on filming the scene involving Williams lying on Valentine 's Day 's styled - cards during the music video , saying , `` The band has crazy fans . All those cards are so detailed ( ... ) these kids spent serious time on these cards . That 's my favorite shot of the whole video . It was the first thing we shot and I thought that if something falls apart and we only have that one shot , that could be the video all by itself and it 'd be perfect . '' Synopsis ( edit ) The music video opens with Williams waking up on a couch next to an unnamed sleeping male and writes a note that says `` I 'm sorry '' . From there , she walks to a room and hugs her father , who is mentioned in song . A conversation ensues with Williams taking a photo of someone presumed to be her mother . The video continues with Williams in her room staring at the photo on a mirror , singing about how love , `` does not exist . '' She moves through a costume closet , into a restaurant set , where a rotating cast of men pose as her date ; then , into the next room where there is a wedding . Everyone at the wedding is wearing white , with the other band members in attendance , but Williams arrives dressed in black and she flees the scene from where the bride enters . During the chorus of the song , the clip cuts to the scenes where Williams is lying down on a giant pile of Valentine - themed cards . Throughout the video , clips of Williams singing with the rest of Paramore in a dim - lighted background are shown . In the video 's final moments , Williams spots the same male she woke up to at the beginning of the video in the crowd at a rock show . After fantasizing of the two being together through all sets from the start of the video , she makes her way back through the various rooms to the original set in the beginning . When Williams sings `` And I 'm on my way to believing '' , she returns to the couch where the male is still asleep and hides the note she wrote in her pocket as she lies back down next to him . Reception ( edit ) The music video for `` The Only Exception '' was generally well received by music critics . Kyle Anderson , a writer for MTV , commented that the music video is `` by far the most visually interesting and complex clip the group has ever produced . '' Anderson further stated that `` despite the complexity of the video , the whole process was remarkably efficient '' . She remarked that based on the video 's outcome that it was `` a little bit surprising '' to know that it was directed by a first - time director . Mike Sheffield of Spin viewed the music video as a `` love story '' and described it as being `` Valentine 's Day + epic Emo balladry = Paramore 's brand new video for ' The Only Exception ' '' . Chesbro said that he was happy with the final product of the music video and that directing the video made him become more interested in directing videos , saying , `` I 'd really like to do more videos now ( ... ) This video turned out so perfect that I 'm worried nothing else will turn out as good . But if this is my only video , I was super-proud to be a part of it . '' Live performances ( edit ) The track has been performed by Paramore on many occasions . The band 's first performance of the song was on November 1 , 2009 in Nashville . Paramore performed a live version of `` The Only Exception '' for The Ellen DeGeneres Show . The band performed the chorus and outro of the song on the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12 , 2010 . The Only Exception EP ( edit ) The Only Exception EP by Paramore Released September 28 , 2010 Genre Soft rock folk rock Length 13 : 27 Label Fueled by Ramen Paramore chronology 2010 Summer Tour EP ( 2010 ) 2010 Summer Tour EP 2010 The Only Exception EP ( 2010 ) Singles Club ( 2011 ) Singles Club 2011 The Only Exception is Paramore 's third EP , released exclusively to the iTunes Store on September 28 , 2010 . Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' picture disc No . Title Length 1 . `` The Only Exception '' ( Album version ) 4 : 28 The Only Exception EP No . Title Length 1 . `` The Only Exception '' ( Album version ) 4 : 28 2 . `` The Only Exception '' ( Acoustic ) 4 : 33 3 . `` The Only Exception '' ( Video ) 4 : 28 Personnel ( edit ) The following personnel contributed to `` The Only Exception '' : Production Rob Cavallo - producer Paramore - co-producer Chris Lord - Alge - mixing Ted Jensen - mastering Doug McKean - engineering Jamie Muhoberac - keyboards , organ Paramore Hayley Williams -- lead vocals , harmony vocals Josh Farro -- rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar , backing vocals Taylor York -- lead guitar , acoustic guitar Jeremy Davis -- bass guitar Zac Farro -- drums , percussion Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 -- 11 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 Airplay ) 32 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 25 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 32 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 72 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 UK Rock ( The Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 24 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2010 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 75 US Billboard Hot 100 93 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification ( sales thresholds ) Sales / Shipments Australia Platinum 70,000 New Zealand Gold 7,500 United Kingdom Silver 200,000 United States Platinum 1,000,000 In popular culture ( edit ) Live performances ( edit ) Paramore performed a live version of `` The Only Exception '' for The Ellen DeGeneres Show . The band performed the chorus and outro of the song on the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12 , 2010 . Paramore performed `` The Only Exception '' in VH1 Divas 2010 with the song `` Misery Business '' , `` Decode '' and `` My Hero '' The band performed `` The Only Exception '' at Jingle Ball in Madison Square Garden with the song `` Misery Business '' and `` Brick by Boring Brick '' Other appearances ( edit ) The music video appears in Paramore 's Videos . All of Them . Ever . The song appears in 2011 Grammy Nominees by the Nominees in 53rd Grammy Awards . Covers ( edit ) Sam Tsui and Kurt Schneider did an acoustic cover . April Chase did a cover , the Directed an shot is Marco Bercasio Rachel G. Fox did an acoustic cover Chris Ninni and Ben Hazlewood covered the song in The Voice Australia Kelly Clarkson covered the song as part of her Stronger Tour Masha covered `` The Only Exception '' on her popular YouTube channel on March 25 , 2012 . Julien Áncery did a cover of `` The Only Exception '' for Valentine 's Day 2014 . Glee cover ( edit ) The song was performed in the Britney Spears - themed episode `` Britney / Brittany '' of the US television series Glee , which aired September 28 , 2010 . Lea Michele , in character as Rachel Berry , sang the song at the end of the episode as an apology to her boyfriend Finn Hudson , played by Cory Monteith . The performance was praised by most critics , with Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman calling it `` gorgeous and tender '' and Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack praising it as the episode 's `` nice , emotional capper '' . Williams complimented Michele 's vocals on the rendition through her Twitter account . The cover was released as a single and charted at number twenty - two in both Canada and Ireland , twenty - six in the US , and sixty in Australia , with sales of 89,000 copies in the US according to Nielsen SoundScan . Rock band music gaming platform ( edit ) The song was made available for download on May 15 , 2012 to play in Rock Band 3 Basic and PRO mode utilizing real guitar / bass guitar , and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards plus vocal harmonies . It is also playable in Rock Band Blitz . See also ( edit ) List of number - one rock hits of 2010 ( UK ) List of number - one rock hits of 2011 ( UK ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 100 Biggest Songs Of 2010 : Drinking , Dancing And Da Club '' . NPR . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Playlist : 15 best Paramore songs , ' Twilight ' to now '' . 7 August 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle Anderson ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Paramore 's ' The Only Exception ' Director ' Super-Proud ' Of Video '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Conny , Julia ( 2009 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Paramore - brand new eyes '' . Absolute Punk . Muzz Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Diehl , Matt ( 2009 - 05 - 28 ) , `` Paramore Move Beyond Pop Punk With ' Riot ! ' Follow - Up '' , Rolling Stone , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : `` The Only Exception -- Pararmore Digital Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . MusicNotes.com . Alfred Publishing Co. Inc . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mikael Wood ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Paramore , ' brand new eyes ' ( Fueled by Ramen ) '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Leonie Cooper ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Album review : Paramore - ' Brand New Eyes ' '' . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Marc Hirsh ( 2009 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Paramore , ' Brand New Eyes ' '' . The Boston Globe . Globe Newspaper Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Channing Freeman ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Paramore Brand New Eyes '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jesse Catalodo ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Paramore : Brand New Eyes '' . Slant Magazine . Slant Magazine . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Billboard Pop Songs for week May 29 , 2010 '' . Billboard . May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramore The Only Exception ( song ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Singles Chart : Chart # 1711 '' . RIANZ . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Top 40 Rock Singles Chart '' . BBC News . BBC Online . March 14 , 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Paramore - The Only Exception '' . ChartStats.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paramore - The Only Exception ( song ) '' . Austrian-Charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramore -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Paramore . Jump up ^ `` Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Brazil : BPP : 79 . June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . Brazil : BPP : 84 . August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle Anderson ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Paramore 's ' Exception ' Video Features Fans ' Valentines '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Sheffield ( 2010 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Warch : Paramores New Love Story Video '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramore Perform ' The Only Exception ' On ' Ellen ' - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . 2010 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paramore '' . TVGuide.com. 2010 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Only Exception EP out today ! '' . Paramore.net . September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Only Exception - Deluxe Single '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Citysearch '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brand New Eyes liner notes Fueled by Ramen ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Paramore -- The Only Exception '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 15 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Paramore -- The Only Exception '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart '' . Theofficialcharts.com. 2011 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Company . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2010 Singles '' . Aria.com.au. 2010 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold & Platinum Singles > New Zealand '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Gold and Platinum Database - Paramore '' . bpi.co.uk . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paramore RIAA certifications '' . RIAA.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEOS : PARAMORE AT VH1 DIVAS ! - Blog Detail '' . Paramore.net. 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' VH1 Divas Salute the Troops , ' in photos and video tennessean.com Tune In Music City '' . Blogs.tennessean.com. 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Live From Madison Square Garden - Blog Detail '' . Paramore.net. 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` VÃdeo : Jingle Bell transmitido en Fuse Paramore España '' . Paramore.es. 2010 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Paramore 's Videos . All of Them . Ever by Paramore - Download Paramore 's Videos . All of Them . Ever on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com. 2010 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The 53rd Annual GRAMMY Awards 2011 '' . 2011grammycd.com. 2011 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Only Exception '' - Paramore ( Sam Tsui cover ) `` . YouTube . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` April Chase - `` The Only Exception '' Paramore ( cover ) `` . YouTube . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Paramore Only Exception cover by Rachel Fox '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson covers Paramore '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paramore - The Only Exception ( Cover by Masha ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oops , they did it again on an all - new `` Glee '' '' ( Press release ) . Fox Broadcasting Company . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` The Britney Spears ' Glee ' Episode Upstaged By Paramore 's ' The Only Exception ' '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Glee Playback : Britney Spears Makes for Mixed Results '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : Britney , Baby , One More Time '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Britney Spears And Hayley Williams React To Last Night 's ' Glee ' In Today 's Tweet Dreams '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of October 16 , 2010 ( Biggest Jump ) '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Music Charts Archive : Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 7 October 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . GfK . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ; Pietroluongo , Siovio ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Moves : Far East Movement , Bruno Mars , Neon Trees , Lil Wayne '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chartifacts - Week Commencing : 4th October 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) hide Paramore songs Discography All We Know Is Falling `` Pressure '' `` Emergency '' `` All We Know '' Riot ! `` Misery Business '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Crushcrushcrush '' `` That 's What You Get '' Brand New Eyes `` Ignorance '' `` Brick by Boring Brick '' `` The Only Exception '' `` Careful '' `` Playing God '' Singles Club `` Monster '' `` Renegade '' `` In the Mourning '' Paramore `` Now '' `` Still Into You '' `` Daydreaming '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Grow Up '' `` Anklebiters '' `` Hate to See Your Heart Break '' After Laughter `` Hard Times '' `` Told You So '' `` Fake Happy '' `` Rose - Colored Boy '' `` Caught in the Middle '' Other songs `` Decode '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Only_Exception&oldid=844896137 '' Categories : 2010 singles Paramore songs Songs written by Hayley Williams Rock ballads Songs written by Josh Farro Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo Torch songs 2009 songs Fueled by Ramen singles 2000s ballads Folk ballads Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Polski Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 22 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what movie is the song the only exception in	[]	[]
2721718824379234575	Air gun laws	Air gun laws - wikipedia Air gun laws hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Air gun This is a list of laws concerning air guns by country . While in some countries air guns are not subject to any specific regulation , in most there are laws , which differ widely . Each jurisdiction has its own definition of an air gun ; and regulations may vary for weapons of different bore , muzzle energy or velocity , or material of ammunition , with guns designed to fire metal pellets often more tightly controlled than airsoft weapons . There may be minimum ages for possession , and sales of both air guns and ammunition may be restricted . Some areas in the world require permits and background checks similar to those required for firearms proper . Contents 1 Australia 2 Brazil 3 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 5 Canada 6 Czech Republic 7 France 8 Germany 9 Isle of Man 10 Italy 11 Netherlands 12 New Zealand 13 Poland 14 Singapore 15 South Africa 16 Sweden 17 United Kingdom 18 United States 19 References Australia ( edit ) The Australian gun law is quite restrictive and differs on a state - by - state basis ; however , as general rule all air guns -- regardless of action type , caliber and muzzle energy -- are considered firearms for legal purposes ; e.g. air rifles are considered Class A firearms and as such are subject to licensing and registration . Air pistols are considered handguns and subjected to Class H firearms restrictions . An air pistol shooter will require membership and attendance at an authorized pistol club for six months before allowing ownership , and need to shoot in at least ten events per year -- four for each handgun class ( air pistol , rimfire or centerfire ) -- including at least six formal competitions to keep the licence . Paintball markers are classified as `` soft air weapons '' and treated differently to other air guns ; refer to the paintball section on legality for a state - by - state breakdown . Though also regarded as `` soft air weapons '' , airsoft guns are strictly prohibited in all states except in the Northern Territory ( where they are considered regular airguns and subjected to the corresponding laws and licensing ) and the ACT ( where they are considered `` imitation firearms '' ) . Brazil ( edit ) The Brazilian legislation that regulates the manufacture , import , export , trade , traffic and use of airguns divide them into two groups : airguns by spring action or pre-compressed air ( PCP - Pre Charged Pneumatic ) of up to 6mm calibre ; airguns by spring action or pre-compressed air ( PCP - Pre Charged Pneumatic ) of calibre exceeding 6mm ; or pre-compressed gases that is not breathable air , such as CO2 and others , in any calibre . Airguns in the first group may be purchased by anyone over 18 . Airguns in the second group can only be purchased by people registered in the army , transportation depends on authorization , and usage is allowed only in places approved by the army . Airguns of any kind may not be carried openly . There is no muzzle energy limit for any type or calibre . Scopes or any equipment with magnification needs to be registered by the army in the shooter 's registry and accompany a traffic authorization , and are allowed to civilians only if under 6 times magnification and with the objective lens smaller than 36 millimeters . Scopes with magnification equal or above 6 times and / or over 35 milimeters , or equipment that mark the target ( like laser sights ) , are restricted to civilians and allowed only for use by the army . The permitted equipment has to be registered in the civilian 's document , this process is called `` Apostilamento '' . The document for a shooter 's registry is called `` Certificado de Registro de Atirador '' . Belgium ( edit ) Air guns can be freely bought and owned by any person older than 18 years old . Only pistols with muzzle energy exceeding 7.5 joules ( 5.5 ft ⋅ lbf ) are not allowed . There is no maximum muzzle energy limit for rifles . Open carry of airguns is not allowed . The use of air guns is restricted non-public places , being shooting ranges , inside a house or a backyard that is not easily accessible from the street . Bulgaria ( edit ) In Bulgaria anyone over the age of 18 can obtain an airgun if its muzzle energy is below that of 24 Joules . Weapons can not be bought online . Canada ( edit ) Air guns with both a muzzle velocity greater than 152.4 meters per second ( 500 feet per second ) and a muzzle energy greater than 5.7 joules ( 4.2 foot - pounds ) are firearms for purposes of both the Firearms Act and the Criminal Code . Usually the manufacturer 's specifications are used to determine the design muzzle velocity and energy . Air rifles that meet these velocity and energy criteria are generally classified as non-restricted firearms ; however , some are classified as restricted or prohibited , depending on the exact design of the air rifle . Air pistols are classified as restricted if their barrel is longer than 105 mm or prohibited if their barrel length is 105 mm or less . The lawful possession of these airguns requires that the owner have a valid firearms licence and that the airgun be registered as a firearm . Air guns that meet the Criminal Code definition of a firearm , but that are deemed not to be firearms for certain purposes of the Firearms Act and Criminal Code are those that have a muzzle velocity of less than 152.4 meters per second ( 500 feet per second ) and / or a maximum muzzle energy of 5.7 joules ( 4.2 foot pounds ) . Such air guns are exempt from licensing , registration , and other requirements under the Firearms Act , and from penalties set out in the Criminal Code for possessing a firearm without a valid licence or registration certificate . However , they are considered to be firearms under the Criminal Code if they are used to commit a crime . The simple possession , acquisition and use of these air guns for lawful purposes is regulated by provincial and municipal laws and by - laws . For example , some provinces may have set a minimum age for acquiring such an air gun . These air guns are exempt from the specific safe storage , transportation and handling requirements set out in the regulations supporting the Firearms Act . However , the Criminal Code requires that reasonable precautions be taken to use , carry , handle , store , transport , and ship them in a safe and secure manner . Carrying one of these firearms is permitted for those aged 14 or older . Suppressors for all firearms , including airguns , are prohibited in Canada . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic anyone over age of 18 can acquire air gun with a muzzle energy not exceeding 16 joules ( 12 ft ⋅ lbf ) . Children over age of 10 have to be supervised by adult when shooting . The only restriction on shooting place is requirement of public safety . Since firearms can be used only at the officially licensed shooting ranges air guns became popular to practice target shooting at or near the home . Air guns with a muzzle energy over 16 J ( 12 ft ⋅ lbf ) require the same licence as firearms and police registration . Such air guns can be used only at the shooting ranges . France ( edit ) Since September 2013 , air rifles with a muzzle energy less than 20 joules ( 14 ft lbf ) can be acquired by persons over age 18 and no licence is required . ( Previously the limit was 10 joules . ) For air rifles of 20 joules muzzle energy or more , a hunting licence or club shooting licence is required . However , hunting or pest control with air guns is illegal in France . Germany ( edit ) German F - in - pentagon mark In Germany , air guns producing a muzzle energy up to 7.5 joule ( J ) ( 5.53 ft lbf ) can be owned by persons from the age of 18 years and freely acquired provided they bear the `` F - in - pentagon '' mark '' that indicates a muzzle energy not exceeding 7.5 J ( 5.5 ft ⋅ lbf ) kinetic energy . Carrying air guns in public necessitates a carry permit ( § 10 Abs. 4 WaffG ) , extremely rare as such and never granted for air guns . Only the transportation of unloaded and non-accessible air guns ( or carrying unloaded during biathlon ) is considered a `` permissible carry '' ( § 12 Abs. 3 Nr. 2 , Nr. 3 WaffG ) . Shooting is permitted on licensed ranges ( § 27 Abs. 1 , § 12 Abs. 4 2 Nr. 1 WaffG ) , and on enclosed private property if it is assured that the projectiles can not possibly leave the shooting area ( § 12 Abs. 4 Nr . 1a WaffG ) . The minimum age for air gun shooting in Germany is 12 years under supervision ( § 27 Abs. 3 S. 1 Nr. 1 WaffG ) , but exceptions may be granted to younger children upon request , supported by suitable references from a doctor and by a licensed shooting federation ( § 27 Abs. 4 WaffG ) . Air weapons exceeding 7.5 J muzzle energy , e.g. field target guns , are treated like firearms and therefore require a relevant permit for acquisition and possession . Proof of need , a clean criminal record and the passing of a knowledge and handling test are required ( § 4 Abs. 1 WaffG ) to gain the permit . A purchase authorization is not required for air guns that were manufactured and introduced onto the market before 1 January 1970 in Germany or before 2 April 1991 on the territory of the former East Germany ( WaffG , Appendix 2 , Section 1 , Subsection 2 , 1.2 ) ; they can , regardless of their muzzle energy or the absence of an `` F - in - pentagon '' mark , be freely acquired and possessed . The storage requirements for firearms do not apply to air guns ( cf. § 36 Abs. 1 S. 1 WaffG ) ; they must only be stored unaccessible to minors . Isle of Man ( edit ) In the Isle of Man , Air guns are treated in the same manner as conventional firearms and require a relevant firearms certificate . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , any mechanism that produces a muzzle energy higher than 1 joule ( 0.74 ft lbf ) and lower than 7.5 joules ( 5.53 ft lbf ) is considered a `` low - power air gun '' ; the sale of such instruments is open to anyone over 18 years of age without licence or registration , but it can take place only in authorized gun shops where the owner must require the purchaser to provide his ID Card as a proof of age . Any device developing a muzzle energy equal to , or higher than , 7.5 joules is considered a `` high - power air gun '' , requiring Police licensing and registration for purchase and detention just like any firearm . Bows , crossbows and similar are exempt from this rule . The muzzle energy of such devices is certified by a governance office called `` Banco di Prova '' . Air guns developing less than 1 joule of muzzle energy are categorized as airsoft , which are considered by law as toys , with no restriction whatsoever to their trade , except that they can never be modified to achieve a higher muzzle energy and must be only able to shoot 6 mm plastic pellets . It is illegal to hunt with air guns . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , air guns can be owned by persons from the age of 18 years and can freely be acquired . Until 1997 there were limitations on muzzle velocity and kinetic energy , similar to the German law , but these restrictions were lifted for practical reasons . Carrying air guns in public and the possession of air guns ( and toy guns ) that resemble firearms is prohibited . The expression `` to resemble '' is nowadays given a very broad interpretation so that just about any airgun can be considered to resemble a firearm . Whether an airgun is considered to resemble a firearm too closely is decided by the police or , when it comes to that , by the court . It is impossible to predict the outcome of such courtcases . Air guns may be kept in private homes but must be inaccessible for persons under 18 . Commercial sales of airguns may only take place in licensed gunshops . It is illegal to own an airgun that was `` produced or modified so that it can more easily be carried concealed '' . Generally this is considered the case when the barrel has been shortened or the weapon has a folding or telescoping stock . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand any member of the public over the age of 18 may own and fire most air rifles without a firearms licence , provided they use the air rifle in a safe environment with a responsible attitude . Minors 16 and over , but under the age of 18 , require a Firearms Licence to possess an air rifle -- however , they may use an air rifle under adult supervision without this licence . Airguns can not be fully automatic , and there is provision under the New Zealand Arms Acts to specify `` specially dangerous airguns '' . Only pre-charged pneumatic rifles have now been specified in this category , but for these a firearms licence is now a requirement for possession and use . The change was made as a consequence of two fatal shootings by . 22 calibre semi-automatic air rifles . Poland ( edit ) In Poland it is possible to freely acquire air guns with a muzzle energy not exceeding 17 joules ( 13 ft ⋅ lbf ) . Air guns with muzzle energy over 17 J are considered FAC and must be registered at a local police station no later than 5 days after purchase ( a gun licence is not needed ) . FAC air guns can only be used at the officially licensed shooting ranges . Hunting / shooting animals with air guns is illegal and can lead to prosecution . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , airguns are classified as ' arms ' , in the same category as firearms utilising gunpowder as propellant among other weapons . It is necessary to obtain a licence from the Singapore Police Force before one can import , export or own an airgun . South africa ( edit ) Airguns are defined as of `` ... calibre less that 5.6 mm (. 22 calibre ) ... '' and , `` ... muzzle energy less than 8 joules ... '' These do not require a licence , but those of higher calibre or power are considered firearms . Airguns still count as firearms if used in a crime , and ca n't be fired or exposed in public areas . Airguns may be carried on one 's person concealed , not openly . It is an offense to shoot animals and human beings , except criminals and animals which are attacking you . It must also be carried in a bag , not on your body , otherwise it is an offence . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , airguns are regarded as firearms , and generally require a licence . Limited energy weapons , such as airguns and paintball guns and are however licence free , but may not be used by a minor under 18 years of age , unless licensed or under adult supervision . Limited energy weapons may not have a muzzle energy exceeding 10 J measured four metres from the muzzle . Fully automatic limited energy weapons may not exceed 3 J . United kingdom ( edit ) Air pistols generating more than 6 ft lbf ( 8.1 J ) and air rifles generating more than 12 ft lbf ( 16.2 J ) of muzzle energy are legally termed `` specifically dangerous firearms '' . As a result , ownership of these air rifles requires the possession of a Firearm Certificate ( FAC ) ; however , ownership of such air pistols is prohibited as they are defined as `` Prohibited Weapons '' under Section 5 of the Firearms Act 1968 . ( Section 5 Authority is usually only granted to members of the Gun Trade . ) Pistols and rifles below these energy levels are still termed firearms and are dealt with under the Firearms Act , but do not require licensing in England and Wales , and may be purchased by anyone over the age of 18 . Pistols and rifles under 0.737 ft lbf ( 1 J ) are not included under firearms regulations in the UK but do fall under the VCR act . In Northern Ireland any air rifle or air pistol generating more than 0.737 ft lbf ( 1 J ) is considered a firearm and as such requires a FAC . In Scotland , the Air Weapons and Licensing ( Scotland ) Act 2015 introduced an air weapon certificate in Scotland , which anyone owning an air weapon is now required to hold . The Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 prohibits online or mail - order sale of new air guns in the UK . UK transactions for new items from retail UK shops must be finalised face - to - face , either at the shop where purchased , or through a Registered Firearms Dealer ( to which an item may be posted and the transfer completed ) . Since February 2011 , The Crime & Security Act 2010 ( S. 46 ) made it an offence `` ... for a person in possession of an air weapon to fail to take reasonable precautions to prevent any person under the age of eighteen from having the weapon with him ... '' . This legislation essentially relates to the storage of air guns and the requirement of owners to prevent unauthorised access by children . Failure to do so renders owners liable for a fine of up to £ 1,000 . Possession of an air gun while trespassing , with or without ammunition , loaded or unloaded is armed trespass , and is considered a serious criminal offence and subject to heavy penalties . United states ( edit ) The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives states that : The term `` firearm '' is defined in the Gun Control Act of 1968 , 18 U.S.C. Section 921 ( a ) ( 3 ) , to include `` ( A ) any weapon ( including a starter gun ) , which will , or is designed to or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by the action of an explosive ; ( B ) the frame or receiver of any such weapon ... '' Based on Section 921 ( a ) ( 3 ) , air guns , because they use compressed air and not an explosive to expel a projectile , do not constitute firearms under Federal law -- unless they are manufactured with the frames or receivers of an actual firearm . Accordingly , the domestic sale and possession of air guns is normally unregulated under the Federal firearms laws enforced by ATF . Although the federal government does not normally regulate air guns , some state and local governments do ; the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence has compiled a list of states and selected municipalities that regulate air guns , finding that 23 states and the District of Columbia regulate air guns to some degree . Two states ( New Jersey and Rhode Island ) define all non-powder guns as firearms ; one state ( Illinois ) defines certain high - power and / or large calibre non-powder guns as firearms ; three states ( Connecticut , Delaware and North Dakota ) define non-powder guns as dangerous weapons ( but not firearms ) . The remaining states which regulate air guns impose age restrictions on possession , use , or transfer of non-powder guns , and / or explicitly regulate possession of non-powder guns on school grounds . New York City has a restrictive municipal ordinance regulating air guns . Air guns were previously banned in San Francisco , but a state preemption statute struck down the ban , and the San Francisco District Attorney declared them legal as long as they are in compliance with state law . New York state law prohibits anyone under the age of 16 from possessing an air gun . Along with state laws , local county laws or ordinances may be relevant to users of air guns . Generally , state laws do not mention air gun laws , but local counties do . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.police.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/133198/FACT_SHEET_Firearm_Types_Oct_2012.pdf Jump up ^ `` Decreto no. 3.665 , de 20 de novembro de 2000 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Portaria COLOG no . 2 , de 26 de fevereiro de 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Program , Government of Canada , Royal Canadian Mounted Police , Canadian Firearms . `` Air Guns '' . www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Air Guns -- Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gun law 119 / 2002 Sb. of the Czech Republic , ( online Archived 2013 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ `` Carabine à plombs 20 joules sans permis - Jean Pierre FUSIL armurier '' . www.fusil-calais.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Décret n ° 2013 - 700 du 30 juillet 2013 ( in French ) , retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Armes - accessoires - munitions - Berry - Sologne Chasse à la journée et séjour , approche et affût aux grands gibiers '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance on firearms : BB and airsoft guns '' . Isle of Man Government . Archived from the original on 5 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Official website of the Banco Nazionale di Prova per le Armi da Fuoco portatili e le Munizioni commerciali ( National Testing Board for Firearms and Commercial ammunition ) -- in Italian Retrieved on September 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Art. 13 of LEGGE 11 febbraio 1992 , n . 157 : Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) Wet wapens en munitie ( Arms and ammunition law -- Dutch ) . Wetten.overheid.nl . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Standard New Zealand firearms licence '' . New Zealand Police . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Careless use of firearm , airgun , pistol , or restricted weapon '' , Arms Act 1983 No 44 ^ Jump up to : `` Arms ( Restricted Weapons and Specially Dangerous Airguns ) Order 1984 '' . Legislation.govt.nz . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` High - powered air rifles now require licence , The Beehive Jump up ^ `` Important information ... '' Archived 2010 - 12 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , NZ Police Jump up ^ `` Crackdown on killer air rifles '' . NZPA. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Weapons and Ammunition Act '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` FAQ on Police Licensing matters in Singapore '' . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Arms & Explosives Act '' . Jump up ^ `` Firearms Control Act 60 of 2000 '' ( PDF ) . South African Police Service . Retrieved 12 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airguns & The Law '' . Retrieved 12 October 2018 . Jump up ^ https://polisen.se/Lagar-och-regler/Vapen/Paintballskytte/ Jump up ^ UK air gun law . youngmans.com Jump up ^ PSNI Airgun Law . Psni.police.uk . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ UK legislation concerning the prevention of air guns falling into the hands of those under 18 years of age . Legislation.gov.uk ( 2011 - 05 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( https://web.archive.org/web/20110202155137/http://www.basc.org.uk/en/media/pressreleases.cfm/prid/AB98850A-190D-4275-A85D9C42CCD1DAE7 Archived 2011 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . UK Airgun legislation as reported in Press Release issued by BASC . Basc.org.uk ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Marple Rifle & Pistol Club , Gun Law in the UK . Marplerifleandpistolclub.org.uk . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Firearms Act 1968 , section 20 . Maximum penalties : in a building , 7 years and / or unlimited fine ; on land ( including on water ) , 3 months and / or level 4 fine - see schedule 6 . Jump up ^ Frequently asked questions , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . ^ Jump up to : Non-Powder Guns Policy Summary , Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence , May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Police declare air guns illegal ; S.F. public defender , D.A. , and state law disagree '' . SF Weekly News . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_gun_laws&oldid=865644961 '' Categories : Air guns Law - related lists Firearm laws Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2018 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with Italian - language external links Articles with Dutch - language external links Articles that may contain original research from October 2013 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from October 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 07 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	do you need a license to have a pellet gun	[]	[]
969143037825371513	Whatever You Like	Whatever You Like - wikipedia Whatever You Like For other songs , see Whatever You Like ( `` Weird Al '' Yankovic song ) and Whatever U Like . `` Whatever You Like '' Single by T.I. from the album Paper Trail Released July 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 29 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2008 Genre Pop - rap Length 4 : 09 ( album version ) 3 : 40 ( radio edit ) Label Grand Hustle Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Clifford Harris James Scheffer David Siegel Producer ( s ) Jim Jonsin T.I. singles chronology `` Hi Hater ( Remix ) '' ( 2008 ) `` Whatever You Like '' ( 2008 ) `` Swing Ya Rag '' ( 2008 ) `` Hi Hater ( Remix ) '' ( 2008 ) `` Whatever You Like '' ( 2008 ) `` Swing Ya Rag '' ( 2008 ) `` Whatever You Like '' is a song by American rapper T.I. , released as the lead single ( second overall ) from his sixth studio album , Paper Trail ( 2008 ) . The song was written by T.I. , James Scheffer and David Siegel and produced by Jim Jonsin . Also featured rapper Wale who served as the man of the woman who left him for T.I. `` Whatever You Like '' served as the third single from Paper Trail in the United Kingdom with a release date of 1 June 2009 . The song peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , giving T.I. his second US number one . It topped the chart for seven non-consecutive weeks , and remained in the top 3 of the charts for over 12 non-consecutive weeks . It was also number one in New Zealand and has been certified 3 × Platinum by the RIAA . It was named the 16th most successful song from 2000 to 2009 , on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade . Contents 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Other versions 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Whatever You Like '' The chorus of the song contains repeated words with an echo - like digital effect . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Whatever You Like '' was written by T.I. , James Scheffer and David Siegel . The song was produced by Jim Jonsin , who produced Lil Wayne 's single , `` Lollipop '' . The production team worked on the track when T.I. was in the studio recording his album . The instrumentals for `` Whatever You Like '' are based on a beat of lead synthesizers and drum pattern . The song runs for 4 : 09 and speaks about a man who can buy a woman whatever she asks for , as well encourages the woman to ask for anything she wants . A pop - rap song , contains a sample from `` Redemption '' , the opening and closing theme song from the film Rocky II . `` Whatever You Like '' is set in common time with a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute , and is written in the key of D minor with a chord progression sequence of Dm - Bb - F-C . A second version of `` Whatever You Like '' was released in order to be suitable for radio stations . The original version of the track features T.I. saying `` Late night sex so wet , it 's so tight '' , while the radio version replaces these lyrics with the line `` Baby I can treat you so special , so nice '' in the hook and replacing the line `` Thing gets so wet / it hits so right '' with `` Girl , you smell so fresh , and look so nice '' in the breakdown . The music video also uses the edited lyrics . Other changes include replacing the line `` Tell ' em other broke niggas be quiet '' with `` Tell ' em other broke brothers be quiet '' or `` Tell ' em other broke jokers be quiet '' in the pre-hook . The 2nd verse also mutes the word `` brain '' in the line `` Brain so good / could 've sworn you went to college '' due to a slang definition of the word referring to oral sex . Critical reception ( edit ) Reviews for `` Whatever You Like '' were generally favorable . Jared W. Dillon of Sputnikmusic called the song a `` more sophisticated take '' on Lil Wayne 's `` Lollipop '' . Ian Cohen of Pitchfork Media noted that the song contained virtually no rapping while praising the synth - driven beat . Blender magazine ranked the song number 14 their Top 144 Songs of 2008 and number 18 on MTV 's Commercially Released Hip - Hop Singles . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Whatever You Like '' debuted at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 . In its third week , it achieved the biggest leap to number one in Billboard Hot 100 chart history when it jumped 70 positions , from number 71 to the top of the chart , breaking the record previously held by Maroon 5 's `` Makes Me Wonder '' , which jumped 64 to number one . It became T.I. 's first solo Hot 100 number one of his career and his second overall following the Justin Timberlake song `` My Love '' where T.I. was a featured artist . The song 's jump can be largely attributed to huge first week digital sales of 205,000 , debuting at number one on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs chart . The song held the number one position on the Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks , before being replaced by Pink 's `` So What . '' The following week the song knocked off `` So What '' to return to number one on the Hot 100 , marking its fourth week overall at the top of the chart . It remained there for another week , marking its 5th week overall . The next week T.I. replaced himself at number one with the follow - up single `` Live Your Life '' which had n't been done since Usher in 2004 with the first and second singles off his album ( Yeah ! and Burn ) . After spending two weeks at number two on the Hot 100 , `` Whatever You Like '' again topped the chart by knocking off `` Womanizer '' by Britney Spears , marking its 6th non-consecutive week at number one on the Hot 100 . This was the first time a song returned to number one on the chart after the artist 's follow up single had already spent time at number one ( `` Live Your Life '' having already spent a week at number one ) . It is also only the third song to ever have three separate runs at number one on the Hot 100 , following Chic 's `` Le Freak '' in 1979 and Leona Lewis ' `` Bleeding Love '' earlier in 2008 . The song retained the number one position the following week , bringing its total to seven non-consecutive weeks at number one . As of August 2013 it has sold 4,347,000 digital copies in the United States . On the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , `` Whatever You Like '' has peaked at number one , giving T.I. his thirteenth top ten on the chart , and second number one song . It has also reached number three on the Pop 100 , giving T.I. his biggest solo pop hit . The song has become T.I. 's biggest radio hit as well , reaching number one on the Hot 100 Airplay chart , and number four so far on Mainstream Top 40 . Overall it has topped over nine different Billboard charts . Internationally , `` Whatever You Like '' debuted at number twenty - two on the Canadian Hot 100 and has thus far risen to number twelve . It made a strong debut on the Irish Singles Chart at number nineteen . In Australia , on the ARIA Singles Chart , it has so far peaked at number 15 and on the digital track chart at number 15 . In New Zealand , the song made a massive jump from number 32 to number eight on the official RIANZ Chart . The following week it became his first number one in New Zealand and are certified by Platinum in that country . It also debuted at number sixty on the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number forty - seven due to strong download sales . It will be re-released as a full CD single release on 1 June 2009 and has been added to the B - list at BBC Radio 1 . Music video ( edit ) T.I. in the music video `` Whatever You Like '' . The music video was filmed in Malibu , Los Angeles , California , and was directed by Dave Meyers . Reagan Gomez - Preston plays T.I. 's love interest . Cameos include Jackie Long , Lil Duval , Jim Jonsin , DJ Toomp and T.I. 's wife Tameka Cottle . The video starts with a girl working at a fast food restaurant . When T.I. comes into the restaurant , after ordering hot wings , he hands the girl a folded up paper with his number on it . She then calls him and T.I. invites her to his house . The video then shows her living the high life , with T.I. treating her to private jet rides , fancy dinners , and buying her many expensive gifts , such as a new car . The video also show clips of her living her normal life with her boyfriend . Right before the end of the video , it shows the release date of T.I. 's new album Paper Trail while T.I. is on the red carpet with his girl . At the end it is revealed it is all merely a fantasy sequence the girl was having , and T.I. had only handed the girl a hundred dollar bill , not his number . The concept of the video is similar to the one for Jay - Z 's single `` Excuse Me Miss '' . Other versions ( edit ) Trey Songz has remixed this on his mixtape Nothing Is Safe . There is a remix which features Gorilla Zoe and another one that features Flo Rida . There is also a female version featuring Foxy Brown and Trina . A Reggaeton version was made by Puerto Rican singer Yomo . This is an unofficial remix . Lil Wayne created a freestyle for his mixtape Dedication 3 titled `` Whoever You Like '' . S.L.M. covered the song for their album `` S.L.M. ( Sounds Like Music ) '' released in 2008 . Joan As Police Woman covered the song for her album `` Cover '' in 2010 . Anya Marina , a singer - songwriter based in San Diego , California , released a cover version with slightly edited lyrics on Jul 7 , 2009 . This version was featured on an episode of CW 's hit TV series Gossip Girl . A parody , also called `` Whatever You Like '' , was recorded by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic and released on October 8 , 2008 . Students from Ron Clark Academy performed a remake of the song about the 2008 U.S. Presidential election called `` Vote However You Like '' . Their performance on CNN was posted on YouTube , drawing national attention with over 2 million views . After learning of the students ' remake of his song , T.I. paid a surprise visit to the Academy to watch their performance in person . A special version with different lyrics was made for Red Ribbon Week . Alphacat released another version called `` I Can Do Whatever I Like '' to YouTube on November 4 , 2008 , portraying Barack Obama , who won the Presidential election in 2008 . A Ska - punk cover of this song was recorded by BAMF ! and was released as a single on iTunes on December 18 , 2009 YouTube artist Rucka Rucka Ali recorded a parody called `` I Can Do Whatever I 'm White '' in 2008 , the music video also featured T.I. speaking at the end of the song `` I Can Do Whatever I 'm White '' . Taco & Da Mofos Covered this song on their 2009 album Bump Star Revolution . Chief Greenbud Did a parody of this song called Smoke As Much as you like . Track listing ( edit ) Digital single No . Title Writer ( s ) Sample ( s ) Length 1 . `` Whatever You Like '' * Contains a sample from `` Redemption '' performed by Bill Conti 4 : 11 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 13 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 70 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 12 Europe ( European Hot 100 ) 79 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 57 Ireland ( IRMA ) 19 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 45 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 19 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 51 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 47 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Australia Top 100 Singles 63 Canadian Hot 100 79 Hungarian Singles Chart 82 Ireland Singles Chart 81 US Billboard Hot 100 15 US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 17 US Billboard Hot Rap Tracks US Billboard Pop 100 29 Charts ( 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 40 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 16 See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( New Zealand ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2008 List of R&B number - one singles of 2008 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` T.I. ' Whatever You Like ' UK CD Single Release Date '' . Amazon.co.uk. 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` T.I. ' Whatever You Like ' UK CD Single Release Date '' . HMV.com. 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Powers ( 2008 - 10 - 07 ) . `` T.I. 's ' Whatever You Like ' : a song for our times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold & Platinum '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Decade Songs Jump up ^ Dillon , Jared W. ( 2008 - 10 - 01 ) . `` T.I. - Paper Trail Review '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ian ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Pitchfork : T.I. : Paper Trail '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Blender 's 1001 Downloads : The Top 144 Songs of 2008 '' . Blender . Alpha Media Group . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ; Dukes , Rahman ; Poulter , Dael ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Lil Wayne 's ' A Milli ' And More Top Hip - Hop Songs Of 2008 ; 50 Cent Pledges Loyalty To Eminem : Mixtape Monday '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` T.I. - Whatever You Like global chart positions and trajectories '' . aCharts.us . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ; Petroluongo , Silvio ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` T.I. Sets New Record With Hot 100 No. 1 Jump '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2008 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Back in ' Like ' Again '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( 2008 - 10 - 30 ) . `` T.I. Continues Hot 100 Dominance '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Week Ending Aug. 4 , 2013 . Songs : It 's All A `` Blur '' `` . Yahoo Chart Watch . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1 Playlist ( T.I. 's ' Whatever You Like ' on B - list ) '' . BBC Radio 1 . 2009 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Video : T.I. - ' Whatever You Like ' '' . Rap - Up . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Graham , Nicholas ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` ' Vote However You Like ' Video By Ron Clark Academy Students '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TI visits the Academy '' . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- T.I. -- Whatever You Like '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- T.I. -- Whatever You Like '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` TI Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` European Hot 100 Singles - Whatever You Like - T.I. '' Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- T.I. Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- T.I. '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- T.I. -- Whatever You Like '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- T.I. -- Whatever You Like '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- T.I. -- Whatever You Like '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- T.I. -- Whatever You Like '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` T.I. : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` TI Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` TI Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` TI Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` TI Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 singles 2008 - Whatever You Like - T.I. '' Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 Songs - Whatever You Like - T.I. '' Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Éves összesített listák - MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 ( súlyozott ) '' . Mahasz . Mahasz . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Whatever You Like - T.I. '' Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs - Whatever You Like - T.I. '' Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rap Songs - Whatever You Like - T.I. '' Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Pop 100 Songs - Whatever You Like - T.I. '' Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The UK Top 40 Singles of 2008 '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks - Decade Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` Whatever You Like '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics T.I. songs Discography Videography Trap Muzik `` Be Easy '' `` Let 's Get Away '' `` 24 's '' `` Rubber Band Man '' Urban Legend `` U Do n't Know Me '' `` ASAP '' `` Bring Em Out '' King `` Front Back '' `` What You Know '' `` Live in the Sky '' `` Why You Wanna '' `` Top Back '' `` Drive Slow '' ( Remix ) T.I. vs. T.I.P. `` Big Shit Poppin ' ( Do It ) '' `` You Know What It Is '' `` Hurt '' `` Touchdown '' Paper Trail `` Ready for Whatever '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Whatever You Like '' `` No Matter What '' `` Swing Ya Rag '' `` What Up , What 's Haapnin ' '' `` Swagga Like Us '' `` Dead and Gone '' Case Closed `` Remember Me '' `` Hell of a Life '' No Mercy `` Get Back Up '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` Castle Walls '' `` I 'm Back '' `` Got Your Back '' `` Yeah Ya Know ( Takers ) '' Trouble Man : Heavy Is the Head `` Trap Back Jumpin '' `` Ball '' `` Sorry '' `` Go Get It '' `` Love This Life '' Paperwork `` About the Money '' `` New National Anthem '' `` Private Show '' `` No Mediocre '' Other songs `` I 'm Flexin ' '' `` Memories Back Then '' `` Wit ' Me '' Featured songs `` Never Scared '' `` Round Here '' `` Soldier '' `` 3 Kings '' `` Touch '' `` Shoulder Lean '' `` My Love '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` We Fly High '' ( Remix ) `` I 'm a Flirt '' `` Make It Rain '' ( Remix ) `` We Takin ' Over '' `` Whatever U Like '' `` 5000 Ones '' `` For a Minute '' `` Hi Hater '' ( Remix ) `` I 'll Be Lovin ' U Long Time '' `` Wish You Would '' `` Just Like Me '' `` Ai n't I '' `` Day Dreaming '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Winner '' `` Bet I '' `` Make Up Bag '' `` Fancy '' `` Deuces '' ( Remix ) `` Sleazy Remix 2.0 : Get Sleazier '' `` 9 Piece '' `` I 'm a Boss '' ( Remix ) `` F.A.M.E. '' `` Magic '' `` Big Beast '' `` We in This Bitch '' `` Back 2 Life ( Live It Up ) '' `` 2 Reasons '' `` We Still in This Bitch '' `` Blurred Lines '' `` Pour It Up '' ( Remix ) `` Bugatti '' ( Remix ) `` FDB '' ( Remix ) `` I Wish '' `` Change Your Life '' `` I Ca n't Describe ( The Way I Feel ) '' `` Coke Bottle '' `` This Girl '' `` Waves ( Robin Schulz Remix ) '' `` Do n't Make Me Wait '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' `` Get Low '' `` Ye vs. the People '' Book : T.I. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whatever_You_Like&oldid=856214700 '' Categories : 2008 singles T.I. songs Grand Hustle Records singles Music videos directed by Dave Meyers ( director ) Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Song recordings produced by Jim Jonsin Songs written by Jim Jonsin Songs written by T.I. Songs about sexuality Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norwegian Singlechart usages for Swedish Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 17 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ti you can have what ever you like	[]	[]
2019064181111209439	Definitions of terrorism	Definitions of terrorism - wikipedia Definitions of terrorism Terrorism Definitions History Incidents By ideology ( show ) Anarchist Communist Conservative Left - wing Narcotics - driven Nationalist Right - wing Religious Buddhist Christian ( Mormon ) Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Special - interest / Single - issue Anti-abortion Environmental Related topics Ethnic violence Militia movement Resistance movement Structure ( show ) Financing Fronting Training camp Death squad Clandestine cell system Leaderless resistance Methods Tactics ( show ) Agro-terrorism Aircraft hijacking ( list ) Animal - borne bomb attacks Beheading Bioterrorism Car bombing ( list ) Cyberterrorism Dirty bomb Dry run Explosive Hostage - taking Improvised explosive device ( IED ) Individual terror Insurgency Kidnapping Letter bomb Lone wolf Mass shooting Nuclear Paper terrorism Piracy Propaganda of the deed Proxy bomb School shooting Stabbing Suicide attack ( list ) Rockets and mortars Vehicle - ramming Terrorist groups ( show ) Designated terrorist groups Charities accused of ties to terrorism Adherents ( show ) Violent non-state actors State terrorism Kazakhstan Soviet Union Sri Lanka United States Uzbekistan State - sponsored terrorism Iran Israel Pakistan Qatar Russia ( Soviet Union ) Saudi Arabia Syria United States Response to terrorism ( show ) Counter-terrorism International conventions Anti-terrorism legislation Terrorism insurance There is no universal agreement on the definition of terrorism . Various legal systems and government agencies use different definitions . Moreover , governments have been reluctant to formulate an agreed upon and legally binding definition . These difficulties arise from the fact that the term is politically and emotionally charged . In the United States of America , for example , Terrorism is defined in Title 22 Chapter 38 U.S. Code § 2656f as `` premeditated , politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents . '' According to Matusitz ( 2013 ) , terrorism includes the following : It is the use of violence or threat of violence in the pursuit of political , religious , ideological or social objectives . It can be committed by governments , non-state actors , or undercover personnel serving on the behalf of their respective governments . It reaches more than the immediate target victims and is also directed at targets consisting of a larger spectrum of society . It is both mala prohibita ( i.e. , crime that is made illegal by legislation ) and mala in se ( i.e. , crime that is inherently immoral or wrong ) . The following criteria of violence or threat of violence fall outside of the definition of terrorism : Wartime ( including a declared war ) or peacetime acts of violence committed by a nation state against another nation state regardless of legality or illegality that are carried out by properly uniformed forces or legal combatants of such nation states . Reasonable acts of self - defense , such as the use of force to kill , apprehend , or punish criminals who pose a threat to the lives of humans or property . Legitimate targets in war , such as enemy combatants and strategic infrastructure that are an integral part of the enemy 's war effort . Collateral damage , including the infliction of incidental damage to non-combatant targets during an attack on or attempting to attack legitimate targets in war . There are many reasons as to why there is no universal consensus regarding the definition of terrorism . Angus Martyn in a briefing paper for the Australian Parliament has stated that `` The international community has never succeeded in developing an accepted comprehensive definition of terrorism . During the 1970s and 1980s , the United Nations attempts to define the term foundered mainly due to differences of opinion between various members about the use of violence in the context of conflicts over national liberation and self - determination . '' These divergences have made it impossible to conclude a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism that incorporates a single , all - encompassing , legally binding , criminal law definition of terrorism . In the meantime , the international community adopted a series of sectoral conventions that define and criminalize various types of terrorist activities . In addition , since 1994 , the United Nations General Assembly has condemned terrorist acts using the following political description of terrorism : `` Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public , a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable , whatever the considerations of a political , philosophical , ideological , racial , ethnic , religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them . '' A 2003 study by Jeffrey Record for the United States Army quoted a source ( Schmid and Jongman 1988 ) that counted 109 definitions of terrorism that covered a total of 22 different definitional elements . Record continued `` Terrorism expert Walter Laqueur also has counted over 100 definitions and concludes that the ' only general characteristic generally agreed upon is that terrorism involves violence and the threat of violence . ' Yet terrorism is hardly the only enterprise involving violence and the threat of violence . So does war , coercive diplomacy , and bar room brawls '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 In international law 2.1 The need to define terrorism in international criminal law 2.1. 1 Obstacles to a comprehensive definition 2.1. 2 The sectoral approach 2.2 Comprehensive conventions 2.2. 1 League of Nations 2.2. 2 Proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism 2.3 Sectoral conventions 2.3. 1 Terrorist Bombings Convention 2.3. 2 Terrorist Financing Convention 2.3. 3 Nuclear Terrorism Convention 2.4 Definitions of terrorism in other UN decisions 2.4. 1 UN General Assembly Resolutions 2.4. 2 UN Security Council 2.4. 3 The High - Level Panel on Threats , Challenges and Change and the Secretary General 2.5 European Union 2.6 North Atlantic Treaty Organization 3 In national law 3.1 Argentina 3.2 France 3.3 India 3.4 Pakistan 3.5 Syria 3.6 Turkey 3.7 United Kingdom 3.8 United States 3.8. 1 U.S. Code ( U.S.C. ) 3.8. 2 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations 3.8. 3 U.S. Department of Defense 3.8. 4 U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency 3.8. 5 U.S. National Counterterrorism Center 3.8. 6 U.S. national security strategy 3.8. 7 USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 3.8. 8 Terrorism Risk Insurance Act 4 In general insurance policies 5 Social 6 Timeline of political definitions 7 Scholars and recognized experts on terrorism 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) A 30 January 1795 use of the word ' terrorism ' in The Times , an early appearance in English . The excerpt reads : `` There exists more than one system to overthrow our liberty . Fanaticism has raised every passion ; Royalism has not yet given up its hopes , and Terrorism feels bolder than ever . '' The term `` terrorism '' comes from French terrorisme , from Latin : terror , `` great fear '' , `` dread '' , related to the Latin verb terrere , `` to frighten '' . The terror cimbricus was a panic and state of emergency in Rome in response to the approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105 BCE . The French National Convention declared in September 1793 that `` terror is the order of the day '' . The period 1793 -- 94 is referred to as La Terreur ( Reign of Terror ) . Maximilien Robespierre , a leader in the French revolution proclaimed in 1794 that `` Terror is nothing other than justice , prompt , severe , inflexible . '' The Committee of Public Safety agents that enforced the policies of `` The Terror '' were referred to as `` Terrorists '' . The word `` terrorism '' was first recorded in English - language dictionaries in 1798 as meaning `` systematic use of terror as a policy '' . Although the Reign of Terror was imposed by the French government , in modern times `` terrorism '' usually refers to the killing of people by non-governmental political activists for political reasons , often as a public statement . This meaning originated with Russian radicals in the 1870s . Sergey Nechayev , who founded the People 's Reprisal ( Народная расправа ) in 1869 , described himself as a `` terrorist '' . German radicalist writer Johann Most helped popularize the modern sense of the word by dispensing `` advice for terrorists '' in the 1880s . According to Myra Williamson : `` The meaning of `` terrorism '' has undergone a transformation . During the reign of terror a regime or system of terrorism was used as an instrument of governance , wielded by a recently established revolutionary state against the enemies of the people . Now the term `` terrorism '' is commonly used to describe terrorist acts committed by non-state or subnational entities against a state . '' In international law ( edit ) The need to define terrorism in international criminal law ( edit ) Ben Saul has noted that a `` A combination of pragmatic and principled arguments supports the case for defining terrorism in international law '' , including the need to condemn violations to human rights , to protect the state and deliberative politics , to differentiate public and private violence , and to ensure international peace and security . Carlos Diaz - Paniagua , who coordinated the negotiations of the proposed United Nations Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism , noted , on his part , the need to provide a precise definition of terrorist activities in international law : `` Criminal law has three purposes : to declare that a conduct is forbidden , to prevent it , and to express society 's condemnation for the wrongful acts . The symbolic , normative role of criminalization is of particular importance in the case of terrorism . The criminalization of terrorist acts expresses society 's repugnance at them , invokes social censure and shame , and stigmatizes those who commit them . Moreover , by creating and reaffirming values , criminalization may serve , in the long run , as a deterrent to terrorism , as those values are internalized . '' Thus , international criminal law treaties that seek to prevent , condemn and punish terrorist activities , require precise definitions : The definition of the offence in criminal law treaty plays several roles . First and foremost , it has the symbolic , normative role of expressing society 's condemnation of the forbidden acts . Second , it facilitates agreement . Since states tend to be reluctant to undertake stringent obligations in matters related to the exercise of their domestic jurisdiction , a precise definition of the crime , which restricts the scope of those obligations , makes agreement less costly . Third , it provides an inter-subjective basis for the homogeneous application of the treaty 's obligations on judicial and police cooperation . This function is of particular importance in extradition treaties because , to grant an extradition , most legal systems require that the crime be punishable both in the requesting state and the requested state . Fourth , it helps states to enact domestic legislation to criminalize and punish the wrongful acts defined in the treaty in conformity with their human rights ' obligations . The principle of nullum crimen sine lege requires , in particular , that states define precisely which acts are prohibited before anyone can be prosecuted or punished for committing those same acts . Saul noted in this sense that , missing a generally agreed , all - encompassing , definition of the term : ' Terrorism ' currently lacks the precision , objectivity and certainty demanded by legal discourse . Criminal law strives to avoid emotive terms to prevent prejudice to an accused , and shuns ambiguous or subjective terms as incompatible with the principle of non-retroactivity . If the law is to admit the term , advance definition is essential on grounds of fairness , and it is not sufficient to leave definition to the unilateral interpretations of States . Legal definition could plausibly retrieve terrorism from the ideological quagmire , by severing an agreed legal meaning from the remainder of the elastic , political concept . Ultimately it must do so without criminalizing legitimate violent resistance to oppressive regimes -- and becoming complicit in that oppression . Obstacles to a comprehensive definition ( edit ) Diaz - Paniagua has noted that , to `` ... create an effective legal regime against terrorism , it would be necessary to formulate a comprehensive definition of that crime that , on the one hand , provides the strongest moral condemnation to terrorist activities while , on the other hand , has enough precision to permit the prosecution of criminal activities without condemning acts that should be deemed to be legitimate . Nonetheless , due to major divergences at the international level on the question of the legitimacy of the use of violence for political purposes , either by states or by self - determination and revolutionary groups , this has not yet been possible . '' In this sense , M. Cherif Bassiouni notes : to define ' terrorism ' in a way that is both all - inclusive and unambiguous is very difficult , if not impossible . One of the principal difficulties lies in the fundamental values at stake in the acceptance or rejection of terror - inspiring violence as means of accomplishing a given goal . The obvious and well known range of views on these issues are what makes an internationally accepted specific definition of what is loosely called ' terrorism , ' a largely impossible undertaking . That is why the search for and internationally agreed upon definition may well be a futile and unnecessary effort . Sami Zeidan , a Lebanese diplomat and scholar , explained the political reasons underlying the current difficulties to define terrorism as follows : There is no general consensus on the definition of terrorism . The difficulty of defining terrorism lies in the risk it entails of taking positions . The political value of the term currently prevails over its legal one . Left to its political meaning , terrorism easily falls prey to change that suits the interests of particular states at particular times . The Taliban and Osama bin Laden were once called freedom fighters ( mujahideen ) and backed by the CIA when they were resisting the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan . Now they are on top of the international terrorist lists . Today , the United Nations views Palestinians as freedom fighters , struggling against the unlawful occupation of their land by Israel , and engaged in a long - established legitimate resistance , yet Israel regards them as terrorists . Israel also brands the Hizbullah of Lebanon as a terrorist group , whereas most of the international community regards it as a legitimate resistance group , fighting Israel 's occupation of Southern Lebanon . In fact , the successful ousting of Israeli forces from most of the South by the Hizbollah in 2000 made Lebanon the only Arab country to actually defeat the Israeli army . The repercussion of the current preponderance of the political over the legal value of terrorism is costly , leaving the war against terrorism selective , incomplete and ineffective . In the same vein , Jason Burke , a British reporter who writes about radical Islamist activity , said : There are multiple ways of defining terrorism , and all are subjective . Most define terrorism as `` the use or threat of serious violence '' to advance some kind of `` cause '' . Some state clearly the kinds of group ( `` sub-national '' , `` non-state '' ) or cause ( political , ideological , religious ) to which they refer . Others merely rely on the instinct of most people when confronted with innocent civilians being killed or maimed by men armed with explosives , firearms or other weapons . None is satisfactory , and grave problems with the use of the term persist . Terrorism is after all , a tactic . The term `` war on terrorism '' is thus effectively nonsensical . As there is no space here to explore this involved and difficult debate , my preference is , on the whole , for the less loaded term `` Militancy '' . This is not an attempt to condone such actions , merely to analyse them in a clearer way . The political and emotional connotation of the term `` terrorism '' make difficult its use in legal discourse . In this sense , Saul notes that : Despite the shifting and contested meaning of `` terrorism '' over time , the peculiar semantic power of the term , beyond its literal signification , is its capacity to stigmatize , delegitimize , denigrate , and dehumanize those at whom it is directed , including political opponents . The term is ideologically and politically loaded ; pejorative ; implies moral , social , and value judgment ; and is `` slippery and much - abused . '' In the absence of a definition of terrorism , the struggle over the representation of a violent act is a struggle over its legitimacy . The more confused a concept , the more it lends itself to opportunistic appropriation . Historically , the dispute on the meaning of terrorism arose since the laws of war were first codified in 1899 . The Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the Great Powers who considered francs - tireurs to be unlawful combatants subject to execution on capture , and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants . More recently the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 , and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts , which applies in situations Article 1 . Paragraph 4 `` ... in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes ... '' , contains many ambiguities that cloud the issue of who is or is not a legitimate combatant . These difficulties have led Pamala Griset to conclude that : `` the meaning of terrorism is embeded in a person 's or nation 's philosophy . Thus , the determination of the ' right ' definition of terrorism is subjective . '' The sectoral approach ( edit ) To elaborate an effective legal regime to prevent and punish international terrorism -- rather than only working on a single , all - encompassing , comprehensive definition of terrorism -- the international community has also adopted a `` ... ' sectoral ' approach aimed at identifying offences seen as belonging to the activities of terrorists and working out treaties in order to deal with specific categories thereof '' . The treaties that follow this approach focus on the wrongful nature of terrorist activities rather than on their intent : On the whole , therefore , the ' sectoral ' conventions confirm the assumption that some offences can be considered in themselves as offences of international concern , irrespective of any ' terrorist ' intent or purpose . Indeed , the principal merit of the ' sectoral approach ' is that it avoids the need to define ' terrorism ' of ' terrorist acts ' ... So long as the ' sectoral ' approach is followed , there is no need to define terrorism ; a definition would only be necessary if the punishment of the relevant offences were made conditional on the existence of a specific ' terrorist ' intent ; but this would be counter-productive , inasmuch as it would result in unduly restricting their suppression . Following this approach , the international community has adopted the following sectoral counter-terrorism conventions , open to the ratification of all states : The 1963 Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft The 1970 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft The 1971 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation The 1979 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material The 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation The 1988 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation The 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf The 1991 Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Identification The 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings . The 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism The 2005 International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism Analyzing these treaties , Andrew Byrnes observed that : These conventions -- all of which are described by the United Nations as part of its panoply of anti-terrorist measures -- share three principal characteristics : ( a ) they all adopted an `` operational definition '' of a specific type of terrorist act that was defined without reference to the underlying political or ideological purpose or motivation of the perpetrator of the act -- this reflected a consensus that there were some acts that were such a serious threat to the interests of all that they could not be justified by reference to such motives ; ( b ) they all focused on actions by non-state actors ( individuals and organisations ) and the State was seen as an active ally in the struggle against terrorism -- the question of the State itself as terrorist actor was left largely to one side ; and ( c ) they all adopted a criminal law enforcement model to address the problem , under which States would cooperate in the apprehension and prosecution of those alleged to have committed these crimes . Byrnes notes that `` this act - specific approach to addressing problems of terrorism in binding international treaties has continued up until relatively recently . Although political denunciation of terrorism in all its forms had continued apace , there had been no successful attempt to define ' terrorism ' as such in a broad sense that was satisfactory for legal purposes . There was also some scepticism as to the necessity , desirability and feasibility of producing an agreed and workable general definition . '' Nonetheless , since 2000 , the United Nations General Assembly has been working on a proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism . Comprehensive conventions ( edit ) The international community has worked on two comprehensive counter-terrorism treaties , the League of Nations ' 1937 Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism , which never entered into force , and the United Nations ' proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism , which has n't been finalized yet . League of Nations ( edit ) In the late 1930s , the international community made a first attempt at defining terrorism . Article 1.1 of the League of Nations ' 1937 Convention for the prevention and punishment of Terrorism , which never entered into force , defined `` acts of terrorism '' as `` criminal acts directed against a State and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons or a group of persons or the general public '' . Article 2 included as terrorist acts , if they were directed against another state and if they constituted acts of terrorism within the meaning of the definition contained in article 1 , the following : 1 . Any willful act causing death or grievous bodily harm or loss of liberty to : a ) Heads of State , persons exercising the prerogatives of the head of the State , their hereditary or designated successors ; b ) The wives or husbands or the above - mentioned persons ; c ) Persons charged with public functions or holding public positions when the act is directed against them in their public capacity . 2 . Willful destruction of , or damage to , public property or property devoted to a public purpose belonging to or subject to the authority of another High Contracting Party . 3 . Any willful act calculated to endanger the lives of members of the public . 4 . Any attempt to commit an offence falling within the foregoing provisions of the present article . 5 . The manufacture , obtaining , possession , or supplying of arms , ammunition , explosives or harmful substances with the view to the commission in any country whatsoever of an offence falling within the present article . Proposed comprehensive Convention on international terrorism ( edit ) Since 2000 , the United Nations General Assembly has been negotiating a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism . The definition of the crime of terrorism , which has been on the negotiating table since 2002 reads as follows : 1 . Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person , by any means , unlawfully and intentionally , causes : ( a ) Death or serious bodily injury to any person ; or ( b ) Serious damage to public or private property , including a place of public use , a State or government facility , a public transportation system , an infrastructure facility or the environment ; or ( c ) Damage to property , places , facilities , or systems referred to in paragraph 1 ( b ) of this article , resulting or likely to result in major economic loss , when the purpose of the conduct , by its nature or context , is to intimidate a population , or to compel a Government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act . Among the negotiators , that definition is not controversial in itself ; the deadlock in the negotiations arises instead from the opposing views on whether such a definition would be applicable to the armed forces of a state and to self - determination movements . Thalif Deen described the situation as follows : `` The key sticking points in the draft treaty revolve around several controversial yet basic issues , including the definition of _́ terrorism _́ . For example , what distinguishes a `` terrorist organisation '' from a ' liberation movement ' ? And do you exclude activities of national armed forces , even if they are perceived to commit acts of terrorism ? If not , how much of this constitutes ' state terrorism ' ? '' The coordinator of the negotiations , supported by most western delegations , proposed the following exceptions to address those issues : 1 . Nothing in this Convention shall affect other rights , obligations and responsibilities of States , peoples and individuals under international law , in particular the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations , and international humanitarian law . 2 . The activities of armed forces during an armed conflict , as those terms are understood under international humanitarian law , which are governed by that law , are not governed by this Convention . 3 . The activities undertaken by the military forces of a State in the exercise of their official duties , inasmuch as they are governed by other rules of international law , are not governed by this Convention . 4 . Nothing in this article condones or makes lawful otherwise unlawful acts , nor precludes prosecution under other laws . The state members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference proposed instead the following exceptions : 2 . The activities of ' the parties ' during an armed conflict , ' including in situations of foreign occupation ' , as those terms are understood under international humanitarian law , which are governed by that law , are not governed by this Convention . 3 . The activities undertaken by the military forces of a State in the exercise of their official duties , ' inasmuch as they are in conformity ' with international law , are not governed by this Convention . Sectoral conventions ( edit ) The various sectoral counter-terrorism conventions defines as terrorist particular categories of activities . Terrorist Bombings Convention ( edit ) Article 2.1 of the 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings defines the offence of terrorist bombing as follows : Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person unlawfully and intentionally delivers , places , discharges or detonates an explosive or other lethal device in , into or against a place of public use , a State or government facility , a public transportation system or an infrastructure facility : a ) With the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury ; or b ) With the intent to cause extensive destruction of such a place , facility or system , where such a destruction results in or is likely to result in major economic loss . Article 19 expressly excluded from the scope of the convention certain activities of state armed forces and of self - determination movements as follows : 1 . Nothing in this Convention shall affect other rights , obligations and responsibilities of States , and individuals under international law , in particular the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations , and international humanitarian law . 2 . The activities of armed forces during an armed conflict , as those terms are understood under international humanitarian law , which are governed by that law , are not governed by this Convention , and the activities undertaken by the military forces of a State in the exercise of their official duties , inasmuch as they are governed by other rules of international law , are not governed by this Convention . Terrorist Financing Convention ( edit ) Article 2.1 of the 1999 sectoral United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism ( Terrorist Financing Convention ) defines the crime of terrorist financing as the offence committed by `` any person '' who `` by any means , directly or indirectly , unlawfully and wilfully , provides or collects funds with the intention that they should be used or in the knowledge that they are to be used , in full or in part , in order to carry out '' an act `` intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to a civilian , or to any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict , when the purpose of such act , by its nature or context , is to intimidate a population , or to compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act . '' Nuclear terrorism Convention ( edit ) The 2005 United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism defines the crime of nuclear terrorism as follows : Article 2 1 . Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention if that person unlawfully and intentionally : ( a ) Possesses radioactive material or makes or possesses a device : ( i ) With the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury ; or ( ii ) With the intent to cause substantial damage to property or to the environment ; ( b ) Uses in any way radioactive material or a device , or uses or damages a nuclear facility in a manner which releases or risks the release of radioactive material : ( i ) With the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury ; or ( ii ) With the intent to cause substantial damage to property or to the environment ; or ( iii ) With the intent to compel a natural or legal person , an international organization or a State to do or refrain from doing an act . Article 4 of the convention expressly excluded from the application of the convention the use of nuclear weapons during armed conflicts without , though , recognizing the legality of the use of those weapons : 1 . Nothing in this Convention shall affect other rights , obligations and responsibilities of States and individuals under international law , in particular the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and international humanitarian law . 2 . The activities of armed forces during an armed conflict , as those terms are understood under international humanitarian law , which are governed by that law are not governed by this Convention , and the activities undertaken by military forces of a State in the exercise of their official duties , inasmuch as they are governed by other rules of international law , are not governed by this Convention . 3 . The provisions of paragraph 2 of the present article shall not be interpreted as condoning or making lawful otherwise unlawful acts , or precluding prosecution under other laws . 4 . This Convention does not address , nor can it be interpreted as addressing , in any way , the issue of the legality of the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons by States . Definitions of terrorism in other UN decisions ( edit ) In parallel with the criminal law codification efforts , some United Nations organs have put forward some broad political definitions of terrorism . UN General Assembly resolutions ( edit ) A 1996 non-binding United Nations Declaration to Supplement the 1994 Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism , annexed to the UN General Assembly Resolution 51 / 210 , described terrorist activities in the following terms : Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public , a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable , whatever the considerations of a political , philosophical , ideological , racial , ethnic , religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them . Antonio Cassese has argued that the language of this and other similar UN declarations `` sets out an acceptable definition of terrorism . '' UN security Council ( edit ) In 2004 , United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566 condemned terrorist acts as : criminal acts , including against civilians , committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury , or taking of hostages , with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons , intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act , which constitute offences within the scope of and as defined in the international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism , are under no circumstances justifiable by considerations of a political , philosophical , ideological , racial , ethnic , religious or other similar nature . The High - Level Panel on threats , Challenges and change and the Secretary General ( edit ) Also in 2004 , a High - Level Panel on Threats , Challenges and Change composed of independent experts and convened by the Secretary - General of the United Nations called states to set aside their differences and to adopt , in the text of a proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism , the following political `` description of terrorism '' : any action , in addition to actions already specified by the existing conventions on aspects of terrorism , the Geneva Conventions and Security Council resolution 1566 ( 2004 ) , that is intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants , when the purpose of such an act , by its nature or context , is to intimidate a population , or to compel a Government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act . The following year , Secretary - General of the United Nations Kofi Annan endorsed the High Level Panel 's definition of terrorism and asked states to set aside their differences and to adopt that definition within the proposed comprehensive terrorism convention before the end of that year . He said : It is time to set aside debates on so - called `` State terrorism '' . The use of force by states is already thoroughly regulated under international law . And the right to resist occupation must be understood in its true meaning . It can not include the right to deliberately kill or maim civilians . I endorse fully the High - level Panel 's call for a definition of terrorism , which would make it clear that , in addition to actions already proscribed by existing conventions , any action constitutes terrorism if it is intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a Government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act . I believe this proposal has clear moral force , and I strongly urge world leaders to unite behind it and to conclude a comprehensive convention on terrorism before the end of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly . The suggestion of incorporating this definition of terrorism into the comprehensive convention was rejected . Some United Nations ' member states contended that a definition such as the one proposed by the High - Level Panel on Threats , Challenges and Change , and endorsed by the Secretary General , lacked the necessary requirements to be incorporated in a criminal law instrument . Carlos Diaz - Paniagua , who coordinated the negotiations of the proposed Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism , stated that a comprehensive definition of terrorism to be included in a criminal law treaty must have `` legal precision , certainty , and fair - labeling of the criminal conduct - all of which emanate from the basic human rights obligation to observe due process . '' European Union ( edit ) The European Union defines terrorism for legal / official purposes in Art . 1 of the Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism ( 2002 ) . This provides that terrorist offences are certain criminal offences set out in a list consisting largely of serious offences against persons and property that ; ... given their nature or context , may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of : seriously intimidating a population ; or unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act ; or seriously destabilising or destroying the fundamental political , constitutional , economic or social structures of a country or an international organisation . North atlantic treaty organization ( edit ) NATO defines terrorism in the AAP - 06 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions , Edition 2014 as `` The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property in an attempt to coerce or intimidate governments or societies to achieve political , religious or ideological objectives '' . In national law ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) The Argentine National Reorganization Process dictatorship , which lasted from 1976 to 1983 , defined `` terrorist '' as `` not only who set bombs and carry guns , but also those who spread ideas opposite to Christian and western civilization '' . France ( edit ) In 1986 , France adopted its first `` anti-terrorism '' law . The French legal definition of `` acts of terrorism '' as in force since 2016 is to be found in the French Code pénal , article 421 . The article starts with : Acts of terrorism -- provided they are intentional , connected to either an individual or a collective enterprise , and intended to gravely disturb the public order by way of intimidation or terror -- are : 1o deliberate assaults on life or on personal integrity ; the hijacking of an aeroplane , ship or other means of transport ; 2o theft , extorsion , destruction , degradation , deterioration ; infractions on computerized information ; ... ( etc . ) India ( edit ) The Supreme Court of India adopted Alex P. Schmid 's definition of terrorism in a 2003 ruling ( Madan Singh vs. State of Bihar ) , `` defin ( ing ) acts of terrorism veritably as ' peacetime equivalents of war crimes . ' '' The now lapsed Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act specified the following definition of terrorism : Whoever with intent to overawe the Government as by law established or to strike terror in the people or any section of the people or to alienate any section of the people or to adversely affect the harmony amongst different sections of the people does any act or thing by using bombs , dynamite or other explosive substances or inflammable substances or lethal weapons or poisons or noxious gases or other chemicals or by any other substances ( whether biological or otherwise ) of a hazardous nature in such a manner as to cause , or as is likely to cause , death of , or injuries to , any person or persons or loss of , or damage to , or destruction of , property or disruption of any supplies or services essential to the life of the community , or detains any person and threatens to kill or injure such person in order to compel the Government or any other person to do or abstain from doing any act , commits a terrorist act . Pakistan ( edit ) The Pakistan Anti-Terrorism ( Amendment ) Ordinance , 1999 states : A person is said to commit a terrorist act if he , ( a ) in order to , or if the effect of his actions will be to , strike terror or create a sense of fear and insecurity in the people , or any section of the people , does any act or thing by using bombs , dynamite or other explosive or inflammable substances , or such fire - arms or other lethal weapons as may be notified , or poisons or noxious gases or chemicals , in such a manner as to cause , or be likely to cause , the death of , or injury to , any person or persons , or damage to , or destruction of , property on a large scale , or a widespread disruption of supplies of services essential to the life of the community , or threatens with the use of force public servants in order to prevent them from discharging their lawful duties ; or ( b ) commits a scheduled offence , the effect of which will be , or be likely to be , to strike terror , or create a sense of fear and insecurity in the people , or any section of the people , or to adversely affect harmony among different sections of the people ; or ( c ) commits an act of gang rape , child molestation , or robbery coupled with rape as specified in the Schedule to this Act ; or ( d ) commits an act of civil commotion as specified in section &A . '' Syria ( edit ) After the United States attack on Abu Kamal , the Syrian Foreign Minister Walid Muallem defined terrorism as `` Killing civilians in international law means a terrorist aggression . '' Turkey ( edit ) The definition of `` Terrorism '' in Article 1 of Anti-Terror Law 3713 is : `` Terrorism is any kind of act done by one or more persons belonging to an organization with the aim of changing the characteristics of the Republic as specified in the Constitution , its political , legal , social , secular and economic system , damaging the indivisible unity of the State with its territory and nation , endangering the existence of the Turkish State and Republic , weakening or destroying or seizing the authority of the State , eliminating fundamental rights and freedoms , or damaging the internal and external security of the State , public order or general health by means of pressure , force and violence , terror , intimidation , oppression or threat . '' United Kingdom ( edit ) The United Kingdom 's Terrorism Act 2000 defined terrorism as follows : ( 1 ) In this Act `` terrorism '' means the use or threat of action where : ( a ) the action falls within subsection ( 2 ) , ( b ) the use or threat is designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public and ( c ) the use or threat is made for the purpose of advancing a political , religious or ideological cause . ( 2 ) Action falls within this subsection if it : ( a ) involves serious violence against a person , ( b ) involves serious damage to property , ( c ) endangers a person 's life , other than that of the person committing the action , ( d ) creates a serious risk to the health or safety of the public or a section of the public or ( e ) is designed seriously to interfere with or seriously to disrupt an electronic system . The Terrorism Act 2000 defines terrorism so as to include not only violent offences against persons and physical damage to property , but also acts `` designed seriously to interfere with or to seriously disrupt an electronic system '' if those acts are ( a ) designed to influence the government or to intimidate the public or a section of the public , and ( b ) be done for the purpose of advancing a political , religious or ideological cause . Section 34 of the Terrorism Act 2006 amended sections 1 ( 1 ) ( b ) and 113 ( 1 ) ( c ) of Terrorism Act 2000 to include `` international governmental organisations '' in addition to `` government '' . Successive Independent Reviewers of Terrorism Legislation ( most recently in a report of July 2014 ) have commented on the UK 's definition of terrorism . United States ( edit ) See also : Domestic terrorism in the United States U.S. Code ( USC ) ( edit ) Title 22 , Chapter 38 of the United States Code ( regarding the Department of State ) contains a definition of terrorism in its requirement that annual country reports on terrorism be submitted by the Secretary of State to Congress every year . It reads : ( T ) he term ' terrorism ' means premeditated , politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents . Title 18 of the United States Code ( regarding criminal acts and criminal procedure ) defines international terrorism as : ( 1 ) ( T ) he term ' international terrorism ' means activities that -- ( A ) involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State , or that would be a criminal violation if committed within the jurisdiction of the United States or of any State ; ( B ) appear to be intended -- ( i ) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population ; ( ii ) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion ; or ( iii ) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction , assassination , or kidnapping ; and ( C ) occur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States , or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished , the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce , or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum `` . Commenting on the genesis of this provision , Edward Peck , former U.S. Chief of Mission in Iraq ( under Jimmy Carter ) and former ambassador to Mauritania said : In 1985 , when I was the Deputy Director of the Reagan White House Task Force on Terrorism , ( my working group was asked ) to come up with a definition of terrorism that could be used throughout the government . We produced about six , and each and every case , they were rejected , because careful reading would indicate that our own country had been involved in some of those activities . ( ... ) After the task force concluded its work , Congress ( passed ) U.S. Code Title 18 , Section 2331 ... the US definition of terrorism . ( ... ) one of the terms , `` international terrorism , '' means `` activities that , '' I quote , `` appear to be intended to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction , assassination or kidnapping . '' ( ... ) Yes , well , certainly , you can think of a number of countries that have been involved in such activities . Ours is one of them . ( ... ) And so , the terrorist , of course , is in the eye of the beholder . U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ( edit ) The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations defines terrorism as `` the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government , the civilian population , or any segment thereof , in furtherance of political or social objectives '' ( 28 C.F.R. Section 0.85 ) . U.S. Department of Defense ( edit ) The U.S. Department of Defense recently changed its definition of terrorism . Per Joint Pub 3 - 07.2 , Antiterrorism , ( 24 November 2010 ) , the Department of Defense defines it as `` the unlawful use of violence or threat of violence to instill fear and coerce governments or societies . Terrorism is often motivated by religious , political , or other ideological beliefs and committed in the pursuit of goals that are usually political . '' The new definition distinguishes between motivations for terrorism ( religion , ideology , etc . ) and goals of terrorism ( `` usually political '' ) . This is in contrast to the previous definition which stated that the goals could be religious in nature . U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency ( edit ) The U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) contains a definition of terrorism , which reads : Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation , coercion , or ransom . Terrorists often use threats to : Create fear among the public . Try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to prevent terrorism . Get immediate publicity for their causes . The new definition does not require that the act needs to be politically motivated . The FEMA also said that terrorism `` include threats of terrorism ; assassinations ; kidnappings ; hijackings ; bomb scares and bombings ; cyber attacks ( computer - based ) ; and the use of chemical , biological , nuclear and radiological weapons '' and also states that `` ( h ) igh - risk targets for acts of terrorism include military and civilian government facilities , international airports , large cities , and high - profile landmarks . Terrorists might also target large public gatherings , water and food supplies , utilities , and corporate centers . Further , terrorists are capable of spreading fear by sending explosives or chemical and biological agents through the mail . '' U.S. national counter-terrorism Center ( edit ) The U.S. National Counterterrorism Center ( NCTC ) define terrorism the same as United States Code 22 USC § 2656f ( d ) ( 2 ) . The Center also defines a terrorist act as a `` premeditated ; perpetrated by a sub-national or clandestine agent ; politically motivated , potentially including religious , philosophical , or culturally symbolic motivations ; violent ; and perpetrated against a non-combatant target . '' U.S. national security strategy ( edit ) In September 2002 , the U.S. national security strategy defined terrorism as `` premeditated , politically motivated violence against innocents . '' This definition did not exclude actions by the United States government and it was qualified some months later with `` premeditated , politically motivated violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents '' . USA PATRIOT act of 2001 ( edit ) The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 defines domestic terrorism as `` activities that ( A ) involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the U.S. or of any state ; ( B ) appear to be intended ( i ) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population ; ( ii ) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion ; or ( iii ) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction , assassination , or kidnapping ; and ( C ) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S. '' Terrorism risk insurance act ( edit ) Section 102 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act contains a definition of terrorism in order for insurance companies to provide coverage to all prospective policy holders at time of purchase and to all current policyholders at renewal and requires that the federal government pay 90 percent of covered terrorism losses exceeding the statutorily established deductible paid by the insurance company providing the coverage . It reads : ( 1 ) ACT OF TERRORISM - ( A ) CERTIFICATION - The term ' act of terrorism ' means any act that is certified by the Secretary ( of Treasury ) , in concurrence with the Secretary of State , and the Attorney General of the United States -- ( i ) to be an act of terrorism ; ( ii ) to be a violent act or an act that is dangerous to -- ( I ) human life ; ( II ) property ; or ( III ) infrastructure ; ( iii ) to have resulted in damage within the United States , or outside of the United States in the case of -- ( I ) an air carrier or vessel described in paragraph ( 5 ) ( B ) ; or ( II ) the premises of a United States mission ; and ( iv ) to have been committed by an individual or individuals as part of an effort to coerce the civilian population of the United States or to influence the policy or affect the conduct of the United States Government by coercion . In General insurance policies ( edit ) Some insurance companies exclude terrorism from general property insurance ( e.g. home insurance ) . An insurance company may include a specific definition of terrorism as part of its policy , for the purpose of excluding at least some loss or damage caused by terrorism . For example , RAC Insurance in Australia defines terrorism thus : terrorism -- includes but is not limited to the use of force or violence and / or threat , by any person or group of persons done for or in connection with political , religious , ideological or similar purposes including the intention to influence any government and / or to put the public , or any section of the public , in fear . Social ( edit ) As Bruce Hoffman has noted : `` terrorism is a pejorative term . It is a word with intrinsically negative connotations that is generally applied to one 's enemies and opponents , or to those with whom one disagrees and would otherwise prefer to ignore . ( ... ) Hence the decision to call someone or label some organization ' terrorist ' becomes almost unavoidably subjective , depending largely on whether one sympathizes with or opposes the person / group / cause concerned . If one identifies with the victim of the violence , for example , then the act is terrorism . If , however , one identifies with the perpetrator , the violent act is regarded in a more sympathetic , if not positive ( or , at the worst , an ambivalent ) light ; and it is not terrorism . '' For this and for political reasons , many news sources ( such as Reuters ) avoid using this term , opting instead for less accusatory words like `` bombers '' , `` militants '' , etc . The term has been depicted as carrying racist , xenophobic and ethnocentric connotations when used as an ethnic slur aimed at Arabs or Middle Easterners , or at someone of Arab or Greater Middle Eastern descent or when used by white supremacists . Timeline of political definitions ( edit ) Listed below are some of the historically important understandings of terror and terrorism , and enacted but non-universal definitions of the term : 1795 . `` Government intimidation during the Reign of Terror in France . '' The general sense of `` systematic use of terror as a policy '' was first recorded in English in 1798 . 1916 . Gustave LeBon : `` Terrorization has always been employed by revolutionaries no less than by kings , as a means of impressing their enemies , and as an example to those who were doubtful about submitting to them ... '' 1937 . League of Nations convention language : `` All criminal acts directed against a State and intended or calculated to create a state of terror in the minds of particular persons or a group of persons or the general public . '' 1987 . A definition proposed by Iran at an international Islamic conference on terrorism : `` Terrorism is an act carried out to achieve an inhuman and corrupt ( mufsid ) objective , and involving ( a ) threat to security of any kind , and violation of rights acknowledged by religion and mankind . '' 1988 . A proposed academic consensus definition : Terrorism is an anxiety - inspiring method of repeated violent action , employed by ( semi - ) clandestine individual , group or state actors , for idiosyncratic , criminal or political reasons , whereby - in contrast to assassination - the direct targets of violence are not the main targets . The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly ( targets of opportunity ) or selectively ( representative or symbolic targets ) from a target population , and serve as message generators . 1989 . United States : premeditated , politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents . 1992 . A definition proposed by Alex P. Schmid to the United Nations Crime Branch : `` Act of Terrorism = Peacetime Equivalent of War Crime . '' 2002 . European Union : ... given their nature or context , ( acts which ) may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of seriously intimidating a population . 2003 . India : Referencing Schmid 's 1992 proposal , the Supreme Court of India described terrorist acts as the `` peacetime equivalents of war crimes . '' 2005 . United Nations General Assembly 's statement with relation to terrorism : Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public , a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable , whatever the considerations of a political , philosophical , ideological , racial , ethnic , religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them . 2008 . Carsten Bockstette , a German military officer serving at the George C. Marshall Center for European Security Studies , proposed the following definition : `` political violence in an asymmetrical conflict that is designed to induce terror and psychic fear ( sometimes indiscriminate ) through the violent victimization and destruction of noncombatant targets ( sometimes iconic symbols ) . '' 2014 . Contained in a Saudi Arabia terrorism law taking effect 1 February 2014 , the following definition has been criticized by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch for being overly broad : Any act carried out by an offender in furtherance of an individual or collective project , directly or indirectly , intended to disturb the public order of the state , or to shake the security of society , or the stability of the state , or to expose its national unity to danger , or to suspend the basic law of governance or some of its articles , or to insult the reputation of the state or its position , or to inflict damage upon one of its public utilities or its natural resources , or to attempt to force a governmental authority to carry out or prevent it from carrying out an action , or to threaten to carry out acts that lead to the named purposes or incite ( these acts ) . Scholars and recognized experts on terrorism ( edit ) Numerous scholars have proposed working definitions of terrorism . Bruce Hoffman , a well - known scholar , has thus noted that : It is not only individual agencies within the same governmental apparatus that can not agree on a single definition of terrorism . Experts and other long - established scholars in the field are equally incapable of reaching a consensus . In the first edition of his magisterial survey , `` Political terrorism : A Research Guide , '' Alex Schmid devoted more than a hundred pages to examining more than a hundred different definition of terrorism in a effort to discover a broadly acceptable , reasonably comprehensive explication of the word . Four years and a second edition later , Schimd was no closer to the goal of his quest , conceding in the first sentence of the revised volume that the `` search for an adequate definition is still on '' Walter Laqueur despaired of defining terrorism in both editions of his monumental work on the subject , maintaining that it is neither possible to do so nor worthwhile to make the attempt . `` Ten years of debates on typologies and definitions , '' he responded to a survey on definitions to conducted by Schmid , `` have not enhanced our knowledge of the subject to a significant degree . '' Laqueur 's contention is supported by the twenty - two different word categories occurring in the 109 different definition that Schmid identified in survey . At the end of this exhaustive exercise , Schmid asks `` whether the above list contains all the elements necessary for a good definition . The answer , '' he suggests '' is probably ' no ' . '' If it is impossible to define terrorism , as Laqueur argues , and fruitless to attempt to cobble together a truly comprehensive definition , as Schmid admits , are we to conclude that terrorism is impervious to precise , much less accurate definition ? Not entirely . If we can not define terrorism , then we can at least usefully distinguish it from other types of violence and identify the characteristics that make terrorism the distinct phenomenon of political violence that it is . Hoffman believes it is possible to identify some key characteristics of terrorism . He proposes that : The Baghdad bus station was the scene of a triple car bombing in August 2005 that killed 43 people . By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and terrorism from other forms of crime , we come to appreciate that terrorism is : ineluctably political in aims and motives ; violent -- or , equally important , threatens violence ; designed to have far - reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target ; conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure ( whose members wear no uniform or identifying insignia ) or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced , motivated , or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement and / or its leaders ; and perpetrated by a subnational group or nonstate entity . A definition proposed by Carsten Bockstette at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies , underlines the psychological and tactical aspects of terrorism : Terrorism is defined as political violence in an asymmetrical conflict that is designed to induce terror and psychic fear ( sometimes indiscriminate ) through the violent victimization and destruction of noncombatant targets ( sometimes iconic symbols ) . Such acts are meant to send a message from an illicit clandestine organization . The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the media in order to achieve maximum attainable publicity as an amplifying force multiplier in order to influence the targeted audience ( s ) in order to reach short - and midterm political goals and / or desired long - term end states . In this sense , after surveying the various academic definitions of terrorism , Vallis concluded that : Most of the formal definitions of terrorism have some common characteristics : a fundamental motive to make political / societal changes ; the use of violence or illegal force ; attacks on civilian targets by ' nonstate ' / ' Subnational actors ' ; and the goal of affecting society . This finding is reflected in Blee 's listing of three components of terrorism : Acts or threats of violence ; The communication of fear to an audience beyond the immediate victim , and ; Political , economic , or religious aims by the perpetrator ( s ) . Academics and practitioners may also be categorized by the definitions of terrorism that they use . Max Abrahms has introduced the distinction between what he calls `` terrorist lumpers '' and `` terrorist splitters . '' Lumpers define terrorism broadly , brooking no distinction between this tactic and guerrilla warfare or civil war . Terrorist splitters , by contrast , define terrorism narrowly , as the select use of violence against civilians for putative political gain . As Abrahms notes , these two definitions yield different policy implications : Lumpers invariably believe that terrorism is a winning tactic for coercing major government concessions . As evidence , they point to substate campaigns directed against military personnel that have indeed pressured concessions . Salient examples include the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 , the U.S. withdrawal from Lebanon in 1984 , and the French withdrawal from Algeria in 1962 . Significantly , terrorist splitters do not regard these substate campaigns as evidence of terrorism 's political effectiveness . Rather , they contend that disaggregating substate campaigns directed against civilian targets versus military ones is critical for appreciating terrorism 's abysmal political record . Date Name Definition and notes 000000001987 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1987 Khan , L. Ali L. Ali Khan `` Terrorism sprouts from the existence of aggrieved groups . These aggrieved groups share two essential characteristics : they have specific political objectives , and they believe that violence is an inevitable means to achieve their political ends . The political dimension of terrorist violence is the key factor that distinguishes it from other crimes . '' 000000001988 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1988 Schmid and Jongman Schmid and Jongman `` Terrorism is an anxiety - inspiring method of repeated violent action , employed by ( semi - ) clandestine individual , group , or state actors , for idiosyncratic , criminal , or political reasons , whereby -- in contrast to assassination -- the direct targets of violence are not the main targets . The immediate human victims of violence are generally chosen randomly ( targets of opportunity ) or selectively ( representative or symbolic targets ) from a target population , and serve as message generators . Threat - and violence - based communication processes between terrorist ( organization ) , ( imperiled ) victims , and main targets are used to manipulate the main target ( audience ( s ) , turning it into a target of terror , a target of demands , or a target of attention , depending on whether intimidation , coercion , or propaganda is primarily sought '' . 000000001989 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1989 Gibbs , Jack Jack Gibbs `` Terrorism is illegal violence or threatened violence directed against human or nonhuman objects , provided that it : ( 1 ) was undertaken or ordered with a view to altering or maintaining at least one putative norm in at least one particular territorial unit or population : ( 2 ) had secretive , furtive , and / or clandestine features that were expected by the participants to conceal their personal identity and / or their future location ; ( 3 ) was not undertaken or ordered to further the permanent defense of some area ; ( 4 ) was not conventional warfare and because of their concealed personal identity , concealment of their future location , their threats , and / or their spatial mobility , the participants perceived themselves as less vulnerable to conventional military action ; and ( 5 ) was perceived by the participants as contributing to the normative goal previously described ( supra ) by inculcating fear of violence in persons ( perhaps an indefinite category of them ) other than the immediate target of the actual or threatened violence and / or by publicizing some cause . '' 000000001992 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1992 Schmid , Alex P. Alex P. Schmid short legal definition proposed to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime : `` Act of Terrorism = Peacetime Equivalent of War Crime '' . 000000001997 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1997 Higgins , Rosalyn Rosalyn Higgins Judge at the International Court of Justice , `` Terrorism is a term without any legal significance . It is merely a convenient way of alluding to activities , whether of States or of individuals widely disapproved of and in which wither the methods used are unlawful , or the targets protected or both . '' 000000001999 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1999 Richardson , Louise Louise Richardson `` Without attempting a lengthy rationalization for the definition I employ , let me simply assert that I see terrorism as politically motivated violence directed against non-combatant or symbolic targets which is designed to communicate a message to a broader audience . The critical feature of terrorism is the deliberate targeting of innocents in an effort to convey a message to another party . '' 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 Laqueur , Walter Walter Laqueur `` Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to achieve a political objective when innocent people are targeted . '' 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 Poland , James M. James M. Poland `` Terrorism is the premeditated , deliberate , systematic murder , mayhem , and threatening of the innocent to create fear and intimidation in order to gain a political or tactical advantage , usually to influence an audience '' . 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Bassiouni , M. Cherif M. Cherif Bassiouni `` ' Terrorism ' has never been defined ... '' 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Hoffman , Bruce Bruce Hoffman `` By distinguishing terrorists from other types of criminals and terrorism from other forms of crime , we come to appreciate that terrorism is : ineluctably political in aims and motives violent -- or , equally important , threatens violence designed to have far - reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target conducted by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure ( whose members wear no uniform or identifying insignia ) and perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state entity . We may therefore now attempt to define terrorism as the deliberate creation and exploitation of fear through violence or the threat of violence in the pursuit of political change . All terrorist acts involve violence or the threat of violence . Terrorism is specifically designed to have far - reaching psychological effects beyond the immediate victim ( s ) or object of the terrorist attack . It is meant to instil fear within , and thereby intimidate , a wider ' target audience ' that might include a rival ethnic or religious group , an entire country , a national government or political party , or public opinion in general . Terrorism is designed to create power where there is none or to consolidate power where there is very little . Through the publicity generated by their violence , terrorists seek to obtain the leverage , influence and power they otherwise lack to effect political change on either a local or an international scale . '' 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Rodin , David David Rodin `` Terrorism is the deliberate , negligent , or reckless use of force against noncombatants , by state or nonstate actors for ideological ends and in the absence of a substantively just legal process . '' 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Simpson , Peter Peter Simpson `` Terrorism consists of acts of indiscriminate violence directed at civilians or non-hostile personnel , in order to terrorize them , or their governments , into carrying out or submitting to the demands of the terrorists . '' 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Ganor , Boaz Boaz Ganor `` Terrorism is the deliberate use of violence aimed against civilians in order to achieve political ends . '' 000000002005 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2005 Palmer - Fernandez , Gabriel Gabriel Palmer - Fernandez `` Terrorism is the organized use of violence against civilians or their property , the political leadership of a nation , or soldiers ( who are not combatants in a war ) for political purposes . '' 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Novotny , Daniel D. Daniel D. Novotny `` An act is terrorist if and only if ( 1 ) it is committed by an individual or group of individuals privately , i.e. without the legitimate authority of a recognized state ; ( 2 ) it is directed indiscriminately against non-combatants ; ( 3 ) the goal of it is to achieve something politically relevant ; ( 4 ) this goal is pursued by means of fear - provoking violence . '' 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Bockstette , Carsten Carsten Bockstette `` Terrorism is defined as political violence in an asymmetrical conflict that is designed to induce terror and psychic fear ( sometimes indiscriminate ) through the violent victimization and destruction of noncombatant targets ( sometimes iconic symbols ) . Such acts are meant to send a message from an illicit clandestine organization . The purpose of terrorism is to exploit the media in order to achieve maximum attainable publicity as an amplifying force multiplier in order to influence the targeted audience ( s ) in order to reach short - and midterm political goals and / or desired long - term end states . '' 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Lutz , James M. and Brenda J. Lutz Lutz , James M. Lutz , Brenda J `` Terrorism involves political aims and motives . It is violent or threatens violence . It is designed to generate fear in a target audience that extends beyond the immediate victims of the violence . The violence is conducted by an identifiable organization . The violence involves a non-state actor or actors as either the perpetrator , the victim of the violence , or both . Finally , the acts of violence are designed to create power in a situation in which power previously had been lacking . '' 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Meisels , Tamar Tamar Meisels advocates a consistent and strict definition of terrorism , which she defines as `` the intentional random murder of defenseless non-combatants , with the intent of instilling fear of mortal danger amidst a civilian population as a strategy designed to advance political ends . '' 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2018 Petta , De Leon De Leon petta `` In fact a `` terrorist group '' is just a label , a layer of interaction between the political groups inside the core of the government with groups outside this governmental sphere . Interpreting the terrorist label by understanding the different levels of interaction and the function of the state may help to explain when such group will or will not be described as terrorist group rather than `` just '' a criminal organization . '' See also ( edit ) - ism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Williamson , Myra ( 2009 ) . Terrorism , war and international law : the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001 . Ashgate Publishing . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7403 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Alex P. ( 2011 ) . `` The Definition of Terrorism '' . The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research . Routledge . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 82873 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman ( 1998 ) , p. 23 , See the 1 Nov 1998 review by Raymond Bonner in the New York Times of Inside Terrorism Jump up ^ law.cornell.edu : `` U.S. Code '' Title 22 '' Chapter 38 '' § 2656f - Annual country reports on terrorism '' Jump up ^ Matusitz , Jonathan ( 2013 ) . Terrorism & Communication : A Critical Introduction . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . Jump up ^ Terrorism : Concepts , Causes , and Conflict Resolution , Jan 2003 Jump up ^ Various Definitions of Terrorism Archived 2016 - 03 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Angus Martyn , The Right of Self - Defence under International Law - the Response to the Terrorist Attacks of 11 September Archived April 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Australian Law and Bills Digest Group , Parliament of Australia Web Site , 12 February 2002 . Jump up ^ Diaz - Paniagua ( 2008 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ 1994 United Nations Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism annex to UN General Assembly resolution 49 / 60 , `` Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism '' , of December 9 , 1994 , UN Doc . A / Res / 60 / 49 Jump up ^ Record , p. 6 ( page 12 of the PDF document ) , citing in footnote 10 Alex P. Schmid , Albert J. Jongman , et al. , Political Terrorism : A New Guide to Actors , Authors , Concepts , Data Bases , Theories , and Literature , New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Books , 1988 , pp. 5 - 6 . Jump up ^ Record , p. 6 ( page 12 of the PDF document ) citing in footnote 11 : Walter Laqueur , The New Terrorism : Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction , New York : Oxford University Press , 1999 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Burgess Jump up ^ Early History of Terrorism , http://Terrorism-Research.com Jump up ^ Harper Jump up ^ Crenshaw , p. 77 Jump up ^ Crenshaw , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Myra ( 2009 ) . Terrorism , war and international law : the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001 . Ashgate Publishing . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7403 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ben Saul , `` Defining ' Terrorism ' to Protect Human Rights '' in Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper , No. 08 - 125 ( 2008 ) p. 1 Jump up ^ C.F. Diaz - Paniagua , Negotiating terrorism : The negotiation dynamics of four UN counter-terrorism treaties , 1997 - 2005 , City University of New York ( 2008 ) p. 41 . Jump up ^ C.F. Diaz - Paniagua , Negotiating terrorism : The negotiation dynamics of four UN counter-terrorism treaties , 1997 - 2005 , City University of New York ( 2008 ) pp. 46 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ben Saul , `` Defining ' Terrorism ' to Protect Human Rights '' in Sydney Law School Legal Studies Research Paper , No. 08 - 125 ( 2008 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ See Marsavelski , A. ( 2013 ) The Crime of Terrorism and the Right of Revolution in International Law ' ' ( In Chapter II. A. 4. , entitled `` Criteria for the Use of Revolutionary Force '' , Marsavelski provides four guiding principles for distinguishing legitimate acts of freedom fighters from terrorist acts ) . ( Connecticut Journal of International law , Vol. 28 ) at pp. 278 - 75 . Jump up ^ C.F. Diaz - Paniagua , Negotiating terrorism : The negotiation dynamics of four UN counter-terrorism treaties , 1997 - 2005 , City University of New York ( 2008 ) p. 47 . Jump up ^ M. Cherif Bassiouni , `` A Policy - oriented Inquiry of ' International Terrorism ' '' in : M. Cherif Bassiouni , ed. , Legal Responses to International Terrorism : U.S. Procedural Aspects , ( Dordrecht , Boston and London : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , 1988 ) xv -- xvi . ) Jump up ^ Sami Zeidan , Desperately Seeking Definition : The International Community 's Quest for Identifying the Specter of Terrorism , 36 Cornell International Law Journal ( 2004 ) pp. 491 - 92 Jump up ^ Jason Burke . Al Qaeda , ch. 2 , p. 22 ) Jump up ^ Ben Saul , Defining Terrorism in International Law ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Rupert Ticehurst ( references ) in hist footnote 1 cites The life and works of Martens are detailed by V. Pustogarov , `` Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens ( 1845 - 1909 ) -- A Humanist of Modern Times '' , International Review of the Red Cross ( IRRC ) , No. 312 , May -- June 1996 , pp. 300 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rupert Ticehurst ( references ) in hist footnote 2 cites F. Kalshoven , Constraints on the Waging of War , Martinus Nijhoff , Dordrecht , 1987 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardam p. 91 Jump up ^ Griset , p. xiii . See also : Smelser , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Andrea Gioia , `` The UN Conventions on the Prevention and Suppression of International Terrorism '' in Giuseppe Nesi , ed. , International Cooperation in Counter-terrorism : The United Nations And Regional Organizations in the Fight Against Terrorism , p. 4 ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Byrnes ( 2002 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Byrnes ( 2002 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ League of Nations ' 1937 Convention for the prevention and punishment of Terrorism Jump up ^ League of Nations , 1937 Convention for the prevention and punishment of Terrorism , art 2 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly , Report of the Ad Hoc Committee established by General Assembly resolution 51 / 210 of 17 December 1996 , Sixth session ( 28 January - 1 February 2002 ) Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Annex II , art . 2.1 . Jump up ^ Thalif Deen , POLITICS : U.N. Member States Struggle to Define Terrorism Archived June 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , IPS 25 July 2005 . ^ Jump up to : United Nations General Assembly , Report of the Ad Hoc Committee established by General Assembly resolution 51 / 210 of 17 December 1996 , Sixth session ( 28 January - 1 February 2002 ) Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Annex IV , art . 18 . Jump up ^ Terrorist Bombings Convention art . 2.1 . Jump up ^ Terrorist Bombings Convention art . 19 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Terrorism Convention , art . 2 . Jump up ^ Nuclear Terrorism Convention , art . 4 . Jump up ^ `` A / RES / 51 / 210 . Measures to eliminate international terrorism '' . Jump up ^ Cassese ( 2002 ) , p. 449 . Jump up ^ Report of the High Level Panel on Threats , Challenges and Change `` A more secure world : Our shared responsibility '' ( 2004 ) para. 164 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly , Secretary General , Report of the Secretary - General In larger freedom : towards development , security and human rights for all Chapter 3 ( 2005 ) para. 91 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Barnidge , Non-State Actors and Terrorism : Applying the Law of State Responsibility and the Due Diligence Principle 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ State Watch . Jump up ^ http://nso.nato.int/nso/zPublic/ap/aap6/AAP-6.pdf Jump up ^ ( in French ) ' Quand parler de `` terrorisme '' ? ' ( ' When to speak of `` terrorism '' ? ' ) Vincent Sizaire , in : Le Monde diplomatique , August 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ ( in French ) Code pénal , article 421 ( ' Des actes de terrorisme ' ) , Légifrance . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO . 1285 OF 2003 Madan Singh vs. State of Bihar '' . 2003 . Jump up ^ Pakistan Anti-Terrorism ( Amendment ) Ordinance , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Middle East Syria hits out at ' terrorist ' US '' . BBC News . 2008 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Teror ( sic ) Law No. 3713 '' ( PDF ) . The Financial Crimes Investigation Board of Turkey . Jump up ^ UK Terrorism Act 2000 art . 1 . Jump up ^ `` UK Terrorism Act 2000 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 2000 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 22 U.S. Code § 2656f - Annual country reports on terrorism '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 2331 - Definitions '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ Democracy Now Archived 2006 - 07 - 31 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Federal Emergency Management Agency -- Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` GHR International Definitions '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Halibozek , Edward P. ; Jones , Andy ; Kovacich , Gerald L. ( 2007 ) . The corporate security professional 's handbook on terrorism ( illustrated ed . ) . Elsevier . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 8257 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rockmore , Tom ; Margolis , Joseph ; Marsoobian , Armen ( 2005 ) . The philosophical challenge of September 11 : Metaphilosophy. 35 . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0893 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 ( TRIA ) , as amended by the Terrorism Risk Insurance Extension Act of 2005 ( TRIEA ) and the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorizaton Act of 2007 ( TRIPRA ) Jump up ^ RAC Building , Contents and Personal Valuables Insurance : Combined Product Disclosure Statement and Financial Services Guide ( PDF ) , RAC Insurance , 2015 - 04 - 15 , p. 42 , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 Jump up ^ Staff , City Diary : Reuters sticks to the facts , City Diary , The Daily Telegraph , 28 September 2001 Jump up ^ Hoffman , ( 2006 ) pp. 28 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` Racism Against Middle Easterners In America Is Strong '' . Blogcritics. 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Of attacks , fear and changed lives '' . Sify . Archived from the original on 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Yahya R. Kamalipour ( 2000 ) . `` The TV Terrorist : Media Images of Middle Easterners '' . 2 ( 4 ) . Centre for World Dialogue . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Language Justice Network ( 2013 ) . Social Justice Glossary of Terms - The Mccune Foundation ( PDF ) . Middle Easterners also often experience discrimination as a result of societal prejudice around Muslims , Arabs and terrorists all being seen as the same group . Jump up ^ Salaita , Steven G. ( 2007 ) . `` Beyond orientalism and Islamophobia : 9 / 11 , anti-Arab racism , and the mythos of national pride '' . CR : the New Centennial Review . 6 ( 2 ) . tired strategy of demonizing the Other -- in this case Arabs , all of whom , according to the totalized pronoun usage common in the United States , are terrorists Jump up ^ Mufdi , JL ( 2012 ) . Constructing the collective experience of being Arab American in post-9 / 11 America ( Dissertation ) . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 05 . Demeaning representations of Arabs come from multiple sources . The entertainment industry is guilty of frequently portraying Arab men as terrorists Jump up ^ `` Terrorism - Define Terrorism at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gustave LeBon , The Psychology of the Great War , 1916 , p. 391 . Google Books : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Criminology '' . google.com . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JUST Response - Ayatollah Taskhiri - Definition of terrorism '' . justresponse.net . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Definitions of Terrorism '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ U.S. Code Title 22 , Ch. 38 , Para . 2656f ( d ) Jump up ^ Art . 1 of the Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Schmid 's definition of terrorism was adopted in a 2003 ruling ( Madan Singh vs. State of Bihar ) ; See http://www.sacw.net/hrights/judgementjehanabad.doc ^ Jump up to : Bockstette , Carsten ( 2008 ) . `` Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication Management Techniques '' ( PDF ) . George C. Marshall Center Occasional Paper Series ( 20 ) . ISSN 1863 - 6039 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Stork , Joe ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Saudi Arabia : Terrorism Law Tramples on Rights '' . Human Rights Watch . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia : New terrorism law is latest tool to crush peaceful expression '' . Amnesty International . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bruce Hoffman , Inside terrorism , 2 ed. , Columbia University Press , 2006 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Bruce Hoffman , Inside Terrorism , 2 ed. , Columbia University Press , 2006 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Rhyll Vallis , Yubin Yang , Hussein A. Abbass , Disciplinary Approaches to Terrorism : A Survey , University of South Wales , p. 7 . For similar surveys see also : Hoffman , Bruce Inside terrorism , 2 ed . Columbia University Press , 2006 , p. 34 ; and Alex Schmid , Statistics on Terrorism : The Challenge of Measuring Trends in Global Terrorism '' in Forum on Crime and Society , v. 4 , N. 1 - 2 ( 2004 ) pp. 52 - 53 . Jump up ^ Abrahms , Max . `` Lumpers versus Splitters : A Pivotal Battle in the Field of Terrorism Studies . '' Cato . http://www.cato-unbound.org/2010/02/10/max-abrahms/lumpers-versus-splitters-a-pivotal-battle-in-the-field-of-terrorism-studies/ . Jump up ^ Ali Khan , A Legal Theory of International Terrorism , Connecticut Law Review , Vol. 19 , p. 945 , 1987 Jump up ^ Academic Consensus Definition of `` Terrorism , '' Schmid 1988 , United Nations website Archived May 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... See also : Schmid , Jongman et al. Political terrorism : a new guide to actors , authors , concepts , data bases , theories , and literature . Amsterdam : North Holland , Transaction Books , 1988. p. 28 Jump up ^ Dallas A. Blanchard , Terry James Prewitt . Religious Violence and Abortion : The Gideon Project , 303,333 . Cites Gibbs , Jack P. 1989 . `` The Conceptualization of Terrorism . '' American Sociological Review 54 , no . 2 ( June ) : 329 - 40 . Jump up ^ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime , Definitions of Terrorism Archived May 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rosalyn Higgins , `` The General International Law of Terrorism '' in Rosalyn Higgins and M. Flory , International Law and Terrorism ( 1997 ) p. 28 . Jump up ^ Louise Richardson , `` Terrorists as Transnational Actors '' , Terrorism and Political Violence : Volume 11 , Issue 4 , ( 1999 ) p. 209 - 219 . Jump up ^ Tony Coady , et al. Terrorism and Justice : Moral Argument in a Threatened World Melbourne University Publishing , 2002 ISBN 978 - 0 - 522 - 85049 - 9 p. 8 . Cites Walter Laqueur The Age of Terrorism Jump up ^ A.K.M. Atiqur Rahman Economic Cost Of Terrorism In South Asia : The Case Of Bangladesh p. 3 . Paper presented at the International Conference on Terrorism in South Asia : Impact on Development and Democratic Process Soaltee Crowne Plaza , Kathmandu , Nepal November 23 -- 25 , 2002 . Jump up ^ 36 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 2&3 , 2004 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Bruce Hoffman , Inside terrorism , 2 ed. , Columbia University Press , 2006 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Chicago Journals - Ethics 114 ( July 2004 ) : 647 -- 649 Jump up ^ Uwe Steinhoff . On the Ethics of War and Terrorism p. 119 Jump up ^ Violence and Terrorism in Northern Ireland `` , in Primoratz ( ed ) , Terrorism : The Philosophical Issues , Palgrave Macmillan , New York , 2004 , p. 161 Jump up ^ The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , `` The Relationship Between International and Localized Terrorism '' , Vol. 4 , No. 26 , 28 June 2005 Jump up ^ Gabriel Palmer - Fernandez , `` Terrorism , Innocence and Justice '' , Philosophy and Public Quarterly , Vol. 25 , no3 , summer 2005 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Linden , Edward V. , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` 2 '' . What is Terrorism ? . Focus on Terrorism. 8 . Nova Publishers . pp. 23 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60021 - 315 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bockstette Jump up ^ James M. Lutz and Brenda J. Lutz , Global Terrorism . London : Routledge , 2008 , p. 9 Jump up ^ THE TROUBLE WITH TERROR : THE APOLOGETICS OF TERRORISM -- A REFUTATION , by Tamar Meisels ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Petta , De Leon ( 2018 ) . `` Why there is no real difference between a Terrorist Organization and an Organized Crime faction , just a matter of interaction towards the State '' ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Contemporary Voices : St Andrews Journal of International Relations . ISSN 2516 - 3159 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) References ( edit ) Bockstette , Carsten ( December 2008 ) . Jihadist Terrorist Use of Strategic Communication Management Techniques , George C. Marshall Center for European Security Studies no 20 , p. 1 - 28 ISSN 1863 - 6039 Burgess , Mark . A Brief History of Terrorism , Center for Defense Information . Byrnes , Andrew ( 2002 ) . Apocalyptic Visions and the Law : The Legacy of September 11 -- A professorial address by Andrew Byrnes at the ANU Law School for the Faculty 's ' Inaugural and Valedictory Lecture Series ' , May 30 , 2002 . Diaz - Paniagua , Carlos Fernando ( 2008 ) , Negotiating terrorism : The negotiation dynamics of four UN counter-terrorism treaties , 1997 - 2005 , Ph. D. dissertation , City University of New York , July 2008 , AAT 3296923 Cassese , A. ( 2002 ) , International Law , Oxford University Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 925939 - 9 Crenshaw , Martha , Terrorism in Context Gardam , Judith Gail ( 1993 ) . Non-combatant Immunity as a Norm of International Humanitarian , Martinus Nijhoff ISBN 0 - 7923 - 2245 - 2 . Griset , Pamala L. & Mahan , Sue ( 2003 ) . Terrorism in perspective , SAGE , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 7619 - 2404 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2404 - 3 Hoffman , Bruce ( 1998 ) . `` Inside Terrorism '' Columbia University Press 1998 ISBN 0 - 231 - 11468 - 0 . Hoffman , Bruce ( 2006 ) , Inside terrorism , Edition 2 , Columbia University Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 12699 - 9 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12699 - 1 . Khan , Ali ( Washburn University - School of Law . 1987 ) . A Theory of International Terrorism , Connecticut Law Review , Vol. 19 , p. 945 , 1987 Novotny , Daniel D. ( 2007 ) . `` What is Terrorism ? '' in : Linden , Edward V. , ed . Focus on Terrorism 8 , ch. 2 , pp. 23 -- 32 . ( ISBN 1 - 60021 - 315 - 4 ) . Primoratz , Igor ( 2007 / 2011 ) . `` Terrorism '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2013 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) . Record , Jeffrey ( December 2003 ) . Bounding the Global War on Terrorism , December 1 , 2003 ISBN 1 - 58487 - 146 - 6 . Smelser , Neil J. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Terrorism : perspectives from the behavioral and social sciences , National Academies Press , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 309 - 08612 - 4 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 08612 - 7 Ticehurst , Rupert . The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict 30 April 1997 , International Review of the Red Cross no 317 , p. 125 - 134 ISSN 1560 - 7755 External links ( edit ) Introductory note by A. Rohan Perera and procedural history note on the Declaration on Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism and the 1996 Supplementary Declaration thereto in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Definitions_of_terrorism&oldid=845766005 '' Categories : Definitions Terrorism International law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with French - language external links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2010 Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 00 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is meant by terrorism in urdu language	[]	[]
-8951081448901360186	Harry Potter (film series)	Harry Potter ( film series ) - wikipedia Harry Potter ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter Harry Potter logo as used in the last films Directed by Chris Columbus ( 1 -- 2 ) Alfonso Cuarón ( 3 ) Mike Newell ( 4 ) David Yates ( 5 -- 8 ) Produced by David Heyman Chris Columbus ( 3 ) Mark Radcliffe ( 3 ) David Barron ( 5 -- 8 ) J.K. Rowling ( 7 -- 8 ) Screenplay by Steve Kloves ( 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 ) Michael Goldenberg ( 5 ) Based on Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson ( See below ) Music by John Williams ( 1 -- 3 ) Patrick Doyle ( 4 ) Nicholas Hooper ( 5 -- 6 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 7 -- 8 ) Cinematography John Seale ( 1 ) Roger Pratt ( 2 , 4 ) Michael Seresin ( 3 ) Sławomir Idziak ( 5 ) Bruno Delbonnel ( 6 ) Eduardo Serra ( 7 -- 8 ) Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce ( 1 ) Peter Honess ( 2 ) Steven Weisberg ( 3 ) Mick Audsley ( 4 ) Mark Day ( 5 -- 8 ) Production company Heyday Films 1492 Pictures ( 1 -- 3 ) Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 2001 -- 2011 Running time 1179 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget Total ( 8 films ) $1.2 billion Box office Total ( 8 films ) $7.7 billion Harry Potter is a British - American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J.K. Rowling . The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films , beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) . A spin - off prequel series will consist of five films , starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) . The Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . The series was mainly produced by David Heyman , and stars Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson as the three leading characters : Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger . Four directors worked on the series : Chris Columbus , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , and David Yates . The screenplays were written by Steve Kloves , with the exception of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , which was written by Michael Goldenberg . Production took over ten years to complete , with the main story arc following Harry Potter 's quest to overcome his arch - enemy Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel in the series , was adapted into two feature - length parts . Part 1 was released in November 2010 , and Part 2 was released in July 2011 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) is the only film in the series not among the 50 highest - grossing films of all time , with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the highest - grossing film in the series and one of 30 films to gross over $1 billion , ranking at number eight . Without inflation adjustment , it is the second highest - grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast and crew 2.4 Set design 2.5 Cinematography 2.6 Editing 2.7 Music 2.8 Visual effects 2.9 Final filming 3 Films 3.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) 3.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) 3.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) 3.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) 3.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) 3.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) 3.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) 3.8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critical and public response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Box office performance 5.4 All - time rankings 6 Legacy and influence 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origins Late in 1997 , film producer David Heyman 's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling 's series of seven Harry Potter novels . The book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was relegated to a low - priority bookshelf , where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review . Consequently , Heyman , who had originally disliked `` the rubbish title '' , read the book himself . Highly impressed by Rowling 's work , he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time . Heyman 's enthusiasm led to Rowling 's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( US $2,000,000 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , allowing nevertheless for the inclusion of many Irish actors , such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she `` did n't want to give them control over the rest of the story '' by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author - written sequels . Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film , he declined the offer . Spielberg wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment providing Harry Potter 's voice . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , there was every expectation of profit in making the film . He claims that making money would have been like `` shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge '' . In the `` Rubbish '' Bin section of her website , Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films , writing `` Anyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto - ed ' him ( Spielberg ) needs their Quick - Quotes Quill serviced . '' After Spielberg left , conversations began with other directors , including Chris Columbus , Jonathan Demme , Terry Gilliam , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 . It was then narrowed down to Columbus , Gilliam , Parker , and Silberling . Rowling 's first choice was Terry Gilliam . However , on 28 March 2000 Columbus was appointed as director of the film , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Harry Potter is the kind of timeless literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime . Since the books have generated such a passionate following across the world , it was important to us to find a director that has an affinity for both children and magic . I ca n't think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris ( Columbus ) . -- Lorenzo di Bonaventura , Warner Bros . Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay for the first film . He described adapting the book as `` tough '' since it did not `` lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books '' . Kloves was sent a `` raft '' of synopses of books proposed as film adaptations , with Harry Potter being the only one that jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , becoming an instant fan . When speaking to Warner Bros. he stated that the film had to be British and true to the characters . David Heyman was confirmed to produce the film . Rowling received a large amount of creative control for the film , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind . Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the first film over the 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several of the originally proposed directors had withdrawn themselves from contention . Eventually , due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 . Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , and Rupert Grint at the world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in Trafalgar Square , London on 7 July 2011 . In 2000 , after a seven - month search , lead actor Daniel Radcliffe was discovered by producer David Heyman and writer Steve Kloves seated just behind them in a theatre . In Heyman 's own words , `` There sitting behind me was this boy with these big blue eyes . It was Dan Radcliffe . I remember my first impressions : He was curious and funny and so energetic . There was real generosity too , and sweetness . But at the same time he was really voracious and with hunger for knowledge of whatever kind . '' Radcliffe had already established himself as an actor in the 1999 BBC television production of David Copperfield in which he played the title role 's childhood years . Heyman persuaded Radcliffe 's parents to allow him to audition for the part of Harry Potter , which involved Radcliffe being filmed . ( This screen test footage was released via the first set of Ultimate Editions in 2009 . ) Rowling was enthusiastic after viewing Radcliffe 's filmed test , saying she did n't think there was a better choice for the part of Harry Potter . Also in 2000 , the then unknown British actors Emma Watson and Rupert Grint were selected from thousands of auditioning children to play the roles of Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , respectively . Their only previous acting experience was in school plays . Grint was eleven years old and Watson ten at the time they were cast . Los Angeles Times writer Geoff Boucher , who conducted the above - mentioned interview with Heyman , added that the casting of the three major roles `` is especially impressive in hindsight . The trio 's selection was arguably one of the best show - business decisions over the past decade ... they have shown admirable grace and steadiness in the face of teen superstardom . '' Production Filming of the series began at Leavesden Studios , Hertfordshire , England , in September 2000 and ended in December 2010 , with post-production on the final film lasting until summer 2011 . Leavesden Studios was the main base for filming Harry Potter , and it opened to the public as a studio tour in 2012 ( renamed as Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden ) . Motion Picture Director Writer Producer ( s ) Composer Novel by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Chris Columbus Steve Kloves David Heyman John Williams Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Alfonso Cuarón Chris Columbus , David Heyman & Mark Radcliffe Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Mike Newell David Heyman Patrick Doyle Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix David Yates Michael Goldenberg David Heyman & David Barron Nicholas Hooper Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Steve Kloves Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 David Heyman , David Barron & J.K. Rowling Alexandre Desplat Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where much of the film series was shot . Harry Potter was also filmed in other areas , including Pinewood Studios . David Heyman produced all the films in the series with his production company Heyday Films , while David Barron joined the series as an executive producer on Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire . Barron was later appointed producer on the last four films . Chris Columbus was an executive producer on the first two films alongside Mark Radcliffe and Michael Barnathan , but he became a producer on the third film alongside Heyman and Radcliffe . Other executive producers include Tanya Seghatchian and Lionel Wigram . J.K. Rowling , author of the series , was asked to become a producer on Goblet of Fire but declined . She subsequently accepted the role on the two - part Deathly Hallows . Heyday Films and Columbus ' company 1492 Pictures collaborated with Duncan Henderson Productions in 2001 , Miracle Productions in 2002 , and P of A Productions in 2004 . Even though Prisoner of Azkaban was the final film produced by 1492 Pictures , Heyday Films continued with the franchise and collaborated with Patalex IV Productions in 2005 . The sixth film in the series , Half - Blood Prince , was the most expensive film to produce as of 2009 . Warner Bros. split the seventh and final novel in the series , Deathly Hallows , into two cinematic parts . The two parts were filmed back - to - back from early 2009 to summer 2010 , with the completion of reshoots taking place on 21 December 2010 ; this marked the end of filming Harry Potter . Heyman stated that Deathly Hallows was `` shot as one film '' but released in two feature - length parts . Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor of the series , said of the production on Harry Potter , `` It was this huge family ; I think there were over 700 people working at Leavesden , an industry in itself . '' David Heyman said , `` When the first film opened , no way did I think we 'd make eight films . That did n't seem feasible until after we 'd done the fourth . '' Nisha Parti , the production consultant on the first film , said that Heyman `` made the first film very much the way he felt the studio Warner Bros. wanted to make it . '' After the film 's success , Heyman was given `` more freedom '' . One of the aims of the filmmakers from the beginning of production was to develop the maturity of the films . Chris Columbus stated , `` We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . '' This transpired with the succeeding three directors who would work on the series in the following years , with the films beginning to deal with issues such as death , betrayal , prejudice , and political corruption as the series developed narratively and thematically . Directors After Chris Columbus had finished working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , he was hired to direct the second film , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . The production started within a week after the release of the first film . Columbus was set to direct all entries in the series , but he did not want to return for the third film , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , claiming he was `` burned out '' . He moved to the position of producer , while Alfonso Cuarón was approached for the role of director . He was initially nervous about directing the instalment since he had not read any of the books or seen the films . After reading the series , he changed his mind and signed on to direct since he had immediately connected to the story . David Yates directed four of the films in the series , including the two - part finale Deathly Hallows . Because Cuarón decided not to direct the fourth instalment , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , a new director had to be selected . Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film , but he declined to direct the next film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , which was given to David Yates , who also directed Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , becoming the only director to helm more than one film since Chris Columbus . Chris Columbus said his vision of the first two films was of a `` golden storybook , an old - fashioned look '' , while Alfonso Cuarón changed the visual tone of the series , desaturated the colour palette , and expanded the landscape around Hogwarts . Mike Newell decided to direct the fourth film as a `` paranoid thriller '' , while David Yates wanted to `` bring a sense of jeopardy and character to the world '' . Cuarón , Newell , and Yates have said that their challenge was striking a balance between making the films according to their individual vision , while working within a cinematic world already established by Columbus . David Heyman commented on the `` generosity of the directors '' by revealing that `` Chris spent time with Alfonso , Alfonso spent time with Mike and Mike spent time with David , showing him an early cut of the film , talking through what it means to be a director and how they went about ( making the films ) . '' David Heyman also said , `` I suppose Chris Columbus was the most conservative choice from the studio 's point of view . But he expressed real passion . '' Producer Tanya Seghatchian said they were `` more adventurous '' in choosing a director for the third film and went straight to Alfonso Cuarón . Mike Newell became the first British director of the series when he was chosen for the fourth film ; Newell was considered to direct the first film before he dropped out . David Yates directed the final films after David Heyman thought him capable of handling the edgy , emotional , and political material of the later novels . All the directors have been supportive of each other . Chris Columbus praised the character development in the films , while Alfonso Cuarón admired the `` quiet poetry '' of David Yates ' films . Mike Newell noted that each director had a different heroism , and David Yates views the first four films `` respectfully and enjoy ( s ) them . '' Daniel Radcliffe said Yates `` took the charm of the films that Chris made and the visual flair of everything that Alfonso did and the thoroughly British , bombastic nature of the film directed by Mike Newell '' and added `` his own sense '' of realism . Scripts Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film , which was penned by Michael Goldenberg . Kloves had direct assistance from J.K. Rowling , though she allowed him what he described as `` tremendous elbow room '' . Rowling asked Kloves to remain faithful to the spirit of the books ; thus , the plot and tone of each film and its corresponding book are virtually the same , albeit with some changes and omissions for purposes of cinematic style , time , and budget constraints . Michael Goldenberg also received input from Rowling during his adaptation of the fifth novel ; Goldenberg was originally considered to adapt the first novel before the studio chose Kloves . A studio model of Hogwarts . It is the main setting in the series ; the castle features in every novel and screen adaptation . In a 2010 interview , David Heyman briefly explained the book - to - film transition . He commented on Rowling 's involvement in the series , stating that she understood that `` books and films are different '' and was `` the best support '' a producer could have . Rowling had overall approval on the scripts , which were viewed and discussed by the director and the producers . Heyman also said that Kloves was the `` key voice '' in the process of adapting the novels and that certain aspects from the books needed to have been excluded from the scripts due to the filmmakers ' decision to keep the main focus on Harry 's journey as a character , which would ultimately give the films a defined structure . Heyman mentioned that some fans `` do n't necessarily understand the adaptation process '' and that the filmmakers would have loved to `` have everything '' from the books in the films but noted that it was not possible since they had `` neither time nor cinematic structure '' to do so . He finished by saying that adapting a novel to the screen is `` a really considered process . '' Because the films were being made as the novels were being published , the filmmakers had no idea of the story 's outcome until the release of the final novel in 2007 . Kloves spoke of his relationship with Rowling when adapting the novels by saying , `` The thing is about Jo , which is remarkable for someone who had no experience with the filmmaking process , was her intuition . We had a conversation the very first day I met her where she said , ' I know the movies ca n't be the books ... because I know what 's coming and it 's impossible to fully dramatise on screen what I 'm going to write . But I just ask you to be true to the characters ; that 's all I care about . ' '' Kloves also said , `` I do n't know what compelled me to say this ( to Rowling ) , but I said , ' I 've just got to warn you my favourite character is not Harry . My favourite character is Hermione . ' And I think for some weird reason , from that moment on , she sort of trusted me . '' Cast and crew See also : List of Harry Potter cast members Aside from the three lead actors , other notable cast members include Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , and Dame Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall . Richard Harris , who played the role of Professor Albus Dumbledore , died on 25 October 2002 causing the role to be re-cast for the third instalment , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . David Heyman and director Alfonso Cuarón chose Michael Gambon to portray the character of Dumbledore , which he did for all succeeding films . Notable recurring cast members include Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort , Brendan Gleeson as Alastor Moody , Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney , Mark Williams as Arthur Weasley , and Julie Walters as Molly Weasley . The series has seen many returning crew members from various departments , including Tim Burke , visual effects supervisor ; Peter Doyle , digital film colourist ; Nick Dudman , make - up and creature effects designer ; David Holmes , stunt double ; Amanda Knight , make - up artist ; Stephenie McMillan , set designer ; Greg Powell , stunt coordinator ; Jany Temime , costume designer ; and Fiona Weir , casting director . Set design The Hall of Christ Church in Oxford , England , the inspiration for the studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts . The production designer for all eight films is Stuart Craig . Assisted by Stephenie McMillan , Craig has created iconic sets pieces including the Ministry of Magic , the Chamber of Secrets , Malfoy Manor , and the layout for the CGI Horcrux Cave . Because the novels were being published as the films were being made , Craig was required to rebuild some sets for future films and alter the design of Hogwarts . The studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts was one of the first sets ever created for the series . He said , `` In the early days , every time you saw the exterior of Hogwarts , it was a physical miniature , '' which was made by craftsmen and occupied a large sound stage . `` We ended up with a profile of how Hogwarts looked , a skyline that actually I did n't design , and it was n't always satisfactory , and as all the novels got written and movies got made there were new requirements ( for buildings ) . The ( Astronomy Tower ) definitely was n't there originally , and so we were able to add that substantial piece . And in the last film , we needed an arena for the battle for Hogwarts -- the big courtyard outside doubled in size , and if you look at the first movie it was n't there at all . There were quite some liberties taken with the continuity of Hogwarts . '' In the last film , Craig used a digital model instead of a miniature to `` embrace the latest technology '' . On the method of creating the sets , Craig said he often started by sketching ideas onto a blank sheet of paper . Stephanie McMillan also said that `` each film always had plenty of new challenges , '' citing the changes in visual style between directors and cinematographers as an example , along with the developing story in the novels . Due to J.K. Rowling 's descriptions of various settings in the novels , Craig noted his `` responsibility was to place it together '' . Craig commented on his experience working in the studio environment : `` I 'm the production designer , but on a big movie like Harry Potter I may be responsible for 30 to 35 people ; from the supervising art director , and a team of art directors and assistants , to draughtsmen and junior draughtsmen , and then on to model makers , sculptors and scenic artists . '' He said , `` Ten years ago , all the Harry Potter drawings were done in pencil . I would take my roughs and plans and sections and give them to a professional architectural illustrator , who would create concept art using pencil and colour wash on watercolour paper . '' He said the process changed slightly throughout the years due to , what he called , the `` digital revolution '' of making films . When filming of the series was completed , some of Craig 's sets had to be rebuilt or transported for them to be displayed at the Warner Bros. studio tour . Cinematography Six directors of photography worked on the series : John Seale on the first film , Roger Pratt on the second and fourth , Michael Seresin on the third , Sławomir Idziak on the fifth , Bruno Delbonnel on the sixth , and Eduardo Serra on the seventh and eighth . Delbonnel was considered to return for both parts of Deathly Hallows , but he declined , stating that he was `` scared of repeating '' himself . Delbonnel 's cinematography in Half - Blood Prince gained the series its only Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography . As the series progressed , each cinematographer faced the challenge of shooting and lighting older sets ( which had been around since the first few films ) in unique and different ways . Chris Columbus said the series ' vivid colouring decreased as each film was made . Michael Seresin commented on the change of visual style from the first two films to Prisoner of Azkaban : `` The lighting is moodier , with more shadowing and cross-lighting . '' Seresin and Alfonso Cuarón moved away from the strongly coloured and brightly lit cinematography of the first two films , with dimmer lighting and a more muted colour palette being utilised for the succeeding five films . After comparing a range of digital cameras with 35 mm film , Bruno Delbonnel decided to shoot the sixth movie , Half - Blood Prince , on film rather than the increasingly popular digital format . This decision was kept for the two - part Deathly Hallows with Eduardo Serra , who said that he preferred to work with film because it was `` more technically accurate and dependable '' . Because the majority of Deathly Hallows takes place in various settings away from Hogwarts , David Yates wanted to `` shake things up '' by using different photographic techniques such as using hand - held cameras and very wide camera lenses . Eduardo Serra said , `` Sometimes we are combining elements shot by the main unit , a second unit , and the visual effects unit . You have to know what is being captured -- colours , contrast , et cetera -- with mathematical precision . '' He noted that with Stuart Craig 's `` amazing sets and the story '' , the filmmakers could not `` stray too far from the look of the previous Harry Potter films . '' Editing Along with continuous changes in cinematographers , there have been five film editors to work in post-production on the series : Richard Francis - Bruce edited the first instalment , Peter Honess the second , Steven Weisberg the third , Mick Audsley the fourth , and Mark Day films five through eight . Music See also : Music of the Harry Potter films John Williams scored the first three films and received Academy Award nominations for the first and third films . The Harry Potter series has had four composers . John Williams scored the first three films : Philosopher 's Stone , Chamber of Secrets , and Prisoner of Azkaban . However , the second entry was adapted and conducted by William Ross due to Williams 's conflicting commitments . Williams also created Hedwig 's Theme , which is used in every film in the series . After Williams left the series to pursue other projects , Patrick Doyle scored the fourth entry , Goblet of Fire , which was directed by Mike Newell , with whom Doyle had worked previously . In 2006 , Nicholas Hooper started work on the score to Order of the Phoenix by reuniting with director David Yates . Hooper also composed the soundtrack to Half - Blood Prince but decided not to return for the final films . In January 2010 , Alexandre Desplat was confirmed to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . The film 's orchestration started in the summer with Conrad Pope , the orchestrator on the first three Harry Potter films , collaborating with Desplat . Pope commented that the music `` reminds one of the old days . '' Desplat returned to score Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in 2011 . Director David Yates stated that he wanted John Williams to return to the series for the final installment , but their schedules did not align due to the urgent demand for a rough cut of the film . The final recording sessions of Harry Potter took place on 27 May 2011 at Abbey Road Studios with the London Symphony Orchestra , orchestrator Conrad Pope , and composer Alexandre Desplat . Doyle , Hooper , and Desplat introduced their own personal themes to their respective soundtracks , while keeping a few of John Williams 's themes . Visual effects There have been many visual effects companies to work on the Harry Potter series . Some of these include Rising Sun Pictures , Double Negative , Cinesite , Framestore , and Industrial Light & Magic . The latter three have worked on all the films in the series , while Double Negative and Rising Sun Pictures began their commitments with Prisoner of Azkaban and Goblet of Fire , respectively . Framestore contributed by developing many memorable creatures and sequences to the series . Cinesite was involved in producing both miniature and digital effects for the films . Producer David Barron said that `` Harry Potter created the UK effects industry as we know it . On the first film , all the complicated visual effects were done on the ( US ) west coast . But on the second , we took a leap of faith and gave much of what would normally be given to Californian vendors to UK ones . They came up trumps . '' Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor , said many studios `` are bringing their work to UK effects companies . Every facility is fully booked , and that was n't the case before Harry Potter . That 's really significant . '' Final filming See also : Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows On 12 June 2010 , filming of the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was completed with actor Warwick Davis stating on his Twitter account , `` The end of an Era -- today is officially the last day of principal photography on ' Harry Potter ' -- ever . I feel honoured to be here as the director shouts cut for the very last time . Farewell Harry & Hogwarts , it 's been magic ! '' . However , reshoots of the epilogue scene were confirmed to begin in the winter of 2010 . The filming was completed on 21 December 2010 , marking the official closure of filming the Harry Potter franchise . Exactly four years earlier on that day , author J.K. Rowling 's official website revealed the title of the final novel in the series -- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Films The Gryffindor Common Room was introduced in the first film . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Known in India and the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Harry Potter is an orphaned boy brought up by his unkind Muggle ( non-magical ) aunt and uncle . At the age of eleven , half - giant Rubeus Hagrid informs him that he is actually a wizard and that his parents were murdered by an evil wizard named Lord Voldemort . Voldemort also attempted to kill one - year - old Harry on the same night , but his killing curse mysteriously rebounded and reduced him to a weak and helpless form . Harry became extremely famous in the Wizarding World as a result . Harry begins his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and learns about magic . During the year , Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger become entangled in the mystery of the Philosopher 's Stone which is being kept within the school . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) Harry , Ron , and Hermione return to Hogwarts for their second year , which proves to be more challenging than the last . The Chamber of Secrets has been opened , leaving students and ghosts petrified by an unleashed monster . Harry must face up to claims that he is the heir of Salazar Slytherin ( founder of the Chamber ) , learn that he can speak Parseltongue , and also discover the properties of a mysterious diary , only to find himself trapped within the Chamber of Secrets itself . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Harry Potter 's third year sees the boy wizard , along with his friends , attending Hogwarts School once again . Professor R.J. Lupin joins the staff as Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , while convicted murderer Sirius Black escapes from Azkaban Prison . The Ministry of Magic entrusts the Dementors of Azkaban to guard Hogwarts from Black . Harry learns more about his past and his connection with the escaped prisoner . The Riddles ' Gravestone from Lord Voldemort 's rebirth scene in the fourth film . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) During Harry 's fourth year , Hogwarts plays host to a legendary event : the Triwizard Tournament . Three European schools participate in the tournament , with three ' champions ' representing each school in the deadly tasks . The Goblet of Fire chooses Fleur Delacour , Viktor Krum , and Cedric Diggory to compete against each other . However , curiously , Harry 's name is also produced from the Goblet thus making him a fourth champion , which results in a terrifying encounter with a reborn Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( film ) Harry 's fifth year begins with him being attacked by Dementors in Little Whinging . Later , he finds out that the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return . Harry is also beset by disturbing and realistic nightmares , while Professor Umbridge , a representative of Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge , is the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . Harry becomes aware that Voldemort is after a prophecy which reveals : `` neither can live while the other survives '' . The rebellion involving the students of Hogwarts , secret organisation Order of the Phoenix , the Ministry of Magic , and the Death Eaters begins . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) In Harry 's sixth year at Hogwarts , Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters are increasing their terror upon the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Headmaster Albus Dumbledore persuades his old friend Horace Slughorn to return to Hogwarts as a professor as there is a vacancy to fill . There is a more important reason , however , for Slughorn 's return . While in a Potions lesson , Harry takes possession of a strangely annotated school textbook , inscribed ' This is the property of the Half - Blood Prince ' . Draco Malfoy struggles to carry out a deed presented to him by Voldemort . Meanwhile , Dumbledore and Harry secretly work together to discover the method on how to destroy the Dark Lord once and for all . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Potters ' Cottage from the final film . After unexpected events at the end of the previous year , Harry , Ron , and Hermione are entrusted with a quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality -- the Horcruxes . It is supposed to be their final year at Hogwarts , but the collapse of the Ministry of Magic and Voldemort 's rise to power prevents them from attending . The trio undergo a long journey with many obstacles in their path including Death Eaters , Snatchers , the mysterious Deathly Hallows , and Harry 's connection with the Dark Lord 's mind becoming ever stronger . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 After destroying one Horcrux and discovering the significance of the three Deathly Hallows , Harry , Ron and Hermione continue to seek the other Horcruxes in an attempt to destroy Voldemort , who has now obtained the powerful Elder Wand . The Dark Lord discovers Harry 's hunt for Horcruxes and launches an attack on Hogwarts School , where the trio return for one last stand against the dark forces that threaten the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Release The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £ 1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling . After the release of the fourth book in July 2000 , the first film , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was released on 16 November 2001 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone , which set a record opening worldwide . The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success , while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics . The fifth film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English - speaking countries , except for the UK and Ireland , which released the movie on 12 July . The sixth , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts . The final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was split into two cinematic parts : Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010 , and Part 2 , the conclusion to both the final film and the series , was released on 15 July 2011 . Part 1 was originally scheduled to be released in 3D and 2D , but due to a delay in the 3D conversion process , Warner Bros. released the film only in 2D and IMAX cinemas . However , Part 2 was released in 2D and 3D cinemas as originally planned . The television broadcast rights for the series in the United States are currently held by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television , which typically airs the films on the Freeform network . Disney 's contract is expected to end in June 2018 , after which , NBCUniversal will take control of the rights , after their deal with Warner Bros. was made in August 2016 . The film series has accrued nearly 1.3 billion viewings since their television debut -- the highest - watched franchise in television broadcast history . Reception Critical response All the films have been a success financially and critically , making the franchise one of the major Hollywood `` tent - poles '' akin to James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones and Pirates of the Caribbean . The series is noted by audiences for growing visually darker and more mature as each film was released . However , opinions of the films generally divide book fans , with some preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films and others preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Some also feel the series has a `` disjointed '' feel due to the changes in directors , as well as Michael Gambon 's interpretation of Albus Dumbledore differing from that of Richard Harris . Author J.K. Rowling has been constantly supportive of the films , and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her favourite one in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions -- novels do not have constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . Critical and public response Motion Picture Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 80 % ( 194 reviews ) 64 ( 35 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 82 % ( 230 reviews ) 63 ( 35 reviews ) A+ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 91 % ( 250 reviews ) 82 ( 40 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 88 % ( 247 reviews ) 81 ( 38 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 78 % ( 244 reviews ) 71 ( 37 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 84 % ( 268 reviews ) 78 ( 36 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 78 % ( 262 reviews ) 65 ( 42 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 96 % ( 311 reviews ) 87 ( 41 reviews ) Accolades At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , J.K. Rowling , David Heyman , David Barron , David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the series . In addition , the American Film Institute recognised the entire series with a Special Award at the American Film Institute Awards in 2011 . Special awards `` are given to outstanding achievements in the moving image that do not fit into AFI 's criteria for the other honorees . '' In its press release , the Institute referred to the films as `` a landmark series ; eight films that earned the trust of a generation who wished for the beloved books of J.K. Rowling to come to life on the silver screen . The collective wizardry of an epic ensemble gave us the gift of growing older with Harry , Ron and Hermione as the magic of Hogwarts sprung from the films and into the hearts and minds of Muggles around the world . '' Harry Potter was also recognised by the BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards , with David Yates winning the Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his four Harry Potter films . Motion Picture Academy Award nomination Academy Award nominee Academy Award ceremony Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Best Art Direction Best Costume Design Best Original Score Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Judianna Makovsky John Williams 74th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Best Original Score Best Visual Effects John Williams Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , John Richardson and Bill George 77th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Best Art Direction Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan 78th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel 82nd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Best Art Direction Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Tim Burke , John Richardson , Christian Manz and Nicolas Aithadi 83rd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Art Direction Best Makeup Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight and Lisa Tomblin Tim Burke , David Vickery , Greg Butler and John Richardson 84th Academy Awards Six of the eight films were nominated for a total of 12 Academy Awards . Some critics , fans , and general audiences have expressed disappointment that the Harry Potter series did not win any Oscars for its achievements . However , others have pointed out that certain films in the series had uneven reviews , in contrast to the three films of The Lord of the Rings , for example , which were all critically acclaimed . This has been partially attributed to the Harry Potter franchise going through several directors with their own styles in contrast to the Lord of the Rings trilogy , which was filmed in one massive undertaking by the same director , writer , and producer . Although not successful at the Oscars , the Harry Potter series has gained success in many other award ceremonies , including the annual Saturn Awards and Art Directors Guild Awards . The series has also gained a total of 24 nominations at the British Academy Film Awards presented at the annual BAFTAs , winning several , and 5 nominations at the Grammy Awards . Radcliffe , Grint , and Watson were honored outside Grauman 's Chinese Theatre at the Hand , Foot , and Wand Ceremony , Hollywood Walk of Fame , July 2007 . Philosopher 's Stone achieved seven BAFTA Award nominations , including Best British Film and Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane . The film was also nominated for eight Saturn Awards and won for its costumes design . It was also nominated at the Art Directors Guild Awards for its production design and received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film along with gaining two other nominations . Chamber of Secrets won the award for Best Live Action Family Film in the Phoenix Film Critics Society . It was nominated for seven Saturn Awards , including Best Director and Best Fantasy Film . The film was nominated for four BAFTA Awards and a Grammy Award for John Williams 's score . Prisoner of Azkaban won an Audience Award , as well as Best Feature Film , at the BAFTA Awards . The film also won a BMI Film Music award along with being nominated at the Grammy Awards , Visual Effect Society Awards , and the Amanda Awards . Goblet of Fire won a BAFTA award for Best Production Design as well as being nominated at the Saturn Awards , Critic 's Choice Awards , and the Visual Effects Society Awards . Order of the Phoenix picked up three awards at the inaugural ITV National Movie Awards . At the Empire Awards , David Yates won Best Director . Composer Nicholas Hooper received a nomination for a World Soundtrack Discovery Award . The film was nominated at the BAFTA Awards , but did not win for Best Production Design or Best Special Visual Effects . Half - Blood Prince was nominated for BAFTA Awards in Production Design and Visual Effects , and it was in the longlists for several other categories , including Best Supporting Actor for Alan Rickman . Amongst other nominations and wins , the film also achieved Best Family Movie at the National Movie Awards as well as Best Live Action Family Film at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards , along with being nominated for Best Motion Picture at the Satellite Awards . Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 gained two nominations at the BAFTA Awards for Best Make - Up and Hair and Best Visual Effects , along with receiving nominations for the same categories at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards . Eduardo Serra 's cinematography and Stuart Craig 's production design were also nominated in various award ceremonies , and David Yates attained his second win at the Empire Awards , this time for Best Fantasy Film . He also obtained another Best Director nomination at the annual Saturn Awards , which also saw the film gain a Best Fantasy Film nomination . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released to critical acclaim , gaining a mix of audience awards . Part 2 of Deathly Hallows was also recognised at the Saturn Awards as well as the BAFTA Awards , where the film achieved a win for Best Special Visual Effects . Box Office performance As of 2015 , the Harry Potter film series is the 4th highest - grossing film franchise of all time , with the eight films released grossing over $7.7 billion worldwide . Without adjusting for inflation , this is higher than the first 22 James Bond films and the six films in the Star Wars franchise . Chris Columbus 's Philosopher 's Stone became the highest - grossing Harry Potter film worldwide upon completing its theatrical run in 2002 , but it was eventually topped by David Yates 's Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , while Alfonso Cuarón 's Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . Six films in the Harry Potter franchise -- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Parts 1 & 2 -- have to date grossed around $216 million in IMAX theaters worldwide . Motion picture Release date Box office gross Budget Ref ( s ) United Kingdom USA & Canada ( approx . ticket sales ) Other countries Worldwide Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 16 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) £ 66,096,060 $317,575,550 ( 55,976,200 ) $657,179,821 $974,755,371 $125 million Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 14 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 14 ) £ 54,780,731 $261,988,482 ( 44,978,900 ) $616,991,152 $878,979,634 $100 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 31 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 31 ) £ 45,615,949 $249,541,069 ( 40,183,700 ) $547,147,480 $796,688,549 $130 million Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 18 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) £ 48,328,854 $290,013,036 ( 45,188,100 ) $606,898,042 $896,911,078 $150 million Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) £ 49,136,969 $292,004,738 ( 42,442,500 ) $647,881,191 $939,885,929 $150 million Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) £ 50,713,404 $301,959,197 ( 40,261,200 ) $632,457,290 $934,416,487 $250 million Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 19 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) £ 52,364,075 $295,983,305 ( 37,503,700 ) $664,300,000 $960,283,305 Less than $250 million ( official ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 15 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) £ 73,094,187 $381,011,219 ( 48,046,800 ) $960,500,000 $1,341,511,219 Total £ 440,269,736 $ 7009239007659600000 ♠ 2,390,076,596 $ 7009533335497600000 ♠ 5,333,354,976 $ 7009772343157200000 ♠ 7,723,431,572 $1.155 billion All - time rankings Motion picture Rank Ref ( s ) All - time ( worldwide ) All - time ( United States ) All - time ( United Kingdom ) Yearly ( United States ) Yearly ( worldwide ) Opening day ( all - time ) Opening weekend ( all - time ) Philosopher 's Stone # 29 # 54 # 9 # 1 # 1 # 66 # 55 Chamber of Secrets # 46 # 90 # 17 # 4 # 2 # 81 # 60 Prisoner of Azkaban # 62 # 106 # 33 # 6 # 2 # 47 # 49 Goblet of Fire # 42 # 77 # 28 # 3 # 1 # 41 # 40 Order of the Phoenix # 38 # 73 # 25 # 5 # 2 # 34 # 77 Half - Blood Prince # 39 # 65 # 24 # 3 # 2 # 24 # 75 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 # 34 # 68 # 18 # 5 # 3 # 22 # 25 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 # 8 # 27 # 7 # 1 # 1 # 2 # 8 Legacy and influence `` Harry Potter was in the vanguard of a new approach to big - budget film - making . Most modern blockbuster franchises have two things in common : they are based on known properties such as books and comics , and they are steered by respected but little - known directors . '' -- The Economist The Harry Potter films and their success have been retrospectively considered to have had a significant impact on the film industry . They are cited as having helped redefine the Hollywood blockbuster in the 21st century by initiating a shift toward established media franchises forming the basis of successful films . In the wake of the final film 's release , Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that the films `` inspired every major studio to try to capture ( its ) alchemic formula , spawning a range of copycats and wannabes '' and `` also have shown Hollywood how to make a glossy blockbuster with an eye toward keeping costs down . '' A 2009 article from The Economist argued that the films were `` in the vanguard '' of adaptations of established properties being the modern film franchise model , citing The Lord of the Rings , Spider - Man and The Dark Knight Trilogy as examples of successful film series that followed Harry Potter 's suit . Furthermore , the practice of splitting the finale of a film series into two back - to - back films began with the success of Deathly Hallows , and it would soon be replicated by The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug and The Battle of the Five Armies , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 , and Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . The films are also widely credited with singlehandedly signalling the popularity of films based on children 's and young adult literature in the 2000s and 2010s , correlating with the book series ' own literary influence . Costance Grady and Aja Romano , commenting on the whole Harry Potter franchise 's legacy for Vox in light of its 20th anniversary , wrote that youth - targeted literature has since become `` a go - to well of ideas for Hollywood , '' pointing to the successes of The Twilight Saga , The Hunger Games and The Divergent Series . Notes Jump up ^ Not including executive producers . References Jump up ^ Kois , Dan . `` The Real Wizard Behind Harry Potter '' Slate ( magazine ) , 13 July 2011 . Accessed : 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy -- Live Action '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts release shows the magic in brand reinvention '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ; Scott , A.O. ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Four Directors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter at Leavesden '' . WB Studio Tour . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Plans Two - Part Film Adaptation of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' to Be Directed by David Yates `` . Business Wire. 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 ... expand the screen adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and release the film in two parts . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ; Eller , Claudia ( 7 November 2010 ) . `` The end nears for ' Harry Potter ' on film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The fantasy epic begins its Hollywood fade - out Nov. 19 with the release of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' and finishes next summer with the eighth film , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . '' Jump up ^ Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Potter ' Charms Aging Audience '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The seventh instalment in the eight - film franchise , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I '' took in a franchise record of $125.1 million at domestic theaters this weekend according to Warner Bros. , the Time Warner Inc. - owned movie studio behind the films . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hero Complex '' . Los Angeles Times . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . Australian Financial Review . 19 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . UK . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jonathan , J.K. Rowling ( 6 July 2007 ) . Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . UK : BBC One . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 23 February 2000 ) . `` No `` Harry Potter '' for Spielberg `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 17 March 2000 ) . `` Potter 's Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` For Spielberg , making a Harry Potter movie would have been no challenge '' . Hollywood.com. 5 September 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Rubbish Bin : J.K. Rowling `` veto - ed '' Steven Spielberg `` . JKRowling.com . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 7 March 2000 ) . `` Two Potential `` Harry Potter '' Director 's Back Out `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 March 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter Director Narrowed Down '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Gilliam bitter about Potter '' . Wizard News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Bran ( 28 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus to Direct Harry Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sragow , Michael ( 24 February 2000 ) . `` A Wizard of Hollywood '' . Salon . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 30 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus Talks Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Edition : Screen Test , Trio Casting and Finding Harry Potter '' . Mugglenet.com . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young Daniel gets Potter part '' . BBC Online . 21 August 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures ' `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' `` . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2002 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter '' . www.wbstudiotour.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J.K. Rowling as producer '' . Business Wire. 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Potter Producer Talks Deathly Hallows '' . Empire . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbey , Ryan ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Ten years of making Harry Potter films , by cast and crew '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Columbus Remembers Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter , Dissected '' . The New York Times . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Columbus '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus `` Burned Out '' `` . Blogs.coventrytelegraph.net. 6 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Cuaron : the man behind the magic '' . Newsround. 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alfonso Cuarón Talks Harry Potter '' . Empire . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Newell on Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deathly Hallows Director David Yates On Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heyman on directors '' . Orange.co.uk . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Amy Raphael ( 24 June 2007 ) . `` How I raised Potter 's bar '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Order Of The Phoenix -- Daniel Radcliffe interview '' . Indie London . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Michael Goldenberg : The OotP scribe on the Harry Potter films , franchise , and fandom OotP Film '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heyman talks adaptation '' . Firstshowing.net. 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kloves Talks Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter fans boost Oxford Christ Church Cathedral '' . BBC . 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Information : Harry Potter '' . Christ Church , Oxford . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OSCARS : Production Designer Stuart Craig -- ' Harry Potter ' '' . The Deadline Team . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER Studio Tour Opens in 2012 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Sketch to Still : From Marbling Gringotts to Painting Diagon Alley , How Harry Potter 's Art Direction Earned Its Oscar Nod '' . Vanity Fair . 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drawn to cinema : An interview with Stuart Craig '' . Beat Magazine . 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Continuity Question '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ArtInsights Magazine Interview Archived 13 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tech Support Interview : Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan on a decade of designing ' Harry Potter ' '' . HitFix. 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ : Rosi ( 1 March 2010 ) . `` Delbonnel on Potter '' . The-leaky-cauldron.org . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Delbonnel talks shooting Half - Blood Prince to mark Oscar nomination '' . Mugglenet . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing a Wizard 's Dark World to Life '' . The Wall Street Journal . 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Wizard Comes Of Age '' . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak Celebrates the Oscars ® Feature : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' . Kodak . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deathly Hallows to Be Shot Using `` Loads of Hand - Held Cameras , '' Tom Felton Talks Sectumsempra in Half - Blood Prince `` . The Leaky Cauldron. 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lensers are n't afraid of the dark '' . Variety . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . What I loved about the last film is that David pushed me to go dark , which all cinematographers love to do . And usually you 're fighting with the producers ( about the look ) but they all wanted it dark and atmospheric , too . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` CONFIRMED -- Desplat for DH '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pope on Desplat 's HP7 Pt. 1 Score '' . Snitchseeker.com. 28 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat -- Composer of Part 1 and 2 ( NOTE : Click `` About the Movie '' , then `` Filmmakers '' , then `` Alexandre Desplat '' ) `` . Harrypotter.warnerbros.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 12 November 2010 ) . `` Yates on Williams , Part 2 '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Pope '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Framestore - We are Framestore . Extraordinary images , extraordinary talent . '' . Framestore . Jump up ^ `` Cinesite , HP 1 -- 7 '' . Cinesite.com . Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` June 2010 Filming completed '' . Snitchseeker.com. 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Years Filming -- 24Dec2010 '' . Snitchseeker.com. 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` JK Title reveal '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb.com . Jump up ^ `` WB Name Drops Big Titles '' . ERCBoxOffice. 23 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DH Part 1 and 2 in 3D and 2D '' . Snitchseeker.com. 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 Not in 3D '' . Cinemablend.com. 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , Miriam ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Why Harry Potter Is NBCUniversal 's Chosen One '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` NBCUniversal Places Big Bet on ' Harry Potter , ' ' Fantastic Beasts ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Films Get Darker and Darker '' . Wall Street Journal . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Darker , Richer and All Grown Up '' . Time Magazine . 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : `` Harry Potter '' goes out with magical , and dark , bang `` . Reuters. 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is n't It About Time You Gave The Chris Columbus Harry Potter Films Another Chance ? '' . SFX UK . 3 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Power ! '' . Time For Kids . Archived from the original on 20 January 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` New Potter movie sneaks in spoilers for upcoming books '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK `` loves '' Goblet Of Fire movie `` . CBBC. 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` How did you feel about the POA filmmakers leaving the Marauder 's Map 's background out of the story ? ( A Mugglenet / Lexicon question ) '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter franchise to get Outstanding BAFTA award '' . BBC Online . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 -- The Harry Potter films '' . BAFTA. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Film Institute '' . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Honors John Lasseter and David Yates 11 / 30 '' . Broadway World ( Los Angeles ) . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . The worldwide success of Mr. Lasseter for Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios and Mr. Yates ' contribution to the final four parts of the ' Harry Potter ' franchise makes them global wizards in their own right , and are delighted to honor these remarkable filmmakers with this year 's Britannia Award . Jump up ^ `` John Lasseter and David Yates set to be honored by BAFTA Los Angeles '' . Los Angeles Times . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' Ever Capture Oscar Magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Oscar Magic '' . Thespec.com. 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Film Nominations 2001 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Broadcast Film Critics Choice Award Winners and Nominations '' . Broadcast Film Critics Choice Awards.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Fiona ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` Potter wins film awards hat - trick '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( 10 March 2008 ) . `` '' Atonement '' wins hat - trick of Empire awards `` . Reuters UK . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Hooper nominated for `` World Soundtrack Discovery Award '' `` . HPANA. 7 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FILM AWARDS NOMINEES IN 2008 '' . BAFTA. 16 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film Awards Winners : 2010 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 21 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Orange British Academy Film Awards in 2010 -- Long List . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2011 Nominations '' . Saturn Awards . 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2011 Best Fantasy Film '' . Empire Awards . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . You must excuse the absence of David Yates ; he 'd love to be here but he 's putting the finishing touches on our epic finale , which is why I 'm here . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2012 nominees '' . The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter becomes highest - grossing film franchise '' . The Guardian . UK . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 '' Crosses $1 Billion Threshold '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 31 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Conjures International Box Office Magic , Becoming Top Earner of Entire Film Series '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Movies Returning to Imax Theaters for One Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone -- Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Highest Grossing Movies '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Collett , Mike ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter movies earn $7 billion '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 11 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Summer ' Potter ' Showdown Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Harry Potter economy '' . The Economist. 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` How ' Harry Potter ' magically changed films '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Splitting Tentpole Movies in Two Does n't Make Them Any More Epic ( Opinion ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Costance Grady and Aja Romano ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` How Harry Potter changed the world '' . Vox . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter films . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter ( film series ) '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Growing Up with Harry Potter -- photo essay by Time ( 1 ) Harry Potter United States Postal Service The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Cinema of the United Kingdom Culture of the United Kingdom Films by year Pre 1920 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 Production companies and studios Active Aardman Animations BBC Films Big Talk Productions British Lion Films DNA Films Double Negative ( VFX ) Ealing Studios Elstree Studios Eon Productions Film4 Productions Framestore Goldcrest Films Hammer Film Productions HandMade Films Heyday Films The Imaginarium Studios London Films Longcross Studios Palace Pictures Passion Pictures The Pinewood Studios Group ( Pinewood Studios Shepperton Studios ) Recorded Picture Company Scott Free Productions Syncopy Inc . S4C Films Thin Man Films Vertigo Films Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden Warp Films Wimbledon Studios Working Title Films Former Amicus Productions Associated British Picture Corporation Astra Films British Instructional Films British National Films Company Butcher 's Film Service Clarendon Film Company Bryanston Films The Danzigers Denham Film Studios Eagle - Lion Films Eros Films G.B. Samuelson Productions Gainsborough Pictures General Film Distributors Halas and Batchelor Hemdale Film Corporation Ideal Film Company Mancunian Films MGM - British Studios Merton Park Studios Rank Organisation Southall Studios Stoll Pictures Tempean Films Tigon British Film Productions Warwick Films Woolf & Freedman Film Service Organisations BAFTA British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute BFI National Archive BFI Southbank British Society of Cinematographers Children 's Film Foundation Cinema Exhibitors ' Association National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Northern Ireland Screen Scottish Screen UK Film Council People Actors and actresses Directors Other British Academy Film Awards British Independent Film Awards British New Wave Carry On Cinematograph Films Act 1927 Documentary Film Movement Eady Levy Ealing comedies Edgar Wallace Mysteries Free Cinema Gainsborough melodramas Harry Potter History of British film certificates Home Video Charts James Bond London Film Festival Look at Life London in film National Theatre Live Telecinema Category Harry Potter portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal 2010s portal GND : 7556067 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_(film_series)&oldid=807904916 '' Categories : English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) Coming - of - age fiction Film series Film series introduced in 2001 American film series British film series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 19 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the last harry potter movie come out in theaters	[ "Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling. The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films, beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011).[2][3] A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016). The Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J. K. Rowling's Wizarding World.[4]" ]	[ "2011" ]
6263618869722915642	Income taxes in Canada	Income taxes in Canada - wikipedia Income taxes in Canada Jump to : navigation , search Taxation An aspect of fiscal policy Policies ( show ) Government revenue Tax revenue Non-tax revenue Tax law Tax bracket Tax threshold Exemption Credit Deduction Tax shift Tax cut Tax holiday Tax advantage Tax incentive Tax reform Tax harmonization Tax competition Double taxation Representation Unions Medical savings account Tax , tariff and trade Economics ( show ) Price effect Excess burden Tax incidence Laffer curve Optimal tax Theory Optimal capital income taxation Collection ( show ) Revenue service Revenue stamp Tax assessment Taxable income Tax lien Tax refund Tax shield Tax residence Tax preparation Tax investigation Tax shelter Private tax collection Tax farming Noncompliance ( show ) Tax avoidance Tax evasion Tax resistance Tax haven Smuggling Black market Transfer mispricing Unreported employment Tax shelter Distribution ( show ) Tax rate Progressive Regressive Proportional Types ( show ) Direct Indirect Per unit Ad valorem In rem Capital gains Carbon Consumption Dividend Ecotax Excise Fuel Georgist Gift Gross receipts Income Inheritance ( estate ) Land value Payroll Pigovian Property Sales Sin Single Stamp Steering Turnover Value - added ( VAT ) Corporate profit Excess profits Windfall profits Negative ( income ) Flat Wealth International ( show ) Financial transaction tax Currency transaction tax Tobin tax Spahn tax Tax equalization Tax treaty Permanent establishment Transfer pricing European Union FTT Foreign revenue rule Trade ( show ) Custom Duty Tariff Import Export Tariff war Free trade Free trade zone Trade agreement Religious ( show ) Church tax Eight per thousand Teind Tithe Fiscus Judaicus Leibzoll Temple tax Tolerance tax Jizya Kharaj Khums Nisab Zakat By country ( show ) List of countries by tax rates Tax revenues as % GDP Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Brazil Bulgaria BVI Canada China Colombia Croatia Denmark France Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Lithuania Malta Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Palestine Peru Philippines Poland Russia Singapore South Africa Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania United Kingdom United States Uruguay Income taxes in Canada constitute the majority of the annual revenues of the Government of Canada , and of the governments of the Provinces of Canada . In the fiscal year ending 31 March 2015 , the federal government collected nearly three and a half times more revenue from personal income taxes than it did from corporate income taxes . Tax collection agreements enable different governments to levy taxes through a single administration and collection agency . The federal government collects personal income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Quebec and collects corporate income taxes on behalf of all provinces and territories except Alberta and Quebec . Canada 's federal income tax system is administered by the Canada Revenue Agency ( CRA ) . Canadian federal income taxes , both personal and corporate are levied under the provisions of the Income Tax Act . Provincial and territorial income taxes are levied under various provincial statutes . The Canadian income tax system is a self - assessment regime . Taxpayers assess their tax liability by filing a return with the CRA by the required filing deadline . CRA will then assess the return based on the return filed and on information it has obtained from employers and financial companies , correcting it for obvious errors . A taxpayer who disagrees with CRA 's assessment of a particular return may appeal the assessment . The appeal process starts when a taxpayer formally objects to the CRA assessment . The objection must explain , in writing , the reasons for the appeal along with all the related facts . The objection is then reviewed by the appeals branch of CRA . An appealed assessment may either be confirmed , vacated or varied by the CRA . If the assessment is confirmed or varied , the taxpayer may appeal the decision to the Tax Court of Canada and then to the Federal Court of Appeal . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Constitutional authority 3 Personal income taxes 3.1 Basic calculation 3.2 Provincial and territorial personal income taxes 3.2. 1 Quebec 3.3 Personal federal marginal tax rates 3.4 Income not taxed 4 Corporate income taxes 4.1 Corporation types 4.2 Provincial / territorial corporate income taxes 5 Integration of corporate and personal income taxes 6 International comparison ( personal income tax ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Unlike the United Kingdom and the United States , Canada avoided charging an income tax prior to the First World War . The lack of income tax was seen as a key component in Canada 's efforts to attract immigrants as Canada offered a lower tax regime compared to almost every other country . Prior to the war , Canadian federal governments relied on tariffs and customs income under the auspices of the National Policy for most of their revenue , while the provincial governments sustained themselves primarily through their management of natural resources ( the Prairie provinces being paid subsidies by the federal government as Ottawa retained control of their natural resources for the time being ) . The federal Liberal Party considered the probable need to introduce an income tax should their negotiation of a free trade agreement with the United States in the early 20th century succeed , but the Conservatives defeated the Liberals in 1911 over their support of free trade . The Conservatives ( Tories ) opposed income tax as they wanted to attract immigrants primarily from the United Kingdom and the United States , and they wanted to give immigrants some incentive to come to Canada . Canadian finance minister Sir Thomas White 's new temporary `` income war tax act '' Bill went into Committee of the Whole on July 25 , 1917 but faced resistance . Wartime expenses forced the Tories to re-consider their options and in 1918 , the wartime government under Sir Robert Borden , imposed a `` temporary '' income tax to cover expenses . Despite the new tax the Canadian government ran up considerable debts during the war and were unable to forgo income tax revenue after the war ended . With the election of the Liberal government of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , much of the National Policy was dismantled and income tax has remained in place ever since . Constitutional authority ( edit ) The constitutional authority for the federal income tax is found in section 91 paragraph 3 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , which assigns to the federal Parliament power over `` The raising of Money by any Mode or System of Taxation '' . The constitutional authority for the various provincial income taxes is found in section 92 paragraph 2 of the Constitution Act , 1867 , which assigns to the legislature of each province the power of `` Direct Taxation within the Province in order to the raising of a Revenue for Provincial Purposes '' . The courts have held that `` an income tax is the most typical form of direct taxation '' . Personal income taxes ( edit ) Canada levies personal income tax on the worldwide income of individual residents in Canada and on certain types of Canadian - source income earned by non-resident individuals . The Income Tax Act , Part I , subparagraph 2 ( 1 ) , states : `` An income tax shall be paid , as required by this Act , on the taxable income for each taxation year of every person resident in Canada at any time in the year . '' After the calendar year , Canadian residents file a T1 Tax and Benefit Return for individuals . It is due April 30 , or June 15 for self - employed individuals and their spouses , or common - law partners . It is important to note , however , that any balance owing is due on or before April 30 . Outstanding balances remitted after April 30 may be subject to interest charges , regardless of whether the taxpayer 's filing due date is April 30 or June 15 . The amount of income tax that an individual must pay is based on the amount of their taxable income ( income earned less allowed expenses ) for the tax year . Personal income tax may be collected through various means : deduction at source - where income tax is deducted directly from an individual 's pay and sent to the CRA . installment payments - where an individual must pay his or her estimated taxes during the year instead of waiting to settle up at the end of the year . payment on filing - payments made with the income tax return arrears payments - payments made after the return is filed Employers may also deduct Canada Pension Plan / Quebec Pension Plan ( CPP / QPP ) contributions , Employment Insurance ( EI ) and Provincial Parental Insurance ( PPIP ) premiums from their employees ' gross pay . Employers then send these deductions to the taxing authority . Individuals who have overpaid taxes or had excess tax deducted at source will receive a refund from the CRA upon filing their annual tax return . Generally , personal income tax returns for a particular year must be filed with CRA on or before April 30 of the following year . Basic calculation ( edit ) An individual taxpayer must report his or her total income for the year . Certain deductions are allowed in determining `` net income '' , such as deductions for contributions to Registered Retirement Savings Plans , union and professional dues , child care expenses , and business investment losses . Net income is used for determining several income - tested social benefits provided by the federal and provincial / territorial governments . Further deductions are allowed in determining `` taxable income '' , such as capital losses , half of capital gains included in income , and a special deduction for residents of northern Canada . Deductions permit certain amounts to be excluded from taxation altogether . `` Tax payable before credits '' is determined using five tax brackets and tax rates . Non-refundable tax credits are then deducted from tax payable before credits for various items such as a basic personal amount , dependents , Canada / Quebec Pension Plan contributions , Employment Insurance premiums , disabilities , tuition and education and medical expenses . These credits are calculated by multiplying the credit amount ( e.g. , the basic personal amount of $11,038 in 2013 ) by the lowest tax rate . This mechanism is designed to provide equal benefit to taxpayers regardless of the rate at which they pay tax . A non-refundable tax credit for charitable donations is calculated at the lowest tax rate for the first $200 in a year , and at the highest tax rate for the portion in excess of $200 . Donations can result in a reduction in taxes of between 40 -- 60 % of the donation depending on the province of the taxpayer and type of property donated . This tax credit is designed to encourage more generous charitable giving . Certain other tax credits are provided to recognize tax already paid so that the income is not taxed twice : the dividend tax credit provides recognition of tax paid at the corporate level on income distributed from a Canadian corporation to individual shareholders ; and the foreign tax credit recognizes tax paid to a foreign government on income earned in a foreign country . Provincial and territorial personal income taxes ( edit ) Provinces and territories that have entered into tax collection agreements with the federal government for collection of personal income taxes ( `` agreeing provinces '' , i.e. , all provinces and territories except Quebec ) must use the federal definition of `` taxable income '' as the basis for their taxation . This means that they are not allowed to provide or ignore federal deductions in calculating the income on which provincial tax is based . Provincial and territorial governments provide both non-refundable tax credits and refundable tax credits to taxpayers for certain expenses . They may also apply surtaxes and offer low - income tax reductions . Canada Revenue Agency collects personal income taxes for agreeing provinces / territories and remits the revenues to the respective governments . The provincial / territorial tax forms are distributed with the federal tax forms , and the taxpayer need make only one payment -- to CRA -- for both types of tax . Similarly , if a taxpayer is to receive a refund , he or she receives one cheque or bank transfer for the combined federal and provincial / territorial tax refund . Information on provincial rates can be found on the Canada Revenue Agency 's website . Individuals in Canada generally pay income taxes on employment and investment income to the province in which they reside on December 31 of the tax year . This ensures that taxpayers who live in one province and work in another , or who move from one province to another in most cases only have to file a tax return for one province . Individuals with business income have to pay tax on the business income to the province in which it was earned . If it was earned in more than one province , it is allocated based on a formula in the Income Tax Regulations . In addition to the income tax levied as a percentage of taxable income , two provinces , Prince Edward Island and Ontario , levy surtaxes as a percentage of tax over a certain threshold . 2017 Provincial Personal Income Tax Rates Province / Territory Bracket ( Rate and Income ) Surtax ( % of tax ) Alberta $0 -- $126,625 $126,625 -- $151,950 $151,950 -- $202,600 $202,600 -- $303,900 over $303,900 10 % 12 % 13 % 14 % 15 % British Columbia $0 -- $38,898 $38,898 -- $77,797 $77,797 -- $89,320 $89,320 -- $108,460 over $108,460 5.06 % 7.7 % 10.5 % 12.29 % 14.7 % Manitoba $0 -- $31,465 $31,465 -- $68,005 over $68,005 10.8 % 12.75 % 17.4 % New Brunswick $0 -- $41,059 $41,059 -- $82,119 $82,119 -- $133,507 $133,507 -- $152,100 over $152,100 9.68 % 14.82 % 16.52 % 17.84 % 20.3 % Newfoundland and Labrador $0 -- $35,851 $35,851 -- $71,701 $71,701 -- $128,010 $128,010 -- $179,214 over $179,214 8.7 % 14.5 % 15.8 % 17.3 % 18.3 % Northwest Territories $0 -- $41,585 $41,585 -- $83,172 $83,172 -- 135,219 over $135,219 5.9 % 8.6 % 12.2 % 14.05 % Nova Scotia $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 -- $59,180 $59,180 -- $93,000 $93,000 -- $150,000 over $150,000 8.79 % 14.95 % 16.67 % 17.5 % 21 % Nunavut $0 -- $43,780 $43,780 -- $87,560 $87,560 -- $142,353 over $142,353 4 % 7 % 9 % 11.5 % Ontario $0 -- $42,201 $42,201 -- $84,404 $84,404 -- $150,000 $150,000 -- $220,000 over $220,000 $4484 - $5739 Over $5739 5.05 % 9.15 % 11.16 % 12.16 % 13.16 % 36 % 56 % Prince Edward Island $0 -- $31,984 $31,984 -- $63,969 over $63,969 over $12,500 9.8 % 13.8 % 16.7 % 10 % Quebec $0 -- $42,705 $42,705 -- $85,405 $85,405 -- $103,915 over $103,915 15 % 20 % 24 % 25.75 % Saskatchewan $0 -- $45,225 $45,225 -- $129,214 over $129,214 11 % 13 % 15 % Yukon $0 -- $45,916 $45,916 -- $91,831 $91,831 -- $142,353 $142,353 -- $500,000 over $500,000 6.4 % 9 % 10.9 % 12.8 % 15 % Quebec ( edit ) Quebec administers its own personal income tax system , and therefore is free to determine its own definition of taxable income . To maintain simplicity for taxpayers , however , Quebec parallels many aspects of and uses many definitions found in the federal tax system . Quebec chooses to receive part of its health and social transfers in tax points instead of cash . To compensate for this , federal personal income taxes on income earned in Quebec are reduced by 16.5 % of federal tax . This is referred to as the Quebec Abatement . Personal federal marginal tax rates ( edit ) The following historical federal marginal tax rates of the Government of Canada come from the website of the Canada Revenue Agency . They do not include applicable provincial income taxes . Data on marginal tax rates from 1998 to 2016 are publicly available . Data on basic personal amounts ( personal exemption taxed at 0 % ) can be found on a year by year basis is also available . Their values are contained on line 300 of either the document `` Schedule 1 - Federal Tax '' , or `` General Income Tax and Benefit Guide '' , of each year by year General Income Tax and Benefit Package listed . The personal exemption is listed as it always applies . Additional deductions may be applied depending on eligibility , see . The most common additional deductions are Canada Pension Plan ( CPP ) , Employment Insurance ( EI ) and employment credit . Exempt amounts are calculated , multiplied by the lowest tax rate and the result is tax credits that reduce the total amount of tax owed . Year Personal Amount Canadian federal marginal tax rates of taxable income 2017 $11,635 $0 -- $45,916 $45,916 - $91,831 $91,831 - $142,353 $142,353 - $202,800 over $202,800 0 % 15 % 20.5 % 26 % 29 % 33 % 2016 $11,474 $0 -- $45,282 $45,282 - $90,563 $90,563 - $140,388 $140,388 - $200,000 over $200,000 0 % 15 % 20.5 % 26 % 29 % 33 % 2015 $11,327 $0 -- $44,701 $44,701 - $89,401 $89,401 - $138,586 over $138,586 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2014 $11,138 $0 -- $43,953 $43,954 - $87,907 $87,908 - $136,270 over $136,270 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2013 $11,038 $0 -- $43,561 $43,562 - $87,123 $87,124 - $135,054 over $135,055 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2012 $10,822 $0 -- $42,706 $42,707 - $85,413 $85,414 - $132,405 over $132,406 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2011 $10,527 $0 -- $41,544 $41,544 - $83,088 $83,088 - $128,800 over $128,800 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $10,382 $0 -- $40,970 $40,971 - $81,941 $81,942 - $127,021 over $127,021 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2009 $10,320 $0 -- $40,726 $40,727 - $81,452 $81,453 - $126,264 over $126,264 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2008 $9,600 $0 -- $37,885 $37,886 - $75,769 $75,770 - $123,184 over $123,184 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2007 $9,600 $0 -- $37,178 $37,178 - $74,357 $74,357 - $120,887 over $120,887 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2006 $8,839 $0 -- $36,378 $36,378 - $72,756 $72,756 - $118,285 over $118,285 0 % 15.25 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2005 $8,648 $0 -- $35,595 $35,595 - $71,190 $71,190 - $115,739 over $115,739 0 % 15 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $8,012 $0 -- $35,000 $35,000 - $70,000 $70,000 - $113,804 over $113,804 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2003 $7,756 $0 -- $32,183 $32,183 - $64,368 $64,368 - $104,648 over $104,648 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2002 $7,634 $0 -- $31,677 $31,677 - $63,354 $63,354 - $103,000 over $103,000 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % $7,412 $0 -- $30,754 $30,754 - $61,509 $61,509 - $100,000 over $100,000 0 % 16 % 22 % 26 % 29 % 2000 $7,231 $0 -- $30,004 $30,004 - $60,009 over $60,009 0 % 17 % 25 % 29 % 1999 $6,794 $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 - $59,180 over $59,180 0 % 17 % 26 % 29 % 1998 $6,456 $0 -- $29,590 $29,590 - $59,180 over $59,180 0 % 17 % 26 % 29 % Income not taxed ( edit ) The following types of income are not taxed in Canada ( this list is not exhaustive ) : gifts and inheritances ; death benefits paid from a life insurance policy ; lottery winnings ; winnings from betting or gambling for simple recreation or enjoyment ; strike pay ; income earned within a Tax - Free Savings Account ; compensation paid by a province or territory to a victim of a criminal act or a motor vehicle accident * ; certain civil and military service pensions ; income from certain international organizations of which Canada is a member , such as the United Nations and its agencies ; war disability pensions ; RCMP pensions or compensation paid in respect of injury , disability , or death * ; income of First Nations , if situated on a reserve ; capital gain on the sale of a taxpayer 's principal residence ; provincial child tax credits or benefits and Québec family allowances ; Working income tax benefit ; the Goods and Services Tax or Harmonized Sales Tax credit ( GST / HST credit ) , Quebec Sales Tax credit or Saskatchewan Sales Tax Credit ; and the Canada Child Tax Benefit . Note that , the method by which these forms of income are not taxed can vary significantly , which may have tax and other implications ; some forms of income are not declared , while others are declared and then immediately deducted in full . Some of the tax exemptions are based on statutory enactments , others ( like the non-taxability of lottery winnings ) are based on the non-statutory common law concept of `` income '' . In certain cases , the deduction may require off - setting income , while in other cases , the deduction may be used without corresponding income . Income which is declared and then deducted , for example , may create room for future Registered Retirement Savings Plan ( RRSP ) deductions . But then the RRSP contribution room may be reduced with a pension adjustment if you are part of another plan , reducing the ability to use RRSP contributions as a deduction . Deductions which are not directly linked to non-taxable income exist , which reduce overall taxable income . A key example is RRSP contributions , which is a form of tax - deferred savings account ( income tax is paid only at withdrawal , and no interim tax is payable on account earnings ) . * Quebec changed its rules in 2004 and , legally , this may be taxed or may not -- Courts have yet to rule . Corporate income taxes ( edit ) Corporate taxes include taxes on corporate income in Canada and other taxes and levies paid by corporations to the various levels of government in Canada . These include capital and insurance premium taxes ; payroll levies ( e.g. , employment insurance , Canada Pension Plan , Quebec Pension Plan and Workers ' Compensation ) ; property taxes ; and indirect taxes , such as goods and services tax ( GST ) , and sales and excise taxes , levied on business inputs . Corporations are subject to tax in Canada on their worldwide income if they are resident in Canada for Canadian tax purposes . Corporations not resident in Canada are subject to Canadian tax on certain types of Canadian source income ( Section 115 of the Canadian Income Tax Act ) . Effective January 1 , 2012 , the net federal corporate income tax rate in Canada was 15 % , or 11 % for corporations able to claim the small business deduction ; in addition , corporations are subject to provincial income tax that may range from zero to 16 % , depending on the province and the size of the business . Corporation types ( edit ) The taxes payable by a Canadian resident corporation depend on the type of corporation that it is : A Canadian - controlled private corporation , which is defined as a corporation that is : resident in Canada and either incorporated in Canada or resident in Canada from June 18 , 1971 , to the end of the taxation year ; not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more non-resident persons ; not controlled directly or indirectly by one or more public corporations ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation , as defined in Regulation 6700 ) ; not controlled by a Canadian resident corporation that lists its shares on a prescribed stock exchange outside of Canada ; not controlled directly or indirectly by any combination of persons described in the three preceding conditions ; if all of its shares that are owned by a non-resident person , by a public corporation ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation ) , or by a corporation with a class of shares listed on a prescribed stock exchange , were owned by one person , that person would not own sufficient shares to control the corporation ; and no class of its shares of capital stock is listed on a prescribed stock exchange . A private corporation , which is defined as a corporation that is : resident in Canada ; not a public corporation ; not controlled by one or more public corporations ( other than a prescribed venture capital corporation , as defined in Regulation 6700 ) ; not controlled by one or more prescribed federal Crown corporations ( as defined in Regulation 7100 ) ; and not controlled by any combination of corporations described in the two preceding conditions . A public corporation , defined as a corporation that is resident in Canada and meets either of the following requirements at the end of the taxation year : it has a class of shares listed on a prescribed Canadian stock exchange ; or it has elected , or the Minister of National Revenue has designated it , to be a public corporation and the corporation has complied with prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800 ( 1 ) on the number of its shareholders , the dispersing of the ownership of its shares , the public trading of its shares , and the size of the corporation . If a public corporation has complied with certain prescribed conditions under Regulation 4800 ( 2 ) , it can elect , or the Minister of National Revenue can designate it , not to be a public corporation . Other types of Canadian resident corporations include Canadian subsidiaries of public corporations ( which do not qualify as public corporations ) , general insurers and Crown corporations . Provincial / territorial corporate income taxes ( edit ) Corporate income taxes are collected by the CRA for all provinces and territories except Quebec and Alberta . Provinces and territories subject to a tax collection agreement must use the federal definition of `` taxable income '' , i.e. , they are not allowed to provide deductions in calculating taxable income . These provinces and territories may provide tax credits to companies , often in order to provide incentives for certain activities such as mining exploration , film production , and job creation . Quebec and Alberta collect their own corporate income taxes , and therefore may develop their own definitions of taxable income . In practice , these provinces rarely deviate from the federal tax base in order to maintain simplicity for taxpayers . Ontario negotiated a tax collection agreement with the federal government under which its corporate income taxes would be collected on its behalf by the CRA starting in 2009 . Integration of corporate and personal income taxes ( edit ) In Canada , corporate income is subject to corporate income tax and , on distribution as dividends to individuals , personal income tax . To avoid this `` double taxation '' of the same income , the personal income tax system , through the gross - up and dividend tax credit ( DTC ) mechanisms , provides recognition for corporate taxes , based notional federal - provincial corporate tax rates , to taxable individuals resident in Canada who receive dividends from Canadian corporations . A dividend from a small business ( `` Canadian - controlled private corporation '' ) is grossed - up by 17 per cent , meaning that the shareholder includes 117 per cent of the dividend amount in income , to reflect the pre-tax income of the small business out of which it has paid the dividend . This income is taxed at the shareholder 's personal income tax rate , but a part of the tax is offset by a 10.5217 % dividend tax credit ( for 2017 ) to reflect the federal tax paid at the corporate level . There are also provincial dividend tax credits at different rates in different provinces . For dividends from other Canadian corporations , i.e. , `` eligible dividends '' , the gross - up is 38 % and the dividend tax credit is 15.0198 % ( for 2017 ) , reflecting the higher corporate income tax rate paid by larger corporations . Provincial and territorial governments also provide dividend tax credits to reflect provincial / territorial corporate income tax . International comparison ( personal income tax ) ( edit ) Comparison of total taxes paid by a household earning the country 's average wage ( as of 2005 ) , including personal income tax , employee and employer social security contributions , payroll taxes and cash benefits . It does NOT include local income tax levied by states and cities . ( source : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ) . Country Single no children Married 2 children Country Single no children Married 2 children Australia 28.3 % 16.0 % Korea 17.3 % 15.2 % Austria 47.4 % 35.5 % Luxembourg 35.3 % 12.2 % Belgium 55.4 % 40.3 % Mexico 18.2 % 18.2 % Canada 31.6 % 21.5 % Netherlands 38.6 % 29.1 % Czech Republic 43.8 % 27.1 % New Zealand 20.5 % 14.5 % Denmark 41.4 % 29.6 % Norway 37.3 % 29.6 % Finland 44.6 % 38.4 % Poland 43.6 % 42.1 % France 50.1 % 41.7 % Portugal 36.2 % 26.6 % Germany 51.8 % 35.7 % Slovakia 38.3 % 23.2 % Greece 38.8 % 39.2 % Spain 39.0 % 33.4 % Hungary 50.5 % 39.9 % Sweden 47.9 % 42.4 % Iceland 29.0 % 11.0 % Switzerland 29.5 % 18.6 % Ireland 25.7 % 8.1 % Turkey 42.7 % 42.7 % Isle of Man 10 % 10 % United Kingdom 33.5 % 27.1 % Italy 45.4 % 35.2 % United States 29.1 % 11.9 % Japan 27.7 % 24.9 % See also ( edit ) Canada portal Book : Canada Taxation in Canada Canadian federal budget Foreign Accrual Property Income Harmonized Sales Tax References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fiscal Reference Tables September 2015 Jump up ^ Income Tax Act Jump up ^ Duhaime , Lloyd ( 2017 ) . `` Canadian Legal History : 1917 , Birth of Income Tax 1917 , Birth of Income Tax '' . Lloyd Duhaime , Barrister , Solicitor , Attorney and Lawyer ( and Notary Public ! ) . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forbes v. A. - G. Man . ( 1937 ) A.C. 260,268 Jump up ^ `` T1 Tax and Benefit Return '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Canada Revenue Agency Jump up ^ Finance Canada Quebec Abatement Jump up ^ `` Previous - years ' income tax rates in Canada '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Jump up ^ `` Tax packages '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Jump up ^ `` Latest TD1 Form '' . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Tax Rates , '' Canada Revenue Agency , 15 March 2013 , accessed 14 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Canada Revenue Agency External links ( edit ) Income Tax Act The Canadian Tax Foundation The Department of Finance , Canada - responsible for Canadian tax policy Canada Revenue Agency - collects income other certain other taxes for the federal , provincial and territorial governments ( except Quebec ) CRA tax rates by year - Federal and provincial income tax rates ( except Quebec ) Revenu Quebec Income tax rates Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Income_taxes_in_Canada&oldid=842797413 '' Categories : Taxation in Canada Income taxes Income tax in Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 18 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who pays the majority of taxes in canada	[]	[]
-612943647319943318	List of Olympic medalists in badminton	List of Olympic medalists in badminton - wikipedia List of Olympic medalists in badminton This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Theophilus92 ( talk contribs ) at 10 : 48 , 26 August 2017 ( → ‎ Athlete medal leaders : Taufik is not a multiple medallist . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 10 : 48 , 26 August 2017 by Theophilus92 ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Athlete medal leaders : Taufik is not a multiple medallist . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Lin Dan won consecutive golds in the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics . Main article : Badminton at the Summer Olympics Badminton is a sport contested at the Summer Olympic Games . Badminton was first held as a demonstration sport at the 1972 Summer Olympics , and was an exhibition sport at the 1988 Summer Olympics ; the men 's and women 's singles and doubles have been held at every Summer Olympics since the 1992 Summer Olympics . The mixed doubles badminton tournament started in the 1996 Summer Olympics . The Badminton World Federation ( BWF ) rankings are used to determine the qualification of the players for the tournament . In the 2008 Summer Olympics , each singles tournament had 38 competitors , while each doubles tournament had 16 pairs . All players or pairs from the top 16 places on the BWF rankings automatically qualify , although each National Olympic Committee ( NOC ) can send less than three players or pairs in each tournament . The top 64 then qualify with the caveat that each NOC can send only two players / pairs from that portion of the list . Players and pairs ranked below the 64th place only qualify if they are the highest - ranked competitor from their nation . Two places each in the men 's and women 's singles will be determined by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) Tripartite Commission . The host nation , if it has not already qualified two competitors , receives at least either two singles players or one pair . The rules used in the tournament are the same as the BWF rules . Gao Ling is the all - time leader for the most Olympic medals in badminton , with two gold , one silver , and one bronze ; Kim Dong - moon ( two gold , one bronze ) and Gil Young - ah ( one of each ) are second for the most medals in badminton , each with three . Gao , Kim , and Zhang Jun are the all - time leaders for the most gold medal wins , with two . In the 1992 Summer Olympics , Jalani and Razif Sidek were the first Malaysian Olympic medalists since Malaysia first participated the 1964 Summer Olympics . Mia Audina won her first silver in the 1996 Olympics representing Indonesia , but won her second silver in the 2004 Summer Olympics with the Netherlands . In the 2000 Summer Olympics , China swept the women 's doubles tournament , winning all three medals , making it the only sweep in Olympic badminton history . China has been the most successful nation in badminton , winning 38 medals ; 28 of them were from the women 's singles and doubles and mixed doubles tournaments . Indonesia ( 18 medals ) and South Korea ( 18 medals ) are the only other nations to have more than seven medals . As of the 2008 Summer Olympics , 76 medals ( 24 gold , 24 silver , and 28 bronze ) have been awarded to 96 athletes from 7 NOCs . There were four additional bronze medal winners in the 1992 Summer Olympics because no bronze medal matches were played in any of the four tournaments . Table of contents Men Singles Doubles Women Singles Doubles Mixed doubles Statistics See also References Men ( edit ) Men 's Singles ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1992 Barcelona details Alan Budikusuma Indonesia Ardy Wiranata Indonesia Thomas Stuer - Lauridsen Denmark Hermawan Susanto Indonesia 1996 Atlanta details Poul - Erik Høyer Larsen Denmark Dong Jiong China Rashid Sidek Malaysia 2000 Sydney details Ji Xinpeng China Hendrawan Indonesia Xia Xuanze China 2004 Athens details Taufik Hidayat Indonesia Shon Seung - mo South Korea Sony Dwi Kuncoro Indonesia 2008 Beijing details Lin Dan China Lee Chong Wei Malaysia Chen Jin China 2012 London details Lin Dan China Lee Chong Wei Malaysia Chen Long China 2016 Rio details Chen Long China Lee Chong Wei Malaysia Viktor Axelsen Denmark 2020 Tokyo details Men 's Doubles ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1992 Barcelona details Kim Moon - soo and Park Joo - bong ( KOR ) Eddy Hartono and Rudy Gunawan ( INA ) Li Yongbo and Tian Bingyi ( CHN ) Razif Sidek and Jalani Sidek ( MAS ) 1996 Atlanta details Rexy Mainaky and Ricky Subagja ( INA ) Cheah Soon Kit and Yap Kim Hock ( MAS ) Antonius Ariantho and Denny Kantono ( INA ) 2000 Sydney details Tony Gunawan and Candra Wijaya ( INA ) Lee Dong - soo and Yoo Yong - sung ( KOR ) Ha Tae - kwon and Kim Dong - moon ( KOR ) 2004 Athens details Ha Tae - kwon and Kim Dong - moon ( KOR ) Lee Dong - soo and Yoo Yong - sung ( KOR ) Eng Hian and Flandy Limpele ( INA ) 2008 Beijing details Markis Kido and Hendra Setiawan ( INA ) Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng ( CHN ) Hwang Ji - man and Lee Jae - jin ( KOR ) 2012 London details Cai Yun and Fu Haifeng ( CHN ) Mathias Boe and Carsten Mogensen ( DEN ) Jung Jae - sung and Lee Yong - dae ( KOR ) 2016 Rio details Zhang Nan and Fu Haifeng ( CHN ) Goh V Shem and Tan Wee Kiong ( MAS ) Chris Langridge and Marcus Ellis ( GBR ) 2020 Tokyo details Women ( edit ) Women 's Singles ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1992 Barcelona details Susi Susanti Indonesia Bang Soo - hyun South Korea Huang Hua China Tang Jiuhong China 1996 Atlanta details Bang Soo - hyun South Korea Mia Audina Indonesia Susi Susanti Indonesia 2000 Sydney details Gong Zhichao China Camilla Martin Denmark Ye Zhaoying China 2004 Athens details Zhang Ning China Mia Audina Netherlands Zhou Mi China 2008 Beijing details Zhang Ning China Xie Xingfang China Maria Kristin Yulianti Indonesia 2012 London details Li Xuerui China Wang Yihan China Saina Nehwal India 2016 Rio details Carolina Marín Spain P.V. Sindhu India Nozomi Okuhara Japan 2020 Tokyo details Women 's Doubles ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1992 Barcelona details Chung So - young and Hwang Hye - young ( KOR ) Guan Weizhen and Nong Qunhua ( CHN ) Gil Young - ah and Shim Eun - jung ( KOR ) Lin Yanfen and Yao Fen ( CHN ) 1996 Atlanta details Ge Fei and Gu Jun ( CHN ) Gil Young - ah and Jang Hye - ock ( KOR ) Qin Yiyuan and Tang Yongshu ( CHN ) 2000 Sydney details Ge Fei and Gu Jun ( CHN ) Huang Nanyan and Yang Wei ( CHN ) Gao Ling and Qin Yiyuan ( CHN ) 2004 Athens details Yang Wei and Zhang Jiewen ( CHN ) Gao Ling and Huang Sui ( CHN ) Lee Kyung - won and Ra Kyung - min ( KOR ) 2008 Beijing details Du Jing and Yu Yang ( CHN ) Lee Hyo - jung and Lee Kyung - won ( KOR ) Wei Yili and Zhang Yawen ( CHN ) 2012 London details Tian Qing and Zhao Yunlei ( CHN ) Mizuki Fujii and Reika Kakiiwa ( JPN ) Valeria Sorokina and Nina Vislova ( RUS ) 2016 Rio details Ayaka Takahashi and Misaki Matsutomo ( JPN ) Christinna Pedersen and Kamilla Rytter Juhl ( DEN ) Jung Kyung - eun and Shin Seung - chan ( KOR ) 2020 Tokyo details Mixed ( edit ) Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1996 Atlanta details Gil Young - ah and Kim Dong - moon ( KOR ) Park Joo - bong and Ra Kyung - min ( KOR ) Liu Jianjun and Sun Man ( CHN ) 2000 Sydney details Gao Ling and Zhang Jun ( CHN ) Tri Kusharjanto and Minarti Timur ( INA ) Simon Archer and Joanne Goode ( GBR ) 2004 Athens details Gao Ling and Zhang Jun ( CHN ) Gail Emms and Nathan Robertson ( GBR ) Jens Eriksen and Mette Schjoldager ( DEN ) 2008 Beijing details Lee Hyo - jung and Lee Yong - dae ( KOR ) Lilyana Natsir and Nova Widianto ( INA ) He Hanbin and Yu Yang ( CHN ) 2012 London details Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei ( CHN ) Xu Chen and Ma Jin ( CHN ) Joachim Fischer Nielsen and Christinna Pedersen ( DEN ) 2016 Rio details Tontowi Ahmad and Lilyana Natsir ( INA ) Chan Peng Soon and Goh Liu Ying ( MAS ) Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei ( CHN ) 2020 Tokyo details Statistics ( edit ) Athlete medal leaders ( edit ) Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Gao Ling China ( CHN ) 2000 -- 2008 2 1 1 4 Fu Haifeng China ( CHN ) 2008 -- 2016 2 1 0 3 Kim Dong - moon South Korea ( KOR ) 1996 -- 2004 2 0 1 3 Zhang Nan China ( CHN ) 2012 -- 2016 2 0 1 3 Zhao Yunlei China ( CHN ) 2012 -- 2016 2 0 1 3 Lin Dan China ( CHN ) 2008 -- 2012 2 0 0 2 Zhang Ning China ( CHN ) 2004 -- 2008 2 0 0 2 Zhang Jun China ( CHN ) 2000 -- 2004 2 0 0 2 Ge Fei China ( CHN ) 1996 -- 2000 2 0 0 2 Gu Jun China ( CHN ) 1996 -- 2000 2 0 0 2 Gil Young - ah South Korea ( KOR ) 1992 -- 1996 1 1 1 3 Lilyana Natsir Indonesia ( INA ) 2008 -- 2016 1 1 0 2 Cai Yun China ( CHN ) 2008 -- 2012 1 1 0 2 Lee Hyo - jung South Korea ( KOR ) 2008 1 1 0 2 Yang Wei China ( CHN ) 2000 -- 2004 1 1 0 2 Bang Soo - hyun South Korea ( KOR ) 1992 -- 1996 1 1 0 2 Park Joo - bong South Korea ( KOR ) 1992 -- 1996 1 1 0 2 Lee Yong - dae South Korea ( KOR ) 2008 -- 2012 1 0 1 2 Ha Tae - kwon South Korea ( KOR ) 2000 -- 2004 1 0 1 2 Susi Susanti Indonesia ( INA ) 1992 -- 1996 1 0 1 2 Yu Yang China ( CHN ) 2008 1 0 1 2 Chen Long China ( CHN ) 2012 -- 2016 1 0 1 2 Lee Chong Wei Malaysia ( MAS ) 2008 -- 2016 0 3 0 3 Lee Dong - soo South Korea ( KOR ) 2000 -- 2004 0 2 0 2 Mia Audina Indonesia ( INA ) Netherlands ( NED ) 1996 -- 2004 0 2 0 2 Yoo Yong - sung South Korea ( KOR ) 2000 -- 2004 0 2 0 2 Lee Kyung - won South Korea ( KOR ) 2004 -- 2008 0 1 1 2 Ra Kyung - min South Korea ( KOR ) 1996 -- 2004 0 1 1 2 Qin Yiyuan China ( CHN ) 1996 -- 2000 0 0 2 2 Medals per year ( edit ) Nation 76 -- 88 92 96 00 04 08 12 16 Total China ( CHN ) 5 4 8 5 8 8 3 41 Indonesia ( INA ) 5 4 3 3 3 -- 1 19 South Korea ( KOR ) 4 4 2 4 3 1 1 19 Malaysia ( MAS ) 1 2 -- -- 1 1 3 8 Denmark ( DEN ) 1 1 1 1 -- 2 2 8 Great Britain ( GBR ) -- -- 1 1 -- -- 1 3 Japan ( JPN ) -- -- -- -- -- 1 2 3 India ( IND ) -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 2 Netherlands ( NED ) -- -- -- 1 -- -- -- 1 Russia ( RUS ) -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 1 Spain ( ESP ) -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 1 See also ( edit ) BWF World Championships References ( edit ) General `` Results database '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 05 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Badminton in the Olympics '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Badminton World Federation . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton '' . Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton : Olympic Qualification '' . NBC Olympics . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Competition Rules '' . Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Records and Medals : Games of the Olympiad '' ( PDF ) . International Olympic Committee . January 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Olympic Council of Malaysia . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kubatko , Justin . `` Mia Audina Biography and Statistics '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kubatko , Justin . `` Badminton : Women 's Doubles '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kubatko , Justin . `` Badminton '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kubatko , Justin . `` Badminton at the 1992 Barcelona Summer Games '' . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . ( show ) Badminton at the Summer Olympics 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 ( demonstration ) 1976 1980 1984 1988 ( exhibition ) 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 List of medalists List of venues ( show ) Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_badminton&oldid=797331423 '' Categories : Lists of Summer Olympic medalists Badminton at the Summer Olympics Olympic medalists in badminton Lists of badminton medalists Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 10 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won india's first olympic medal in badminton	[]	[]
-231746155405640766	Easter	Easter - wikipedia Easter This article is about the Christian and cultural festival . For other uses , see Easter ( disambiguation ) . Festival Easter Icon of the Resurrection , with Christ having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs . Christ is flanked by saints , and Satan -- depicted as an old man -- is bound and chained . ( See Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art . ) Type Christian , cultural Significance Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Celebrations Church services , festive family meals , Easter egg decoration , and gift - giving Observances Prayer , all - night vigil , sunrise service Date variable , variable , date of Easter 2017 date 16 April ( Western ) 16 April ( Eastern ) 2018 date 1 April ( Western ) 8 April ( Eastern ) 2019 date 21 April ( Western ) 28 April ( Eastern ) 2020 date 12 April ( Western ) 19 April ( Eastern ) Related to Passover , of which it is regarded the Christian fulfillment ; Septuagesima , Sexagesima , Quinquagesima , Shrove Tuesday , Ash Wednesday , Clean Monday , Lent , Great Lent , Palm Sunday , Holy Week , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday which lead up to Easter ; and Thomas Sunday , Ascension , Pentecost , Trinity Sunday , and Corpus Christi which follow it . Easter , also called Pascha ( Greek , Latin ) or Resurrection Sunday , is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead , described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD . It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus , preceded by Lent ( or Great Lent ) , a forty - day period of fasting , prayer , and penance . Most Christians refer to the week before Easter as `` Holy Week '' -- it contains the days of the Easter Triduum , including Maundy Thursday , commemorating the Maundy and Last Supper , as well as Good Friday , commemorating the crucifixion and death of Jesus . In Western Christianity , Eastertide , or the Easter Season , begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks , ending with the coming of the fiftieth day , Pentecost Sunday . In Eastern Christianity , the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day , the Feast of the Ascension . Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts which do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars which follow only the cycle of the sun ; rather , its date is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar . The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies . It has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March , but calculations vary . Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism , as well as by its position in the calendar . In most European languages the feast called Easter in English is termed by the words for passover in those languages and in the older English versions of the Bible the term Easter was the term used to translate passover . Easter customs vary across the Christian world , and include sunrise services , exclaiming the Paschal greeting , clipping the church , and decorating Easter eggs ( symbols of the empty tomb ) . The Easter lily , a symbol of the resurrection , traditionally decorates the chancel area of churches on this day and for the rest of Eastertide . Additional customs that have become associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting , the Easter Bunny , and Easter parades . There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Theological significance 3 Early Christianity 4 Date 4.1 Computations 4.2 Controversies over the date 4.3 First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) 4.4 Reform of the date 4.5 Table of the dates of Easter 5 Position in the church year 5.1 Western Christianity 5.2 Eastern Christianity 6 Religious observance 6.1 Western Christianity 6.2 Eastern Christianity 7 Non-observing Christian groups 8 Easter celebrations around the world 8.1 Easter eggs 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Easter The modern English term Easter , cognate with modern Dutch ooster and German Ostern , developed from an Old English word that usually appears in the form Ēastrun , - on , or - an ; but also as Ēastru , - o ; and Ēastre or Ēostre . The most widely accepted theory of the origin of the term is that it is derived from the name of an Old English goddess mentioned by the 7th to 8th - century English monk Bede , who wrote that Ēosturmōnaþ ( Old English ' Month of Ēostre ' , translated in Bede 's time as `` Paschal month '' ) was an English month , corresponding to April , which he says `` was once called after a goddess of theirs named Ēostre , in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month '' . In Latin and Greek , the Christian celebration was , and still is , called Pascha ( Greek : Πάσχα ) , a word derived from Aramaic פסחא ( Paskha ) , cognate to Hebrew פֶּסַח ( Pesach ) . The word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover , commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt . As early as the 50s of the 1st century , Paul , writing from Ephesus to the Christians in Corinth , applied the term to Christ , and it is unlikely that the Ephesian and Corinthian Christians were the first to hear Exodus 12 interpreted as speaking about the death of Jesus , not just about the Jewish Passover ritual . In most of the non-English speaking world , the feast is known by names derived from Greek and Latin Pascha . Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church , especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration . Theological significance One of the earliest known depictions of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus ( Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript , 6th century ) The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus , which Easter celebrates , is a foundation of the Christian faith . The resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness . For those who trust in Jesus ' death and resurrection , `` death is swallowed up in victory . '' Any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives `` a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead '' . Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation . Easter is linked to Passover and the Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper , sufferings , and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection . According to the New Testament , Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning , as in the upper room during the Last Supper he prepared himself and his disciples for his death . He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his body soon to be sacrificed and his blood soon to be shed . Paul states , `` Get rid of the old yeast that you may be a new batch without yeast -- as you really are . For Christ , our Passover lamb , has been sacrificed '' ; this refers to the Passover requirement to have no yeast in the house and to the allegory of Jesus as the Paschal lamb . One interpretation of the Gospel of John is that Jesus , as the Passover lamb , was crucified at roughly the same time as the Passover lambs were being slain in the temple , on the afternoon of Nisan 14 . The scriptural instructions specify that the lamb is to be slain `` between the two evenings '' , that is , at twilight . By the Roman period , however , the sacrifices were performed in the mid-afternoon . Josephus , Jewish War 6.10. 1 / 423 ( `` They sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour '' ) . Philo , Special Laws 2.27 / 145 ( `` Many myriads of victims from noon till eventide are offered by the whole people '' ) . This interpretation , however , is inconsistent with the chronology in the Synoptic Gospels . It assumes that text literally translated `` the preparation of the passover '' in John 19 : 14 refers to Nisan 14 ( Preparation Day for the Passover ) and not necessarily to Yom Shishi ( Friday , Preparation Day for the Passover week Sabbath ) and that the priests ' desire to be ritually pure in order to `` eat the passover '' refers to eating the Passover lamb , not to the public offerings made during the days of Unleavened Bread . Early Christianity The Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples . The early Christians , too , would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus ' death and subsequent resurrection . The first Christians , Jewish and Gentile , were certainly aware of the Hebrew calendar . Jewish Christians , the first to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus , timed the observance in relation to Passover . Direct evidence for a more fully formed Christian festival of Pascha ( Easter ) begins to appear in the mid-2nd century . Perhaps the earliest extant primary source referring to Easter is a mid-2nd - century Paschal homily attributed to Melito of Sardis , which characterizes the celebration as a well - established one . Evidence for another kind of annual Christian festival , the commemoration of martyrs , begins to appear at about the same time as evidence for the celebration of Easter . While martyrs ' days ( usually the individual dates of martyrdom ) were celebrated on fixed dates in the local solar calendar , the date of Easter was fixed by means of the local Jewish lunisolar calendar . This is consistent with the celebration of Easter having entered Christianity during its earliest , Jewish , period , but does not leave the question free of doubt . The ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus attributes the observance of Easter by the church to the perpetuation of its custom , `` just as many other customs have been established '' , stating that neither Jesus nor his Apostles enjoined the keeping of this or any other festival . Although he describes the details of the Easter celebration as deriving from local custom , he insists the feast itself is universally observed . Date A stained - glass window depicting the Passover Lamb , a concept integral to the foundation of Easter Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts , in that they do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars ( both of which follow the cycle of the sun and the seasons ) . Instead , the date for Easter is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar . The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the Council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies . ( See also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter . ) In particular , the Council did not decree that Easter must fall on Sunday . This was already the practice almost everywhere . In Western Christianity , using the Gregorian calendar , Easter always falls on a Sunday between 22 March and 25 April inclusive , within about seven days after the astronomical full moon . The following day , Easter Monday , is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions . Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar . Because of the 13 - day difference between the calendars between 1900 and 2099 , 21 March corresponds , during the 21st century , to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar . Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May in the Gregorian calendar ( the Julian calendar is no longer used as the civil calendar of the countries where Eastern Christian traditions predominate ) . Also , because the Julian `` full moon '' is always several days after the astronomical full moon , the eastern Easter is often later , relative to the visible moon 's phases , than western Easter . Among the Oriental Orthodox some churches have changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar and the date for Easter as for other fixed and moveable feasts is the same as in the Western church . Computations Main article : Computus In 725 , Bede succinctly wrote , `` The Sunday following the full Moon which falls on or after the equinox will give the lawful Easter . '' However , this does not precisely reflect the ecclesiastical rules . The full moon referred to ( called the Paschal full moon ) is not an astronomical full moon , but the 14th day of a lunar month . Another difference is that the astronomical equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon , which can fall on 19 , 20 or 21 March , while the ecclesiastical date is fixed by convention on 21 March . In applying the ecclesiastical rules , Christian churches use 21 March as the starting point in determining the date of Easter , from which they find the next full moon , etc . The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches continue to use the Julian calendar . Their starting point in determining the date of Orthodox Easter is also 21 March but according to the Julian reckoning , which in the current century corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian calendar . In addition , the lunar tables of the Julian calendar are four days ( sometimes five days ) behind those of the Gregorian calendar . The 14th day of the lunar month according to the Gregorian system is figured as the ninth or tenth day according to the Julian . The result of this combination of solar and lunar discrepancies is divergence in the date of Easter in most years ( see table ) . Easter is determined on the basis of lunisolar cycles . The lunar year consists of 30 - day and 29 - day lunar months , generally alternating , with an embolismic month added periodically to bring the lunar cycle into line with the solar cycle . In each solar year ( 1 January to 31 December inclusive ) , the lunar month beginning with an ecclesiastical new moon falling in the 29 - day period from 8 March to 5 April inclusive is designated as the paschal lunar month for that year . Easter is the third Sunday in the paschal lunar month , or , in other words , the Sunday after the paschal lunar month 's 14th day . The 14th of the paschal lunar month is designated by convention as the Paschal full moon , although the 14th of the lunar month may differ from the date of the astronomical full moon by up to two days . Since the ecclesiastical new moon falls on a date from 8 March to 5 April inclusive , the paschal full moon ( the 14th of that lunar month ) must fall on a date from 21 March to 18 April inclusive . The Gregorian calculation of Easter was based on a method devised by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) for adjusting the epacts of the moon , and has been adopted by almost all Western Christians and by Western countries which celebrate national holidays at Easter . For the British Empire and colonies , a determination of the date of Easter Sunday using Golden Numbers and Sunday letters was defined by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 with its Annexe . This was designed to match exactly the Gregorian calculation . Controversies over the date Main article : Easter controversy A five - part Russian Orthodox icon depicting the Easter story . Eastern Orthodox Christians use a different computation for the date of Easter than the Western churches . The precise date of Easter has at times been a matter of contention . By the later 2nd century , it was widely accepted that the celebration of the holiday was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition . The Quartodeciman controversy , the first of several Easter controversies , arose concerning the date on which the holiday should be celebrated . The term `` Quartodeciman '' refers to the practice of celebrating Easter on Nisan 14 of the Hebrew calendar , `` the LORD 's passover '' ( Leviticus 23 : 5 ) . According to the church historian Eusebius , the Quartodeciman Polycarp ( bishop of Smyrna , by tradition a disciple of John the Apostle ) debated the question with Anicetus ( bishop of Rome ) . The Roman province of Asia was Quartodeciman , while the Roman and Alexandrian churches continued the fast until the Sunday following ( the Sunday of Unleavened Bread ) , wishing to associate Easter with Sunday . Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus persuaded the other , but they did not consider the matter schismatic either , parting in peace and leaving the question unsettled . Controversy arose when Victor , bishop of Rome a generation after Anicetus , attempted to excommunicate Polycrates of Ephesus and all other bishops of Asia for their Quartodecimanism . According to Eusebius , a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy , which he regarded as all ruling in support of Easter on Sunday . Polycrates ( circa 190 ) , however , wrote to Victor defending the antiquity of Asian Quartodecimanism . Victor 's attempted excommunication was apparently rescinded , and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus and others , who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent of Anicetus . Quartodecimanism seems to have lingered into the 4th century , when Socrates of Constantinople recorded that some Quartodecimans were deprived of their churches by John Chrysostom and that some were harassed by Nestorius . It is not known how long the Nisan 14 practice continued . But both those who followed the Nisan 14 custom , and those who set Easter to the following Sunday had in common the custom of consulting their Jewish neighbors to learn when the month of Nisan would fall , and setting their festival accordingly . By the later 3rd century , however , some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter . The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox . The Sardica paschal table confirms these complaints , for it indicates that the Jews of some eastern Mediterranean city ( possibly Antioch ) fixed Nisan 14 on dates well before the spring equinox on multiple occasions . Because of this dissatisfaction with reliance on the Jewish calendar , some Christians began to experiment with independent computations . Others , however , believed that the customary practice of consulting Jews should continue , even if the Jewish computations were in error . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) Main article : First Council of Nicaea This controversy between those who advocated independent computations , and those who wished to continue the custom of relying on the Jewish calendar , was formally resolved by the First Council of Nicaea in 325 , which endorsed changing to an independent computation by the Christian community in order to celebrate in common . This effectively required the abandonment of the old custom of consulting the Jewish community in those places where it was still used . Epiphanius of Salamis wrote in the mid-4th century : the emperor ... convened a council of 318 bishops ... in the city of Nicea ... They passed certain ecclesiastical canons at the council besides , and at the same time decreed in regard to the Passover that there must be one unanimous concord on the celebration of God 's holy and supremely excellent day . For it was variously observed by people That the older custom ( called `` protopaschite '' by historians ) did not at once die out , but persisted for a time , is indicated by the existence of canons and sermons against it . Dionysius Exiguus , and others following him , maintained that the 318 Bishops assembled at the Nicene Council had specified a particular method of determining the date of Easter ; subsequent scholarship has refuted this tradition . In any case , in the years following the council , the computational system that was worked out by the church of Alexandria came to be normative . It took a while for the Alexandrian rules to be adopted throughout Christian Europe , however . The 8 - year cycle originally employed was replaced by ( or by the time of ) Augustalis 's treatise on the measurement of Easter , after which Rome used his 84 - year lunisolar calendar cycle until 457 . It then switched to an adaptation by Victorius of the Alexandrian rules . Because this Victorian cycle differed from the Alexandrian cycle in the dates of some of the Paschal Full Moons , and because it tried to respect the Roman custom of fixing Easter to the Sunday in the week of the 16th to the 22nd of the lunar month ( rather than the 15th to the 21st as at Alexandria ) , by providing alternative `` Latin '' and `` Greek '' dates in some years , occasional differences in the date of Easter as fixed by Alexandrian rules continued . The Alexandrian rules were adopted in the West following the tables of Dionysius Exiguus in 525 . From this time , therefore , all discrepancies between Alexandria and Rome as to the correct date for Easter cease , as both churches were using identical tables . Early Christians in Britain and Ireland also used an 84 - year cycle . From the 5th century onward this cycle set its equinox to 25 March and fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the 14th to the 20th of the lunar month inclusive . This 84 - year cycle was replaced by the Alexandrian method in the course of the 7th and 8th centuries . Churches in western continental Europe used a late Roman method until the late 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne , when they finally adopted the Alexandrian method . Since 1582 , when the Catholic Church adopted the Gregorian calendar while the Eastern Orthodox and most Oriental Orthodox Churches retained the Julian calendar , the date on which Easter is celebrated has again differed . The Greek island of Syros , whose population is divided almost equally between Catholics and Orthodox , is one of the few places where the two Churches share a common date for Easter , with the Catholics accepting the Orthodox date -- a practice helping considerably in maintaining good relations between the two communities . Reform of the date See also : Reform of the date of Easter The congregation lighting their candles from the new flame , just as the priest has retrieved it from the altar -- note that the picture is flash - illuminated ; all electric lighting is off , and only the oil lamps in front of the Iconostasis remain lit . ( St. George Greek Orthodox Church , Adelaide ) . In the 20th century , some individuals and institutions have propounded a fixed date for Easter , the most prominent proposal being the Sunday after the second Saturday in April . Despite having some support , proposals to reform the date have not been implemented . An Orthodox congress of Eastern Orthodox bishops , which included representatives mostly from the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarch , met in Constantinople in 1923 , where the bishops agreed to the Revised Julian calendar . The original form of this calendar would have determined Easter using precise astronomical calculations based on the meridian of Jerusalem . However , all the Eastern Orthodox countries that subsequently adopted the Revised Julian calendar adopted only that part of the revised calendar that applied to festivals falling on fixed dates in the Julian calendar . The revised Easter computation that had been part of the original 1923 agreement was never permanently implemented in any Orthodox diocese . In the United Kingdom , the Easter Act 1928 set out legislation to allow the date of Easter to be fixed as the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April ( or , in other words , the Sunday in the period from 9 to 15 April ) . However , the legislation has not been implemented , although it remains on the Statute book and could be implemented subject to approval by the various Christian churches . At a summit in Aleppo , Syria , in 1997 , the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem , while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon . The recommended World Council of Churches changes would have sidestepped the calendar issues and eliminated the difference in date between the Eastern and Western churches . The reform was proposed for implementation starting in 2001 , but it was not ultimately adopted by any member body . In January 2016 , Christian churches again considered the idea of a fixed and unified date of Easter , probably either the second or third Sunday in April . Table of the dates of Easter See also : Western vs Eastern dates , in a wider timeframe ( 1998 - 2038 ) The WCC presented comparative data of the relationships : Table of dates of Easter 2001 -- 2025 ( in Gregorian dates ) Year Full Moon Jewish Passover Astronomical Easter Gregorian Easter Julian Easter 8 April 15 April 2002 28 March 31 March 5 May 2003 16 April 17 April 20 April 27 April 5 April 6 April 11 April 2005 25 March 24 April 27 March 1 May 2006 13 April 16 April 23 April 2007 2 April 3 April 8 April 2008 21 March 20 April 23 March 27 April 2009 9 April 12 April 19 April 30 March 4 April 2011 18 April 19 April 24 April 2012 6 April 7 April 8 April 15 April 2013 27 March 26 March 31 March 5 May 2014 15 April 20 April 2015 4 April 5 April 12 April 2016 23 March 23 April 27 March 1 May 2017 11 April 16 April 2018 31 March 1 April 8 April 2019 21 March 20 April 24 March 21 April 28 April 2020 8 April 9 April 12 April 19 April 2021 28 March 4 April 2 May 2022 16 April 17 April 24 April 2023 6 April 9 April 16 April 2024 25 March 23 April 31 March 5 May 2025 13 April 20 April Notes : 1 . Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the Astronomical full moon . In the Eastern reckoning , that full moon is derived from the Metonic cycle while in the West it is referred to the meridian of Jerusalem . 2 . Passover commences at sunset preceding the date indicated ( as does Easter in many traditions ) . Position in the Church year Further information : Liturgical year Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Western Christianity In Western Christianity , Easter is preceded by Lent , a period of fasting and penitence in preparation for Easter , which begins on Ash Wednesday and lasts forty days ( not counting Sundays ) . The week before Easter , known as Holy Week , is very special in the Christian tradition . The Sunday before Easter is Palm Sunday , with the Wednesday before Easter being known as Spy Wednesday . The last three days before Easter are Maundy Thursday , Good Friday and Holy Saturday ( sometimes referred to as Silent Saturday ) . Palm Sunday , Maundy Thursday and Good Friday respectively commemorate Jesus ' entry in Jerusalem , the Last Supper and the Crucifixion . Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday are sometimes referred to as the Easter Triduum ( Latin for `` Three Days '' ) . Many churches begin celebrating Easter late in the evening of Holy Saturday at a service called the Easter Vigil . The week beginning with Easter Sunday is called Easter Week or the Octave of Easter , and each day is prefaced with `` Easter '' , e.g. Easter Monday ( a public holiday in many countries ) , Easter Tuesday ( a much less widespread public holiday ) , etc . Easter Saturday is therefore the Saturday after Easter Sunday . The day before Easter is properly called Holy Saturday . Eastertide , or Paschaltide , the season of Easter , begins on Easter Sunday and lasts until the day of Pentecost , seven weeks later . Eastern Christianity In Eastern Christianity , the spiritual preparation for Easter begins with Great Lent , which starts on Clean Monday and lasts for 40 continuous days ( including Sundays ) . The last week of Great Lent ( following the fifth Sunday of Great Lent ) is called Palm Week , and ends with Lazarus Saturday . The Vespers which begins Lazarus Saturday officially brings Great Lent to a close , although the fast continues through the following week . After Lazarus Saturday comes Palm Sunday , Holy Week , and finally Easter itself , and the fast is broken immediately after the Paschal Divine Liturgy . The Paschal Vigil begins with the Midnight Office , which is the last service of the Lenten Triodion and is timed so that it ends a little before midnight on Holy Saturday night . At the stroke of midnight the Paschal celebration itself begins , consisting of Paschal Matins , Paschal Hours , and Paschal Divine Liturgy . Placing the Paschal Divine Liturgy at midnight guarantees that no Divine Liturgy will come earlier in the morning , ensuring its place as the pre-eminent `` Feast of Feasts '' in the liturgical year . The liturgical season from Easter to the Sunday of All Saints ( the Sunday after Pentecost ) is known as the Pentecostarion ( the `` fifty days '' ) . The week which begins on Easter Sunday is called Bright Week , during which there is no fasting , even on Wednesday and Friday . The Afterfeast of Easter lasts 39 days , with its Apodosis ( leave - taking ) on the day before Ascension . Pentecost Sunday is the fiftieth day from Easter ( counted inclusively ) . Religious observance Depiction of The Resurrection of Jesus Christ , by Piero della Francesca . Western Christianity This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians . The traditional , liturgical observation of Easter , as practised among Roman Catholics , Lutherans , and some Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil . This , the most important liturgy of the year , begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire , the lighting of the large Paschal candle ( symbolic of the Risen Christ ) and the chanting of the Exultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan . Epistle reading , I Corinthians 5 : 7 -- 8 ( in Latin ) , for the Solemn Mass of Easter Day After this service of light , a number of readings from the Old Testament are read . These tell the stories of creation , the sacrifice of Isaac , the crossing of the Red Sea , and the foretold coming of the Messiah . This part of the service climaxes with the singing of the Gloria and the Alleluia and the proclamation of the Gospel of the resurrection . At this time , the lights are brought up and the church bells are rung , according to local custom . A sermon may be preached after the gospel . The focus then moves from the lectern to the font . Anciently , Easter was considered the ideal time for converts to receive baptism , and this practice continues within Roman Catholicism and the Anglican Communion . Whether there are baptisms at this point or not , it is traditional for the congregation to renew the vows of their baptismal faith . This act is often sealed by the sprinkling of the congregation with holy water from the font . The Catholic sacrament of Confirmation is also celebrated at the Vigil . The Easter Vigil concludes with the celebration of the Eucharist ( known in some traditions as Holy Communion ) . Certain variations in the Easter Vigil exist : Some churches read the Old Testament lessons before the procession of the Paschal candle , and then read the gospel immediately after the Exsultet . Eastern Christianity Icon of the Resurrection by an unknown 17th - century Bulgarian artist Easter is the fundamental and most important festival of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches : This is the Expected and Holy Day , the One among the Sabbaths , the Sovereign and Lady of days , Feast of feasts , Celebration of celebrations , on which we praise Christ for all eternity ! Boris Kustodiev 's Pascha Greetings ( 1912 ) shows traditional Russian khristosovanie ( exchanging a triple kiss ) , with such foods as red eggs , kulich and paskha in the background . Every other religious festival in their calendar , including Christmas , is secondary in importance to the celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . This is reflected in rich Paschal customs in the cultures of countries that have traditionally had an Orthodox Christian majority . Eastern Catholics have similar emphasis in their calendars , and many of their liturgical customs are very similar . This is not to say that Christmas and other elements of the Christian liturgical calendar are ignored . Instead , these events are all seen as necessary but preliminary to , and illuminated by , the full climax of the Resurrection , in which all that has come before reaches fulfillment and fruition . They shine only in the light of the Resurrection . Easter is the primary act that fulfills the purpose of Christ 's ministry on earth -- to defeat death by dying and to purify and exalt humanity by voluntarily assuming and overcoming human frailty . This is succinctly summarized by the Paschal troparion , sung repeatedly for forty days , through the Apodosis of Easter , which is the day before Ascension : Χριστὸς ἀνέστη ἐκ νεκρῶν , θανάτῳ θάνατον πατήσας , καὶ τοῖς ἐν τοῖς μνήμασι ζωὴν χαρισάμενος . Christ is risen from the dead , Trampling down death by death , And upon those in the tombs Bestowing life ! Preparation for Easter begins with the season of Great Lent . In addition to fasting , almsgiving , and prayer , Orthodox Christians cut down on all entertainment and non-essential worldly activities , gradually eliminating them until Great and Holy Friday , the most austere day of the year . On the evening of Great and Holy Saturday , the Midnight Office commences an hour or two before midnight ( see paschal vigil ) . Religious Procession in Kursk Province , a controversial painting by Ilya Repin ( 1880 -- 83 ) , depicting a Bright Week outdoor procession . At its completion all light in the church building is extinguished , and all wait in darkness and silence for the stroke of midnight . Then , a new flame is struck in the altar , or the priest lights his candle from the perpetual lamp kept burning there , and he then lights candles held by deacons or other assistants , who then go to light candles held by the congregation ( this practice has its origin in the reception of the Holy Fire at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem ) . Then the priest and congregation go in a procession around the temple , holding lit candles , chanting : By Thy Resurrection O Christ our savior , the angels in Heaven sing , enable us who are on Earth , to glorify thee in purity of heart . This procession reenacts the journey of the Myrrhbearers to the Tomb of Jesus `` very early in the morning '' . After circling around the temple once or three times , the procession halts in front of the closed doors . In the Greek practice the priest reads a selection from the Gospel Book . Then , in all traditions , the priest makes the sign of the cross with the censer in front of the closed doors ( which represent the sealed tomb ) . Traditional Paschal Outdoor Procession during Bright Week by Russian Orthodox Old - Rite Church . He and the people chant the Paschal Troparion , and all of the bells and semantra are sounded . Then all re-enter the temple and paschal matins begins immediately , followed by the paschal hours and then the paschal divine liturgy . The Paschal Homily of St. John Chrysostom is read at matins . After the dismissal of the liturgy , the priest may bless paschal eggs and baskets brought by the faithful containing those foods which have been forbidden during the Great Fast . Immediately after the Liturgy it is customary for the congregation to share a meal , essentially an agápē dinner ( albeit at 2 : 00 am or later ) . In Greece the traditional meal is mageiritsa , a hearty stew of chopped lamb liver and wild greens seasoned with egg - and - lemon sauce . Traditionally , easter eggs , hard - boiled eggs dyed bright red to symbolize the spilt Blood of Christ and the promise of eternal life , are cracked together to celebrate the opening of the Tomb of Christ . The next morning , Easter Sunday proper , there is no Divine Liturgy , since the liturgy for that day has already been celebrated . Instead , in the afternoon `` Agápē Vespers '' is sung . In this service , it has become customary during the last few centuries for the priest and members of the congregation to read a portion of the Gospel of John in as many languages as they can manage , to show the universality of the Resurrection . For the remainder of the week , known as `` Bright Week '' , fasting ( other than before holy communion is suppressed , and the customary Paschal greeting is : `` Christ is risen ! '' , to which the response is : `` Truly he is risen ! '' This may also be done in many different languages . The services during Bright Week are nearly identical to those on Easter itself , except that they do not take place at midnight , but at their normal times during the day . The outdoor procession during Bright Week takes place either after paschal matins or the paschal divine liturgy . Non-observing Christian groups Nonconformist Protestant Christians prefer to use a simple Christian cross , rather than a crucifix , to emphasize the Resurrection . Along with the celebration of Christmas and Advent , many Lenten and Easter traditions were altered or even abandoned altogether by various offshoots of the Protestant Reformation , as they were deemed `` pagan '' or `` Popish '' ( and therefore tainted ) by many of the Reformation 's Puritan movements . However , some of the major Reformation Churches and movements ( Lutheran , Methodist and Anglican for example ) , chose to retain a large proportion of the observances of the established Church Year along with many of its associated traditions . In Lutheran Churches , for example , not only were the days of Holy Week observed , but also Christmas , Easter and Pentecost were observed with three - day festivals ( the day itself and the two following ) . Other Protestant groups took a different attitude , with most Anabaptists , Quakers , Congregationalists and Presbyterian Puritans regarding such festivals as an abomination . The Puritan rejection of Easter traditions was ( and is ) based partly upon their interpretation of 2 Corinthians 6 : 14 -- 16 and partly upon a more general belief that , if a religious practice or celebration is not actually written in the Christian Bible , then that practice / celebration must be a later development and can not be considered an authentic part of Christian practice or belief -- so at best simply unnecessary , at worst actually sinful . Groups such as the Restored Church of God reject the celebration of Easter , seeing it as originating in a pagan spring festival taken over by the `` Roman '' Catholic Church . Jehovah 's Witnesses maintain a similar view , observing a yearly commemorative service of the Last Supper and the subsequent execution of Christ on the evening of Nisan 14 ( as they calculate the dates derived from the lunar Hebrew Calendar ) . It is commonly referred to by many Witnesses as simply `` The Memorial '' . Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that such verses as Luke 22 : 19 -- 20 and 1 Corinthians 11 : 26 constitute a commandment to remember the death of Christ though not the resurrection , and they do so on a yearly basis just as Passover is celebrated annually by the Jews . Members of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) , as part of their historic testimony against times and seasons , do not celebrate or observe Easter or any other Christian holidays , believing instead that `` every day is the Lord 's day '' , and that elevation of one day above others suggests that it is acceptable to do un-Christian acts on other days . During the 17th and 18th centuries , Quakers were persecuted for this non-observance of Holy Days . Some Christian groups feel that Easter is something to be regarded with great joy : not marking the day itself , but remembering and rejoicing in the event it commemorates -- the miracle of Christ 's resurrection . In this spirit , these Christians teach that each day and all Sabbaths should be kept holy , in Christ 's teachings . Hebrew - Christian , Sacred Name , and Armstrong movement churches ( such as the Living Church of God ) usually reject Easter in favor of Nisan 14 observance and celebration of the Christian Passover . This is especially true of Christian groups that celebrate the New Moons or annual High Sabbaths in addition to seventh - day Sabbath . They support this textually with reference to the letter to the Colossians : `` Let no one ... pass judgment on you in matters of food and drink or with regard to a festival or new moon or sabbath . These are shadows of things to come ; the reality belongs to Christ . '' ( Col. 2 : 16 -- 17 , NAB ) Easter celebrations around the world Main article : Easter customs An Easter postcard depicting the Easter Bunny In countries where Christianity is a state religion , or where the country has large Christian population , Easter is often a public holiday . As Easter is always a Sunday , many countries in the world also have Easter Monday as a public holiday . Some retail stores , shopping malls , and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday . Good Friday , which occurs two days before Easter Sunday , is also a public holiday in many countries , as well as in 12 U.S. states . Even in states where Good Friday is not a holiday , many financial institutions , stock markets , and public schools are closed . Few banks that are normally open on regular Sundays are closed on Easter . In the Nordic countries Good Friday , Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are public holidays , and Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays . In Denmark , Iceland and Norway Maundy Thursday is also a public holiday . It is a holiday for most workers except some shopping malls which keep open for a half - day . Many businesses give their employees almost a week off , called Easter break . Schools are closed between Palm Sunday and Easter Monday . According to a 2014 poll , 6 of 10 Norwegians travel during Easter , often to a countryside cottage ; 3 of 10 said their typical Easter included skiing . In the Netherlands both Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are national holidays . Like first and second Christmas Day , they are both considered Sundays , which results in a first and a second Easter Sunday , after which the week continues to a Tuesday . Even though Good Friday is an official national holiday , it is not a mandatory day off for commercial companies . In Commonwealth nations Easter Day is rarely a public holiday , as is the case for celebrations which fall on a Sunday . In the United Kingdom both Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays . However , in Canada Easter Sunday is a public holiday , along with Easter Monday . In the Canadian province of Quebec , either Good Friday or Easter Monday are statutory holidays ( although most companies give both ) . In some countries Good Friday is a public holiday as well . In Australia , because of its location in the southern hemisphere , Easter takes place in autumn . Hence , Australian Easter is associated with harvest time , rather than with the coming of spring as in the northern hemisphere . The religious aspect of Easter remains the same . Good Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays across all states and territories . `` Easter Saturday '' ( the Saturday before Easter Sunday ) is a public holiday in every state except Tasmania and Western Australia , while Easter Sunday itself is a public holiday only in New South Wales . Easter Tuesday is additionally a conditional public holiday in Tasmania , varying between award , and was also a public holiday in Victoria until 1994 . In the United States , because Easter falls on a Sunday , which is already a non-working day for federal and state employees , it has not been designated as a federal or state holiday . Easter parades are held in many American cities , involving festive strolling processions , with the New York City parade being the best known . Easter eggs are a popular cultural symbol of Easter . Easter eggs Main article : Easter egg The egg is an ancient symbol of new life and rebirth . In Christianity it became associated with Jesus ' crucifixion and resurrection . The custom of the Easter egg originated in the early Christian community of Mesopotamia , who stained eggs red in memory of the blood of Christ , shed at his crucifixion . As such , for Christians , the Easter egg is a symbol of the empty tomb . The oldest tradition is to use dyed chicken eggs , but a modern custom is to substitute decorated chocolate , or plastic eggs filled with candy such as jellybeans . The Easter Bunny is a popular legendary anthropomorphic Easter gift - giving character analogous to Santa Claus in American culture . Many Americans follow the tradition of coloring hard - boiled eggs and giving baskets of candy . On Easter Monday , the President of the United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young children . Since the rabbit is a pest in Australia , the Easter Bilby is available as an alternative . Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Poland and other Slavic countries ' folk traditions . A batik - like decorating process known as pisanka produces intricate , brilliantly - colored eggs . The celebrated House of Fabergé workshops created exquisite jewelled Easter eggs for the Russian Imperial family from 1885 to 1916 . See also Christianity portal Holidays portal Divine Mercy Sunday Life of Jesus in the New Testament List of Easter hymns Movable Eastern Christian Observances Regina Coeli Greek words ( wiktionary ) : Πάσχα ( Easter ) vs πάσχα ( Passover ) vs πάσχω ( to suffer ) . Footnotes Jump up ^ Traditional names for the feast in English are `` Easter Day '' , as in the Book of Common Prayer , `` Easter Sunday '' , used by James Ussher ( The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher , Volume 4 ) and Samuel Pepys ( The Diary of Samuel Pepys , Volume 2 ) and plain `` Easter '' , as in books printed in 1575 , 1584 , 1586 Jump up ^ In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Greek word Pascha is used for the celebration ; in English , the analogous word is Pasch . Jump up ^ Old English pronunciation : ( ˈæːɑstre , ˈeːostre ) Jump up ^ Acts 2 : 1 ; 12 : 3 ; 20 : 6 ; 27 : 9 , 1 Cor 16 : 8 Jump up ^ Eusebius reports that Dionysius , Bishop of Alexandria , proposed an 8 - year Easter cycle , and quotes a letter from Anatolius , Bishop of Laodicea , that refers to a 19 - year cycle . An 8 - year cycle has been found inscribed on a statue unearthed in Rome in the 17th century , and since dated to the 3rd century . References Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett ( 2009 ) . Baptism in the Early Church : History , Theology , and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 351 . ISBN 9780802827487 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . The practices are usually interpreted in terms of baptism at the pasch ( Easter ) , for which compare Tertullian , but the text does not specify this season , only that it was done on Sunday , and the instructions may apply to whenever the baptism was to be performed . ^ Jump up to : Norman Davies ( 20 January 1998 ) . Europe : A History . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060974688 . In most European languages Easter is called by some variant of the late Latin word Pascha , which in turn derives from the Hebrew pesach , passover . Jump up ^ Gamman , Andrew ; Bindon , Caroline ( 11 February 2014 ) . Stations for Lent and Easter . Kereru Publishing Limited . p. 7 . ISBN 9780473276812 . Easter Day , also known as Resurrection Sunday , marks the high point of the Christian year . It is the day that we celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead . Jump up ^ Boda , Mark J. ; Smith , Gordon T. ( 2006 ) . Repentance in Christian Theology . Liturgical Press . p. 316 . ISBN 9780814651759 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Orthodox , Catholic , and all Reformed churches in the Middle East celebrate Easter according to the Eastern calendar , calling this holy day `` Resurrection Sunday , '' not Easter . Jump up ^ Bernard Trawicky , Ruth Wilhelme Gregory ( 2000 ) . Anniversaries and Holidays . American Library Association . ISBN 9780838906958 . Easter is the central celebration of the Christian liturgical year . It is the oldest and most important Christian feast , celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . The date of Easter determines the dates of all movable feasts except those of Advent . Jump up ^ Aveni , Anthony ( 2004 ) . `` The Easter / Passover Season : Connecting Time 's Broken Circle '' , The Book of the Year : A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays . Oxford University Press . pp. 64 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517154 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Bower ( 1 January 2003 ) . The Companion to the Book of Common Worship . Geneva Press . ISBN 9780664502324 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Maundy Thursday ( or le mandé ; Thursday of the Mandatum , Latin , commandment ) . The name is taken from the first few words sung at the ceremony of the washing of the feet , `` I give you a new commandment '' ( John 13 : 34 ) ; also from the commandment of Christ that we should imitate His loving humility in the washing of the feet ( John 13 : 14 -- 17 ) . The term mandatum ( maundy ) , therefore , was applied to the rite of foot - washing on this day . Jump up ^ Gail Ramshaw ( 2004 ) . Three Day Feast : Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Easter . Augsburg Books . ISBN 9781451408164 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . In the liturgies of the Three Days , the service for Maundy Thursday includes both , telling the story of Jesus ' last supper and enacting the footwashing . Jump up ^ Leonard Stuart ( 1909 ) . New century reference library of the world 's most important knowledge : complete , thorough , practical , Volume 3 . Syndicate Pub. Co . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Holy Week , or Passion Week , the week which immediately precedes Easter , and is devoted especially to commemorating the passion of our Lord . The Days more especially solemnized during it are Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the date of Easter '' . Jump up ^ Weiser , Francis X . ( 1958 ) . Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 138435 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` clipping the church '' . Oxford Reference . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780198607663.001. 0001 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Anne Jordan ( 5 April 2000 ) . Christianity . Nelson Thornes . ISBN 9780748753208 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb . The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life , which is going to break out . The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus will rise from His tomb and bring new life . Eastern Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world . ^ Jump up to : The Guardian , Volume 29 . H. Harbaugh. 1878 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Just so , on that first Easter morning , Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb , and left it , as it were , an empty shell . Just so , too , when the Christian dies , the body is left in the grave , an empty shell , but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God . Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a sone , yet it really has life in it ; and also it is like Christ 's dead body , which was raised to life again . This is the reason we use eggs on Easter . ( In olden times they used to color the eggs red , so as to show the kind of death by which Christ died , - a bloody death . ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon Geddes , Jane Griffiths ( 22 January 2002 ) . Christian belief and practice . Heinemann . ISBN 9780435306915 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy . They crack their eggs against each other 's . The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ 's resurrection . Jump up ^ Collins , Cynthia ( 19 April 2014 ) . `` Easter Lily Tradition and History '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ . Churches of all denominations , large and small , are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet - like shape on Easter morning . Jump up ^ Schell , Stanley ( 1916 ) . Easter Celebrations . Werner & Company . p. 84 . We associate the lily with Easter , as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Luther League Review : 1936 -- 1937 . Luther League of America . 1936 . Jump up ^ Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ) . The Church Standard , Volume 74 . Church Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780819225757 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . In parts of Europe , the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings . Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day . Jump up ^ The Church Standard , Volume 74 . Walter N. Hering. 1897 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . When the custom was carrierd over into Christian practice the Easter eggs were usually sent to the priests to be blessed and sprinked with holy water . In later times the coloring and decorating of eggs was introduced , and in a royal roll of the time of Edward I. , which is preserved in the Tower of London , there is an entry of 18d . for 400 eggs , to be used for Easter gifts . Jump up ^ Brown , Eleanor Cooper ( 2010 ) . From Preparation to Passion . ISBN 9781609577650 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . So what preparations do most Christians and non-Christians make ? Shopping for new clothing often signifies the belief that Spring has arrived , and it is a time of renewal . Preparations for the Easter Egg Hunts and the Easter Ham for the Sunday dinner are high on the list too . Jump up ^ Wallis , Faith ( 1999 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Liverpool University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 0853236933 . Jump up ^ `` History of Easter '' . The History Channel website . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . p . XVIII . ISBN 9789042905702 . The second century equivalent of easter and the paschal Triduum was called by both Greek and Latin writers `` Pascha ( πάσχα ) '' , a Greek transliteration of the Aramaic form of the Hebrew פֶּסַח , the Passover feast of Ex. 12 . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peters Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 9789042905702 . For while it is from Ephesus that Paul writes , `` Christ our Pascha has been sacrificed for us , '' Ephesian Christians were not likely the first to hear that Ex 12 did not speak about the rituals of Pesach , but the death of Jesus of Nazareth . ^ Jump up to : Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ) . Welcome to the Church Year : An Introduction to the Seasons of the Episcopal Church . Church Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780819219664 . Easter is still called by its older Greek name , Pascha , which means `` Passover '' , and it is this meaning as the Christian Passover - the celebration of Jesus ' triumph over death and entrance into resurrected life - that is the heart of Easter in the church . For the early church , Jesus Christ was the fulfillment of the Jewish Passover feast : through Jesus , we have been freed from slavery of sin and granted to the Promised Land of everlasting life . Jump up ^ Orthros of Holy Pascha , Stichera : `` Today the sacred Pascha is revealed to us . The new and holy Pascha , the mystical Pascha . The all - venerable Pascha . The Pascha which is Christ the Redeemer . The spotless Pascha . The great Pascha . The Pascha of the faithful . The Pascha which has opened unto us the gates of Paradise . The Pascha which sanctifies all faithful . '' Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 12 -- 20 Torrey , Reuben Archer ( 1897 ) . `` The Resurrection of Christ '' . Torrey 's New Topical Textbook . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . ( interprets primary source references in this section as applying to the Resurrection ) `` The Letter of Paul to the Corinthians '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Romans 1 : 4 Jump up ^ Acts 17 : 31 ^ Jump up to : `` Jesus Christ '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 20 -- 26 , 1 Corinthians 15 : 54 -- 57 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 Jump up ^ Romans 6 : 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ John 1 : 29 , Revelation 5 : 6 , 1 Peter 1 : 19 , 1 Peter 1 : 2 , and the associated notes and Passion Week table in Barker , Kenneth , ed. ( 2002 ) . Zondervan NIV Study Bible . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . p. 1520 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5 . Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . pp. 32 , 56 . ISBN 9789042905702 . Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 18 , John 13 : 2 , John 18 : 28 , John 19 : 14 . Barker , Kenneth , ed. ( 2002 ) . Zondervan NIV Study Bible . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5 . Jump up ^ John 18 : 28 Jump up ^ Leviticus 23 : 8 Jump up ^ Melito of Sardis . `` Homily on the Pascha '' . Kerux . Northwest Theological Seminary . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones , Geoffrey Wainwright , Edward Yarnold , and Paul Bradshaw , Eds. , The Study of Liturgy , Revised Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , 1992 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Genung , Charles Harvey ( 1904 ) . `` The Reform of the Calendar '' . The North American Review . 179 ( 575 ) : 569 -- 583 . JSTOR 25105305 . Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones , Geoffrey Wainwright , Edward Yarnold , and Paul Bradshaw , Eds. , The Study of Liturgy , Revised Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , 1992 , p. 459 : `` ( Easter ) is the only feast of the Christian Year that can plausibly claim to go back to apostolic times ... ( It ) must derive from a time when Jewish influence was effective ... because it depends on the lunar calendar ( every other feast depends on the solar calendar ) . '' Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History , 5.22 , in Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` The Author 's Views respecting the Celebration of Easter , Baptism , Fasting , Marriage , the Eucharist , and Other Ecclesiastical Rites '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 9789042905702 . Long before this controversy , Ex 12 as a story of origins and its ritual expression had been firmly fixed in the Christian imagination . Though before the final decades of the 2nd century only accessible as an exegetical tradition , already in the Pauline letters the Exodus saga is deeply involved with the celebration of bath and meal . Even here , this relationship does not suddenly appear , but represents developments in ritual narrative that mus have begun at the very inception of the Christian message . Jesus of Nazareth was crucified during Pesach - Mazzot , an event that a new covenant people of Jews and Gentiles both saw as definitive and defining . Ex 12 is thus one of the few reliable guides for tracing the synergism among ritual , text , and kerygma before the Council of Nicaea . Jump up ^ Sozomen , Book 7 , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Caroline Wyatt ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` Why ca n't the date of Easter be fixed '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The Date of Easter . Article from United States Naval Observatory ( 27 March 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Church in Malankara switched entirely to the Gregorian calendar in 1953 , following Encyclical No. 620 from Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem I , dt . December 1952 . '' Calendars of the Syriac Orthodox Church . Retrieved 22 April 2009 Jump up ^ Wallis , Faith ( 1999 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Liverpool University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0853236933 . Jump up ^ Paragraph 7 of Inter gravissimas ISO.org to `` the vernal equinox , which was fixed by the fathers of the ( first ) Nicene Council at XII calends April ( 21 March ) '' . This definition can be traced at least back to chapters 6 & 59 of Bede 's De temporum ratione ( 725 ) . ^ Jump up to : Montes , Marcos J. `` Calculation of the Ecclesiastical Calendar '' Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ G Moyer ( 1983 ) , `` Aloisius Lilius and the ' Compendium novae rationis restituendi kalendarium ' '' , pages 171 -- 188 in G.V. Coyne ( ed . ) . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History 5.23 . Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History , 6.11 , at Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Of Severian and Antiochus : their Disagreement from John '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History 7.29 , at Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Nestorius of Antioch promoted to the See of Constantinople . His Persecution of the Heretics '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Librar . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History , 7.32 . Jump up ^ Peter of Alexandria , quoted in the Chronicon Paschale . In Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson , eds. , Ante - Nicene Christian Library , Volume 14 : The Writings of Methodius , Alexander of Lycopolis , Peter of Alexandria , And Several Fragments , Edinburgh , 1869 , p. 326 , at Donaldson , Alexander ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` That Up to the Time of the Destruction of Jerusalem , the Jews Rightly Appointed the Fourteenth Day of the First Lunar Month '' . Gregory Thaumaturgus , Dionysius the Great , Julius Africanus , Anatolius and Minor Writers , Methodius , Arnobius . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ MS Verona , Biblioteca Capitolare LX ( 58 ) folios 79v -- 80v . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE , Oxford , 2001 , pp. 124 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History , 7.20 , 7.31 . Jump up ^ Allen Brent , Hippolytus and the Roman Church in the Third Century , Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1995 . Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses , Heresy 69 , 11 , 1 , in Willams , F. ( 1994 ) . The Panarion of Epiphianus of Salamis Books II and III . Leiden : E.J. Brill . p. 331 . Jump up ^ Apostolic Canon 7 : `` If any bishop , presbyter , or deacon shall celebrate the holy day of Easter before the vernal equinox with the Jews , let him be deposed . '' A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church , Second Series , Volume 14 : The Seven Ecumenical Councils , Eerdmans , 1956 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ St. John Chrysostom , `` Against those who keep the first Passover '' , in Saint John Chrysostom : Discourses against Judaizing Christians , translated by Paul W. Harkins , Washington , D.C. , 1979 , p. 47ff . Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 50 -- 52 , 62 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 239 -- 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Holford - Strevens , Leofranc , and Blackburn , Bonnie ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 808 -- 809 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holford - Strevens , Leofranc , and Blackburn , Bonnie ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 870 -- 875 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Easter : A date with God '' . The Economist. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Only in a handful of places do Easter celebrants alter their own arrangements to take account of their neighbours . Finland 's Orthodox Christians mark Easter on the Western date . And on the Greek island of Syros , a Papist stronghold , Catholics and Orthodox alike march to Orthodox time . The spectacular public commemorations , involving flower - strewn funeral biers on Good Friday and fireworks on Saturday night , bring the islanders together , rather than highlighting division . Jump up ^ `` Easter ( holiday ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hieromonk Cassian , A Scientific Examination of the Orthodox Church Calendar , Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies , 1998 , p. 51 -- 52 , ISBN 0 - 911165 - 31 - 2 . Jump up ^ M. Milankovitch , `` Das Ende des julianischen Kalenders und der neue Kalender der orientalischen Kirchen '' , Astronomische Nachrichten 200 , 379 -- 384 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Miriam Nancy Shields , `` The new calendar of the Eastern churches '' , Popular Astronomy 32 ( 1924 ) 407 -- 411 ( page 411 ) . This is a translation of M. Milankovitch , `` The end of the Julian calendar and the new calendar of the Eastern churches '' , Astronomische Nachrichten No. 5279 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hansard Reports , April 2005 , regarding the Easter Act of 1928 '' . United Kingdom Parliament . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ WCC : Towards a common date for Easter Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://cathnews.com/cathnews/23940-christian-churches-close-to-deal-to-fix-common-date-for-easter Jump up ^ `` Towards a Common Date for Easter '' . Aleppo , Syria : World Council of Churches ( WCC ) / Middle East Council of Churches Consultation ( MECC ) . 10 March 1997 . Jump up ^ Lash , Ephrem ( Archimandrite ) ( 25 January 2007 ) . `` On the Holy and Great Sunday of Pascha '' . Monastery of Saint Andrew the First Called , Manchester , England . Archived from the original on 9 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pentecost Sunday '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Luke 24 : 1 Jump up ^ Mark 16 : 1 -- 8 Jump up ^ Otto , Diane L. ( 2007 ) . Guess What I Discovered on the Way to Church ? . Xulon Press . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60266 - 349 - 7 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Bruce Colin ( 1995 ) . Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England . Macmillan , p. 89 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 31216124 - 8 Jump up ^ Pack , David . `` The True Origin of Easter '' . The Restored Church of God . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Easter or the Memorial -- Which Should You Observe ? '' . Watchtower Magazine . Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . 1 April 1996 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Careful and Free Inquiry into the True Nature and Tendency of the ... '' Jump up ^ See Quaker Faith & practice of Britain Yearly Meeting , Paragraph 27 : 42 Jump up ^ Quaker life , December 2011 : `` Early Quaker Top 10 Ways to Celebrate ( or Not ) `` the Day Called Christmas '' by Rob Pierson Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Public holidays in Scandinavian countries , for example ; `` Public holidays in Sweden '' . VisitSweden . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . `` Public holidays ( in Denmark ) '' . VisitDenmark . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays '' . Nordea Bank AB . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lov om detailsalg fra butikker m.v. '' ( in Danish ) . retsinformation.dk . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mona Langset ( 12 April 2014 ) Nordmenn tar påskeferien i Norge ( in Norwegian ) VG Jump up ^ `` Dutch Easter traditions -- how the Dutch celebrate Easter '' . Dutch Community . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays '' . gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Easter 2016 '' . Public Holidays Australia . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Public holidays , australia.gov.au Jump up ^ Duchak , Alicia ( 2002 ) . An A-Z of Modern America . Rutledge . ISBN 9780415187558 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Symbols and Traditions - Holidays - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Siemaszkiewicz , Wojciech ; Deyrup , Marta Mestrovic ( 8 May 2013 ) . Wallington 's Polish Community . Arcadia Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781439643303 . The tradition of Easter eggs dates back to early Christians in Mesopotamia . The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus rose from the grave , promising an eternal life for believers . Jump up ^ Donahoe 's Magazine , Volume 5 . T.B. Noonan. 1881 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The early Christians of Mesopotamia had the custom of dyeing and decorating eggs at Easter . They were stained red , in memory of the blood of Christ , shed at His crucifixion . The Church adopted the custom , and regarded the eggs as the emblem of the resurrection , as is evinced by the benediction of Pope Paul V. , about 1610 , which reads thus : `` Bless , O Lord ! we beseech thee , this thy creature of eggs , that it may become a wholesome sustenance to thy faithful servants , eating it in thankfulness to thee on account of the resurrection of the Lord . '' Thus the custom has come down from ages lost in antiquity . ) Jump up ^ `` Easter Egg Roll '' . The White House . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ von Solodkoff , A. ( 1989 ) . Masterpieces from the House of Fabergé . Abradale Press . ISBN 9780810980891 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Easter Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter . Look up Easter in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Category : Easter Liturgical 50 Catholic Prayers for Easter Liturgical Resources for Easter Holy Pascha : The Resurrection of Our Lord ( Orthodox icon and synaxarion ) Traditions Liturgical Meaning of Holy Week ( Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia ) Easter in the Armenian Orthodox Church Roman Catholic View of Easter ( from the Catholic Encyclopedia ) Easter in Belarus : In Pictures on the official website of the Republic of Belarus Polish Easter Traditions Calculating A Perpetual Easter and Passover Calculator Julian and Gregorian Easter for any year plus other info Almanac -- The Christian Year Julian or Gregorian Easter and associated festivals for any year Easter Dating Method for calculator Dates for Easter 1583 -- 9999 Orthodox Paschal Calculator Julian Easter and associated festivals in Gregorian calendar 1583 -- 4099 About the Greek Easter and Greek Easter Calculator Orthodox Paschal calculator with technical discussion and full source code in javascript Easter Main topics Controversies Date Easter Sunday Etymology Observances Traditions Christianity Apostles ' Fast Bright Week Burial of Jesus Crucifixion of Jesus Dormition of the Theotokos Easter Monday Easter Vigil Epitaphios Exsultet Good Friday Good Friday Prayer Good Friday prayer for the Jews Great Lent Holy Week Jesus Last Supper Lent Lumen Christi Maundy Thursday Myrrhbearers Paschal candle Paschal cycle Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal Tide Paschal trikirion Paschal troparion The Passion Pentecostarion Resurrection of Jesus Tenebrae Traditions Artos Burning of Judas Cascarón Clipping the church Croatian pisanica Crucession Easter basket Easter Bilby Easter bonnet Easter Bunny Easter egg Easter egg tree Easter postcard Easter Sepulchre Egg dance Egg decorating Egg decorating in Slavic culture Egg hunt Egg rolling Egg tapping Egg tossing Fasika Gorzkie żale Holy Fire Holy Week procession Lieldienas Osterbrunnen Pace Egg play Polish pisanka Pysanka Radonitsa Rouketopolemos Saitopolemos Scoppio del carro Sunrise service Święconka Traditional Easter games and customs Media Film Fiction Songs Related topics Computus Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table Easter controversy Easter Epic Ecclesiastical new moon Paschal Full Moon Pussy willow Reform of the date of Easter Related events Divine Mercy Sunday Easter Monday Easter Tuesday Easter Wednesday Easter Thursday Easter Friday Easter Saturday Eastertide Easter Triduum Easter Week Good Friday Holy Saturday Maundy Thursday Mid-Pentecost Octave of Easter Palm Sunday Pentecost Pre-Lenten Season Trinity Sunday Society Ēostre Maslenitsa Salzburg Easter Festival Links to related articles Holy Week Palm Sunday Holy Monday Holy Tuesday Holy Wednesday Maundy Thursday Good Friday Holy Saturday Easter Sunday Easter Monday Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Feast of the Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory Day ( RI ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in New Zealand New Year 's Day January 2 Waitangi Day Good Friday Easter Sunday Easter Monday Anzac Day Queen 's Birthday Labour Day Christmas Day Boxing Day Public holidays in Ukraine New Year 's Day ( 1 Jan ) ( Julian ) Christmas ( 7 Jan ) International Women 's Day ( 8 Mar ) Orthodox Easter ( moveable ) Orthodox Pentecost ( moveable ) Labour Day ( 1 May ) Victory Day over Nazism ( 9 May ) Constitution Day ( 28 June ) Independence Day ( 24 Aug ) Defender of Ukraine Day ( 14 Oct ) ( Gregorian and Revised Julian ) Christmas ( 25 Dec ) Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list / list by members ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Christadelphians Iglesia ni Cristo Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Unitarianism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Christianity portal GND : 4044040 - 0 HDS : 27288 NARA : 10647876 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter&oldid=846458211 '' Categories : Easter Passover Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with Norwegian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with short description Use dmy dates from September 2017 Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles needing more detailed references Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кырык мары لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий Pälzisch Перем Коми Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Gagana Samoa Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Thuɔŋjäŋ Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon West - Vlams Winaray 吴语粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 137 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time there was a full moon on good friday	[]	[]
-4237311671811249887	Bahamian cuisine	Bahamian cuisine - wikipedia Bahamian cuisine Part of a series on the Culture of The Bahamas History Languages ( show ) Bahamian English Bahamian Creole Haitian Creole Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms The Bahamas portal Bahamian Cuisine refers to the foods and beverages of The Bahamas . It includes seafood such as fish , shellfish , lobster , crab , and conch , as well as tropical fruits , rice , peas , pigeon peas , potatoes , and pork . Popular seasonings commonly used in dishes include chilies ( hot pepper ) , lime , tomatoes , onions , garlic , allspice , cinnamon , rum , and coconut . Rum - based beverages are popular on the island . Since the Bahamas consist of a multitude of islands , notable culinary variations exist . Bahamian cuisines are somewhat related to the American South . A large portion of Bahamian foodstuffs are imported ( cf . economy of the Bahamas ) . International cuisine is offered , especially at hotels . Many specialty dishes are available at roadside stands , beach side , and in fine dining establishments . In contrast to the offerings in the city of Nassau and in the many hotels , `` shack '' type food stands / restaurants ( including Goldies and Twin Brothers ) are located at Arawak Cay on West Bay Street about 15 minutes from downtown Nassau and 25 minutes from Atlantis Paradise Island resort. This is a very organized and safe place to enjoy fresh seafood and all local Bahamian dishes . Travellers Rest Restaurant , in Nassau , is known for serving authentic `` local '' foods . Bahamian cuisine is showcased at many large festivals , including Independence Day ( Bahamas ) on July 10 ( during which inhabitants prepare special dishes like guava duff ) , Fox Hill Day ( second Tuesday in August ) , and Emancipation Day . Some settlements have festivals associated with the traditional crop or food of that area , such as the Pineapple Fest in Gregory Town , Eleuthera . Bahamian traditions and food have been exported to other countries with emigrants . Coconut Grove , Florida celebrates the Goombay Festival in June , transforming the area 's Grand Avenue into a Carnival ( Caribbean Carnival ) in celebration of Bahamian culture , Bahamian food and music ( Junkanoo and ' Rake'N'Scrape ' ) . Fantasy Fest in Key West , Florida includes a two - day street party known as Goombay held in Key West 's Bahama Village neighborhood . It is named after the goombay goatskin drums that generate the party 's rhythms and held in celebration of the heritage of Key West 's large Bahamian population with food , art , and dancing . Contents 1 Beverages 2 Soups 3 Seafood 4 Meat 5 Side dishes 6 Seasonings 7 Fruit 8 Desserts 9 See also 10 References Beverages ( edit ) Fruit juices , including coconut water , are often used for beverages . Switcha is a `` lemonade '' made with native limes . Goombay Punch is a commercially prepared , highly sweetened soft drink . It differs from the Goombay Smash , which is an alcoholic preparation . Triple B is a non-alcoholic malt drink made by the Bahamian Brewery . Alcoholic beverages include rum , which is sometimes infused with coconut . Rum is also used in mixed drinks such as rum punch . Sky juice is a drink consisting of coconut water blended with condensed milk and gin . The Yellow Bird ( cocktail ) , the Bahama Mama , the Goombay Smash , and Planter 's Punch are popular local drinks . Nassau Royale is a Bahamian liqueur and is used to make the C.C. Rider . The Bahamian Brewery makes beers including : Sands , Bush Crack , High Rock ( named for a geographic feature : High Rock ) and Strong Back . Kalik is a Bahamian beer . Soups ( edit ) Bahamians enjoy many soups popular throughout the Caribbean including conch chowder or stewed conch , stewed fish and split pea soup ( made with ham ) . Peas are used in various soups , including a soup made with dumplings and salt beef . Souse is a soup usually made with chicken , lime , potatoes and pepper. , if made with fish it is called boiled fish . These soup dishes are usually served with Johnny cake or grits . Turtle soup was once a mainstay before turtles became endangered . Seafood ( edit ) Seafood is a staple in the Bahamas . Conch , a large tropical mollusk ( sea snail ) with firm , white flesh , is the national dish of the Bahamas . Conch can be prepared in a number of ways : served raw with lime juice , raw vegetables and even fruit called conch salad . It can be steamed , stewed , deep - fried ( `` cracked conch '' or conch fritters ) , used in soups ( especially conch chowder ) , or served in salads . Other popular shellfish are crab ( including the Florida stone crab ) , which is often served baked , or another dish called crab fat and dough . The clawless spiny lobster , also known as rock lobster and sometimes referred to as crayfish . Grouper is often served fried , sautéed , grilled or , more traditionally , boiled ( called boiled fish ) and offered with grits or Johnny cake . Bonefish , found in great numbers in Bahamian waters , is served baked . Fish may be served escabeche style , in a mixture of lime juice or vinegar with seasoning . In escabeche the fish is cooked first , differentiating it from the similarly prepared ceviche . `` Stewed fish '' is a method of preparing fish with celery , onions , potatoes , tomatoes and spices . Meat ( edit ) A dinner entree in the Bahamas Popular meat dishes are made with chicken , pork , and goat ( also referred to as mutton ) . Iguana is still hunted and eaten , especially in the outlying islands , although some species , such as the Northern Bahamian rock iguana , are endangered . A popular Bahamian dish which is known to locals as a fast and cheap dish is fire engine which is steamed corned beef and white rice . Side dishes ( edit ) Bahamian cuisine shares many side dishes with the American South : grits , baked macaroni and cheese , coleslaw , potato salad , boiled vegetables , fried plantain and johnnycake . Other more traditional Caribbean sides include pigeon peas , peas and rice and cassava bread . Salt pork is also served . Seasonings ( edit ) Bahamian dishes are frequently seasoned with Old Sour sauce especially fish dishes . Fruit ( edit ) Bahamian cuisine incorporates many tropical fruits . Guavas are used to make duff ( dessert ) . Ice cream is popular , including fruit flavors such as soursop . Puddings are eaten , including a sapodilla pudding . Papaya ( called pawpaw or melon tree ) is the most famous Bahamian fruit and is used for desserts , chutneys , `` Goombay '' marmalade ( made with papaya , pineapple , and green ginger ) , or simply eaten fresh at breakfast . Papaya is also used as a meat tenderizer , and in tropical drinks such as the Bahama Mama . Melons , pineapples , passion fruit , and mangoes are also grown . Desserts ( edit ) Bahamians enjoy a variety of desserts , including tarts ( coconut and pineapple ) , guava duff , bread pudding , rum cake and cornmeal pudding . Fruit cake is eaten during the Christmas holiday . Benny and peanut cake ( which are not cakes at all ) are also favorites among Bahamians . See also ( edit ) Caribbean cuisine Caribbean portal Food portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brittin , Helen ( 2011 ) . The Food and Culture Around the World Handbook . Boston : Prentice Hall . pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bahama 's Food and Drink '' . Frommers.com . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bahamas cuisine Bahamas Ministry of Tourism website Jump up ^ Bahamas Restaurants , Find the Best Restaurants in Bahamas , Caribbean Travel + Leisure ^ Jump up to : `` About the Bahama Goombay Festival '' . Bahama Village Goombay Festival . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Music of the Bahamas - Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` Goombay Festival - Annual Coconut Grove Tradition '' . Florida Backwoods Travel . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Andre . `` Popular Drinks of the Bahamas '' . Bahamas.com . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Steve . `` Taste of the Caribbean : Bahamas Goombay Punch '' . Uncommoncaribbean.com . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Bahamian '' . Bahamianbrewery.com . Bahamian Brewery Beverage & Co. Ltd . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Vletas , Stephen ; Vletas , Kim ( April 1 , 2005 ) . ( https://books.google.com/books?id=M1hHoYEtOaUC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=coconut+water+blended+with+milk+and+gin+in+the+bahamas+called+what&source=bl&ots=YJpXCjtMX0&sig=KkOW - A cocktail , created about 40 years ago - in the 70 's - by Wifred Sands , who at that time was the bartender at the exclusive Lyford Cay Club in New Providence , Bahamas , became very famous : named `` rum dum '' its recipe comes straight from the creator of the rum sour : 1.25 oz of John Watling 's pale rum , 0 , 5 oz of John Watling 's amber rum , 1 oz Egg white , 1 , 25 oz Fresh lemon juice , 1tsp Sugar . B2wCZnlVCx0E5kLcsaf4_E&hl = en&sa = X&ei = DZD6U5uvIZC2ogTG24H4Dw&ved = 0CC0Q6AEwAg # v = onepage&q = coconut % 20water % 20blended % 20with % 20milk % 20and % 20gin % 20in % 20the % 20bahamas % 20called % 20what&f = false The Bahamas Fly - Fishing Guide ) Check url = value ( help ) ( 1st ed . ) . Lyons Press . p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1592287260 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . line feed character in url = at position 167 ( help ) Jump up ^ Bush Crack , Truly Cheap Bahamian Beer Bahamas Uncommon Caribbean Jump up ^ Klug , Jim ; Davis , Ian . `` Bonefish On The Brain : Your Guide to the Best Bonefishing on the Planet '' . Fly Rod & Reel . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . North American cuisine Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bahamian_cuisine&oldid=856697115 '' Categories : Bahamian cuisine Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Pages with URL errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 00 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of food do they eat in bahamas	[]	[]
-5084442771838561625	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specifically making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite an Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copies of old newspapers reveal England 's World Cup myth - The British Newspaper Archive Blog '' . 15 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Argentina - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Bulgaria - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - Brazil - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1966 FIFA World Cup England TM - Matches - England - West Germany - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England and Poland football teams played to a 1 : 1 draw , 17 October 1973 '' . eu-football.info . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Egypt - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Belgium - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Cameroon - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Germany FR - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Italy - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Engel , Matthew . `` Italia 90 : the World Cup when England rediscovered football '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Remember San Marino in 1993 ? What happened in England 's World Cup humiliation ... and to those who lined up in Graham Taylor 's final outing '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - England - Tunisia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tench , Matt ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Simeone : I conned red - card referee '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham buries Simeone hatchet '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The dramatic redemption of David Beckham '' . 4 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams were sent bullets through post '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , John ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` On This Day in History : 7 October - Keegan resigns after Didi Hamann scores last Wembley goal '' . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM - Matches - England - Brazil - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland 1 - 0 England '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Paraguay - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Crouch is probably the most hated Englishman in our history ' '' . 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Trinidad and Tobago - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Sweden - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Ecuador - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Portugal - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England , Algeria , Slovenia , Yanks = E.A.S.Y ? '' . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=866432313 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 08 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time england was in the semi finals	[]	[]
-8253869306109740857	Ten pence (British coin)	Ten pence ( British coin ) - wikipedia Ten pence ( British coin ) Jump to : navigation , search Ten pence United Kingdom Value 0.10 pound sterling Mass ( 1968 -- 1992 ) 11.31 g ( 1992 -- present ) 6.5 g Diameter ( 1968 -- 1992 ) 28.5 mm ( 1992 -- present ) 24.5 mm Thickness ( Cupro - nickel ) 1.85 mm ( Steel ) 2.05 mm Edge Milled Composition Cupro - nickel ( 1971 -- 2012 ) Nickel - plated steel ( 2012 -- ) Years of minting 1968 -- present Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II Designer Jody Clark Design date 2015 Reverse Design Segment of the Royal Shield Designer Matthew Dent Design date 2008 The British decimal ten pence ( 10p ) coin -- often pronounced ten pee -- is a unit of currency equalling ten one - hundredths of a pound sterling . Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin 's introduction in 1968 , replacing the two shilling coin in preparation for decimalisation in 1971 . Four different portraits of the Queen have been used on the coin , with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015 . The second and current reverse , featuring a segment of the Royal Shield , was introduced in 2008 . Five pence and ten pence coins are legal tender only up to the sum of £ 5 ; this means that it is permissible to refuse payment of sums greater than this amount in 5p and 10p coins in order to settle a debt . The ten pence coin was originally minted from cupro - nickel ( 75 % Cu , 25 % Ni ) , but since 2012 it has been minted in nickel - plated steel due to the increasing price of metal . From January 2013 the Royal Mint began a programme to gradually remove the previous cupro - nickel coins from circulation with replacement by the nickel - plated steel versions . As of March 2014 there were an estimated 1,631 million 10p coins in circulation with an estimated face value of £ 163.080 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 1.1 Obverse 1.2 Reverse 2 Mintages 3 References 4 External links Design ( edit ) Obverse ( edit ) To date , four different obverses have been used . In all cases , the inscription until 2015 was ELIZABETH II D.G. REG. F.D. 2013 , where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting . In the original design both sides of the coin are encircled by dots , a common feature on coins , known as beading . As with all new decimal currency , until 1984 the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse , in which the Queen wears the ' Girls of Great Britain and Ireland ' Tiara . Between 1985 and 1997 the portrait by Raphael Maklouf was used , in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem . On 30th September 1992 a reduced size version of the 10 pence coin was introduced . The older and larger version of the coin was withdrawn from circulation on 30th June 1993 . The design remained unchanged . From 1998 to 2015 the portrait by Ian Rank - Broadley was used , again featuring the tiara , with a signature - mark IRB below the portrait . As of June 2015 , coins bearing the portrait by Jody Clark have been seen in circulation . Reverse ( edit ) Original reverse : 1968 -- 2008 The original reverse of the coin , designed by Christopher Ironside , and used from 1968 to 2008 , is a crowned lion ( formally , Part of the crest of England , a lion passant guardant royally crowned ) , with the numeral `` 10 '' below the lion , and either NEW PENCE ( 1968 -- 1981 ) or TEN PENCE ( 1982 -- 2008 ) above the lion . In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £ 2 coin . The winner , announced in April 2008 , was Matthew Dent , whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008 . The designs for the 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together . The shield in its entirety is featured on the £ 1 coin . The 10p coin depicts the first quarter of the shield , showing the lions passant from the Royal Banner of England , with the words TEN PENCE above the shield design . The coin 's obverse remains largely unchanged , but the beading ( the ring of dots around the coin 's circumference ) , which no longer features on the coin 's reverse , has also been removed from the obverse . In March 2018 , 26 new designs were released each for every letter of the alphabet , representing the best of Britain . A -- Angel of the North B -- James Bond C -- Cricket D -- Double - decker bus E -- English breakfast F -- Fish and chips G -- Greenwich Mean Time H -- House of Commons I -- Ice cream J -- Jubilee K -- King Arthur L -- Loch Ness Monster M -- Mackintosh N -- Nurses O -- Oak P -- Post box Q -- Queuing R -- Robin S -- Stonehenge T -- Teapot U -- Union Flag V -- Village W -- World Wide Web X -- X marks the spot Y -- Yeoman Z -- Zebra crossing Mintages ( edit ) Machin portrait 1968 ~ 336,143 , 25 1969 ~ 314,008,000 1970 ~ 133,571,000 1971 ~ 63,205,000 1972 ~ 2,500,000 1973 ~ 152,174,000 1974 ~ 92,741,000 1975 ~ 181,559,000 1976 ~ 228,220,000 1977 ~ 59,323,000 1978 ~ 5,000,000 1979 ~ 115,457,000 1980 ~ 88,650,000 1981 ~ 3,487,000 1982 -- ( 1992 ) ~ none Maklouf portrait 1990 ~ 1,000 1991 ~ 750 1992 ~ 1,413,455,170 1993 ~ 250 ( nearly all in england ) 1994 ~ 500 1995 ~ 35,444,000 1996 ~ 118,738,000 1997 ~ 57,671,967 Rank - Broadley portrait 1998 -- 1999 ~ none 2000 ~ 134,727,000 2001 ~ 82,081,000 2002 ~ 80,934,000 2003 ~ 88,118,000 2004 ~ 319,602,000 2005 ~ 69,604,000 2006 ~ 118,803,000 2007 ~ 72,720,000 2008 ~ 9,720,000 ( Ironside ) 2008 ~ 71,447,000 ( Dent ) 2009 ~ 84,360,000 2010 ~ 96,600,500 2011 ~ 369,603,850 2012 ~ 11,600,030 2013 ~ 320,200,750 2014 ~ 299,077,000 2015 ~ 119,000,000 Jody Clark portrait 2015 ~ 91,900,000 2016 ~ 135,200,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bignell , C P. `` Post decimalisation '' . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Royal Mint Frequently Asked Questions Jump up ^ `` Cupro Nickel Replacement Programme '' . Royal Mint. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mintage Figures '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Tony . `` Decimal Coins of the UK -- Bronze '' . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1p Coin '' . British Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint seeks new coin designs '' , BBC News , 17 August 2005 Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint unveils new UK coins '' , 2 April 2008 Jump up ^ `` Where can I get a new alphabet 10p coin ? '' . The Sun . 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyce , Lee . `` Great British 10p hunt ! Royal Mint reveals 26 new coins will be made '' . This is Money . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Royal Mint -- 10p coin Coins of the UK -- Decimal 10p Coin Coins from United Kingdom : Ten Pence Online Coin Club ( hide ) British coinage Decimal ⁄ p 1p 2p 5p 10p 20p 50p £ 1 £ 2 Pre-decimal Quarter farthing ( ⁄ d ) Third farthing ( ⁄ d ) Half farthing ( ⁄ d ) Farthing ( ⁄ d ) Halfpenny ( ⁄ d ) Penny ( 1d ) Three halfpence ( 1 ⁄ d ) Twopence ( 2d ) Threepence ( 3d ) Fourpence ( 4d ) Sixpence ( 6d ) Shilling ( 1 / - ) Florin ( 2 / - ) Half crown ( 2 / 6d ) Double florin ( 4 / - ) Crown ( 5 / - ) Quarter guinea ( 5 / 3d ) Third guinea ( 7 / - ) Half sovereign ( 10 / - ) Half guinea ( 10 / 6d ) Sovereign ( £ 1 ) Guinea ( £ 1 / 1s ) Double sovereign ( £ 2 ) Two guineas ( £ 2 / 2s ) Five pound ( £ 5 ) Five guineas ( £ 5 / 5s ) Non-circulating Commemorative 25p £ 5 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Maundy money Bullion Britannia Quarter sovereign Half sovereign Sovereign Lunar The Queen 's Beasts Landmarks of Britain See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Banknotes of the pound sterling List of British banknotes and coins List of British currencies Scottish coinage Coins of Ireland List of people on coins of the United Kingdom Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_pence_(British_coin)&oldid=828293754 '' Categories : Coins of the United Kingdom Currency introduced in 1968 Ten - cent coins Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 18 : 41 . About Wikipedia	when did old 10p go out of circulation	[ "The ten pence coin was originally minted from cupro-nickel (75% Cu, 25% Ni), but since 2012 it has been minted in nickel-plated steel due to the increasing price of metal. From January 2013 the Royal Mint began a programme to gradually remove the previous cupro-nickel coins from circulation with replacement by the nickel-plated steel versions.[3]" ]	[ "January 2013" ]
581108594454548705	Frontalis muscle	Frontalis muscle - wikipedia Frontalis muscle Jump to : navigation , search Frontalis Visible at top left colored in red Details Origin Galea aponeurotica Insertion Orbicularis oculi muscle Artery supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries Nerve Facial nerve Temporal branch Actions Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead Identifiers Latin Venter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12549942 TA A04. 1.03. 004 FMA 46757 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The frontalis muscle ( frontal belly ) is muscle which covers parts of the skull . Some sources consider the frontalis muscle to be a distinct muscle . However , Terminologia Anatomica currently classifies it as part of the occipitofrontalis muscle along with the occipitalis muscle . In humans , the frontalis muscle only serves for facial expressions . The frontalis muscle is innervated by the facial nerve and receives blood from the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 2 Additional images 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Anatomy ( edit ) The frontalis muscle is thin , of a quadrilateral form , and intimately adherent to the superficial fascia . It is broader than the occipitalis and its fibers are longer and paler in color . It is located on the front of the head . The muscle has no bony attachments . Its medial fibers are continuous with those of the procerus ; its immediate fibers blend with the corrugator and orbicularis oculi muscles , thus attached to the skin of the eyebrows ; and its lateral fibers are also blended with the latter muscle over the zygomatic process of the frontal bone . In the eyebrows , its primary function is to lift them ( thus opposing the orbital portion of the orbicularis ) , especially when looking up . It also acts when a view is too distant or dim . From these attachments the fibers are directed upward , and join the galea aponeurotica below the coronal suture . The medial margins of the frontalis muscles are joined together for some distance above the root of the nose ; but between the occipitales there is a considerable , though variable , interval , occupied by the galea aponeurotica . Additional images ( edit ) Position of frontalis muscle ( shown in red ) See also ( edit ) Occipitofrontalis muscle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Insertion of frontalis muscle relating to blepharoptosis repair '' . Hwang K , Kim DJ , Hwang SH . J Craniofac Surg. 2005 Nov ; 16 ( 6 ) : 965 - 7 . Jump up ^ Saladin , Kenneth S. ( 2003 ) . Anatomy & Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function ( 3rd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 286 -- 287 . Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , A. Wayne ; Mitchell , Adam W.M. ( 2010 ) . Gray _́ s Anatomy for Students ( 2nd ed . ) . p. 857 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06952 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frontalis muscles . PTCentral ( hide ) Muscles of the head Extraocular Oblique inferior superior Rectus superior inferior medial lateral Levator palpebrae superioris superior tarsal Masticatory Masseter Temporalis sphenomandibularis Pterygoid lateral medial Fascia masseteric temporal Facial Ear Auricular anterior superior posterior Temporoparietalis Scalp / eyelid Occipitofrontalis occipitalis frontalis Orbicularis oculi depressor supercilii Corrugator supercilii Nose Procerus Nasalis dilator naris Depressor septi nasi Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi Mouth Levator anguli oris Levator labii superioris Zygomaticus major minor Orbicularis oris Risorius Buccinator Depressor anguli oris Depressor labii inferioris Mentalis Transversus menti Soft palate Veli palatini tensor levator Musculus uvulae Palatopharyngeus Palatoglossus Tongue Extrinsic Genioglossus Hyoglossus chondroglossus Styloglossus Palatoglossus Intrinsic Superior longitudinal Inferior longitudinal Transverse Vertical Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontalis_muscle&oldid=705156009 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Muscles of the head and neck Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Русский Suomi ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2016 , at 21 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the origin of the frontalis muscle	[ "\n\nFrontalis\n\n\n\nVisible at top left colored in red\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\nOrigin\nGalea aponeurotica\n\n\nInsertion\nOrbicularis oculi muscle[1]\n\n\nArtery\nsupraorbital and supratrochlear arteries\n\n\nNerve\nFacial nerve\nTemporal branch\n\n\nActions\nRaises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead\n\n\nIdentifiers\n\n\nLatin\nVenter frontalis musculi occipitofrontalis\n\n\nDorlands\n/Elsevier\nm_22/12549942\n\n\nTA\nA04.1.03.004\n\n\nFMA\n46757\n\n\nAnatomical terms of muscle\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n" ]	[ "Galea aponeurotica" ]
773449446131172323	Four Freedoms	Four Freedoms - wikipedia Four Freedoms This article is about Franklin D. Roosevelt 's themes . For other uses , see Four Freedoms ( disambiguation ) . Engraving of the Four Freedoms at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial in Washington , D.C. The Four Freedoms were goals articulated by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on Monday , January 6 , 1941 . In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech ( technically the 1941 State of the Union address ) , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : Freedom of speech Freedom of worship Freedom from want Freedom from fear Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the surprise Japanese attack on U.S. forces in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii that caused the United States to declare war on Japan , December 8 , 1941 . The State of the Union speech before Congress was largely about the national security of the United States and the threat to other democracies from world war that was being waged across the continents in the eastern hemisphere . In the speech , he made a break with the tradition of United States non-interventionism that had long been held in the United States . He outlined the U.S. role in helping allies already engaged in warfare . In that context , he summarized the values of democracy behind the bipartisan consensus on international involvement that existed at the time . A famous quote from the speech prefaces those values : `` As men do not live by bread alone , they do not fight by armaments alone . '' In the second half of the speech , he lists the benefits of democracy , which include economic opportunity , employment , social security , and the promise of `` adequate health care '' . The first two freedoms , of speech and religion , are protected by the First Amendment in the United States Constitution . His inclusion of the latter two freedoms went beyond the traditional Constitutional values protected by the U.S. Bill of Rights . Roosevelt endorsed a broader human right to economic security and anticipated what would become known decades later as the `` human security '' paradigm in social science and economic development . He also included the `` freedom from fear '' against national aggression and took it to the new United Nations he was setting up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 Declarations 3 Opposition 4 Limitations 5 United Nations 6 Disarmament 7 Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park 8 Awards 9 In popular culture 10 Norman Rockwell 's paintings 10.1 Paintings 10.2 Essays 10.3 Postage stamps 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links Historical context ( edit ) In the 1930s many Americans , arguing that the involvement in World War I had been a mistake , were adamantly against continued intervention in European affairs . With the Neutrality Acts established after 1935 , U.S. law banned the sale of armaments to countries that were at war and placed restrictions on travel with belligerent vessels . When World War II began in September 1939 , the neutrality laws were still in effect , and ensured that no substantial support could be given to Britain and France . With the revision of the Neutrality Act in 1939 , Roosevelt adopted a `` methods - short - of - war policy '' whereby supplies and armaments could be given to European Allies , provided no declaration of war could be made and no troops committed . By December 1940 , Europe was largely at the mercy of Adolf Hitler and Germany 's Nazi regime . With Germany 's defeat of France in June 1940 , Britain and its overseas Empire stood alone against the military alliance of Germany , Italy , and Japan . Winston Churchill , as Prime Minister of Britain , called for Roosevelt and the United States to supply them with armaments in order to continue with the war effort . The 1939 New York World 's Fair had celebrated Four Freedoms - religion , speech , press and assembly - and commissioned Leo Friedlander to create sculptures representing them . Mayor of New York City Fiorello La Guardia described the resulting statues as the `` heart of the fair '' . Later Roosevelt would declare his own `` Four Essential Freedoms '' and call on Walter Russell to create a Four Freedoms Monument that was eventually dedicated at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Declarations ( edit ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Four Freedoms Speech was given on January 6 , 1941 . Roosevelt 's hope was to provide a rationale for why the United States should abandon the isolationist policies that emerged from World War I. In the address , Roosevelt critiqued Isolationism , saying : `` No realistic American can expect from a dictator 's peace international generosity , or return of true independence , or world disarmament , or freedom of expression , or freedom of religion -- or even good business . Such a peace would bring no security for us or for our neighbors . `` Those , who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary safety , deserve neither liberty nor safety . '' The speech coincided with the introduction of the Lend - Lease Bill , which promoted Roosevelt 's plan to become the `` arsenal of democracy '' and support the Allies ( mainly the British ) with much - needed supplies . Furthermore , the speech established what would become the ideological basis for America 's involvement in World War II , all framed in terms of individual rights and liberties that are the hallmark of American politics . The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following text , known as the `` Four Freedoms '' : In the future days , which we seek to make secure , we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms . The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world . The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world . The third is freedom from want -- which , translated into world terms , means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -- everywhere in the world . The fourth is freedom from fear -- which , translated into world terms , means a world - wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor -- anywhere in the world . That is no vision of a distant millennium . It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation . That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so - called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb . -- Franklin D. Roosevelt , excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress , January 6 , 1941 The four freedoms flag or `` United Nations Honor Flag '' ca . 1943 -- 1948 The declaration of the Four Freedoms as a justification for war would resonate through the remainder of the war , and for decades longer as a frame of remembrance . The Freedoms became the staple of America 's war aims , and the center of all attempts to rally public support for the war . With the creation of the Office of War Information ( 1942 ) , as well as the famous paintings of Norman Rockwell , the Freedoms were advertised as values central to American life and examples of American exceptionalism . Opposition ( edit ) The Four Freedoms Speech was popular , and the goals were influential in the postwar politics . However , in 1941 the speech received heavy criticism from anti-war elements . Critics argued that the Four Freedoms were simply a charter for Roosevelt 's New Deal , social reforms that had already created sharp divisions within Congress . Conservatives who opposed social programs and increased government intervention argued against Roosevelt 's attempt to justify and depict the war as necessary for the defense of lofty goals . While the Freedoms did become a forceful aspect of American thought on the war , they were never the exclusive justification for the war . Polls and surveys conducted by the Office of War Information ( OWI ) revealed that `` self - defense '' , and vengeance for Pearl Harbor were still the most prevalent reasons for war . Limitations ( edit ) In a 1942 radio address , President Roosevelt declared the Four Freedoms embodied `` rights of men of every creed and every race , wherever they live . '' On February 19 , 1942 , President Roosevelt authorized Japanese American internment and internment of Italian Americans with Executive Order 9066 , which allowed local military commanders to designate `` military areas '' as `` exclusion zones , '' from which `` any or all persons may be excluded . '' This power was used to declare that all people of Japanese ancestry were excluded from the entire Pacific coast , including all of California and much of Oregon , Washington and Arizona , except for those in internment camps . By 1946 , the United States had incarcerated 120,000 individuals of Japanese descent , of whom about 80,000 had been born in the United States . United nations ( edit ) The concept of the Four Freedoms became part of the personal mission undertaken by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt regarding her inspiration behind the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights , General Assembly Resolution 217A . Indeed , these Four Freedoms were explicitly incorporated into the preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which reads , `` Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind , and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed the highest aspiration of the common people ... '' Disarmament ( edit ) FDR called for `` a world - wide reduction of armaments '' as a goal for `` the future days , which we seek to make secure '' but one that was `` attainable in our own time and generation . '' More immediately , though , he called for a massive build - up of U.S. arms production : Every realist knows that the democratic way of life is at this moment being directly assailed in every part of the world ... The need of the moment is that our actions and our policy should be devoted primarily -- almost exclusively -- to meeting this foreign peril ... ( T ) he immediate need is a swift and driving increase in our armament production ... I also ask this Congress for authority and for funds sufficient to manufacture additional munitions and war supplies of many kinds , to be turned over to those nations which are now in actual war with aggressor nations ... Let us say to the democracies ... -- Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park ( edit ) Main article : Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park is a park designed by the architect Louis Kahn for the south point of Roosevelt Island . The Park celebrates the famous speech , and text from the speech is inscribed on a granite wall in the final design of the Park . Awards ( edit ) Main article : Four Freedoms Award The Roosevelt Institute honors outstanding individuals who have demonstrated a lifelong commitment to these ideals . The Four Freedoms Award medals are awarded at ceremonies at Hyde Park , New York and Middelburg , Netherlands during alternate years . The awards were first presented in 1982 on the centenary of President Roosevelt 's birth as well as the bicentenary of diplomatic relations between the United States and the Netherlands . Among the laureates have been : William Brennan H.M. Juan Carlos of Spain Jimmy Carter Bill Clinton The Dalai Lama Mikhail Gorbachev Averell Harriman Václav Havel H.R.H. Princess Juliana of the Netherlands John F. Kennedy Mike Mansfield Paul Newman Tip O'Neill Shimon Peres Coretta Scott King Brent Scowcroft Harry S. Truman Liv Ullmann Elie Wiesel Joanne Woodward In popular culture ( edit ) John Crowley 's novel Four Freedoms ( 2009 ) is largely based on the themes of Roosevelt 's speech . FDR commissioned sculptor Walter Russell to design a monument to be dedicated to the first hero of the war . The Four Freedoms Monument was created in 1941 and dedicated at Madison Square Garden , in New York City , in 1943 . Artist Kindred McLeary painted America the Mighty ( 1941 ) , also known as Defense of Human Freedoms , in the State Department 's Harry S. Truman Building . Artist Hugo Ballin painted The Four Freedoms mural ( 1942 ) in the Council Chamber of the City Hall of Burbank , California . New Jersey muralist Michael Lenson ( 1903 -- 1972 ) painted The Four Freedoms mural ( 1943 ) for the Fourteenth Street School in Newark , New Jersey . Muralist Anton Refregier painted the History of San Francisco ( completed 1948 ) in the Rincon Center in San Francisco , California ; panel 27 depicts the four freedoms . Artist Mildred Nungester Wolfe painted a four - panel Four Freedoms mural ( complete 1959 ) depicting the four freedoms for a country store in Richton , Mississippi . Those panels now hang in the Mississippi Museum of Art . Allyn Cox painted four Four Freedoms murals ( completed 1982 ) which hang in the Great Experiment Hall in the United States House of Representatives ; each of the four panels depicts allegorical figures representing the four freedoms . Since 1986 , the fictional Four Freedoms Plaza has served as the headquarters for Marvel Comics superhero team Fantastic Four . In the early 1990s , artist David McDonald reproduced Rockwell 's Four Freedoms paintings as four large murals on the side of an old grocery building in downtown Silverton , Oregon . In 2008 , Florida International University 's Wolfsonian museum hosted the Thoughts on Democracy exhibition that displayed posters created by 60 leading contemporary artists and designers , invited to create a new graphic design inspired by American illustrator Norman Rockwell 's Four Freedoms posters . Norman Rockwell 's paintings ( edit ) Main article : Four Freedoms ( Norman Rockwell ) Roosevelt 's speech inspired a set of four paintings by Norman Rockwell . Paintings ( edit ) The members of the set , known collectively as The Four Freedoms , were published in four consecutive issues of The Saturday Evening Post . The four paintings subsequently were displayed around the USA by the United States Department of the Treasury . Freedom of Speech ( Saturday , February 20 , 1943 ) -- from the Four Freedoms series by Norman Rockwell Freedom of Worship ( Saturday , February 27 , 1943 ) -- from the Four Freedoms series by Norman Rockwell Freedom from Want ( Saturday , March 6 , 1943 ) -- from the Four Freedoms series by Norman Rockwell Freedom from Fear ( Saturday , March 13 , 1943 ) -- from the Four Freedoms series by Norman Rockwell Essays ( edit ) Each painting was published with a matching essay on that particular `` Freedom '' : Freedom of Speech , by Booth Tarkington ( February 20 , 1943 ) . Freedom of Worship , by Will Durant ( February 27 , 1943 ) . Freedom from Want , by Carlos Bulosan ( March 6 , 1943 ) . Freedom from Fear , by Stephen Vincent Benét ( March 13 , 1943 ; the date of Benét 's death ) . Postage stamps ( edit ) Rockwell 's Four Freedoms paintings were reproduced as postage stamps by the United States Post Office in 1941 , in 1943 , in 1946 , and in 1994 , the centenary of Rockwell 's birth . See also ( edit ) Four Freedoms ( European Union ) Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 , a Pulitzer - winning history of the era . Liberalism in the United States Second Bill of Rights , proposed by FDR in his 1944 State of the Union Address The Free Software Definition is often called `` the four freedoms '' within the free software community in reference to the speech and fundamental principles . World War II Victory Medal ( United States ) , which includes the Four Freedoms on its reverse . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 11 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. , Freedom From Fear : the American people in depression and war , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 393 -- 94 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. , Freedom From Fear : the American people in depression and war , 1929 -- 1945 ( 1999 ) 427 -- 434 Jump up ^ Inazu , John D. ( 2012 ) . Liberty 's Refuge : The Forgotten Freedom of Assembly . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300173156 . ^ Jump up to : `` FDR , `` The Four Freedoms , '' Speech Text `` . Voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu . January 6 , 1941 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt ( New York : Random House and Harper and Brothers , 1940 ) 633 -- 44 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. , Freedom From Fear : the American people in depression and war , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 469 Jump up ^ Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 12 Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. , Freedom From Fear : the American people in depression and war , 1929 - 1945 ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1999 ) 470 -- 76 Jump up ^ Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Bodnar , John , The `` Good War '' in American Memory . ( Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2010 ) 14 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric , The Story of American Freedom . ( New York : W.W. Norton , 1998 ) 223 Jump up ^ Korematsu v. United States dissent by Justice Owen Josephus Roberts , reproduced at findlaw.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Park , Yoosun , Facilitating Injustice : Tracing the Role of Social Workers in the World War II Internment of Japanese Americans . ( Social Service Review 82.3 , 2008 ) 448 Jump up ^ White , E.B. & Lerner , Max & Cowley , Malcolm & Niebuhr , Reinhold ( 1942 ) . The United Nations Fight for the Four Freedoms . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . ASIN B003HKRK80 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin Delano ( 1941 ) . Four Freedoms speech . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` About the Park '' . Four Freedoms Park Conservancy . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute , Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute Jump up ^ Vo , Tuan ( October 2010 ) , Forgotten Treasure , State Magazine , pp. 20 -- 23 , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ City Council Chamber & Murals , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Official Website of Michael Lenson - WPA Muralist and Realist Painter , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ War and Peace ( 1948 ) , SF Mural Arts , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Lucas , Sherry ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Richton mural donated to Miss . Museum of Art '' . Hattiesburg American . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The American Story in Art : The Murals of Allyn Cox in the U.S. Capitol , The United States Capitol Historical Society , retrieved June 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Silverton Mural Society Jump up ^ `` Thoughts on Democracy '' . Wolfsonian FIU. 2008 . Jump up ^ On February 20 , 1943 ; February 27 , 1943 ; March 6 , 1943 ; and March 13 1943 . Jump up ^ Perry , P. , ( 2009a ) `` Norman Rockwell 's Four Freedoms '' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 ; Perry , P. , ( 2009b ) `` Norman Rockwell 's Four Freedoms '' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 ; Jump up ^ Booth Tarkington 's ' Freedom of Speech ' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 . Jump up ^ Will Durant 's ' Freedom of Worship ' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 . Jump up ^ Carlos Bulosan 's ' Freedom from Want ' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephen Vincent Benét 's ' Freedom from Fear ' , The Saturday Evening Post , January / February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps ( 2840 ) Jump up ^ Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps ( 908 ) Jump up ^ Scott Catalog souvenir sheet of four stamps ( 933 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Four Freedoms speech Wikimedia Commons has media related to Four Freedoms . `` Four Freedoms '' Lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 from National Endowment for the Humanities Text and audio . `` FDR4Freedoms Digital Resource '' The digital education resource of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park `` Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park '' 1941 Four Freedoms Speech ( via YouTube ) Preceded by 1940 State of the Union Address Four Freedoms 1941 Succeeded by 1942 State of the Union Address hide State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress , summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address hide Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( 1913 -- 1920 ) New York State Senator ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Presidency Inaugurations ( 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ) New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Administration Emergency Banking Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act National Industry Recovery Act Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066 , 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German - American internment Italian - American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen -- Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson 's Birthday holiday Judicial Court - Packing Bill Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet `` Brain Trust '' Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Presidential Foreign policy Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua , 1912 -- 1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti , 1915 -- 1934 Good Neighbor Policy ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Montevideo Convention ( 1933 ) Second London Naval Treaty ( 1936 ) ABCD line ( 1940 ) Export Control Act Four Policemen Lend - Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Atlantic Charter ( 1941 ) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations ( 1942 ) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgentau Plan support Presidential speeches Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech `` Four Freedoms '' Infamy Speech Arsenal of Democracy `` ... is fear itself '' Fireside chats `` Look to Norway '' Quarantine Speech `` The More Abundant Life '' Second Bill of Rights State of the Union Address ( 1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 1945 ) Other events Early life , education , career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections New York state election , 1928 1930 Democratic National Convention , 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 United States presidential election , 1920 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes Early life and education Groton School `` Springwood '' birthplace , home , and gravesite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House , Warm Springs , Georgia Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Study Center Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976 , The White House Years 1977 World War II : When Lions Roared Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Other namesakes Roosevelt family Delano family Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( wife ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) James Roosevelt I ( father ) Sara Ann Delano ( mother ) James Roosevelt Roosevelt ( half - brother ) Isaac Roosevelt ( grandfather ) Jacobus Roosevelt ( great - grandfather ) Fala ( family dog ) ← Herbert Hoover Harry S. Truman → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_Freedoms&oldid=843477183 '' Categories : Four Freedoms 1941 in politics 1941 in the United States 1941 in Washington , D.C. 1941 speeches 77th United States Congress History of human rights January 1941 events Politics of World War II Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt State of the Union addresses World War II speeches Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 11 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the four essential elements for life are _	[ "\nFreedom of speech\nFreedom of worship\nFreedom from want\nFreedom from fear\n", "\nFreedom of speech\nFreedom of worship\nFreedom from want\nFreedom from fear\n", "\nFreedom of speech\nFreedom of worship\nFreedom from want\nFreedom from fear\n", "\nFreedom of speech\nFreedom of worship\nFreedom from want\nFreedom from fear\n" ]	[ "Freedom of speech", "Freedom of worship", "Freedom from want", "Freedom from fear" ]
-6978614139865069123	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copies of old newspapers reveal England 's World Cup myth - The British Newspaper Archive Blog '' . 15 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Argentina - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Bulgaria - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - Brazil - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England and Poland football teams played to a 1 : 1 draw , 17 October 1973 '' . eu-football.info . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Egypt - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Belgium - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Cameroon - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Germany FR - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Italy - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Engel , Matthew . `` Italia 90 : the World Cup when England rediscovered football '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Remember San Marino in 1993 ? What happened in England 's World Cup humiliation ... and to those who lined up in Graham Taylor 's final outing '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - England - Tunisia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tench , Matt ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Simeone : I conned red - card referee '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham buries Simeone hatchet '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The dramatic redemption of David Beckham '' . 4 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams were sent bullets through post '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , John ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` On This Day in History : 7 October - Keegan resigns after Didi Hamann scores last Wembley goal '' . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM - Matches - England - Brazil - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland 1 - 0 England '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Paraguay - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Crouch is probably the most hated Englishman in our history ' '' . 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Trinidad and Tobago - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Sweden - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Ecuador - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Portugal - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England , Algeria , Slovenia , Yanks = E.A.S.Y ? '' . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the last time england got to the semi final	[ "\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n" ]	[ "1990" ]
2198058139158083288	Interstate matches in Australian rules football	Interstate matches in Australian rules football - Wikipedia Interstate matches in Australian rules football Jump to : navigation , search Players contest a mark at the 1933 Australian Football Carnival , at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The teams are Victoria and Tasmania . ( Photographer : Sam Hood . ) Australian rules football matches between teams representing Australian colonies / states and territories have been held since 1879 . For most of the 20th century , the absence of a national club competition and international matches meant that football games between state representative teams were regarded with great importance . Football historian John Devaney has argued that : `` some of the state of origin contests which took place during the 1980s constituted arguably the finest expositions of the game ever seen '' . Until 1976 , interstate Australian rules football games were played by teams representing the major football leagues or organisations . From 1977 to 1999 , players were generally selected under State of Origin selection rules and they were chosen mostly from the Australian Football League ( AFL ) . Since 2000 , all matches have been between teams representing the second - tier state or territorial leagues . Players from the AFL no longer take part in interstate matches . The matches have mostly been held on a stand - alone basis . However , an Australian Football Carnival , a national championship series , held in either one or two cities , took place between 1908 and 1993 , usually at three year intervals . Teams which have taken part have included Victoria , South Australia , Western Australia , Tasmania , New South Wales , Queensland , Northern Territory , Australian Capital Territory and an Australian Amateurs team . Between 1937 and 1988 the player judged the best at each of these carnivals was awarded the Tassie Medal . Between 1953 and 1988 , the selection of All Australian Teams was based on players performance during Australian Football Carnivals , and the team was named after each carnival concluded . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Intercolony / Interstate competition , 1879 -- 1976 1.2 State of Origin competition , 1977 -- 1999 1.3 AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match , 2008 2 Importance 2.1 State of Origin in popular media 3 Teams 3.1 Rivalries 3.1. 1 Victoria vs South Australia 3.1. 2 Victoria vs Western Australia 3.1. 3 Western Australia vs South Australia 4 Results 4.1 Intercolony / Interstate competition , 1879 -- 1976 4.2 Australian National Football Carnival , 1908 - 1988 4.3 State of Origin competition , 1977 -- 1999 4.4 AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match , 2008 5 Other interstate matches 5.1 State League Representative matches , 1990 to present 5.1. 1 Results 5.2 E.J. Whitten Legends Game , 1996 to present 5.3 Women 's State Of Origin , 2017 5.3. 1 Results 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Intercolony / interstate competition , 1879 -- 1976 ( edit ) Victoria the birthplace of Australian rules and , with contributing factors such as population and finances , dominated the first hundred years of inter colonial and interstate football . This was the case in the first ever interstate game , held on Tuesday , 1 July 1879 ( a public holiday ) , at East Melbourne Cricket Ground . The final score was Victoria ( represented by the VFA ) 7.14 to South Australia 0.3 . The match was attended by more than 10,000 people . The third and fourth teams to commence intercolonial competition were New South Wales and Queensland , playing each other in a two - game series in Brisbane in 1884 ; the result of the series was a one - all draw . Tasmania played its first game , against Victoria , in 1887 . New Zealand entered the competition with a victory over NSW in Sydney , in 1889 . Victoria 's long - term dominance briefly faltered in the 1890s , when other Colonies recorded their first ever wins over the Victoria : South Australia in Adelaide in 1890 and 1891 and Tasmania in Hobart in 1893 ( twice ) . In 1897 , the VFL split from the VFA and the two selected separate representative teams , further weakening Victoria in intercolonial competition , which became interstate competition following Federation of the six British colonies in Australia , in 1901 . Western Australia played its first two interstate games in 1904 , including a win over SA in Adelaide . The VFL 's dominance , at least within Victoria , was established by the time an interstate carnival was held for the first time -- in Melbourne in 1908 -- to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of `` Australasian football '' ( as it was known at the time ) . The widening gap between the three major footballing States / leagues and the others was shown in the organisation of the competition : Victoria represented by the ( VFL ) , SA and WA constituted `` Section A '' , and Tasmania , NSW , Queensland and NZ were relegated to `` Section B '' . The VFA did not take part and the carnival was New Zealand 's last appearance in representative football . The Victorian team went through the competition undefeated . This impression was reiterated by the 1911 Carnival , in Adelaide , which also set the pattern of a carnival every three years . South Australia went undefeated and Victoria won three of their four matches . At the Sydney carnival of 1914 , Victoria was once again undefeated . Following the onset of World War I interstate matches went into a five - year hiatus . During this period interstate matches were held every year , and interstate carnivals were held usually every 3 years , with a few exceptions . In most carnivals , the stronger states competed separately from the minor states ; and on many occasions the stronger states and minor states carnivals were held in separate locations or years . At the peak of its popularity , the carnival was known symbolically as `` the Ashes '' of Australian rules football . Victoria ( VFL ) continued its dominance in interstate football by winning 15 of the 17 carnivals held during this time , and usually winning the individual matches held every year . Neil Kerley and Graham Cornes are of significance in the rivalry between Victoria and South Australia , who played for and coached the South Australia team during this period . Neil Kerley when coaching the South Australian team would inject a hatred for Victoria , telling his players all Victorian umpires cheated , all Victorians would cheat if they got the chance . Graham Cornes who was coached by Kerley for South Australia , has stated his hatred for Victoria came from Neil Kerley . Cornes would go on to coach South Australia , with great successes and was a promoter of the South Australian team . Cornes has stated that the success that South Australia had against Victoria during his coaching reign was all to do with the culture in South Australia of wanting to prove they 're better than Victoria . The 1963 game between Victoria and South Australia at the MCG was also of significance in the rivalry between the two states . Before the game Jack Dyer was asked what he would do if he was coaching Victoria , and said , `` I 'd give them a Pep Talk and go to the races '' . Neil Kerley who was playing , was in an interview before the game when this was mentioned . After it was said the interviewer said to Kerley `` what do you think of that young Kerley '' , in which he responded `` everyone is entitled to their opinion '' . Kerley angered by this , as a result told teammates before the game `` something is going to happen at the first Bounce '' and then put down a Victorian player with a `` Hip and Shoulder '' . Kerley also injured another Victorian in the last quarter which saw him leave the field . It was a drought breaking win for South Australia in Victoria . When the South Australians returned to Adelaide they were greeted with a heroic welcome , with nearly 8,000 people attending in poor weather , with the crowd hurling streamers and letting off fire crackers , with hundreds surging onto the Tarmac . A notable encounter in the rivalry between Victoria and South Australia was in a game in Adelaide in 1963 , when South Australian Brian Sawley , slammed Victorian John Peck to the ground in a tackle and then kicked Peck while on the ground . Which led to Peck knocking out Sawley with a Punch and remaining unconscious for at least a minute . State of Origin competition , 1977 -- 1999 ( edit ) Map of Australia with each state shaded in that state 's main jumper colour Western Australia Australian rules football team ( `` Sandgropers '' ) 1995 State of Origin guernsey . By the 1970s , VFL clubs were signing up an increasing number of the best players from other states and Victoria dominated state games . West Australians , led by the marketing manager of the Subiaco Football Club , Leon Larkin , began to campaign for players to be selected according to state - of - origin rules . The West Australian Football League ( WAFL ) negotiated with the VFL for two years before agreement was reached on the format . In the first such game , at Subiaco Oval in Perth , on 8 October 1977 , Western Australia defeated Victoria , 23.13 ( 151 ) to 8.9 ( 57 ) , a huge reversal of the results in most previous games . In the words of football historian John Devaney : `` A Western Australian team composed entirely of home - based players had , on 25 June , taken on a Victorian team containing many of the same players who would return to Perth three and a half months later for the state of origin clash . The respective scores of the two matches offered a persuasive argument , if such were needed , of the extent to which the VFL had denuded the WAFL of its elite talent : On 25 June 1977 Victoria 23.16 ( 154 ) defeated Western Australia 13.13 ( 91 ) -- a margin of 63 points On 8 October 1977 Western Australia 23.13 ( 151 ) defeated Victoria 8.9 ( 57 ) -- a margin of 94 points , representing an overall turn around of 157 points Western Australia 's previous biggest winning margin against a Victorian state team had been a mere 38 points in 1948 . Almost overnight , an inferiority complex was dismantled : Victoria , it seemed , was not intrinsically superior , only wealthier . '' Games involving each of the other states soon followed . Western Australia and South Australia began to win more games against Victoria . The State of Origin eligibility rules varied from game to game , and matches during the 1980s were sometimes played under partial , rather than full , State of Origin rules . This was in large part so that neutral leagues were not disrupted by a stand - alone game between two other states ; e.g. VFL clubs would not lose access to interstate origin players on the weekend of a game between South Australia and Western Australia . For example , in the stand - alone 1982 match between South Australia and Victoria , a quota of up to six VFL players of South Australian origin , and no more than one from any VFL club , could play for South Australia ; but otherwise , all SANFL and VFL players were eligible to play for South Australia and Victoria respectively -- indeed Victoria fielded five VFL players of Western Australian origin in that match , including their captain , Mike Fitzpatrick . Jason Dunstall and Terry Daniher , who were born in and recruited from Queensland and New South Wales respectively , both played several partial - origin matches for Victoria ; and in a partial - origin match against Victoria in 1990 , New South Wales was allowed to be represented by players of New South Welsh origin and any player who had played for the Sydney Swans . A full interstate carnival under state - of - origin selection was held with success in October 1979 in Perth . A second carnival was held the following October in Adelaide , but were a financial disaster for the organisers , with only 28,245 people attending the four games . Following this series , the VFL decided to not participate in any future carnivals which put the future of the carnival concept in doubt . However , during the 1990s , following the emergence of a national club competition , the Australian Football League , state of origin games declined in importance . Due from clubs putting pressure on players to withdraw from games due to risk of injury there were an increasing number of withdrawals by AFL players . AFL hall of fame tribute match , 2008 ( edit ) No official State of Origin matches were held between 1999 and 2008 . In 2008 , the concept made a return to celebrate 150 years of Australian football . In spite of lobbying for three or more games , involving at least six different teams or even an interstate carnival , one all - star game was played in 2008 . The sides competing were Victoria and a `` Dream Team '' , a composite team representing all other states , territories and countries . No state - based men 's representative matches featuring AFL level players have been held since 2008 . Importance ( edit ) At its peak , interstate matches were among the most important events on the annual football calendar in South Australia , Western Australia and Tasmania . The crowds drawn to interstate matches in those states regularly dwarfed home - and - away crowds , and at times throughout history would match or exceed grand final attendances . In Perth , interstate matches at the 1921 carnival , during the 1929 season , and at the 1937 carnival successively set records as Western Australia 's highest ever sports crowd ; the crowd of 40,000 drawn to that 1937 match was more than 10,000 higher than any previous Western Australian crowd and almost double the record club grand final crowd at that time . Likewise in Tasmania , carnival fixtures in 1924 , 1947 and 1966 each set new Tasmanian state football attendance records , and the 1966 carnival crowd of 23,764 remains the third - highest football attendance in Tasmania 's history . State of Origin matches in the 1980s in South Australia and Western Australia regularly drew crowds between 30,000 and 50,000 , on par with grand finals in those states during that era ; and interstate matches in Tasmania consistently drew crowds which either exceeded or were second only to the Tasmanian league 's grand final attendances . Interstate football was less popular in Victoria than it was in the other states . A match in Victoria in 1989 against South Australia set the national interstate football record crowd of 91,960 , with 10,000 people turned away at the gate . Other large crowds at interstate games in Victoria were between 60,000 and 70,000 , on par with some large home - and - away games but lower than a typical finals attendance . At its lowest , interstate games in Victoria during the 1930s could sometimes fail to draw 10,000 spectators -- less than the average home - and - away crowd -- at a time when state record crowds were drawn to the matches elsewhere . Eventually , due to these lower levels of public interest , less interstate football came to be played in Victoria : and for the majority of the 1980s , when State of Origin football was at its peak , the Victorian team did not play a single match at home . The primary reason for the difference in popularity between Victoria and the other states was the Victorian team 's historical dominance in interstate football . Particularly during the pre-State of Origin era , the Victorian team was always expected to win and regularly won easily ; therefore , Victorian spectators were disinclined to attend matches because there was little pride on offer for victory and a high chance of a one - sided contest . The record crowd of 91,960 in Melbourne in 1989 came after South Australia had beaten Victoria three years in a row , demonstrating that Victorian fans were willing to embrace interstate football when the rivalry and contests were closely fought . Additionally , differences in supporter culture between the states meant that club football and club parochialism had much greater importance in Victoria than in the other states . Amongst the competing states , the rivalry with Victoria was the strongest . Victoria 's long - term dominance of interstate football created a culture of disdain towards it and , as a result , the most popular games always involved Victoria and beating Victoria was considered the pinnacle of interstate football in South Australia and Western Australia . South Australia 's rivalry towards Victoria was characterised during the 1980s with the slogan `` Kick a Vic '' . Players from all states , including Victoria , viewed selection and participation in interstate football with great importance . Ted Whitten , who was widely noted for his involvement in and passion for the Victorian team described how `` the players would walk on broken glass to wear the Victorian jumper '' . Graham Cornes , well known for his involvement in the South Australian team , always spoke equally proudly of the experience of representing his state . John Platten , a highly decorated player , described a drought breaking victory playing for South Australia , over Victoria , as one of his proudest football moments . Comments from other players included : Matthew Lloyd ( Victoria ) -- `` immense pride -- you feel like you walk a bit taller when you pull on the Big V '' . Stephen O'Reilly ( Western Australia ) -- `` State of Origin football is the pinnacle for AFL players '' . Andrew McKay ( South Australia ) -- `` I never dreamt of playing VFL / AFL as a child , but I always dreamt of playing for my state '' . Graham Cornes ( South Australia ) -- `` pulling the South Australian jumper on is like a dream come true '' . Tony Lockett ( Victoria ) , who commented after he won the E.J. Whitten Medal -- `` this will probably go down as one of the happiest days of my life , and I 'll treasure it forever '' . State of Origin in popular Media ( edit ) Greg Champion wrote a song , `` Do n't Let The Big V Down '' , about the traditional navy blue jumper with a large white `` V '' used to represent Victoria in state games . The song is about a young man who is about to play his first state game and is approached by another man who tells him to not let the Big V down . Champion also wrote another song , `` Came From Adelaide '' , about two people watching a game between South Australia and Victoria . One of them turns to the other and says that the Croweaters can not play . The other replies that this is not true and that the South Australians are great . Teams ( edit ) Team Moniker Location Debut Season Awards National Championships The Allies Allies Australia 1995 Alex Jesaulenko Medal Australian Amateurs Amateurs Australia 1988 Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Blues New South Wales 1884 New South Wales - Australian Capital Territory Rams New South Wales & Australian Capital Territory 1993 New Zealand Falcons New Zealand 1889 Northern Territory Thunder Northern Territory 1988 Queensland Maroons / Scorpions Queensland 1884 Queensland - Northern Territory Queensland & Northern Territory 1993 South Australia Croweaters South Australia 1879 Fos Williams Medal 5 Tasmania Devils Victoria ( Australia ) 1887 Lefroy Medal Victoria The Big V Victoria ( Australia ) 1897 E.J. Whitten Medal 17 Victorian Football Association ( VIC ) VFA Victoria ( Australia ) 1879 Western Australia Sandgropers Western Australia 1904 Simpson Medal ( 1948 -- 1991 ) Graham Moss Medal ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 6 Rivalries ( edit ) Victoria vs South Australia ( edit ) The rivalry between Victoria and South Australia was considered the strongest in interstate football . Although there is a bitter rivalry on both sides , the make up of the rivalry is slightly different : for Victoria , being the most successful state in interstate football , it meant that protecting that reputation was of prominent importance ; for South Australia , the rivalry stemmed from dislike , and the feeling that Victorians did not give the state the respect it deserved . Graham Cornes , who was heavily involved in South Australian state football , described the football culture in Victoria as insular having a lack of regard for football outside their state , which drove that feeling . Many footballers described beating Victoria as one of the top achievements in South Australian football . Neil Kerley ranked beating Victoria above his club premierships . Victorian footballers have commented on the passion and hatred directed towards them in interstate games played in Adelaide . Garry Lyon described the fans as `` hostile and maniacal '' , and `` by the time the games came around they were whipped into a frenzy '' . Paul Roos commented about the first state game he played in South Australia that `` when walking up the entrance and onto Football Park was an experience in itself . I quickly realised how much hatred existed towards Victorians and their football . '' Victoria vs Western Australia ( edit ) There is an intense rivalry between Victoria and Western Australia . Western Australia 's rivalry likewise stemmed from the feeling in Western Australia that Victoria never gave their state the credit it deserved , despite some of the best players of all time coming from the state . Some games widely regarded as some of the best in the history of Australian football were played between Victoria and Western Australia in the 1980s . Shane Parker a former Western Australia player , said of the rivalry `` When I was a kid , the State of Origin games were the greatest ever . It was a really big thing to see the WA side play , particularly against Victoria '' . Western Australia vs South Australia ( edit ) There was also an intense rivalry between Western Australia and South Australia , with fans at games between the states always vociferous and parochial . Results ( edit ) Intercolony / Interstate competition , 1879 -- 1976 ( edit ) T.B.A. Australian national football carnival , 1908 - 1988 ( edit ) For most of the 20th century there was a national football carnival usually held every three to five years . Some of the carnivals the format consisted of qualification matches at the start of the tournament , with the winners playing off in a final . In some other carnivals the format was a round - robin format , with a points system in which the team with most points at the end of the tournament was declared the winner . Year Name Location Section A Winner Section B Winner Tassie Medallist 1908 Jubilee Australasian Football Carnival Melbourne Victoria - - 1911 Australasian Football Carnival Adelaide South Australia - - 1914 Australian National Football Carnival Sydney Victoria - - 1921 Australian National Football Carnival Perth Western Australia - - 1924 Australian National Football Carnival Hobart Victoria - - 1927 Australian National Football Carnival Melbourne Victoria - - 1930 Australian National Football Carnival Adelaide Victoria - - 1933 Australian National Football Carnival Sydney Victoria - - 1937 Australian National Football Carnival Perth Victoria - Mick Cronin ( WA ) 1947 Australian National Football Carnival Hobart Victoria Tasmania Les McClements ( WA ) & Bob Furler ( Canberra ) 1950 Australian National Football Carnival Brisbane Victoria ( VFL ) Australian Amateurs Terry Cashion ( Tas ) 1953 Australian National Football Carnival Adelaide Victoria ( VFL ) - Merv McIntosh ( WA ) 1956 Australian National Football Carnival Perth Victoria ( VFL ) - Graham Farmer ( WA ) 1958 Centenary Carnival Melbourne Victoria ( VFL ) Australian Amateurs Allen Aylett ( Vic ) & Ted Whitten ( Vic ) 1960 Minor States Carnival Sydney / Canberra - Victoria ( VFA ) - 1961 Australian National Football Carnival Brisbane Western Australia - Brian Dixon ( VFL ) 1966 Australian National Football Carnival Hobart Victoria ( VFL ) - Barry Cable ( WA ) 1968 Minor States Carnival Canberra - Australian Amateurs - 1969 Australian National Football Carnival Adelaide Victoria ( VFL ) - Peter Eakins ( WA ) & Graham Molloy ( SA ) 1972 Australian National Football Carnival Perth Victoria ( VFL ) - Ken McAullay ( WA ) ANFC Division 2 Championship Sydney - Queensland - Australian National Football Carnival Melbourne / Adelaide Victoria ( VFL ) - - 1979 State of Origin Carnival Perth Western Australia Queensland Brian Peake ( WA ) 1980 State of Origin Carnival Adelaide Victoria - Graham Cornes ( SA ) 1988 Bicentennial Carnival Adelaide South Australia Northern Territory Paul Salmon ( VIC ) State of Origin competition , 1977 -- 1999 ( edit ) Non-State of Origin games are marked with a * 1999 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network Victoria 17.19 ( 121 ) South Australia 10.7 ( 67 ) MCG 26,063 29 May 1999 2 : 00 PM Seven 1998 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network The Allies 14.11 ( 95 ) Victoria 22.16 ( 148 ) The Gabba 13,977 10 July 1998 7 : 00 PM Seven South Australia 22.11 ( 143 ) Western Australia 16.11 ( 107 ) Football Park 18,204 11 July 1998 4 : 00 PM Seven 1997 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network South Australia 12.13 ( 85 ) Victoria 13.15 ( 93 ) Football Park 40,595 21 June 1997 8 : 00 PM Seven Western Australia 16.12 ( 108 ) The Allies 18.8 ( 116 ) Subiaco Oval 16,795 20 June 1997 6 : 00 PM Seven Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network South Australia 20.6 ( 126 ) Western Australia 13.13 ( 91 ) Football Park 16,722 2 June 1996 2 : 30 PM Seven Victoria 20.17 ( 137 ) The Allies 11.18 ( 84 ) MCG 35,612 1 June 1996 2 : 10 PM Seven 1995 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network Victoria 18.12 ( 120 ) South Australia 8.9 ( 57 ) MCG 64,186 17 June 1995 2 : 00 PM Seven Western Australia 8.13 ( 61 ) The Allies 13.14 ( 92 ) Subiaco Oval 15,722 18 June 1995 12 : 00 PM Seven 1994 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network South Australia 11.9 ( 75 ) Victoria 10.13 ( 73 ) Football Park 44,598 3 May 1994 8 : 00 PM Seven 1993 Main article : 1993 State of Origin Championships Round Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network Section One -- Semi Final Victoria 19.16 ( 130 ) New South Wales / ACT 8.17 ( 65 ) MCG 22,409 1 June 1993 7 : 00 PM Seven Section One -- Semi Final South Australia 19.13 ( 127 ) Western Australia 14.7 ( 91 ) Football Park 21,487 2 June 1993 8 : 00 PM Seven Section Two -- Final Tasmania 10.13 ( 73 ) Queensland / NT 16.14 ( 110 ) Bellerive Oval 9,660 6 June 1993 12 : 00 PM Seven Section One -- Final Victoria 14.13 ( 97 ) South Australia 16.13 ( 109 ) MCG 31,792 5 June 1993 4 : 40 PM Seven 1992 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network New South Wales 22.9 ( 141 ) Queensland 6.12 ( 48 ) SCG 7,223 12 May 1992 7 : 00 PM Seven Victoria 23.19 ( 157 ) Western Australia 13.12 ( 90 ) MCG 32,152 26 May 1992 7 : 00 PM Seven South Australia 19.19 ( 133 ) Victoria 18.12 ( 120 ) Football Park 33,984 7 July 1992 12 : 00 PM Seven 1991 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network Tasmania 14.20 ( 104 ) Victoria 2nd XVIII 17.14 ( 116 ) North Hobart Oval 16,000 28 May 1991 12 : 00 PM Seven South Australia 11.4 ( 70 ) Victoria 12.14 ( 86 ) Football Park 37,277 28 May 1991 8 : 00 PM Seven Queensland 23.14 ( 152 ) Victoria 2nd XVIII 15.8 ( 108 ) Gabba 8,519 16 July 1991 12 : 00 PM Seven Western Australia 19.13 ( 127 ) Victoria 7.9 ( 51 ) WACA 24,397 16 July 1991 12 : 00 PM Seven Western Australia 17.20 ( 122 ) South Australia 11.12 ( 78 ) Subiaco Oval Seven Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network New South Wales 13.8 ( 86 ) Victoria 10.16 ( 76 ) SCG 13,482 22 May 1990 8 : 30 PM Seven Tasmania 20.14 ( 134 ) Victoria 14.17 ( 101 ) North Hobart Oval 18,649 24 June 1990 12 : 00 PM Seven Western Australia 8.12 ( 60 ) Victoria 14.13 ( 97 ) WACA 21,897 26 June 1990 6 : 30 PM Seven South Australia 17.19 ( 122 ) Western Australia 14.16 ( 100 ) Football Park Seven Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network Western Australia 10.12 ( 72 ) Victoria 19.12 ( 126 ) WACA 20,993 16 May 1989 12 : 00 PM Seven Victoria 22.17 ( 149 ) South Australia 9.9 ( 63 ) MCG 91,960 1 July 1989 2 : 10 PM Seven Tasmania 15.7 ( 107 ) Victoria 2nd XVIII 25.13 ( 163 ) North Hobart Oval 12,342 2 July 1989 12 : 00 PM Seven 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial State of Origin Carnival Main article : 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival Round Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Section Two -- Preliminary Stage Northern Territory 19.20 ( 134 ) Tasmania 10.8 ( 68 ) Football Park -- 2 March 1988 Section Two -- Preliminary Stage Australian Amateurs 14.12 ( 96 ) ACT 12.11 ( 83 ) Football Park -- 2 March 1988 Section One -- Semi Final Victoria 20.13 ( 133 ) Western Australia 10.13 ( 73 ) Football Park 5,195 2 March 1988 Section Two -- Preliminary Stage VFA 17.10 ( 112 ) Queensland 4.11 ( 35 ) Football Park -- 3 March 1988 Section Two -- Preliminary Stage Northern Territory 11.19 ( 85 ) Australian Amateurs 8.9 ( 57 ) Football Park -- 3 March 1988 Section One -- Semi Final South Australia 12.8 ( 80 ) New South Wales 8.11 ( 59 ) Football Park 5,755 3 March 1988 Section Two -- Semi Final VFA 18.20 ( 128 ) ACT 9.16 ( 70 ) Norwood Oval -- 4 March 1988 Section Two -- Wooden Spoon Play Off Tasmania 11.16 ( 82 ) Queensland 10.10 ( 70 ) Norwood Oval -- 4 March 1988 Section Two -- Final Northern Territory 17.10 ( 112 ) VFL 9.13 ( 63 ) Football Park -- 5 March 1988 Section One -- 3rd Place Play Off New South Wales 10.8 ( 68 ) Western Australia 9.12 ( 66 ) Football Park 5 March 1988 Section One -- Final South Australia 15.12 ( 102 ) Victoria 6.6 ( 42 ) Football Park 19,387 5 March 1988 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date * South Australia 17.17 ( 119 ) Western Australia 11.13 ( 79 ) Football Park 18,339 24 May 1988 Western Australia 15.9 ( 99 ) Victoria 21.23 ( 149 ) Subiaco Oval 23,006 5 July 1988 Western Australia 18.14 ( 122 ) South Australia 17.13 ( 115 ) BC Place Stadium Main article : 1987 Australian Football Championships Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date South Australia 12.13 ( 85 ) Victoria 11.15 ( 81 ) Football Park 41,605 27 May 1987 Western Australia 13.14 ( 92 ) Victoria 16.20 ( 116 ) Subiaco Oval 22,000 22 July 1987 * Western Australia 9.9 ( 63 ) South Australia 18.16 ( 124 ) WACA Ground 1986 Main article : 1986 Australian Football Championships Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date South Australia 18.17 ( 125 ) Victoria 17.13 ( 115 ) Football Park 43,143 13 May 1986 Western Australia 21.11 ( 137 ) Victoria 20.14 ( 134 ) Subiaco Oval 39,863 8 July 1986 * Western Australia 18.19 ( 127 ) South Australia 12.16. ( 88 ) Football Park 1985 Main article : 1985 Australian Football Championships Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date South Australia 11.10 ( 76 ) * Victoria 20.13 ( 133 ) Football Park 44,287 14 May 1985 * Western Australia 16.15 ( 111 ) South Australia 30.18 ( 198 ) Subiaco Oval 15 June 1985 Western Australia 9.11 ( 65 ) Victoria 19.16 ( 130 ) Subiaco Oval 38,000 16 July 1985 The match between South Australia and Victoria was awarded to South Australia on protest , as a result of Victoria playing with four interchange players instead of the permitted three . 1984 Main article : 1984 Australian Football Championships Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date South Australia 16.8 ( 104 ) Victoria 16.12 ( 108 ) Football Park 52,719 15 May 1984 Western Australia 21.16 ( 142 ) Victoria 21.12 ( 138 ) Subiaco Oval 42,500 17 July 1984 * South Australia 14.13 ( 97 ) Western Australia 14.14 ( 98 ) Football Park 26,649 Main article : 1983 Australian Football Championships Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date South Australia 26.16 ( 172 ) Victoria 17.14 ( 116 ) Football Park 42,521 16 May 1983 Western Australia 16.22 ( 118 ) Victoria 16.19 ( 115 ) Subiaco Oval 44,213 12 July 1983 * Western Australia 24.14 ( 134 ) South Australia 16.14 ( 110 ) Subiaco Oval June 4 , 1983 1982 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date South Australia 18.19 ( 127 ) Victoria 21.13 ( 139 ) Football Park 40,399 17 May 1982 Western Australia 15.11 ( 101 ) Victoria 19.10 ( 124 ) Subiaco Oval 29,182 13 July 1982 South Australia 29.23 ( 197 ) Western Australia 12.9 ( 81 ) Football Park 27,283 Western Australia 21.18 ( 144 ) South Australia 8.5 ( 53 ) Subiaco Oval 1981 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Western Australia 16.23 ( 119 ) Victoria 13.12 ( 90 ) Subiaco Oval 26,000 27 May 1981 Tasmania 16.12 ( 108 ) Victoria 31.20 ( 206 ) North Hobart Oval 6,349 4 July 1981 Queensland 12.18 ( 90 ) Victoria 32.29 ( 221 ) Gabba 9,000 12 July 1981 1980 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Victoria 18.15 ( 123 ) Western Australia 15.12 ( 102 ) VFL Park 31,467 5 July 1980 Queensland 16.10 ( 106 ) Victoria 2nd XVIII 28.18 ( 186 ) Gabba 16,000 6 July 1980 ACT 13.17 ( 95 ) Victoria 3rd XVIII 11.16 ( 82 ) Manuka Oval 10,600 6 July 1980 Western Australia 21.30 ( 156 ) South Australia 10.9 ( 69 ) Subiaco Oval 1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival Main article : 1980 Adelaide State of Origin Carnival Round Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Semi Final 1 South Australia 22.18 ( 150 ) Tasmania 8.13 ( 61 ) Football Park 10,666 11 October 1980 Semi Final 2 Victoria 14.20 ( 104 ) Western Australia 9.15 ( 69 ) Football Park 10,666 ( double - header ) 11 October 1980 3rd Place Final Western Australia 17.23 ( 125 ) Tasmania 12.18 ( 90 ) Football Park 17,579 13 October 1980 Grand Final Victoria 15.12 ( 102 ) South Australia 12.13 ( 85 ) Football Park 17,579 ( double - header ) 13 October 1980 1979 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date South Australia 6.13 ( 49 ) Victoria 15.20 ( 110 ) Football Park 32,054 21 May 1979 Tasmania 8.14 ( 62 ) Victoria 26.21 ( 177 ) North Hobart Oval 12,197 18 June 1979 1979 Perth State of Origin Carnival Main article : 1979 Perth State of Origin Carnival Round Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Section 1 Qualification Play Off Tasmania 17.20 ( 122 ) Queensland 13.12 ( 90 ) Perth Oval -- 4 October 1979 Section 1 Semi Final 1 Western Australia 23.33 ( 171 ) Tasmania 9.10 ( 64 ) Subiaco Oval -- 6 October 1979 Section 1 Semi Final 2 Victoria 25.30 ( 180 ) South Australia 20.15 ( 135 ) Subiaco Oval 15,186 6 October 1979 Section 2 Final Queensland 23.13 ( 151 ) ACT 18.12 ( 120 ) Leederville Oval -- 7 October 1979 Section 1 3rd Place Playoff South Australia 22.20 ( 152 ) Tasmania 17.11 ( 113 ) Subiaco Oval -- 8 October 1979 Section 1 Final Western Australia 17.21 ( 123 ) Victoria 16.12 ( 108 ) Subiaco Oval 30,876 8 October 1979 1978 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Tasmania 18.6 ( 114 ) Victoria 2nd XVIII 25.11 ( 161 ) North Hobart Oval 16,776 10 June 1978 Victoria 25.13 ( 163 ) Western Australia 8.15 ( 63 ) VFL Park 45,192 10 June 1978 ACT 12.11 ( 83 ) Victoria 3rd XVIII 21.21 ( 147 ) Manuka Oval 10,300 11 June 1978 Western Australia 14.17 ( 101 ) Victoria 17.13 ( 115 ) Subiaco Oval 30,195 7 October 1978 1977 Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date * Western Australia 13.12 ( 90 ) Victoria 23.16 ( 154 ) Subiaco Oval 44,891 25 June 1977 Western Australia 23.13 ( 151 ) Victoria 8.9 ( 57 ) Subiaco Oval 25,467 8 October 1977 AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match , 2008 ( edit ) Main article : AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Ground Crowd Date Time Broadcast Network Victoria 21.11 ( 137 ) Dream Team 18.12 ( 120 ) MCG 69,294 2008 ; May 10 7 : 40 PM Ten Other interstate matches ( edit ) State League representative matches , 1990 to present ( edit ) With the advent of interstate teams into the expanding VFL and its eventual re-badging and change to a national league in 1990 , the state leagues would undertake steps to ensure that representative football would not be reserved solely for those players in the Australian Football League . State League Representative matches would allow those players participating in competitions that would be , in later years , categorised as second - tier leagues , to be selected for interstate duties . While State of Origin would continue for several more years with pre-dominantly AFL - listed players , this format would for many players , become the pinnacle of their football careers outside of playing in a premiership . For the most part during the ensuing years between the inception of State League and the end of Origin , it was the South Australian and Western Australian leagues championing the concept with the two leagues facing off many times . The other state leagues did take part in the concept , but on a far more limited basis . The Queensland , ACT and Tasmanian competitions featured on several occasions , the New South Wales league made scattered appearances while the Northern Territory was far less featured on the interstate stage mainly due to their domestic league being played in a different part of the year . Meetings between those competitions and the SANFL or WAFL were a rare occurrence . The Victorian Football Association eventually made some appearances of their own at state league level from 1994 , but also did not have games against South Australia or Western Australia for a few years . Eventually , after a restructure of that competition in 1996 which saw them adopt the name of the VFL , they faced the SANFL on the MCG in the curtain raiser to what would be the swansong of State of Origin football in 1999 . From this day onwards , interstate football would become the domain of the leagues that underpin the AFL . In the years following , the participation of the `` non-traditional '' football states was not as high as that of South Australia , Western Australia and Victoria . Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory continued to play a part , while Tasmania 's football system was split in half between north and south , as well as the state team being replaced by a club -- Tasmanian Devils -- which entered the VFL in 2001 . The `` Big 3 '' in the SANFL , WAFL and VFL entered into an agreement in 2003 to adopt a program where they would play each other in a rotational system over three years , which saw one state either sit out interstate football for one season or require that league to find alternative opposition . Towards the end of the 2000s , the AFL by this time had control of the football administrations across the eastern states and the Northern Territory . Tasmania withdrew from the VFL and relaunched the statewide Tasmanian State League competition in 2009 , then in 2011 the AFL created the North East Australian Football League out of established state league teams from New South Wales , the Australian Capital Territory , Queensland and the Northern Territory as well as reserves sides from the four AFL clubs in those regions . With this , the representative football calendar would virtually encompass all of Australia . At first the NEAFL 's conference system would allow two representative sides with Queensland and the Northern Territory making up the Northern conference team and the New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory combination forming the Eastern conference side . A couple of years later , the NEAFL would be represented by a single team . How this arrangement fits into the individual state league schedules is still being worked on , but it has largely not disrupted the existing arrangements undertaken by the traditional football states . In fact , what would normally have been a `` bye '' year for the SANFL , WAFL or VFL allows them to instead play the NEAFL or the TSL . Under this arrangement , the leagues of New South Wales ( AFL Sydney ) , the Australian Capitol Territory ( AFL Canberra ) and Queensland ( QAFL ) were practically relegated to third - tier status behind the NEAFL and , as a result , any representative matches involving opposition outside of these territories have involved amateur - level leagues . The state league representative matches , like State of Origin matches , also have individual best on ground medals : Queensland and Northern Territory ( NEAFL North ) : Zane Taylor Medal South Australia ( SANFL ) : Fos Williams Medal Victoria ( VFA / VFL ) : Frank Johnson Medal Western Australia ( WAFL ) : Simpson Medal Tasmania ( TSL ) : Lefroy Medal Results ( edit ) 1991 Football Season 11 June 1991 WA : WAFL 17.20. ( 122 ) def . SA : SANFL 11.12 ( 78 ) Subiaco Oval ( crowd : 20,011 ) Bye : VIC : VFA , NT : NTFL , QLD : QAFL , NSW : SAFL , TAS : TFL , ACT : AFLC . Bold text indicates the home team . Year Result Venue 1992 SANFL 9.18 ( 72 ) def . WAFL 9.12 ( 66 ) Football Park 1993 WAFL 15.20 ( 110 ) def . SANFL 13.8 ( 86 ) WACA Ground TFL 11.8 ( 74 ) def . QLD 9.10 ( 64 ) Bellerive Oval 1994 AFL - NT 15.13 ( 103 ) def . VFA 12.8 ( 80 ) Melbourne WAFL 10.14 ( 74 ) def . SANFL 7.18 ( 60 ) Football Park QLD 18.18 ( 126 ) def . TFL 10.10 ( 70 ) Brisbane 1995 AFL - NT 11.11 ( 77 ) def . ACT 9.16 ( 70 ) Canberra TFL 14.15 ( 99 ) def . SANFL 12.12 ( 84 ) North Hobart Oval WAFL 14.14 ( 98 ) def . QLD 8.17 ( 65 ) Brisbane VFA 16.15 ( 111 ) def . NSW 2.7 ( 19 ) Melbourne VFL 15.18 ( 108 ) def . TFL 13.8 ( 86 ) Melbourne SANFL 15.20 ( 110 ) def . WAFL 6.9 ( 45 ) Subiaco Oval 1997 SANFL 13.17 ( 95 ) def . ACT 8.5 ( 53 ) Canberra VFL 11.25 ( 91 ) def . ACT 10.6 ( 66 ) Canberra TFL 19.6 ( 120 ) def . WAFL 10.13 ( 73 ) North Hobart Oval 1998 SANFL 17.13 ( 115 ) def . WAFL 10.10 ( 70 ) Football Park TFL 13.10 ( 88 ) def . VFL 6.17 ( 53 ) North Hobart Oval 1999 SANFL 12.11 ( 83 ) def . VFL 8.11 ( 59 ) MCG ACT 9.11 ( 65 ) def . NSW 9.6 ( 60 ) Sydney WAFL 20.12 ( 132 ) def . TSFL 10.14 ( 74 ) Kalgoorlie 2000 SANFL 15.17 ( 107 ) def . WAFL 8.17 ( 65 ) Adelaide Oval SANFL 20.14 ( 134 ) def . VFL 14.12 ( 96 ) Adelaide Oval 2002 VFL 18.17 ( 125 ) def . SANFL 10.9 ( 69 ) Adelaide Oval WAFL 24.15 ( 159 ) def . QLD 6.12 ( 48 ) Fremantle Oval 2003 SANFL 17.16 ( 118 ) def . WAFL 8.10 ( 58 ) Fremantle Oval QLD 10.9 ( 69 ) def . ACT 5.13 ( 43 ) The Gabba VFL 10.9 ( 69 ) def . WAFL 8.10 ( 58 ) Leederville Oval QLD 10.11 ( 71 ) def . ACT 8.9 ( 57 ) Manuka Oval 2005 SANFL 20.8 ( 128 ) def . VFL 18.16 ( 124 ) TEAC Oval WAFL 18.21 ( 129 ) def . QLD 11.5 ( 71 ) Carrara Oval QLD 18.14 ( 122 ) def . ACT 12.12 ( 84 ) Manuka Oval 2006 SANFL 14.14 ( 98 ) def . WAFL 12.9 ( 81 ) Adelaide Oval 2007 VFL 25.11 ( 161 ) def . WAFL 5.12 ( 42 ) TEAC Oval ACT 16.11 ( 107 ) def . NSW 14.9 ( 93 ) Manuka Oval QLD 13.7 ( 85 ) def . TAS 10.14 ( 74 ) York Park 2008 SANFL 25.11 ( 161 ) def . VFL 14.12 ( 96 ) Adelaide Oval WAFL 24.20 ( 164 ) def . QLD 14.7 ( 97 ) Tony Ireland Stadium 2009 WAFL 12.10 ( 82 ) def . SANFL 12.9 ( 81 ) Leederville Oval TSL 20.9 ( 129 ) def . QLD 11.14 ( 80 ) Bellerive Oval VFL 20.11 ( 131 ) def . WAFL 11.11 ( 77 ) Leederville Oval QLD 23.26 ( 164 ) def . TSL 13.7 ( 85 ) Fankhauser Reserve 2011 WAFL 16.17 ( 113 ) def . QLD / NT ( NEAFL North ) 16.11 ( 107 ) Rushton Park 2012 SANFL 15.11 ( 101 ) def . WAFL 13.9 ( 87 ) Glenelg Oval VFL 20.17 ( 137 ) def . TSL 3.11 ( 29 ) Bellerive Oval QLD / NT ( NEAFL North ) 31.15 ( 201 ) def . NSW / ACT ( NEAFL East ) 8.8 ( 56 ) Fankhauser Reserve 2013 SANFL 21.14 ( 140 ) def . QLD / NT ( NEAFL North ) 9.4 ( 58 ) Richmond Oval WAFL 17.16 ( 118 ) def . VFL 15.11 ( 101 ) Jubilee Oval TSL 15.11 ( 101 ) def . NSW / ACT ( NEAFL East ) 8.13 ( 61 ) Skoda Stadium 2014 WAFL 19.18 ( 132 ) def . NEAFL 6.11 ( 47 ) Blacktown ISP Oval SANFL 18.10 ( 118 ) def . VFL 14.12 ( 96 ) North Port Oval TSL 18.12 ( 120 ) def . NEAFL 11.13 ( 79 ) Bellerive Oval 2015 WAFL 18.13 ( 121 ) def . SANFL 11.10 ( 76 ) Lathlain Park NEAFL 11.11 ( 77 ) def . TSL 8.9 ( 57 ) Moreton Bay Sports Complex 2016 SANFL 16.10 ( 106 ) def . VFL 13.9 ( 87 ) Adelaide Oval WAFL 25.14 ( 164 ) def . TSL 4.6 ( 30 ) Bassendean Oval 2017 WAFL 20.14 ( 134 ) def . VFL 10.11 ( 71 ) North Port Oval NEAFL 8.7 ( 55 ) def . TSL 5.8 ( 38 ) Blundstone Arena E.J. Whitten Legends game , 1996 to present ( edit ) Main article : E.J. Whitten Legends Game Following the death of Ted Whitten -- who is regarded as one of the finest ever players of Australian rules -- from prostate cancer in 1995 , his son Ted Whitten Jr organised an interstate charity match between teams of retired players , to raise money for research into the disease . The only two teams which have taken part in these games are Victoria and the All Stars ( similar to the AFL 's `` Allies '' ) , who represent the rest of Australia . The first E.J. Whitten Legends Game was played at Whitten Oval in 1996 , and it has become an annual event . The games have often attracted crowds of over 10,000 , and this has resulted in it being moved from the Whitten Oval to Optus Oval , to Adelaide Oval ( South Australia ) and finally to Etihad Stadium . Women 's state of Origin , 2017 ( edit ) After the success of the Inaugural AFL Women 's season the AFL announced in mid-July that a State of Origin representative match would be held for AFL Women 's players during the AFL season pre-finals bye . A team of players born in Victoria would play a single exhibition match against the Allies ( a team of players from the rest of Australia ) at Etihad Stadium on the evening of Saturday 2 September . Results ( edit ) State of Origin Saturday , 2 September ( 7 : 40pm AEST ) Victoria vs . Allies Etihad Stadium References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interstate Football '' . AustralianFootball.com . Jump up ^ `` Carnival champions -- presentation of the Ashes '' . Daily Herald . Adelaide , SA . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria 's football ashes '' . Barrier Daily Truth . Broken Hill , NSW. 11 August 1947 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Adelaide Football Club ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) , Graham Cornes on Open Mike - 19 August 2013 , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ Adelaide Football Club ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) , Graham Cornes on Open Mike - 19 August 2013 , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ Adelaide Football Club ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) , Graham Cornes on Open Mike - 19 August 2013 , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ Adelaide Football Club ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) , Graham Cornes on Open Mike - 19 August 2013 , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ Adelaide Football Club ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) , Graham Cornes on Open Mike - 19 August 2013 , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ aflonthetubes ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) , Open Mike ( 2014 ) - Neil Kerley , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ aflonthetubes ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) , Open Mike ( 2014 ) - Neil Kerley , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ aflonthetubes ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) , Open Mike ( 2014 ) - Neil Kerley , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ `` Australian Football - 1963 interstate match : VFL v South Australia - The day South Australian football came of age '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Football - 1963 interstate match : VFL v South Australia - The day South Australian football came of age '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Football - 1963 interstate match : VFL v South Australia - The day South Australian football came of age '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ SAfootballarchive ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) , Top 20 SA Sporting Moments , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 Jump up ^ Devaney , John . `` WestCoast -- Part One : 1881 to 1985 '' . Jump up ^ Carter , Ron ( 17 May 1982 ) . `` Flower in Doubt '' . The Age . p. 26 . In addition to Fitzpatrick , the other Western Australians named to play for Victoria were Ross Glendinning , Ken Hunter , Robert Wiley and Tony Buhagiar . Jump up ^ Dunn , Jack ( 11 May 1982 ) . `` Eight new boys get the Big V '' . The Sun News - Pictorial ( Final ed . ) . Melbourne , VIC . p. 74 . Jump up ^ Devaney , John . `` Pride restored - Tasmania v Victoria , 1990 '' . Jump up ^ Poat , Peter ( 1981 ) . Football Register ( 19th ed . ) . Morley , Western Australia : Westralian Publishers and Associates . pp. 212 -- 213 . Jump up ^ `` Football carnival '' . The West Australian . Perth , WA. 16 August 1937 . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Large Hobart crowd '' . The West Australian . Perth , WA. 1 October 1946 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria wins carnival premiership '' . The Mercury . Hobart , TAS. 11 August 1947 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Kevin Hogan ( 13 June 1966 ) . `` Battle for VFA '' . The Sun News - Pictorial . Melbourne , VIC . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Baum ( 3 July 1989 ) . `` Fans united on Big V day '' . The Sun News - Pictorial . Melbourne , VIC . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Tony de Bolfo ; Justin Brasier ( 1 July 1989 ) . `` Blockbuster '' . The Sun News = Pictorial . Melbourne , VIC . p. 84 . Jump up ^ J.M. Rohan ( 7 August 1935 ) . `` A big football problem '' . The Sporting Globe . Melbourne , VIC . pp. 1 , 8 . Jump up ^ Kevin Hogan ( 7 July 1958 ) . `` Good meat -- but no salt '' . The Sun News - Pictorial . Melbourne , VIC . p. 44 . Jump up ^ P.J. Millard ( 22 April 1936 ) . `` Thankful for no Interstate Match '' . The Sporting Globe . Melbourne , VIC . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Is break in League programme justified ? '' . The Sporting Globe . Melbourne , VIC. 22 August 1934 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Digitised Resource Viewer '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Digitised Resource Viewer '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Attention ! '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Adelaide Football Club ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) , Graham Cornes on Open Mike - 19 August 2013 , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 Jump up ^ SAfootballarchive ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) , 1995 State of Origin Victoria 18.12. 120 d South Australia 8.9. 57 ( Ted Whitten Farewell game ) , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 Jump up ^ aflonthetubes ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) , Open Mike ( 2014 ) - Neil Kerley , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 Jump up ^ `` Digitised Resource Viewer '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digitised Resource Viewer '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ AllStarAFL ( 2015 - 08 - 31 ) , The Cornes Family on Open Mike ( 31 Aug 2015 ) , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 Jump up ^ aflonthetubes ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) , Open Mike ( 2014 ) - Neil Kerley , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 Jump up ^ Lyon , Garry ( 2011 - 06 - 18 ) . `` No stopping the pick of the Vics '' . The Age . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Digitised Resource Viewer '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Cornes leads SANFL with pride in jumper at forefront '' . WA Football . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Football - West Coast Football Club - Stats '' . australianfootball.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The greatest State of Origin game ever , WA v Victoria ' 86 '' . The Roar . 2008 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Digitised Resource Viewer '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Digitised Resource Viewer '' . cedric.slv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SA loses thrilling match - The Canberra Times ( ACT : 1926 - 1995 ) - 10 Jun 1984 '' . Trove . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Victory highlights superiority of SA '' . The Canberra Times . 26 May 1988 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whitten fires warning shot at SA after WA win '' . The Canberra Times . 6 July 1988 . p. 48 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` League sacks Victoria '' . The Canberra Times . Canberra , ACT. 17 June 1985 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tasmania loses by 47 points '' . The Canberra Times . 11 June 1978 . p. 41 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria humiliates WA by 100 points '' . The Canberra Times . 11 June 1978 . p. 41 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retzlaff dazzles to be medal man '' . Westside Football : 13 . 13 June 1991 . Jump up ^ Partland , Warren ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Painful lessons from WA loss fuelled SA triumph over Vics , says coach Graham Cornes '' . News Limited . The Advertiser . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas - Wilson , Simeon . `` WAFL hands Tasmania a hiding in Perth '' . Sunday Tasmanian . Jump up ^ Laughton , Max ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` State of Origin to return to footy with stand - alone women 's match pitting Victoria against rest of Australia '' . Fox Sports . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big names locked in for AFLW state of origin '' . AFL Media . Telstra Media . 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . External links ( edit ) AustralianFootball.com , `` Interstate Football '' Convict Creations State of Origin AFL Statistics Australian rules football Leagues and competitions National Australian Football League AFL Women 's Second - tier Victorian Football League South Australian National Football League West Australian Football League North East Australian Football League Junior TAC Cup AFL Under 18 Championships Other Northern Territory Football League Queensland Australian Football League Sydney AFL Tasmanian Football League History History of the VFL / AFL Origins Marn Grook AFL finals series Australian rules football during the World Wars Interstate football Variations Relationship between Gaelic football and Australian rules football Auskick Rec Footy International rules football Lightning football Metro Footy Superules VFA rules ( 1938 -- 1949 ) Women 's Footy International Countries playing Australian rules football Australian Football International Cup Tournaments Awards Brownlow Medal ( Winners ) Coleman Medal All - Australian team Norm Smith Medal Australian Football Hall of Fame AFL Rising Star AFL Players Association awards -- Leigh Matthews Trophy Best and fairest Goal of the Year Mark of the Year Michael Tuck Medal Sandover Medal Magarey Medal AFL Coaches Association awards Major recurring events AFL Grand Final International Rules Series Anzac Day clash Anzac Day Eve clash Dreamtime at the ' G Good Friday Kick For The Kids Easter Monday clash Opening Game QClash Queen 's Birthday clash Showdown Sydney Derby The Len Hall Tribute game Western Derby Culture Australian popular culture Terms and jargon Footy tipping Trading cards Australian rules football families Banner AFL Record Video games Mascot Manor Television shows Related articles AFL Players Association VFL / AFL premiers VFL / AFL coaches VFL / AFL records After the siren kicks First kick / first goal 300 game players 500 goal players Interstate matches in Australian rules football Events 1908 Melbourne Carnival 1911 Adelaide Carnival 1914 Sydney Carnival 1921 Perth Carnival 1924 Hobart Carnival 1927 Melbourne Carnival 1930 Adelaide Carnival 1933 Sydney Carnival 1937 Perth Carnival 1947 Hobart Carnival 1950 Brisbane Carnival 1953 Adelaide Carnival 1956 Perth Carnival 1958 Melbourne Carnival 1960 Sydney Minor States Carnival 1961 Brisbane Carnival 1966 Hobart Carnival 1968 Canberra Minor States Carnival 1969 Adelaide Carnival 1972 Perth Carnival 1974 Sydney Minor States Carnival 1975 Knockout Carnival 1979 Perth Carnival 1980 Adelaide Carnival 1983 Championships 1984 Championships 1985 Championships 1986 Championships 1987 Championships 1988 Adelaide Carnival 1993 Championships Other State of Origin matches 2008 AFL Hall of Fame Tribute Match Awards National : Tassie Medal Allies : Alex Jesaulenko Medal Queensland : Zane Taylor Medal South Australia : Fos Williams Medal Tasmania : Lefroy Medal Victoria : E.J. Whitten Medal Frank Johnson Medal Allen Aylett Medal Western Australia : Simpson Medal Graham Moss Medal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_matches_in_Australian_rules_football&oldid=800259397 '' Categories : Australian rules football records and statistics Australian rules interstate football History of Australian rules football Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2011 Use Australian English from July 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 11 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the 3rd state of origin played 2017	[]	[]
481047932760632665	Madison (name)	Madison ( name ) - wikipedia Madison ( name ) Jump to : navigation , search ( ( ( name ) ) ) Pronunciation mad - ih - sun Origin Region of origin England Meaning `` Son of Matthew '' Alternately = `` Son of Maude '' Other names Variant ( s ) Maddison , Matheson , Mathieson , Mathison , Matthew Madison is a surname of English origin , which has become a popular given name in the United States . Madison , commonly spelled Maddison in Northeastern England , is a variant of Mathieson , meaning son of Matthew , although possibly occasionally standing for son of Maddy , where Maddy is a pet form of Maud . Madison is also used as a given name . As a name , it has become popular for girls in recent decades . Its rise is generally attributed to the 1984 release of the film Splash . From a practically non-existent given name before 1985 , Madison rose to being the second-most - popular name given to baby girls in 2001 . It has since declined in popularity as a name for girls , however , slipping to seventh place by 2009 . As a masculine given name , Madison can be found within the top 1,000 names for boys in the United States up until about 1952 . Madison returned to the top 1,000 ranked names for boys in 1987 , remaining there through 1999 , and it also was the 858th-most - common name for boys in 2004 , but it remains uncommon as a masculine given name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Surname 2 Given name 2.1 Male 2.1. 1 Fictional 2.2 Female 2.2. 1 Fictional characters 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Surname ( edit ) James Madison ( 1751 -- 1836 ) , fourth President of the United States Dolley Madison ( 1768 -- 1849 ) , wife of James Madison George Madison ( 1763 -- 1816 ) , Governor of Kentucky Guy Madison ( 1922 -- 1996 ) , American actor Helene Madison ( 1913 -- 1970 ) , American competition swimmer Holly Madison ( born 1979 ) , American model James Madison ( bishop ) ( 1749 -- 1812 ) , first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia , cousin of James Madison James G. Madison , known as the Mad Hatter ( bank robber ) ( born 1956 / 57 ) , convicted bank robber in New Jersey James Jonas Madison ( 1884 -- 1922 ) , U.S. Navy commander James Madison Sr. ( 1723 -- 1801 ) , father of James Madison Joe Madison ( born 1949 ) , a political activist Keith Madison , American college baseball coach Kelly Madison ( born 1967 ) , American porn actress Lucy Foster Madison ( 1865 -- 1932 ) , American novelist Martha Madison ( born 1977 ) , American actress Sam Madison ( born 1974 ) , American football player Talia Madison , an alternate ring name of American professional wrestler Jamie Szantyr ( born 1981 ) , best known as Velvet Sky Tianna Madison ( born 1985 ) , American athlete Given name ( edit ) Male ( edit ) George Madison Adams ( 1837 -- 1920 ) , U.S. representative from Kentucky Frederick Madison Allen ( 1879 -- 1964 ) , doctor Madison Smartt Bell ( born 1957 ) , novelist Madison Bumgarner ( born 1989 ) , Major League Baseball pitcher James Madison Carpenter ( 1888 -- 1983 ) , Methodist minister , scholar Madison Cooper ( 1894 -- 1956 ) , American businessman Clarence Madison Dally ( 1865 -- 1904 ) , American glassblower James Madison DeWolf ( 1843 -- 1876 ) , surgeon Madison Grant ( 1865 -- 1937 ) , lawyer , eugenicist , and conservationist Madison Hedgecock ( born 1981 ) , American football player Madison Hemings ( 1805 -- 1877 ) , son of Thomas Jefferson 's slave / mistress Sally Hemings James Madison Hughes ( 1809 -- 1861 ) , U.S. representative from Missouri Madison Hughes ( born 1992 ) , American rugby player Madison Jones ( 1925 -- 2012 ) , author Omer Madison Kem ( 1855 -- 1942 ) , Nebraska Populist politician James Madison Leach ( 1815 -- 1891 ) , U.S. representative from North Carolina Madison Marye ( 1925 -- 2016 ) , American politician James Madison Morton , Jr. ( 1869 -- 1940 ) , American federal judge James Madison Pendleton ( 1811 -- 1891 ) , Baptist preacher , educator , and theologian Madison S. Perry ( 1814 -- 1865 ) , fourth governor of Florida James Madison Porter ( 1793 -- 1862 ) , United States Secretary of War Frederick Madison Roberts ( 1879 -- 1952 ) , mortician James Madison Robertson ( died 1891 ) , artillery officer in the United States Army Frederick Madison Smith ( 1874 -- 1946 ) , American religious leader and author Madison Washington ( circa 19th century ) , instigator of slave revolt James Madison Wells ( 1808 -- 1899 ) , governor of Louisiana William Madison Whittington ( 1878 -- 1962 ) , Democratic politician from Mississippi William Madison Wood ( 1858 -- 1926 ) , mill owner Fictional ( edit ) Madison Jeffries , comic book character in Alpha Flight Madison `` Mad '' Twatter , minor character , played by Stephen Walters in British drama television series Skins Female ( edit ) Madison Madison ( wrestler ) , stage name , debuted in 2001 Madison Beer ( born 1999 ) , American singer Madison Brengle ( born 1990 ) , American tennis player Madison Browne ( born 1988 ) , Australian international netball player Madison Cross ( born 1992 ) , daughter of Christopher Cross Madison Davenport ( born 1996 ) , American actress and singer Madison De La Garza ( born 2001 ) , American actress and younger sister of Demi Lovato Madison Hubbell ( born 1991 ) , American ice dancer Madison Keys ( born 1995 ) , American tennis player Madison McReynolds ( born 1993 ) , American actress J. Madison Wright Morris ( 1984 -- 2006 ) , American actress Madison Nguyen ( born 1975 ) , American politician Madison Pettis ( born 1998 ) , American actress Madison Rayne ( born 1986 ) , American professional wrestler Madison Stone ( born 1965 ) , adult film actress , stage name from the late 1980s ( often credited simply as `` Madison '' ) Madison Young , American porn star Madison Ziegler ( born 2002 ) , dancer from reality show Dance Moms Madisyn Madisyn Shipman ( born 2002 ) , American actress Fictional characters ( edit ) Madison , the mermaid in the film Splash and its sequel Splash , Too Madison Duarte , in the television series South of Nowhere ( 2005 -- present ) Madison Sinclair , in the television series Veronica Mars ( 2004 -- present ) Madison Rocca , the Blue Ranger in the television series Power Rangers Mystic Force Madison Paige , a fictional character in Heavy Rain . Madison McCarthy , cheerleader on Glee Madison Montgomery , character played by Emma Roberts in the television series American Horror Story : Coven Madison Clark , character played by Kim Dickens in the television series Fear The Walking Dead Madison Taylor , the Sakura 's best friend and costume designer in the Cardcaptors English dub See also ( edit ) Maddison , a surname and given name References ( edit ) Jump up ^ P.H. Reaney ; R.M. Wilson ( 1991 ) . A dictionary of English surnames ( 3rd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 293 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05737 - X . Jump up ^ `` How a ' Splash ' Joke Lead to the ' Madison ' Baby Name Boom '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular Baby Names '' . Social Security Administration . External links ( edit ) A November 2002 essay on the sudden popularity of the name Madison . This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madison_(name)&oldid=815054697 '' Categories : Given names Surnames English - language unisex given names English unisex given names Feminine given names Masculine given names Given names originating from a surname Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Brezhoneg Español Norsk nynorsk Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 13 : 56 . About Wikipedia	what does the name madison mean in german	[]	[]
7400980323235697977	The Humane Society of the United States	The Humane Society of the United States - wikipedia The Humane Society of the United States Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Founded November 22 , 1954 ; 63 years ago ( 1954 - 11 - 22 ) ( as National Humane Society ) Founders Fred Myers Helen Jones Larry Andrews Marcia Glaser Tax ID no . 53 - 0225390 Legal status 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization Focus Animal protection , Animal rights , Cruelty to Animals , Humane education , Animal Ethics , Animal law , wildlife conservation Location 1255 23rd Street , NW , Suite 450 Washington , D.C. , U.S. 38 ° 54 ′ 22 '' N 77 ° 03 ′ 04 '' W / 38.906 ° N 77.051 ° W / 38.906 ; - 77.051 Method public education , science - based analysis , training and education , grant - making , litigation , legislation , public policy Acting President and Chief Executive Officer Kitty Block Board Chairman Eric L. Bernthal Revenue ( 2014 ) $135,499,050 Expenses ( 2014 ) $128,921,223 Endowment $28,155,902 Employees ( 2014 ) 528 Volunteers ( 2014 ) 1,520 Website humanesociety.org The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) , based in Washington , D.C. , is an American nonprofit organization founded by journalist Fred Myers and Helen Jones , Larry Andrews , and Marcia Glaser in 1954 , to address what they saw as animal - related cruelties of national scope , and to resolve animal welfare problems by applying strategies beyond the resources or abilities of local organizations . In 2013 , the Chronicle of Philanthropy identified HSUS as the 136th largest charity in the United States in its Philanthropy 400 listing . As of 2001 , the group 's major campaigns targeted five issues : factory farming , animal fighting , the fur trade , puppy mills , and wildlife abuse . The organization works on a full range of animal issues , including companion animals , wildlife , farm animals , horses and other equines , and animals used in research , testing and education . HSUS reported its revenue as US $129 million and net assets of US $215 million as of December 31 , 2014 . HSUS pursues its global work through an affiliate , Humane Society International , which listed staff members in 17 nations for 2013 . Other affiliated entities include the Doris Day Animal League , founded by the actress Doris Day , and the Fund for Animals , founded by the television and social critic Cleveland Amory . Together with its affiliate , the Fund for Animals , HSUS operates animal sanctuaries in five states . HSUS does not run local shelters or oversee local animal care and control agencies ; it promotes best practices and supports such entities throughout the country with a range of services . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Rationale 3 History 3.1 Humane slaughter legislation 3.2 Regulation of experimentation upon animals 3.3 Companion animals and shelters 3.4 Exposure of cruelty in the dog trade 3.5 Goals and expansion 3.6 Relationship to animal rights 3.7 Position against the use of violence 4 Recent history 4.1 Animal protection litigation section 4.2 Canadian seal cull campaign 4.3 Corporate expansion 4.4 Corporate social responsibility outreach 4.5 Faith outreach 4.6 Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy 4.7 Hurricane Katrina animal rescue 4.8 Investigation into `` faux '' fur 4.9 Investigation of Westland Meat Packing Company 4.10 Petland puppy mills campaign 4.11 Political and legislative initiatives against animal abuse and cruelty 4.12 United Egg Producers 5 Positions and program work 5.1 Animal fighting 5.2 Animals in research , testing , and education 5.3 Animals used for food 5.3. 1 Basic policy 5.3. 2 Support for humane farmers and farms 5.4 Companion animals 5.5 Puppy mills 5.6 Wildlife 5.7 Zoos 5.8 Other issues 6 Governance and expenses 7 Grantmaking 8 Affiliated and related entities 8.1 Humane Society International 8.2 Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association 8.3 Humane Society Wildlife Land Trust 8.4 Doris Day Animal League 8.5 The Fund for Animals 8.6 The South Florida Wildlife Center 8.7 Humane Society Legislative Fund 9 Headquarters and regional offices 10 Critics 10.1 Center for Consumer Freedom 10.2 Humane Watch 10.3 Nathan Winograd 10.4 Protect the Harvest 10.5 The United States Association of Reptile Keepers 11 Specific criticism 11.1 Allegations of misappropriation of donations for Hurricane Katrina rescues 11.2 Allegations of misleading fundraising materials 11.3 Allegations of financial malfeasance 11.4 Animal rights agenda 11.5 Charity Navigator 11.6 Charity Watch 11.7 Feld Entertainment litigation 11.8 IRS complaint 11.9 Meat packing investigation 11.10 Michael Vick controversy 11.11 Misrepresentations of Canadian seafood boycott participation 11.12 Oklahoma Attorney General Issues Alert 11.13 Position on horse slaughter 11.14 Other criticisms 12 Animal Charity Evaluators review 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links Overview ( edit ) HSUS formed after a schism surfaced in the American Humane Association over pound seizure , rodeo , and other issue of policy . The incorporators of HSUS included four people -- Larry Andrews , Marcia Glaser , Helen Jones , and Fred Myers -- all of whom were active in the leadership of existing local and national groups , who would become its first four employees . They believed that a new kind of organization would strengthen the American humane movement , and they set up HSUS as the `` National Humane Society , '' in Washington , DC to ensure that it could play a strong role in national policy development concerning animal welfare . HSUS 's guiding principle was ratified by its national membership in 1956 : `` The Humane Society of the United States opposes and seeks to prevent all use or exploitation of animals that causes pain , suffering , or fear . '' Rationale ( edit ) The values that shaped HSUS 's formation in 1954 , came in some degree from the humane movement that originated in the 1860s in the United States . The idea of kindness to animals made significant inroads in American culture in the years following the Civil War . The development of sympathy for creatures in pain , the satisfaction of keeping them as pets , and the heightening awareness about the relationship between cruelty to animals and interpersonal violence strengthened the movement 's popular appeal . Albert Schweitzer The most immediate philosophical influence on 1950s - era advocates , including those associated with HSUS , was the reverence - for - life concept advanced by Albert Schweitzer . Schweitzer included a deep regard for nonhuman animals in his canon of beliefs , and animal advocates laboring to give their concerns a higher profile were buoyed by Schweitzer 's 1952 Nobel Peace Prize speech , in which he noted that `` compassion , in which ethics takes root , does not assume its true proportions until it embraces not only man but every living being . '' Myers and his colleagues found another exemplar of their values in Joseph Wood Krutch ( 1893 -- 1970 ) , whose writings reflected a deep level of appreciation for wilderness and for nonhuman life . With The Great Chain of Life ( 1957 ) , Krutch established himself as a philosopher of humaneness , and in 1970 , HSUS ' highest award was renamed in his honor . The growing environmental movement of the early 1970s also influenced the ethical and practical evolution of HSUS . The burgeoning crisis of pollution and wildlife - habitat loss made the public increasingly aware that humans needed to change their behavior toward other living things . By that time , too , the treatment of animals had become a topic of serious discussion within moral philosophy . The debate spilled over into public consciousness with the publication of Peter Singer 's Animal Liberation ( 1975 ) . Singer 's book sought to recast concern for animals as a justice - based cause like the movements for civil rights and women 's rights . Most of what Singer wrote concerning the prevention or reduction of animals ' suffering was in harmony with HSUS 's objectives . Singer 's philosophy did not rest upon the rights of animals , and he specifically rejected the framework of rights in favor of a utilitarian assessment that focused on animal sentience . His principal concern , like that of HSUS , was the mitigation and elimination of suffering , and he endorsed the view that ethical treatment sometimes permitted or even required killing animals to end their misery . The 1980s witnessed a flourishing of concern about animals and a proliferation of new organizations , many influenced by the emergence of a philosophy holding that animals had inherent rights . Those committed to the purest form of animal rights rejected any human use of animals . In this changing context , HSUS faced new challenges . As newer animal organizations adopted more radical approaches to achieve their goals , the organization born in anti-establishment politics now found itself identified -- and sometimes criticized -- as the `` establishment '' group of record . History ( edit ) In 1954 , HSUS 's founders decided to create a new kind of animal organization , based in the nation 's capital , to confront national cruelties beyond the reach of local societies and state federations . Humane slaughter became an immediate priority and commanded a substantial portion of the organization 's resources . Myers and his colleagues also viewed this first campaign as a vehicle for promoting movement cohesion . Humane slaughter legislation ( edit ) In 1958 , the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act passed , which required the proper use of humane slaughter methods at slaughterhouses subject to federal inspection . Only four years after HSUS 's formation , Myers pointed out that the movement had united , for the first time in eighty - five years , to achieve enactment of federal legislation that would affect the lives of tens of millions of animals . He was encouraged that `` hundreds of local societies could lift their eyes from local problems to a great national cruelty . '' Regulation of experimentation upon animals ( edit ) HSUS also made the use of animals in research , testing , and education an early focus . In the post -- World War II era , an increasingly assertive biomedical research community sought to obtain animals from pounds and shelters handling municipal animal control contracts . Local humane societies across the nation resisted . HSUS sought to bolster the movement 's strong opposition to pound seizure , believing that no public pound or privately operated humane society should be compelled by law to provide animals for experimental use . HSUS took the position that animal experimentation should be regulated , and in the 1950s it placed investigators in laboratories to gather evidence of substandard conditions and animal suffering and neglect . The HSUS was not an anti-vivisection society , Myers explained in 1958 . Rather , it stood for the principle that `` every humane society ... should be actively concerned about the treatment accorded to such a vast number of animals . '' Beginning in the 1990s , HSUS board member David O. Wiebers , a medical doctor associated with the Mayo Clinic , undertook efforts to lessen tensions between animal protection organizations and the scientific community , and to seek to identify areas of common agreement . Companion animals and shelters ( edit ) Service to local animal shelters , with a special focus on solving problems and challenges of importance to every one of the nation 's humane societies , was an early priority for HSUS . Its first brochure , `` They Preach Cruelty , '' focused on the tragedy of animal overpopulation . HSUS and its state branches operated animal shelters in Waterford , Virginia , Salt Lake City Utah , and Boulder , Colorado , and elsewhere , during the 1960s , and part of the 1970s . From the early 1960s onward , HSUS worked to promote the most humane methods possible for euthanasia of animals in shelters , using its Waterford , Virginia animal shelter as a model for best practices in this area . HSUS does not currently operate any Animal Shelters . Under Phyllis Wright , HSUS was a driving force behind the shift to use of sodium pentobarbital for animal euthanasia , in opposition to the use of gas chambers and decompression , the standard shelter killing methods until the early 1980s . In 1984 , a General Accounting Office report confirmed HSUS allegations of major problems with puppy mills in the United States , setting the stage for proposed legislation to regulate mills in the 1990s . Exposure of cruelty in the dog trade ( edit ) In 1961 , HSUS investigator Frank McMahon launched a probe of dog dealers around the country to generate support for a federal law to prevent cruelty to animals destined for use in laboratories . The five - year investigation into the multilayered trade in dogs paid off in February 1966 when Life published a photo - essay of a raid conducted on a Maryland dog dealer 's premises by McMahon and the state police . The Life spread sparked outrage , and tens of thousands of Americans wrote to their congressional representatives , demanding action to protect animals and prevent pet theft . That summer the U.S. Congress approved the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act ( later renamed the `` Animal Welfare Act of 1966 '' ) , only the second major federal humane law passed since World War II . Goals and expansion ( edit ) Other broad goals during this time included a reduction in the U.S. 's homeless dog and cat population , the reform of inhumane euthanasia practices , and to regulate pet shops and to end the commercial pet breeding trade . HSUS and its state branches operated animal shelters in Waterford , Virginia , Salt Lake City Utah , and Boulder , Colorado , and elsewhere , during the 1960s , and part of the 1970s . Today , HSUS operates five animal sanctuaries in the states of California , Florida Massachusetts , Oregon , and Texas . HSUS also worked , from the 1960s , to promote humane education of children in the schools . Much of this work was carried out under the auspices of an affiliate , the National Association for the Advancement of Humane Education . In the 1980s , HSUS sponsored several validation studies designed to demonstrate the value of humane education . Relationship to animal rights ( edit ) While HSUS welcomed and benefited from growing social interest in animals , it did not originally embrace the language and philosophy of animal rights . Rather , HSUS representatives expressed their beliefs that animals were `` entitled to humane treatment and to equal and fair consideration . '' Like many of the organizations and individuals associated with humane work , HSUS did try to come to terms with the shift toward rights - based language and arguments . In 1978 , attorneys Robert Welborn and Murdaugh Stuart Madden conducted a workshop at the HSUS annual conference , `` Can Animal Rights Be Legally Defined ? '' , and assembled constituents passed a resolution to the effect that `` animals have the right to live and grow under conditions that are comfortable and reasonably natural ... animals that are used by man in any way have the right to be free from abuse , pain , and torment caused or permitted by man ... animals that are domesticated or whose natural environment is altered by man have the right to receive from man adequate food , shelter , and care . '' In 1980 the notion of rights surfaced in an HSUS convention resolution which , noting that `` such rights naturally evolve from long accepted doctrines of justice or fairness or some other dimension of morality , '' called for `` pursuit on all fronts ... the clear articulation and establishment of the rights of animals '' In 1986 , HSUS employee John McArdle declared that `` HSUS is definitely shifting in the direction of animal rights faster than anyone would realize from our literature '' . The HSUS fired McArdle shortly thereafter , he alleged , for being an `` animal rights activist . '' . At about the same time , former HSUS president John Hoyt stated that `` this new ( animal rights ) philosophy has served as a catalyst in the shaping of our own philosophies , policies , and goals . '' Position against the use of violence ( edit ) Since 1990 at least , HSUS has expressed a clear opposition to `` the use of threats and acts of violence against people and willful destruction and theft of property . '' In 2008 , HSUS offered a reward for information leading to the identification and arrest of parties involved with the firebombing of two University of California animal researchers . Recent History ( edit ) In the spring of 2004 , the HSUS board appointed Wayne Pacelle as CEO and president . A former executive director of The Fund for Animals and named in 1997 as `` one of America 's most important animal rights activists , '' the Yale graduate spent a decade as HSUS 's chief lobbyist and spokesperson , and expressed a strong commitment to expand the organization 's base of support as well as its influence on public policies that affect animals . Under Pacelle 's leadership , HSUS has undertaken several dozen ballot initiative and referendum campaigns in a number of states , concerning issues like unsportsmanlike hunting practices , cruelty in industrial agriculture , greyhound racing , puppy mill cruelty and animal trapping . In August 2014 , Pacelle was again named to the NonProfit Times ' `` Power and Influence Top 50 '' for his achievements in leading HSUS , the fourth time he has been so recognized . Since Pacelle 's appointment , HSUS has claimed successes such as the adoption of `` cage - free '' egg - purchasing policies by hundreds of universities and dozens of corporations ; the exposure of an international trophy hunting scam subsequently ended through legislative reform ; a number of successful congressional votes to outlaw horse slaughter ; progress in securing legislation at the state and federal level to outlaw animal fighting and the interstate transport of fighting implements ; the enactment of internet hunting bans in nearly all of the states ; announcements by Wolfgang Puck and Burger King that they would increase their use of animal products derived under less abusive standards ; and an agreement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to begin enforcement of federal laws concerning the transportation of farm animals . In 2018 , The Washington Post reported on an investigation by the Humane Society board into allegations of sexual harassment involving Wayne Pacelle . The investigation found three credible accusations of sexual harassment and female leaders who said their `` warnings about his conduct went unheeded . '' The board voted to keep Pacelle , but after several board members resigned in protest and high - profile donors revealed they would withhold donations , Pacelle announced his resignation on February 2 , 2018 . Animal protection litigation section ( edit ) HSUS launched an animal protection litigation section in 2005 . The section works with several thousand pro bono attorneys around the country to pursue its docket of cases . Under section leader Jonathan Lovvorn , the animal protection litigation group has won approximately three dozen cases in its first decade of existence , taking a practical approach , which Lovvorn explained in a 2012 interview . `` We look at cases that are going to have a concrete impact on animals but are winnable . You wo n't see us out asking for courts to declare animals persons . Or to file habeas corpus requests on behalf of animals , or other things that require judges to go way beyond what they 're comfortable with . '' In 2010 , the section estimated that it had filed more than 50 legal actions in 25 states , and won 80 % of its cases , while booking 10,000 hours of pro bono attorney time for a total in - kind contribution of $4 million . Canadian seal cull campaign ( edit ) Seals being clubbed Once launched in 2005 , the HSUS 's campaign to end the hunting of seals in Canada secured pledges from 300 restaurants and companies , plus 120,000 individuals , to boycott Canadian seafood . By 2014 , the campaign claimed more than 6,500 restaurants , grocery stores and seafood supply companies were participants the Protect Seals campaign . Corporate expansion ( edit ) The corporate expansion forged by Pacelle included mergers with The Fund for Animals ( 2005 ) , founded by social critic and author Cleveland Amory and the Doris Day Animal League ( 2006 ) , founded by screen actress and singer Doris Day . This made possible the establishment of a separate campaigns department , an equine issues department , a litigation section , the enhancement of signature programs likes Pets for Life and Wild Neighbors , and an expanded range of hands - on care programs for animals . During the first 21⁄2 years of Pacelle 's tenure , overall revenues and expenditures grew by more than 50 percent . In early 2008 , HSUS re-organized its direct veterinary care work and its veterinary advocacy under a new entity , the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association , formed through an alliance with the Association of Veterinarians for Animal Rights ( AVAR ) . Corporate social responsibility outreach ( edit ) Engagement with major corporations in an effort to persuade them to press for reforms in their supply chains has been a significant priority for HSUS in the last decade , and as a result of its efforts , more than 60 major food suppliers have used their leverage to change production level practices in the pork industry . Shareholder resolutions play a part in HSUS campaigns to generate corporate reform . Faith outreach ( edit ) In 2007 , HSUS launched a program designed to advance relationships and awareness within the American faith community at all levels . The program provides speakers , produces videos and other materials , and works with faith leaders to lead discussion of animal issues within the broader religious community . HSUS works on this program with Farm Forward , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization that implements innovative strategies to promote conscientious food choices , reduce farmed animal suffering , and advance sustainable agriculture . Humane Society Institute for Science and policy ( edit ) The Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy ( HSISP ) , founded in 2010 , supports the application of scientific and technical analysis and expertise to animal welfare issues and policy questions worldwide . and HSISP is sustained by HSUS 's own core group of academic , scientific , and technical experts in animal welfare , as well as outside scientists . HSISP is the manager of the Animal Studies Repository , a digital collection of academic and scientific resources related to animal studies and to animal welfare science . HSISP has held three conferences , the first on purebred dogs and genetic defects , the second on outdoor cats and associated management issues , and the third on sentience as a factor in determining animal welfare policy . Hurricane Katrina animal rescue ( edit ) In September 2005 , when thousands of animals were left behind as people evacuated during Hurricane Katrina , HSUS joined other organizations in a massive search - and - rescue effort that saved approximately ten thousand animals , and raised more than $34 million for direct relief , reconstruction , and recovery in the Gulf Coast region . HSUS led the campaign that culminated in the federal passage of the PETS Act in October 2006 , requiring all local , state , and federal agencies to include animals in their disaster planning scenarios . In August 2008 , Pacelle appeared with Louisiana Attorney General Buddy Caldwell at a press conference marking the enactment of a law prohibiting cockfighting in Louisiana , the last state to do so . The prohibition resulted from a longtime campaign led by HSUS . The HSUS remains active in the Gulf region , funding a number of projects aimed at reducing the area 's pet overpopulation problem , and improving access to pet care for the Gulf Coast residents . Investigation into `` faux '' fur ( edit ) In late 2006 , HSUS broke the story of its investigation into the sale of coats trimmed with real fur but labeled `` faux '' or fake . Laboratory testing found that the fur came from purpose - bred raccoon dogs in China that were sometimes beaten to death and skinned alive . The story of fur animals beaten to death and skinned alive is disputed by a fur industry trade group . The investigation reportedly prompted several retailers including Macy 's and J.C. Penney to pull the garments from the sale floor . Legislation was introduced in the U.S. Congress to require that all fur jackets be properly labeled , and to ban raccoon dog fur . In 2014 , HSUS accused Kohl 's department store of selling a men 's jacket made with real animal fur as `` faux , '' and issued a warning to consumers . Investigation of Westland meat Packing Company ( edit ) In February 2008 , after an undercover investigation conducted by HSUS at the Westland Meat Packing Company alleged substantial animal abuse , the USDA forced the recall of 143 million pounds of beef , some of which had been routed into the nation 's school lunch program . HSUS had been a longtime advocate for the elimination of downer animals from the nation 's food supply , and the undercover investigation led to the USDA adopting the policy . In November 2013 , the Justice Department reached a $155 million settlement with the firms that operated the plant . Michael Greger , Director of Public Health and Animal Agriculture for HSUS at that time , testified before Congress about the matter . Petland puppy mills campaign ( edit ) In the fall of 2008 , HSUS also launched a campaign to expose the reliance of the pet store chain Petland on puppy mills where animals are raised under inhumane conditions . However , Jessica Mitler from the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) , the government agency that regulates dog breeders , provided the following response to the HSUS investigation : `` The agency has received no complaints from the Humane Society about a particular kennel or Petland ; so they have not investigated this specifically . '' On November 24 , 2008 , Petland responded to the HSUS campaign video footage of the Petland investigation by stating : `` Petland is outraged that HSUS would intentionally use video footage of unrelated kennels in the report to try to mislead the general public into believing these facilities have a connection to Petland . '' In another statement dated February 19 , 2009 , Petland stated they turned over death threats and threats of kidnapping generated from the HSUS campaign against Petland to the proper authorities for further investigation . Petland continued by asking HSUS to cease and desist in any actions that may promote malicious intent ( directly or indirectly ) . On March 17 , 2009 , HSUS launched a class action suit against Petland on behalf of patrons who allegedly purchased sick animals from the chain , under the alleged pretense that the animals had come from the nation 's finest breeders . On August 8 , 2009 , the case was dismissed by a United States District Judge for lack of facts concerning the case . Petland responded to the dismissal by stating : `` The Humane Society of the United States touted the lawsuit in furtherance of its fundraising and media campaign seeking to end the sale of animals through pet stores . Petland denied that it had done anything unlawful , and it believes strongly that consumers have the right to purchase and keep pets . '' The HSUS does not oppose the ownership of pets , but maintains that the desire for profit in commercial pet stores undermines proper care of companion animals . Political and legislative initiatives against animal abuse and cruelty ( edit ) During 2013 , HSUS helped to pass 109 animal protection laws at the state level . In 2006 , HSUS helped to secure the passage of 70 new state laws on behalf of animals . Two successful November 2006 ballot initiatives conducted with its support outlawed dove hunting in Michigan and , through Proposition 204 , abusive livestock - farming practices in Arizona . In 2008 , HSUS helped to pass 91 state animal - welfare laws , including Proposition 2 in California . HSUS was a leader in the Proposition 2 campaign in California , which gained eight million votes on Election Day 2008 , more than any other initiative on the ballot . The measure , which prohibits certain intensive confinement practices in agriculture beginning in 2015 , passed by a 63.3 to 36.7 percent margin , winning in 46 of 58 counties , and gaining support throughout the state 's urban , suburban , and rural areas . It garnered votes from Democrats , Independents , and Republicans alike , as well as among Caucasians , African - Americans , Asian - Americans , and Latinos . Nearly 800,000 Californians signed petitions to place the measure on the ballot . HSUS was also a participant in a ballot initiative campaign focusing on inhumane treatment of farm animals in Ohio . The livestock - agriculture initiative was withdrawn from the ballot after a compromise was brokered between HSUS , Ohioans for Humane Farms , the Ohio Farm Bureau , and Ohio Governor Ted Strickland . HSUS led a campaign against puppy mill cruelty in Missouri in 2010 . The Puppy Mill Cruelty Prevention Act , known as `` Prop B '' , was narrowly passed by Missouri voters . United Egg Producers ( edit ) For several years , HSUS cooperated with the United Egg Producers to secure federal legislation to phase out barren battery cages for all laying hens in the United States . Discussion between HSUS and the United Egg Producers concerning a national standard for egg production began with a meeting between Jerry Crawford , an Iowa resident with ties to the egg production industry , and HSUS 's Wayne Pacelle . Crawford recommended a further meeting with the United Egg Producers ' Chad Gregory . The context for the meeting was HSUS 's commanding win in Proposition 2 in California , and a shared belief that open warfare would serve no one 's purposes . Additional negotiations produced the agreement to pursue federal legislation , the Egg Products Inspection Act of 2013 , to support a shift to cage - free housing systems for laying hens , like enriched colony cages . The proposal failed in the Congress , and was not taken up in the 2014 Farm Bill , as a result of opposition by livestock production groups concerned over the precedent of federally - mandated standards for housing . Hog producers in particular recognized their vulnerability in reference to gestation crates Positions and program work ( edit ) Animal fighting ( edit ) In July 2007 , HSUS led calls for the National Football League to suspend Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick in the wake of allegations that he had been involved with dog fighting activity . Vick was prosecuted and convicted under state and federal laws . HSUS has backed upgrades of the federal laws concerning animal fighting in 2007 , 2008 , and in relation to the Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act , from 2011 to the present . Animals in research , testing , and education ( edit ) Beginning in the 1990s , HSUS board member David O. Wiebers , a medical doctor associated with the Mayo Clinic , undertook efforts to lessen tensions between animal protection organizations and the scientific community , and to seek to identify areas of common agreement . The announcement by the NIH that it would no longer fund experiments that relied on Class B dealers marked the end of a long campaign by HSUS and other organizations to halt this channel for the supply of animals In 2013 , HSUS worked closely with the Arcus Foundation and other partners in the successful effort to persuade the U.S. government to transfer the remaining chimpanzees it owns to sanctuary over time , and for an end to chimpanzee use in research , testing , and education . Since 2007 , HSUS has pressed corporations still using chimpanzees in research to commit to policies of non-use . In 2011 , the Institute of Medicine , part of the United States National Academies , recommended the curtailment of chimp use in testing . The IOM said that while genetic similarity made chimps valuable for medical research , such research raised ethical issues and carried a `` moral cost . '' In 2014 , Merck , the world 's third largest pharmaceutical company , became the largest multinational corporation to make such a commitment . Animals used for food ( edit ) Basic policy ( edit ) HSUS opposes cruelty in the raising and slaughter of animals used for food , and has done so since its inception in 1954 . HSUS 's policy of the 3 Rs encourages its constituents to reduce their consumption of meat and to choose products from humanely raised animals instead of factory farm products . Support for Humane farmers and Farms ( edit ) HSUS President and CEO Wayne Pacelle is a board member of the Global Animal Partnership , which recognizes humane producers with an animal welfare ratings standard that measures and rewards commitment to high welfare approaches . Pacelle frequently speaks with the agricultural press to reinforce HSUS 's criticism of contemporary factory farming and related issues . Pacelle has toured family farms operating on humane principles as part of building solidarity against factory farming interests . In recent years , HSUS has sought to build bridges with small farmers raising animals under humane conditions . One of those farmers is Joe Maxwell , who has worked for HSUS as vice president for rural affairs . In recent years , farmers committed to raising animals in humane conditions have received greater attention and public support . Via Maxwell and other staff members , HSUS has also forged ties with the global Slow Food Movement in connection with discussion of the sustainability of contemporary meat production . HSUS was involved in the ballot initiative campaign to enact California Proposition 2 ( 2008 ) , enacted as the Prevention of Farm Animal Cruelty Act , a law requiring that eggs sold in California be laid by hens raised in cage - free settings . An HSUS - led coalition also pressed for the passage of a California foie gras band that took effect in mid-2012 . In 2016 , HSUS led the campaign to enact the Massachusetts Conditions for Farm Animals Initiative , which banned the use of small cages to raise animals in agriculture ; it received 77.7 % of public support . However , farmers who have served on HSUS 's agriculture councils have questioned HSUS motives . Kevin Fulton , a Nebraska cattle rancher , was on HSUS 's national agriculture council but claimed that `` abolitionist vegans '' at HSUS had tried to reduce the council 's influence . Jim Knopik of the HSUS Nebraska agriculture council said he viewed HSUS 's treatment of farmers as a `` stab in the back , '' while Missouri farmer Eric Fuchs commented , `` They used us for window dressing . '' Companion animals ( edit ) The HSUS has an entire department devoted to pets , and to services for companion animals . It also has sections working to end dog - fighting , and to provide rescue and emergency services to animals at risk in animal fighting , hoarding , puppy mill enterprises and disasters . The HSUS Pets for Life program uses community - level outreach in a number of American cities , including Atlanta , Chicago , Los Angeles , and Philadelphia , to raise retention levels and to improve the lives of companion animals and those who care for them , by providing veterinary services in zones where convenient and low - cost care is lacking . The HSUS is a strong supporter of `` pets in the workplace '' programs . HSUS publishes Animal Sheltering , a bi-monthly magazine for animal sheltering professionals . It also operates the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association , which provides free veterinary services for animals in impoverished communities . In 2013 , the HSUS gave its Henry Spira Corporate Progress Award to the Consumer Specialty Products Association to recognize the antifreeze manufacturing industry 's commitment to add a bittering agent to products so that animals would not die poisonous deaths , the subject of a long - running campaign by the HSUS . HSUS believes that , in general , wild animals are not suitable as pets , and opposes the general traffic in wild animals . Puppy mills ( edit ) HSUS has been an active opponent of the domestic and global puppy mill industry , and helped law enforcement agencies to confiscate more than 35,000 animals from purported puppy mills since 2007 . HSUS has also pressed anti-puppy mill bills in states like Indiana , Missouri , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , and Texas . The number of dog breeders licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture declined from 3,486 in 2009 to 2,205 in 2011 . HSUS led the effort to secure adoption of a United States Department of Agriculture rule to prohibit the importation into the United States of dogs from foreign countries for resale unless the animals were in good health , vaccinated and at least 6 months old . Dog breeders opposed another measure supported by HSUS , to regulate the sale of dogs over the Internet . Wildlife ( edit ) HSUS opposes the hunting of any living creature for fun , trophy , or sport . HSUS only supports killing animals for population control when carried out by officials and does not oppose hunting for food or subsistence needs . As a practical matter , HSUS has generally campaigned against abuses found in the treatment of wildlife . Its ballot initiatives focus on things like shooting bear over bait , hunting with hounds , and other forms of hunting the organization believes are unsporting . Together with its global affiliate , Humane Society International , HSUS has waged a decade - long fight to end the Canadian seal hunt . In late 2013 , the World Trade Organization upheld the European Union ban on trade in products of commercial seal hunts , rejecting the Canadian and Norwegian challenge . HSUS has waged campaigns on behalf of wolves since the 1970s . In recent years , HSUS has campaigned against the killing of wolves via ballot initiatives , and -- with other partners -- in litigation . In June 2007 , HSUS launched Humane Wildlife Services , a program to encourage and provide humane wildlife - removal services when wild animals intrude on human dwellings . Through its efforts in the United States , and globally through its affiliate Humane Society International , HSUS has helped to achieve prohibitions on shark finning in state and national legislatures and through administrative action here and abroad . The HSUS offers many resources to individuals , organizations and public officials , for helping feral cats and ultimately reducing their numbers in the community . The Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy convened a conference on outdoor cat issues in December 2012 , bringing together stakeholders from a range of interested perspectives . Zoos ( edit ) HSUS first took a policy position on zoos in 1975 , its board of directors concluding that it would be neither for nor against zoos , but would work against roadside menageries and regular zoos that could not improve . In 1984 , HSUS adopted a policy that animals should not be taken from the wild for public display in zoos . Other issues ( edit ) HSUS opposes greyhound racing , animal fighting , and works to limit the use and abuse of animals in certain display and spectacular contexts like zoos , circuses , aquariums , and roadside zoos . HSUS has taken a careful but critical stance concerning practices commonly found in the horse racing industry . On occasion , HSUS has taken a position against particular practices associated with horse racing , such as the use of corticosteroids . HSUS has long opposed the keeping of marine mammals in captivity and played a key longterm role in the campaign to end captive orca performance at SeaWorld . HSUS opposed the Georgia Aquarium 's application to the National Marine Fisheries Service to import 18 beluga whales from Russia , an application the NMFS denied . HSUS has long opposed the use of horses for food , and campaigned against their slaughter via litigation and public policy approaches . It has pursued both legislative and litigation channels as part of its campaign to prevent horse slaughter plants in the United States from resuming their operations . HSUS , in addition to its ongoing lobbying against the pet industry , has taken a strong stance against the private ownership of any exotic pet , regardless of species . The HSUS also heavily lobbied for the passing of HB 4393 in West Virginia , which generated a large amount of controversy when its restricted animal list was originally drafted and made illegal the private ownership of common and harmless exotic pets , such as hamsters , hedgehogs , turtles , tortoises , pufferfish , sugar gliders , salamanders , alpacas and domestic hybrid cat breeds . Governance and expenses ( edit ) The Humane Society of the United States headquarters located in the West End neighborhood of Washington , D.C. A nonprofit , charitable organization , HSUS is funded almost entirely by private membership dues , contributions , foundation grants , and bequests . HSUS is governed by a 27 - member , independent board of directors . Each director serves as a volunteer and receives no compensation for service . HSUS meets all 21 BBB Wise Giving Alliance financial and administrative standards , and all 20 of the BBB 's Standards for Charity Accountability . In 2010 , Worth Magazine named the HSUS as one of the 10 Most Fiscally Responsible Charities . In 2012 , President and CEO Wayne Pacelle received $347,675 in compensation . In 2014 , Charity Navigator issued a `` Donor Advisory '' about HSUS , temporarily removing its rating of the organization . Grantmaking ( edit ) HSUS gave grants to 260 other organizations in the U.S. and abroad during 2011 , totaling $6.5 million . According to its IRS Form 990 , HSUS makes grants to organizations that meet its mission criteria , and typically to those groups which it has researched , with which it has an existing relationship , or with which its staff members have interacted at events and through other channels . HSUS lists all grants of $500 or more , with details , although the IRS Schedule F requires only that grants surpassing $5,000 need be reported . Affiliated and related entities ( edit ) Humane Society International ( edit ) Founded in 1991 , Humane Society International ( HSI ) seeks to expand the HSUS 's activities into Central and South America , Africa , and Asia . HSI 's Asian , Australian , Canadian , and European offices carry out field activities and programs . Humane Society veterinary Medical Association ( edit ) The Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association ( HSVMA ) was formed in 2008 to encompass both veterinary advocacy and veterinary clinical services work conducted by the HSUS , and to provide a political alternative to the American Veterinary Medical Association for veterinarians of a strong animal welfare orientation . Humane Society wildlife Land Trust ( edit ) As an affiliate of The Humane Society of the United States since 1993 HSWLT , alone or in partnership with other conservation groups , has participated in the protection and enhancement of more than 3.6 million acres of wildlife habitat in 38 states and nine foreign countries . HSWLT has taken both large and small properties under its protection , through title donations , conservation easements , and formal agreements , to provide sanctuaries for a variety of animal species . In recent years , HSWLT has also sponsored anti-poaching awards as part of its commitment to public awareness and law enforcement work . Doris Day animal League ( edit ) The Doris Day Animal League , established in 1987 by the actress Doris Day , is a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization that focuses the spaying and neutering of companion animals and the development of national , state and local legislation that will minimize the inhumane treatment of animals . The League launched its annual observance of Spay Day USA in 1994 , to bring attention to the pet overpopulation problem in the United States . The Fund for animals ( edit ) The Fund for Animals , founded by the social critic Cleveland Amory in 1967 , worked for many years on wildlife issues . Today , it is an entity that manages animal care facilities as an affiliate of HSUS . Its sanctuaries include the Ramona Wildlife Facility , the Cleveland Amory Black Beauty Ranch , the Duchess Horse Sanctuary , and the Cape Wildlife Center . The South Florida wildlife Center ( edit ) The South Florida Wildlife Center provides direct care to owls , raccoons , opossums , squirrels , ducks , reptiles and other indigenous South Florida wildlife , injured or orphaned . Humane Society Legislative Fund ( edit ) The Humane Society Legislative Fund is a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization formed in 2004 . The group supports the passage of animal protection laws at the state and federal levels , educates the public about animal protection issues , and supports humane candidates for office . In the 2014 cycle , the Humane Society Legislative Fund has endorsed 38 Republicans and 240 Democrats in races across the country Headquarters and regional offices ( edit ) The Humane Society 's national headquarters are in Washington , D.C. It employed 528 employees during 2014 . Its international arm , Humane Society International ( HSI ) , has offices in half a dozen nations and a broad range of international animal protection programs . One of the largest veterinary clinics in the Midwest is the Humane Society location in St. Louis , the growth and success of the clinic has been accredited to their Chief of Staff for 55 years - Suzanne Saueressig . The clinic admits around 80,000 patients a year and averages around 17,000 surgeries . Critics ( edit ) Center for Consumer Freedom ( edit ) The Center for Consumer Freedom ( CCF ) , an organization that lobbies on behalf of the food and beverage industry , has criticized HSUS for many years . Experts on non-profit law question CCF 's non-profit status . while commentators from Rachel Maddow to Michael Pollan have characterized CCF as an astroturfing group . CCF 's founder Richard Berman refuses to disclose its funders , and in 2013 Charity Navigator issued a donor advisory concerning the group . CCF has produced several advertising campaigns alleging various improprieties by HSUS and accusing HSUS of misrepresenting itself to supporters and donors . HSUS has rejected CCF 's accusations as `` falsehoods and distortions '' by `` a flack agency and industry front group for tobacco , alcohol , and agribusiness interests . '' Non-profit groups operated by Mr. Berman 's public relations firm paid Berman and Company $15 million from 2008 to 2010 , an arrangement that may violate Internal Revenue Service rules that prohibit executives from profiting off of the non-profit entities they run . CCF carries out its attacks on HSUS via advertisements and direct mail campaigns targeting HSUS donors and supporters . CCF takes this approach in criticizing HSUS : in 2014 , HSUS reported revenue of $135,499,050 , and it disbursed $15,843,692 of grants . Humane Watch ( edit ) The Humane Watch website was created by the Center for Consumer Freedom . In 2012 , Mother Jones reported the following : `` According to the Center for Consumer Freedom 's 2010 tax filing , the group set aside about a million dollars to set up its anti-Humane Society website `` Humane Watch . '' Berman has created a separate group with the oddly Humane Society - sounding name , the Humane Society for Shelter Pets . Its website snarks at the Humane Society for failing to provide more money for animal shelters . '' Nathan Winograd ( edit ) Nathan Winograd , a No Kill advocate , has been critical of HSUS . He has accused the organization of aiding animal abusers by thwarting legislation designed to curtail abuse . He made such claims in a Huffington Post article entitled `` Putting Abusers Before Animals Is Business as Usual at the HSUS . '' Winograd 's general claims concerning HSUS and animal sheltering work have been disputed or qualified by other parties . Protect the Harvest ( edit ) Protect the Harvest is an organization founded by trucking magnate Forrest Lucas of Lucas Oil , who uses the group to defend industrial animal agriculture and commercial dog breeders , on whose behalf he has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars nationwide . Protect the Harvest is a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) advocacy organization , and in 2014 formed a Political Action Committee to elect and defeat candidates for office . Executive Director Brian Klippenstein has singled out HSUS as a target of his organization 's political activities , and as treasurer of Protect the Harvest PAC he and Lucas campaign against candidates the two groups consider aligned with HSUS . The United States Association of reptile keepers ( edit ) The United States Association of Reptile Keepers , or USARK , is a 501 ( c ) ( 6 ) organization that lobbies on behalf of the captive bred reptile industry , which is made up of both pet owners and professional breeders of captive reptiles , as well as supporting zoos and sanctuaries . USARK has argued against a national ban that HSUS has lobbied for since its writing in 2009 , which was originally intended to ban the import and interstate transport of nine constrictor snake species . However , due to pressure from the reptile keepers association , the U.S. government lessened the ban to include only four of the original nine species . As a response , Wayne Pacelle wrote on his blog in response that `` these large constricting snakes are not suitable as pets , '' continuing with `` they suffer from capture in the wild and long - distance transport for trade ; they can injure and kill people who possess or interact with them ; and they can wreak havoc on our natural resources as an invasive species , killing native wildlife , including endangered animals . '' In the summer of 2014 , the United States Fish and Wildlife Service reopened its admission of comments on whether to list the five remaining species of snakes on the Lacey Act , including Boa constrictors . The HSUS then called upon its proponents to send in replies and letters to support further restriction of the trade in the reptiles . In response , USARK has accused the HSUS of directly telling its advocates to lie to the U.S. government : the reptile keepers association stating on their website that `` HSUS President Wayne Pacelle is even asking HSUS followers to join in and lie to the U.S. Government by sending their sample letter . '' They continue their argument with `` Their deceptive campaign continues because there is not valid , peer - reviewed science to support their claims . They lack credible arguments and instead focus on sensationalized propaganda . '' HSUS has always been against the keeping of snakes in captivity , stating that they are a `` threat to public safety '' and that the welfare of the snakes themselves are at risk , as they `` ( require ) specialized expertise and care . '' The HSUS is also against the keeping of other reptiles in captivity , such as turtles and iguanas , which is in direct opposition of USARK 's interests . Specific criticism ( edit ) Allegations of misappropriation of donations for Hurricane Katrina rescues ( edit ) In 2006 , the Attorney General of Louisiana opened an inquiry into the American Red Cross and HSUS after complaints about the misuse of funds raised in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . This inquiry was part of a wide - ranging effort to ensure that charities providing relief for the victims of the hurricane did not profit from the incident . Neither Attorney General Charles Foti nor his successor Buddy Caldwell took any action , and the inquiry focusing on HSUS ended in early 2008 . AR - HR 's analysis of the HSUS 's 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 tax returns claimed that 48 % of the $34.6 million donated to the HSUS for the purposes of helping animals after Hurricane Katrina was then unaccounted for . For a number of years , HSUS published updates on its Gulf Coast spending , the last of which appeared in 2011 . Allegations of misleading fundraising materials ( edit ) Critics including the CCF , AR - HR , and Nathan Winograd have accused HSUS of misleading donors into thinking that their donations directly support local animal shelters , when HSUS has no affiliation with or control over local humane societies . HSUS states on its website that it is not affiliated with local animal shelters , and that the organization 's role is to supplement and support the work of local shelters , not duplicate them . The fundraising materials of HSUS do not make the claim that HSUS runs local shelters , or that donations will be applied directly to local animal shelters . Allegations of financial malfeasance ( edit ) According to the `` Pennies for Charity '' report issued by the New York State Attorney General , of the $1.95 million raised in 2008 by fundraisers , only 5.29 % went to HSUS . The average return for charities in the report was 39.5 % . HSUS actually incurred a net loss of $5,358 ( − 0.32 % ) in 2007 . Those figures in 2006 and 2005 numbers were more positive , with 7.27 % and 19.99 % of contributions going to HSUS . In July 2015 , the Council of State Governments ( CSG ) passed a resolution calling on their states ' attorneys general to investigate HSUS ' fundraising efforts . The resolution highlighted the fact that HSUS ' promotional materials give the impression that animals are the main focus , even though only one percent of the money raised goes to pet shelters ( and HSUS runs none itself ) . Animal rights agenda ( edit ) USA Today , The International Herald Tribune and The San Francisco Chronicle have described HSUS as devoted to `` animal rights '' , as opposed to `` animal welfare '' . Shortly after Wayne Pacelle joined HSUS , he stated in an interview with the Animal People newspaper that his goal was to build `` a National Rifle Association of the animal rights movement '' . The IHT describes HSUS as the `` least radical '' of animal rights groups . Feedstuffs , an agribusiness newspaper , has leveled the charge that HSUS is pursuing a vegetarianism and veganism agenda instead of animal welfare . In 2010 , one journalist in Oregon also claimed that HSUS `` primarily works on animal rights legislation . '' Charity Navigator ( edit ) In June 2014 , Charity Navigator replaced its rating of HSUS with a `` Donor Advisory '' citing a $15.75 million settlement of a lawsuit . A Charity Navigator representative told The Washington Examiner that a Donor Advisory indicates `` extreme concern . '' The advisory has since been removed . At no point did it ever have anything to do with financial metrics , governance , transparency , or the impact and effectiveness of work to protect animals . It came solely as a result of a legal settlement the HSUS and several other parties reached with the owner of Ringling Bros. circus . Charity Navigator 's donor advisory penalized animal welfare organizations for advancing their mission through advocacy work and for defending themselves in court against scurrilous charges . The HSUS was never a plaintiff in the case against Ringling Bros . As of 2016 , Charity Navigator rated them at 85.09 out of a possible 100 . They based this on `` data from FY2014 , the most recent 990 received at that time . '' Charity Watch ( edit ) The American Institute of Philanthropy , now called Charity Watch , has been critical of the HSUS . Charity Watch gave the HSUS a `` C - '' in 2013 . Charity Watch believes that HSUS spends an insufficient percentage of donations on programs , and an inordinately high percentage on fundraising . Using different estimates of fundraising expenses and efficiency , the American Institute of Philanthropy AIP 's rating system heavily penalizes charities for possessing large assets or maintaining more than three years ' operating expenses in reserve . Only Charity Watch among all charity evaluation groups believes that organizations should not write off some of their fundraising costs as program expenses . Other evaluators agree with the approach taken under Generally accepted accounting principles , which permit such joint allocation of expenses . The organization maintains a focus on particular financial measurements , strictly interpreting all direct mail , telemarketing and solicitation costs as separate fundraising expenses . Feld Entertainment litigation ( edit ) Feld Entertainment sued HSUS and other animal - rights advocates and advocacy groups under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ( RICO ) Act . Feld asserted HSUS wrongdoing in relation to litigation brought by animal rights activists against Feld alleging abuse of animals in the circus . This litigation was dismissed in 2009 , with the judge finding that animal - rights groups had paid the key witness , a former Feld employee , at least $190,000 , a significant amount of which was in a check signed by Mr. Pacelle . HSUS 's merger and combination with The Fund for Animals drew HSUS into the case . In December 2012 , the ASPCA settled the Feld suit and agreed to pay $9.3 million . In May 2014 , HSUS and the remaining co-defendants ( which included two HSUS employees , the HSUS affiliate Fund for Animals , and parties unaffiliated with HSUS ) agreed to pay $15.75 million to settle the litigation . IRS complaint ( edit ) In November 2013 , a complaint was filed with the Internal Revenue Service against HSUS by the Center for Consumer Freedom . According to Bloomberg News , the IRS complaint alleges that HSUS `` violated IRS rules by listing as contributions the $17.7 million value of air time for its public service announcements to promote pet adoption . The net effect is to raise the ratio of program expenses to total expenses , which the independent assessor Charity Navigator uses to rank the effectiveness of charities . '' According to Bloomberg News , a tax attorney claims that the `` Humane Society should n't count the public service air time as contributions . '' Meat Packing investigation ( edit ) US Agriculture Secretary Ed Schafer questioned the way HSUS handled its Westland / Hallmark Meat Packing Company investigation , stating that HSUS `` sat on four months of production that went out into the marketplace that 's now being recalled '' . More recently , the debate over forcing animal welfare organizations to release information about cruelty within a specified period of time has prompted criticism from editorial boards and journalists skeptical of the motivations for such calls . Michael Vick controversy ( edit ) The football player Michael Vick was sentenced to prison for running a dogfighting ring ; he was found to have buried dogs alive , drowned them , beaten them to death , and pulled out their teeth without anesthetic . After he had completed his sentence , Vick offered to volunteer his time to an HSUS campaign against dogfighting . Pacelle 's acceptance of Vick 's offer and willingness to appear in public and be photographed alongside Vick caused outrage and led one organization with the words `` Humane Society '' in its name to stress its non-affiliation with the HSUS . Sports Illustrated magazine published a major investigative cover story about Michael Vick 's dogs , and what happened to them after they were seized . The writer , Jim Gorant , was highly critical of the HSUS 's immediate call for the pit bulls to be euthanized . Gorant went on to document the animals ' rehabilitation , and how one went on to become a therapy dog in a hospital . In 2010 , during an interview , Wayne Pacelle pointed out that Vick could own a dog `` two or three years down the line '' after his sentence was completed . Pacelle toured schools with Vick , in the HSUS campaign against dogfighting , and was quoted as saying , `` I have been around him a lot , and feel confident that he would do a good job as a pet owner . '' Vick 's sentence did not include a lifetime ban on owning pets , and Pacelle issued a blog post explaining his stance on Vick as a potential dog owner . In October 2012 , Michael Vick acquired a pet dog , purchased from a breeder . Additional controversy surrounded the report that HSUS had received a $50,000 grant from Michael Vick 's team , the Philadelphia Eagles . The Eagles ' donation was made as part of the 2009 launch of its `` Treating Animals With Kindness '' ( TAWK ) program , which provides grants to animal welfare organizations to protect animals : HSUS received a $50,000 grant , used to launch anti-dogfighting and community intervention programs in Philadelphia . In April 2011 , Vick joined HSUS in denouncing the android App `` Dog Wars , '' which involved a simulation of animal fighting . In July 2011 , he lobbied on Capitol Hill for passage of the Animal Fighting Spectator Provision Act . Animal fighting experts generally agree that since the Vick case , there has been a significant strengthening of anti-cruelty laws at the state level , making it easier to prosecute wrongdoers . Some have accused HSUS of a misleading fundraising pitch in relation to the Michael Vick dog fighting case . Fundraising material on HSUS 's website one day after Vick 's indictment states that donations will be used to `` help the Humane Society of the United States care for the dogs seized in the Michael Vick case '' and that donations would be `` put to use right away to care for these dogs . '' It was later revealed that the dogs were not in the care of HSUS and that the group recommended the dogs be euthanized . The donation pitch was altered to remove references to caring for Vick 's dogs one week after the initial pitch . Misrepresentations of Canadian seafood boycott participation ( edit ) In 2006 , CCF conducted an informal poll of restaurants listed as boycotting Canadian seafood in protest of the slaughter of seals . CCF claims that 62 % of the chefs and restaurant managers they spoke to on the phone were unaware that their companies were listed as `` boycotters '' on the HSUS website . In its report , CCF excluded those restaurants that were boycotting Canadian seafood prior to the HSUS boycott , and restaurants that serve any Canadian seafood ( regardless of the type or quantity ) , and drew the conclusion that 78 % of the interviewees were not actively participating in the boycott . CCF quotes Loyola Hearn , Canadian Minister of Fisheries and Oceans , as saying : `` Some animal rights groups have been misleading the public for years ... it 's no surprise at all that the richest of them would mislead the public with a phony seafood boycott . '' Oklahoma Attorney General issues alert ( edit ) In March 2014 Oklahoma Attorney General Scott Pruitt issued a consumer alert regarding HSUS and other national animal organizations . Pruitt stated that his office had received complaints about HSUS misleading donors following a May 2013 tornado disaster . Position on horse slaughter ( edit ) Veterinarians for Equine Welfare ( VEW ) and the American Veterinary Medical Association ( AVMA ) have criticized HSUS and other organizations who lobbied for an end to horse slaughter in the United States , stating that instead of making things better `` horses are being abandoned in the United States or transported to Mexico where , without U.S. federal oversight and veterinary supervision , they are slaughtered inhumanely . '' Other criticisms ( edit ) 1 % of the group 's budget goes directly to shelters , and in recent years , HSUS has taken criticism for not dispersing enough money , in ratio to what it receives from memberships and donations , to local humane societies and shelters , though the HSUS webpage clearly states they are unaffiliated with local shelters , and is the largest nonprofit organization advocating animal rights in the world . Unlike its founding vision which strictly revolved around animal welfare , HSUS has evolved to work towards establishing a broad range of animal rights legislation , including those involving companion animals , wildlife , farm animals , horses and other equines , and animals used in research , testing and education . Animal Charity Evaluators review ( edit ) Animal charity evaluator Animal Charity Evaluators has recommended the Humane Society of the United States ' Farm Animal Protection Campaign as a Standout Charity since May 2014 . ACE designates as Standout Charities those organizations which they do not feel are as strong as their Top Charities , but which excel in at least one way and are exceptionally strong compared to animal charities in general . In their November 2016 review of the HSUS Farm Animal Protection Campaign , ACE cites their strengths as their large reach , strategic approach , and long track record of legal work , corporate outreach , and meat reduction programs . ACE states that their primary concern with the Farm Animal Protection Campaign is that it is unclear the extent to which their budget comes from the HSUS general budget , and whether small donations to the Farm Animal Protection Campaign would be fungible with other HSUS activities . See also ( edit ) Animal Liberation Front ( ALF ) Animal liberation movement American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( ASPCA ) Animal Welfare Institute ( AWI ) Eco-terrorism People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The organization 's policy statements make clear that the HSUS does not oppose all uses of animals , so it does not fit within the strict animal rights category of organizations from either a philosophical or a practical perspective ; rather , it is classified that way by some parties because in everyday parlance , those individuals and groups that advocate for more protections for animals are described as supporting animal rights or being animal rights advocates . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Form 990 : Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax '' . The Humane Society of the United States . Guidestar . December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : Overview : The Humane Society of the United States '' . Humanesociety.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Unti , Bernard ( February 16 , 2005 ) . `` Fred Myers : Co-Founder of The HSUS '' . Washington , D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . After The HSUS formed on November 22 , 1954 , Myers and the other co-founders -- Larry Andrews , Marcia Glaser , and Helen Jones -- moved quickly to fulfill their goal of engaging cruelties of a national scope . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicle of Philanthropy -- The news and tools you need to change the world '' . philanthropy.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ October 16 , 2011 . Lists From the Philanthropy 400 . The Chronicle of Philanthropy Jump up ^ `` Campaigns : The Humane Society of the United States '' . Humanesociety.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Simon M. Shane . ( Jan. 14 2014 ). Interview with Wayne Pacelle president of the HSUS . Egg-Cite.com . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2013 : The Humane Society of the United States '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fund for Animals and The Humane Society of the United States ( HSUS ) : A Partnership for Animals '' . fundforanimals.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Common Questions about Animal Shelters '' . Washington , D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States . 2009 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . ( W ) e serve local animal shelters and other groups by offering ... Jump up ^ `` '' A Social History of Postwar Animal Protection '' by Bernard Unti , et al `` . bepress.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Unti , Bernard . Protecting All Animals : A Fifty - Year History of The Humane Society of the United States ( 2004 ) , idem . Jump up ^ W. Swallow , The Quality of Mercy : History of the Humane Movement in the United States , Boston , 1962 , 165 . Jump up ^ Vitello , Paul ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) . `` John A. Hoyt Dies at 80 ; Guided Humane Society to Prominence '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` History of The Humane Society of the United States -- FundingUniverse '' . fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society of United States founded '' . famousdaily.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Grier , Katherine C. ( 2007 ) . Pets in America : A History ( 1st Harvest ed . ) . Orlando : Harcourt . pp. 192 -- 197 . ISBN 9780156031769 . Jump up ^ Unti , Protecting All Animals , 16 . Jump up ^ Unti , Protecting All Animals , 17 . ^ Jump up to : P. Singer , Animal Liberation : New York , 1975 Jump up ^ Unti , Protecting All Animals , 18 . Jump up ^ Bernard Unti , Protecting All Animals : A Fifty - Year History of The Humane Society of the United States ( 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Kim ( 2009 ) . Animal Rights . Detroit : Gale . ISBN 978 - 1414433691 . Jump up ^ Protecting All Animals , 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Animals in a Research Laboratory : Washington , DC , 1961 ^ Jump up to : D. Wiebers , `` Vision of a New Era , '' HSUS News Winter 1992 , 9 . Jump up ^ Unti , Protecting All Animals , 86 . ^ Jump up to : Unti , Protecting All Animals , 87 -- 90 , 182 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Unti , Protecting All Animals , 88 , 90 , 97 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Merritt Clifton . `` Nathan Winograd in perspective '' . Animals 24 - 7 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Unti , Protecting All Animals , 101 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Unti , Bernard . `` Frank McMahon : The Investigator Who Took a Bite Out of Animal Lab Suppliers '' . Washington , D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . The conditions that shocked the troopers were all too familiar to the man who led them on to Brown 's property , Frank McMahon ( 1926 -- 1975 ) , HSUS director of field services . Jump up ^ Wayman , Stan ( 1966 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Concentration camps for dogs '' . Life . 60 ( 5 ) : 22 -- 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 . The raid was at the behest of the Humane Society of the United States , which , in its constant surveillance of places like Brown 's around the country , had sent one of its agents to check conditions at Brown 's twice within the past year Jump up ^ Unti , Bernard . `` ' Concentration Camps for Lost and Stolen Pets ' : Stan Wayman 's LIFE photo essay and the Animal Welfare Act '' . Washington , D.C. : The Humane Society of the United States . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 19 ... sparked a public outrage that had a catalytic effect , breaking through the political impasse that had seen one animal welfare bill after another fail in the U.S. Congress . Jump up ^ Chuck Jolley ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) . `` Jolley : Five minutes with Wayne Pacelle and HumaneWatch '' . Cattlenetwork.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mom , Apple Pie ... and Humane Education , '' Humane Education ( March 1983 ) , 7 -- 9 Jump up ^ F. Ascione , Children and Animals : Exploring the Roots of Kindness and Cruelty , 2005 , Purdue University Press , ix . Jump up ^ Unti , Protecting All Animals , 27 . Jump up ^ `` Murdaugh Stuart Madden : A Half Century 's Service , A Lasting Legacy : The Humane Society of the United States '' . Humanesociety.org. 2008 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Humane Society News ( Winter 1979 ) , 16 -- 19 Jump up ^ Humane Society News ( Winter 1981 ) , 25 Jump up ^ John McArdle , quoted in Katie McCabe , `` Who Will Live , Who Will Die , '' Washingtonian August 1986 , p. 115 , as cited in The Humane Society in the US : It 's Not about Animal Shelters , Daniel Oliver Jump up ^ `` Prof threatened with libel suit The Daily Pennsylvanian '' . Media.www.dailypennsylvanian.com. 1990 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ John Hoyt , quoted in Katie McCabe , `` Katie McCabe Replies , '' Washingtonian October 1986 , pp109 - 110 , as cited in The Humane Society in the US : It 's Not about Animal Shelters , Daniel Oliver Jump up ^ `` Joint Resolutions for the 1990s , '' HSUS News Spring 1991 , 1 . Jump up ^ M. Stephens , `` Clarifying Our Position , '' HSUS News Spring 1991 , 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Steve Best , Phd '' . Drstevebest.org . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Richard C. ; La Ganga , Maria L. ( 2008 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Officials decry attacks on UC staff '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . Humaneusa.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Don ( 2004 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Vegan in The Henhouse '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Initiative and Referendum History -- Animal Protection Issues . Humane Society of the United States . Jump up ^ Humane Society of the United States -- Ballotpedia.org Jump up ^ Ethan Rouen . `` Wayne Pacelle Humane Society Of The United States Leading Lobbyist For Animal Welfare : : American Way Magazine '' . Hub.aa.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.thenonprofittimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/8-1-14_Top50PI.pdf Jump up ^ `` 2010 HSUS Accomplishments '' . HSUS . Dec 31 , 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lorentzen , Amy ( 2006 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Congress votes to shut down trophy hunting tax scam '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . The issue came to lawmakers ' attention after the Humane Society of the United States conducted a two - year investigation into a scam where they said hunters shot rare animals from around the world , then donated them to phony museums in order to get charitable tax deductions . Jump up ^ Accomplishments in 2008 Sep 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ Humane Society , Accomplishments in 2008 Map of Internet Hunting Bans ( Aug. 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Burger King Shifts Policy on Animals '' . The New York Times . 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Oct 9 , 2006 12 : 16 PM ( 2006 - 10 - 09 ) . `` 28 - hour rule - USDA 's 28 - hour rule - Livestock Transportation Rules '' . Beef-mag.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Paquette , Danielle ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Humane Society CEO is subject of sexual harassment complaints from three women , according to internal investigation '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paquette , Danielle ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Humane Society CEO resigns after sexual harassment allegations '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Story : Animal Law '' . dcbar.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taking Animals to Court : A Q&A with Jonathan Lovvorn and Peter Petersan '' . enviroshop.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How The Humane Society Decides Who To Sue '' . Huffington Post . 2012 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ https://www.animallaw.info/sites/default/files/lralvol12_2_p133.pdf Jump up ^ `` Canadian Seafood Boycott Ends Year With Growing Momentum '' . UnderwaterTimes. 2005 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` McMenamins joins Protect Seals Campaign '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pets for Life : Helping Pets in the Big Apple The Humane Society of the United States Archived October 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Sep 22 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Wild Neighbors '' . Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Animal Care Centers The Humane Society of the United States Archived October 16 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Sep 14 , 2011 Jump up ^ View all comments that have been posted about this article . ( 2006 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Merger Adds to Humane Society 's Bite '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society , Veterinarians for Animal Rights Join Forces '' . The Horse . January 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Companies Spend More on CSR and Shareholders Reward them '' . institutionalinvestor.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Martin . `` Humane Society Takes Its Fight With Steak ' n Shake to Investors -- Businessweek '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelsey Dallas ( 25 October 2014 ) . `` Humane Society emphasizes faith connection in new video series '' . deseretnews.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Gutleben '' . Q. Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Oppenheimer , Mark ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) . `` Pet Ministries Are Growing in Churches '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Faith in Food : New Ethical Food Initiatives '' . farmforward.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` News Dog World Dog World Home '' . dogworld.co.uk . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy : The Humane Society of the United States '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ President Bush Signs Bill to Leave No Pet Behind in Disaster Planning and Evacuation The Humane Society of the United States Archived August 31 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Oct 6 , 2006 Jump up ^ Saturday , August 16 , 2008 By Ed Anderson Capital bureau ( 2008 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Give cockfighting law a chance , advocates say '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Unti , Bernard . August 27 , 2011 . Six Years After Katrina , HSUS Highly Active in Gulf Coast States The Humane Society of the United States Jump up ^ Ward , Simon ( 2005 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Chinese Fur Farms : Media Wary of Latest Shock Video '' . furcommission.com . Fur Commission USA . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Updated 32 minutes ago 3 / 30 / 2011 10 : 03 : 07 PM + 00 : 00 ( 2007 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Crackdown on dog fur urged - Consumer news - msnbc.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Investigators : Kohl 's selling real fur as faux '' . wisconsingazette.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kesmodel , David ( 2008 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Meatpacker in Cow - Abuse Scandal May Shut as Congress Turns Up Heat -- The Wall Street Journal '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society finds more downer cattle abuse '' . Reuters . June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ De Atley , Richard K. November 27 , 2013 . CHINO : Feds announce $155 million settlement in ' downer ' cow case . The Press - Enterprise . Jump up ^ Schmit , Julie ( March 5 , 2008 ) . `` Meat plant concerns raised for years '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society Accuses Petland of Supporting Puppy Mills '' . Consumeraffairs.com. 2008 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and Answers : Regulation of Dog and Cat Breeders and Dealers '' ( PDF ) . APHIS . February 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Petland Fights Puppy Mill Allegations '' . NBC 4i. 2008 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Petland Investigation -- hsus.org '' . Video.hsus.org . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Video footage shown is not from Petland investigation '' . petland.com. 2008 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Petland receives death threats from HSUS campaign '' . petland.com. 2009 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090321194657/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090317/ap_on_bi_ge/sick_puppies . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2009 . Retrieved March 18 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Court Order - petland.com Archived September 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Judge Dismisses Lawsuit Against Petland '' . petland.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Companion Animals : The Humane Society of the United States '' . Humanesociety.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Unionville Times '' Pa. improves ranking on animal protection `` . unionvilletimes.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Jeffrey H. ( January 30 , 2007 ) . `` The Humane Society Becomes a Political Animal '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Accomplishments in 2008 '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ csalerno ( 2008 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Prop. 2 passes , farm animals get more room to stretch -- Oakland North : North Oakland News , Food , Art and Events '' . Oaklandnorth.net . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` HSUS Drops Ballot Initiative in Ohio '' . AgWired . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Landmark Ohio Animal Welfare Agreement Reached Among HSUS , Ohioans for Humane Farms , Gov. Strickland , and Leading Livestock Organizations : The Humane Society of the United States '' . Humanesociety.org. 2010 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` State of Missouri General Election : November 2 , 2010 General Election '' . Missouri Secretary of State . November 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Egg bill still alive in Congress . Capital Press Jump up ^ `` Egg Industry Articles '' . egg-cite.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.agweek.com/event/article/id/22738/ Jump up ^ `` Our Future Without an `` Egg Bill '' `` . egg-cite.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ HSUS Statement on Michael Vick 's Sentence Related to State Dogfighting Charges Nov 25 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick Pleads Guilty to Dogfighting Charges in Virginia , Insuring Early Prison Release '' . Fox News . 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ C.J. Ciaramella ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Michael Vick calls for stronger laws against animal fighting '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Simon , Richard ( 2013 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Animal - fight spectators face stiff penalties under proposed law '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Monday , August 26 , 2013 11 : 34 am ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Multi-state investigation leads to dog - fighting arrests in county -- The Southeast Sun : News '' . The Southeast Sun . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` NIH ends funding for experiments using ' random source ' dogs '' . sciencemag.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ No author . June 27 , 2013 . Arcus Welcomes U.S. Agency Decision to Release Lab Chimps Archived February 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Arcus Foundation Jump up ^ `` Merck Joins Companies Ending Chimpanzee Research -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com. 2014 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Merck Ends Use of Chimpanzees in Research '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Statement on Farm Animals and Eating with Conscience July 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Global Animal Partnership : Who We Are '' . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenaway , Twilight . May 24 , 2013 . The Modern Farmer Interview : Wayne Pacelle . Modern Farmer Jump up ^ 15 Minutes with HSUS President Wayne Pacelle . Farm Journal Magazine Jump up ^ Pounding the Pastures at HSUS . Humaneitarian Jump up ^ Greenaway , Twilight ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) . `` The Modern Farmer Interview : Wayne Pacelle '' . Modern Farmer . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Demand Grows for Hogs That Are Raised Humanely Outdoors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Blulab . `` Animal Welfare at the Heart of Sustainability -- Food For Thought -- Slow Food International -- Good , Clean and Fair food '' . slowfood.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon , Richard ; Memoli , Michael A. ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Farm bill compromise protects California 's egg law '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Peterson , Kristina ; Newman , Jesse ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Farm Bill 's Path Traces Power Shift in House GOP '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Animal People Watchdog Report , 18 '' . Animal People . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Buell , Spencer ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Mass . Passes Question 3 on Animal Confinement '' . Boston Magazine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Humane Society 's Descent Into Abolitionist Veganism '' . Weekly Standard . 2016 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ May 3 , 2013 . Common Questions about Animal Shelters . The Humane Society of the United States Jump up ^ Wayne Pacelle . December 23 , 2013 . Our Top Achievements for Dogs and Cats , at Home and Abroad A Humane Nation . The Humane Society of the United States . Jump up ^ Leslie Smith . April 3 , 2013 . HSUS 's Pets for Life . DogTime Jump up ^ Cathy Rosenthal . January 6 , 2014 . $50 K grant to help low - income pet owners San Antonio Express - News Jump up ^ `` Changing pet owner attitudes means fewer stray animals on the streets of Boyle Heights '' . The Eastsider LA . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Steinberg . Sept. 18 , 2013 . Around the Water Cooler With The Humane Society 's CEO . Money / Careers . U.S. News & World Report Jump up ^ `` Publications '' . AnimalSheltering.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Banse , Tom ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Mobile Vet Clinic Treats Poor Pets '' . VOANews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ No author . 5 / 02 / 2013 . CSPA Receives Humane Society of the United States Award for Antifreeze Safety Effort Archived January 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Consumer Specialty Products Association . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Wild Animals '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas puppy mills : A good new rule to stem a cruel business '' . Los Angeles Times . 2014 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bad rule ! ' Dog breeders tell USDA about new standards '' . mcclatchydc . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Animals : hunting section '' . Humanesociety.org . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nov 25 , 2013 . CBC News -- Seal product ban upheld on ' ethical ' grounds Jump up ^ `` Stopping Michigan wolf hunt the focus of humane society president 's Kalamazoo visit '' . MLive.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Stuntz TVN Staff ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Federal Judge stops Wyo . wolf hunt '' . Teton Valley News . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Parker , Kathleen ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Bears and wolves find a voice in the wilderness '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` The Humane Society of the United States Announces Humane Wildlife Solutions to Help People with Wildlife Conflicts -- eXtension News '' . Extension.org. 2007 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts to ban shark fin trade '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU closes loopholes in shark finning '' . English pravda.ru . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shark fin imports to Hong Kong tumble after airlines refuse to carry them '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What You Can Do To Help Feral Cats '' , Humane Society of the United States , July 3 , 2013 , accessed June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Results of the Outdoor cat conference , HSUS , March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ J. Grandy , `` Zoos : A Critical Reevaluation , '' HSUS News Summer 1992 , 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Statement on Animals in Entertainment and Competition July 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hegarty , Matt . 02 / 23 / 2012 . Q&A : Wayne Pacelle , Humane Society . Daily Racing Form Jump up ^ `` HSUS opposes Florida actions , '' HSUS News Winter 1991 , 28 . Jump up ^ `` UnderwaterTimes.com -- Humane Society : OSHA Sanctions On Seaworld Are Further Evidence That Orcas Are Unsuitable For Captivity '' . underwatertimes.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ex Sea World trainers speak out in new video '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Glionna , John M. November 6 , 2013 . Horse slaughter : Activists vow long legal battle to save animals . Los Angeles Times Jump up ^ `` U.S. federal appeals court halts horse slaughter '' . USA Today . 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Exotic Pets : The Humane Society of the United States '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Even chimps in tutus can be vicious - CNN.com '' . CNN . February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia Legislature Passes the Dangerous Wild Animal Act '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Gazette - Mail -- Creatures banned , allowed on state 's dangerous animal list baffles experts '' . Charleston Gazette - Mail . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charity Navigator Rating -- The Humane Society of the United States '' . Charitynavigator.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charity Review of Humane Society of the United States '' . Bbb.org. 2007 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Most Fiscally Responsible Charities '' ( PDF ) . 2010 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/financials/2012-form-990.pdf ^ Jump up to : Richard Pollack . `` Animal rights groups that paid circus $15.7 million file suit against insurers who cancelled them in 2010 '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society International '' . interaction.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HSVMA to launch insurance options , recruitment campaign -- VIN '' . vin.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Developer donates marsh , woods parcel to Humane Society Back River Neck site is group 's first wildlife sanctuary in ( P Maryland '' . tribunedigital - baltimoresun . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West County wildlife area gets permanent protection Former retreat acquired by Humane Society Trust '' . Sonoma West Publishers . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society boosts poaching reward '' . Aspen Daily News . October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Audubon Society of Portland , the Humane Society of the United States , and the Humane Society Wildlife Land Trust post reward in illegal leg hold trap case '' . audubonportland.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Larry Himmel ( 3 December 2013 ) . `` The Fund for Animals Wildlife Center : Born to be wild '' . cbs8.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Fagen , Faran ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Delray photographer chronicles animals ' return to health '' . Palm Beach Post . Jump up ^ `` Tom MacArthur endorsed by Humane Society Legislative Fund '' . burlcogop.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross , Gloria ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Suzanne Saueressig Riegel : Humane Society chief of veterinary staff for decades '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Preston , Caroline ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Nonprofit Group Attacks Humane Society Over Spending of Donations '' ( PDF ) . The Chronicle Of Philanthropy . Jump up ^ Drajem , Mark ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Union Busting by Profiting From Non-Profit May Breach IRS '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Rachel Maddow - Rick Berman_ King of astroturf . YouTube . 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollan , Michael ( June 4 , 2006 ) . `` Attacks on the ' Food Police ' '' . New York Times , the opinion pages . Jump up ^ Michael Kranish . May 19 , 2013 . Corporations anonymously fund attacks and influence Washington policy through nonprofit groups . The Boston Globe Jump up ^ The HSUS Responds to CCF HSUS , Nov 16 , 2009 Jump up ^ Drajem , Mark and Brian Wingfield . Nov 1 , 2012 . Union Busting by Profiting From Non-Profit May Breach IRS Bloomberg Jump up ^ Beall , Pat . Jan. 18 , 2014 . Taking on the popular : ' Dr. Evil ' targets Humane Society . The Palm Beach Post ^ Jump up to : The Humane Society of the United States and Pet Shelter Giving . HumaneWatch ^ Jump up to : HSUS is Not Your Local Humane Society . HumaneWatch Jump up ^ Douglas Anthony Cooper , 01 / 23 / 2014 `` Will the HSUS Make a Killing Off Hurricane Sandy ? '' The Huffington Post ( http://www.huffingtonpost.com ) Jump up ^ `` The PR Man Behind the Oscar Night Anti-Humane Society Slam '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Winograd , Nathan J. ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Putting Abusers Before Animals Is Business as Usual at the HSUS '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ P.J. Huffstutter and Lisa Baertlein ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` '' Pink Slime '' controversy stokes clash over agriculture `` . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Beckelemail . `` ' Radical animal rights movement ' gets new foe '' . Center for Public Integrity . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan Crossingham . `` Protect the Harvest taking the fight to radical animal rights activists '' . Farm and Ranch Guide . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Protect the Harvest PAC Ad Highlights Bruce Braley 's Lack of Respect for Iowa Farm Families '' . theiowarepublican.com . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://usark.org/about/ ' The Reptile Nation ' Jump up ^ `` Senate Panel Approves Large Constrictor Snake Trade Ban '' . Big Cat Rescue . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://blog.humanesociety.org/wayne/2012/01/constrictor-snake-news.html ' The Way Washington Works ' Jump up ^ http://blog.humanesociety.org/wayne/2014/06/constrictor-snakes-2.html ' Time to Tighten Grip on Imports of Constricting Snakes ' 6.24. 2014 Jump up ^ http://usark.org/2014-blog/hsus-wants-americans-to-lie-to-the-u-s-government ' HSUS wants Americans to Lie to the U.S. Government ' 07.02. 2014 Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Exotic Pets : Snakes '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/exotic_pets/facts/thinking_of_getting_turtle_012609.html ' Thinking of Getting a Pet Turtle ? ' 8.20. 14 Jump up ^ `` Iguanas : The Humane Society of the United States '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://usark.org/position-statements/mission/ usark.org Mission statement Jump up ^ Salmon , Jacqueline L. ( March 26 , 2006 ) . `` Red Cross , Humane Society Under Investigation '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana attorney general launches HSUS investigation '' . American Veterinary Medical Association . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Money Mysteries Part 1 : Hurricane Katrina HSUS Fundraising '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Six Years After Katrina , HSUS Highly Active in Gulf Coast States '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Common Questions about Animal Shelters : The Humane Society of the United States '' . Humanesociety.org . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' Pennies for Charity '' -- The Attorney General 's Report on Fundraisers in New York `` . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative conference seeks HSUS investigation '' . Brownfield Ag News . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.csgmidwest.org/MLC/documents/HSUS-2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Canadian seal hunt begins amid protests '' . USA Today . March 25 , 2006 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Squatriglia , Chuck ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` Dolphins hunt for mines in gulf waters / Trained animals helping Navy clear vital port of Umm Qasr '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Search -- Global Edition -- The New York Times '' . International Herald Tribune . 2009 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Humane Society of the United States Archived July 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Activistcash.com Jump up ^ Severson , Kim . `` Animal advocates ' new weapon : Video sharing -- The New York Times '' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 6 - 5 - 06 pg 26. qxp '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Courtesy of the Humane Society ( 2010 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Lynne Terry , The Oregonian '' . Oregonlive.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charity Navigator Donor Advisory -- The Humane Society of the United States '' . Charitynavigator.org . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Charity Navigator - Rating for The Humane Society of the United States '' . Charity Navigator . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Texas ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` HumaneWatch : HSUS nonprofit rating improves to `` C - '' `` . Cattlenetwork.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Daniel Borochoff . `` How American Institute of Philanthropy Rates Charities '' . Charitywatch.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` '' Animal rights group pays settlement in circus elephant case , '' Tom Watkins , CNN , December 28 , 2012 `` . Cnn.com. 2012 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ MATTHEW BARAKAT Associated Press ( 2014 - 05 - 16 ) . `` '' Animal - rights groups to pay Ringling circus $16 million , '' Matthew Karakat , The Associated Press , May 16 , 2014 `` . Stltoday.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Salvo in Feud Targets Humane Society 's Accounting '' . Bloomberg News . 2013 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society blasted for late release of video in beef recall - CNN.com '' . CNN . February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture reporting bill more harmful than helpful -- SentinelSource.com : Editorial '' . SentinelSource.com. 2014 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick to work with Humane Society on its campaign against dogfighting '' . Los Angeles Times . 2009 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Humane Society responds to Michael Vick inquiries '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened to Michael Vick 's Dogs '' . CNN . 2008 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society president open to Michael Vick owning dogs again '' . CNN . 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dog advocates disagree about whether Vick would be a good owner '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Vick and Having a Pet -- Wayne Pacelle : A Humane Nation HSUS President & CEO '' . Hsus.typepad.com. 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Vick on family dog : ' Our pet is well cared for ' '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . `` I understand the strong emotions by some people about our family 's decision to care for a pet . As a father , it is important to make sure my children develop a healthy relationship with animals , '' Vick 's reasoning for getting another dog according to Philly.com . Jump up ^ Mosbergen , Dominique ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Michael Vick : Yes , I Have A Dog '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Animal rights activists mixed on Vick move '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . 26 , 2011 Michael Vick : Dogfighting Android app is wrong . CBS News Jump up ^ Paul Courson . July 19 , 2011 . Michael Vick backs bill targeting dog fight spectators . Cable News Network Jump up ^ Williamson , Eric. Oct. 25 , 2012 Animal Abuse Laws Stronger After Vick Prosecution , But Still Not Ideal , Experts Say . University of Virginia School of Law Jump up ^ Humane Society of the United States Misled Americans With Fundraising Pitch : Animal Rights Group Falsely Claimed It Would `` Care For '' Michael Vick 's Dogs Archived May 22 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Center for Consumer Freedom press release Jump up ^ `` Put an End to Animal Fighting '' . Consumer Freedom . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. August 1 , 2007 . Government Makes a Case , and Holds Dogs as Evidence . The New York Times . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110525040802/http://www.consumerfreedom.com/news_detail.cfm?headline=3420 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` An Investigation of the Canadian Seafood `` Boycott '' Promoted By the Humane Society of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Consumerfreedom.com . March 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Humane Society of the United States Promotes Phony Canadian - Seafood Boycott '' . Consumerfreedom.com . March 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` '' AG Pruitt Warns Oklahomans of Misleading Solicitations by National Animal Welfare Organizations , '' Oklahoma Office of the Attorney General , March 12 , 2014 `` . Oag.ok.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` '' State AG 's office issues alert against Humane Society of the United States , '' Randy Krehbiel , Tulsa World , March 12 , 2014 `` . Tulsaworld.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Veterinarians for Equine Welfare . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cruel Deaths in Mexico a Result of Closing U.S. Horse Processing Plants Archived October 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . AVMA press release . October 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ U.S. horse slaughter exports to Mexico increase 312 % Archived September 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . JAVMA News . January 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.humanesociety.org/animal_community/resources/facts/HSUS_local_shelters.html Jump up ^ `` Our Policies '' . humanesociety.org . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka , Zoopolis : A Political Theory of Animal Rights , 19 . ^ Jump up to : Animal Charity Evaluators ( November 2016 ) . `` HSUS Farm Animal Protection Campaign '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allison Smith ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Our Thinking on Standout Organizations '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Amory , Cleveland , Man Kind ? Our Incredible War on Wildlife ( 1974 ) . Balcombe , Jonathan , The Use of Animals in Higher Education : Problems , Alternatives , and Recommendations ( 2000 ) . Donaldson , Sue and Will Kymlicka , Zoopolis : A Political Theory of Animal Rights ( 2012 ) . Donahue , Jesse , and Erik Trump , The Politics of Zoos : Exotic Animals and their Protectors ( 2006 ) . Hadidian , John A. , Wild Neighbors : The Humane Approach to Living With Wildlife 2007 . Hoyt , John A. , Animals in Peril 1994 . Irwin , Paul , Losing Paradise : The Growing Threat to Our Animals , Our Environment , and Ourselves ( 2000 ) . McGiffin H. , and N. Brownley , eds. , Animals in Education : The Use of Animals in High School biology Classes and Science Fairs ( 1980 ) . Morse , Mel , Ordeal of the Animals ( 1970 ) . Pacelle , Wayne , The Bond : Our Kinship with Animals , Our Call to Defend Them ( 2009 ) . Russell , William S. , and Rex Burch , The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique ( 1959 ) . Scully , Matthew , Dominion : The Power of Man , The Suffering of Animals , and The Call to Mercy ( 2003 ) . Stephens , Martin L. , Alternatives to Current Animal Use in Research , Safety , Testing and Education ( 1986 ) . Unti , Bernard . Protecting All Animals : A Fifty - Year History of The Humane Society of the United States ( 2004 ) . Unti , Bernard , and Andrew Rowan . `` A Social History of Animal Protection in the Post -- World War Two Period . '' In State of the Animals 2001 , edited by Deborah J. Salem and Andrew N. Rowan . Washington , D.C. : Humane Society of the United States , 2002 . External links ( edit ) Official website HSUS Blog authored by CEO Wayne Pacelle Official YouTube channel Animal rights Topics Overview Abolitionism Animal protectionism Animal welfare Speciesism Vegaphobia Veganism more ... Issues Ahimsa Anarchism Animal cognition Animal consciousness Animal law Animal model Animal rights and the Holocaust Animal product Animal rights movement Animal testing Animal testing on non-human primates Animals in sport Anthrozoology Anti-hunting Bile bear Bioethics Blood sport Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness Carnism Cosmetics testing Chick culling Christianity and animal rights Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation Cormorant culling Covance Cruelty to animals Deep ecology Ethics of eating meat Fox hunting Fur trade Great ape research ban Green Scare Huntingdon Life Sciences Intensive animal farming Ivory trade Livestock Meat paradox Nafovanny Nonviolence Open rescue Operation Backfire Pain in animals Pain and suffering in laboratory animals Qurbani Primate trade Seal hunting Slaughterhouse Stock - free agriculture Toxicology testing Veganism Vegetarianism Western Australian shark cull more ... Cases Brown Dog affair Cambridge University primates McLibel case Pit of despair Silver Spring monkeys University of California Riverside 1985 laboratory raid Unnecessary Fuss Advocates Academics and writers Carol Adams James Aspey Tom Beauchamp Marc Bekoff Paola Cavalieri Stephen R.L. Clark Alasdair Cochrane J.M. Coetzee Priscilla Cohn Alice Crary David DeGrazia Sue Donaldson Josephine Donovan Lawrence Finsen Gary Francione Robert Garner Antoine Goetschel John Hadley Will Kymlicka Andrew Linzey Dan Lyons Mary Midgley Martha Nussbaum Siobhan O'Sullivan Clare Palmer Tom Regan Bernard Rollin Mark Rowlands Richard D. Ryder Peter Singer Henry Stephens Salt Steve Sapontzis Gary Steiner Cass Sunstein more ... Activists Cleveland Amory Greg Avery Matt Ball Martin Balluch Barbi twins Brigitte Bardot Bob Barker Gene Baur Frances Power Cobbe Rod Coronado Evandro Costa Karen Davis Chris DeRose Robert Enke John Feldmann Bruce Friedrich Juliet Gellatley Jordan Halliday Barry Horne Ronnie Lee Lizzy Lind af Hageby Jo - Anne McArthur Bill Maher Keith Mann Dan Mathews Luísa Mell Ingrid Newkirk Heather Nicholson Jack Norris Alex Pacheco Jill Phipps Craig Rosebraugh Nathan Runkle Henry Spira Kim Stallwood Marianne Thieme Darren Thurston Andrew Tyler Gary Yourofsky more ... Movement Groups Animal Aid Animal Legal Defense Fund Animal Liberation Front British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection Centre for Animals and Social Justice Chinese Animal Protection Network Direct Action Everywhere Farm Animal Rights Movement Great Ape Project Hunt Saboteurs Association In Defense of Animals Korea Animal Rights Advocates Last Chance for Animals Mercy for Animals New England Anti-Vivisection Society Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics Oxford Group People for Animals People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals United Poultry Concerns more ... Parties AAEVP ( Canada ) Animal Justice Party ( Australia ) Animal Welfare Party ( UK ) PACMA ( Spain ) Party for the Animals ( Netherlands ) Partito Animalista Italiano ( Italy ) Tierschutzpartei ( Germany ) V - Partei3 ( Germany ) People -- Animals -- Nature ( Portugal ) more ... Media Books Animals ' Rights : Considered in Relation to Social Progress ( 1894 ) Animals , Men and Morals ( 1971 ) Animal Liberation ( 1975 ) The Case for Animal Rights ( 1983 ) The Lives of Animals ( 1999 ) Striking at the Roots ( 2008 ) An American Trilogy ( 2009 ) more ... Films The Animals Film ( 1981 ) A Cow at My Table ( 1998 ) Meet Your Meat ( 2002 ) Peaceable Kingdom ( 2004 ) Earthlings ( 2005 ) Behind the Mask ( 2006 ) The Cove ( 2009 ) Forks Over Knives ( 2011 ) Vegucated ( 2011 ) Speciesism : The Movie ( 2013 ) The Ghosts in Our Machine ( 2013 ) more ... Categories Animal advocacy parties Animal law Animal Liberation Front Animal rights Animal rights activists Animal right media Animal rights movement Animal rights scholars Animal testing Blood sports Livestock Meat industry Poultry Veganism Vegetarianism Animal rights portal Animal welfare Issues Abandoned pets Blood sports Eating live animals Eating live seafood Intensive animal farming Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals Puppy mill Wild animal suffering Concepts Abnormal behaviours in animals Animal psychopathology Animal shelter Animal welfare science Anthrozoology Behavioral enrichment Ethical omnivorism Intrinsic value ( animal ethics ) Rescue group Pain in nonhuman animals Pain in animals Pain in amphibians Pain in cephalopods Pain in crustaceans Pain in fish Pain in invertebrates Grimace scale ( animals ) Organisations Animal welfare organizations Animal welfare organizations by country Animal welfare ( journal ) HSUS International Society for Applied Ethology List of animal welfare groups RSPCA UFAW Animal - welfare scholars Jonathan Balcombe Michael Balls Patrick Bateson Marc Bekoff Marian Dawkins Jane Goodall Alistair Lawrence Clare Palmer Chris Sherwin Colin Spedding D.G.M. Wood - Gush Categories Animal advocacy parties Animal killing Animal rights Animal welfare and rights legislation Animal sacrifice Animal sanctuaries Animal testing Animal welfare and rights by country Cruelty to animals Dishes involving the consumption of live animals Fur trade People associated with animal welfare Whaling Religious considerations Dhabihah Jhatka Kutha Shechita Tza'ar ba'alei chayim Rituals and festivals Bous al carrer Cock throwing Combat de Reines Eid al - Adha Frog jumping contest Gadhimai festival Goat throwing Goose pulling Kapparot Lychee and Dog Meat Festival Monkey Buffet Festival October Horse Pushkar Camel Fair Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo Running of the Bulls Surin Elephant Round - up Toro embolado Woollybear Festival World Animal Day Legislation Animal testing regulations Animals ( Scientific Procedures ) Act 1986 ( UK ) Animal Welfare Act 1999 ( NZ ) Animal Welfare Act of 1966 ( US ) EU Directive 2010 / 63 / EU ( EU ) EU Directive 1999 / 74 / EC ( EU ) Horse Protection Act of 1970 ( US ) Hunting Act 2004 ( US ) Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 ( Philippines ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Humane_Society_of_the_United_States&oldid=827630441 '' Categories : 1954 establishments in Washington , D.C. Organizations based in Washington , D.C. Humane Society of the United States Criticisms of bullfighting Anti-vivisection movement Animal rights organisations Organizations established in 1954 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles lacking in - text citations from September 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles that may be too long from March 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of interest group is the humane society	[]	[]
170603577852694596	Redstone Solar Thermal Power	Redstone solar Thermal power - wikipedia Redstone solar Thermal power Redstone Solar Thermal Power Location of Redstone Solar Thermal Power Country South Africa Location Postmasburg , Northern Cape Province Coordinates 28 ° 18 ′ S 23 ° 21 ′ E / 28.300 ° S 23.350 ° E / - 28.300 ; 23.350 Coordinates : 28 ° 18 ′ S 23 ° 21 ′ E / 28.300 ° S 23.350 ° E / - 28.300 ; 23.350 Status Proposed Construction began 2015 ( scheduled ) Commission date 2018 ( planned ) Construction cost $715 million Owner ( s ) ACWA Power Solar field Type CSP CSP technology Solar power tower Power generation Units planned Nameplate capacity 100 MW Capacity factor 54 % ( planned ) Storage capacity 12 hours Annual net output 480 GW h ( planned ) Website www.solarreserve.com Redstone Solar Thermal Power ( RSTP ) is a planned solar power tower solar thermal power plant , located in Postmasburg , near Kimberley , in the Northern Cape Region of South Africa . Redstone Solar Thermal Power is 100 megawatts ( MW ) , and will be the first solar tower plant with molten salt energy storage in Africa . The project is based on the technology used in Solar Reserve 's Crescent Dunes project in the US In January 2015 , the South Africa Department of Energy awarded the RSTP project to a consortium led by SolarReserve and the Arabian Company for Water and Power Development ( ACWA Power ) . The project is to achieve financial close at end of 2015 and commence operations in early 2018 . Overall project cost is $715 million , and basic power tariff offered at $124 / MW h . Peak power tariff is 270 % of the basic power tariff i.e. $334 / MW h . Tariffs quoted in Rands , fully indexed , were R1. 70 / MW h base rate and R4. 58 / MW h peak rate ( 2015 rate ) . The RSTP project features a 2 - tank direct molten salt energy storage with 12 hours of full - load energy storage , namely 1200 MW h of equivalent power production , avoiding any backup fuel requirement . The RSTP project is located adjacent the 75 MW Lesedi and 96 MW Jasper photovoltaic solar power projects . Together the three projects comprise a combined CSP and PV solar park with a total 271 MW of generating capacity . The RSTP project will create 800 direct jobs during construction , with a planned 30 - year operating life . The purchase power agreement ( PPA ) worth R50 billion with Eskom was postponed and is still to be signed . See also ( edit ) South Africa portal Sustainable development portal Renewable energy portal List of solar thermal power stations List of power stations in South Africa Solar thermal energy Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SOUTH AFRICA DOE AWARDS 100MW SOLAR THERMAL POWER PROJECT TO SOLARRESERVE AND ACWA 08 JAN 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SolarReserve Wins Bid to Build South African Solar Plus Storage Plant '' . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nuwe kragaanleg voordelig '' . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A 20 - year power purchase agreement with Redstone Solar Thermal Power postponed until further notice '' . www.eskom.co.za . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . Power in South Africa Sectors Energy in South Africa Nuclear power Renewable energy Solar power Companies and organisations Current Eskom South African Nuclear Energy Corporation National Energy Regulator of South Africa Defunct Atomic Energy Corporation Active power stations Coal Arnot Power Station Bloemfontein Power Station Camden Power Station Duvha Power Station Grootvlei Power Station Hendrina Power Station Kelvin Power Station Kendal Power Station Komati Power Station Kriel Power Station Kusile Power Station Lethabo Power Station Majuba Power Station Matimba Power Station Matla Power Station Medupi Power Station Pretoria West Power Station Rooiwal Power Station Tutuka Power Station Hydro - electric Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme Gariep Dam Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme Kouga Dam Power Station Ncora Dam Palmiet Pumped Storage Scheme Steenbras Dam Vanderkloof Dam Nuclear Koeberg nuclear power station Oil and gas Acacia Power Station Ankerlig Power Station Gourikwa Power Station Newcastle Cogeneration Plant Port Rex Power Station Solar Bokpoort CSP De Aar Solar Power Droogfontein Solar Power Jasper Solar Energy Project Kalkbult Redstone Solar Thermal Power Kathu Solar Park KaXu Solar One Khi Solar One Lesedi Solar Park Letsatsi Solar Park SlimSun Swartland Solar Park Touwsrivier CPV Solar Project Wind Coega Wind Farm De Aar Wind Farm Darling Wind Farm Jeffreys Bay Wind Farm Kangans Wind Farm Klipheuwel Wind Farm Sere Wind Farm Dassiesklip Wind Energy Facility Van Stadens Wind Farm Hopefield Wind Farm Gouda Wind Facility Other Johannesburg Landfill Gas to Electricity Decommissioned power stations Coal Athlone Power Station Colenso Power Station Driehoek Power Station Graaff Electric Lighting Works Ingagane Power Station Kroonstad Power Station Mount Road Power Station Orlando Power Station Swartkops Power Station Other Department of Energy ( South Africa ) Coal in South Africa Renewable energy in Africa Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redstone_Solar_Thermal_Power&oldid=835872476 '' Categories : Solar power stations in South Africa Hidden categories : Articles using Wikidata location map with locally defined parameters Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 08 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	redstone solar thermal power tower in northern cape	[]	[]
-8582046623835273870	Lea Salonga	Lea Salonga - wikipedia Lea Salonga Jump to : navigation , search For the album of the same name , see Lea Salonga ( album ) . In this Philippine name , the middle name or maternal family name is Imutan and the surname or paternal family name is Salonga . Lea Salonga KLD Salonga in San Francisco , California on September 16 , 2011 Background information Birth name Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga ( 1971 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Manila , Philippines Genres Pop , OPM , R&B , musical theatre Occupation ( s ) Singer , actress Years active 1978 -- present Labels Atlantic , Arista , Capitol , EMI Philippines , Musiko , Sony Music Philippines , WEA , Walt Disney Website www.leasalonga.com Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga , KLD ( born February 22 , 1971 ) , known as Lea Salonga ( / ˈleɪə səˈlɒŋɡə / ) , is a Filipina singer and actress best known for her roles in musical theatre , for supplying the singing voices of two Disney Princesses , and as a recording artist and television performer . At age 18 , she originated the lead role of Kim in the musical Miss Saigon , first in the West End and then on Broadway , winning the Olivier and Theatre World Awards , and becoming the first Asian woman to win a Tony Award . Salonga is the first Filipino artist to sign with an international record label ( Atlantic Records in 1993 ) . She is also the first Philippine - based artist to have received a major album release and distribution deal in the United States , and one of the best - selling Filipino artists of all time , having sold over 19 million copies of her albums worldwide . Salonga was the first actress of Asian descent to play the roles of Éponine and Fantine in the musical Les Misérables on Broadway . She also portrayed Éponine and Fantine , respectively , in the musical 's 10th and 25th anniversary concerts in London . She provided the singing voices of two official Disney Princesses : Jasmine in Aladdin ( 1992 ) and Fa Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) . She was named a Disney Legend in 2011 for her work with The Walt Disney Company . Salonga starred as Mei - li in the 2002 Broadway version of Flower Drum Song . She has played numerous other stage , film and TV roles in the US , the Philippines and elsewhere . She has toured widely in the title role of Cinderella , among other roles , and as a concert artist . From 2015 to 2016 , she returned to Broadway in Allegiance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 1971 -- 1989 : Early life and career 1.2 1989 -- 1992 : Miss Saigon and Aladdin 1.3 1993 -- 1996 : Les Misérables , films and other musicals 1.4 1997 -- 2004 : Recordings , concerts , TV and Flower Drum Song 1.5 2005 -- 2007 : International ventures 1.6 2008 -- 2012 : Philippine Daily Inquirer columnist and Cinderella tour 1.7 2013 -- present : The Voice of the Philippines and return to Broadway 2 Personal life 3 Voice and musical ability 4 Discography 4.1 Solo recordings 4.2 Cast recordings 4.3 Video / Live recordings 4.4 Compilation albums 4.5 Featured recordings 5 Notable stage credits 6 Filmography and television appearances 7 References 8 External links Life and career ( edit ) 1971 -- 1989 : early life and career ( edit ) María Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga was born at Medical Center Manila in Ermita , Manila , to Feliciano Genuino Salonga , a naval Rear admiral and shipping company owner ( 1929 -- 2016 ) , and his wife , María Ligaya Alcantara , née Imutan . She spent the first six years of her childhood in Angeles City before moving to Manila . Her brother , Gerard Salonga , is a conductor . She made her professional debut in 1978 at the age of seven in the musical The King and I with Repertory Philippines . She played the title role in Annie in 1980 and appeared in other productions such as Cat on a Hot Tin Roof , Fiddler on the Roof , The Sound of Music , The Rose T , The Goodbye Girl ( 1982 ) , Paper Moon ( 1983 ) and The Fantasticks ( 1988 ) . In 1981 , she recorded her first album , Small Voice , which was certified gold in the Philippines . In 1985 , she and her brother took part in the eighth Metro Manila Popular Music Festival as the interpreters for the song entry titled `` Musika , Lata , Sipol at La La La '' which was composed by Tess Concepcion . During the 1980s , Salonga also had several television projects through GMA Radio Television Arts where she worked as a child actor and teen idol . After the success of her first album , from 1983 to 1985 , she hosted her own musical television show , Love , Lea , and was a member of the cast of German Moreno 's teen variety show That 's Entertainment . She acted in films , which included the family - oriented Tropang Bulilit , Like Father , Like Son , Ninja Kids , Captain Barbell and Pik Pak Boom . As a young performer , Salonga received a Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences ( FAMAS ) award nomination for Best Child Actress , and three Aliw Awards for best child performer in 1980 , 1981 and 1982 . She released her second album , Lea , in 1988 . She also opened for , and performed with , international acts such as Menudo and Stevie Wonder in their concerts in Manila in 1985 and in 1988 , respectively . She finished her secondary education in 1988 at the O.B. Montessori Center in Greenhills , San Juan , Metro Manila , where she was a Bergamo 1 Student and an active participant in school productions . She also attended the University of the Philippines College of Music 's extension program aimed at training musically talented children in music and stage movement . A college freshman studying biology at the Ateneo de Manila University when she auditioned for Miss Saigon , she intended to have a medical career . Later , in between jobs in New York , she took two courses at Fordham University 's Lincoln Center . 1989 -- 1992 : Miss Saigon and Aladdin ( edit ) In 1989 Salonga was selected to play Kim in the debut production of the musical Miss Saigon in London . Unable to find a strong enough East Asian actress / singer in the United Kingdom , the producers scoured many countries looking for the lead . For her audition , the then 17 - year - old Salonga chose to sing Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg 's `` On My Own '' from Les Misérables and was later asked to sing `` Sun and Moon '' , impressing the audition panel . Salonga has sometimes credited `` On My Own '' as the starting point of her international career . She competed for the role with childhood friend and fellow Repertory Philippines performer Monique Wilson . Salonga won the lead role , while Wilson was named her understudy and given the role of the bar girl Mimi . For her performance as Kim , Salonga won the 1990 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical . When Miss Saigon opened on Broadway in 1991 , she again played the role of Kim , winning the Drama Desk , Outer Critics Circle and Theatre World Awards and becoming the first woman of Asian descent to win a Tony Award . In 1993 and 1996 , she returned to play Kim on Broadway . In 1999 , she was invited back to London to close the West End production , and in 2001 , at the age of 29 and after finishing the Manila run of the musical , Salonga returned to Broadway to close that production . In 1990 , Salonga performed in a homecoming concert in Manila entitled A Miss Called Lea . She also received a Presidential Award of Merit from President Corazon Aquino . In 1991 , she was named as one of People magazine 's 50 Most Beautiful People . In 1992 , she performed the singing voice of Princess Jasmine in Disney 's animated film Aladdin . 1993 -- 1996 : Les Misérables , films and other musicals ( edit ) In 1993 , Salonga played the role of Éponine in the Broadway production of Les Misérables . She performed the song `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin with Brad Kane at the 65th Annual Academy Awards in Los Angeles , where the song won an Oscar , having already won a Golden Globe Award . That same year , she released her self - titled international debut album with Atlantic Records , which had modest sales in the US but went platinum in the Philippines and sold 3 million copies worldwide . In 1994 , Salonga played in various musical theatre productions in the Philippines and Singapore , such as Sandy in Grease , Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady and the Witch in Into the Woods . Back in the US in 1995 , Salonga played the role of Geri Riordan , an 18 - year - old adopted Vietnamese American child in the Hallmark Hall of Fame TV movie Redwood Curtain , which starred John Lithgow and Jeff Daniels . She then flew back to the Philippines to star with Filipino matinée idol Aga Muhlach in the critically acclaimed film Sana Maulit Muli , which gave her a second Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences ( FAMAS ) award nomination , this time for Best Actress . She played the role of Éponine in the 10th anniversary production of Les Mis called Les Misérables : The Dream Cast in Concert at London 's Royal Albert Hall . In 1996 , Salonga was in Les Misérables once again as Éponine in the London production of the musical , then continued on to perform the role in the musical 's US national tour . In the Philippines in 1999 , and again in 2000 , she played Sonia Walsk in They 're Playing Our Song . 1997 -- 2004 : recordings , concerts , TV and Flower Drum song ( edit ) From 1997 to 2000 , Salonga did recordings and concerts in the Philippines and another engagement in London , in addition to a few returns to Miss Saigon in London and on Broadway . In 1997 , she released I 'd Like to Teach The World to Sing ( recordings from her childhood days ) to gold sales in the Philippines . That recording was followed by Lea ... In Love in 1998 and By Heart in 2000 , with both albums reaching multiple platinum status in the Philippines . In 1998 , she again lent her voice to a major Disney animated film , singing the title character in Mulan , also providing the character 's singing voice in the 2004 sequel , Mulan II . At the age of 28 , Salonga moved to New York City , purchasing her own apartment ( which she still owns up to at least 2013 ) . She participated in the 1998 tribute concert to Sir Cameron Mackintosh in London called `` Hey Mr. Producer : The Musical World of Cameron MacKintosh '' , where she did numbers from several of his musicals . She also performed in four concerts : The Homecoming Concert , The Millennium Concert , The Best of Manila and Songs from the Screen -- the last two being benefit shows . Salonga returned to Manila in Miss Saigon , staged at the Cultural Center of the Philippines at the end of 2000 . After a last stint in Miss Saigon for its closing on Broadway in 2001 , Salonga recreated the role of Lien Hughes originally played by Ming - Na Wen in the soap opera As the World Turns . After completing her contract that year , she was asked to return to the role in 2003 . She guested on Russell Watson 's The Voice concert , narrated for the television special My America : A Poetry Atlas of the United States , and appeared on the Christmas episode of the TV medical drama ER , playing a patient with lymphoma . In 2002 , Salonga returned to Broadway to play the leading role of Mei - li , a Chinese immigrant in a reinterpretation of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Flower Drum Song opposite Jose Llana . This was after the reinvented musical had a run at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in 2001 with Salonga playing the role and in 2002 winning Lead Actress in a Musical from the Los Angeles theatre Ovation Awards . The Salonga - led Broadway revival cast album was nominated for a 2004 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album . Salonga 's performance was received positively by theatre critics in New York , and she received a nomination for Distinguished Performance from the Drama League , among other honors . Between the 2001 Los Angeles and 2002 Broadway productions of Flower Drum Song , she performed in a non-musical theatrical production for the first time , playing the role of Catherine in the stage play Proof in Manila . This was followed by a major concert , The Broadway Concert , at the Philippine International Convention Center . She also sang at the 56th Tony Awards with Harry Connick , Jr. , Peter Gallagher and Michele Lee in a number paying tribute to Richard Rodgers . In 2003 to 2004 , Salonga did her first `` all - Filipino '' concerts in Manila called Songs from Home , which later won her an Aliw Award as Entertainer of the Year . In 2003 , she performed in several concerts at the Mohegan Sun hotel in Connecticut . This was followed by a Christmas concert in the Philippines , called Home for Christmas , and performances at the Lenape Regional Performing Arts Center in Marlton , New Jersey , in 2004 . Later in 2004 , she played Lizzie in the Manila production of the musical Baby , which earned her another nomination from the Aliw Awards . 2005 -- 2007 : international ventures ( edit ) In 2005 , Salonga gave her first US concert tour . Later that year , she performed to a sold - out crowd at Carnegie Hall for the benefit of Diverse City Theater Company . The same year , she received the Golden Artist Award at the 53rd FAMAS Awards in honor of her international achievements , performed during the grand opening of Hong Kong 's Disneyland and recorded two songs on Daniel Rodriguez 's album In the Presence . She also did voice work for Disney 's English dub of Hayao Miyazaki 's My Neighbor Totoro as Mrs. Kusakabe . Salonga wrote the foreword to Linda Marquart 's `` The Right Way to Sing '' ( 2005 ) . In 2006 , at the 15th Asian Games in Doha , Qatar , Salonga concluded the closing ceremony with the song `` Triumph of the One '' before an audience of 50,000 people at the Khalifa Stadium . Salonga in New York in 2009 In 2007 , Salonga released her first studio album in seven years called Inspired , which was certified platinum in the Philippines She received the Order of Lakandula , with the rank of Commander ( Komandante ) , from Philippine president Arroyo in recognition of using her talents to benefit Philippine society and foster cultural exchange . She has also received the Congressional Medal of Achievement from the House of Representatives of the Philippines . She returned to Broadway for another stint in the musical Les Misérables , this time as Fantine . Her rejoining the show boosted the musical 's ticket sales . President Arroyo watched Salonga in this role , together with Filipino Americans Adam Jacobs as Marius and Ali Ewoldt as Cosette . Salonga received rave reviews and made it again to the short list of Broadway. com 's Audience Award favorites as Best Replacement . During her tenure on Broadway that season , she appeared in Broadway on Broadway 2007 and Stars in the Alley 2007 , spoke at the Broadway Artists Alliance Summer Intensives , guested on the Broadway musical 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee , and participated in Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS ' 12th Annual Nothing Like a Dame event to benefit the women 's health initiative of The Actors Fund . Right after doing Les Misérables , she performed in two events : at the US Military Academy Band 's concert in West Point where she sang four songs and an encore and in her own concert at the Tarrytown Music Hall in New York . She was then busy with other concerts and musical events , including a Christmas presentation in Manila . In 2008 , Salonga gave concerts in the Philippines California , Hawaii , Hong Kong and Guam , and she played the title role in Broadway Asia Entertainment 's international tour of Rodgers & Hammerstein 's Cinderella . 2008 -- 2012 : Philippine Daily Inquirer columnist and Cinderella tour ( edit ) On 3 July 2008 , Salonga became a columnist in the Philippine Daily Inquirer with her column `` Backstory '' ( Entertainment section ) , `` Introducing : Lea Salonga , writer '' . Since then she has written numerous columns for the Inquirer . She performed in `` Global Pop '' at the Music Center on July 11 , 2008 . It was presented by The Blue Ribbon a group founded by Dorothy Chandler in 1968 . Salonga gave a concert on July 11 at Los Angeles ' Walt Disney Concert Hall . That same year she received a special citation from Awit Awards , the Philippines ' version of Grammys . Salonga in Makati City in 2009 From late July 2008 to mid-2009 , Salonga played the title role in the 30 - week Asian tour of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella , which premiered in Manila . Salonga performed a series of concerts in North America in 2009 and was also asked to dance the Filipino novelty dances `` Ocho - ocho '' and `` Spaghetti '' . The same year , Salonga advertised the Avon Products line of anti-aging skin care products Anew Rejuvenate in the Philippines . In June 2009 , she sang at the 95th Anniversary Special of the Iglesia Ni Cristo . Salonga sang Patriotic song `` Bayan Ko '' at the Requiem Mass for former President Corazon Aquino at Manila Cathedral . Salonga celebrated 20 years of Miss Saigon by performing in concerts called `` Lea Salonga ... Your Songs '' , at the Philippine International Convention Center Plenary Hall on December 11 and 12 , 2009 . Her brother , Gerard , was musical director . From July to August 2010 , Salonga played the role of Grizabella in the Manila run of the Asia - Pacific tour of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Cats at the Cultural Center of the Philippines . In October , she played Fantine during the 25th Anniversary Concert of Les Misérables , fifteen years after appearing in the 10th Anniversary as Eponine . The same year , she served as a celebrity judge for Avon Voices , Avon 's first ever global , online singing talent search for women and songwriting competition for men and women . Salonga was honored as a Disney Legend on August 19 , 2011 . She was one of the judges in the 60th Miss Universe 2011 Beauty Pageant in São Paulo , Brazil on 12 September 2011 . Salonga , along with Darren Criss , sang `` A Whole New World '' to its composer , Alan Menken , as Menken was named the winner of the 2011 Maestro Award at the Billboard / Hollywood Reporter Film & TV Music Conference on October 24 , 2011 . Salonga performed in a six - concert series titled `` The Magic of Broadway and Disney Favorites '' in 2012 with the Palm Beach Pops . She starred in the first production of Allegiance , at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego from September to October 2012 . Salonga starred in the Philippine production of the comedy God of Carnage from July 2012 at the Carlos P. Romulo Auditorium , RCBC Plaza , Manila . She took on the same role at the DBS Arts Centre in Singapore , in November 2012 . Salonga joined the Candlelight Processional at Epcot in Walt Disney World as narrator on December 14 to 16 , retelling the Christmas story accompanied by a 50 - piece orchestra and a mass choir . 2013 -- present : the Voice of the Philippines and return to Broadway ( edit ) On January 30 , 2013 , Salonga took part on the 2013 season of Lincoln Center 's American Songbook concert series at the Allen Room . In the Philippines , Salonga provided the theme song for TV5 's reality singing competition Kanta Pilipinas which premiered on February 8 . On February 18 , Salonga , Tyne Daly and Norm Lewis starred in a concert performance of Ragtime at Lincoln Center 's Avery Fisher Hall . Salonga played Mother . Salonga headlined a concert series , `` 4 Stars One World of Broadway Musicals , '' in Tokyo from June 15 -- 23 , and in Osaka from June 27 -- 30 . She performed with , Ramin Karimloo , Sierra Boggess , and Yu Shirota . She was one of the four coaches , together with apl. de. ap , Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo Manalac for the ABS - CBN program , The Voice of the Philippines , which premiered on June 15 , 2013 . In December 2013 , Salonga began a concert tour in the Philippines titled `` Lea Salonga : Playlist '' that celebrated her 35 years in show business . The concert series was extended to January 2014 . Salonga wrote a book , Playlist : A Celebration of 35 Years , which she used as a souvenir program for the concerts and sells on her website . In 2014 , she returned for the second season of The Voice of the Philippines and also joined the new Philippine version of The Voice Kids , on which she has appeared for three seasons , as of 2016 . Salonga recorded a song called `` Wished That I Could Call You '' that was included in the charity compilation album Children In Need , released in March 2014 . Also in 2014 -- 15 , she toured in Asia and North America with Il Divo . In mid-2015 , she headlined her own concert series in Australasia . Salonga reprised her role as Kei Kimura in the 2015 -- 16 Broadway production of Allegiance . Charles Isherwood wrote in The New York Times of her performance : `` Her voice retains its plush beauty , and her culminating first act solo , `` Higher '' ... is perhaps the show 's musical highlight . '' Salonga guest - starred on the April 18 , 2016 season finale of the American television series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . She played Helen Bechdel in the international premiere of Fun Home in November 2016 in Manila . A review in ABS - CBN News said that she `` delivers a finely tuned performance , utilizing her prodigious stage presence to provide the cold and dark shadings to erstwhile peppy scenes with her subtle stares and held back emotions ... ( In ) `` Days by Days '' ... she finally lets go of all the resentment and repressed anger of a woman stuck in a marriage built on a lie . Yet there is dignity in her breakdown ... Salonga pulls it off with such clarity , both musically and emotionally , that it 's difficult not to be moved . In 2016 she won two more Aliw Awards , one for Best Major Concert in a Foreign Venue and her second Entertainer of the Year award . The following year , Salonga was one of the coaches on The Voice Teens . She is set to portray Erzulie in the 2017 Broadway revival of Once on This Island at Circle in the Square Theatre . Personal life ( edit ) On January 10 , 2004 , Salonga married Robert Charles Chien , a Chinese - Japanese managing director of an entertainment software company in Los Angeles , California , whom she met while doing Flower Drum Song . They have a daughter , Nicole Beverly Chien , who was born in 2006 , named after Salonga 's late mother - in - law , Beverly . She is also an avid video game enthusiast , and has mentioned her love for the hobby in several of her print articles . She resides in the Philippines and the United States . On October 15 , 2010 , Salonga was appointed Goodwill Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . Voice and musical ability ( edit ) Salonga has a soprano range from D3 to C6 . She has been praised for control over her powerful vocals which can evoke a wide array of emotion and soundscapes . In her popular music releases , Salonga has sung `` simple love songs '' , which is common in traditional Original Pilipino Music . In both Disney princess singing roles , Salonga showcases her head tones which reach up to F5 . Salonga 's breakout role as Kim in Miss Saigon utilized her voice from the top to the bottom . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Lea Salonga discography Solo recordings ( edit ) Small Voice ( 1981 ) Lea ( 1988 ) Lea Salonga ( 1993 ) I 'd Like to Teach The World to Sing ( 1997 ) Lea ... In Love ( 1998 ) By Heart ( 1999 ) Lea Salonga : The Christmas Album ( 2000 ) Songs from The Screen ( 2001 ) Inspired ( 2007 ) Lea Salonga : Your Songs ( 2009 ) Cast recordings ( edit ) Miss Saigon ( Original London Cast Recording ) ( 1990 ) Little Tramp ( Studio Recording ) ( 1992 ) The King and I ( Hollywood Studio Cast Recording ) ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( Soundtrack Recording ) ( 1992 ) Mulan ( Soundtrack Recording ) ( 1998 ) Making Tracks ( Original Cast Recording ) ( 2001 ) Flower Drum Song ( Revival Cast Recording ) ( 2002 ) Mulan II ( Soundtrack Recording ) ( 2005 ) Dayo : Sa Mundo ng Elementalia ( Soundtrack Recording ) ( 2008 ) Cinderella ( Original International Tour Cast Recording ) ( 2010 ) Allegiance ( Original Broadway Cast Recording ) ( 2016 ) Video / Live recordings ( edit ) Hey Mr. Producer : The Musical World of Cameron MacKintosh ( 1997 ) Les Misérables : The Dream Cast in Concert ( 1995 ) Lea Salonga Live Vol. 1 ( 2000 ) Lea Salonga Live Vol. 2 ( 2000 ) The Broadway Concert ( 2002 ) Songs from Home : Live Concert Recording ( 2004 ) Les Misérables in Concert : The 25th Anniversary ( 2010 ) The Journey So Far -- Recorded Live at Cafe Carlyle ( 2011 ) Live : Jazz at Lincoln Center ( 2016 ) Blurred Lines ( 2017 ) Compilation albums ( edit ) 100 % Lea Gives Her Best ( 2003 ) The Ultimate OPM Collection ( 2007 ) Featured recordings ( edit ) Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection ( 2004 ) , for the song `` If You Can Dream '' ( sung with Susan Logan , Grey Griffin , Jodi Benson , Paige O'Hara and Judy Kuhn ) Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( 2007 ) , for the songs `` Peacock Princess '' ( sung with Gilbert Gottfried ) and `` I 've Got My Eyes On You '' Shelldon ( 2008 ) , for the song `` It 's a Brand New Day '' Sofia the First ( 2014 ) , for the songs `` The Ride of Our Lives '' ( episode 12 : `` Two to Tangu '' ) and `` Stronger that You Know '' ( episode 36 : `` Princesses To The Rescue '' ) Notable stage credits ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 Annie Annie Manila 1981 The Bad Seed Rhodora Manila The Paper Moon Addie Manila 1988 The Fantasticks Luisa Manila 1989 -- 1990 Miss Saigon Kim West End Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical 1991 -- 1993 ; 1999 -- 2001 Miss Saigon Kim Broadway Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Actress - Musical Theatre World Award 1993 ; 1996 Les Misérables Eponine Broadway , West End and US national tour in Hawaii 1994 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle Manila 1994 Into the Woods Witch Singapore 1999 -- 2000 They 're Playing Our Song Sonia Walsk Singapore ( 1999 ) Manila ( 2000 ) 2000 Miss Saigon Kim Manila 2001 -- 2003 Flower Drum Song Mei - Li Los Angeles ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Broadway ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Nominated : Ovation Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical Nominated : Drama League Award for Distinguished Performance 2002 Proof Catherine Manila 2002 Something Good : A Broadway Salute to Richard Rogers on His 100th Birthday Performer Broadway Baby Lizzie Fields Manila Nominated : Aliw Award for Best Actress ( Musical ) 2007 Les Misérables Fantine Broadway Nominated : Audience Choice Award for Favorite Replacement ( Female ) 2008 Cinderella Cinderella Asian Tour Cats Grizabella Manila 2012 God of Carnage Veronica Manila 2012 Allegiance Kei Kimura San Diego Nominated : Noel Craig Award for Outstanding Feature Performance in a Musical -- Female 2015 -- 2016 Allegiance Kei Kimura Broadway BroadwayWorld.com Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical Nominated : Audience Choice Award for Favorite Leading Actress in a Musical 2016 Fun Home Helen Bechdel Manila 2017 ( upcoming ) Once on This Island Erzulie Broadway Filmography and television appearances ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1981 Tropang Bulilit Lisa 1985 Like Father , Like Son Angela 1986 That 's Entertainment Herself Thursday group member 1986 Captain Barbell Rosemarie 1986 Ninja Kids Yoko 1988 Pik Pak Boom Rosie 1989 Dear Diary Lenny Tacorda Segment `` Dear Killer '' 1989 Heat is on in Saigon , The The Heat is on in Saigon Herself ( Kim ) The making of Miss Saigon . 1992 Aladdin Singing voice of Princess Jasmine Voice 1992 Bakit Labis Kitang Mahal Sandy 1993 Olsen Twins Mother 's Day Special Singer Television film 1993 Sesame Street Herself Episode 3154 1993 Reading Rainbow Narrator Episode : `` Silent Lotus '' 1994 Aladdin Activity Center Singing voice of Princess Jasmine Voice Video game 1995 Sana Maulit Muli Agnes 1995 Redwood Curtain Geri Riorden Television film 1995 Les Misérables : The 10th Anniversary Concert Éponine 1997 -- present ASAP Herself Guest performer and co-host 1998 Mulan Singing voice of Mulan Voice 2001 Reading Rainbow Narrator of Mauna Loa Episode : `` My America : A Poetry Atlas of the United States '' 2001 Disney 's Aladdin in Nasira 's Revenge Singing voice of Princess Jasmine Voice Video game 2001 ER Amparo Television episode 2001 As the World Turns Lien Hughes # 2 Television program Reprised in 2003 My Neighbor Totoro Mrs. Kusakabe Voice English dubbing Mulan II Singing voice of Mulan Voice Direct - to - video 2007 Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams Singing voice of Princess Jasmine Voice Direct - to - video Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert Fantine 2011 Miss Universe 2011 Herself Judge 2012 -- 14 Sofia the First Singing voice of Jasmine and Mulan Voice 2013 ; 2014 -- 15 The Voice of the Philippines Herself Coach ( 2 seasons ) 2014 -- 2016 The Voice Kids Herself Coach ( 3 seasons ) 2014 Sofia the First Singing voice of Jasmine and Mulan Voice in Filipino 2016 Crazy Ex-Girlfriend Aunt Myrna Television episode 2017 The Voice Teens Herself Coach References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga Biography '' , archived August 31 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Lea Salonga 's Birth Certificate ^ Jump up to : `` Broadway.com Star Files '' , accessed March 10 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael . `` ' I 'm Hoping There is a Shift ' , Says Lea Salonga On Diversity and the ' United Colors ' of This Season '' , Playbill , July 24 , 2015 , accessed April 30 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Wow Celebrities : Lea Salonga '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables : Tony Award winner to join the cast as Fantine '' , Les Misérables , Cameron Mackintosh Overseas Limited , 2007 , accessed July 11 , 2016 ; and `` Tony Winner Lea Salonga Gets Early Start as New Fantine of Les Miz '' , Broadway.com , March 2 , 2007 , accessed July 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Wingfield , Garth . `` 10 Stars Who Broke Barriers on Broadway '' , NewYork.com , June 25 , 2014 , accessed July 11 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Lea Salonga becomes a Disney legend Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga 's father Feliciano Salonga dies '' , Rappler , February 1 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` Filipino Web : Lea Salonga '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Salonga , Lea 1971 -- '' , Contemporary Theatre , Film and Television , Encyclopedia.com , 2005 , accessed November 4 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Marquart , Linda ; Salonga , Lea ( 2005 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Right Way to Sing '' by Linda Marquart : Lea Salonga Biography . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58115 - 407 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lea Salonga '' , D23 , accessed October 21 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` TV.com : Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ `` Article on Preciosa Soliven , with notes on Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ Witchel , Alex ( March 17 , 1991 ) . `` New York Times : `` Theater : The Iron Butterfly within Miss Saigon , '' March 1991 `` . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behr , Edward and Mark Steyn , The Story of Miss Saigon , New York : Arcade Publishing , 1991 '' . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott . `` Stars reveal song that changed their lives in new TV series '' , The Salt Lake Tribune , March 30 , 2012 , accessed July 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Gelfand , Janelle . Review : Disney princess to ' Dancing Queen , ' Lea Salonga charms with Pops , Cincinnati.com , April 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` YouTube : `` Too Much for One Heart '' history explained by Lea Salonga in her concert `` . Jump up ^ `` Monique Wilson Biography '' . Jump up ^ `` A Broadway belle hits the books again '' . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Mervyn ( March 2 , 1990 ) . `` New York Times : `` ' Miss Saigon ' finds home on Broadway '' . March 1990 `` . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley . `` Asian Actors Onstage : Lea Salonga , Phillipa Soo Sound Off on Broadway Representation , Cultural Perceptions '' , The Hollywood Reporter , November 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` CNN : `` Musical Miss Saigon opens in the Philippines , home of its leading ladies '' `` . December 4 , 2000 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Saigon star returns '' . CNN . January 16 , 2001 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Reference : Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ Porcalla , Delon . `` Aquino confers awards on 33 outstanding Pinoys '' , The Philippine Star , December 6 , 2014 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Beautiful Through the Years '' , People magazine , May 12 , 1997 , Vol. 47 , No. 18 , accessed October 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga to Replace Daphne Rubin - Vega in Les Misérables '' , Broadway.com , January 3 , 2007 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` YouTube : `` A Whole New World '' at the Oscar Awards `` . Jump up ^ Wiley , Mason ; Damien Bona ( 1996 ) . Inside Oscar : The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards ( 5 ed . ) . New York : Ballantine Books . p. 883 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40053 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga , at Home and Playing Her Own Song '' , International Herald Tribune , August 15 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` MP3.com : Lea Salonga -- I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing '' . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` 10 : The Best of 1998 '' `` . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Bianca ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Lea Salonga on life as Kim , Sonia , Eponine , wife & mom '' . Philippine Star . Retrieved 28 March 2015 . Kevin L. Nadal and the Filipino - American National Historical Society Metropolitan New York Chapter ( 30 March 2015 ) . Filipinos in New York City . Arcadia Publishing . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 2308 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Judi Dench , Bernadette Peters to join Lea Salonga in London benefit '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Albermarle of London : Hey Mr. Producer ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` DVDs : Mackintosh 's Salad Days '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` She will be Miss Saigon again : Salonga to be Kim in October Manila mounting '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Soap Central : Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Lea Salonga does double - duty : `` Flower Drum Song '' and `` As the World Turns '' `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Lea Salonga confirmed for Flower Drum Song '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Asian Week : `` Making Musical History '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` The ' Flower ' blooms : Rodgers and Hammerstein 's ' Drum Song ' opens Oct. 17 on Broadway '' `` . Jump up ^ Ehren , Christine . `` Big River , Napoli Milionaria Big Winners at L.A. 's Ovation Awards '' , Playbill , November 25 , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Theater Mania : `` Five musical show albums nominated for Grammy Awards '' `` . Jump up ^ The 2003 Drama League Nominees and Winners `` , BroadwayToVegas.com , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Three icons reunite in ' The Legends and the Classics ' '' , Inquirer.net , October 5 , 2013 , accessed December 3 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Carousel Pinoy : Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ `` The Manila Bulletin : `` Bringing up Baby '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Theater Mania : `` Lea Salonga hits the road '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : `` Lea Salonga in Concert '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Lea Salonga brings down the house in Atlantic City '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : `` Lea Salonga at Carnegie Hall '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Asian Connections : `` Lea Salonga takes center stage at Carnegie Hall '' `` . Jump up ^ `` The Associated Press ( through SINA ) : `` Jacky Cheung , Coco Lee , Lea Salonga to headline Disneyland opening '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Blix Street Records : Daniel Rodriguez Profile '' . Jump up ^ `` Manila Standard Today : `` Lea leads closing program '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Travel Video Television : `` Doha Asian Games comes to close amid mythology of 1001 nights '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Asia : `` Lea on Leadership '' from Philippine News `` . Jump up ^ Romero , Paolo ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Order of Lakandula for Lea , climbers '' . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Voices soft as thunder : Lea Salonga to make early entrance in Les Miz revival '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Tony winner Lea Salonga gets early start as new Fantine of Les Miz '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Broadway Grosses : Lea boosts Les Miz '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadway.com : Q&A with Lea Salonga '' . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` Arroyo goes to Broadway , watches Lea Salonga in Les Miz '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` Arroyo takes break , is entranced by Lea in Les Miz '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Salonga exits Les Miz , making way for Judy Kuhn '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway.com : `` Nominees announced for 2007 Broadway.com Audience Awards '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Playbill : `` Diva Talk : Chatting with Les Miz star Lea Salonga , plus news of LuPone , Cook , and Kuhn '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : Photo Coverage of Broadway on Broadway 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : Photo Coverage of Stars in the Alley 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : Photo Coverage of Lea Salonga at Artists Alliance '' . Jump up ^ `` Playbill : `` Salonga joins Esparza & Mitchell for `` Broadway Night '' at Spelling Bee `` '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS : Nothing Like A Dame '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Military Academy Band `` Come hear the voice of Mulan and Jasmine ... '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Tarrytown Music Hall : `` Lea Salonga in Concert '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` ABS - CBN Foundation : Simbang Gabi 2007 '' . Jump up ^ `` Asian Journal : `` Simbang Gabi with Lea Salonga '' '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.com Tour Finder -- Lea Salonga '' . ; `` Magic Wand Entertainment Upcoming Shows '' . ; `` Philippine Press Club : `` Lea Salonga at San Manuel Casino January 3 , 2008 '' `` . ; `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` Lea Salonga sings to thousands in Bacolod '' `` . ; `` Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra : Lea Salonga -- The Voice of Mulan '' . ; `` The Honolulu Advertiser : `` Tony - winning Lea Salonga to give four concerts in Hawaii '' `` . ; `` Guam Pacific Daily News : `` Broadway and Philippine star Lea Salonga to perform at Sheraton Laguna tonight '' ``. ; and `` The Honolulu Advertiser : `` Lea Salonga adds new Sunday concert at Blaisdell '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Broadway World : `` Lea Salonga to star in international tour of ' Cinderella ' '' `` . Jump up ^ `` The Manila Bulletin : `` Cinderella in Manila -- Lea Salonga starring '' `` . Jump up ^ `` newsinfo.inquirer.net , Lea Salonga , the writer , debuts in PDI '' . Newsinfo.inquirer.net . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga -- Inquirer Entertainment '' , Philippine Daily Inquirer , accessed November 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` downtownlascene.com , Rock , Pop & Jazz '' . Downtownlascene.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` playbill.com , playbill.com , Tony Winner Salonga Plays Disney Concert Hall July 11 '' . Playbill.com. 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` showbizandstyle.inquirer.net , Standing ovation for Lea Salonga in historic concert '' . Showbizandstyle.inquirer.net. 2008 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pinoyreport.com , Lea Salonga ... a Concert worth taking your daughter to '' . Pinoyreport.com. 2008 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga to Star in Cinderella Tour '' . Playbill.com. 26 Jan 2007 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playbill News , Lea Salonga will perform Concerts '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Avon launches Anew Rejuvenate and Anew Ambassador Lea Salonga '' . Philstar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer : `` INC at 95 , The musical ; Lea Salonga stars '' , July 26 , 2009 `` . Jump up ^ Lea Salonga 's ' Bayan Ko ' rendition brings back mourners to EDSA ' 86 -- GMANews.TV Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga Performs Requests In Manila Concert 12 / 11 & 12 / 12 2009 / 12 / 11 '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Number One Site for Philippine Showbiz Music Lea Salonga will have Richard Poon and Ai - Ai delas Alas as guests in her December concert '' . PEP.ph . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Judges '' . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Photo Flash : Lea Salonga , Anika Noni Rose , Paige O'Hara et al. Honored at D23 Expo '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` Lea Salonga Set to Judge Miss Universe Pageant , 9 / 12 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Jump up ^ `` See Glee Star Darren Criss & Tony Winner Lea Salonga Serenade Alan Menken with ' A Whole New World ' '' . Broadway.com . Jump up ^ Pfaff , Jennifer . `` Palm Beach Pops shows Broadway and Disney magic '' , Palm Beach Illustrated , April 2012 , accessed October 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Allegiance Musical , With George Takei and Lea Salonga , Extends Run in CA '' . Playbill . Jump up ^ Jambora , Anne A. ( 9 July 2012 ) . `` Lea Salonga goes straight in ' God of Carnage ' `` . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Salonga , Lea ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Time to say goodbye '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga added to this year 's Candlelight Processional '' . wdwmagic.com . October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga '' . lincolncenter.org . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga , Norm Lewis & Tyne Daly to Headline Ragtime Concert '' . Broadway.com . Jump up ^ Lea Salonga ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Turning Japanese '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Jump up ^ Lea Salonga ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official : I am a coach on The Voice of The Philippines ! I wonder who coach # 4 will be . '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maila Ager . `` Lea Salonga 's ' Playlist ' guests daughter Nicole Chien , Martin Nievera '' . January 18 , 2014 . INQUIRER.net . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Salonga , Lea . Playlist -- A Celebration of 35 Years ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Krissa Donida ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Lea Salonga talks about being back on ' The Voice ' '' ( in Filipino ) . Push . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Villano , Alexa . `` Lea Salonga on Fun Home , working with Eric Kunze '' , Rappler , November 11 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat . `` Lea Salonga & Sierra Boggess Record New Tracks For Charity Compilation Album '' . 24 October 2013 . Broadway World . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga 's song ' Wish That I Could Call You ' just sounds incredible now . Out in March . '' . 10 January 2014 . DanLauraCurtis Twitter account . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henry , Alan . `` BWW Interviews : Lea Salonga Talks Il Divo Tour , Allegiance , Miss Saigon , and More ! '' , BroadwayWorld , May 22 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat . `` Lea Salonga Kicks Off Australia & New Zealand Tour Today '' , Broadwayworld.com , July 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ Breaking News : Tony Winner Lea Salonga & Telly Leung to Join George Takei in ALLEGIANCE on Broadway ! Broadway World , Retrieved March 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles . `` Review : Allegiance , a Musical History Lesson About Interned Japanese - Americans '' , The New York Times , November 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ Dimalanta , Ces ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Lea Salonga to appear , sing in ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' finale '' . Manila Bulletin . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam . `` Lea Salonga Will Star in Fun Home International Premiere '' , Playbill , November 18 , 2015 Jump up ^ Bunoan , Vladimir . `` Review : Superb Fun Home cast moves audience to tears '' , ABS - CBN News , November 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga wins Entertainer of the Year at Aliw Awards 2016 '' , ABS - CBN News , December 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Lea excited to mentor teens on ' The Voice ' '' . ABS - CBN News ( published April 17 , 2017 ) . March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Lea Salonga , Merle Dandridge , Quentin Earl Darrington & Alex Newell Join Once on this Island '' , Broadway World , accessed August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ Santiago , Erwin . `` Lea Salonga returns to Broadway and Les Misérables , Philippine Entertainment Portal , January 5 , 2007 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Newsflash.org : `` A Whole New World for Lea Salonga '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Catholic Digest : `` This is the career God has chosen for me '' `` . Jump up ^ `` Le Salonga is a gamer '' . Jump up ^ Mary Yu Danico ( 3 September 2014 ) . Asian American Society : An Encyclopedia . SAGE Publications . p. 697 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 8189 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga is UN goodwill ambassador in fight vs hunger '' . ABS-CBNnews.com . ABS - CBN Corporation . Agence France - Presse . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FAO Goodwill Ambassador website Jump up ^ `` Actress and singer Lea Salonga to perform '' . Goshen College . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Night with Lea Salonga '' . newsflash.org. 1 August 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fuamoli , Sosefina ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` Live Review : Lea Salonga -- Adelaide Festival Theatre , Adelaide ( 10 June 2012 ) '' . theaureview.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lea Salonga : By Heart '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Reflection Lea Salonga Digital Sheet Music '' . musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . ( Purchase required ) Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Lea Salonga Returns to Bway Miss Saigon , Jan. 18 '' , Playbill , January 17 , 1999 , accessed January 30 , 2016 ; and Wedekindt , David . `` Lea Salonga , Award - winning Broadway Star and Singing Voice of Disney 's Mulan and Princess Jasmine , to Perform Oct. 10 '' , University of Buffalo , September 24 , 2009 , accessed January 30 , 2016 Jump up ^ Ehren , Christine . `` Flower Drum Song , Into the Woods Among Theatre L.A. Ovation Nominees , Nov. 24 '' , Playbill , November 24 , 2002 , accessed March 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Voices Soft as Thunder : Lea Salonga to Make Early Entrance in Les Miz Revival '' , Playbill , March 2 , 2007 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Favorites of the Fans : 2007 '' , Audience Choice Awards , Broadway.com , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew . `` Photo Call : God of Carnage , With Lea Salonga , Plays the Philippines '' , Playbill , July 12 , 2012 , accessed March 10 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` And the Winners Are ... The Results Are in for the 2016 BroadwayWorld.com Awards ! '' , BroadwayWorld.com , June 7 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Vote Now ! Hamilton Breaks Record for Most Broadway.com Audience Choice Award Nominations '' , Broadway.com , April 29 , 2016 , updated May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Endrst , James . `` Sesame Street : After 25 Years , Still Sweeping the Clouds Away '' , Hartford Courant , November 19 , 1993 , accessed August 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` My America : A Poetry Atlas of the United States '' , TV.com , accessed August 22 , 2017 External links ( edit ) Book : Lea Salonga Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lea Salonga . Official website Lea Salonga at the Internet Broadway Database Lea Salonga on IMDb Salonga presenting an illustrated autobiography ( 2015 ) Lea Salonga navigation boxes Lea Salonga Studio albums Small Voice Lea Lea Salonga I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing By Heart Lea ... In Love Songs from the Screen Inspired Holiday albums Lea Salonga Christmas Album Live albums The Broadway Concert Songs from Home Compilation albums 100 % Lea Gives Her Best The Ultimate OPM Collection Related articles Gerard Salonga Book : Lea Salonga The Voice of the Philippines Seasons Main 1 ( 2013 ) 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Kids 1 ( 2014 ) 2 ( 2015 ) 3 ( 2016 ) Teens 1 ( 2017 ) Winners Main Mitoy Yonting Jason Dy Kids Lyca Gairanod Elha Nympha Joshua Oliveros Teens Jona Soquite Runners - up Main Klarisse De Guzman Alisah Bonaobra Kids Darren Espanto Teens Isabela Vinzon Other artists Main Paolo Onesa Guji Lorenzana Emmanuelle Vera Junji Arias Thor Radha Morissette Amon Aia de Leon Ayana Grico Maki Ricafort Jacob Benedicto Myk Perez Karla Estrada Miro Valera María Krista Aguilar Jason Fernandez Monique Lualhati Nino Alejandro Lougee Basabas Kids Juan Karlos Labajo Darlene Vibares Julia Klarisse Base Amy Nobleza Esang de Torres Teens Mica Becerro Jeremy Glinoga The Voice Kids Season 1 finalists The Voice Teens Discography Controversies and criticisms Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Imelda de Martin ( 1964 ) no award ( 1965 - 1968 ) Dorothy Loudon / Bernadette Peters ( 1969 ) Lauren Bacall / Sandy Duncan / Ethel Merman ( 1970 ) Helen Gallagher / Alexis Smith ( 1971 ) Jonelle Allen ( 1972 ) Glynis Johns / Michele Lee ( 1973 ) Ruby Lynn Reyner ( 1974 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1975 ) Donna McKechnie ( 1976 ) Clamma Dale ( 1977 ) Nell Carter ( 1978 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1979 ) Patti LuPone ( 1980 ) Lena Horne ( 1981 ) Jennifer Holliday ( 1982 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1983 ) Chita Rivera ( 1984 ) No award ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) Teresa Stratas ( 1987 ) Patti LuPone ( 1988 ) Toni DiBuono ( 1989 ) Tyne Daly ( 1990 ) Lea Salonga ( 1991 ) Faith Prince ( 1992 ) Chita Rivera ( 1993 ) Donna Murphy ( 1994 ) Glenn Close ( 1995 ) Julie Andrews ( 1996 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Natasha Richardson ( 1998 ) Carolee Carmello / Bernadette Peters ( 1999 ) Heather Headley ( 2000 ) Marla Schaffel ( 2001 ) Sutton Foster ( 2002 ) Marissa Jaret Winokur ( 2003 ) Donna Murphy ( 2004 ) Victoria Clark ( 2005 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2006 ) Audra McDonald / Donna Murphy ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Allison Janney ( 2009 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones / Montego Glover ( 2010 ) Sutton Foster ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Laura Osnes ( 2013 ) Jessie Mueller ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2015 ) Cynthia Erivo ( 2016 ) Bette Midler ( 2017 ) Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical Virginia McKenna ( 1979 ) Gemma Craven ( 1980 ) Carlin Glynn ( 1981 ) Julia McKenzie ( 1982 ) Barbara Dickson ( 1983 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1984 ) Patti LuPone ( 1985 ) Lesley Mackie ( 1986 ) Nichola McAuliffe ( 1987 ) Patricia Routledge ( 1988 ) Lea Salonga ( 1989 / 1990 ) Imelda Staunton ( 1991 ) Wilhelmenia Fernandez ( 1992 ) Joanna Riding ( 1993 ) Julia McKenzie ( 1994 ) Ruthie Henshall ( 1995 ) Judi Dench ( 1996 ) Maria Friedman ( 1997 ) Ute Lemper ( 1998 ) Sophie Thompson ( 1999 ) Barbara Dickson ( 2000 ) Samantha Spiro ( 2001 ) Martine McCutcheon ( 2002 ) Joanna Riding ( 2003 ) Maria Friedman ( 2004 ) Laura Michelle Kelly ( 2005 ) Jane Krakowski ( 2006 ) Jenna Russell ( 2007 ) Leanne Jones ( 2008 ) Elena Roger ( 2009 ) Samantha Spiro ( 2010 ) Sheridan Smith ( 2011 ) Cleo Demetriou , Kerry Ingram , Sophia Kiely , and Eleanor Worthington Cox ( 2012 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2013 ) Zrinka Cvitešić ( 2014 ) Katie Brayben ( 2015 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2016 ) Amber Riley ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Grace Hartman ( 1948 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1949 ) Mary Martin ( 1950 ) Ethel Merman ( 1951 ) Gertrude Lawrence ( 1952 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1953 ) Dolores Gray ( 1954 ) Mary Martin ( 1955 ) Gwen Verdon ( 1956 ) Judy Holliday ( 1957 ) Thelma Ritter / Gwen Verdon ( 1958 ) Gwen Verdon ( 1959 ) Mary Martin ( 1960 ) Elizabeth Seal ( 1961 ) Anna Maria Alberghetti / Diahann Carroll ( 1962 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1963 ) Carol Channing ( 1964 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1965 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1966 ) Barbara Harris ( 1967 ) Patricia Routledge / Leslie Uggams ( 1968 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1969 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1970 ) Helen Gallagher ( 1971 ) Alexis Smith ( 1972 ) Glynis Johns ( 1973 ) Virginia Capers ( 1974 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1975 ) Donna McKechnie ( 1976 ) Dorothy Loudon ( 1977 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1978 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1979 ) Patti LuPone ( 1980 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1981 ) Jennifer Holliday ( 1982 ) Natalia Makarova ( 1983 ) Chita Rivera ( 1984 ) No award ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) Maryann Plunkett ( 1987 ) Joanna Gleason ( 1988 ) Ruth Brown ( 1989 ) Tyne Daly ( 1990 ) Lea Salonga ( 1991 ) Faith Prince ( 1992 ) Chita Rivera ( 1993 ) Donna Murphy ( 1994 ) Glenn Close ( 1995 ) Donna Murphy ( 1996 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Natasha Richardson ( 1998 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1999 ) Heather Headley ( 2000 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2001 ) Sutton Foster ( 2002 ) Marissa Jaret Winokur ( 2003 ) Idina Menzel ( 2004 ) Victoria Clark ( 2005 ) LaChanze ( 2006 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Alice Ripley ( 2009 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2010 ) Sutton Foster ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Patina Miller ( 2013 ) Jessie Mueller ( 2014 ) Kelli O'Hara ( 2015 ) Cynthia Erivo ( 2016 ) Bette Midler ( 2017 ) Order of Lakandula recipients Grand Collar ( Supremo ) Juan Carlos I of Spain Richard Lugar Akihito , Emperor of Japan Grand Cross ( Bayani ) Felipe VI of Spain James B. Reuter Jaime Cardinal Sin Commander ( Komandante ) Lea Salonga Officer ( Pinuno ) Domingo Lucenario Jr . VIAF : 59295991 LCCN : n93092004 ISNI : 0000 0000 5518 7707 GND : 134695216 BNF : cb142238592 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 67f4ab30 - bfe1 - 483a - a5ae - c6e6067497b8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lea_Salonga&oldid=803709567 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Arista Records artists Ateneo de Manila University alumni Atlantic Records artists That 's Entertainment Thursday Group Members Capitol Records artists Drama Desk Award winners Filipino child actresses Filipino expatriates in the United States Filipino female singers Filipino musical theatre actresses Filipino voice actresses Fordham University alumni Kapampangan people Laurence Olivier Award winners Singers from Pampanga Actresses from Pampanga People from Angeles , Philippines People from Manila Recipients of the Order of Lakandula That 's Entertainment ( Philippine TV series ) The Voice of the Philippines The Voice Kids ( Philippine TV series ) Tony Award winners Walt Disney Records artists 20th - century Filipino actresses 21st - century Filipino actresses ABS - CBN personalities FAO Goodwill ambassadors Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2014 CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2012 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kapampangan Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Pangasinan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 03 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the singing voice of jasmine in aladdin	[ "Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga, KLD (born February 22, 1971), known as Lea Salonga (/ˈleɪə səˈlɒŋɡə/), is a Filipina singer and actress best known for her roles in musical theatre, for supplying the singing voices of two Disney Princesses, and as a recording artist and television performer." ]	[ "Maria Lea Carmen Imutan Salonga" ]
-1330612748754438142	List of Scott Pilgrim characters	List of Scott Pilgrim characters - wikipedia List of Scott Pilgrim characters This is the current revision of this page , as edited by NewHikaru07 ( talk contribs ) at 04 : 38 , 28 August 2017 ( → ‎ Minor characters ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 04 : 38 , 28 August 2017 by NewHikaru07 ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Minor characters ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is a list of fictional characters in the comic book series Scott Pilgrim and the film adaptation Scott Pilgrim Vs . The World by Bryan Lee O'Malley . For the film versions of the characters , O'Malley sent crib sheets that explained backstory , character motivations , as well as events in the book to Michael Bacall and Edgar Wright . Bacall then created a `` ten secret things '' for each character , according to O'Malley , for fun , and many of the entries were jokes : O'Malley said that the `` ten secret things '' documents were not intended to be taken seriously as character background . O'Malley created a height chart for the characters , printed in Volume 1 but said `` it 's not really canon , and I never did one again , and the heights were always very inconsistent . '' With the exception of five of the characters , O'Malley said that the heights were `` always kinda vague . I did n't pay enough attention to it . '' O'Malley said that during the development of the book , `` the hair colors in the book barely crossed my mind ( I just used whatever color seemed nice at the time if I was coloring a cover or illustration ) . There were no `` canon '' hair colors in my mind . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Scott Pilgrim 1.2 Ramona Flowers 1.3 Wallace Wells 1.4 Knives Chau 1.5 Stephen Stills 1.6 Kim Pine 1.7 Young Neil 2 Supporting characters 2.1 Envy Adams 2.2 Stacey Pilgrim 2.3 Julie Powers 2.4 Ramona 's Evil Exes 3 Minor characters 4 Bands 5 References 6 External links Main characters ( edit ) Scott Pilgrim ( edit ) Scott Pilgrim Cover to Scott Pilgrim 's Precious Little Life . Art by Bryan Lee O'Malley . Publication information Publisher Oni Press First appearance Scott Pilgrim 's Precious Little Life Created by Bryan Lee O'Malley In - story information Full name Scott William Pilgrim Abilities Video - game based fighting skills , graphic - novel based agility and speed , control over Subspace and the Glow , owner of the Power of Understanding Scott William Pilgrim is the 23 - year - old ( 22 in film and 24 in volumes 5 - 6 ) protagonist . He is the bass player for the band Sex Bob - Omb with his friends Stephen Stills and Kim Pine ; he plays a Rickenbacker 4001c 64 , 4003 in the film . Though initially unemployed , he later gets a job as a dish washer and food prep trainee at The Happy Avocado vegetarian restaurant . The character 's name was inspired by the song `` Scott Pilgrim '' from Plumtree 's 1998 album Predicts the Future . He believes that smoking is evil , drinks `` only on occasions '' , and does n't hit girls . Scott seems to suffer from memory problems , which his friends chalk up to his stupidity , though the memory problems began after his break - up with Envy Adams whom he dated through college . The series also references a `` dark side '' of Scott 's personality which he avoids as much as possible . He is initially devastated by his break - up with Envy Adams and begins dating Knives Chau , before meeting Ramona . Ramona and Scott begin dating , but Scott is plagued by Ramona 's elusive past and her `` 7 evil exes '' led by the mysterious `` Gideon '' , all of whom challenge him in succession for the right to date her . Despite his limited intelligence and poor memory capacity , Scott is often able to defeat his opponents through cunning rather than brute strength : in volume 2 , he manages to goad Lucas Lee into performing a dangerous skateboarding trick and in the film adaptation , he successfully tricks Todd Ingram into consuming dairy products despite Todd 's psychic powers . Scott is a surprisingly skilled fighter in unarmed combat and sword fighting . His hair is usually `` messed up '' after Ramona laughed at Scott when he had straight hair . He often dreams of stupid games until Ramona tells him to get a job . Scott Pilgrim was ranked as the 85th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . Empire magazine ranked Scott Pilgrim as the 40th greatest comic book character stating that Scott `` is one of the most authentic twenty - somethings ever committed to comic book paper . '' IGN ranked Scott Pilgrim the 69th greatest comic book hero of all time , stating that they love Scott not just because he is a tried - and - true nerd who battles villains in epic fashion , but because he went through a dramatic character arc over the course of his series . O'Malley said that Scott was not based on any one person , though referring to a friend he said `` ( there is ) is the only guy who has any claim to inspiration for Scott , and it 's purely visual -- the personality is all fiction . '' O'Malley said that Scott is `` a little taller than Ramona '' . Film adaptation Scott is played by Michael Cera in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . Shortly before filming began , Cera received a list of secrets ( some of which are already in the books , some of which are neither in the books nor the film ) about the character . Cera said : `` The one that really stays in my head is that Scott , in his mind , is the star of his own movie . This movie is , in a way , existing in his own mind . This is his weird perception of the world around him . '' Cera also voices Scott for the animated short Scott Pilgrim vs. The Animation . Ramona Flowers ( edit ) Ramona Victoria `` Rammy '' Flowers is an American expatriate from New York , a `` ninja delivery girl '' for Amazon.ca and Scott 's main love interest . Her age is unknown until the end of the 4th volume , where she reveals that she is 24 years old . She reveals very little and is very guarded about her past in New York City before she moved to Toronto . She is capable of traveling through subspace and has seven evil exes who challenge Scott for her affection . She changes her hairstyle every three weeks and becomes anxious when Gideon is mentioned or brought up . Her head glows periodically , usually when she is upset , jealous , or heartbroken ( this is revealed to be the work of Gideon who has zapped Ramona with ' the glow ' a psychological weapon that locks the target in their own head with nothing but their emotional baggage ) , though she herself is unaware of this until Kim Pine brings attention to it in volume 5 . When asked if Ramona is supposed to be fat or plump , O'Malley responded by stating that `` since it is a comic book and I draw everyone kinda cartoony and rounded , I figure it 's up to the reader to decide . However , I must inform you that Knives was mainly being mean when she said Ramona was fat . '' Her natural hair colour is not stated . O'Malley said `` Nobody knows her natural hair color . Ramona may not even remember . She changes it a lot because she 's trying to figure out who she is / who she wants to be . '' On another occasion , when asked , O'Malley said `` I do n't know ... brown ? How many natural hair colors are there really ? She is n't blonde . Honestly , I never thought about it ... her hair color did n't matter to me . Because I was drawing a black and white comic . Her hair color is whatever u ( sic ) desire ~ . '' For the new colour editions of Volume 2 he kept Ramona 's hair as purple , reserving the blue colour spectrum for Ramona 's hair for Volume 4 and onwards . O'Malley said that if Ramona hypothetically broke up with Scott after Volume 6 , she would change her hair to a chin - length , `` messy '' bob with bangs that is dyed black and chopped : O'Malley explained that he never used this hairstyle for Ramona because it is too similar to the shape of Kim Pine 's hairstyle . In terms of Ramona 's height , O'Malley said that it was `` supposed to be tallish '' meaning around 5 feet 8 inches ( 1.73 m ) or 5 feet 9 inches ( 1.75 m ) . Ramona 's subspace bag , like her hair , changes colour periodically . Throughout her dating history , Ramona had one `` non-evil '' ex , Doug , who O'Malley named after one of his real life friends . Ramona Flowers was ranked 70th in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Film adaptation Ramona is played by Mary Elizabeth Winstead in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . Shortly before filming began , Winstead received the list of facts about Ramona 's past . When asked what those facts are , she responded , `` I honestly do n't know if they are things that Bryan would want out there , so I 'll keep them quiet . But things about her family - she 's kind of a tragic figure in a way . She 's been through a lot , and that 's why she 's so guarded and mysterious . '' Winstead has since revealed at least one of the secrets , one that she considered very insightful for her character : Ramona 's younger brother died when she was younger and she wears one of his shoelaces around her neck in memory of him . According to O'Malley , the particular detail about the brother is not applicable in the book version of Ramona . After Winstead learned she had the part , she began training to be the character in Los Angeles . The training included stunt training , pushups , kung fu training , as well as fight training . Winstead said that the training was `` pretty cool '' and `` like being in some sort of kung fu camp . '' Wallace Wells ( edit ) Wallace Wells is Scott 's `` cool gay roommate '' . He is 25 years old and first met Scott in college , the circumstances in which they met are unknown - a flashback shows that both were drunk and headed to Wallace 's . Wallace is more intelligent , responsible and mature than Scott : he holds down a job and pays for most of their expenses while they lived together as roommates . Most of their apartment 's furniture and possessions belong to Wallace and he buys the majority of their groceries . Wallace serves as Scott 's mentor during his trials , assisting Scott with training for his fights against Ramona 's exes and gathering intel on them . He may have trained Scott in his fighting style , as Scott calls him a terrible master . He dates and later moves in with his `` psychic '' boyfriend , Mobile . The character was inspired by O'Malley's former roommate Christopher Butcher , the co-founder of PopImage and PreviewsReview . O'Malley said that Wallace is `` a little taller than Scott . '' Film adaptation Wallace is played by Kieran Culkin in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . Knives Chau ( edit ) Knives Chau ( Age 17 ) is a Chinese - Canadian high school girl and self - described `` Scott - aholic '' . Scott dates her for a short while , but breaks up with her after he meets Ramona ( though he initially `` forgets '' to break up with her ) . Initially a quiet , typical school girl , after their break - up , she cuts and dyes her hair and changes her clothing style , hoping to win Scott back by becoming more of a hipster . Her discovery that Scott was cheating on her with Ramona causes tension between the two girls , sometimes culminating in actual fights , though later the two reach a level of acceptance of one another . She starts dating Sex Bob - omb 's groupie Young Neil , although she is still in love with Scott . She and Young Neil later break up , but Knives still hangs out with the group . She initially idolizes Envy Adams , based on her success as a musician and her former relationship with Scott , but is soon disenchanted when Envy has her drummer Lynette Guycott punch Knives hard enough to knock the highlights out of her hair . Knives ' father becomes aware of Scott 's past relationship with his daughter , causing him to hunt him down and try to kill him , though Scott later earns his acceptance . Knives becomes aware of her father 's plot when Scott tries to hide in the Second Cup , where Knives is newly employed . In Vol. 6 , Knives turns 18 and goes off to university . Scott and Knives reconcile and remain friends . O'Malley used St. Michael 's College School as the school Knives attends : in real life it is an all - boys school . In terms of her height , O'Malley described it as `` short . '' Film adaptation Knives is played by Ellen Wong in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . When an interviewer from GQ said `` As a character , Knives can be a little bit ... annoying , '' Wong responded , `` Put yourself in her shoes ! She 's a capricious young girl . At that age , you do n't know what you want or where you fit in in life . '' When the interviewer responded with `` But she 's obsessed with Scott Pilgrim . She 's pathological , '' Wong responded with `` I would n't say she 's obsessed . This is her first time being in love with somebody . She 's feeling new emotions . '' Wong added that Knives begins as an `` unblemished teenager '' who was sheltered and discovers new aspects of life with Scott , and she adds that `` ( a ) nd then Scott breaks up with her and she 's forced to go back to her old life ? No , she ca n't go back now ! No , not after she 's seen what exists out there , so she kind of fights for that and she wants to keep going , she 's just passionate , she 's determined , not annoying ! '' Wong said that when she first auditioned for the role , she did not know who Knives was . She liked playing as Knives in that audition , so she bought the books and read them . Wong said that she `` loved how free - spirited she was in the beginning phases -- she genuinely wants to have a good time . Then I got the books and found out she 's this bad ass ninja too ( laughs ) it just kept getting better . '' An interviewer told Wong that `` More than anyone else in the film , Knives really goes on the most complex journey emotionally . '' Responding to that , Wong said that she enjoyed `` figuring out her arc -- showing her growth is definitely key to her story . It really is the story of a young girl figuring out where she fits in the world . A lot of the things she encounters in this movie have to do with it being `` the first time '' she 's dealt with it . I feel like the other characters have all gone through their Knives phase already -- it 's kind of refreshing to see somebody young and untainted . She brings a fresh perspective to the movie . '' She added that she preferred the final cut ending versus the alternate ending where Knives and Scott become a couple , saying that it `` adds to her character . '' Wong further explained , `` But what 's great about both endings is that it remains unclear if Scott is in a dating relationship with Knives or Ramona . It 's nice to leave that open because it 's like life . You do n't always get closure with concrete answers -- anything can happen and you just have to move on . '' As part of the film , Wong said that the `` wire work '' was `` fun . It 's like flying ! '' When the interviewer mentioned that he heard many complaints about the wires causing pain , Wong stated `` It hurts more for the guys ... '' Stephen Stills ( edit ) Stephen Stills is the lead singer , guitarist and `` talent '' of Sex Bob - omb . He is 23 years old and went to university with Scott . He is employed at The Happy Avocado vegetarian restaurant as a cook and later helps Scott get a job there as a dishwasher . Stephen is in a tumultuous relationship with Julie Powers , who at one point suspects that he and Knives may have a mutual attraction to one another . Whilst typically laconic , Stephen is known for rare fits of neurosis , typically over the quality -- or lack thereof -- of his band 's music , as well as irritability , usually over Scott 's absentmindedness . By the end of the series , Stephen reveals to Scott that he and Joseph are in a relationship and that he came out to the rest of their friends in Volume 5 after realizing that he is gay , causing Scott to ask `` Julie turned you gay ? '' . He claims that he did not tell Scott because he seemed to have a lot going on with his life . He shares a name with Stephen Stills of Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . Scott always refers to him by his full name . Film adaptation Stephen Stills is played by Mark Webber in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . Prior to this role , Webber had neither sung professionally nor played the guitar , but learned both in the weeks preceding filming . O'Malley said that the film version of Stephen Stills is homosexual , as well as that he remains closeted throughout the movie . O'Malley said that he `` maybe does n't fully understand himself yet . '' Kim Pine ( edit ) Kimberly `` Kim '' Pine is Scott 's high school friend and drummer of Sex Bob - omb . She is 23 years old and was Scott 's first girlfriend , whom he `` saved '' from Simon Lee . The two broke up when Scott 's family moved away to Toronto . She has a sarcastic personality and dislikes many people . Kim is employed at No - Account Video throughout the series . Her relationship with Scott is typically one of annoyance at his ineptitude , but Volume 5 strongly hints that she is still in love with him , but has become resigned to the fact that he loves Ramona . She later moves back home to Northern Ontario at the end of Volume 5 , prompting Scott to apologize ambiguously for his actions : she accepts the apology before boarding the bus . She later contacts Scott to have him relieve her of boredom at her parent 's place . While he visits , Kim helps Scott remember the reality of his past relationships and accept that he did things as a bad boyfriend that he did not want to accept about himself . With Kim , it is revealed that he never told her he was moving away . She had to confront him after finding out from their mutual friend , Lisa Miller . During Scott 's final fight with Gideon , she is psychically aware of the events taking place , despite being at her parents ' home . She later forms another band with Scott . O'Malley came up with the name `` Kim Pine '' when he was in high school , first used it for a character in the short - lived comic strip `` Style '' before using it for the Scott Pilgrim series . After viewing edits on TV Tropes , O'Malley explained that Kim Pine is not necessarily less attractive than other characters , but that she believes she is less attractive than other characters and therefore `` is insecure and / or uncomfortable with her looks '' . O'Malley explained that `` Kim says Envy is pretty and looks bummed and clearly thinks Envy is prettier than her . But Envy is on the cover of a magazine , she 's a rock star , she 's wearing tons of makeup and she 's been professionally styled and photoshopped . Plus Scott dated her after Kim and it 's confusing . There 's more to it than `` Envy is pretty ! Kim is ugly so she 's sad ! '' '' In terms of Kim 's height , O'Malley said that it was `` medium '' . Film adaptation Kim is played by Alison Pill in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ; Pill also voices Kim for the animated short Scott Pilgrim vs. The Animation . Pill said that the film Kim `` cares more about Sex Bob - omb than she lets on '' and that she `` cares more about Scott than she lets on . '' She added that Kim does feel some bitterness about the result of the romance between Scott and Ramona . Pill learned to play the drums for the role and performs on the soundtrack . Young Neil ( edit ) Neil `` Young Neil '' Nordegraf is Sex Bob - omb 's biggest fan . He briefly dates Knives Chau , until she breaks up with him . Knives admits in volume 3 to only dating him because he looks so similar to Scott . In volume 5 , he becomes angry at how isolated he has become from his friends and later becomes bitter and sullen , taking up smoking . He is the quietest character and is very apathetic to almost everything . He is described as `` The young one , at least until Knives showed up '' . When called an ass , he says `` I 'm young , I 'll grow out of it '' . In Volume 6 , Scott introduces him for the first time as simply `` Neil '' , which is described as the best day of his ( Neil 's ) life . The inside cover of volume 5 calls him a `` hanger on '' and the author himself says that Young Neil is written as dopey because his eyes are covered by his hair . It was easier to write Neil as dopey than to portray him differently given his lack of eyebrows . His nickname is a reversal of Neil Young , a frequent collaborator of musician Stephen Stills . In regards to his hair colour , when a Tumblr user asked O'Malley why the character 's hair colour was `` light brown - nearly blond '' in the colour section of Scott Pilgrim Gets it Together but in the new colour editions had a brown colour that is darker than Scott 's colour , O'Malley replied saying that `` the reason is that I do n't care what color Young Neil 's hair is . ( laughs ) Who 's Young Neil even ? '' His sister , Stephanie `` Steph '' Nordegraf played bongos and the viola in Scott 's old band , Kid Chameleon . Stephanie was a roommate of Stephen Stills while they attended university . After Stephanie moved out to pursue further education , Neil moved in and became a part of Stephen Stills 's social circle . O'Malley said `` That 's about as far as I thought it through . It was really just an explanation for why they 'd have a younger friend , and this sister / roommate setup was based on an IRL ( '' in real life `` ) friend . '' Film adaptation Young Neil is played by Johnny Simmons in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . In the film , he replaces Scott as the bass for Sex Bob - Omb when Scott refuses to play for Gideon 's theater . Supporting characters ( edit ) Envy Adams ( edit ) Natalie V. `` Envy '' Adams is Scott 's ex-girlfriend who devastates Scott by breaking up with him in college previous to the events of the book . Initially a quiet , mousey girl , she decides to change herself and her image , becoming more callous and aggressive , eventually taking over Scott 's band and dumping him . She later reappears , introduced in the series as the lead singer and keyboardist for the popular emerging band `` The Clash At Demonhead '' . Scott describes her original personality as being `` nice '' and does not understand what she has since become . Envy was in a relationship with Ramona 's ex-boyfriend Todd Ingram and claims to know about Ramona 's past . She later begins a relationship with Gideon , who helps promote her new solo album in Chaos Theatre . She tries to help Scott remember the real reason for why they broke up ( an argument he started with her that night ) and prepare for the fight with Gideon . Despite Gideon supporting her career , Envy is dissatisfied with his lack of true affection for her . Gideon later reveals he has no true interest in her . After his defeat , Envy reconciles with Scott . O'Malley drew inspiration for Envy from several sources , including the `` character '' of Metric frontwoman Emily Haines as a performer . O'Malley used images of Haines as references for drawings of Envy in Volume 3 . He stated that he did not entirely base Envy on Haines . He stated that he does not personally know Haines and is not aware of what her personality is like and so Envy 's personality did not originate from Haines . Envy is played by Brie Larson in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . In the film , Envy does not have a relationship with Gideon , she was originally intended to replace Ramona 's fourth Evil - Ex , Roxie . In the film , Envy has blond hair instead of red hair . Edgar Wright originally read the volumes unbound , so he did not see the colour covers until later . He envisioned Envy being blonde . When discussing Envy with O'Malley , he identified her as a blonde . O'Malley said that while he had coloured her hair red at one time , the character may have a good appearance with blonde hair . During initial costume tests , the red wig was applied , but O'Malley said `` nobody was super into it . '' During the blond hair test , `` obviously we all loved it . '' O'Malley said that therefore , `` we all liked the platinum blonde better on Brie , so we went with that . '' O'Malley added that , `` Anyway , her hair in the movie is clearly bleach - blonde , so you can imagine for yourself that Envy was a redhead in college and dyed it for her big rock star makeover . '' For the coloured versions of the comic books , O'Malley continued giving Envy red hair because `` red on a cartoon character just has a completely different look and feel . '' In a draft script , her middle name is `` Veronica . '' Stacey Pilgrim ( edit ) Stacey Pilgrim ( Rated `` T '' for Teen ) is Scott 's 18 - year - old younger sister , who is much more mature than Scott . She works at the same Second Cup as Julie Powers and is also friends with Ramona . She receives a fair amount of gossip from Wallace , though is generally annoyed at him for stealing away all of her boyfriends . Stacey is played by Anna Kendrick in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . Stacey is based on O'Malley's sister , who has the name Stacey . When O'Malley was asked retrospectively which character he would remove if he could choose one , he said that it would be Stacey and he explained that he `` kind of did remove her as the story went on ... you 'll notice that she 's barely in the books at all after the first few volumes . I just felt weird about putting my sister out there in the world as the books got more popular . So anyway , I probably would have changed Scott 's sister 's name or something , if I was smarter . I 'm dumb . '' Julie powers ( edit ) Julie Powers is Stephen Stills ' 22 - year - old ex-girlfriend . She attended the same college that Stephen and Scott did . She was roommates with Envy before Scott began dating her . Despite hating her in college , she tries ( unsuccessfully ) to get back in Envy 's good graces once she has become famous . She was also friends with Ramona before she and Scott began dating . She tries to keep Scott away from Ramona , stating that she believes him to be a loser . Her character is described as `` ass and obnoxious '' and she frequently fights / argues with other characters , even befriending two of Ramona 's evil exes as they attempt to fight Scott . At one point , she suspects that Stephen and Knives may have a mutual attraction , causing her to react toward Knives with hostility . During Volume 5 she begins holding regular themed parties at her loft apartment , with themes ranging from Halloween , `` Underwater pimp and hoe , Canadian politics circa 1972 but you 're secretly Batman '' , as well as a Day of the Dead party . Julie is played by Aubrey Plaza in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . Plaza received the list of ten secret facts about Julie the night before filming started . Plaza has since revealed at least two of the facts and has said that `` some of them were weird '' and `` kind of silly '' : first , she is allergic to either cauliflower or penicillin depending on the interview , possibly both ( she also implies in one of the interviews that the penicillin allergy may have been a plot point for a scene ( or scenes ) in the movie that ended up being cut out later ) . Second , as she put it , `` ... one of my secret facts was that Julie had a massive crush on Scott Pilgrim in college , and he never liked her . So that was helpful , ' cause I was like , no wonder she hates him . '' Plaza expands on this point in another interview , saying `` ... he had little flings and crushes on all of her friends but never really paid attention to her so that really bugs her . '' According to O'Malley , Plaza had entirely created the plot point about Scott dating all of the other characters around Julie Powers and that the point was not created by anyone else . Ramona 's evil exes ( edit ) The League of Evil Exes was founded when Ramona left Gideon for Toronto . When he finds her six other exes online , he manipulates them into believing that Ramona was responsible for their break - ups . He uses their anger to mold them in the image of evil . They believe this to be a plan to get revenge on her , but Gideon 's secret intention is to use Ramona 's ability of subspace travel to manipulate the minds of everyone on Earth . The team was founded two weeks prior to the events of Vol. 1 . Each time Scott defeats one of them they become ( or drop ) coins according to their place in the list in similar fashion to the enemies from the River City Ransom NES video game from the ' 80s . 1 . Matthew Patel is Ramona 's first evil ex . According to Ramona , they only kissed once and broke up after about a week . Scott initially ignored Matthew 's repeated challenges to fight him , leaving him confused when Patel arrived at the Rockit . He is Indo - Canadian , has mystical powers ( flight and the ability to hurl fireballs ) and can summon `` Demon Hipster Chicks '' at will . Scott gets $2.40 for defeating him . Matthew is played by Satya Bhabha in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , in which his fight scene resembles a Bollywood musical number . His demons are portrayed by stage actress Christine Watson . In the film adaptation , Ramona mentions that she liked that he was the only non-white , non-jock boy in school . 2 . Lucas Lee is Ramona 's second evil ex , a pro skateboarder turned movie star ( and a `` sell out '' ) . Scott gets $14 in coins and a mithril skateboard ( that he can not use since he lacks a skateboarding proficiency ) after `` defeating '' him by tricking him into attempting a dangerous skateboard trick . He is named after pro skateboarder - turned - actor Jason Lee who Scott often mistakes him for . Lucas is played by Chris Evans in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , where he battles Scott prior to his fatal skateboard trick using a gang of stunt doubles . Chris Evans described Lucas as `` a bit of a jerk , a little full of himself , not the best actor in the world . '' 3 . Todd Ingram is Ramona 's third evil ex , a bass player for the `` Clash at Demonhead '' band . He has special `` vegan - based '' psychic powers ( although he is secretly consuming non-vegan foods ) . He is arrogant , narcissistic , uncaring , also being a pathological liar . He dates Envy , his childhood love , but cheats on her repeatedly with Lynette , the band 's drummer , as well as with other girls . He is caught by the Vegan Police for breaking his diet and has his powers taken away , giving the advantage to Scott . Scott gets some money ( again in coins ) plus an extra life when he defeats him . Todd is named after Scott Ingram , the real - life inspiration for the song `` Scott Pilgrim '' . He is played by Brandon Routh in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . In the film adaptation , Todd is never shown to cheat on Envy , and Scott gets the Vegan Police to Todd by tricking him into drinking half and half . 4 . Roxanne `` Roxie '' Richter is Ramona 's fourth evil ex and her former college roommate . She is a `` half - ninja '' ( kunoichi ) and an accomplished fine artist , who taught Ramona much of what she knows of her ninja abilities and subspace . Scott is usually against fighting girls ( or anyone with a sword ) , so Ramona fights Roxie , for part of the time using Scott 's body as a weapon . Roxie has an inferiority complex over her `` half - ninja '' background , as well as her figure - she is much shorter than Ramona . Despite her status as an evil ex , Roxie gets on well with Ramona but openly hates Scott , claiming Scott is a `` lazy ass '' who refuses to fight his own battles , prompting Scott to finally mature in his relationship with Ramona , gaining a sword and `` The Power of Love '' ( a reference to a Huey Lewis song ) . The final fight scene between her and Scott is a reference to the beginning of Ninja Gaiden . When defeated by Scott , she explodes into a cascade of woodland creatures , a reference to Sonic the Hedgehog . Roxie , spelled ' Roxy ' in the film , is played by Mae Whitman , where she battles Ramona and Scott at a nightclub after - party ( combining elements of Ramona and Envy 's fight in Vol. 3 and the Winnifred Hailey fight in Free Scott Pilgrim ) . Scott barely defeats her by poking her `` weak spot '' on the back of her knee , causing her to explode into coins ( which was how Ramona defeated Envy in the comics ) . 5. & 6 . Kyle & Ken Katayanagi ( Ken is referred to as `` Kevin '' in the video game ) are Ramona 's fifth and sixth evil exes , a pair of Japanese twins who often finish each other 's sentences . The pair are `` expert roboticists '' who summon robots to fight Scott . They vowed to work together closely once the pair realized Ramona had been cheating on them with each other . The twins capture Kim Pine to lure Scott to them , pointing out in the meantime that Kim may still be in love with Scott . Scott defeats them and gets $79.95 for Ken , $74.95 for Kyle , as well as a $2 twins bonus ( again all in coins ) after defeating them both . He also unlocks an achievement for defeating them simultaneously ( which is available in the video game ) . Kyle and Ken are played by Shota and Keita Saito respectively in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , where they are instead DJs who engage Sex Bob - omb in a mystical amp battle during the semifinal round of the battle of the bands . They initially outclass Sex Bob - Omb by summoning `` double dragon '' animals from their amps , but are eventually defeated when Scott summons a Yeti by activating his distortion pedal . In the movie , Ken and Kyle were played by real - life brothers Kaito and Shota Saito . Since they did n't speak english , their characters did n't speak in the movie at all . In the video game , Ken 's name became Kevin in order to give a feel of a `` looser '' video game adaptation and to reference Double Dragon 3 where `` Billy '' was mis - introduced as `` Bimmy . '' 7 . Gideon Gordon Graves is the seventh evil ex , the series ' main antagonist and the leader of the League of Ramona 's Evil Exes and suggested to be Ramona 's boyfriend previous to Scott in New York City . He is mentioned several times throughout the series , but never seen fully until the end of Volume 3 . He is the owner of the `` Chaos Theatre '' ( a reference to EarthBound ) , in NYC and `` GGG Heavy Industries , '' which is opening `` Chaos Theatre Toronto '' . Ramona has also `` worked '' for him previously in an unknown capacity , eventually he makes contact with Scott . There is also a small cat living at Ramona 's house by the same name , though the cat is revealed to only be named as such by Ramona as a way of dealing with the breakup . Gideon finally appears in the last volume as an inventor and club entrepreneur who is opening a new club , the Chaos Theatre , in Toronto . He begins a relationship with Envy , promoting her new solo album and setting her debut up as his club 's opening act . During this time , he meets up with Scott , who flees instead of fighting him , though their altercation is unavoidably inevitable . He has apparent control over subspace , a side effect of his ability to induce `` emotional warfare '' via The Glow , which essentially traps people in their minds with their psychological issues . Using this allows him to literally be inside Ramona 's head . He is also able to steal Scott 's Power of Love katana and proves to be a competent swordsman . Upon his defeat , he showers $7,777,777 ( once more , in coins ) over the Chaos Theatre . Gideon is played by Jason Schwartzman in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , who also controls Ramona 's head through the use of microchips . One of the ten secrets for Gideon was that `` Gideon is very passive aggressive and so he 's not overtly evil . He smiles a lot , just kind of ' kill ' em with kindness , ' but you can feel that it 's not sincere almost instantly . '' Schwartzman also stated that he really liked learning about this aspect of the character . Minor characters ( edit ) Lynette Guycott is the drummer for the `` Clash at Demonhead '' band . She once had a biomechanical arm ( now severed ) . She can teleport and is named after Plumtree 's drummer Lynette Gillis and Tom Guycot from the video game of the same name . In the original book and in the video game , she has an affair with Todd Ingram , Envy 's boyfriend . Lynette is played by Tennessee Thomas in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . The film does not portray Lynette having an affair with Todd . In the book , Lynette punched Knives , but in the movie , Todd punched her instead . Hollie is Kim 's 25 - year - old co-worker and former roommate . She is described as nice , though she and Kim have a falling out after Kim learns that her boyfriend at the time , Jason Kim , cheated on her with Hollie . Regarding why Hollie cheated on Kim , O'Malley said `` Kim lived with a bunch of people she hated , then moved in with someone she liked and ended up hating her too . We only see Kim 's side of the story , but maybe I 'm suggesting that Kim is part of the problem here . It kind of goes with the `` personal hero narrative '' theme of the series . Kim is complicated . '' Joseph is Hollie and Kim 's 24 - year - old , soft - spoken ( but abrasive ) gay roommate who owns recording equipment . He has a crush on Todd Ingram and finds Stephen Stills attractive . This leads him to help Sex Bob - omb record their album . By the end of the series , he and Stephen are revealed to be in a relationship together after Stephen realizes that he is gay and comes out . The Boys ! ! And Crash ! ! ( formerly Crash And The Boys ) is another local band composed of Luke `` Crash '' Wilson , the singer and guitarist , Joel MacMillan , the bass player , as well as Trisha `` Trasha '' Ha , the drummer . As with other bands in the story , they are named after a video game . After changing their name , the band learns an advanced technique which allows them to manipulate pure sound waves through hard work and willpower alone so that they no longer need to play instruments . They help Scott defeat Todd Ingram . In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , Crash is played by Erik Knudsen , Joel is played by Maurie W. Kaufmann and Trasha is played by Abigail Chu . In the movie , however , Crash , Joel and Trisha are incinerated by a stray fireball in Scott 's battle against Matthew Patel . The band is not a reference to The Locust or to any real life band . Michael Comeau is a friend of Scott who , as stated by the books , `` knows everybody ( including you ) . '' Based on Bryan Lee O'Malley's friend of the same name , a Toronto graphic artist . He has a ring which helps him identify people 's names , which he claims to have obtained from the future itself . In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , Comeau is played by Nelson Franklin . Sandra is a former classmate of Scott 's and described as `` kind of a ditz . '' In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , Sandra is played by Kristina Pesic . Monique is another ex-classmate of Scott 's , described as `` kind of an bitch . '' In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , Monique is played by Ingrid Haas . Sandra and Monique were named after two classmates of O'Malley who attended middle school with him circa 1991 - 1992 . Sara is one of Kim Pine 's unpleasant former roommates . Simon Lee is a figure from Scott 's and Kim 's past who used to date Kim and later kidnapped her . He resembles Gideon . However , it is revealed in volume 6 that this is only because Gideon was using subspace to alter Scott 's memories and Simon Lee , in reality , looks nothing like Gideon . In the Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation shorts , Simon is voiced by Jason Schwartzman . Tamara Chen is Knives ' 17 - year - old best friend and typically a rational foil to Knives ' crazy plans and ramblings . In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , Tamara is played by Chantelle Chung . Lisa Miller is an old high school friend of Scott and Kim 's , as well as an actress in a Canadian soap opera , who is introduced in a flashback at the start of volume 2 . She returns in volume 4 , instigating one - sided sexual tension between her and Scott , causing Ramona to become jealous , despite Scott 's ignorance of Lisa 's advances . She and Scott later discuss why they never acted on their possible attractions to one another in high school and through their discussion , Scott comes to terms with his feelings of genuine love toward Ramona . Lisa then moves to California to further pursue her acting career and is given a big farewell dinner by the rest of the characters . In the Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation shorts , Lisa is voiced by Mae Whitman . Like Kim Pine , the name Lisa Miller was first used by Bryan Lee O'Malley in his short - lived comic strip `` Style '' . O'Malley created the idea of Mae Whitman voicing Lisa in the animated short . In terms of Lisa 's height , O'Malley said that it was `` medium '' . Scott is Wallace 's gay best friend , who Scott Pilgrim calls `` other Scott '' . His last name is unknown . In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , `` Other Scott '' is rewritten as Wallace 's boyfriend and is played by Ben Lewis . Jimmy was Stacey 's boyfriend , until Wallace seduced him . In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , Jimmy is played by Kjartan Hewitt . Mr. and Mrs. Pilgrim are Scott 's parents , featured in flashbacks in volume 2 and 3 and appear in the present in volume 5 , helping Scott move into his new apartment . His father appears to spoil Scott , which his mother chastises . O'Malley has suggested that the character `` Vincent '' in the short comic `` Monica Beetle '' ( which originally appeared in the `` Project : Superior '' anthology ) might be Scott Pilgrim 's dad having `` Pilgrim '' - esque adventures in 1974 . Lawrence West Pilgrim is Scott 's younger brother . He is first mentioned in volume 2 and appears in volume 5 . He owns the bass guitar Scott uses . He has worn glasses since he was 14 . Scott later gets confused and mistakes him ( and everyone with glasses in the end of Volume 5 ) for Gideon . His name is a reference to a subway stop in Toronto . His given name is `` Lawrence West '' and his family name is Pilgrim . O'Malley intended to make a `` very different character '' who had a significant role in the plot of Volume 5 . O'Malley decided that `` I was getting too far away from the Scott / Ramona relationship , adding too many new characters , and I decided to re-focus the book on the core cast . '' Jason Kim is a friend of Kim 's who owns a car and helps her move to her place with Hollie . Scott never remembers who he is , but apparently he and Kim were dating at some point . Jason eventually cheats on her with Hollie , which caused them to break - up . Mr. Chau is Knives 's father . He has a collection of antique samurai swords . His discovery that Knives had dated a white guy causes him to go on a rampage , hunting Scott down and attacking him with his samurai swords . Scott later gains his approval , prompting him to tell Knives that he will not mind if she dates another white guy in the future ( his only spoken dialogue ) , but says it in Chinese , so consequently she does not understand . Mr. Chau appears in Scott Pilgrim vs. the World : The Game as an unlockable character that can be summoned to momentarily aid the player in combat . He is unlocked by encountering him on the overworld map and defeating him in combat . Mobile is Wallace 's boyfriend . He and Wallace meet while dancing at a club and the two are revealed to have been dating since Volume 3 . He and Wallace move in together at the end of Volume 4 and he makes his first appearance in Volume 5 . He is psychic and according to Wallace , he `` attends business on the astral plane . '' The Vegan Police are a group that appear briefly at the conclusion of Volume 3 , shown to have jurisdiction over the actions of psychic vegans . Two of their officers ( one wiry and Caucasian , the other resembling Budai ) appear out of nowhere during a protracted battle between Scott Pilgrim and Todd Ingram . As punishment for cheating on his vegan diet , they strip Todd of his powers , allowing Scott to finally defeat him . In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , the two officers are played ( uncredited ) by Thomas Jane and Clifton Collins Jr. respectively . They vaguely resemble the Andys from Edgar Wright 's Hot Fuzz . NegaScott is the dark `` negative '' side of Scott , a reminder of all the mistakes Scott has made in the past . Scott had been running from it for so long , which is partly why his memories are a bit inaccurate . When Scott encounters NegaScott in volume 6 , Kim reminds him to stop running from his mistakes . Upon remembering Ramona , Scott stops fighting it and merges with it , restoring his memory . NegaScott is played by Michael Cera in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World . In the movie adaptation Negascott is revealed to be the ultimate film boss and appears just as Scott defeats Gideon in similar fashion to the shadow clone final boss from the Double Dragon II kick and punch videogame from the 80s . However , Scott befriends NegaScott instead of fighting with him since he found out that they both `` had a lot in common '' . NegaScott is an unlockable character in Scott Pilgrim vs. the World : The Game . Winifred Hailey is a 16 - year - old actress who was due to star in a movie with Lucas Lee before he was defeated by Scott Pilgrim . In Free Scott Pilgrim , several poster images of Winifred come to life , apparently due to some ninja magic . They attack Scott who , being afraid of hitting girls , forces Ramona to use him as a puppet to fight them . When they are defeated , they burst into several free beverage coupons . In the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , she briefly appears on the film set at Casa Loma . She is played by Emily Kassie . Bands ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The names of all the bands in Scott Pilgrim have thus far been references to video games . Sex Bob - omb is Scott 's band with Stephen Stills ( vocals and guitar ) and Kim Pine ( drums ) . The name refers to Bob - omb , a character from the Super Mario series and either the Flipper song `` Sex Bomb '' , or the Tom Jones song of the same name . They are an average band , neither wildly popular nor terrible , though the banality of later recording their album results in the band hardly ever playing gigs or practicing and thus getting rusty . In Scott Pilgrim vs. the World film , the music of Sex Bob - omb is performed by Beck . The Clash at Demonhead is the band of Scott 's ex-girlfriend Envy . The name refers to the NES game Clash at Demonhead , as well as recalling the punk band The Clash . In the film , their music is performed by Metric . Sonic & Knuckles is Scott 's first band , in high school with Kim Pine and Lisa Miller . It is named after the Sega Genesis game Sonic & Knuckles . Crash and the Boys is another local band , whose songs are short as 0.4 seconds long . Its name refers to an NES game , Crash ' n the Boys : Street Challenge , localized from the Japanese Kunio - kun series . They later rename themselves The Boys ! ! And Crash ! ! in volume 3 , after a `` coup d'etat '' . In the film , their music is performed by Broken Social Scene . Kid Chameleon is Scott 's university band with Stephen Stills , Envy , as well as Young Neil 's sister Stephanie , among others . It is named after the Sega Genesis game Kid Chameleon . Shatterband is a band made up of Scott Pilgrim ( guitar and vocals ) and Kim Pine ( drums ) at the end of volume 6 . Much like in Sex Bob - omb , Kim is shown shouting `` We are Shatterband ! ONE - TWO - THREE - FOUR ! '' at the beginning of one of their songs . As it turns out , the only two people who could be their fans , Knives Chau and Young Neil , have `` developed taste '' , so they decide to play exclusively to Ramona 's cat instead . Before this band is formed , Scott offhandedly suggests the name for Stephen 's new band , saying he had been `` holding on to it for a while '' ( the fact that Scott and Kim use the name suggests that Stephen did not take it ) . This band is likely named after the NES game Shatterhand . References ( edit ) Toronto portal Comics portal Film portal Video games portal ^ Jump up to : O'Malley , Bryan Lee . `` 10 secret things for each character . '' Scott Pilgrim at Ning . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 11 . `` You are n't going to see them and there is n't any special information in them , except Ramona 's , and Mary already mentioned the one secret in an interview and that 's about it . Also , that particular `` secret '' is n't `` CANON '' because I never used it in the book . '' and `` also that one was BULLSHIT , plaza was making shit up '' ( referring to an image that showed Julie visibly upset while Scott is with another girl , in a reference to Plaza 's statement on Julie not being dated by Scott - the link is broken in the archive but the context of the quotes is clear - image reposted here , Archive ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bryan Lee O'Malley Q&A for August 10 , 2012 . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru at Tumblr . Retrieved on December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Questions & answers VI . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru. April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved on December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard 's top 200 characters . External link consists of a forum site summing up the top 200 characters of Wizard Magazine since the real site that contains the list is broken . '' . Wizard magazine . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim is number 40 '' . Wizard magazine . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim is number 69 '' . IGN . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` so - apparently - one - of - my - teachers - mr - dicicco - was - your . '' Radiomaru . Retrieved on January 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott Pilgrim vs Gideon Graves : Michael Cera & Jason Schwartzman '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Bryan Lee ( Dec 22 , 2012 ) . `` Is Ramona Intended to be a Curvy or plump Character '' . radiomaru.com . Retrieved Jan 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Bryan Lee ( Mar 20 , 2012 ) . `` Here 's some questions & answers ! '' . radiomaru.com . Retrieved Jan 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Bryan Lee ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Recently I Made The Difficult Decision of Keeping '' . radiomaru.com . Retrieved Jan 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Bryan Lee . `` Hey so uh I 'm being Ramona for Halloween and my '' . radiomaru.com . Retrieved Jan 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Bryan Lee ( June 24 , 2012 ) . `` Bryan Lee O'Malley Q&A for June 24 , 2012 '' . radiomaru.com . Retrieved Jan 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Bryan Lee ( Nov 12 , 2012 ) . `` Can You Give Us Some Insight on Ramona 's Non-Evil Ex '' . radiomaru . Retrieved Jan 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 46 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 5.0 '' . Comicus.it . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winstead , Mary Elizabeth : `` Scott 's Main Squeeze '' `` . Wizard ( 227 ) . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ramona Flowers ' Past - Scott Pilgrim '' . Geekosystem . Jul 30 , 2010 . Retrieved Feb 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( Jul 30 , 2010 ) . `` Ramona Flowers ' Mysterious Past Revealed ! '' . io9.com . Gawker . Retrieved Jan 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World - Own the Blu - ray Combo Pack 11 / 9 BTS : Mary 's training '' . NBC Universal . Oct 14 , 2010 . Retrieved Jan 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Bryan Lee ( destroyerzooey ) `` VOLUME 1 : SCOTT PILGRIM 'S PRECIOUS LITTLE LIFE PART 1 . '' ( ) Posted on LiveJournal . June 21 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rapkin , Mickey . `` Sharp Knives . '' GQ . August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen Wong Interview SCOTT PILGRIM VS . THE WORLD -- Read or Listen Here '' ( Archive ) . Collider.com . Retrieved on December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wieselman , Jarett . `` Ellen Wong : You ca n't properly prepare yourself for what you 'll see in ' Scott Pilgrim ' . '' The New York Post . August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Scott Pilgrim : The Music extra on dvd Jump up ^ `` i - love - scott - pilgrim - so - much - thanks - very - much - for . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru Tumblr . Retrieved on December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kim Pine existed before the Scott Pilgrim series ? - Scott dot Ning '' . Scottpilgrim.ning.com . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` this - bugs - me . '' Radiomaru . Retrieved on December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Pilgrim vs. the World - Own it on Blu - ray 11 / 9 BTS : Kim Pine . '' NBC Universal at YouTube . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Scott Pilgrim : The Music dvd extra , credited on soundtrack . Jump up ^ `` in - the - color - section - of - scott - pilgrim - gets - it - together . '' Radiomaru . Retrieved on December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` did - you - know - emily - haines - before - you - wrote - the . '' Radiomaru. 8 November 2012 . Retrieved on December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` edgar - gave - me - the - ok - to - post-these - brie - larson . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru . Retrieved on December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SCOTT PILGRIM VS THE WORLD : Script September 2004 -- January 2005 . '' Scott Pilgrim Official Website . Retrieved on January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` QUESTIONS & ANSWERS II . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru . Retrieved on December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Aubrey Plaza on Julie Powers ' Secret Crush and The Sweetness of ' Scott Pilgrim ' '' . Film School Rejects . August 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenblum , Emma ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Aubrey Plaza on Scott Pilgrim vs. the World and Why She 's More Than Just ' That Girl Who Rolls Her Eyes ' - Vulture '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Twilightish . `` Anna Kendrick Shares Secrets On Her ' Scott Pilgrim ' Character '' . Twilightish . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Aubrey Plaza and Kieran Culkin Interview SCOTT PILGRIM VS . THE WORLD '' . Collider.com . August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ( 2 ) . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru . Retrieved on December 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` QUESTIONS : YES AND NO . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru . Retrieved on December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` i - just - noticed - in - the - scott - pilgrim - game - they - call - the . '' Radiomaru . Retrieved on January 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` collage - sandra - monique - from - scott - pilgrim - i . '' ( Archive ) Radiomaru . Retrieved on December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` And by the way , Mae Whitman voicing Lisa Miller was myyyyyyy idea ! . '' Radiomaru Twitter - Bryan Lee O'Malley official Twitter . August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved on 2010 - 12 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Silverman , Natalie ( Hollywood.com staff ) . `` Scott Pilgrim 's World . '' New York Post . ( hide ) Bryan Lee O'Malley Graphic novels Lost at Sea Scott Pilgrim Characters Film Video game Soundtracks Seconds Comic books Hopeless Savages : Ground Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scott_Pilgrim_characters&oldid=797602433 '' Categories : Lists of comics characters Scott Pilgrim Comics characters by protagonist Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	scott pilgrim vs the world evil exes list	[]	[]
-1183792193941315161	United States Mint coin sets	United States Mint coin sets - wikipedia United States Mint coin sets hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States Mint has released annual collections of coins most years since 1936 . Contents ( hide ) 1 United States Mint 50 State Quarters Proof Set 2 United States Mint 50 State Quarters Silver Proof Set 3 United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters Proof Set 4 United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters Silver Proof Set 5 United States Mint District of Columbia & U.S. Territories Quarters Proof Set 6 United States Mint Presidential $1 Coin Proof Set 7 United States Prestige Coin Set 8 United States Mint Proof Set 9 United States Mint Silver Proof Set 10 United States Mint Uncirculated Coin Set 11 References United States Mint 50 State Quarters Proof set ( edit ) With the launch of the 50 State Quarters Program in 1999 , the Mint began marketing proof sets of just the five quarters released in the given year . These sets are essentially a reduced version of the regular issue proof sets and the packaging maintained the same blue color scheme , but came in a smaller box and different certificate of authenticity . This collection ceased with the resolution of the program in 2008 . These sets are usually denoted as the 5 - piece sets from a given year . All issues were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint 50 State Quarters silver Proof set ( edit ) The 50 State Quarters Proof Sets produced with the five quarters produced that year in 90 % silver and again were the same as the year 's Silver Proof Set but in a reduced red packaging and unique certificate of authenticity . All issues were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters Proof set ( edit ) The America the Beautiful Quarters program began in 2010 as a continuation of the 50 State Quarters and D.C. and Territories programs , allowing each state a representation in the nation 's coinage . These sets are reduced versions of the United States Mint Proof Set and the packaging maintains the same burnt - orange color scheme , but came in a smaller box and different certificate of authenticity . All issues were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint America the Beautiful Quarters silver Proof set ( edit ) The 50 State Quarters Proof Sets are also produced in 90 % silver and again are the same as the year 's Silver Proof Set but in a reduced navy - blue packaging and unique certificate of authenticity . All issues were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint District of Columbia & U.S. Territories Quarters Proof set ( edit ) Upon completion of the 50 State Quarters Program , it was decided to honor Washington D.C. and the U.S. Overseas Territories in a similar manner . The District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters allowed for the minting of six designs in 2009 and these were sold as a set . All were produced at the San Francisco Mint . United States Mint Presidential $1 coin Proof set ( edit ) With the launch of the Presidential $1 Coin Program , four dollar coins have been released each year since 2007 - each depicting a serving U.S. President . This set is the sleeve of dollar coins from regular issue mint sets on its own with reduced packaging and a different certificate of authenticity . The program is scheduled to go until 2016 when all currently eligible presidents have been honored . United States Prestige coin set ( edit ) First released in 1983 and continued through 1997 missing only one year ( 1985 ) , Prestige Sets contain proof strikings of the regular issue coinage in addition to the commemorative dollar and half dollar from the year of release . The coins are presented in a book - like case with a special laminated enclosure of a different design than the standard proof set sleeves . This collection was marketed to give consumers a more `` premium '' option . United States Mint Proof set ( edit ) This collection encompasses every coin design produced by the United States Mint in a single year . This is the longest - running series of coins produced by the Mint and comprises coins prepared using proof striking methods . The Mint packages the specially prepared coins in hard plastic cases meant for long - term preservation . All releases from 1936 to 1972 included the cent , nickel , dime , quarter , and half dollar from that year . The first proof sets through 1964 were minted at the Philadelphia Mint . There were two official releases in 1942 : one regular five coin set and a set including a silver wartime nickel . United States currency was debased beginning in 1965 , but the sets continued under the name United States Mint Proof Set. Production was moved to the San Francisco branch in 1968 , and all subsequent issues bear coins with an `` S '' mint mark . In 1973 , the Eisenhower dollar was added to the collection . Sets from 1975 will have a dual - date 1776 - 1976 quarter , half - dollar , and dollar as none of those coins were ever produced with a 1975 date . The Susan B. Anthony dollar replaced the Eisenhower in 1979 . The 1981 mint sets were the only method of obtaining a Susan B. from that year , though many have slipped into circulation . With the cease in minting of dollar coins , the regular issue Proof Set for 1982 included a brass token . From 1983 until 1998 , the annual United States Proof set resumed to only issuing the penny , nickel , dime , quarter , and half - dollar . With the introduction of the 50 State Quarters program in 1999 , the Mint began issuing all five quarters released from that year with the already established denominations , thus creating a nine - coin set split across two holders , or lenses . The single lens containing just the quarters was also sold separately . The following year , the Sacagawea dollar was included in the regular set , bringing the coin count to ten . The Westward Journey Series of nickels saw the introduction of eleven coin sets in 2004 and 2005 featuring both nickels , the penny , dime , half dollar , golden dollar and all five quarters . The regular issue returned to ten coins in 2006 , but the Presidential Dollar Coin Program necessitated an expansion to three lenses with a total of fourteen coins from 2007 to 2008 . In 2009 , another lens was added to facilitate the pennies minted for the Lincoln Bicentennial collection . The pennies produced for the proof sets that year were special in that their composition saw a return to the 95 % copper alloy employed when the Lincoln cent was first introduced . This set peaked the coin count at eighteen as it also included that year 's set of District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters . The regular release returned to a count of fourteen coins across three lenses in 2010 and the individual lens of America the Beautiful Quarters or Presidential Dollar Coins sold separate . United States Mint silver Proof set ( edit ) Beginning in 1992 , the Mint began producing proof sets with the cupronickel denomination replaced by specimens struck with the pre-debasement composition : coin silver , or 90 % Ag and 10 % Cu . All of the quarters released in any one year of a series since 1999 are also struck in silver . Otherwise , these sets are largely similar to the standard United States Mint Proof Set , but are packaged with a red color scheme and different certificate of authenticity . United States Mint Uncirculated coin set ( edit ) The Uncirculated Sets , or Mint Sets , contain specimens of coins that are typically minted for general circulation . The first such sets were sold in 1947 in cardboard panels with two coins for each issue , thus showing the obverse and reverse of each one . Such sets were , with the exception of 1950 , annually produced through 1958 . In 1959 a plastic soft pack of single coins was sold and these were annually offered through 1964 . In 1965 - 7 `` special mint sets '' , a higher level of uncirculated coins , replaced both mint and proof sets . With the exception of 1982 - 1983 , mint sets have been issued every year since 1968 . ( For 1982 and 1983 collectors sometimes buy the annual `` souvenir sets '' struck by the Philadelphia and Denver mints , which are very similar to the official Treasury - issued mint sets . ) Notable are the 1970 , 1973 , and 1996 mint sets . These contained the 1970 - D Kennedy half dollar , the 1973 - P and 1973 - D Eisenhower dollars , and the 1996 - W Roosevelt dime , none of which were minted for general circulation and could be obtained only from the U.S. mint sets . More recent sets contain non-circulating half - dollar and dollar denominations . From the 2005 mint set coins through the 2010 mint set coins were prepared using special dies that produce a `` satin finish '' distinct from business strike coins . The US Mint reverted to coins that are typically minted for general circulation in 2011 . Mint sets currently are sealed in a plastic blister - pack , unlike the flexible plastic packs of earlier sets . They are usually sold in sets of two - one for each branch of production . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2011 United States Mint Proof Set Certificate of Authenticity . The United States Mint. 2011 . Jump up ^ 1992 United States Mint Silver Proof Set Certificate of Authenticity . The United States Mint. 1992 . Jump up ^ 1999 United States Mint Silver Proof Set Certificate of Authenticity . The United States Mint. 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Souvenir Sets '' . My Coin Guides . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Click here to view larger image Image not actual size 2011 United States Mint Uncirculated Coin Set ® '' . U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog . U.S. Department of the Treasury . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Mint_coin_sets&oldid=765529521 '' Categories : Coins of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2011 All articles that may contain original research Articles to be expanded from October 2011 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 February 2017 , at 22 : 51 . About Wikipedia	when did the mint start making proof sets	[ "All releases from 1936 to 1972 included the cent, nickel, dime, quarter, and half dollar from that year. The first proof sets through 1964 were minted at the Philadelphia Mint. There were two official releases in 1942: one regular five coin set and a set including a silver wartime nickel. United States currency was debased beginning in 1965, but the sets continued under the name United States Mint Proof Set.Production was moved to the San Francisco branch in 1968, and all subsequent issues bear coins with an \"S\" mint mark. In 1973, the Eisenhower dollar was added to the collection. Sets from 1975 will have a dual-date 1776-1976 quarter, half-dollar, and dollar as none of those coins were ever produced with a 1975 date. The Susan B. Anthony dollar replaced the Eisenhower in 1979. The 1981 mint sets were the only method of obtaining a Susan B. from that year, though many have slipped into circulation. With the cease in minting of dollar coins, the regular issue Proof Set for 1982 included a brass token. From 1983 until 1998, the annual United States Proof set resumed to only issuing the penny, nickel, dime, quarter, and half-dollar." ]	[ "1936" ]
1246830681632556212	Christine Baranski	Christine Baranski - wikipedia Christine Baranski Christine Baranski Baranski at the Metropolitan Opera in 2008 Christine Jane Baranski ( 1952 - 05 - 02 ) May 2 , 1952 ( age 66 ) Buffalo , New York , U.S. Residence Connecticut , U.S. Education Juilliard School ( BFA ) Occupation Actress singer producer Years active 1974 -- present Spouse ( s ) Matthew Cowles ( m . 1983 ; d . 2014 ) Children Christine Jane Baranski ( born May 2 , 1952 ) is an American actress , singer , and producer . She is a 15 - time Emmy Award nominee , winning once in 1995 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Maryanne Thorpe in the sitcom Cybill ( 1995 -- 98 ) . Baranski has received further critical acclaim for her performance as Diane Lockhart in the legal drama series The Good Wife ( 2009 -- 2016 ) and its spinoff series The Good Fight ( 2017 -- present ) , as well as her recurring role as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter in the sitcom The Big Bang Theory ( 2009 -- present ) for which she has received two Emmy nominations . She is also known for her roles in numerous successful TV Films , most notably her portrayal of Kate in To Dance with the White Dog ( 1993 ) , Prunella Stickler in Eloise at the Plaza , and Eloise at Christmastime ( both 2003 ) , and Amanda in Who Is Simon Miller ? ( 2011 ) . Baranski won two Tony Awards for Best Featured Actress in a Play for the original Broadway productions of The Real Thing in 1984 and Rumors in 1989 . Her other major Broadway credits include Hide and Seek ( 1980 ) , Hurlyburly ( 1984 ) , The House of Blue Leaves ( 1986 ) , Nick & Nora ( 1991 ) , and Boeing Boeing ( 2008 ) . Baranski has starred in numerous films , including 91⁄2 Weeks ( 1986 ) , Legal Eagles ( 1986 ) , Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) , Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) , Jeffrey ( 1995 ) , The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Bulworth ( 1998 ) , Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) , Bowfinger ( 1999 ) , Dr. Seuss 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , Chicago ( 2002 ) , Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) , The Bounty Hunter ( 2010 ) , Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , A Bad Moms Christmas ( 2017 ) , and Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 Stage 2.2 Film 2.3 Television 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Baranski was born in Buffalo , New York , the daughter of Virginia ( née Mazurowski ) and Lucien Baranski , who edited a Polish - language newspaper . She is of Polish descent , and her grandparents were actors in the Polish theater . Baranski was raised in a Polish - Catholic neighborhood in Cheektowaga , where she attended high school at the Villa Maria Academy . She then studied at New York City 's Juilliard School ( Drama Division Group 3 : 1970 -- 1974 ) where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1974 . Career ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) Baranski at the Metropolitan Opera 2010 opening night of Das Rheingold Baranski made her Off - Broadway debut in Coming Attractions at Playwrights Horizons in 1980 , and has appeared in several Off Broadway productions at the Manhattan Theatre Club , starting with Sally and Marsha in 1982 . Baranski made her Broadway debut in Hide & Seek in 1980 . For her next Broadway performance , in Tom Stoppard 's The Real Thing , she won the 1984 Tony Award Best Featured Actress in a Play . Other Broadway credits include : Hurlyburly , The House of Blue Leaves , Rumors ( for which she won her second Tony ) , Regrets Only , Nick & Nora , and the Encores ! concert staging of Follies . At the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. , Baranski starred as Mrs. Lovett in Sweeney Todd in 2002 ( for which she won the 2003 Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical ) and as the title character in Mame in 2006 . In her first Broadway production since 1991 , she was featured as the maid Berthe in the 2008 revival of Boeing Boeing . The show garnered two Tony Awards , one for Best Revival of a Play and the other for Best Actor ( Mark Rylance ) . The original cast was Bradley Whitford ( Bernard ) , Kathryn Hahn ( Gloria ) , Christine Baranski ( Berthe ) , Gina Gershon ( Gabriella ) , and Mary McCormack ( Gretchen ) . The show closed on January 4 , 2009 . She also appeared in a one night only concert benefit performance of Stephen Sondheim 's A Little Night Music for Roundabout Theatre Company as Countess Charlotte Malcolm on January 12 , 2009 . The cast included Vanessa Redgrave , Natasha Richardson , Victor Garber , and Marc Kudisch , among others . She has won both the Tony and Drama Desk Awards twice . Film ( edit ) Baranski has also starred in various roles in films . Some of her better known roles are as Katherine Archer in The Birdcage ( 1996 ) , Martha May Whovier in How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , Mary Sunshine in Chicago ( 2002 ) , and Connie Chasseur in The Ref ( 2004 ) . She received further recognition for her role as Tanya Chesham - Leigh in the hit musical film Mamma Mia ! ( 2008 ) , and its sequel , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) . She also played Cinderella 's stepmother in the 2014 film adaptation of the musical , Into the Woods . Baranski also starred in the films 91⁄2 Weeks ( 1986 ) , Legal Eagles ( 1986 ) , Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) , Addams Family Values ( 1993 ) , Jeffrey ( 1995 ) , Bulworth ( 1998 ) , Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) , Bowfinger ( 1999 ) , Chicago ( 2002 ) , Trolls ( 2016 ) , and A Bad Moms Christmas ( 2017 ) . Television ( edit ) Baranski at the 2015 PaleyFest presentation for The Good Wife Though widely reported to have worked as a child actress under the name `` Chris Charney , '' Baranski denies ever having appeared on The Brady Bunch , and states that `` the first real TV show '' that she worked on was the comedy series Cybill . Earlier , she had appeared in short - term roles on various daytime soap operas , including All My Children and Another World . Baranski was featured as Cybill Shepherd 's sarcastic , hard - drinking friend Maryanne Thorpe in the CBS sitcom Cybill , which ran from 1995 until 1998 , during which time she hosted Saturday Night Live and won an Emmy Award as Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series along with three other nominations . During this , Baranski portrayed a librarian named Sonja Umdahl in the `` Dick and the Single Girl '' episode of 3rd Rock from the Sun . A few years later , Baranski received an Emmy nomination for a guest starring role as an intimidating radio psychiatrist on an episode of the NBC series Frasier . She had an uncredited role in the series Now and Again as the voice of Roger 's overbearing wife Ruth , who was never seen by viewers . Baranski later appeared in the 2000 -- 2001 sitcom Welcome to New York and , with John Laroquette , in the 2003 -- 2004 NBC sitcom Happy Family . She co-starred with Bernadette Peters in a pilot for an ABC sitcom , Adopted , in 2005 , which was not picked up . She also played Faith Clancy , the mother of Jim Clancy in Ghost Whisperer . In 2009 Baranski began guest - starring in The Big Bang Theory as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter , a dispassionate psychiatrist and neuroscientist and mother of one of the protagonists , Leonard Hofstadter . She first appeared in the second - season episode `` The Maternal Capacitance '' , for which she received an Emmy nomination . Due to the popularity of her first appearance , Baranski returned in the third season for the Christmas episode `` The Maternal Congruence '' , receiving another Emmy nomination . As of July 2018 , she has appeared in eleven more episodes . From 2009 to 2016 , she played the role of Diane Lockhart , a top litigator and senior partner of a Chicago law firm on the CBS series The Good Wife . She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for six seasons of the series , in the years 2010 to 2015 . Besides her work on The Good Wife and the aforementioned guest appearances on The Big Bang Theory , her other recent appearances include Ugly Betty in 2009 as Victoria Hartley , the haughty mother of Betty 's new boyfriend . Baranski currently stars in a spinoff of The Good Wife , titled The Good Fight . The series began airing on CBS and then CBS All Access starting in February 2017 . Her character , Diane Lockhart , joins another law firm after being forced to return to work . Personal life ( edit ) Baranski was married to actor Matthew Cowles from October 1983 until his death on May 22 , 2014 . They have two daughters , Isabel ( born 1984 ) and Lily ( born 1987 ) , who is also an actress . One of her daughters attended law school , passed the New York bar exam , and worked in the Brooklyn district attorney 's office during the run of The Good Wife . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Soup for One Blonde in Bar Lovesick Nymphomaniac 1984 Crackers Maxine 1986 91⁄2 Weeks Thea 1986 Legal Eagles Carol Freeman The Pick - up Artist Harriet Reversal of Fortune Andrea Reynolds 1993 The Night We Never Met Lucy 1993 Life with Mikey Carol 1993 Addams Family Values Becky Martin - Granger 1994 The Ref Connie Chasseur 1994 Getting In Mrs. Margaret `` Maggie '' Higgs 1994 The War Miss Strapford 1995 New Jersey Drive Prosecutor 1995 Jeffrey Ann Marwood Bartle The Birdcage Katherine Archer Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 1998 The Odd Couple II Thelma 1998 Bulworth Constance Bulworth 1999 Cruel Intentions Bunny Caldwell 1999 Bowfinger Carol 2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Martha May Whovier 2002 The Guru Shantal 2002 Chicago Mary Sunshine Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 Marci X Mary Ellen Spinkle Welcome to Mooseport Charlotte Cole 2005 Scooby Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? Amelia Von Butch ( voice ) 2006 Falling for Grace Bree 2006 Relative Strangers Arleen Clayton 2006 Bonneville Francine 2008 Mamma Mia ! Tanya Chesham - Leigh The Bounty Hunter Kitty Hurley 2012 Foodfight ! Hedda Shopper ( voice ) 2014 Into the Woods Cinderella 's Stepmother Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Nominated -- Detroit Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Nominated -- Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble 2016 Trolls Chef ( voice ) 2016 Miss Sloane Evelyn Sumner 2017 A Bad Moms Christmas Ruth 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Tanya Chesham - Leigh Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1977 Busting Loose Debbie Episode : `` The Decision : Part 1 '' 1980 Playing for Time Olga TV movie 1982 A Midsummer Night 's Dream Helena TV movie 1982 Another World Beverly Tucker Unknown episodes 1984 All My Children Jewel Maniscalo Unknown episodes 1985 Big Shots in America Cara TV movie 1985 The Equalizer Victoria Baines Episode : `` Mama 's Boy '' The House of Blue Leaves Bunny Flingus TV movie 1988 The Thorns Polly Episode : `` The Maid '' 1991 Law & Order Katherine Masucci Beigel Episodes : `` The Torrents of Greed Parts 1 & 2 '' Screenplay Blair Bennett Episode : `` Buying a Landslide '' 1993 To Dance with the White Dog Kate TV movie 1994 Law & Order Rose Siegal Episode : `` Nurture '' 1995 -- 98 Cybill Maryanne Thorpe 87 episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( 1995 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( 1995 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film ( 1995 , 1996 ) Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( 1996 -- 98 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 1995 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series ( 1996 ) Saturday Night Live Herself ( host ) Episode : `` Christine Baranski / The Cure '' 1997 3rd Rock from the Sun Sonja Umdahl Episode : `` Dick and the Single Girl '' 1999 Now and Again Ruth Bender ( voice ) Episode : `` Origins '' ; uncredited 1999 Frasier Dr. Nora Fairchild Episode : `` Dr. Nora '' Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series 2000 -- 01 Welcome to New York Marsha Bickner 13 episodes Citizen Baines Glenn Ferguson Baines Welch Episode : `` Three Days in November '' 2002 Presidio Med Dr. Terry Howland Episodes : `` Pick Your Battles '' , `` Best of Enemies '' 2003 Eloise at the Plaza Prunella Stickler TV movie 2003 Eloise at Christmastime Prunella Stickler TV movie 2003 -- 04 Happy Family Annie Brennan 22 episodes Spellbound TV movie 2005 Recipe for a Perfect Christmas Lee Bellmont TV movie 2005 Adopted Judy Rabinowitz TV movie 2005 In the Game TV pilot 2005 Ghost Whisperer Faith Clancy Episodes : `` Voices '' , `` The Crossing '' 2006 Inseparable Barbara TV movie 2006 American Dad ! Homeless Woman ( voice ) Episode : `` Failure Is Not a Factory - installed Option '' 2009 Ugly Betty Victoria Hartley 3 episodes 2009 Psych Alice Clayton Episode : `` He Dead '' 2009 -- 2018 The Big Bang Theory Dr. Beverly Hofstadter 13 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series ( 2009 , 2010 , 2015 , 2016 ) 2009 -- 2016 The Good Wife Diane Lockhart 156 episodes Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 2010 -- 15 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ) 2011 Who Is Simon Miller ? Amanda TV movie 2011 Ugly Americans Grimes ' mummy ( voice ) Episode : `` Mummy Dearest '' 2015 BoJack Horseman Amanda Hannity ( voice ) Episode : `` Hank After Dark '' 2013 Family Guy Herself ( voice ) Episode : `` Call Girl '' 2017 Regular Show Guardian ( voice ) Episode : `` A Regular Epic Final Battle '' 2017 -- present The Good Fight Diane Lockhart 23 episodes 2017 Michael Jackson 's Halloween Mrs. Grau ( voice ) TV special 2017 Spirit Riding Free Miz McDonnell ( voice ) Episode : `` Lucky and the Long Way Home '' Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 Hide & Seek Elly Bart Broadway 1980 Coming Attractions Performer Playwrights Horizons 1982 Sally and Marsha Marsha Manhattan Theatre Club 1984 The Real Thing Charlotte Broadway 1984 Hurlyburly Bonnie Broadway 1986 The House of Blue Leaves Bunny Flingus Broadway 1988 Rumors Chris Gorman Broadway 1991 Nick & Nora Tracy Gardner Broadway 1997 Promises , Promises Marge MacDougall Off - Broadway 2002 Sweeney Todd Mrs. Lovett Kennedy Center 2006 Mame Mame Dennis Kennedy Center 2008 Boeing Boeing Berthe Broadway Video games ( edit ) Year Project Role Notes 2013 Skylanders : Swap Force Kaos ' Mother 2017 Steven Universe : Save the Light Hessonite Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Christine Baranski References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Christine Baranski -- Family and Companions -- Yahoo ! 7 Movies '' Archived 2007 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . movies.yahoo.com ^ Jump up to : `` Christine Baranski Biography ( 1952 -- ) '' filmreference.com , accessed April 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Western New York Public Broadcasting Association '' Archived 2007 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . wned.org Jump up ^ Triplett , William ( May 12 , 2002 ) . `` For Baranski , A Most Meaty Opportunity ; In ' Sweeney Todd , ' Actress Sinks Her Teeth Into a Singing Role '' . The Washington Post . HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Rousuck , J. Wynn ( May 21 , 2006 ) . `` The lady has it : Christine Baranski stars in ' Mame ' for the 2nd time '' . The Baltimore Sun . ^ Jump up to : Gans , Andrew ( June 16 , 2006 ) . `` DIVA TALK : Chatting with Mame 's Christine Baranski '' . Playbill.com . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shulman , Randy ( June 8 , 2006 ) . `` Christine Baranski : TV and stage actress talks about starring in ' Mame ' and ' Cybill ' '' . MetroWeekly.com . Jump up ^ `` Alumni News '' . The Juilliard School . September 2009 . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christine Baranski '' . All Movie Guide . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Adding Love To the Pies ' Time - Tested Recipe '' , New York Times , May 15 , 2002 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` PLAYBILL. COM 'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER With Christine Baranski '' Archived 2009 - 01 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Starry A Little Night Music Concert Presented in Manhattan Jan. 12 '' Archived 2009 - 01 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , playbill.com , January 12 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : WORLD EXCLUSIVE ! New Confirmed Casting For the INTO THE WOODS Movie , Starring Streep & Depp Broadway World , Retrieved July 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Christine Baranski : Was n't Me on ' The Brady Bunch ' ! '' . blog.blogtalkradio.com . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dick and the Single Girl '' . 11 May 1997 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James . `` Review : On ' The Good Fight , ' a Lawyer Claws Her Way Back to Normal '' New York Times , February 16 , 2017 Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` Matthew Cowles , Actor and Husband of Christine Baranski , Dies '' Archived 2014 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , May 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ Klein , Alvin ( January 25 , 1998 ) . `` THEATER ; Being Irish And Being Married '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Colbert , Stephen ( host ) ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` Christine Baranski '' . The Late Show with Stephen Colbert . Season 1 . Episode 131 . CBS . Jump up ^ ' Miss Sloane ' review : An intriguing character who needs a more intriguing film Seattle Times , Retrieved December 8 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Filmography by TV series for Christine Baranski '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Skylanders Swap Force E3 2013 -- Epic Interview Pt 2 ( Kaos 's Mom , TarClops ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Meet Hessonite , the Villainous New Steven Universe Gem Voiced by Christine Baranski '' . www.themarysue.com . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christine Baranski . Christine Baranski on IMDb Christine Baranski at TV.com Christine Baranski at AllMovie Christine Baranski at the Internet Broadway Database Christine Baranski at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Awards for Christine Baranski Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play Frances Sternhagen ( 1975 ) Rachel Roberts ( 1976 ) Rosemary De Angelis ( 1977 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1978 ) Pamela Reed ( 1979 ) Lois de Banzie ( 1980 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1981 ) Amanda Plummer ( 1982 ) Judith Ivey ( 1983 ) Christine Baranski ( 1984 ) Judith Ivey ( 1985 ) Joanna Gleason ( 1986 ) Mary Alice ( 1987 ) Christine Estabrook ( 1988 ) Tovah Feldshuh ( 1989 ) Frances Conroy ( 1990 ) Irene Worth ( 1991 ) Christine Baranski ( 1992 ) Madeline Kahn ( 1993 ) Jane Adams ( 1994 ) Tara Fitzgerald ( 1995 ) Elaine Stritch ( 1996 ) Dana Ivey ( 1997 ) Allison Janney ( 1998 ) Anna Friel ( 1999 ) Marylouise Burke ( 2000 ) Viola Davis ( 2001 ) Katie Finneran ( 2002 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 2003 ) Audra McDonald ( 2004 ) Adriane Lenox ( 2005 ) Frances de la Tour ( 2006 ) Martha Plimpton ( 2007 ) Linda Lavin ( 2008 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2009 ) Viola Davis ( 2010 ) Edie Falco ( 2011 ) Judith Light ( 2012 ) Judith Light ( 2013 ) Celia Keenan - Bolger ( 2014 ) Annaleigh Ashford ( 2015 ) Saycon Sengbloh ( 2016 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2017 ) Jamie Brewer ( 2018 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Vivian Vance ( 1953 ) Audrey Meadows ( 1954 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1955 ) Pat Carroll ( 1956 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1957 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1959 ) Alice Pearce ( 1966 ) Frances Bavier ( 1967 ) Marion Lorne ( 1968 ) Karen Valentine ( 1970 ) Valerie Harper ( 1971 ) Valerie Harper / Sally Struthers ( 1972 ) Valerie Harper ( 1973 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1974 ) Betty White ( 1975 ) Betty White ( 1976 ) Mary Kay Place ( 1977 ) Julie Kavner ( 1978 ) Sally Struthers ( 1979 ) Loretta Swit ( 1980 ) Eileen Brennan ( 1981 ) Loretta Swit ( 1982 ) Carol Kane ( 1983 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1984 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1985 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1986 ) Jackée Harry ( 1987 ) Estelle Getty ( 1988 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1989 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1990 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1991 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1992 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1993 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1997 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1999 ) Megan Mullally ( 2000 ) Doris Roberts ( 2001 ) Doris Roberts ( 2002 ) Doris Roberts ( 2003 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2004 ) Doris Roberts ( 2005 ) Megan Mullally ( 2006 ) Jaime Pressly ( 2007 ) Jean Smart ( 2008 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2009 ) Jane Lynch ( 2010 ) Julie Bowen ( 2011 ) Julie Bowen ( 2012 ) Merritt Wever ( 2013 ) Allison Janney ( 2014 ) Allison Janney ( 2015 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2016 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2017 ) Alex Borstein ( 2018 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Helen Hunt ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1997 ) Tracey Ullman ( 1998 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1999 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2000 ) Megan Mullally ( 2001 ) Megan Mullally ( 2002 ) Megan Mullally ( 2003 ) Teri Hatcher ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) America Ferrera ( 2006 ) Tina Fey ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Tina Fey ( 2009 ) Betty White ( 2010 ) Betty White ( 2011 ) Tina Fey ( 2012 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2013 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2016 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play Patricia Neal ( 1947 ) Shirley Booth ( 1949 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1951 ) Marian Winters ( 1952 ) Beatrice Straight ( 1953 ) Jo Van Fleet ( 1954 ) Patricia Jessel ( 1955 ) Una Merkel ( 1956 ) Peggy Cass ( 1957 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1958 ) Julie Newmar ( 1959 ) Anne Revere ( 1960 ) Colleen Dewhurst ( 1961 ) Elizabeth Ashley ( 1962 ) Sandy Dennis ( 1963 ) Barbara Loden ( 1964 ) Alice Ghostley ( 1965 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1966 ) Marian Seldes ( 1967 ) Zena Walker ( 1968 ) Jane Alexander ( 1969 ) Blythe Danner ( 1970 ) Rae Allen ( 1971 ) Elizabeth Wilson ( 1972 ) Leora Dana ( 1973 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1974 ) Rita Moreno ( 1975 ) Shirley Knight ( 1976 ) Trazana Beverley ( 1977 ) Ann Wedgeworth ( 1978 ) Joan Hickson ( 1979 ) Dinah Manoff ( 1980 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1981 ) Amanda Plummer ( 1982 ) Judith Ivey ( 1983 ) Christine Baranski ( 1984 ) Judith Ivey ( 1985 ) Swoosie Kurtz ( 1986 ) Mary Alice ( 1987 ) L. Scott Caldwell ( 1988 ) Christine Baranski ( 1989 ) Margaret Tyzack ( 1990 ) Irene Worth ( 1991 ) Bríd Brennan ( 1992 ) Debra Monk ( 1993 ) Jane Adams ( 1994 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1995 ) Audra McDonald ( 1996 ) Lynne Thigpen ( 1997 ) Anna Manahan ( 1998 ) Elizabeth Franz ( 1999 ) Blair Brown ( 2000 ) Viola Davis ( 2001 ) Katie Finneran ( 2002 ) Michele Pawk ( 2003 ) Audra McDonald ( 2004 ) Adriane Lenox ( 2005 ) Frances de la Tour ( 2006 ) Jennifer Ehle ( 2007 ) Rondi Reed ( 2008 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2009 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2010 ) Ellen Barkin ( 2011 ) Judith Light ( 2012 ) Judith Light ( 2013 ) Sophie Okonedo ( 2014 ) Annaleigh Ashford ( 2015 ) Jayne Houdyshell ( 2016 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2017 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2018 ) WorldCat Identities BNF : cb140075761 ( data ) GND : 143763903 ISNI : 0000 0001 1681 6555 LCCN : no95008164 MusicBrainz : 30da6a8a - 7be2 - 48d2 - 8894 - 8ec8227600d6 SNAC : w6j43dr4 SUDOC : 147639778 VIAF : 85902095 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christine_Baranski&oldid=865804549 '' Categories : 1952 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses American stage actresses American musical theatre actresses American television actresses American film actresses American voice actresses American people of Polish descent Drama Desk Award winners Juilliard School alumni Actresses from Buffalo , New York Tony Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 07 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays leonard's mother on the big bang theory	[]	[]
8933094824728730896	Where Do We Go from Here? (1945 film)	Where Do We Go from Here ? ( 1945 film ) - wikipedia Where Do We Go from Here ? ( 1945 film ) Where Do We Go from Here ? 1945 Theatrical Poster Directed by Gregory Ratoff Produced by William Perlberg Written by Morrie Ryskind Sig Herzig Starring Fred MacMurray Joan Leslie June Haver Music by Kurt Weill Ira Gershwin Cinematography Leon Shamroy Edited by J. Watson Webb Jr . Distributed by Twentieth Century - Fox Release date May 23 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 23 ) Running time 78 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2.4 million Box office $1.75 million Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin sing their songs from the movie musical , Where Do We Go from Here ? Where Do We Go from Here ( 1945 ) Technicolor is a romantic musical comedy - fantasy film produced by Twentieth Century - Fox , and starring Fred MacMurray , Joan Leslie , June Haver , Gene Sheldon , Anthony Quinn and Fortunio Bonanova . Joan Leslie 's singing voice was dubbed by Sally Sweetland . The score was composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Ira Gershwin . Gregory Ratoff directed and Morrie Ryskind wrote the screenplay from a story by Sig Herzig and Ryskind . The film is notable as Weill 's only musical written directly for the screen and for its anachronistic blend of history and contemporary ( 1940s ) slang . At the time , the mock - operatic sequence , `` The Nina , the Pinta , the Santa Maria , '' was one of the longest musical sequences ever created for a screen musical . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Musical numbers 5 Cut Songs 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Fred MacMurray stars as Bill Morgan , a young American who is eager to join the military and fight for his country during World War II , but his 4F status prevents him from enlisting . Bill does his bit for the war effort by collecting scrap metal . Among the discarded junk he discovers a mysterious brass bottle which he rubs to clean off the grime . Suddenly , Ali , a Genie ( Gene Sheldon ) , appears and offers to grant him three wishes . Without thinking , Bill says he wants to be in the US army . In a puff of smoke , Bill finds himself a foot soldier in George Washington 's Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . After a run - in with some Hessian soldiers , Bill escapes by wishing himself into the Navy . Once again the Genie transfers him , but this time to the crew of Christopher Columbus 's ship on his maiden voyage to the new world . Once on shore , he agrees to buy Manhattan Island from a local native ( Anthony Quinn ) . Bill next finds himself whisked forward in time to New Amsterdam in the mid-17th century . When he claims that he owns the Island , he is thrown in jail . Ali finally gets it right and Bill finds himself in the right time and place by the end of the film . June Haver plays the girl Bill thinks he loves and Joan Leslie plays the girl who loves ( and ultimately lands ) him . Cast ( edit ) Fred MacMurray as Bill Morgan Joan Leslie as Sally Smith / Prudence / Katrina June Haver as Lucilla Powell / Gretchen / Indian Gene Sheldon as Ali the Genie Anthony Quinn as Chief Badger Carlos Ramírez as Benito Alan Mowbray as General George Washington Fortunio Bonanova as Christopher Columbus Herman Bing as Hessian Col. / Von Heisel Howard Freeman as Kreiger Production ( edit ) Kurt Weill had not been well served by Hollywood . His scores for the Broadway shows Knickerbocker Holiday , Lady in the Dark , and One Touch of Venus had been drastically cut for their film adaptations . Although a few cuts were made in his proposed score for Where Do We Go from Here , most of his work with Ira Gershwin remains , including a lengthy mock - opera bouffé aboard Columbus ' ship during which the crew threatens to mutiny . Co-stars June Haver and Fred MacMurray met while working on this film , and were later married . Where Do We Go from Here ? has never been released on home video . A recording taken directly from the soundtrack of the film was released on LP ( Ariel KWH 10 ) and a set of rehearsal recordings performed by Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin is currently available on the CD Tryout ( DRG Records ) including extended versions of the songs `` Nina , the Pinta , the Santa Maria '' , `` Song of the Rhineland '' , and `` Manhattan ( Indian Song ) . '' Musical numbers ( edit ) All at Once -- Sung by Fred MacMurray Morale -- Sung and Danced by June Haver and Chorus If Love Remains -- Sung and Danced by Fred MacMurray , Joan Leslie ( dubbed by Sally Sweetland ) and Chorus Song of the Rhineland -- Sung and Danced by June Haver , Herman Bing and Chorus Columbus ( The Nina , the Pinta , the Santa Maria ) -- Sung by Carlos Ramírez , Fred MacMurray , Fortunio Bonanova and Chorus All at Once ( reprise ) -- Sung by Fred MacMurray and Joan Leslie ( dubbed by Sally Sweetland ) Morale ( reprise ) -- Sung by Fred MacMurray , Joan Leslie ( dubbed by Sally Sweetland ) , June Haver , Gene Sheldon and Chorus Cut Songs ( edit ) It Could Have Happened to Anyone Woo , Woo , Woo , Woo , Manhattan References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Charles Tranberg , Fred MacMurray : A Biography , Bear Manor Media , 2014 Jump up ^ Aubrey Solomon , Twentieth Century - Fox : A Corporate and Financial History Rowman & Littlefield , 2002 p 220 Jump up ^ Where Do We Go from Here at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Where Do We Go from Here '' recording at castalbums.org Jump up ^ Tryout review at allmusic.com External links ( edit ) Where Do We Go From Here ? at IMDB Where Do We Go from Here ? at Turner Classic Movies Where Do We Go from Here ? at AllMovie Where Do We Go From Here ? at the American Film Institute Catalog Where Do We Go from Here ? review in The New York Times Where Do We Go from Here ? at Kurt Weill Foundation Films directed by Gregory Ratoff Sins of Man ( 1936 ) Lancer Spy ( 1937 ) Wife , Husband and Friend ( 1939 ) Rose of Washington Square ( 1939 ) Hotel for Women ( 1939 ) Intermezzo ( 1939 ) Day - Time Wife ( 1939 ) Barricade ( 1939 ) I Was an Adventuress ( 1940 ) Public Deb No. 1 ( 1940 ) Adam Had Four Sons ( 1941 ) The Corsican Brothers ( 1941 ) The Men in Her Life ( 1941 ) Two Yanks in Trinidad ( 1942 ) Footlight Serenade ( 1942 ) Something to Shout About ( 1943 ) The Heat 's On ( 1943 ) Song of Russia ( 1944 ) Irish Eyes Are Smiling ( 1944 ) Where Do We Go from Here ? ( 1945 ) Paris Underground ( 1945 ) Do You Love Me ( 1946 ) Carnival in Costa Rica ( 1947 ) Moss Rose ( 1947 ) That Dangerous Age ( 1949 ) Black Magic ( 1949 ) My Daughter Joy ( 1950 ) Taxi ( 1953 ) Abdulla the Great ( 1955 ) Oscar Wilde ( 1960 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Do_We_Go_from_Here%3F_(1945_film)&oldid=848120816 '' Categories : 1945 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films American films 1940s fantasy films Films directed by Gregory Ratoff 1940s musical films World War II films made in wartime Time travel films American black - and - white films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 22 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do we go from here movie 1945	[]	[]
6528537834214796839	Presentation of Jesus at the Temple	Presentation of Jesus at the Temple - wikipedia Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the event in the life of the Holy Family . For for the liturgical feast , see Candlemas . Presentation at the Temple by Ambrogio Lorenzetti , 1342 ( Galleria degli Uffizi , Florence ) . Events in the Life of Jesus according to the Gospels Early life ( show ) Annunciation Visitation Nativity Virgin birth Adoration of the Shepherds Circumcision Presentation Adoration of the Magi Flight into Egypt Massacre of the Innocents Return to Nazareth Finding in the Temple Ministry ( show ) Baptism Temptation Commissioning the Twelve Sermon on the Mount / Plain Miracles Parables Rejection Transfiguration Passion ( show ) Triumphal entry into Jerusalem Temple cleansing Second coming prophecy Anointing Last Supper Farewell Discourse Paraclete promised Agony in the Garden Kiss of Judas Arrest Sanhedrin trial Mocking Herod 's court Pilate 's court Flagellation Crown of Thorns Via Dolorosa Crucifixion Descent from the Cross Entombment Harrowing of Hell Resurrection ( show ) Empty tomb Appearances Noli me tangere Road to Emmaus Great Commission Ascension In rest of the NT ( show ) Road to Damascus John 's vision Portals : Christianity Bible Book : Life of Jesus The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple is an early episode in the life of Jesus that is celebrated by the Church on the holiday of Candlemas . It is described in the Gospel of Luke of the New Testament in the Christian Bible . Within the account , `` Luke 's narration of the Presentation in the Temple combines the purification rite with the Jewish ceremony of the redemption of the firstborn ( Luke 2 : 23 - 24 ) . '' In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the presentation of Jesus at the temple is celebrated as is one of the twelve Great Feasts , and is sometimes called Hypapante ( Ὑπαπαντή , lit. , `` Meeting '' in Greek ) . In Western Christianity , the traditional name for the day is Candlemas , which is also known as the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin , and the Meeting of the Lord . In some liturgical churches , Vespers ( or Compline ) on the Feast of the Presentation marks the end of the Epiphany season . In the Church of England , the Mother Church of the Anglican Communion , the Presentation of Christ in the Temple is a Principal Feast celebrated either on 2 February or on the Sunday between 28 January and 3 February . In the Catholic Church , the Presentation is the fourth Joyful Mystery of the Rosary . In the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church , the Anglican Communion and the Lutheran Church , the episode was also reflected in the once - prevalent custom of churching new mothers forty days after the birth of a child . Contents ( hide ) 1 Scripture 2 In art 3 Music 4 Liturgical celebration 4.1 Name of the celebration 4.2 Practices 4.2. 1 Western Christianity 4.2. 2 Eastern Christianity 4.3 Date 4.4 History 4.5 Relation to other celebrations 4.6 Traditions and superstitions 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links Scripture ( edit ) Meeting of the Lord , Russian Orthodox icon , 15th century . The event is described in the Gospel of Luke ( Luke 2 : 22 -- 40 ) . According to the gospel , Mary and Joseph took the Infant Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem forty days ( inclusive ) after his birth to complete Mary 's ritual purification after childbirth , and to perform the redemption of the firstborn son , in obedience to the Torah ( Leviticus 12 , Exodus 13 : 12 -- 15 , etc . ) . Luke explicitly says that Joseph and Mary take the option provided for poor people ( those who could not afford a lamb ; Leviticus 12 : 8 ) , sacrificing `` a pair of turtledoves , or two young pigeons . '' Leviticus 12 : 1 -- 4 indicates that this event should take place forty days after birth for a male child , hence the Presentation is celebrated forty days after Christmas . Upon bringing Jesus into the temple , they encountered Simeon . The Gospel records that Simeon had been promised that `` he should not see death before he had seen the Lord 's Christ '' ( Luke 2 : 26 ) . Simeon then uttered the prayer that would become known as the Nunc Dimittis , or Canticle of Simeon , which prophesied the redemption of the world by Jesus : LORD , now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace ; according to Thy word : for mine eyes have seen Thy salvation , which Thou hast prepared before the face of all people : to be a light to lighten the gentiles and to be the glory of Thy people Israel ( Luke 2 : 29 -- 32 ) . Simeon then prophesied to Mary : `` Behold , this child is set for the falling and the rising of many in Israel , and for a sign which is spoken against . Yes , a sword will pierce through your own soul , that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed '' ( Luke 2 : 34 -- 35 ) . The elderly prophetess Anna was also in the Temple , and offered prayers and praise to God for Jesus , and spoke to everyone there of His importance to redemption in Jerusalem ( Luke 2 : 36 -- 38 ) . In art ( edit ) The event forms a usual component of extensive cycles of the Life of Christ and also of the Life of the Virgin , although often only one of this scene and the visually similar Circumcision of Jesus is shown , and by the late Middle Ages the two are sometimes combined . Early images concentrated on the moment of meeting with Simeon , typically shown at the entrance to the Temple , and this is continued in Byzantine art and Eastern Orthodox icons to the present day . In the West , beginning in the 8th or 9th century , a different depiction at an altar emerged , where Simeon eventually by the Late Middle Ages came to be shown wearing the elaborate vestments attributed to the Jewish High Priest , and conducting a liturgical ceremony surrounded by the family and Anna . In the West , Simeon is more often already holding the infant , or the moment of handover is shown ; in Eastern images the Virgin is more likely still to hold Jesus . Presentation of Jesus at the Temple , 12th century cloisonné enamel icon from Georgia Presentation of Christ in the Temple , from the Sherbrooke Missal James Tissot , The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple ( La présentation de Jésus au Temple ) , Brooklyn Museum Stained glass window at St. Michael 's Cathedral ( Toronto ) depicts Infant Jesus at the Temple Painting from the Menologion of Basil II ( c. 1000 AD ) Presentation of Christ in the Temple , South German , likely altarpiece wing , late 15th century . ( Private collection ) Music ( edit ) Many motets and anthems have been composed to celebrate this feast and are performed as part of the liturgy , among them an anthem by 16th century German composer Johannes Eccard ( 1553 - 1611 ) , Maria wallt zum Heiligtum , often translated in English as `` When Mary to the Temple went '' . The Lutheran church of the Baroque observed the feast as `` Mariae Reinigung '' ( Purification of Mary ) . Johann Sebastian Bach composed several cantatas to be performed in the church service of the day , related to Simeon 's canticle Nunc dimittis as part of the prescribed readings . Erfreute Zeit im neuen Bunde , BWV 83 , 1724 Mit Fried und Freud ich fahr dahin , BWV 125 , 1725 ( on Luther 's hymn after Nunc dimittis ) Ich habe genug , BWV 82 , 1727 Liturgical celebration ( edit ) Further information : Candlemas This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Presentation of Christ at the Temple by Hans Holbein the Elder , 1500 -- 01 ( Kunsthalle , Hamburg ) Observed by Roman Catholics Anglicans Eastern Orthodox Lutherans Oriental Orthodox Methodists Type Christian Date 2 February ( Julian ; presently corresponds to Gregorian 15 February ) 14 February ( Armenian Apostolic Church ) Name of the celebration ( edit ) In addition to being known as the Feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple , other traditional names include Candlemas , the Feast of the Purification of the Virgin , and the Meeting of the Lord . In the Roman Catholic Church , it is known as the `` Presentation of the Lord '' in the liturgical books first issued by Paul VI , and as the `` Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary '' in earlier editions . In the Eastern Orthodox Church and Greek Catholic Churches ( Eastern Catholic Churches which use the Byzantine rite ) , it is known as the `` Feast of the Presentation of our Lord , God , and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple '' or as `` The Meeting of Our Lord , God and Saviour Jesus Christ '' . In the churches of the Anglican Communion , it is known by various names , including : The Presentation of Our Lord Jesus Christ in The Temple ( Candlemas ) ( Episcopal Church ) , The Presentation of Christ in the Temple , and The Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( Anglican Church of Canada ) , The Presentation of Christ in the Temple ( Candlemas ) ( Church of England ) , and The Presentation of Christ in the Temple ( Anglican Church of Australia ) . It is known as the Presentation of Our Lord in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . The Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod observes 2 February as The Purification of Mary and the Presentation of Our Lord . In some Protestant churches , the feast is known as the Naming of Jesus ( though historically he would have been named on the eighth day after the Nativity , when he was circumcised ) . Practices ( edit ) Traditionally , Candlemas had been the last feast day in the Christian year that was dated by reference to Christmas . Subsequent moveable feasts are calculated with reference to Easter . Western Christianity ( edit ) Candlemas occurs 40 days after Christmas . Traditionally , the Western term `` Candlemas '' ( or Candle Mass ) referred to the practice whereby a priest on 2 February blessed beeswax candles for use throughout the year , some of which were distributed to the faithful for use in the home . In Poland the feast is called Święto Matki Bożej Gromnicznej ( Feast of Our Lady of Thunder candles ) . This name refers to the candles that are blessed on this day , called gromnice , since these candles are lit during ( thunder ) storms and placed in windows to ward off storms . This feast has been referred to as the Feast of Presentation of the Lord within the Roman Catholic Church since the liturgical revisions of the Second Vatican Council , with references to candles and the purification of Mary de-emphasised in favor of the Prophecy of Simeon the Righteous . Pope John Paul II connected the feast day with the renewal of religious vows . This feast never falls in Lent ; the earliest that Ash Wednesday can fall is 4 February , for the case of Easter on 22 March in a non-leap year . However , in the Tridentine rite , it can fall in the pre-Lenten season if Easter is early enough , and `` Alleluia '' has to be omitted from this feast 's liturgy when that happens . According to over eight centuries of tradition , the swaddling clothes that baby Jesus wore during the presentation at the Temple are kept in Dubrovnik Cathedral , Croatia . Eastern Christianity ( edit ) In the Byzantine tradition practiced by the Eastern Orthodox , the Meeting of the Lord is unique among the Great Feasts in that it combines elements of both a Great Feast of the Lord and a Great Feast of the Theotokos ( Mother of God ) . It has a forefeast of one day , and an afterfeast of seven days . However , if the feast falls during Cheesefare Week or Great Lent , the afterfeast is either shortened or eliminated altogether . The holy day is celebrated with an all - night vigil on the eve of the feast , and a celebration of the Divine Liturgy the next morning , at which beeswax candles are blessed . This blessing traditionally takes place after the Little Hours and before the beginning of the Divine Liturgy ( though in some places it is done after ) . The priest reads four prayers , and then a fifth one during which all present bow their heads before God . He then censes the candles and blesses them with holy water . The candles are then distributed to the people and the Liturgy begins . It is because of the biblical events recounted in the second chapter of Luke that the Churching of Women came to be practiced in both Eastern and Western Christianity . The usage has mostly died out in the West , except among Western Rite Orthodoxy , Anglicans , and Traditionalist Catholics , but the ritual is still practiced in the Orthodox Church . Some Christians observe the practice of leaving Christmas decorations up until Candlemas . Date ( edit ) Meeting of the Lord , Orthodox icon from Belarus ( 1731 ) . In the Eastern and Western liturgical calendars the Presentation of the Lord falls on 2 February , forty days ( inclusive ) after Christmas . In the Church of England it may be celebrated on this day , or on the Sunday between 28 January and 3 February . The date of Candlemas is established by the date set for the Nativity of Jesus , for it comes forty days afterwards . Under Mosaic law as found in the Torah , a mother who had given birth to a boy was considered unclean for seven days ; moreover she was to remain for three and thirty days `` in the blood of her purification . '' Candlemas therefore corresponds to the day on which Mary , according to Jewish law , should have attended a ceremony of ritual purification ( Leviticus 12 : 2 - 8 ) . The Gospel of Luke 2 : 22 -- 39 relates that Mary was purified according to the religious law , followed by Jesus ' presentation in the Jerusalem temple , and this explains the formal names given to the festival , as well as its falling 40 days after the Nativity . In Swedish and Finnish Lutheran Churches , Candlemas is ( since 1774 ) always celebrated on a Sunday , at earliest on 2 February and at latest on 8 February , except if this Sunday happens to be the last Sunday before Lent , i.e. Shrove Sunday or Quinquagesima ( Swedish : Fastlagssöndagen , Finnish : Laskiaissunnuntai ) , in which case Candlemas is celebrated one week earlier . In the Armenian Apostolic Church , the Feast , called `` The Coming of the Son of God into the Temple '' ( Tiarn'ndaraj , from Tyarn - , `` the Lord '' , and - undarach `` going forward '' ) , is celebrated on 14 February . The Armenians do not celebrate the Nativity on 25 December , but on 6 January , and thus their date of the feast is 40 days after that : 14 February . The night before the feast , Armenians traditionally light candles during an evening church service , carrying the flame out into the darkness ( symbolically bringing light into the void ) and either take it home to light lamps or light a bonfire in the church courtyard . History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Feast of the Presentation is among the most ancient feasts of the Church . There are sermons on the Feast by the bishops Methodius of Patara ( † 312 ) , Cyril of Jerusalem ( † 360 ) , Gregory the Theologian ( † 389 ) , Amphilochius of Iconium ( † 394 ) , Gregory of Nyssa ( † 400 ) , and John Chrysostom ( † 407 ) . The earliest reference to specific liturgical rites surrounding the feast are by the intrepid nun Egeria , during her pilgrimage to the Holy Land ( 381 -- 384 ) . She reported that 14 February was a day solemnly kept in Jerusalem with a procession to Constantine I 's Basilica of the Resurrection , with a homily preached on Luke 2 : 22 ( which makes the occasion perfectly clear ) , and a Divine Liturgy . This so - called Itinerarium Peregrinatio ( `` Pilgrimage Itinerary '' ) of Egeria does not , however , offer a specific name for the Feast . The date of 14 February indicates that in Jerusalem at that time , Christ 's birth was celebrated on 6 January , Epiphany . Egeria writes for her beloved fellow nuns at home : XXVI . `` The fortieth day after the Epiphany is undoubtedly celebrated here with the very highest honor , for on that day there is a procession , in which all take part , in the Anastasis , and all things are done in their order with the greatest joy , just as at Easter . All the priests , and after them the bishop , preach , always taking for their subject that part of the Gospel where Joseph and Mary brought the Lord into the Temple on the fortieth day , and Symeon and Anna the prophetess , the daughter of Phanuel , saw him , treating of the words which they spake when they saw the Lord , and of that offering which his parents made . And when everything that is customary has been done in order , the sacrament is celebrated , and the dismissal takes place . '' An Armenian miniature illustrating the subject ( Mugni Gospels , ca . 1060 ) . Originally , the feast was a minor celebration . But then in 541 , a terrible plague broke out in Constantinople , killing thousands . The Emperor Justinian I , in consultation with the Patriarch of Constantinople , ordered a period of fasting and prayer throughout the entire Empire . And , on the Feast of the Meeting of the Lord , arranged great processions throughout the towns and villages and a solemn prayer service ( Litia ) to ask for deliverance from evils , and the plague ceased . In thanksgiving , in 542 the feast was elevated to a more solemn celebration and established throughout the Eastern Empire by the Emperor . In Rome , the feast appears in the Gelasian Sacramentary , a manuscript collection of the seventh and eighth centuries associated with Pope Gelasius I , but with many interpolations and some forgeries . There it carries for the first time the new title of the feast of Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary . Late in time though it may be , Candlemas is still the most ancient of all the festivals in honor of the Virgin Mary . The date of the feast in Rome was 2 February because the Roman date for Christ 's nativity had been 25 December since at least the early fourth century . Though modern laymen picture Candlemas as an important feast throughout the Middle Ages in Europe , in fact it spread slowly in the West ; it is not found in the Lectionary of Silos ( 650 ) nor in the Calendar ( 731 -- 741 ) of Sainte - Geneviève of Paris . The tenth - century Benedictional of St. Æthelwold , bishop of Winchester , has a formula used for blessing the candles . Candlemas did become important enough to find its way into the secular calendar . It was the traditional day to remove the cattle from the hay meadows , and from the field that was to be ploughed and sown that spring . References to it are common in later medieval and early Modern literature ; Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night is recorded as having its first performance on Candlemas Day 1602 . It remains one of the Scottish quarter days , at which debts are paid and law courts are in session . Relation to other celebrations ( edit ) The Feast of the Presentation depends on the date for Christmas : As per the passage from the Gospel of Luke ( Luke 2 : 22 - 40 ) describing the event in the life of Jesus , the celebration of the Presentation of the Lord follows 40 days after . The blessing of candles on this day recalls Simeon 's reference to the infant Jesus as the `` light for revelation to the Gentiles '' ( Luke 2 : 32 ) . Modern Pagans believe that Candlemas is a Christianization of the Gaelic festival of Imbolc , which was celebrated in pre-Christian Europe ( and especially the Celtic Nations ) at about the same time of year . Imbolc is called `` St. Brigid 's Day '' or `` Brigid '' in Ireland . Both the goddess Brigid and the Christian Saint Brigid -- who was the Abbess of Kildare -- are associated with sacred flames , holy wells and springs , healing , and smithcraft . Brigid is a virgin , yet also the patron of midwives . However , a connection with Roman ( rather than Celtic or Germanic ) polytheism is more plausible , since the feast was celebrated before any serious attempt to expand Christianity into non-Roman countries . In Irish homes , there were many rituals revolving around welcoming Brigid into the home . Some of Brigid 's rituals and legends later became attached to Saint Brigid , who was seen by Celtic Christians as the midwife of Christ and `` Mary of the Gael '' . In Ireland and Scotland she is the `` foster mother of Jesus . '' The exact date of the Imbolc festival may have varied from place to place based on local tradition and regional climate . Imbolc is celebrated by modern Pagans on the eve of 2 February , at the astronomical midpoint , or on the full moon closest to the first spring thaw . Some have argued that the Church in Rome introduced Candlemas celebrations in opposition to the Roman Pagan feast of Lupercalia . The Catholic Encyclopædia is definite in its rejection of this argument : `` The feast was certainly not introduced by Pope Gelasius to suppress the excesses of the Lupercalia , '' ( referencing J.P. Migne , Missale Gothicum , 691 ) . The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica agrees : the association with Gelasius `` has led some to suppose that it was ordained by Pope Gelasius I in 492 as a counter-attraction to the pagan Lupercalia ; but for this there is no warrant . '' Since the two festivals are both concerned with the ritual purification of women , not all historians are convinced that the connection is purely coincidental . Gelasius certainly did write a treatise against Lupercalia , and this still exists ; see Lupercalia . Pope Innocent XII believed Candlemas was created as an alternative to Roman Paganism , as stated in a sermon on the subject : Why do we in this feast carry candles ? Because the Gentiles dedicated the month of February to the infernal gods , and as at the beginning of it Pluto stole Proserpine , and her mother Ceres sought her in the night with lighted candles , so they , at the beginning of the month , walked about the city with lighted candles . Because the holy fathers could not extirpate the custom , they ordained that Christians should carry about candles in honor of the Blessed Virgin ; and thus what was done before in the honor of Ceres is now done in honor of the Blessed Virgin . Note the peculiar tendency to dismiss the `` pagan '' gods , contrasting with St. Paul 's reference to the `` powers and principalities '' as divinely appointed beings in creation : `` For by him were all things created , that are in heaven , and that are in earth , visible and invisible , whether they be thrones , or dominions , or principalities , or powers : all things were created by him , and for him '' ( Colossians 1 : 16 ) . In Armenia , celebrations at the Presentation have been influenced by pre-Christian customs , such as : the spreading of ashes by farmers in their fields each year to ensure a better harvest , keeping ashes on the roof of a house to keep evil spirits away , and the belief that newlywed women needed to jump over fire to purify themselves before getting pregnant . Young men will also leap over a bonfire . The tradition of lighting a candle in each window is not the origin of the name `` Candlemas '' , which instead refers to a blessing of candles . On the day following Candlemas , the feast of St. Blaise is celebrated . It is connected to the rite of Blessing of the Throats - which is , for to be available to reach more people , also often transferred to Candlemas day . By coincidence , the rite includes crossed candles . Candles on Candlemas Day , Sanok 2013 Traditions and superstitions ( edit ) `` Down with the rosemary , and so Down with the bays and mistletoe ; Down with the holly , ivy , all , Wherewith ye dress 'd the Christmas Hall '' -- Robert Herrick ( 1591 -- 1674 ) , `` Ceremony upon Candlemas Eve '' As the poem by Robert Herrick records , the eve of Candlemas was the day on which Christmas decorations of greenery were removed from people 's homes ; for traces of berries , holly and so forth will bring death among the congregation before another year is out . Another tradition holds that anyone who hears funeral bells tolling on Candlemas will soon hear of the death of a close friend or relative ; each toll of the bell represents a day that will pass before the unfortunate news is learned . In Scotland , until a change in the law in 1991 ( see Scottish term days ) , and in much of northern England until the 18th century , Candlemas was one of the traditional quarter days when quarterly rents were due for payment , as well as the day or term for various other business transactions , including the hiring of servants . Blessing of the Candles at Candlemas at Calvary Episcopal Church ( Rochester , Minnesota ) In the United Kingdom , good weather at Candlemas is taken to indicate severe winter weather later : `` If Candlemas Day is clear and bright , / winter will have another bite . / If Candlemas Day brings cloud and rain , / winter is gone and will not come again . '' It is also alleged to be the date that bears emerge from hibernation to inspect the weather as well as wolves , who if they choose to return to their lairs on this day is interpreted as meaning severe weather will continue for another forty days at least . The same is true in Italy , where it is called Candelora . The Carmina Gadelica , a seminal collection of Scottish folklore , refers to a serpent coming out of the mound on Latha Fheill Bride , as the Scots call Candlemas . This rhyme is still used in the West Highlands and Hebrides . Moch maduinn Bhride , Thig an nimhir as an toll ; Cha bhoin mise ris an nimhir , Cha bhoin an nimhir rium . ( Early on Bride 's morn , the serpent will come from the hollow I will not molest the serpent , nor will the serpent molest me ) Thig an nathair as an toll , la donn Bride Ged robh tri traighean dh ' an t - sneachd air leachd an lair . ( The serpent will come from the hollow on the brown day of Bridget Though there should be three feet of snow on the flat surface of the ground ) Candlemas Day in the Carpathian region In the United States , Candlemas coincides with Groundhog Day , the earliest American reference to which can be found at the Pennsylvania Dutch Folklore Center at Franklin and Marshall College . The reference implies that Groundhog Day may have come from a German - American Candlemas tradition : Last Tuesday , the 2nd , was Candlemas day , the day on which , according to the Germans , the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap , but if the day be cloudy he remains out , as the weather is to be moderate . -- 4 February 1841 -- from Morgantown , Berks County ( Pennsylvania ) storekeeper James Morris ' diary , ( 1 ) In France and Belgium , Candlemas ( French : La Chandeleur ) is celebrated with crêpes . In Italy , traditionally , it ( Italian : La Candelora ) is considered the last cold day of winter . Tenerife ( Spain ) , Is the day of the Virgin of Candelaria ( Saint Patron of the Canary Islands ) . 2 February . In Southern and Central Mexico , and Guatemala City , Candlemas ( Spanish : Día de La Candelaria ) is celebrated with tamales . Tradition indicates that on 5 January , the night before Three Kings Day ( the Epiphany ) , whoever gets one or more of the few plastic or metal dolls ( originally coins ) buried within the Rosca de Reyes must pay for the tamales and throw a party on Candlemas . In certain regions of Mexico , this is the day in which the baby Jesus of each household is taken up from the nativity scene and dressed up in various colorful , whimsical outfits . In Luxembourg , Liichtmëss sees children carrying lighted sticks visiting neighbors and singing a traditional song in exchange for sweets . Sailors are often reluctant to set sail on Candlemas Day , believing that any voyage begun then will end in disaster -- given the frequency of severe storms in February , this is not entirely without sense . See also ( edit ) A Song for Simeon , a 1928 poem by T.S. Eliot Our Lady of Sorrows References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , J.R. ( 1 September 1998 ) . The Illustrated Guide to the Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 9780195214628 . Retrieved 27 December 2016 . The story of the Presentation of Jesus to God in the Temple concludes Luke 's birth narrative ( Luke 2.22 - 39 ) . Jump up ^ Perlove , Shelley ; Silver , Larry ( 2009 ) . Rembrandt 's Faith : Church and Temple in the Dutch Golden Age . Penn State Press . p. 191 . ISBN 9780271048383 . Jump up ^ Schiller , 90 -- 94 Jump up ^ Liturgy of the Hours , 2 February . Jump up ^ `` The Calendar '' . 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lutheran Service Book , 2006 , xi Jump up ^ Janekovic - Romer , Zdenka ( 1996 ) , Javni rituali u politickom diskursu humanistickog Dubrovnika ( in Croatian ) , Zavod za hrvatsku povijest Filozofskog fakulteta Zagreb - Institute of Croatian history , Faculty of Philosophy Zagreb , p. 78 Jump up ^ Oja ( 2007 ) . Aikakirja 2007 ( PDF ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Almanach office of Helsinki University . pp. 175 -- 176 . ISBN 952 - 10 - 3221 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Kynttilänpäivä on valoisa Kristus - juhla '' ( in Finnish ) . Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ De Simone et Anna quo die Dominico in templo occurrerunt ac de sancta Deipara , in Patrologiæ Græcæ vol. 18 , pp. 347 - 381 . Available here on Google Books . Jump up ^ Homilia de Occursu Domini in Patrologiæ Græcæ vol. 33 , pp. 1183 - 1204 available here on archive.org and here on Google Books in latin and greek . And here translated in french in St Cyrille de Jérusalem , Oeuvres complètes , trad . A. Faivre , 1844 , vol. 2 , pp. 447 - 462 on archive.org . As discuted in the introduction written by Faivre , and as reflected in the classification in `` Opera S. Cyrillo Suppposita '' in the Patrologiæ Græcæ its attribution to Cyril of Jerusalem is dubious , and has been attributed to Cyril of Alexandria by a few , but Faivre guesses that , considering the subjects discussed ( Nestorianism , Monophysitism ) , it must have been someone from Jerusalem but in `` the late fifth or early sixth century '' , living under the patriarchy of Sallustius ( 486 - 494 ) or Elias I ( 494 - 416 ) . Jump up ^ De occursu Christi , et de Deipara , Anna et Simoeae , in Patrologiæ Græcæ vol. 39 , pp. 43 - 60 available here in latin and greek on Google Books . Jump up ^ De Occursu Domini , de deipara Virgine et de justo Simeone , in Patrologiæ Græcæ vol. 46 pp. 1152 - 1182 . available here in latin and greek on Google Books Jump up ^ Monitum - Ad Homiliam in Occursum Christi , De Occursu D.N. Jesu Christ deque depipara et symeone oratio in Patrologiæ Græcæ vol. 50 , pp. 807 - 811 . Available here on Google Books Jump up ^ witchology.com Retrieved 7 February 2008 Jump up ^ NOS GWYL FAIR ( Candlemas ) Page Retrieved 7 February 2008 Jump up ^ Imbolc Customs and Lore Selena Fox , Circle Sanctuary , 1996 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 Jump up ^ Milk Symbolism in the ' Bethu Brigte ' by Thomas Torma University of Ulster Center for Irish and Celtic Studies , eDIL Project . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Brighid : What Do We Really Know ? by Francince Nicholson , Celtic Well E-Journal , 1999 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ On St. Brigit and Pagan Goddesses in the Kingdom of God by Sherry Rowley , Canadian Woman Studies Vol 17 , No. 3 1998 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Curiosities of Popular Customs and of rites , ceremonies , observances , and miscellaneous antiquities , by William Shepard Walsh , 1898 . Pg. 168 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Chambers ( 1832 ) , `` Christmas decorations '' , The book of days , 2 , W. & R. Chambers Ltd , p. 753 Jump up ^ Badham , Mike ; Robinson , Robby ; Badham , Michael ( 21 July 1999 ) . `` Sailors ' Secrets '' . McGraw Hill Professional -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Traditional and popular festivals in Luxembourg '' . Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` `` . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Schiller , Gertud , Iconography of Christian Art , Vol . I , 1971 ( English trans from German ) , Lund Humphries , London , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 270 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) `` Candlemas '' article from The Catholic Encyclopedia , F.G. Holweck Sketch of Egeria 's record of her pilgrimage , with quoted passages Egeria 's description of the liturgical year at Jerusalem Food and Feast in Medieval England , P.W. Hammond , ISBN 0 - 7509 - 0992 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Candlemas . Text of Luke 2 in the New Revised Standard Version Traditions : Celebrating Candlemas Origins of Candlemas Cantica Nova History of the feast of the Purification / Candlemas Latin Mass Society Liturgical Resources -- Candlemas The Meeting of Our Lord in the Temple from the Prologue from Ochrid by St. Nikolai Velimirovich Poems by Robert Herrick including `` Upon Candlemas Eve '' Presentation of Jesus at the Temple Life of Jesus Preceded by Circumcision of Jesus New Testament Events Succeeded by Star of Bethlehem ( hide ) Liturgical year of the Catholic Church Based on the General Roman Calendar ( 1969 ) Advent Advent Sunday Immaculate Conception ^ Gaudete Sunday ( O Antiphons ) Christmastide Christmas ( Nativity of Jesus ) ^ Holy Family Solemnity of Mary , Mother of God ^ Epiphany ^ Baptism of the Lord Ordinary Time I Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) Saint Joseph 's Day ^ Annunciation ( Carnival ) Lent Ash Wednesday Laetare Sunday Holy Week : Palm Sunday , Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Chrism ) Paschal Triduum Maundy Thursday ( Mass of the Lord 's Supper ) Good Friday Liturgy of the Word , Adoration of the Cross , Holy Communion Holy Saturday Easter Vigil Eastertide Easter Sunday : Resurrection of Jesus Octave of Easter ( Divine Mercy Sunday ) Feast of the Ascension ^ Pentecost Ordinary Time II Trinity Sunday Corpus Christi ^ Sacred Heart Visitation of Mary Saint John the Baptist Feast of Saints Peter and Paul ^ Transfiguration of Jesus Assumption of Mary ^ Nativity of Mary Feast of the Cross All Saints ' Day ^ All Souls ' Day Presentation of Mary Feast of Christ the King Legend ^ = Holy days of obligation ( 10 ) Catholicism portal See also : Computus Liturgical colours Solemnity Older calendars : General Roman Calendar of 1960 General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII of 1950 General Roman Calendar of 1954 Tridentine Calendar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple&oldid=792759111 '' Categories : Catholic holy days Christianity in France Christian festivals and holy days Christmas - linked holidays Christmastide February observances Gospel episodes Gospel of Luke Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church Holidays in Scotland Joyful Mysteries Russian traditions Scottish quarter days Second Temple Saint Joseph ( husband of Mary ) Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use dmy dates from February 2011 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Scottish Gaelic - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Magyar Македонски 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 13 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the priest sent to jerusalem after the dedication of the temple	[]	[]
2799952765221541603	Know Nothing	Know Nothing - wikipedia Know Nothing Jump to : navigation , search Know Nothing Citizen Know Nothing , the Know Nothing Party 's nativist ideal First Leader Lewis Charles Levin Founded 1844 ( 1844 ) Dissolved 1860 ( 1860 ) Preceded by Whig Party Succeeded by Constitutional Union Party Headquarters New York City Secret wing Order of the Star Spangled Banner Ideology American nationalism Anti-Catholicism Populism Nativism Republicanism Religion Protestantism Colors Red , white , blue ( American colors ) Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Native American Party , renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the `` Know Nothing '' movement , was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s . It was primarily anti-Catholic and hostile to immigration , starting originally as a secret society . The movement briefly emerged as a major political party in the form of the American Party . Adherents to the movement were to reply `` I know nothing '' when asked about its specifics by outsiders , thus providing the group with its common appellation . The `` Know Nothings '' believed a `` Romanist '' conspiracy was afoot to subvert civil and religious liberty in America and sought to politically organize native - born Protestants in the defense of traditional religious and political values . It is remembered for this theme because of fears by Protestants that Catholic priests and bishops would control a large bloc of voters . In most places , `` Know Nothingism '' lasted only a year or two before disintegrating because of weak local leaders , few publicly - declared national leaders and a deep split over the issue of slavery . In the South , the party did not emphasize anti-Catholicism , but was the main alternative to the dominant Democratic Party . The collapse of the Whig Party after the passage of the Kansas - Nebraska Act left an opening for the emergence of a new major party in opposition to the Democrats . The Know Nothings elected Congressman Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts and several other individuals in the 1854 elections and created a new party organization known as the American Party . Particularly in the South , the American Party served as a vehicle for politicians opposed to the Democratic Party . Many also hoped that it would seek a middle ground between the pro-slavery positions of many Democratic politicians and the anti-slavery positions of the emerging Republican Party . The American Party nominated former President Millard Fillmore in the 1856 presidential election , although he kept quiet about his membership . Fillmore received 21.5 % of the popular vote in the 1856 presidential election , finishing behind the Democratic and Republican nominees . The party declined rapidly after the 1856 election . The 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford further aroused opposition to slavery in the North , where many Know Nothings joined the Republicans . Most of the remaining members of the party supported the Constitutional Union Party in the 1860 presidential election . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Name 1.2 Underlying issues 1.3 Rise 1.4 Leadership and legislation 1.5 Violence 1.6 South 1.7 Decline 2 Electoral history 2.1 Congressional elections 2.2 Presidential elections 3 Legacy 4 In popular culture 5 Notable Know Nothings 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 8.1 Primary sources 9 External links History ( edit ) Anti-Catholicism had been a factor in colonial America but played a minor role in American politics until the arrival of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics in the 1840s . It then reemerged in nativist attacks on Catholic immigration . It appeared in New York politics as early as 1843 under the banner of the American Republican Party . The movement quickly spread to nearby states using that name or Native American Party or variants of it . They succeeded in a number of local and Congressional elections , notably in 1844 in Philadelphia , where the anti-Catholic orator Lewis Charles Levin was elected U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania 's 1st District . In the early 1850s , numerous secret orders grew up , of which the `` Order of United Americans '' and the Order of the Star Spangled Banner came to be the most important . They merged in New York in the early 1850s as a secret order that quickly spread across the North , reaching non-Catholics , particularly those who were lower middle class or skilled workmen . Name ( edit ) The name `` Know Nothing '' originated in the semi-secret organization of the party . When a member was asked about its activities , he was supposed to reply `` I know nothing '' . Outsiders called them `` Know Nothings '' and the name stuck . In 1855 , the Know Nothings first entered politics under the American Party label . Underlying issues ( edit ) The immigration of large numbers of Irish and German Catholics to the United States in the period between 1830 and 1860 made religious differences between Catholics and Protestants a political issue . Violence occasionally erupted at the polls . Protestants alleged that Pope Pius IX had put down the failed liberal Revolutions of 1848 and that he was an opponent of liberty , democracy and republicanism . One Boston minister described Catholicism as `` the ally of tyranny , the opponent of material prosperity , the foe of thrift , the enemy of the railroad , the caucus , and the school '' . These fears encouraged conspiracy theories regarding papal intentions of subjugating the United States through a continuing influx of Catholics controlled by Irish bishops obedient to and personally selected by the Pope . In 1849 , an oath - bound secret society , the Order of the Star Spangled Banner , was created by Charles B. Allen in New York City . At its inception , the Order of the Star Spangled Banner only had about 36 members . Fear of Catholic immigration led to a dissatisfaction with the Democratic Party , whose leadership in many cities included Catholics of Irish descent . Activists formed secret groups , coordinating their votes and throwing their weight behind candidates sympathetic to their cause . Immigration during the first five years of the 1850s reached a level five times greater than a decade earlier . Most of the new arrivals were poor Catholic peasants or laborers from Ireland and Germany who crowded into the tenements of large cities . Crime and welfare costs soared . Cincinnati 's crime rate , for example , tripled between 1846 and 1853 and its murder rate increased sevenfold . Boston 's expenditures for poor relief rose threefold during the same period . -- James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom , p. 131 Rise ( edit ) In spring 1854 , the Know Nothings carried Boston , Salem and other New England cities . They swept the state of Massachusetts in the fall 1854 elections , their biggest victory . The Whig candidate for mayor of Philadelphia , editor Robert T. Conrad , was soon revealed as a Know Nothing as he promised to crack down on crime , close saloons on Sundays and to appoint only native - born Americans to office -- he won by a landslide . In Washington , D.C. , Know Nothing candidate John T. Towers defeated incumbent Mayor John Walker Maury , causing opposition of such proportion that the Democrats , Whigs and Freesoilers in the capital united as the `` Anti-Know - Nothing Party '' . In New York , in a four - way race the Know Nothing candidate ran third with 26 % . After the 1854 elections , they claimed to have exerted decisive influence in Maine , Indiana , Pennsylvania and California , but historians are unsure due to the secrecy as all parties were in turmoil and the anti-slavery and prohibition issues overlapped with nativism in complex and confusing ways . They helped elect Stephen Palfrey Webb as Mayor of San Francisco and J. Neely Johnson as Governor of California . Nathaniel P. Banks was elected to Congress as a Know Nothing candidate , but after a few months he aligned with Republicans . A coalition of Know Nothings , Republicans and other members of Congress opposed to the Democratic Party elected Banks to the position of Speaker of the House . The results of the 1854 elections were so favorable to the Know Nothings , up to then an informal movement with no centralized organization , that they formed officially as a political party called the American Party , which attracted many members of the now nearly defunct Whig party as well as a significant number of Democrats . Membership in the American Party increased dramatically , from 50,000 to an estimated one million plus in a matter of months during that year . The historian Tyler Anbinder concluded : The key to Know Nothing success in 1854 was the collapse of the second party system , brought about primarily by the demise of the Whig Party . The Whig Party , weakened for years by internal dissent and chronic factionalism , was nearly destroyed by the Kansas -- Nebraska Act . Growing anti-party sentiment , fueled by anti-slavery as well as temperance and nativism , also contributed to the disintegration of the party system . The collapsing second party system gave the Know Nothings a much larger pool of potential converts than was available to previous nativist organizations , allowing the Order to succeed where older nativist groups had failed . In San Francisco , California , a Know Nothing chapter was founded in 1854 to oppose Chinese immigration -- members included a judge of the state supreme court , who ruled that no Chinese person could testify as a witness against a white man in court . Fillmore -- Donelson campaign poster In the spring of 1855 , Levi Boone was elected mayor of Chicago for the Know Nothings and barred all immigrants from city jobs . Abraham Lincoln was strongly opposed to the principles of the Know Nothing movement , but did not denounce it publicly because he needed the votes of its membership to form a successful anti-slavery coalition in Illinois . Ohio was the only state where the party gained strength in 1855 . Their Ohio success seems to have come from winning over immigrants , especially German American Lutherans and Scots - Irish Presbyterians , both hostile to Catholicism . In Alabama , Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs , malcontented Democrats and other political outsiders who favored state aid to build more railroads . Virginia attracted national attention in its tempestuous 1855 gubernatorial . Democrat Henry Alexander Wise won by convincing state voters that Know Nothings were in bed with Northern abolitionists . With the victory by Wise , the movement began to collapse in the South . Know Nothings scored victories in Northern state elections in 1854 , winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polling 40 % of the vote in Pennsylvania . Although most of the new immigrants lived in the North , resentment and anger against them was national and the American Party initially polled well in the South , attracting the votes of many former southern Whigs . The party name gained wide but brief popularity . Nativism became a new American rage : Know Nothing candy , Know Nothing tea and Know Nothing toothpicks appeared . Stagecoaches were dubbed `` The Know Nothing '' . In Trescott , Maine , a shipowner dubbed his new 700 - ton freighter `` Know Nothing '' . The party was occasionally referred to contemporaneously in a slightly pejorative shortening `` Knism '' . Leadership and legislation ( edit ) Historian John Mulkern has examined the party 's success in sweeping to almost complete control of the Massachusetts legislature after its 1854 landslide victory . He finds the new party was populist and highly democratic , hostile to wealth , elites and to expertise and deeply suspicious of outsiders , especially Catholics . The new party 's voters were concentrated in the rapidly growing industrial towns , where Yankee workers faced direct competition with new Irish immigrants . Whereas the Whig Party was strongest in high income districts , the Know Nothing electorate was strongest in the poor districts . They expelled the traditional upper - class closed political leadership class , especially the lawyers and merchants . In their stead , they elected working class men , farmers and a large number of teachers and ministers . Replacing the moneyed elite were men who seldom owned $10,000 in property . Nationally , the new party leadership showed incomes , occupation and social status that were about average . Few were wealthy , according to detailed historical studies of once - secret membership rosters . Fewer than 10 % were unskilled workers who might come in direct competition with Irish laborers . They enlisted few farmers , but on the other hand they included many merchants and factory owners . The party 's voters were by no means all native - born Americans , for it won more than a fourth of the German and British Protestants in numerous state elections . It especially appealed to Protestants such as the Lutherans , Dutch Reformed and Presbyterians . The most aggressive and innovative legislation came out of Massachusetts , where the new party controlled all but three of the 400 seats -- only 35 had any previous legislative experience . The Massachusetts legislature in 1855 passed a series of reforms that `` burst the dam against change erected by party politics , and released a flood of reforms '' . Historian Stephen Taylor says : ( In addition to nativist legislation ) , the party also distinguished itself by its opposition to slavery , support for an expansion of the rights of women , regulation of industry , and support of measures designed to improve the status of working people . It passed legislation to regulate railroads , insurance companies and public utilities . It funded free textbooks for the public schools and raised the appropriations for local libraries and for the school for the blind . Purification of Massachusetts against divisive social evils was a high priority . The legislature set up the state 's first reform school for juvenile delinquents while trying to block the importation of supposedly subversive government documents and academic books from Europe . It upgraded the legal status of wives , giving them more property rights and more rights in divorce courts . It passed harsh penalties on speakeasies , gambling houses and bordellos . It passed prohibition legislation with penalties that were so stiff -- such as six months in prison for serving one glass of beer -- that juries refused to convict defendants . Many of the reforms were quite expensive ; state spending rose 45 % on top of a 50 % hike in annual taxes on cities and towns . Extravagance angered the taxpayers and few Know Nothings were reelected . The highest priority included attacks on the civil rights of Irish Catholic immigrants . After this , state courts lost the power to process applications for citizenship and public schools had to require compulsory daily reading of the Protestant Bible ( which the nativists were sure would transform the Catholic children ) . The governor disbanded the Irish militias and replaced Irish holding state jobs with Protestants . It failed to reach the two - thirds vote needed to pass a state constitutional amendment to restrict voting and office holding to men who had resided in Massachusetts for at least 21 years . The legislature then called on Congress to raise the requirement for naturalization from five years to 21 years , but Congress never acted . The most dramatic move by the Know Nothing legislature was to appoint an investigating committee designed to prove widespread sexual immorality underway in Catholic convents . The press had a field day following the story , especially when it was discovered that the key reformer was using committee funds to pay for a prostitute . The legislature shut down its committee , ejected the reformer and saw its investigation become a laughing stock . The Know Nothings also dominated politics in Rhode Island , where in 1855 William W. Hoppin held the Governorship and five out of every seven votes went to the party , which dominated the Rhode Island legislature . Local newspapers such as The Providence Journal fueled anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment . Violence ( edit ) Know Nothing Party ticket naming party candidates for state and county offices ( at the bottom of the page are voting instructions ) Fearful that Catholics were flooding the polls with non-citizens , local activists threatened to stop them . Tensions came to a head on 6 August 1855 in Louisville , Kentucky , where in a hotly contested race for the office of Governor 22 were killed and many injured . The Louisville riot was not the only spectacle of violent riots between Know Nothing activists and Catholics in 1855 . In Baltimore , the mayoral elections of 1856 , 1857 and 1858 were all marred by violence and well - founded accusations of ballot - rigging . In Maine , Know Nothings were associated with the tarring and feathering of a Catholic priest , Father Johannes Bapst , in the coastal town of Ellsworth in 1851 and the burning of a Catholic church in Bath in 1854 . South ( edit ) In the South , the American Party was composed chiefly of ex Whigs looking for a vehicle to fight the dominant Democratic Party and worried about both the pro-slavery extremism of the Democrats and the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican party in the North . In the South as a whole , the American Party was strongest among former Unionist Whigs . States - rightist Whigs shunned it , enabling the Democrats to win most of the South . Whigs supported the American Party because of their desire to defeat the Democrats , their unionist sentiment , their anti-immigrant attitudes and the Know Nothing neutrality on the slavery issue . David T. Gleeson notes that many Irish Catholics in the South feared the arrival of the Know - Nothing movement portended a serious threat . He argues : The southern Irish , who had seen the dangers of Protestant bigotry in Ireland , had the distinct feeling that the Know - Nothings were an American manifestation of that phenomenon . Every migrant , no matter how settled or prosperous , also worried that this virulent strain of nativism threatened his or her hard - earned gains in the South and integration into its society . Immigrants ' fears were unjustified , however , because the national debate over slavery and its expansion , not nativism or anti-Catholicism , was the major reason for Know - Nothing success in the South . The southerners who supported the Know - Nothings did so , for the most part , because they thought the Democrats who favored the expansion of slavery might break up the Union . In 1855 , the American Party challenged the Democrats ' dominance . In Alabama , the Know Nothings were a mix of former Whigs , malcontented Democrats and other political misfits ; they favored state aid to build more railroads . In the fierce campaign , the Democrats argued that Know Nothings could not protect slavery from Northern abolitionists . The Know Nothing American Party disintegrated soon after losing in 1855 . In Louisiana and Maryland , the Know Nothings enlisted native - born Catholics . Know Nothing congressman John Edward Bouligny was the only member of the Louisiana congressional delegation to refuse to resign his seat after the state seceded from the Union . In Maryland , the party 's influence lasted at least through the Civil War : the American Party 's Governor and later Senator Thomas Holliday Hicks , Representative Henry Winter Davis , and Senator Anthony Kennedy , with his brother , former Representative John Pendleton Kennedy , all supported the United States in a State which bordered the Confederate states . Historian Michael F. Holt argues that `` Know Nothingism originally grew in the South for the same reasons it spread in the North -- nativism , anti-Catholicism , and animosity toward unresponsive politicos -- not because of conservative Unionism '' . Holt cites William B. Campbell , former governor of Tennessee , who wrote in January 1855 : `` I have been astonished at the widespread feeling in favor of their principles -- to wit , Native Americanism and anti-Catholicism -- it takes everywhere '' . Decline ( edit ) Results by county indicating the percentage for Fillmore in each county The party declined rapidly in the North after 1855 . In the presidential election of 1856 , it was bitterly divided over slavery . The main faction supported the ticket of presidential nominee Millard Fillmore and vicepresidential nominee Andrew Jackson Donelson . Fillmore , a former President , had been a Whig and Donelson was the nephew of Democratic President Andrew Jackson , so the ticket was designed to appeal to loyalists from both major parties , winning 23 % of the popular vote and carrying one state , Maryland , with eight electoral votes . Fillmore did not win enough votes to block Democrat James Buchanan from the White House . During this time , Nathaniel Banks decided he was not as strongly for the anti-immigrant platform as the party wanted him to be , so he left the Know Nothing Party for the more anti-slavery Republican Party . He contributed to the decline of the Know Nothing Party by taking two - thirds of its members with him . Many were appalled by the Know Nothings . Abraham Lincoln expressed his own disgust with the political party in a private letter to Joshua Speed written August 24 , 1855 . Lincoln never publicly attacked the Know Nothings , whose votes he needed : I am not a Know - Nothing -- that is certain . How could I be ? How can any one who abhors the oppression of negroes , be in favor of degrading classes of white people ? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid . As a nation , we began by declaring that ' all men are created equal . ' We now practically read it ' all men are created equal , except negroes . ' When the Know - Nothings get control , it will read ' all men are created equals , except negroes and foreigners and Catholics . ' When it comes to that I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty -- to Russia , for instance , where despotism can be taken pure , and without the base alloy of hypocrisy . Historian Allan Nevins , writing about the turmoil preceding the American Civil War , states that Millard Fillmore was never a Know Nothing nor a nativist . Fillmore was out of the country when the presidential nomination came and had not been consulted about running . Nevins further states : ( Fillmore ) was not a member of the party ; he had never attended an American ( Know - Nothing ) gathering . By no spoken or written word had he indicated a subscription to American ( Party ) tenets . After the Supreme Court 's controversial Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling in 1857 , most of the anti-slavery members of the American Party joined the Republican Party . The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states , but by the 1860 election , they were no longer a serious national political movement . Most of their remaining members supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860 . Electoral history ( edit ) Congressional elections ( edit ) United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 6 / 227 6 James K. Polk 1846 1 / 230 5 1848 1 / 233 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 233 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 234 Franklin Pierce 1854 52 / 234 52 1856 14 / 237 38 James Buchanan 1858 6 / 238 8 1860 0 / 239 6 Abraham Lincoln United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Presidency 1844 0 / 58 James K. Polk 1846 0 / 60 1848 0 / 62 Zachary Taylor 1850 0 / 62 Millard Fillmore 1852 0 / 62 Franklin Pierce 1854 1 / 62 1856 5 / 66 James Buchanan 1858 2 / 66 1860 0 / 68 Abraham Lincoln Presidential elections ( edit ) Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1852 Jacob Broom Reynell Coates 2,566 0.1 0 / 294 Democratic Victory 1856 Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson 873,053 21.5 8 / 294 8 Democratic Victory Legacy ( edit ) The Nativist spirit of the Know Nothing movement was revived in later political movements , such as the American Protective Association of the 1890s and the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s . In the late 19th century , Democrats would call the Republicans `` Know Nothings '' in order to secure the votes of Germans as in the Bennett Law campaign in Wisconsin in 1890 . A similar culture war took place in Illinois in 1892 , where Democrat John Peter Altgeld denounced the Republicans : The spirit which enacted the Alien and Sedition laws , the spirit which actuated the `` Know - nothing '' party , the spirit which is forever carping about the foreign - born citizen and trying to abridge his privileges , is too deeply seated in the party . The aristocratic and know - nothing principle has been circulating in its system so long that it will require more than one somersault to shake the poison out of its bones . The term has become a provocative slur , suggesting that the opponent is both nativist and ignorant . George Wallace 's 1968 presidential campaign was said by Time to be under the `` neo-Know Nothing banner '' . Fareed Zakaria wrote that politicians who `` encourage ( d ) Americans to fear foreigners '' were becoming `` modern incarnations of the Know - Nothings '' . In 2006 , an editorial in The Weekly Standard by neoconservative William Kristol accused populist Republicans of `` turning the GOP into an anti-immigration , Know - Nothing party '' . The lead editorial of the May 20 , 2007 edition of The New York Times on a proposed immigration bill referred to `` this generation 's Know - Nothings '' . An editorial written by Timothy Egan in The New York Times on August 27 , 2010 and entitled `` Building a Nation of Know - Nothings '' discussed the birther movement , which falsely claimed that Barack Obama was not a natural - born United States citizen , which is a requirement for the office of President of the United States . In the 2016 United States presidential election , a number of commentators and politicians compared candidate Donald Trump to the Know Nothings due to his anti-immigration policies . In popular culture ( edit ) The American Party was represented in the 2002 film Gangs of New York , led by William `` Bill the Butcher '' Cutting ( Daniel Day - Lewis ) , the fictionalized version of real - life Know Nothing leader William Poole , who was also the real life leader of the Bowery Boys . The Know Nothings also play a prominent role in the historical fiction novel Shaman by novelist Noah Gordon . Notable Know Nothings ( edit ) Nathaniel P. Banks , U.S. Congress Speaker of the House from Massachusetts and Union Army general Levi Boone , Mayor of Chicago John Edward Bouligny , U.S. Congressman from Louisiana Henry Winter Davis , U.S. Congressman from Maryland Millard Fillmore , 13th President of the United States Thomas Holliday Hicks , Governor of Maryland William W. Hoppin , Governor of Rhode Island Sam Houston , U.S. Senator from Texas J. Neely Johnson , Governor of California Anthony Kennedy , Senator from Maryland John P. Kennedy , novelist , politician and U.S. Secretary of the Navy under U.S. President Millard Fillmore Lewis Charles Levin , politician and social activist Samuel Morse , politician , painter and inventor of morse code William Poole , politician and a founder and leader of the New York City criminal Nativist gang the Bowery Boys Stephen Palfrey Webb , Mayor of San Francisco See also ( edit ) 71st Infantry Regiment ( New York ) Bloody Monday Bowery Boys John J. Crittenden James Greene Hardy Samuel Hinks Know - Nothing Riot of 1856 Philadelphia Nativist Riots Thomas Swann Third Party System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kemp , Bill ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) . `` ' Know Nothings ' Opposed Immigration in Lincoln 's Day '' . The Pantagraph . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano , No King , No Popery : Anti-Catholicism in Revolutionary New England ( Greenwood 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Ira M. Leonard , `` The Rise and Fall of the American Republican Party in New York City , 1843 -- 1845 . '' New - York Historical Society Quarterly 50 ( 1966 ) : 151 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Louis D. Scisco , Political Nativism in New York State ( 1901 ) p. 267 . Jump up ^ Bruce Levine , `` Conservatism , Nativism , and Slavery : Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know - Nothing Party . '' Journal of American History ( 2001 ) : 455 -- 88 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sean Wilentz . pp. 681 -- 2 , 693 . Jump up ^ Ray A. Billington . pp. 337 , 380 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Ray A. Billington . The Protestant Crusade , 1800 -- 1860 ( 1938 ) p. 242 . Jump up ^ John T. McGreevey . Catholicism and American Freedom : A History ( 2003 ) pp. 22 -- 5 , 34 ( quotation ) . Jump up ^ Tyree , Rene ( 2008 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Order of the Star Spangled Banner '' . wig-wags.worldpress.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Anbinder , Nativism and Slavery , pp. 75 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder . Nativism and Slavery , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Michael C. LeMay ( 2012 ) . Transforming America : Perspectives on U.S. Immigration . ABC - CLIO . p. 150 . ISBN 9780313396441 . Jump up ^ Richard Lawrence Miller ( 2012 ) . Lincoln and His World : Volume 4 , The Path to the Presidency , 1854 -- 1860 . McFarland . pp. 63 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , Ordeal of the Union : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( 1947 ) 2 : 396 -- 8 . Jump up ^ John David Bladek , `` ' Virginia Is Middle Ground ' : The Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 1998 ) : 35 -- 70 . in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Carey , Anthony Gene ( 1995 ) . `` Too Southern to Be Americans : Proslavery Politics and the Failure of the Know - Nothing Party in Georgia , 1854 -- 1856 '' . Civil War History . 41 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 40 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 1995.0023 . ISSN 1533 - 6271 . Jump up ^ David Harry Bennett , The Party of Fear : From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History ( 1988 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ William E. Gienapp . `` Salmon P. Chase , Nativism , and the Formation of the Republican Party in Ohio '' , pp. 22 , 24 . Ohio History , p. 93 . Jump up ^ John R. Mulkern ( 1990 ) . The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts : The Rise and Fall of a People 's Movement . University Press of New England . pp. 74 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Anbinder , Nativism and Slavery , pp. 34 -- 43 . Jump up ^ William E. Gienapp . Origins of the Republican Party 1852 -- 1856 ( 1987 ) pp. 538 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Ronald P. Formisano , The Transformation of Political Culture : Massachusetts Parties , 1790s -- 1840s ( 1983 ) p. 332 . Jump up ^ Stephen Taylor , `` Progressive Nativism : The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts '' , Historical Journal of Massachusetts ( 2000 ) 28 , no . 2 , pp. 167 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Taylor , `` Progressive Nativism : The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts '' pp. 171 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Mulkern ( 1990 ) . The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts : The Rise and Fall of a People 's Movement . pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder , Nativism and Slavery ( 1992 ) , p. 137 Jump up ^ John R. Mulkern , `` Scandal Behind the Convent Walls : The Know - Nothing Nunnery Committee of 1855 . '' Historical Journal of Massachusetts 11 ( 1983 ) : 22 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Mary J. Oates , `` ' Lowell ' : An Account of Convent Life in Lowell , Massachusetts , 1852 -- 1890 . '' New England Quarterly ( 1988 ) pp. 101 -- 18 in JSTOR reveals the actual behavior of the Catholic nuns . Jump up ^ Robert Howard Lord , et al. , History of the Archdiocese of Boston in the Various Stages of Development , 1604 to 1943 ( 1944 ) pp. 686 -- 99 for more details . ^ Jump up to : McLoughlin , William G ( 1986 ) . Rhode Island : A History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30271 - 7 . Jump up ^ Charles E. Deusner . `` The Know Nothing Riots in Louisville '' , Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 61 ( 1963 ) , pp. 122 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Maine Historical Society , Maine : A History , ( 1919 ) Volume 1 pp. 304 -- 5 online Jump up ^ Broussard , James H. ( 1966 ) . `` Some Determinants of Know - Nothing Electoral Strength in the South , 1856 '' . Louisiana History : The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association . 7 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 20 . JSTOR 4230880 . Jump up ^ David T. Gleeson , The Irish in the South , 1815 - 1877 ( 2001 ) p 78 . Jump up ^ Frederick , Jeff ( 2002 ) . `` Unintended Consequences : The Rise and Fall of the Know - Nothing Party in Alabama '' . Alabama Review . 55 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 33 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anbinder , Tyler ( 1992 ) . Nativism and Slavery : The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507233 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bouligny , John Edward ( 5 February 1861 ) . Feb. 5 , 1861 : Secession of Louisiana ( PDF ) ( Speech ) . Speech in the House of Representatives . Washington , D.C. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael F. ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party : Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 856 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516104 - 5 . Jump up ^ Browne , Francis Fisher ( 1914 ) . The Every - day Life of Abraham Lincoln : A Narrative and Descriptive Biography with Pen - pictures and Personal Recollections by Those who Knew Him . Browne & Howell . p. 153 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , Ordeal of the Union : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( 1947 ) 2 : 467 Jump up ^ Tyler Anbinder . Nativism and Slavery : The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s ( 1992 ) . ^ Jump up to : William Safire . Safire 's Political Dictionary ( 2008 ) pp. 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen . The Winning of the Midwest : Social and Political Conflict , 1888 -- 96 ( 1971 ) pp. 108 , 147 , 160 . Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg . `` The Bennett Law in Wisconsin '' , Wisconsin Magazine of History , Volume 2 , # 1 ( September 1918 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Jensen . The Winning of the Midwest , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Craig Shirley . `` How the GOP Lost Its Way '' , The Washington Post , April 22 , 2006 , p . A21 . Jump up ^ `` The Immigration Deal '' , The New York Times , May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Egan , Timothy . `` Building a Nation of Know - Nothings '' , The New York Times , August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Cassidy `` Donald Trump Is n't a Fascist ; He 's a Media - Savvy Know - Nothing '' , The New Yorker , 2015 - 12 - 28 , Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 16 Jump up ^ James Nevius `` Donald Trump is an immigration Know - Nothing , and dangerous for Republicans '' , The Guardian , 2015 - 08 - 15 , Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 16 Jump up ^ Helen Raleigh `` Is Trump Turning the GOP Into the ' Know Nothing ' Party ? '' , Townhall , 2015 - 09 - 19 , Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 16 Jump up ^ Laura Reston `` Donald Trump Is n't The First Know Nothing to Capture American Hearts '' , The New Republic , 2015 - 07 - 30 , Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 16 Jump up ^ Scott Eric Kaufman `` Former NY Governor George Pataki : Donald Trump is the ' Know Nothing ' candidate of the 21st Century '' , Salon ( website ) , 2015 - 12 - 16 , Retrieved on 2016 - 01 - 16 Jump up ^ Kiedrowski , Jay ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) . `` Trump : A throwback to the Know - Nothing Party of the 1850s '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gangs of New York : The History That Inspired the Movie '' . ReelRundown . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Gregg ( January 1993 ) . `` Sam Houston and the Know - Nothings : A Reappraisal '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 96 ( 3 ) : 327 -- 343 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anbinder , Tyler . Nativism and Slavery : The Northern Know Nothings and the politics of the 1850s ( 1992 ) . Online version ; also online at ACLS History e-Book , the standard scholarly study Anbinder , Tyler . `` Nativism and prejudice against immigrants , '' in A companion to American immigration , ed. by Reed Ueda ( 2006 ) pp. 177 -- 201 online excerpt Baker , Jean H. ( 1977 ) , Ambivalent Americans : The Know - Nothing Party in Maryland , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins . Baum , Dale . `` Know - Nothingism and the Republican Majority in Massachusetts : The Political Realignment of the 1850s . '' Journal of American History 64 ( 1977 -- 78 ) : 959 -- 86 . in JSTOR Baum , Dale . The Civil War Party System : The Case of Massachusetts , 1848 -- 1876 ( 1984 ) online Bennett , David Harry . The Party of Fear : From Nativist Movements to the New Right in American History ( 1988 ) Billington , Ray A . The Protestant Crusade , 1800 -- 1860 : A Study of the Origins of American Nativism ( 1938 ) , standard scholarly survey ; online Bladek , John David . `` ' Virginia Is Middle Ground ' : the Know Nothing Party and the Virginia Gubernatorial Election of 1855 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 1998 106 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 70 . in JSTOR Cheathem , Mark R. `` ' I Shall Persevere in the Cause of Truth ' : Andrew Jackson Donelson and the Election of 1856 '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly 2003 62 ( 3 ) : 218 -- 237 . ISSN 0040 - 3261 Donelson was Andrew Jackson 's nephew and K-N nominee for Vice President Dash , Mark . `` New Light on the Dark Lantern : the Initiation Rites and Ceremonies of a Know - Nothing Lodge in Shippensburg , Pennsylvania '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 2003 127 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 100 . ISSN 0031 - 4587 Gienapp , William E. `` Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War , '' Journal of American History , Vol. 72 , No. 3 ( Dec. , 1985 ) , pp. 529 -- 559 in JSTOR Gienapp , William E. The Origins of the Republican Party , 1852 -- 1856 ( 1978 ) , detailed statistical study , state - by - state Gillespie , J. David . Challengers To Duopoly : Why Third Parties Matter In American Two - Party Politics . Columbia , S.C. : University of South Carolina Press , 2012 . eBook Collection ( EBSCOhost ) . Web . 4 Dec. 2014 . Gleeson , David T . The Irish in the South , 1815 - 1877 Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2001 online Holt , Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party ( 1999 ) online Holt , Michael F. Political Parties and American Political Development : From the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln ( 1992 ) Holt , Michael F. `` The Antimasonic and Know Nothing Parties '' , in Arthur Schlesinger Jr. , ed. , History of United States Political Parties ( 1973 ) , I , 575 -- 620 . Hurt , Payton . `` The Rise and Fall of the ' Know Nothings ' in California , '' California Historical Society Quarterly 9 ( March and June 1930 ) . Levine , Bruce . `` Conservatism , Nativism , and Slavery : Thomas R. Whitney and the Origins of the Know - nothing Party '' Journal of American History 2001 88 ( 2 ) : 455 -- 488 . in JSTOR McGreevey , John T. Catholicism and American Freedom : A History ( W.W. Norton , 2003 ) Maizlish , Stephen E. `` The Meaning of Nativism and the Crisis of the Union : The Know - Nothing Movement in the Antebellum North . '' in William Gienapp , ed . Essays on American Antebellum Politics , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1982 ) pp. 166 -- 98 online edition Melton , Tracy Matthew . Hanging Henry Gambrill : The Violent Career of Baltimore 's Plug Uglies , 1854 -- 1860 . Baltimore : Maryland Historical Society ( 2005 ) . Mulkern , John R . The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts : The Rise and Fall of a People 's Movement . Boston : Northeastern UP , 1990 . excerpt `` Nathaniel P. Banks . '' National Archives and Records Administration . Ed . National Archives . National Archives and Records Administration , n.d. Web . 17 Nov. 2014 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union : A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ( 1947 ) , overall political survey of era Overdyke , W. Darrell . The Know - Nothing Party in the South ( 1950 ) online Taylor , Steven . `` Progressive Nativism : The Know - Nothing Party in Massachusetts '' Historical Journal of Massachusetts ( 2000 ) 28 # 2 online Voss - Hubbard , Mark . Beyond Party : Cultures of Antipartisanship in Northern Politics before the Civil War ( 2002 ) Parmet , Robert D. `` Connecticut 's Know - Nothings : A Profile , '' Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin ( 1966 ) , 31 # 3 , pp. 84 -- 90 Rice , Philip Morrison . `` The Know - Nothing Party in Virginia , 1854 -- 1856 . '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 1947 ) : 61 - 75 . in JSTOR Scisco , Louis Dow . Political Nativism in New York State ( 1901 ) full text online , pp. 84 -- 202 Wilentz , Sean . The Rise of American Democracy . ( 2005 ) ; ISBN 0 - 393 - 05820 - 4 `` '' The First General Order Issued by the Father of His Country after the Declaration of Independence Indicates the Spirit in Which Our Institutions Were Founded and Should Ever Be Defended. `` '' Nathaniel Prentiss ( Prentice ) Banks . N.p. , n.d. Web . 17 Nov. 2014 . Primary sources ( edit ) S.C. Busey Anspach , Frederick Rinehart . The Sons of the Sires : A History of the Rise , Progress , and Destiny of the American Party . Philadelphia : Lippincott , Grambo & Co. , 1855 . -- Work by K-N activist . Bond , Thomas E. `` The ' Know Nothings , ' '' from The Wide - Awake Gift : A Know Nothing Token for 1855 . New York : J.C. Derby , 1855 ; pp. 54 -- 63 . Busey , Samuel Clagett . Immigration : Its Evils and Consequences ( 1856 ) online edition Carroll , Anna Ella . The Great American Battle : Or , The Contest Between Christianity and Political Romanism ( 1856 ) online edition Fillmore , Millard . Millard Fillmore Papers Ed. by Frank H. Severance ( 1907 ) online edition ' ' The Wide - Awake Gift : A Know Nothing Token for 1855 . New York : J.C. Derby , 1855 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Know Nothing . Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election Nativism By Michael F. Holt , PhD Lager Beer Riot , Chicago 1855 `` Knownothingism '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . American Party from the Handbook of Texas Online Millard Fillmore Was A Know - Nothing Texts on Wikisource : Know Nothing Platform 1856 `` Know - Nothings '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . ( hide ) National political parties in the United States List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Constitution Smaller African People 's Socialist All - African People 's Revolutionary America 's American ( 1969 ) American Delta American Freedom American Party of Labor American Populist American Reform American Solidarity Black Riders Liberation Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Freedom Road Socialist Freedom Socialist Humane Independent American Justice Legal Marijuana Now Marijuana Modern Whig National Socialist Movement New Afrikan Black Panther New Black Panther Objectivist Pacifist Peace and Freedom Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Revolutionary Communist Socialism and Liberation Socialist ( 1973 ) Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Workers Traditionalist Worker Unity Veterans Working Families Workers World World Socialist Former parties America First American ( Know Nothing ) American ( 1924 ) American Falangist American Nazi American Vegetarian Americans Elect Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Commonwealth Land Constitution ( 1952 ) Constitutional Union Democratic - Republican Farmer -- Labor Federalist Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Independence ( 2007 ) Labor ( 1919 ) Labor ( 1996 ) Liberal Republican Liberty National Republican National Socialist National States ' Rights National Union ( 1864 ) Natural Law New Alliance New Union Nullifier Opposition Populist ( People 's ) Personal Choice Progressive ( 1912 ) Progressive ( 1924 ) Progressive ( 1948 ) Radical Democracy Raza Unida Readjuster Silver Silver Republican Socialist ( 1901 ) Socialist Labor States Rights ( Dixiecrat ) Unconditional Union Union ( 1936 ) Unionist ( 1850s / 60s ) U.S. Labor Whig Youth International Recognized as a major national party by the FEC Not recognized as a major national party by the FEC State and local political parties ( without national body ) Presidential nominating conventions Politics of the United States Politics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Know_Nothing&oldid=818957349 '' Categories : American nationalist parties Anti-Catholicism in the United States Anti-Catholic organizations Anti-German sentiment in the United States Anti-immigration politics in the United States Anti-Irish sentiment Defunct American political movements Defunct political parties in the United States Far - right political parties in the United States History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) Know Nothing Xenophobia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the know-nothing party was strong in all of the following places except	[]	[]
-1312490567124488845	List of Little League World Series champions by division	List of Little League World Series champions by division - wikipedia List of Little League World Series champions by division This article details the list of Little League World Series winners by division . There are currently four World Series tournaments played each summer . Contents 1 Little League Baseball Divisions 2 Champions by year 3 Statistics 3.1 World Series won by Country / State 3.2 Most titles by tournament 3.3 Winners of three World Series tournaments in the same year 3.4 Winners of two World Series tournaments in the same year 4 References Little League Baseball Divisions ( edit ) Division Location First Held Age of players Little League Baseball ( World Series ) South Williamsport , Pennsylvania 1947 11 -- 13 years old Intermediate League Baseball ( World Series ) Livermore , California 2013 11 -- 13 years old Junior League Baseball ( World Series ) Taylor , Michigan 1981 13 -- 15 years old Senior League Baseball ( World Series ) Easley , South Carolina 1961 13 -- 16 years old Big League Baseball ( World Series ) ( discontinued after 2016 ) -- 1968 15 - 18 years old Champions by year ( edit ) Year Little Intermediate Junior Senior Big 1947 Williamsport , Pennsylvania First Held in 2013 First Held in 1981 First Held in 1961 First Held in 1968 1948 Lock Haven , Pennsylvania Not Yet Created Not Yet Created Not Yet Created Not Yet Created 1949 Hammonton , New Jersey 1950 Houston , E. Texas 1951 Stamford , Connecticut 1952 Norwalk , Connecticut 1953 Birmingham , Alabama 1954 Schenectady , New York 1955 Morrisville , Pennsylvania 1956 Roswell , New Mexico 1957 Monterrey , Mexico 1958 Monterrey , Mexico 1959 Hamtramck , Michigan 1960 Levittown , Pennsylvania 1961 El Cajon , S. California Natrona Heights , Pennsylvania 1962 Campbell , N. California West Hempstead , New York 1963 Granada Hills , S. California Monterrey , Mexico 1964 Staten Island , New York Massapequa , New York 1965 Windsor Locks , Connecticut Monterrey , Mexico 1966 Houston , E. Texas East Rochester , New York 1967 West Tokyo , Japan Westbury , New York 1968 Wakayama , Japan New Hyde Park , New York Charleston , West Virginia 1969 Taichung , Taiwan Sacramento , N. California Barstow , S. California 1970 Wayne , New Jersey Tampa , Florida Lincolnwood , Illinois 1971 Tainan , Taiwan La Habra , S. California San Jose , N. California 1972 Taipei , Taiwan Pingtung , Taiwan Orlando , Florida 1973 Tainan , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan Lincolnwood , Illinois Kaohsiung , Taiwan Pingtung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan Lakewood , New Jersey * Pingtung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan 1976 Tokyo , Japan Pingtung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan 1977 Kaohsiung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan 1978 Pingtung , Taiwan Hualien , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan 1979 Chiayi , Taiwan Taichung , Taiwan West Hempstead , New York 1980 Hualien , Taiwan Pingtung , Taiwan Buena Park , S. California 1981 Taichung , Taiwan Boardman , Ohio Georgetown , Delaware Taipei , Taiwan 1982 Kirkland , Washington Tampa , Florida Santa Barbara , S. California San Juan , Puerto Rico Marietta , Georgia Manatí , Puerto Rico Pingtung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan 1984 Seoul , South Korea Pearl City , Hawaii Altamonte Springs , Florida Taipei , Taiwan 1985 Seoul , South Korea Tampa , Florida Pingtung , Taiwan Broward County , Florida ( H ) 1986 Tainan , Taiwan Waldorf , Maryland Taipei , Taiwan Maracaibo , Venezuela Hualien , Taiwan Rowland Heights , S. California Athens , Ohio Taipei , Taiwan Taichung , Taiwan Mexicali , Mexico Pingtung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan Trumbull , Connecticut Manatí , Puerto Rico Pingtung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan Tainan , Taiwan Yabucoa , Puerto Rico Pingtung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan 1991 Taichung , Taiwan Spring , E. Texas Pingtung , Taiwan Taipei , Taiwan 1992 Long Beach , S. California Tucson , Arizona Pingtung , Taiwan Broward County , Florida ( H ) Long Beach , S. California Cayey , Puerto Rico La Vega , Dominican Republic Taipei , Taiwan Maracaibo , Venezuela Thousand Oaks , S. California Brandon , Florida Taipei , Taiwan 1995 Tainan , Taiwan Lake Charles , Louisiana Dunedin , Florida Tainan , Taiwan Kaohsiung , Taiwan Spring , E. Texas Maracaibo , Venezuela Kaohsiung , Taiwan Guadalupe , Mexico Salem , New Hampshire San Francisco , Venezuela Broward County , Florida ( H ) 1998 Toms River , New Jersey Mission Viejo , S. California Diamond Bar , S. California Thousand Oaks , S. California 1999 Hirakata , Japan Arroyo , Puerto Rico Conway , Florida ( H ) Orlando , Florida 2000 Maracaibo , Venezuela Aiea , Hawaii Panama City , Panama Fraser Valley , Canada Tokyo , Japan Aiea , Hawaii Palm Harbor , Florida Westminster , S. California 2002 Louisville , Kentucky Cartersville , Georgia Willemstad , Curaçao San Juan , Puerto Rico 2003 Tokyo , Japan La Mirada , S. California Hilo , Hawaii Easley , South Carolina ( H ) Willemstad , Curaçao Tampa , Florida Freehold Township , New Jersey Easley , South Carolina ( H ) 2005 ʻEwa Beach , Hawaii Panama City , Panama Urbandale , Iowa Easley , South Carolina ( H ) 2006 Columbus , Georgia El Campo , E. Texas Falcón , Venezuela Thousand Oaks , S. California 2007 Warner Robins , Georgia Pearl City , Hawaii Cartersville , Georgia Easley , South Carolina ( H ) 2008 Waipahu , Hawaii Willemstad , Curaçao Upper Deerfield , New Jersey Taylors , South Carolina 2009 Chula Vista , S. California Scottsdale , Arizona Houston , E. Texas Santiago , Dominican Republic Tokyo , Japan Taipei , Taiwan San Nicolaas , Aruba San Juan , Puerto Rico 2011 Huntington Beach , S. California Tampa , Florida Hilo , Hawaii Taylors , South Carolina 2012 Tokyo , Japan Rockledge , Florida Guatemala City , Guatemala San Juan , Puerto Rico 2013 Tokyo , Japan Osaka , Japan Taoyuan , Taiwan Chitré , Panama Greenville County , South Carolina 2014 Seoul , South Korea Nogales , Arizona Taichung , Taiwan Houston , E. Texas Clearwater , Florida 2015 Tokyo , Japan Seoul , South Korea Taichung , Taiwan Houston , E. Texas Guayama , Puerto Rico 2016 Maine -- Endwell , New York Wailuku , Hawaii Taoyuan , Taiwan Chicago , Illinois Taoyuan , Taiwan 2017 Tokyo , Japan Guayama , Puerto Rico Taoyuan , Taiwan Aguadulce , Panama Discontinued in 2016 2018 Honolulu , Hawaii Seoul , South Korea Taoyuan , Taiwan Willemstad , Curaçao No Longer Held Year Little Intermediate Junior Senior Big International teams were banned from the 1975 Little League World Series ( H ) Host team Statistics ( edit ) World Series won by Country / State ( edit ) Rank Country / State Total Little Intermediate Junior Senior Big Taiwan 59 17 0 7 17 18 Southern California 18 6 0 5 Florida 13 0 0 5 5 Japan 12 11 0 0 0 5 Puerto Rico 11 0 5 0 5 6 Hawaii 10 0 7 New York 9 0 0 5 8 East Texas 8 0 0 Host Team ( s ) 8 -- 0 0 7 10 New Jersey 6 0 0 0 Mexico 6 0 0 Venezuela 6 0 0 13 Pennsylvania 5 0 0 0 South Korea 5 0 0 0 Georgia 5 0 0 16 Connecticut 0 0 0 0 Curaçao 0 0 Panama 0 0 0 19 Northern California 0 0 Arizona 0 0 0 Illinois 0 0 0 South Carolina 0 0 0 0 23 Ohio 0 0 0 Dominican Republic 0 0 0 25 Alabama 0 0 0 0 New Mexico 0 0 0 0 Michigan 0 0 0 0 Washington 0 0 0 0 Kentucky 0 0 0 0 Maryland 0 0 0 0 Louisiana 0 0 0 0 New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 Delaware 0 0 0 0 Iowa 0 0 0 0 Aruba 0 0 0 0 Guatemala 0 0 0 0 West Virginia 0 0 0 0 Canada 0 0 0 0 Rank Country / State Total Little Intermediate Junior Senior Big Most titles by tournament ( edit ) All -- Time World Series Country / State Wins Last Win Little Taiwan 17 Intermediate South Korea 2018 Junior Taiwan 7 2018 Senior Taiwan 17 1992 Big Taiwan 18 2016 Consecutive World Series Country / State Wins Span Little Taiwan 5 1977 -- 1981 Junior Taiwan 6 2013 -- 2018 Senior Taiwan 9 1972 -- 1980 Big Taiwan 5 1974 -- 1978 1987 -- 1991 The Intermediate World Series has yet to have a repeat champion Winners of three World Series tournaments in the same year ( edit ) Little / Senior / Big Year Taiwan 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1988 , 1990 , 1991 ^ Won at every World Series level Junior / Senior / Big Year Southern California 1998 Winners of two World Series tournaments in the same year ( edit ) Little / Intermediate Year Japan 2013 Little / Senior Year New York 1964 Taiwan 1972 , 1973 , 1979 , 1980 , 1986 Georgia 2007 Little / Big Year Taiwan 1981 , 1987 , 1995 , 1996 Junior / Big Year Taiwan 2016 Senior / Big Year Taiwan 1975 ^ , 1976 , 1983 , 1989 ^ Won at every World Series level References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Past Divisional Champs -- Little League Baseball . ( 1 ) . littleleague.org Jump up ^ Past Divisional Champs -- Intermediate League Baseball . ( 2 ) . littleleague.org Jump up ^ Past Divisional Champs -- Junior League Baseball . ( 3 ) . littleleague.org Jump up ^ Past Divisional Champs -- Senior League Baseball . ( 4 ) . littleleague.org Jump up ^ Past Divisional Champs -- Big League Baseball . ( 5 ) . littleleague.org Little League Baseball Boys Little League Baseball Intermediate League Baseball Junior League Baseball Senior League Baseball Big League Baseball Girls Little League Softball ( girls ) Junior League Softball ( girls ) Senior League Softball ( girls ) Big League Softball ( girls ) Boys softball Little League Softball ( boys ) Senior League Softball ( boys ) Big League Softball ( boys ) United States Central Great Lakes Midwest East Mid-Atlantic New England South Southeast Southwest West Northwest West International Far East Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Japan Latin America Caribbean Latin America Mexico Other Canada Europe and Africa World Series Boys baseball Regions ( Little , Intermediate , Junior , Senior , Big WS ) List of Champions Little League World Series Intermediate WS Junior WS Senior WS Big WS Girls softball List of Champions Girls Little WS Girls Junior WS Girls Senior WS Girls Big WS Boys softball Boys Little League Softball WS Boys Senior League Softball WS Boys Big League Softball WS Notable figures Carl Stotz Honors Little League Baseball awards Peter J. McGovern Little League Museum Popular culture Movies Mickey Video games Little League World Series Baseball Well - known players Danny Almonte Mo'ne Davis Aaron Durley Carolyn King Maria Pepe Related Little League elbow White House Tee Ball Initiative Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Little_League_World_Series_champions_by_division&oldid=856704685 '' Categories : Little League Little League World Series Intermediate League World Series Junior League World Series Senior League World Series Big League World Series Children 's sport Youth baseball competitions Baseball playoffs and champions International baseball competitions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 01 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the us won the llws	[]	[]
3681965923651028917	Eight-hour day	Eight - hour day - wikipedia Eight - hour day Jump to : navigation , search For the holiday in Australia , see Labour Day . Part of a series on Organised labour Labour movement ( show ) Timeline New Unionism Proletariat Social Movement Unionism Socialism Syndicalism Anarcho - syndicalism Labour rights ( hide ) Child labour Eight - hour day Five - day work week Annual leave Collective bargaining Minimum wage Occupational safety and health Trade unions ( show ) Trade unions by country Trade union federations International comparisons ITUC IWA WFTU Strike action ( show ) Chronological list of strikes General strike Secondary action Sitdown strike Work - to - rule Labour parties ( show ) Australian British Dutch Irish Israeli Maltese New Zealand Norwegian List of Labour parties Academic disciplines ( show ) Industrial relations Labour economics Labour history Labour law The eight - hour day movement or 40 - hour week movement , also known as the short - time movement , was a social movement to regulate the length of a working day , preventing excesses and abuses . It had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain , where industrial production in large factories transformed working life . The use of child labour was common . The working day could range from 10 to 16 hours , and the work week was typically six days a week . Robert Owen had raised the demand for a ten - hour day in 1810 , and instituted it in his socialist enterprise at New Lanark . By 1817 he had formulated the goal of the eight - hour day and coined the slogan : `` Eight hours ' labour , Eight hours ' recreation , Eight hours ' rest '' . Women and children in England were granted the ten - hour day in 1847 . French workers won the 12 - hour day after the February Revolution of 1848 . A shorter working day and improved working conditions were part of the general protests and agitation for Chartist reforms and the early organisation of trade unions . The International Workingmen 's Association took up the demand for an eight - hour day at its Congress in Geneva in 1866 , declaring `` The legal limitation of the working day is a preliminary condition without which all further attempts at improvements and emancipation of the working class must prove abortive '' , and `` The Congress proposes eight hours as the legal limit of the working day . '' Karl Marx saw it as of vital importance to the workers ' health , writing in Das Kapital ( 1867 ) : `` By extending the working day , therefore , capitalist production ... not only produces a deterioration of human labour power by robbing it of its normal moral and physical conditions of development and activity , but also produces the premature exhaustion and death of this labour power itself . '' The first country to adopt eight - hour working day was Uruguay . The eight - hour day was introduced on November 17 , 1915 , in the government of José Batlle y Ordóñez . The first international treaty to mention it was the Treaty of Versailles in the annex of its thirteen part establishing the International Labour Office , now the International Labour Organization . The eight - hour day was the first topic discussed by the International Labour Organization which resulted in the Hours of Work ( Industry ) Convention , 1919 ratified by 52 countries as of 2016 . Although there were initial successes in achieving an eight - hour day in New Zealand and by the Australian labour movement for skilled workers in the 1840s and 1850s , most employed people had to wait to the early and mid twentieth century for the condition to be widely achieved through the industrialised world through legislative action . The eight - hour day movement forms part of the early history for the celebration of Labour Day , and May Day in many nations and cultures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Asia 1.1 Iran 1.2 Japan 2 Europe 2.1 Belgium 2.2 Finland 2.3 France 2.4 Germany 2.5 Portugal 2.6 Russia 2.7 Spain 2.8 United Kingdom 3 North America 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 3.3. 1 Puerto Rico 4 Oceania 4.1 Australia 4.2 New Zealand 5 South America 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 External links Asia ( edit ) Iran ( edit ) In Iran in 1918 , the work of reorganizing the trade unions began in earnest in Tehran during the closure of the Iranian constitutional parliament Majles . The printers ' union , established in 1906 by Mohammad Parvaneh as the first trade union , in the Koucheki print shop on Nasserieh Avenue in Tehran , reorganized their union under leadership of Russian - educated Seyed Mohammad Dehgan , a newspaper editor and an avowed Communist . In 1918 , the newly organised union staged a 14 - day strike and succeeded in reaching a collective agreement with employers to institute the eight - hours day , overtime pay , and medical care . The success of the printers ' union encouraged other trades to organize . In 1919 the bakers and textile - shop clerks formed their own trade unions . However the eight - hours day only became as code by a limited governor 's decree on 1923 by the governor of Kerman , Sistan and Balochistan , which controlled the working conditions and working hours for workers of carpet workshops in the province . In 1946 the council of ministers issued the first labor law for Iran , which recognized the eight - hour day . Japan ( edit ) The first company to introduce an eight - hour working day in Japan was the Kawasaki Dockyards in Kobe ( now the Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation ) . An eight - hour day was one of the demands presented by the workers during pay negotiations in September 1919 . After the company resisted the demands , a slowdown campaign was commenced by the workers on 18 September . After ten days of industrial action , company president Kōjirō Matsukata agreed to the eight - hour day and wage increases on 27 September , which became effective from October . The effects of the action were felt nationwide and inspired further industrial action at the Kawasaki and Mitsubishi shipyards in 1921 . The eight - hour day did not become law in Japan until the passing of the Labor Standards Act in April 1947 . Article 32 ( 1 ) of the Act specifies a 40 - hour week and paragraph ( 2 ) specifies an eight - hour day , excluding rest periods . Europe ( edit ) Play media Demonstration in the Netherlands for the eight - hour day , 1924 Belgium ( edit ) The 8 - hour work day was introduced in Belgium on September 9 , 1924 . Finland ( edit ) The 8 - hour work day was first introduced in 1907 . Within the next few decades , the 8 - hour system spread gradually across technically all branches of work . A worker receives 150 % payment from the first two extra hours , and 200 % salary if the work day exceeds 10 hours . France ( edit ) The eight - hour day was enacted in France by Georges Clemenceau , as a way to avoid unemployment and diminish communist support . It was succeeded by a strong French support of it during the writing of the International Labour Organization Convention of 1919 . Germany ( edit ) The first German company to introduce the eight - hour day was Degussa . The eight - hour day was signed into law during the German Revolution of 1918 . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal a vast wave of strikes occurred in 1919 , supported by the National Workers ' Union , the biggest labour union organisation at the time . The workers achieved important objectives , including the historic victory of an eight - hour day . Russia ( edit ) In Russia , the eight - hour day was introduced in 1917 , four days after the October Revolution , by a Decree of the Soviet government . Spain ( edit ) In the region of Alcoy , Spain , a workers strike in 1873 for the eight - hour day followed much agitation from the anarchists . In 1919 in Barcelona , Catalonia , after a 44 - day general strike with over 100,000 participants had effectively crippled the Catalan economy , the Government settled the strike by granting all the striking workers demands that included an eight - hour day , union recognition , and the rehiring of fired workers . United kingdom ( edit ) The Modern Bed of Procrustes Procrustes . `` Now then , you fellows ; I mean to fit you all to my little bed ! '' Chorus . `` Oh lor - r ! ! '' `` It is impossible to establish universal uniformity of hours without inflicting very serious injury to workers . '' -- Motion at the recent Trades ' Congress . Cartoon from Punch , Vol 101 , 19 September 1891 The Factory Act of 1833 limited the work day for children in factories . Those aged 9 -- 13 could work only eight hours , 14 -- 18 12 hours . Children under 9 were required to attend school . In 1884 , Tom Mann joined the Social Democratic Federation ( SDF ) and published a pamphlet calling for the working day to be limited to eight hours . Mann formed an organisation , the Eight Hour League , which successfully pressured the Trades Union Congress to adopt the eight - hour day as a key goal . The British socialist economist Sidney Webb and the scholar Harold Cox co-wrote a book supporting the `` Eight Hours Movement '' in Britain . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2013 ) The labour movement in Canada tracked progress in the US and UK . In 1890 , the Federation of Labour took up this issue , hoping to organise participation in May Day . Mexico ( edit ) The Mexican Revolution of 1910 -- 1920 produced the Constitution of 1917 , which contained Article 123 that gave workers the right to organise labour unions and to strike . It also provided protection for women and children , the eight - hour day , and a living wage . See Mexican labour law . United States ( edit ) Main article : United States labor law In the United States , Philadelphia carpenters went on strike in 1791 for the ten - hour day . By the 1830s , this had become a general demand . In 1835 , workers in Philadelphia organised the first general strike in North America , led by Irish coal heavers . Their banners read , From 6 to 6 , ten hours work and two hours for meals . Labour movement publications called for an eight - hour day as early as 1836 . Boston ship carpenters , although not unionised , achieved an eight - hour day in 1842 . In 1864 , the eight - hour day quickly became a central demand of the Chicago labour movement . The Illinois legislature passed a law in early 1867 granting an eight - hour day but had so many loopholes that it was largely ineffective . A citywide strike that began on 1 May 1867 shut down the city 's economy for a week before collapsing . On 25 June 1868 , Congress passed an eight - hour law for federal employees which was also of limited effectiveness . It established an eight - hour workday for labourers and mechanics employed by the Federal Government . President Andrew Johnson had vetoed the act but it was passed over his veto . Johnson told a Workingmen 's party delegation that he could n't directly commit himself to an eight - hour day , he nevertheless told the same delegation that he greatly favoured the `` shortest number of hours consistent with the interests of all . '' According to Richard F. Selcer , however , the intentions behind the law were `` immediately frustrated '' as wages were cut by 20 % . On 19 May 1869 , President Ulysses Grant issued a National Eight Hour Law Proclamation . In August 1866 , the National Labor Union at Baltimore passed a resolution that said , `` The first and great necessity of the present to free labour of this country from capitalist slavery , is the passing of a law by which eight hours shall be the normal working day in all States of the American Union . We are resolved to put forth all our strength until this glorious result is achieved . '' During the 1870s , eight hours became a central demand , especially among labour organisers , with a network of Eight - Hour Leagues which held rallies and parades . A hundred thousand workers in New York City struck and won the eight - hour day in 1872 , mostly for building trades workers . In Chicago , Albert Parsons became recording secretary of the Chicago Eight - Hour League in 1878 , and was appointed a member of a national eight - hour committee in 1880 . At its convention in Chicago in 1884 , the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions resolved that `` eight hours shall constitute a legal day 's labour from and after May 1 , 1886 , and that we recommend to labour organisations throughout this jurisdiction that they so direct their laws as to conform to this resolution by the time named . '' The leadership of the Knights of Labor , under Terence V. Powderly , rejected appeals to join the movement as a whole , but many local Knights assemblies joined the strike call including Chicago , Cincinnati and Milwaukee . On 1 May 1886 , Albert Parsons , head of the Chicago Knights of Labor , with his wife Lucy Parsons and two children , led 80,000 people down Michigan Avenue , Chicago , in what is regarded as the first modern May Day Parade , with the cry , `` Eight - hour day with no cut in pay . '' In support of the eight - hour day . In the next few days they were joined nationwide by 350,000 workers who went on strike at 1,200 factories , including 70,000 in Chicago , 45,000 in New York , 32,000 in Cincinnati , and additional thousands in other cities . Some workers gained shorter hours ( eight or nine ) with no reduction in pay ; others accepted pay cuts with the reduction in hours . Artist impression of the bomb explosion in Haymarket Square On 3 May 1886 , August Spies , editor of the Arbeiter - Zeitung ( Workers Newspaper ) , spoke at a meeting of 6,000 workers , and afterwards many of them moved down the street to harass strikebreakers at the McCormick plant in Chicago . The police arrived , opened fire , and killed four people , wounding many more . At a subsequent rally on 4 May to protest this violence , a bomb exploded at the Haymarket Square . Hundreds of labour activists were rounded up and the prominent labour leaders arrested , tried , convicted , and executed giving the movement its first martyrs . On 26 June 1893 Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld set the remaining leader free , and granted full pardons to all those tried claiming they were innocent of the crime for which they had been tried and the hanged men had been the victims of `` hysteria , packed juries and a biased judge '' . The American Federation of Labor , meeting in St Louis in December 1888 , set 1 May 1890 as the day that American workers should work no more than eight hours . The International Workingmen 's Association ( Second International ) , meeting in Paris in 1889 , endorsed the date for international demonstrations , thus starting the international tradition of May Day . The United Mine Workers won an eight - hour day in 1898 . The Building Trades Council ( BTC ) of San Francisco , under the leadership of P.H. McCarthy , won the eight - hour day in 1900 when the BTC unilaterally declared that its members would work only eight hours a day for $3 a day . When the mill resisted , the BTC began organising mill workers ; the employers responded by locking out 8,000 employees throughout the Bay Area . The BTC , in return , established a union planing mill from which construction employers could obtain supplies -- or face boycotts and sympathy strikes if they did not . The mill owners went to arbitration , where the union won the eight - hour day , a closed shop for all skilled workers , and an arbitration panel to resolve future disputes . In return , the union agreed to refuse to work with material produced by non-union planing mills or those that paid less than the Bay Area employers . By 1905 , the eight - hour day was widely installed in the printing trades -- see International Typographical Union ( section ) -- but the vast majority of Americans worked 12 - to 14 - hour days . In the 1912 Presidential Election Teddy Roosevelts Progressive Party campaign platform included the eight - hour work day . On 5 January 1914 , the Ford Motor Company took the radical step of doubling pay to $5 a day and cut shifts from nine hours to eight , moves that were not popular with rival companies , although seeing the increase in Ford 's productivity , and a significant increase in profit margin ( from $30 million to $60 million in two years ) , most soon followed suit . In the summer of 1915 , amid increased labour demand for World War I , a series of strikes demanding the eight - hour day began in Bridgeport , Connecticut . They were so successful that they spread throughout the Northeast . The United States Adamson Act in 1916 established an eight - hour day , with additional pay for overtime , for railroad workers . This was the first federal law that regulated the hours of workers in private companies . The United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Act in Wilson v. New , 243 U.S. 332 ( 1917 ) . The eight - hour day might have been realised for many working people in the US in 1937 , when what became the Fair Labor Standards Act ( 29 U.S. Code Chapter 8 ) was first proposed under the New Deal . As enacted , the act applied to industries whose combined employment represented about twenty percent of the US labour force . In those industries , it set the maximum workweek at 40 hours , but provided that employees working beyond 40 hours a week would receive additional overtime bonus salaries . Puerto Rico ( edit ) In Puerto Rico in May 1899 , while under US administration , General George W. Davis acceded to Island demands and decreed freedom of assembly , speech , press , religion and an eight - hour day for government employees . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) See also : Australian labour movement Eight - hour day march circa 1900 , outside Parliament House in Spring Street , Melbourne . The Australian gold rushes attracted many skilled tradesmen to Australia . Some of them had been active in the chartism movement , and subsequently became prominent in the campaign for better working conditions in the Australian colonies . The eight - hour day began in 1856 in the month of May . Eight - hour day banner , Melbourne , 1856 The Stonemasons ' Society in Sydney issued an ultimatum to employers on 18 August 1855 saying that after six months masons would work only an eight - hour day . Due to the rapid increase in population caused by the gold rushes , many buildings were being constructed , so skilled labour was scarce . Stonemasons working on the Holy Trinity Church and the Mariners ' Church ( an evangelical mission to seafarers ) , decided not to wait and pre-emptively went on strike , thus winning the eight - hour day . They celebrated with a victory dinner on 1 October 1855 which to this day is celebrated as a Labour Day holiday in the state of New South Wales . When the six - month ultimatum expired in February 1856 , stonemasons generally agitated for a reduction of hours . Although opposed by employers , a two - week strike on the construction of Tooth 's Brewery on Parramatta Road proved effective , and stonemasons won an eight - hour day by early March 1856 , but with a reduction in wages to match . Agitation was also occurring in Melbourne where the craft unions were more militant . Stonemasons working on Melbourne University organised to down tools on 21 April 1856 and march to Parliament House with other members of the building trade . The movement in Melbourne was led by veteran chartists and mason James Stephens , T.W. Vine and James Galloway . The government agreed that workers employed on public works should enjoy an eight - hour day with no loss of pay and Stonemasons celebrated with a holiday and procession on Monday 12 May 1856 , when about 700 people marched with 19 trades involved . By 1858 the eight - hour day was firmly established in the building industry and by 1860 the eight - hour day was fairly widely worked in Victoria . From 1879 the eight - hour day was a public holiday in Victoria . The initial success in Melbourne led to the decision to organise a movement , to actively spread the eight - hour idea , and secure the condition generally . In 1903 veteran socialist Tom Mann spoke to a crowd of a thousand people at the unveiling of the Eight Hour Day monument , funded by public subscription , on the south side of Parliament House on Spring St. It was relocated in 1923 to the corner of Victoria and Russell Streets outside Melbourne Trades Hall . Eight - hour day procession by miners in Wyalong , New South Wales -- late 1890s It took further campaigning and struggles by trade unions to extend the reduction in hours to all workers in Australia . In 1916 the Victoria Eight Hours Act was passed granting the eight - hour day to all workers in the state . The eight - hour day was not achieved nationally until the 1920s . The Commonwealth Arbitration Court gave approval of the 40 - hour five - day working week nationally beginning on 1 January 1948 . The achievement of the eight - hour day has been described by historian Rowan Cahill as `` one of the great successes of the Australian working class during the nineteenth century , demonstrating to Australian workers that it was possible to successfully organise , mobilise , agitate , and exercise significant control over working conditions and quality of life . The Australian trade union movement grew out of eight - hour campaigning and the movement that developed to promote the principle . '' The intertwined numbers 888 soon adorned the pediment of many union buildings around Australia . The Eight Hour March , which began on 21 April 1856 , continued each year until 1951 in Melbourne , when the conservative Victorian Trades Hall Council decided to forgo the tradition for the Moomba festival on the Labour Day weekend . In capital cities and towns across Australia , Eight Hour day marches became a regular social event each year , with early marches often restricted to those workers who had won an eight - hour day . New Zealand ( edit ) Promoted by Samuel Duncan Parnell as early as 1840 , when carpenter Samuel Parnell refused to work more than eight hours a day when erecting a store for merchant George Hunter . He successfully negotiated this working condition and campaigned for its extension in the infant Wellington community . A meeting of Wellington carpenters in October 1840 pledged `` to maintain the eight - hour working day , and that anyone offending should be ducked into the harbour '' . Parnell is reported to have said : `` There are twenty - four hours per day given us ; eight of these should be for work , eight for sleep , and the remaining eight for recreation and in which for men to do what little things they want for themselves . '' With tradesmen in short supply the employer was forced to accept Parnell 's terms . Parnell later wrote , `` the first strike for eight hours a day the world has ever seen , was settled on the spot '' . Emigrants to the new settlement of Dunedin , Otago , while onboard ship decided on a reduction of working hours . When the resident agent of the New Zealand Company , Captain Cargill , attempted to enforce a ten - hour day in January 1849 in Dunedin , he was unable to overcome the resistance of trades people under the leadership of house painter and plumber , Samuel Shaw . Building trades in Auckland achieved the eight - hour day on 1 September 1857 after agitation led by Chartist painter , William Griffin . For many years the eight - hour day was confined to craft tradesmen and unionised workers . Labour Day , which commemorates the introduction of the eight - hour day , became a national public holiday in 1899 . South America ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2014 ) A strike for the eight - hour day was held in May 1919 in Peru . In Uruguay , the eight - hour day was put in place in 1915 of several reforms implemented during the second term of president José Batlle y Ordóñez . It was introduced in Chile on 8 September 1924 at the demand of then - general Luis Altamirano as part of the Ruido de sables that culminated in the September Junta . See also ( edit ) Organized labour portal Flextime Haymarket riot International Labour Organization Hours of Work ( Commerce and Offices ) Convention , 1930 Hours of Work ( Industry ) Convention , 1919 Hours of Work and Manning ( Sea ) Convention , 1936 Thomas W. Williams ( Los Angeles ) Four - day week Working time Work -- life balance Effects of overtime Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chase , Eric . `` The Brief Origins of May Day '' . Industrial Workers of the World . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Haymarket Martyrs '' . The Illinois Labor History Society . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ( 1915 ) . Capital : The process of capitalist production . Translated by Samuel Moore , Edward Bibbins Aveling , and Ernest Untermann . C.H. Kerr . p. 328 . Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ( 1867 ) . Das Kapital . p. 376 . Jump up ^ Neocleous , Mark . `` The Political Economy of the Dead : Marx 's Vampires '' ( PDF ) . Brunel University . Retrieved 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ s : Constitution of the International Labour Office Jump up ^ `` 8 時間労働発祥の地神戸 '' ( Kobe : Birthplace of the Eight - Hour Day ) ( in Japanese ) . City of Kobe . 6 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Standards Act '' . Ministry of Justice ( Japan ) . 11 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://travailemploi.revues.org/4567/ Jump up ^ Sidney Webb . `` The eight hours day '' . Open Library . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The New Canadian Ship Railway '' . Hardware. 10 January 1890 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Philip S. Foner , History of the Labor Movement in the United States , Vol. 1 , From Colonial Times to the Founding of The American Federation of Labor , International Publishers , 1975 , pages 116 -- 118 Jump up ^ `` United States v. Martin -- 94 U.S. 400 ( 1876 ) : : Justia US Supreme Court Center '' . Supreme.justia.com . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 336 U.S. 281 '' . Ftp.resource.org . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard F. Selcer ( 2006 ) . Civil War America , 1850 To 1875 . Infobase Publishing . p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` The Lines are Drawn '' . Chicagohistory.org . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ New York Times `` ( Ford ) Gives $10,000,000 To 26,000 Employees '' , The New York Times , 5 January 1914 , accessed 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Ford Motor Company `` Henry Ford 's $5 - a-Day Revolution '' Archived 6 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Ford , 5 January 1914 , accessed 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ HispanicPundit `` Economic Myths : The 5 Day Work Week And The 8 Hour Day '' , Hispanic Pundit , 21 September 2005 , accessed 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Byron Preiss Visual Publications , Inc . `` Ford : Doubling the profit from 1914 -- 1916 '' , Hispanic Pundit , 1996 , accessed 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Philip Sheldon Foner ( 1982 ) . History of the Labor Movement in the United States : 1915 -- 1916 , on the Eve of America 's Entrance into World War I , Vol. 6 . International Publishers Company , Incorporated . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7178 - 0595 - 2 . ( A ) ten - hour center like Bridgeport was converted overnight into an eight - hour community , a result that ten years of agitation under normal conditions might not have accomplished . Jump up ^ Jonathan Grossman ( June 1978 ) . `` Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 : Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage '' . Monthly Labor Review . US Department of Labor . Retrieved 20 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Fair Labor Standards Act '' . Chron . Retrieved 12 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Rowan . `` The Eight Hour Day and the Holy Spirit '' . Workers Online . Labor Council of N.S.W . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Roth , Bert . `` Samuel Duncan Parnell '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Bert Roth ( 1966 ) . `` Eight - Hour - Day Movement ( in New Zealand ) '' . Encyclopaedia of New Zealand . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) John Child , Unionism and the Labor Movement. 1971 . Bob James , Anarchism and State Violence in Sydney and Melbourne 1886 -- 1896 . 1986 . Habib Ladjevardim , Labor Unions and Autocracy in Iran , 1985 . Andy McInerney , May Day , The Workers ' Day , Born in the Struggle for the Eight - hour Day , Liberation & Marxism , no . 27 ( Spring 1996 ) . Brian McKinley ( ed ) , A Documentary History of the Australian Labor Movement 1850 -- 1975 . 1979 . William A. Mirola , Redeeming Time : Protestantism and Chicago 's Eight - Hour Movement , 1866 -- 1912 . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2015 . Mayday : A Short History of 100 Years of May Day , 1890 -- 1990 Melbourne May Day Committee , 1990 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 8 hour day . The Eight Hour Day and the Holy Spirit by Rowan Cahill Eight Hour Day in Australia Union Songs site Eight hour day medals from Museum Victoria 150th anniversary commemorative website New Zealand Eight - hour - day Movement in New Zealand Encyclopedia of New Zealand ( 1966 ) Origins of Labour Day in New Zealand United States of America Early IWW struggles Eight - Hour Movement Encyclopedia of Chicago Oastler 's Letter Shocked England Employment Classifications Casual Contingent Full - time Part - time Self - employed Skilled Independent contractor Temporary Tenure Unskilled Wage labour Hiring Application Background check Business networking Contract Cover letter Curriculum Vitae ( CV ) Drug testing e-recruitment Employment counsellor Executive search Induction programme Job fair Job fraud Job hunting Job interview Labour brokering Overqualification Onboarding Personality - job fit theory Person - environment fit Probation Reference Résumé Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates Underemployment Work - at - home scheme Roles Co-op Employee Employer Internship Job Permanent Permatemp Supervisor Volunteer Worker class Blue - collar Gold - collar Green - collar Grey - collar Pink - collar White - collar Career and training Apprenticeship Avocation Career assessment Career counseling Career development Coaching Creative class Education Continuing education Continuing professional development E-learning Employability Further education Graduate school Induction training Initial Professional Development Knowledge worker Licensure Lifelong learning Practice - based professional learning Professional association Professional certification Professional development Professional school Reflective practice Retraining Vocational education Vocational school Vocational university Mentorship Occupational Outlook Handbook Practice firm Profession Tradesman Vocation Attendance Break Career break Furlough Gap year Leave of absence Long service leave No call , no show Sabbatical Sick leave Time clock Schedules Four - day week Eight - hour day Flextime Overtime Retroactive overtime Shift work Telecommuting Working time Workweek and weekend Wages and salaries Income bracket Income tax Living wage Maximum wage National average salary World Europe Minimum wage Canada Hong Kong Europe United States Progressive wage Singapore Overtime rate Paid time off Performance - related pay Salary Salary cap Working poor Benefits Annual leave Casual Friday Day care Disability insurance Health insurance Life insurance Parental leave Pension Sick leave Take - home vehicle Safety and health Epilepsy and employment Human factors and ergonomics Industrial noise Karōshi Protective clothing Occupational burnout Occupational disease Occupational exposure limit Occupational health psychology Occupational injury Occupational stress Repetitive strain injury Sick building syndrome Work accident Occupational fatality Workers ' compensation Workplace phobia Workplace wellness Equality Affirmative action Equal pay for women Gender pay gap Glass ceiling Infractions Corporate abuse Accounting scandals Corporate behaviour Corporate crime Control fraud Corporate scandals Discrimination Dress code Employee handbook Employee monitoring Evaluation Labour law Sexual harassment Sleeping while on duty Wage theft Whistleblower Workplace bullying Workplace harassment Workplace incivility Willingness Boreout Civil conscription Conscription Dead - end job Extreme careerism Job satisfaction Organizational commitment McJob Refusal of work Slavery Bonded labour Human trafficking Labour camp Penal labour Peonage Truck system Unfree labour Wage slavery Workaholic Work aversion Work ethic Work -- life balance Downshifting ( lifestyle ) Slow living Termination At - will employment Dismissal Banishment room Constructive dismissal Wrongful dismissal Employee exit management Exit interview Layoff Notice period Pink slip Resignation Letter of resignation Restructuring Retirement Mandatory retirement Retirement age Severance package Golden handshake Golden parachute Turnover Unemployment Barriers to Employment Depression Great Depression Long Depression Discouraged worker Frictional unemployment Full employment Graduate unemployment Involuntary unemployment Jobless recovery Phillips curve Recession Great Recession Great Recession job losses List of recessions Recession - proof job Reserve army of labour Types of unemployment Unemployment Convention Unemployment benefits Unemployment extension Unemployment insurance Unemployment rates Employment rates Employment - to - population ratio Structural unemployment Technological unemployment Wage curve Youth unemployment See also templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Organized labor Trade unions and organised labour Trade union ( public sector ) Labour history Labour rights Labour movement Formation Structure Labour council Union organiser National trade union centre Global union federation Union representative Clerk of the Chapel Father of the Chapel Local union Union dues Vigilance committee Union label Salt Trades Hall Duty of fair representation Models Organising model Service model Social Movement Unionism Community unionism Members - only unionism One Big Union Open - source unionism Business unionism Dual unionism Solidarity unionism Syndicalism Types Company union Independent union General union Craft unionism Industrial unionism Industrial relations Shops and hiring Closed shop Open shop Agency shop Union shop Hiring hall Bump Scope clause Actions Unfair list Strike action recognition secondary action Strike notice Occupation of factories Precarious work Precarity General strike Sitdown strike Slowdown Bossnapping Stay - away Labour unrest Grievance Organisational dissent Overtime ban Industrial action Walkout Contingent work Whipsaw strike Wildcat strike action Work - to - rule Green ban Picketing Bargaining Collective bargaining Collaborative bargaining Mutual gains bargaining Pattern bargaining Bargaining unit Union security agreement Master contract Enterprise bargaining agreement Compensation Strike pay Union wage premium Workers ' compensation Reactions Opposition to trade unions Labour spies in the United States Union busting Givebacks Churn and burn Paper local Anti-union violence Anti-union violence in the United States Union violence Demarcation dispute Strikebreaker Goon squad Featherbedding Other topics International comparisons of labour unions Labour code Labour law Eight - hour day Worker centre Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eight-hour_day&oldid=840705013 '' Categories : Labour relations Labor history Labour history of Australia Working time Labor rights Public holidays in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2016 EngvarB from July 2016 Articles to be expanded from April 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from June 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 16 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the forty hour work week begin	[]	[]
3610586850130978035	You Can Tune a Piano, but You Can't Tuna Fish	You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish - wikipedia You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish Jump to : navigation , search You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish Studio album by REO Speedwagon Released March 16 , 1978 Recorded 1977 -- 78 at Sound City Studios , Los Angeles , CA , vocals recorded at Record Plant Studios , Los Angeles , CA and Paragon Recording Studios , Chicago , IL Genre Rock Length 33 : 47 Label Epic Producer Kevin Cronin , Gary Richrath , Paul Grupp , John Boylan REO Speedwagon chronology Live : You Get What You Play For ( 1977 ) Live : You Get What You Play For 1977 You Can Tune a Piano but You Ca n't Tuna Fish ( 1978 ) Nine Lives ( 1979 ) Nine Lives 1979 Singles from You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish `` Roll with the Changes '' / `` The Unidentified Flying Tuna Trot '' Released : 1978 `` Time for Me to Fly '' / `` Runnin ' Blind '' Released : 1978 `` Time for Me to Fly '' / `` Lightning '' Released : March 1980 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Rolling Stone ( favorable ) You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish is the seventh studio album by REO Speedwagon , released in 1978 . It was their first album to be co-produced by lead singer Kevin Cronin and lead guitarist Gary Richrath . The album was REO 's first to make the Top 40 , peaking at No. 29 . The album sold over 2 million copies in the US , which led it to being certified 2 × Platinum . This is the first album to feature Bruce Hall on bass , replacing Gregg Philbin . In 2013 , the album was released on CD by UK - based company Rock Candy Records , with expanded liner notes and photos . The track `` Time for Me to Fly '' was covered by Dolly Parton on her 1989 album White Limozeen . In 2005 , the album cover was featured on Pitchfork Media 's list of `` The Worst Record Covers of All Time '' , and in 2014 its title was featured in NME 's list of `` The 50 Worst Album Titles in History '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Album 3.2 Singles 3.3 Certifications 4 Release history 5 References Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Roll with the Changes '' Kevin Cronin 5 : 37 2 . `` Time for Me to Fly '' Cronin 3 : 42 3 . `` Runnin ' Blind '' Debbie Mackron , Gary Richrath 3 : 08 4 . `` Blazin ' Your Own Trail Again '' Cronin 3 : 32 5 . `` Sing to Me '' Richrath 2 : 34 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 6 . `` Lucky for You '' Cronin , Richrath 5 : 02 7 . `` Do You Know Where Your Woman Is Tonight ? '' Richrath 2 : 53 8 . `` The Unidentified Flying Tuna Trot '' ( Instrumental ) Richrath 2 : 17 9 . `` Say You Love Me or Say Goodnight '' Cronin , Richrath 4 : 58 Personnel ( edit ) REO Speedwagon Kevin Cronin -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar , keyboards Gary Richrath -- lead guitar Neal Doughty -- keyboards Bruce Hall -- bass , background vocals Alan Gratzer -- drums , percussion , background vocals Additional personnel Lon Price -- saxophone ( track 9 ) Angelle Trosclair , Denise McCall , Denny Henson , Tom Kelly -- additional backing vocals Production Paul Grupp -- producer , engineer John Boylan -- executive producer Charts ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 29 Canadian Albums Chart 70 Singles ( edit ) Year Single Chart Peak position 1978 `` Roll with the Changes '' US Billboard Hot 100 58 Canadian RPM Top Singles 65 `` Time for Me to Fly '' US Billboard Hot 100 56 Canadian RPM Top Singles 90 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Label Format Catalog # United States March 16 , 1978 Epic Stereo vinyl E-35082 1978 Tape PET - 35082 8 - track E35082 1985 CD EK35082 2000 CD ( Remaster ) EK - 61613 Japan 2011 Sony Music CD ( DSD - Remaster ) EICP 1488 United Kingdom 2013 Rock Candy Records CD - 24 bit audio ( Remastered & Reloaded ) CANDY176 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DeGagne , Mike . You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish at AllMusic Jump up ^ Rolling Stone review Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2011 ) . Top Pop Albums ( Seventh ed . ) . Record Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 183 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/6194-the-worst-record-covers-of-all-time/ Jump up ^ http://www.nme.com/photos/the-50-worst-album-titles-in-history/124023#/photo/32 Jump up ^ REO Speedwagon -- You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish . Rock Candy Records Ltd. 2013 . p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Artist Chart History -- REO Speedwagon '' . Billboard charts . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top Albums / CD 's -- Volume 29 , No. 12 , June 17 , 1978 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd . June 17 , 1978 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 29 , No. 13 , June 24 , 1978 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd . June 24 , 1978 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 29 , No. 24 , September 9 , 1978 '' . RPM . RPM Music Publications Ltd . September 9 , 1978 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- R.E.O. _Speedwagon -- You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ( hide ) REO Speedwagon Neal Doughty Kevin Cronin Bruce Hall Dave Amato Bryan Hitt Alan Gratzer Mike Blair Joe Matt Gregg Philbin Terry Luttrell Bob Crownover Joe McCabe Marty Shepard Bill Fiorio Steve Scorfina Gary Richrath Mike Murphy Graham Lear Miles Joseph Carla Day Melanie Jackson Jesse Harms Studio albums R.E.O. Speedwagon R.E.O. / T.W.O. Ridin ' the Storm Out Lost in a Dream This Time We Mean It R.E.O. You Can Tune a Piano , but You Ca n't Tuna Fish Nine Lives Hi Infidelity Good Trouble Wheels Are Turnin ' Life as We Know It The Earth , a Small Man , His Dog and a Chicken Building the Bridge Find Your Own Way Home Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon Live albums Live : You Get What You Play For Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Extended Versions Hi Infidelity Then Again ... Live Setlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon Live Live in Germany 1982 Live Chicago 1979 Live At Moondance Jam Metro Center Rockford Illinois , 15th July 1983 Compilation albums A Decade of Rock and Roll 1970 to 1980 Best Foot Forward The Hits The Second Decade of Rock and Roll 1981 to 1991 Keep On Loving You -- Best Starbox Believe in Rock and Roll Only The Strong Survive Premium Best The Ballads Take It On The Run Simply The Best Keep On Rollin ' The Essential REO Speedwagon Rock Breakout Years : 1981 Collections Greatest Hits , Steel Box Collection Playlist : The Very Best of REO Speedwagon The Box Set Series Singles `` 157 Riverside Avenue '' `` Sophisticated Lady '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' `` Reelin ' '' `` Keep Pushin ' '' `` Ridin ' the Storm Out '' ( live ) `` Roll with the Changes '' `` Time for Me to Fly '' `` Only the Strong Survive '' `` Keep On Loving You '' `` Take It on the Run '' `` Do n't Let Him Go '' `` In Your Letter '' `` Tough Guys '' `` Out of Season '' `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' '' `` Sweet Time '' `` The Key '' `` Stillness of the Night '' `` Good Trouble '' `` I Do ' Wanna Know '' `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' `` One Lonely Night '' `` Live Every Moment '' `` Wherever You 're Goin ' ( It 's Alright ) '' `` That Ai n't Love '' `` Variety Tonight '' `` In My Dreams '' `` Here with Me '' `` Live It Up '' `` Love Is a Rock '' `` I Needed to Fall '' `` Find Your Own Way Home '' `` Ca n't Stop Rockin '' ( W Styx ) Video albums FM Live Infidelity Wheels are Turnin ' A Video Anthology 1978 -- 1990 Arch Allies : Live at Riverport Live - Plus Real Artist Working Live Aid ( 1985 ) XM Artists Confidential PBS `` SoundStage '' Not So Silent Night ... Christmas with REO Speedwagon , The Yule Log DVD Out of Nowhere : Champaign Music Scene Documentary Live in Germany 1982 Live at Moondance Jam Related articles Discography Book : REO Speedwagon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Can_Tune_a_Piano,_but_You_Can%27t_Tuna_Fish&oldid=801317546 '' Categories : REO Speedwagon albums 1978 albums Epic Records albums Albums produced by Gary Richrath Albums produced by Kevin Cronin Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 23 : 53 . About Wikipedia	you can tune a piano but you can't tuna fish joe walsh	[]	[]
-9093483712410069800	Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act	Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Wikipedia Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Jump to : navigation , search Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Long title The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Acronyms ( colloquial ) PPACA , ACA Nicknames Obamacare , Affordable Care Act , Health Insurance Reform , Healthcare Reform Enacted by the 111th United States Congress Effective March 23 , 2010 ; 8 years ago ( 2010 - 03 - 23 ) Most major provisions phased in by January 2014 ; remaining provisions phased in by 2020 ; individual mandate repealed starting 2019 Citations Public law 111 -- 148 Statutes at Large 124 Stat. 119 through 124 Stat. 1025 ( 906 pages ) Legislative history Introduced in the House as the `` Service Members Home Ownership Tax Act of 2009 '' ( H.R. 3590 ) by Charles Rangel ( D -- NY ) on September 17 , 2009 Committee consideration by Ways and Means Passed the House on November 7 , 2009 ( 220 -- 215 ) Passed the Senate as the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' on December 24 , 2009 ( 60 -- 39 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on March 21 , 2010 ( 219 -- 212 ) Signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23 , 2010 Major amendments Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 Comprehensive 1099 Taxpayer Protection and Repayment of Exchange Subsidy Overpayments Act of 2011 Public Law 115 - 97 proposed as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 United States Supreme Court cases National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Burwell v. Hobby Lobby King v. Burwell This article is part of a series about Barack Obama Political positions Electoral history Early life and career Family Public image Pre-presidency Illinois State Senator 2004 DNC keynote address U.S. Senator from Illinois 44th President of the United States Presidency Timeline Policies Economy Energy Foreign policy Obama Doctrine Foreign trips Pardons Social Space Appointments Cabinet Judges First term Campaign for the Presidency 2008 general election Primaries Transition 1st inauguration First 100 days Affordable Care Act Iraq Withdrawal Death of Osama bin Laden Timeline : ' 09 ' 10 ' 11 ' 12 Second term Reelection campaign 2012 general election Reactions 2nd inauguration Immigration executive action Iran deal Cuban thaw Timeline : ' 13 ' 14 ' 15 ' 16 ' 17 Post-presidency Planned Library Obama Foundation One America Appeal Dreams from My Father The Audacity of Hope Nobel Peace Prize The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , often shortened to the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) or nicknamed Obamacare , is a United States federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23 , 2010 . The term `` Obamacare '' was first used by opponents , then reappropriated by supporters , and eventually used by President Obama himself . Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 amendment , it represents the U.S. healthcare system 's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 . The ACA 's major provisions came into force in 2014 . By 2016 , the uninsured share of the population had roughly halved , with estimates ranging from 20 -- 24 million additional people covered during 2016 . The increased coverage was due , roughly equally , to an expansion of Medicaid eligibility and to major changes to individual insurance markets . Both involved new spending , funded through a combination of new taxes and cuts to Medicare provider rates and Medicare Advantage . Several Congressional Budget Office reports said that overall these provisions reduced the budget deficit , that repealing the ACA would increase the deficit , and that the law reduced income inequality by taxing primarily the top 1 % to fund roughly $600 in benefits on average to families in the bottom 40 % of the income distribution . The law also enacted a host of delivery system reforms intended to constrain healthcare costs and improve quality . After the law went into effect , increases in overall healthcare spending slowed , including premiums for employer - based insurance plans . The act largely retains the existing structure of Medicare , Medicaid , and the employer market , but individual markets were radically overhauled around a three - legged scheme . Insurers in these markets are made to accept all applicants and charge the same rates regardless of pre-existing conditions or sex . To combat resultant adverse selection , the act mandates that individuals buy insurance and insurers cover a list of `` essential health benefits '' . However , a repeal of the tax mandate , passed as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 , will become effective in 2019 . To help households between 100 -- 400 % of the Federal Poverty Line afford these compulsory policies , the law provides insurance premium subsidies . Other individual market changes include health marketplaces and risk adjustment programs . The act has also faced challenges and opposition . The Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 in 2012 that states could choose not to participate in the ACA 's Medicaid expansion , although it upheld the law as a whole . The federal health exchange , HealthCare.gov , faced major technical problems at the beginning of its rollout in 2013 . In 2017 , a unified Republican government failed to pass several different partial repeals of the ACA . The law spent several years opposed by a slim plurality of Americans polled , although its provisions were generally more popular than the law as a whole , and the law gained majority support by 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions 1.1 Regulations 1.2 Individual mandate 1.3 Subsidies 1.4 Exchanges 1.5 Risk corridor program 1.6 Temporary reinsurance 1.7 Risk adjustment 1.8 Medicaid expansion 1.9 Medicare savings 1.10 Taxes 1.10. 1 Medicare taxes 1.10. 2 Excise taxes 1.11 SCHIP 1.12 Dependent 's Health Insurance 1.13 Employer mandate 1.14 Delivery system reforms 1.14. 1 Hospital quality 1.14. 2 Bundled Payments 1.14. 3 Accountable Care Organizations 1.15 Medicare donut hole 1.16 State waivers 1.17 Other 2 Legislative history 2.1 Background 2.2 Healthcare debate , 2008 -- 10 2.2. 1 Senate 2.2. 2 House 3 Impact 3.1 Coverage 3.2 Insurance exchanges 3.3 Medicaid expansion 3.4 Healthcare insurance costs 3.4. 1 Effect on deductibles and co-payments 3.5 Health outcomes 3.6 Distributional impact 3.7 Federal deficit 3.7. 1 CBO estimates of revenue and impact on deficit 3.7. 2 Opinions on CBO projections 3.8 Economic consequences 3.9 Employer mandate and part - time work 3.10 Hospitals 4 Public opinion 5 Political aspects 5.1 `` Obamacare '' 5.2 Common misconceptions 5.2. 1 `` Death panels '' 5.2. 2 Members of Congress 5.2. 3 Illegal immigrants 5.2. 4 Exchange `` death spiral '' 6 Opposition 6.1 Legal challenges 6.1. 1 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 6.1. 2 Contraception mandate 6.1. 3 House v. Price 6.1. 4 Non-cooperation 6.2 Repeal efforts 6.2. 1 2013 federal government shutdown 6.2. 2 2017 repeal effort 6.3 Actions to hinder implementation 6.4 Ending cost - sharing reduction ( CSR ) payments 7 Implementation 7.1 Murray -- Alexander Individual Market Stabilization Bill 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Preliminary CBO documents 10.2 CMS Estimates of the impact of P.L. 111 - 148 10.3 CMS Estimates of the impact of H.R. 3590 10.4 Senate Finance Committee meetings 11 External links 11.1 PPACA text Provisions Main article : Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The President and White House Staff react to the House of Representatives passing the bill on March 21 , 2010 . Jim Clyburn and Nancy Pelosi celebrating after the House passes the amended bill on March 21 The ACA includes provisions to take effect between 2010 and 2020 , although most took effect on January 1 , 2014 . It amended the Public Health Service Act of 1944 and inserted new provisions on affordable care into Title 42 of the United States Code . Few areas of the US health care system were left untouched , making it the most sweeping health care reform since the enactment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 . However , some areas were more affected than others . The individual insurance market was radically overhauled , and many of the law 's regulations applied specifically to this market , while the structure of Medicare , Medicaid , and the employer market were largely retained . Most of the coverage gains were made through the expansion of Medicaid , and the biggest cost savings were made in Medicare . Some regulations applied to the employer market , and the law also made delivery system changes that affected most of the health care system . Not all provisions took full effect . Some were made discretionary , some were deferred , and others were repealed before implementation . Regulations Guaranteed issue prohibits insurers from denying coverage to individuals due to pre-existing conditions . States were required to ensure the availability of insurance for individual children who did not have coverage via their families . Premiums must be the same for everyone of a given age , regardless of preexisting conditions . Premiums are allowed to vary by enrollee age , but those for the oldest enrollees ( age 45 -- 64 , average expenses $5,542 ) can only be three times as large as those for adults 18 -- 24 ( $1,836 ) . Essential health benefits must be provided . The National Academy of Medicine defines the law 's `` essential health benefits '' as `` ambulatory patient services ; emergency services ; hospitalization ; maternity and newborn care ; mental health and substance use disorder services , including behavioral health treatment ; prescription drugs ; rehabilitative and habilitative services and devices ; laboratory services ; preventive and wellness services and chronic disease management ; and pediatric services , including oral and vision care '' and others rated Level A or B by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . In determining what would qualify as an essential benefit , the law required that standard benefits should offer at least that of a `` typical employer plan '' . States may require additional services . Additional preventive care and screenings for women . The guidelines issued by the Health Resources and Services Administration to implement this provision mandate `` ( a ) ll Food and Drug Administration approved contraceptive methods , sterilization procedures , and patient education and counseling for all women with reproductive capacity '' . This mandate applies to all employers and educational institutions except for religious organizations . These regulations were included on the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine . In 2012 Senator Sheldon Whitehouse created this summary to explain his view on the act . Annual and lifetime coverage caps on essential benefits were banned . Prohibits insurers from dropping policyholders when they get sick . All health policies sold in the United States must provide an annual maximum out of pocket ( MOOP ) payment cap for an individual 's or family 's medical expenses ( excluding premiums ) . After the MOOP payment cap is reached , all remaining costs must be paid by the insurer . A partial community rating requires insurers to offer the same premium to all applicants of the same age and location without regard to gender or most pre-existing conditions ( excluding tobacco use ) . Premiums for older applicants can be no more than three times those for the youngest . Preventive care , vaccinations and medical screenings can not be subject to co-payments , co-insurance or deductibles . Specific examples of covered services include : mammograms and colonoscopies , wellness visits , gestational diabetes screening , HPV testing , STI counseling , HIV screening and counseling , contraceptive methods , breastfeeding support / supplies and domestic violence screening and counseling . The law established four tiers of coverage : bronze , silver , gold and platinum . All categories offer the essential health benefits . The categories vary in their division of premiums and out - of - pocket costs : bronze plans have the lowest monthly premiums and highest out - of - pocket costs , while platinum plans are the reverse . The percentages of health care costs that plans are expected to cover through premiums ( as opposed to out - of - pocket costs ) are , on average : 60 % ( bronze ) , 70 % ( silver ) , 80 % ( gold ) , and 90 % ( platinum ) . Insurers are required to implement an appeals process for coverage determination and claims on all new plans . Insurers must spend at least 80 -- 85 % of premium dollars on health costs ; rebates must be issued to policyholders if this is violated . Individual mandate The individual mandate was the requirement to buy insurance or pay a penalty for everyone not covered by an employer sponsored health plan , Medicaid , Medicare or other public insurance programs ( such as Tricare ) . Also exempt were those facing a financial hardship or who were members in a recognized religious sect exempted by the Internal Revenue Service . The mandate and the limits on open enrollment were designed to avoid the insurance death spiral in which healthy people delay insuring themselves until they get sick . In such a situation , insurers would have to raise their premiums to cover the relatively sicker and thus more expensive policies , which could create a vicious cycle in which more and more people drop their coverage . The purpose of the mandate was to prevent the healthcare system from succumbing to adverse selection , which would result in high premiums for the insured and little coverage ( and thus more illness and medical bankruptcy ) for the uninsured . Studies by the CBO , Gruber and Rand Health concluded that a mandate was required . The mandate increased the size and diversity of the insured population , including more young and healthy participants to broaden the risk pool , spreading costs . Experience in New Jersey and Massachusetts offered divergent outcomes . Among the groups who were not subject to the individual mandate are : Illegal immigrants , estimated at around 8 million -- or roughly a third of the 23 million projection -- are ineligible for insurance subsidies and Medicaid . They remain eligible for emergency services . Eligible citizens not enrolled in Medicaid . Citizens who pay the annual penalty instead of purchasing insurance , mostly younger and single . Citizens whose insurance coverage would cost more than 8 % of household income and are exempt from the penalty . Citizens who live in states that opt out of the Medicaid expansion and who qualify for neither existing Medicaid coverage nor subsidized coverage through the states ' new insurance exchanges . All citizens as of December 20 , 2017 On December 20 , 2017 , the individual mandate was repealed starting in 2019 via the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . Subsidies Households with incomes between 100 % and 400 % of the federal poverty level are eligible to receive federal subsidies for policies purchased via an exchange . Subsidies are provided as an advanceable , refundable tax credits . Additionally , small businesses are eligible for a tax credit provided that they enroll in the SHOP Marketplace . Under the law , workers whose employers offer affordable coverage will not be eligible for subsidies via the exchanges . To be eligible the cost of employer - based health insurance must exceed 9.5 % of the worker 's household income . Subsidies ( 2014 ) for Family of 4 Income % of federal poverty level Premium Cap as a Share of Income Income Max Annual Out - of - Pocket Premium Premium Savings Additional Cost - Sharing Subsidy 133 % 3 % of income $31,900 $992 $10,345 $5,040 150 % 4 % of income $33,075 $1,323 $9,918 $5,040 200 % 6.3 % of income $44,100 $2,778 $8,366 $4,000 250 % 8.05 % of income $55,125 $4,438 $6,597 $1,930 300 % 9.5 % of income $66,150 $6,284 $4,628 $1,480 350 % 9.5 % of income $77,175 $7,332 $3,512 $1,480 400 % 9.5 % of income $88,200 $8,379 $2,395 $1,480 a. ^ Note : In 2014 , the FPL was $11,800 for a single person and $24,000 for family of four . See Subsidy Calculator for specific dollar amount . b. ^ DHHS and CBO estimate the average annual premium cost in 2014 would have been $11,328 for a family of 4 without the reform . Exchanges Established the creation of health insurance exchanges in all fifty states . The exchanges are regulated , largely online marketplaces , administered by either federal or state government , where individuals and small business can purchase private insurance plans . Setting up an exchange gives a state partial discretion on standards and prices of insurance . For example , states approve plans for sale , and influence ( through limits on and negotiations with private insurers ) the prices on offer . They can impose higher or state - specific coverage requirements -- including whether plans offered in the state can cover abortion . States without an exchange do not have that discretion . The responsibility for operating their exchanges moves to the federal government . Risk corridor program This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( July 2017 ) The risk - corridor program was a temporary risk management device defined under the PPACA section 1342 to encourage reluctant insurers into the `` new and untested '' ACA insurance market during the first three years that ACA was implemented ( 2014 -- 2016 ) . For those years the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) `` would cover some of the losses for insurers whose plans performed worse than they expected . Insurers that were especially profitable , for their part , would have to return to HHS some of the money they earned on the exchanges '' According to an article in Forbes , risk corridors `` had been a successful part of the Medicare prescription drug benefit , and the ACA 's risk corridors were modeled after Medicare 's Plan D . '' They operated on the principle that `` more participation would mean more competition , which would drive down premiums and make health insurance more affordable '' and `` ( w ) hen insurers signed up to sell health plans on the exchanges , they did so with the expectation that the risk - corridor program would limit their downside losses . '' The risk corridors succeeded in attracting ACA insurers . The program did not pay for itself as planned with `` accumulated losses '' up to $8.3 billion for 2014 and 2015 alone . Authorization had to be given so that HHS could pay insurers from `` general government revenues '' . Congressional Republicans `` railed against '' the program as a ' bailout ' for insurers . Then - Rep. Jack Kingston ( R - Ga . ) , on the Appropriations Committee that funds the Department of Health and Human Services and the Labor Department `` ( slipped ) in a sentence '' -- Section 227 -- in the `` massive '' appropriations Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2014 ( H.R. 3547 ) that said that no funds in the discretionary spending bill `` could be used for risk - corridor payments . '' This effectively `` blocked the administration from obtaining the necessary funds from other programs '' and placed Congress in a potential breach of contract with insurers who offered qualified health plans , under the Tucker Act as it did not pay the insurers . On February 10 , 2017 , in the Moda Health v the US Government , Moda , one of the insurers that struggled financially because of the elimination of the risk corridor program , won a `` $214 - million judgment against the federal government '' . On appeal , judge Thomas C. Wheeler stated , `` the Government made a promise in the risk corridors program that it has yet to fulfill . Today , the court directs the Government to fulfill that promise . After all , to say to ( Moda ) , ' The joke is on you . You should n't have trusted us , ' is hardly worthy of our great government . '' Temporary reinsurance Temporary reinsurance for insurance for insurers against unexpectedly high claims was a program that ran from 2014 through 2016 . It was intended to limit insurer losses . Risk adjustment Of the three risk management programs , only risk adjustment was permanent . Risk adjustment attempts to spread risk among insurers to prevent purchasers with good knowledge of their medical needs from using insurance to cover their costs ( adverse selection ) . Plans with low actuarial risk compensate plans with high actuarial risk . Medicaid expansion ACA revised and expanded Medicaid eligibility starting in 2014 . Under the law as written , all U.S. citizens and legal residents with income up to 133 % of the poverty line , including adults without dependent children , would qualify for coverage in any state that participated in the Medicaid program . The federal government paid 100 % of the cost of Medicaid eligibility expansion in participating states in 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 ; and will pay 95 % in 2017 , 94 % in 2018 , 93 % in 2019 , and 90 % in 2020 and all subsequent years . The law provides a 5 % `` income disregard '' , making the effective income eligibility limit for Medicaid 138 % of the poverty level . However , the Supreme Court ruled in NFIB v. Sebelius that this provision of the ACA was coercive , and that the federal government must allow states to continue at pre-ACA levels of funding and eligibility if they chose . Medicare savings Spending reductions included a reduction in Medicare reimbursements to insurers and drug companies for private Medicare Advantage policies that the Government Accountability Office and Medicare Payment Advisory Commission found to be excessively costly relative to government Medicare ; and reductions in Medicare reimbursements to hospitals that failed standards of efficiency and care . Taxes Medicare taxes Income from self - employment and wages of single individuals in excess of $200,000 annually are subject to an additional tax of 0.9 % . The threshold amount is $250,000 for a married couple filing jointly ( threshold applies to joint compensation of the two spouses ) , or $125,000 for a married person filing separately . In the ACA 's companion legislation , the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 , an additional Medicare tax of 3.8 % was applied to unearned income , specifically the lesser of net investment income or the amount by which adjusted gross income exceeds $200,000 ( $250,000 for a married couple filing jointly ; $125,000 for a married person filing separately . ) Excise taxes Excise taxes for the Affordable Care Act raised $16.3 billion in fiscal year 2015 ( 17 % of all excise taxes collected by the Federal Government ) . $11.3 billion was raised by an excise tax placed directly on health insurers based on their market share . The ACA also includes an excise tax of 40 % ( `` Cadillac tax '' ) on total employer premium spending in excess of specified dollar amounts ( $10,200 for single coverage and $27,500 for family coverage ) indexed to inflation , originally scheduled to take effect in 2018 , but delayed until 2020 by the Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2016 . Annual excise taxes totaling $3 billion were levied on importers and manufacturers of prescription drugs . An excise tax of 2.3 % on medical devices and a 10 % excise tax on indoor tanning services were applied as well . SCHIP The State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) enrollment process was simplified . Dependent 's Health insurance Dependents were permitted to remain on their parents ' insurance plan until their 26th birthday , including dependents who no longer live with their parents , are not a dependent on a parent 's tax return , are no longer a student , or are married . Employer mandate Businesses that employ 50 or more people but do not offer health insurance to their full - time employees pay a tax penalty if the government has subsidized a full - time employee 's healthcare through tax deductions or other means . This is commonly known as the employer mandate . This provision was included to encourage employers to continue providing insurance once the exchanges began operating . Approximately 44 % of the population was covered directly or indirectly through an employer . Delivery system reforms The act includes a host of delivery system reforms intended to constrain healthcare costs and improve quality . These include Medicare payment changes to discourage hospital - acquired conditions and readmissions , bundled payment initiatives , the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation , the Independent Payment Advisory Board , and the creation of Accountable care organizations . Hospital quality Health care cost / quality initiatives including incentives to reduce hospital infections , to adopt electronic medical records , and to coordinate care and prioritize quality over quantity . The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program ( HRPP ) was established as an addition to the Social Security Act , in an effort to reduce hospital readmissions . This program penalizes hospitals with higher than expected readmission rates by decreasing their Medicare reimbursement rate . Bundled payments The Medicare payment system switched from fee - for - service to bundled payments . A single payment was to be paid to a hospital and a physician group for a defined episode of care ( such as a hip replacement ) rather than individual payments to individual service providers . In addition , the Medicare Part D coverage gap ( commonly called the `` donut hole '' ) was to shrink incrementally , closing completely by January 1 , 2020 . Accountable Care organizations The Act allowed the creation of Accountable Care Organizations ( ACOs ) , which are groups of doctors , hospitals and other providers that commit to give coordinated , high quality care to Medicare patients . ACOs were allowed to continue using a fee for service billing approach . They receive bonus payments from the government for minimizing costs while achieving quality benchmarks that emphasize prevention and mitigation of chronic disease . If they fail to do so , they are subject to penalties . Unlike Health Maintenance Organizations , ACO patients are not required to obtain all care from the ACO . Also , unlike HMOs , ACOs must achieve quality of care goals . Medicare donut hole Medicare Part D participants received a 50 % discount on brand name drugs purchased after exhausting their initial coverage and before reaching the catastrophic - coverage threshold . The United States Department of Health and Human Services began mailing rebate checks in 2010 . By the year 2020 , the donut hole will be completely phased out . State waivers From 2017 onwards , states can apply for a `` waiver for state innovation '' that allows them to conduct experiments that meet certain criteria . To obtain a waiver , a state must pass legislation setting up an alternative health system that provides insurance at least as comprehensive and as affordable as ACA , covers at least as many residents and does not increase the federal deficit . These states can be exempt from some of ACA 's central requirements , including the individual and employer mandates and the provision of an insurance exchange . The state would receive compensation equal to the aggregate amount of any federal subsidies and tax credits for which its residents and employers would have been eligible under ACA plan , if they can not be paid under the state plan . In May 2011 , Vermont enacted Green Mountain Care , a state - based single - payer system for which they intended to pursue a waiver to implement . In December 2014 , Vermont decided not to continue due to high expected costs . Other The Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Act ( or CLASS Act ) established a voluntary and public long - term care insurance option for employees , Consumer Operated and Oriented Plans ( CO-OP ) , member - governed non-profit insurers , could start providing health care coverage , based on a 5 - year federal loan . Legislative History President Obama signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on March 23 , 2010 Background Main articles : Health care reform in the United States and Health care reform debate in the United States An individual mandate coupled with subsidies for private insurance as a means for universal healthcare was considered the best way to win the support of the Senate because it had been included in prior bipartisan reform proposals . The concept goes back to at least 1989 , when the conservative The Heritage Foundation proposed an individual mandate as an alternative to single - payer health care . It was championed for a time by conservative economists and Republican senators as a market - based approach to healthcare reform on the basis of individual responsibility and avoidance of free rider problems . Specifically , because the 1986 Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( EMTALA ) requires any hospital participating in Medicare ( nearly all do ) to provide emergency care to anyone who needs it , the government often indirectly bore the cost of those without the ability to pay . President Bill Clinton proposed a healthcare reform bill in 1993 that included a mandate for employers to provide health insurance to all employees through a regulated marketplace of health maintenance organizations . Republican Senators proposed an alternative that would have required individuals , but not employers , to buy insurance . Ultimately the Clinton plan failed amid an unprecedented barrage of negative advertising funded by politically conservative groups and the health insurance industry and due to concerns that it was overly complex . Clinton negotiated a compromise with the 105th Congress to instead enact the State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP ) in 1997 . John Chafee The 1993 Republican alternative , introduced by Senator John Chafee as the Health Equity and Access Reform Today Act , contained a `` universal coverage '' requirement with a penalty for noncompliance -- an individual mandate -- as well as subsidies to be used in state - based ' purchasing groups ' . Advocates for the 1993 bill included prominent Republicans such as Senators Orrin Hatch , Chuck Grassley , Bob Bennett and Kit Bond . Of 1993 's 43 Republican Senators , 20 supported the HEART Act . Another Republican proposal , introduced in 1994 by Senator Don Nickles ( R - OK ) , the Consumer Choice Health Security Act , contained an individual mandate with a penalty provision ; however , Nickles subsequently removed the mandate from the bill , stating he had decided `` that government should not compel people to buy health insurance '' . At the time of these proposals , Republicans did not raise constitutional issues with the mandate ; Mark Pauly , who helped develop a proposal that included an individual mandate for George H.W. Bush , remarked , `` I do n't remember that being raised at all . The way it was viewed by the Congressional Budget Office in 1994 was , effectively , as a tax . '' Mitt Romney 's Massachusetts went from 90 % of its residents insured to 98 % , the highest rate in the nation . In 2006 , an insurance expansion bill was enacted at the state level in Massachusetts . The bill contained both an individual mandate and an insurance exchange . Republican Governor Mitt Romney vetoed the mandate , but after Democrats overrode his veto , he signed it into law . Romney 's implementation of the ' Health Connector ' exchange and individual mandate in Massachusetts was at first lauded by Republicans . During Romney 's 2008 presidential campaign , Senator Jim DeMint praised Romney 's ability to `` take some good conservative ideas , like private health insurance , and apply them to the need to have everyone insured '' . Romney said of the individual mandate : `` I 'm proud of what we 've done . If Massachusetts succeeds in implementing it , then that will be the model for the nation . '' In 2007 , a year after the Massachusetts reform , Republican Senator Bob Bennett and Democratic Senator Ron Wyden introduced the Healthy Americans Act , which featured an individual mandate and state - based , regulated insurance markets called `` State Health Help Agencies '' . The bill initially attracted bipartisan support , but died in committee . Many of the sponsors and co-sponsors remained in Congress during the 2008 healthcare debate . By 2008 many Democrats were considering this approach as the basis for healthcare reform . Experts said that the legislation that eventually emerged from Congress in 2009 and 2010 bore similarities to the 2007 bill and that it was deliberately patterned after Romney 's state healthcare plan . Healthcare debate , 2008 -- 10 See also : Health care reforms proposed during the Obama administration Healthcare reform was a major topic during the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries . As the race narrowed , attention focused on the plans presented by the two leading candidates , Hillary Clinton and the eventual nominee , Barack Obama . Each candidate proposed a plan to cover the approximately 45 million Americans estimated to not have health insurance at some point each year . Clinton 's proposal would have required all Americans to obtain coverage ( in effect , an individual mandate ) , while Obama 's proposal provided a subsidy but rejected the use of an individual mandate . During the general election , Obama said that fixing healthcare would be one of his top four priorities as president . Obama and his opponent , Sen. John McCain , proposed health insurance reforms though they differed greatly . Senator John McCain proposed tax credits for health insurance purchased in the individual market , which was estimated to reduce the number of uninsured people by about 2 million by 2018 . Obama proposed private and public group insurance , income - based subsidies , consumer protections , and expansions of Medicaid and SCHIP , which was estimated at the time to reduce the number of uninsured people by 33.9 million by 2018 . President Obama addressing Congress regarding healthcare reform , September 9 , 2009 After his inauguration , Obama announced to a joint session of Congress in February 2009 his intent to work with Congress to construct a plan for healthcare reform . By July , a series of bills were approved by committees within the House of Representatives . On the Senate side , from June to September , the Senate Finance Committee held a series of 31 meetings to develop a healthcare reform bill . This group -- in particular , Democrats Max Baucus , Jeff Bingaman and Kent Conrad , along with Republicans Mike Enzi , Chuck Grassley and Olympia Snowe -- met for more than 60 hours , and the principles that they discussed , in conjunction with the other committees , became the foundation of the Senate healthcare reform bill . Congressional Democrats and health policy experts like MIT economics professor Jonathan Gruber and David Cutler argued that guaranteed issue would require both community rating and an individual mandate to ensure that adverse selection and / or `` free riding '' would not result in an insurance `` death spiral '' . This approach was taken because the president and congressional leaders had concluded that more progressive plans , such as the ( single - payer ) Medicare for All act , could not obtain filibuster - proof support in the Senate . By deliberately drawing on bipartisan ideas -- the same basic outline was supported by former Senate majority leaders Howard Baker , Bob Dole , Tom Daschle and George J. Mitchell -- the bill 's drafters hoped to garner the votes necessary for passage . However , following the adoption of an individual mandate , Republicans came to oppose the mandate and threatened to filibuster any bills that contained it . Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell , who led the Republican congressional strategy in responding to the bill , calculated that Republicans should not support the bill , and worked to prevent defections : It was absolutely critical that everybody be together because if the proponents of the bill were able to say it was bipartisan , it tended to convey to the public that this is O.K. , they must have figured it out . Republican Senators , including those who had supported previous bills with a similar mandate , began to describe the mandate as `` unconstitutional '' . Journalist Ezra Klein wrote in The New Yorker that `` a policy that once enjoyed broad support within the Republican Party suddenly faced unified opposition . '' Reporter Michael Cooper of The New York Times wrote that : `` the provision ... requiring all Americans to buy health insurance has its roots in conservative thinking . '' Tea Party protesters at the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 The reform negotiations also attracted attention from lobbyists , including deals between certain lobby groups and the advocates of the law to win the support of groups that had opposed past reforms , as in 1993 . The Sunlight Foundation documented many of the reported ties between `` the healthcare lobbyist complex '' and politicians in both parties . During the August 2009 summer congressional recess , many members went back to their districts and held town hall meetings on the proposals . The nascent Tea Party movement organized protests and many conservative groups and individuals attended the meetings to oppose the proposed reforms . Many threats were made against members of Congress over the course of the debate . When Congress returned from recess , in September 2009 President Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress supporting the ongoing Congressional negotiations . He acknowledged the polarization of the debate , and quoted a letter from the late Senator Edward `` Ted '' Kennedy urging on reform : `` what we face is above all a moral issue ; that at stake are not just the details of policy , but fundamental principles of social justice and the character of our country . '' On November 7 , the House of Representatives passed the Affordable Health Care for America Act on a 220 -- 215 vote and forwarded it to the Senate for passage . Senate The Senate began work on its own proposals while the House was still working . The United States Constitution requires all revenue - related bills to originate in the House . To formally comply with this requirement , the Senate used H.R. 3590 , a bill regarding housing tax changes for service members . It had been passed by the House as a revenue - related modification to the Internal Revenue Code . The bill became the Senate 's vehicle for its healthcare reform proposal , discarding the bill 's original content . The bill ultimately incorporated elements of proposals that were reported favorably by the Senate Health and Finance committees . With the Republican Senate minority vowing to filibuster , 60 votes would be necessary to pass the Senate . At the start of the 111th Congress , Democrats had only 58 votes ; the Senate seat in Minnesota ultimately won by Al Franken was still undergoing a recount , while Arlen Specter was still a Republican ( he became a Democrat in April , 2009 ) . Negotiations were undertaken attempting to satisfy moderate Democrats and to bring Republican senators aboard ; particular attention was given to Republicans Bennett , Enzi , Grassley and Snowe . On July 7 Franken was sworn into office , providing a potential 60th vote . On August 25 Ted Kennedy -- a longtime healthcare reform advocate -- died . Paul Kirk was appointed as Senator Kennedy 's temporary replacement on September 24 . After the Finance Committee vote on October 15 , negotiations turned to moderate Democrats . Majority leader Harry Reid focused on satisfying centrists . The holdouts came down to Joe Lieberman of Connecticut , an independent who caucused with Democrats , and conservative Nebraska Democrat Ben Nelson . Lieberman 's demand that the bill not include a public option was met , although supporters won various concessions , including allowing state - based public options such as Vermont 's Green Mountain Care . Senate vote by state . Democratic yes ( 58 ) Independent yes ( 2 ) Republican no ( 39 ) Republican not voting ( 1 ) The White House and Reid addressed Nelson 's concerns during a 13 - hour negotiation with two concessions : a compromise on abortion , modifying the language of the bill `` to give states the right to prohibit coverage of abortion within their own insurance exchanges '' , which would require consumers to pay for the procedure out of pocket if the state so decided ; and an amendment to offer a higher rate of Medicaid reimbursement for Nebraska . The latter half of the compromise was derisively termed the `` Cornhusker Kickback '' and was repealed in the subsequent reconciliation amendment bill . On December 23 , the Senate voted 60 -- 39 to end debate on the bill : a cloture vote to end the filibuster . The bill then passed , also 60 -- 39 , on December 24 , 2009 , with all Democrats and two independents voting for it , and all Republicans against ( except Jim Bunning , who did not vote ) . The bill was endorsed by the AMA and AARP . On January 19 , 2010 , Massachusetts Republican Scott Brown was elected to the Senate in a special election to replace Kennedy , having campaigned on giving the Republican minority the 41st vote needed to sustain Republican filibusters . His victory had become significant because of its effects on the legislative process . The first was psychological : the symbolic importance of losing Kennedy 's traditionally Democratic Massachusetts seat made many Congressional Democrats concerned about the political cost of passing a bill . House House vote by congressional district . Democratic yes ( 219 ) Democratic no ( 34 ) Republican no ( 178 ) No representative seated ( 4 ) Brown 's election meant Democrats could no longer break a filibuster in the Senate . In response , White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel argued that Democrats should scale back to a less ambitious bill ; House Speaker Nancy Pelosi pushed back , dismissing Emanuel 's scaled - down approach as `` Kiddie Care '' . Obama remained insistent on comprehensive reform . The news that Anthem Blue Cross in California intended to raise premium rates for its patients by as much as 39 % gave him new evidence of the need for reform . On February 22 , he laid out a `` Senate - leaning '' proposal to consolidate the bills . He held a meeting with both parties ' leaders on February 25 . The Democrats decided that the House would pass the Senate 's bill , to avoid another Senate vote . House Democrats had expected to be able to negotiate changes in a House -- Senate conference before passing a final bill . Since any bill that emerged from conference that differed from the Senate bill would have to pass the Senate over another Republican filibuster , most House Democrats agreed to pass the Senate bill on condition that it be amended by a subsequent bill . They drafted the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act , which could be passed by the reconciliation process . Per the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 , reconciliation can not be subject to a filibuster . But reconciliation is limited to budget changes , which is why the procedure was not used to pass ACA in the first place ; the bill had inherently non-budgetary regulations . Although the already - passed Senate bill could not have been passed by reconciliation , most of House Democrats ' demands were budgetary : `` these changes -- higher subsidy levels , different kinds of taxes to pay for them , nixing the Nebraska Medicaid deal -- mainly involve taxes and spending . In other words , they 're exactly the kinds of policies that are well - suited for reconciliation . '' The remaining obstacle was a pivotal group of pro-life Democrats led by Bart Stupak who were initially reluctant to support the bill . The group found the possibility of federal funding for abortion significant enough to warrant opposition . The Senate bill had not included language that satisfied their concerns , but they could not address abortion in the reconciliation bill as it would be non-budgetary . Instead , Obama issued Executive Order 13535 , reaffirming the principles in the Hyde Amendment . This won the support of Stupak and members of his group and assured the bill 's passage . The House passed the Senate bill with a 219 -- 212 vote on March 21 , 2010 , with 34 Democrats and all 178 Republicans voting against it . The next day , Republicans introduced legislation to repeal the bill . Obama signed ACA into law on March 23 , 2010 . Since passage , Republicans have voted to repeal all or parts of the Affordable Care Act over sixty times ; no such attempt by Republicans has been successful . The amendment bill , The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act , cleared the House on March 21 ; the Senate passed it by reconciliation on March 25 , and Obama signed it on March 30 . Impact U.S. health insurance coverage by source in 2016 . CBO estimated ACA / Obamacare was responsible for 23 million persons covered via exchanges and Medicaid expansion . Coverage rate , employer market cost trends , budgetary impact , and income inequality aspects of the Affordable Care Act . This chart illustrates several aspects of the Affordable Care Act , including number of persons covered , cost before and after subsidies , and public opinion . Coverage See also : Health insurance coverage in the United States The law has caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance . The CDC reported that the percentage of people without health insurance fell from 16.0 % in 2010 to 8.9 % during the January -- June 2016 period . The uninsured rate dropped in every congressional district in the U.S. between 2013 and 2015 . The Congressional Budget Office reported in March 2016 that there were approximately 12 million people covered by the exchanges ( 10 million of whom received subsidies to help pay for insurance ) and 11 million made eligible for Medicaid by the law , a subtotal of 23 million people . An additional 1 million were covered by the ACA 's `` Basic Health Program , '' for a total of 24 million . CBO also estimated that the ACA would reduce the net number of uninsured by 22 million in 2016 , using a slightly different computation for the above figures totaling ACA coverage of 26 million , less 4 million for reductions in `` employment - based coverage '' and `` non-group and other coverage . '' The Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) estimated that 20.0 million adults ( aged 18 -- 64 ) gained healthcare coverage via ACA as of February 2016 , a 2.4 million increase over September 2015 . HHS estimated that this 20.0 million included : a ) 17.7 million from the start of open enrollment in 2013 -- 2016 ; and b ) 2.3 million young adults aged 19 -- 25 who initially gained insurance from 2010 -- 2013 , as they were allowed to remain on their parent 's plans until age 26 . Of the 20.0 million , an estimated 6.1 million were aged 19 -- 25 . Similarly , the Urban Institute issued a report in December 2016 that said that about 19.2 million non-elderly Americans had gained health insurance coverage from 2010 to 2015 . In March 2016 , the CBO reported that there were approximately 27 million people without insurance in 2016 , a figure they expected would range from 26 -- 28 million through 2026 . CBO also estimated the percentage of insured among all U.S. residents would remain at 90 % through that period , 92 -- 93 % excluding unauthorized immigrants . Those states that expanded Medicaid had a 7.3 % uninsured rate on average in the first quarter of 2016 , while those that did not expand Medicaid had a 14.1 % uninsured rate , among adults aged 18 to 64 . As of December 2016 there were 32 states ( including Washington DC ) that had adopted the Medicaid extension , while 19 states had not . By 2017 , nearly 70 % of those on the exchanges could purchase insurance for less than $75 / month after subsidies , which rose to offset significant pre-subsidy price increases in the exchange markets . Healthcare premium cost increases in the employer market continued to moderate . For example , healthcare premiums for those covered by employers rose by 69 % from 2000 -- 2005 , but only 27 % from 2010 to 2015 , with only a 3 % increase from 2015 to 2016 . The ACA also helps reduce income inequality measured after taxes , due to higher taxes on the top 5 % of income earners and both subsidies and Medicaid expansion for lower - income persons . CBO estimated that subsidies paid under the law in 2016 averaged $4,240 per person for 10 million individuals receiving them , roughly $42 billion . For scale , the subsidy for the employer market , in the form of exempting from taxation those health insurance premiums paid on behalf of employees by employers , was approximately $1,700 per person in 2016 , or $266 billion total in the employer market . The employer market subsidy was not changed by the law . Insurance exchanges As of August 2016 , 15 states operated their own exchanges . Other states either used the federal exchange , or operated in partnership with or supported by the federal government . Medicaid expansion Medicaid expansion by state , as of November 22 , 2017 . Adopted the Medicaid expansion Medicaid expansion under discussion Not adopting Medicaid expansion As of December 2016 there were 32 states ( including Washington DC ) that had adopted the Medicaid extension , while 19 states had not . Those states that expanded Medicaid had a 7.3 % uninsured rate on average in the first quarter of 2016 , while those that did not expand Medicaid had a 14.1 % uninsured rate , among adults aged 18 to 64 . Following the Supreme Court ruling in 2012 , which held that states would not lose Medicaid funding if they did n't expand Medicaid under the ACA , several states rejected expanded Medicaid coverage . Over half of the national uninsured population lived in those states . In a report to Congress , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) estimated that the cost of expansion was $6,366 per person for 2015 , about 49 percent above previous estimates . An estimated 9 million to 10 million people had gained Medicaid coverage , mostly low - income adults . The Kaiser Family Foundation estimated in October 2015 that 3.1 million additional people were not covered because of states that rejected the Medicaid expansion . States that rejected the Medicaid expansion could maintain their Medicaid eligibility thresholds , which in many states were significantly below 133 % of the poverty line . Many states did not make Medicaid available to childless adults at any income level . Because subsidies on exchange insurance plans were not available to those below the poverty line , such individuals had no new options . For example , in Kansas , where only able - bodied adults with children and with an income below 32 % of the poverty line were eligible for Medicaid , those with incomes from 32 % to 100 % of the poverty level ( $6,250 to $19,530 for a family of three ) were ineligible for both Medicaid and federal subsidies to buy insurance . Absent children , able - bodied adults were not eligible for Medicaid in Kansas . Studies of the impact of state decisions to reject the Medicaid expansion calculated that up to 6.4 million people could fall into this status . The federal government initially paid for 100 % of the expansion ( through 2016 ) . The subsidy tapered to 90 % by 2020 and continued to shrink thereafter . Several states argued that they could not afford their 10 % contribution . Studies suggested that rejecting the expansion would cost more than expanding Medicaid due to increased spending on uncompensated emergency care that otherwise would have been partially paid for by Medicaid coverage , A 2016 study led by Harvard University health economics professor Benjamin Sommers found that residents of Kentucky and Arkansas , which both accepted the Medicaid expansion , were more likely to receive health care services and less likely to incur emergency room costs or have trouble paying their medical bills than before the expansion . Residents of Texas , which did not accept the Medicaid expansion , did not see a similar improvement during the same period . Kentucky opted for increased managed care , while Arkansas subsidized private insurance . The new Arkansas and Kentucky governors have proposed reducing or modifying their programs . Between 2013 and 2015 , the uninsured rate dropped from 42 % to 14 % in Arkansas and from 40 % to 9 % in Kentucky , compared with 39 % to 32 % in Texas . Specific improvements included additional primary and preventive care , fewer emergency departments visits , reported higher quality care , improved health , improved drug affordability , reduced out - of - pocket spending and increased outpatient visits , increased diabetes screening , glucose testing among diabetes patients and regular care for chronic conditions . A 2016 DHHS study found that states that expanded Medicaid had lower premiums on exchange policies , because they had fewer low - income enrollees , whose health on average is worse than that of those with higher income . Healthcare insurance costs See also : Health care prices in the United States U.S. healthcare cost information , including rate of change , per - capita , and percent of GDP . ( Data source : Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) The law is designed to pay subsidies in the form of tax credits to the individuals or families purchasing the insurance , based on income levels . Higher income consumers receive lower subsidies . While pre-subsidy prices rose considerably from 2016 to 2017 , so did the subsidies , to reduce the after - subsidy cost to the consumer . For example , a study published in 2016 found that the average requested 2017 premium increase among 40 - year - old non-smokers was about 9 percent , according to an analysis of 17 cities , although Blue Cross Blue Shield proposed increases of 40 percent in Alabama and 60 percent in Texas . However , some or all of these costs are offset by subsidies , paid as tax credits . For example , the Kaiser Foundation reported that for the second - lowest cost `` Silver plan '' ( a plan often selected and used as the benchmark for determining financial assistance ) , a 40 - year old non-smoker making $30,000 per year would pay effectively the same amount in 2017 as they did in 2016 ( about $208 / month ) after the subsidy / tax credit , despite large increases in the pre-subsidy price . This was consistent nationally . In other words , the subsidies increased along with the pre-subsidy price , fully offsetting the price increases . Healthcare premium cost increases in the employer market continued to moderate after the implementation of the law . For example , healthcare premiums for those covered by employers rose by 69 % from 2000 -- 2005 , but only 27 % from 2010 to 2015 , with only a 3 % increase from 2015 to 2016 . From 2008 -- 2010 ( before passage of the ACA ) health insurance premiums rose by an average of 10 % per year . Several studies found that the financial crisis and accompanying recession could not account for the entirety of the slowdown and that structural changes likely share at least partial credit . A 2013 study estimated that changes to the health system had been responsible for about a quarter of the recent reduction in inflation . Paul Krawzak claimed that even if cost controls succeed in reducing the amount spent on healthcare , such efforts on their own may be insufficient to outweigh the long - term burden placed by demographic changes , particularly the growth of the population on Medicare . In a 2016 review of the ACA published in JAMA , Barack Obama himself wrote that from 2010 through 2014 mean annual growth in real per - enrollee Medicare spending was negative , down from a mean of 4.7 % per year from 2000 through 2005 and 2.4 % per year from 2006 to 2010 ; similarly , mean real per - enrollee growth in private insurance spending was 1.1 % per year over the period , compared with a mean of 6.5 % from 2000 through 2005 and 3.4 % from 2005 to 2010 . Effect on deductibles and co-payments While health insurance premium costs have moderated , some of this is because of insurance policies that have a higher deductible , co-payments and out - of - pocket maximums that shift costs from insurers to patients . In addition , many employees are choosing to combine a health savings account with higher deductible plans , making the impact of the ACA difficult to determine precisely . For those who obtain their insurance through their employer ( `` group market '' ) , a 2016 survey found that : Deductibles grew by 63 % from 2011 to 2016 , while premiums increased 19 % and worker earnings grew by 11 % . In 2016 , 4 in 5 workers had an insurance deductible , which averaged $1,478 . For firms with less than 200 employees , the deductible averaged $2,069 . The percentage of workers with a deductible of at least $1,000 grew from 10 % in 2006 to 51 % in 2016 . The 2016 figure drops to 38 % after taking employer contributions into account . For the `` non-group '' market , of which two - thirds are covered by the ACA exchanges , a survey of 2015 data found that : 49 % had individual deductibles of at least $1,500 ( $3,000 for family ) , up from 36 % in 2014 . Many marketplace enrollees qualify for cost - sharing subsidies that reduce their net deductible . While about 75 % of enrollees were `` very satisfied '' or `` somewhat satisfied '' with their choice of doctors and hospitals , only 50 % had such satisfaction with their annual deductible . While 52 % of those covered by the ACA exchanges felt `` well protected '' by their insurance , in the group market 63 % felt that way . Health outcomes The map illustrates the frequency of premature deaths ( those under age 75 ) adjusted for the age of persons in the county . Insurance coverage helps save lives , by encouraging early detection and prevention of dangerous medical conditions . According to a 2014 study , the ACA likely prevented an estimated 50,000 preventable patient deaths from 2010 to 2013 . City University public health professors David Himmelstein and Steffie Woolhandler wrote in January 2017 that a rollback of the ACA 's Medicaid expansion alone would cause an estimated 43,956 deaths annually . The Federal Reserve publishes data on premature death rates by county , defined as those dying below age 74 . According to the Kaiser Foundation , expanding Medicaid in the remaining 19 states would cover up to 4.5 million persons . Since expanding Medicaid expands coverage and expanding coverage reduces mortality , therefore expanding Medicaid reduces mortality by syllogism . Texas , Oklahoma , Mississippi , Alabama , Georgia , Tennessee , Missouri and South Carolina , indicated on the map at right as having many counties with high premature mortality rates could therefore reduce mortality by expanding Medicaid , other things equal . Distributional impact The distributional impact of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA or Obamacare ) during 2014 . The ACA raised taxes mainly on the top 1 % to fund approximately $600 in benefits on average for the bottom 40 % of families . In March 2018 , the CBO reported that the ACA had reduced income inequality in 2014 , saying that the law led the lowest and second quintiles ( the bottom 40 % ) to receive an average of an additional $690 and $560 respectively while causing households in the top 1 % to pay an additional $21,000 due mostly to the net investment income tax and the additional Medicare tax . The law placed relatively little burden on households in the top quintile ( top 20 % ) outside of the top 1 % . Federal deficit CBO estimates of Revenue and impact on deficit See also : United States public debt and Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The CBO reported in several studies that the ACA would reduce the deficit , and that repealing it would increase the deficit . The 2011 comprehensive CBO estimate projected a net deficit reduction of more than $200 billion during the 2012 -- 2021 period : it calculated the law would result in $604 billion in total outlays offset by $813 billion in total receipts , resulting in a $210 billion net deficit reduction . The CBO separately predicted that while most of the spending provisions do not begin until 2014 , revenue would exceed spending in those subsequent years . The CBO claimed that the bill would `` substantially reduce the growth of Medicare 's payment rates for most services ; impose an excise tax on insurance plans with relatively high premiums ; and make various other changes to the federal tax code , Medicare , Medicaid , and other programs '' -- ultimately extending the solvency of the Medicare trust fund by 8 years . This estimate was made prior to the Supreme Court 's ruling that enabled states to opt out of the Medicaid expansion , thereby forgoing the related federal funding . The CBO and JCT subsequently updated the budget projection , estimating the impact of the ruling would reduce the cost estimate of the insurance coverage provisions by $84 billion . The CBO in June 2015 forecasted that repeal of ACA would increase the deficit between $137 billion and $353 billion over the 2016 -- 2025 period , depending on the impact of macroeconomic feedback effects . The CBO also forecasted that repeal of ACA would likely cause an increase in GDP by an average of 0.7 % in the period from 2021 to 2015 , mainly by boosting the supply of labor . Although the CBO generally does not provide cost estimates beyond the 10 - year budget projection period because of the degree of uncertainty involved in the projection , it decided to do so in this case at the request of lawmakers , and estimated a second decade deficit reduction of $1.2 trillion . CBO predicted deficit reduction around a broad range of one - half percent of GDP over the 2020s while cautioning that `` a wide range of changes could occur '' . Opinions on CBO projections The CBO cost estimates were criticized because they excluded the effects of potential legislation that would increase Medicare payments by more than $200 billion from 2010 to 2019 . However , the so - called `` doc fix '' is a separate issue that would have existed whether or not ACA became law -- omitting its cost from ACA was no different from omitting the cost of other tax cuts . Uwe Reinhardt , a Princeton health economist , wrote . `` The rigid , artificial rules under which the Congressional Budget Office must score proposed legislation unfortunately can not produce the best unbiased forecasts of the likely fiscal impact of any legislation '' , but went on to say `` But even if the budget office errs significantly in its conclusion that the bill would actually help reduce the future federal deficit , I doubt that the financing of this bill will be anywhere near as fiscally irresponsible as was the financing of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . '' Douglas Holtz - Eakin , CBO director during the George W. Bush administration , who later served as the chief economic policy adviser to U.S. Senator John McCain 's 2008 presidential campaign , alleged that the bill would increase the deficit by $562 billion because , he argued , it front - loaded revenue and back - loaded benefits . Scheiber and Cohn rejected critical assessments of the law 's deficit impact , arguing that predictions were biased towards underestimating deficit reduction . They noted that for example , it is easier to account for the cost of definite levels of subsidies to specified numbers of people than account for savings from preventive healthcare , and that the CBO had a track record of overestimating costs and underestimating savings of health legislation ; stating , `` innovations in the delivery of medical care , like greater use of electronic medical records and financial incentives for more coordination of care among doctors , would produce substantial savings while also slowing the relentless climb of medical expenses ... But the CBO would not consider such savings in its calculations , because the innovations had n't really been tried on such large scale or in concert with one another -- and that meant there was n't much hard data to prove the savings would materialize . '' In 2010 , David Walker , former U.S. Comptroller General then working for The Peter G. Peterson Foundation , stated that the CBO estimates are not likely to be accurate , because they were based on the assumption that the law would not change . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities objected that Congress had a good record of implementing Medicare savings . According to their study , Congress followed through on the implementation of the vast majority of provisions enacted in the past 20 years to produce Medicare savings , although not the payment reductions addressed by the annual `` doc fix '' . Economic consequences CBO estimated in June 2015 that repealing the ACA would : Decrease aggregate demand ( GDP ) in the short - term , as low - income persons who tend to spend a large fraction of their additional resources would have fewer resources ( e.g. , ACA subsidies would be eliminated ) . This effect would be offset in the long - run by the labor supply factors below . Increase the supply of labor and aggregate compensation by about 0.8 and 0.9 percent over the 2021 -- 2025 period . CBO cited the ACA 's expanded eligibility for Medicaid and subsidies and tax credits that rise with income as disincentives to work , so repealing the ACA would remove those disincentives , encouraging workers to supply more hours of labor . Increase the total number of hours worked by about 1.5 % over the 2021 -- 2025 period . Remove the higher tax rates on capital income , thereby encouraging additional investment , raising the capital stock and output in the long - run . In 2015 the Center for Economic and Policy Research found no evidence that companies were reducing worker hours to avoid ACA requirements for employees working over 30 hours per week . The CBO estimated that the ACA would slightly reduce the size of the labor force and number of hours worked , as some would no longer be tethered to employers for their insurance . Cohn , citing CBO 's projections , claimed that ACA 's primary employment effect was to alleviate job lock : `` People who are only working because they desperately need employer - sponsored health insurance will no longer do so . '' He concluded that the `` reform 's only significant employment impact was a reduction in the labor force , primarily because people holding onto jobs just to keep insurance could finally retire '' , because they have health insurance outside of their jobs . Employer mandate and part - time work Further information on health insurance mandates : Health insurance mandate The employer mandate requires employers meeting certain criteria to provide health insurance to their workers . The mandate applies to employers with more than 50 employees that do not offer health insurance to their full - time workers . Critics claimed that the mandate created a perverse incentive for business to keep their full - time headcount below 50 and to hire part - time workers instead . Between March 2010 and 2014 the number of part - time jobs declined by 230,000 , while the number of full - time jobs increased by 2 million . In the public sector full - time jobs turned into part - time jobs much more than in the private sector . A 2016 study found only limited evidence that ACA had increased part - time employment . Several businesses and the state of Virginia added a 29 - hour - a-week cap for their part - time employees , to reflect the 30 - hour - or - more definition for full - time worker . As of yet , however , only a small percent of companies have shifted their workforce towards more part - time hours ( 4 % in a survey from the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis ) . Trends in working hours and the effects of the Great Recession correlate with part - time working hour patterns . The impact of this provision may have been offset by other factors , including that health insurance helps attract and retain employees , increases productivity and reduces absenteeism ; and the lower training and administration costs of a smaller full - time workforce over a larger part - time work force . Relatively few firms employ over 50 employees and more than 90 % of them offered insurance . Workers without employer insurance could purchase insurance on the exchanges . Most policy analysts ( on both right and left ) were critical of the employer mandate provision . They argued that the perverse incentives regarding part - time hours , even if they did not change existing plans , were real and harmful ; that the raised marginal cost of the 50th worker for businesses could limit companies ' growth ; that the costs of reporting and administration were not worth the costs of maintaining employer plans ; and noted that the employer mandate was not essential to maintain adequate risk pools . The effects of the provision generated vocal opposition from business interests and some unions not granted exemptions . A 2013 / 4 survey by the National Association for Business Economics found that about 75 percent of those surveyed said ACA had n't influenced their planning or expectations for 2014 , and 85 percent said the law would n't prompt a change in their hiring practices . Some 21 percent of 64 businesses surveyed said that the act would have a harmful effect and 5 percent said it would be beneficial . Hospitals From the start of 2010 to November 2014 , 43 hospitals in rural areas closed . Critics claimed that the new law caused these hospitals to close . Many of these rural hospitals were built using funds from the 1946 Hill -- Burton Act , to increase access to medical care in rural areas . Some of these hospitals reopened as other medical facilities , but only a small number operated emergency rooms ( ER ) or urgent care centers . Between January 2010 and 2015 , a quarter of emergency room doctors said they had seen a major surge in patients , while nearly half had seen a smaller increase . Seven in ten ER doctors claimed that they lacked the resources to deal with large increases in the number of patients . The biggest factor in the increased number of ER patients was insufficient primary care providers to handle the larger number of insured patients . Insurers claimed that because they have access to and collect patient data that allow evaluations of interventions , they are essential to ACO success . Large insurers formed their own ACOs . Many hospitals merged and purchased physician practices . The increased market share gave them more leverage in negotiations with insurers over costs and reduced patient care options . Public Opinion Prior to the law 's passage , polling indicated the public 's views became increasingly negative in reaction to specific plans discussed during the legislative debate over 2009 and 2010 . Polling statistics showed a general negative opinion of the law ; with those in favor at approximately 40 % and those against at 51 % , as of October 2013 . About 29 % of whites approve of the law , compared with 61 % of Hispanics and 91 % of African Americans . Opinions were divided by age of the person at the law 's inception , with a solid majority of seniors opposing the bill and a solid majority of those younger than forty years old in favor . Congressional Democrats celebrating the 6th anniversary of the Affordable Care Act in March 2016 on the steps of the U.S. Capitol . Specific elements were popular across the political spectrum , while others , such as the mandate to purchase insurance , were widely disliked . In a 2012 poll 44 % supported the law , with 56 % against . By party affiliation , 75 % of Democrats , 27 % of Independents and 14 % of Republicans favored the law overall . 82 % favored banning insurance companies from denying coverage to people with pre-existing conditions , 61 % favored allowing children to stay on their parents ' insurance until age 26 , 72 % supported requiring companies with more than 50 employees to provide insurance for their employees , and 39 % supported the individual mandate to own insurance or pay a penalty . By party affiliation , 19 % of Republicans , 27 % of Independents , and 59 % of Democrats favored the mandate . Other polls showed additional provisions receiving majority support , including the creation of insurance exchanges , pooling small businesses and the uninsured with other consumers so that more people can take advantage of large group pricing benefits and providing subsidies to individuals and families to make health insurance more affordable . In a 2010 poll , 62 % of respondents said they thought ACA would `` increase the amount of money they personally spend on health care '' , 56 % said the bill `` gives the government too much involvement in health care '' , and 19 % said they thought they and their families would be better off with the legislation . Other polls found that people were concerned that the law would cost more than projected and would not do enough to control costs . Some opponents believed that the reform did not go far enough : a 2012 poll indicated that 71 % of Republican opponents rejected it overall , while 29 % believed it did not go far enough ; independent opponents were divided 67 % to 33 % ; and among the much smaller group of Democratic opponents , 49 % rejected it overall and 51 % wanted more . In June 2013 , a majority of the public ( 52 -- 34 % ) indicated a desire for `` Congress to implement or tinker with the law rather than repeal it '' . After the Supreme Court upheld the individual mandate , a 2012 poll held that `` most Americans ( 56 % ) want to see critics of President Obama 's health care law drop efforts to block it and move on to other national issues ''. A 2014 poll reported that 48.9 % of respondents had an unfavorable view of ACA vs. 38.3 % who had a favorable view ( of more than 5,500 individuals ) . A 2014 poll reported that 26 % of Americans support ACA . Another held that 8 % of respondents say that the Affordable Care Act `` is working well the way it is '' . In late 2014 , a Rasmussen poll reported Repeal : 30 % , Leave as is : 13 % , Improve : 52 % . In 2015 , a CBS News / New York Times poll reported that 47 % of Americans approved the health care law . This was the first time that a major poll indicated that more respondents approved ACA than disapproved of it . The recurring Kaiser Health Tracking Poll from December 2016 reported that : a ) 30 % wanted to expand what the law does ; b ) 26 % wanted to repeal the entire law ; c ) 19 % wanted to move forward with implementing the law as it is ; and d ) 17 % wanted to scale back what the law does , with the remainder undecided . Separate polls from Fox News and NBC / WSJ both taken during January 2017 indicated more people viewed the law favorably than did not for the first time . One of the reasons for the improving popularity of the law is that Democrats who opposed it in the past ( many prefer a `` Medicare for All '' approach ) have shifted their positions since the ACA is under threat of repeal . A January 2017 Morning Consult poll showed that 35 % of respondents either believed that `` Obamacare '' and the `` Affordable Care Act '' were different or did not know . Approximately 45 % were unsure whether the `` repeal of Obamacare '' also meant the `` repeal of the Affordable Care Act . '' 39 % did not know that `` many people would lose coverage through Medicaid or subsidies for private health insurance if the A.C.A. were repealed and no replacement enacted , '' with Democrats far more likely ( 79 % ) to know that fact than Republicans ( 47 % ) . A 2017 study found that personal experience with public health insurance programs leads to greater support for the Affordable Care Act , and the effects appear to be most pronounced among Republicans and low - information voters . Political aspects `` Obamacare '' The term `` Obamacare '' was originally coined by opponents as a pejorative . The term emerged in March 2007 when healthcare lobbyist Jeanne Schulte Scott used it in a health industry journal , writing `` We will soon see a ' Giuliani - care ' and ' Obama - care ' to go along with ' McCain - care ' , ' Edwards - care ' , and a totally revamped and remodeled ' Hillary - care ' from the 1990s '' . According to research by Elspeth Reeve , the expression was used in early 2007 , generally by writers describing the candidate 's proposal for expanding coverage for the uninsured . It first appeared in a political campaign by Mitt Romney in May 2007 in Des Moines , Iowa . Romney said , `` In my state , I worked on healthcare for some time . We had half a million people without insurance , and I said , ' How can we get those people insured without raising taxes and without having government take over healthcare ? ' And let me tell you , if we do n't do it , the Democrats will . If the Democrats do it , it will be socialized medicine ; it 'll be government - managed care . It 'll be what 's known as Hillarycare or Barack Obamacare , or whatever you want to call it . '' By mid-2012 , Obamacare had become the colloquial term used by both supporters and opponents . In contrast , the use of `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' or `` Affordable Care Act '' became limited to more formal and official use . Use of the term in a positive sense was suggested by Democrat John Conyers . Obama endorsed the nickname , saying , `` I have no problem with people saying Obama cares . I do care . '' In March 2012 , the Obama reelection campaign embraced the term `` Obamacare '' , urging Obama 's supporters to post Twitter messages that begin , `` I like # Obamacare because ... '' . In October 2013 , the Associated Press and NPR began cutting back on use of the term . Stuart Seidel , NPR 's managing editor , said that the term `` seems to be straddling somewhere between being a politically - charged term and an accepted part of the vernacular '' . Common misconceptions `` Death panels '' Main article : Death panel On August 7 , 2009 , Sarah Palin pioneered the term `` death panels '' to describe groups that would decide whether sick patients were `` worthy '' of medical care . `` Death panel '' referred to two claims about early drafts . One was that under the law , seniors could be denied care due to their age and the other that the government would advise seniors to end their lives instead of receiving care . The ostensible basis of these claims was the provision for an Independent Payment Advisory Board ( IPAB ) . IPAB was given the authority to recommend cost - saving changes to Medicare by facilitating the adoption of cost - effective treatments and cost - recovering measures when the statutory levels set for Medicare were exceeded within any given 3 - year period . In fact , the Board was prohibited from recommending changes that would reduce payments to certain providers before 2020 , and was prohibited from recommending changes in premiums , benefits , eligibility and taxes , or other changes that would result in rationing . The other related issue concerned advance - care planning consultation : a section of the House reform proposal would have reimbursed physicians for providing patient - requested consultations for Medicare recipients on end - of - life health planning ( which is covered by many private plans ) , enabling patients to specify , on request , the kind of care they wished to receive . The provision was not included in ACA . In 2010 , the Pew Research Center reported that 85 % of Americans were familiar with the claim , and 30 % believed it was true , backed by three contemporaneous polls . A poll in August 2012 found that 39 % of Americans believed the claim . The allegation was named PolitiFact 's `` Lie of the Year '' , one of FactCheck.org 's `` whoppers '' and the most outrageous term by the American Dialect Society . AARP described such rumors as `` rife with gross -- and even cruel -- distortions '' . Members of Congress ACA requires members of Congress and their staffs to obtain health insurance either through an exchange or some other program approved by the law ( such as Medicare ) , instead of using the insurance offered to federal employees ( the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ) . Illegal immigrants ACA does not provide benefits to illegal immigrants . It explicitly denies insurance subsidies to `` unauthorized ( illegal ) aliens '' . Exchange `` death spiral '' One argument against the ACA is that the insurers are leaving the marketplaces , as they can not profitably cover the available pool of customers , which contains too many unhealthy participants relative to healthy participants . A scenario where prices rise , due to an unfavorable mix of customers from the insurer 's perspective , resulting in fewer customers and fewer insurers in the marketplace , further raising prices , has been called a `` death spiral . '' During 2017 , the median number of insurers offering plans on the ACA exchanges in each state was 3.0 , meaning half the states had more and half had fewer insurers . There were five states with one insurer in 2017 ; 13 states with two ; 11 states with three ; and the remainder had four insurers or more . Wisconsin had the most , with 15 insurers in the marketplace . The median number of insurers was 4.0 in 2016 , 5.0 in 2015 , and 4.0 in 2014 . Further , the CBO reported in January 2017 that it expected enrollment in the exchanges to rise from 10 million during 2017 to 13 million by 2027 , assuming laws in place at the end of the Obama administration were continued . Following a 2015 CBO report that reached a similar conclusion , Paul Krugman wrote : `` But the truth is that this report is much , much closer to what supporters of reform have said than it is to the scare stories of the critics -- no death spirals , no job - killing , major gains in coverage at relatively low cost . '' Opposition Opposition and efforts to repeal the legislation have drawn support from sources that include labor unions , conservative advocacy groups , Republicans , small business organizations and the Tea Party movement . These groups claimed that the law would disrupt existing health plans , increase costs from new insurance standards , and increase the deficit . Some opposed the idea of universal healthcare , viewing insurance as similar to other unsubsidized goods . President Donald Trump has repeatedly promised to `` repeal and replace '' it . As of 2013 unions that expressed concerns about ACA included the AFL - CIO , which called ACA `` highly disruptive '' to union health care plans , claiming it would drive up costs of union - sponsored plans ; the International Brotherhood of Teamsters , United Food and Commercial Workers International Union , and UNITE - HERE , whose leaders sent a letter to Reid and Pelosi arguing , `` ACA will shatter not only our hard - earned health benefits , but destroy the foundation of the 40 - hour work week that is the backbone of the American middle class . '' In January 2014 , Terry O'Sullivan , president of the Laborers ' International Union of North America ( LIUNA ) and D. Taylor , president of Unite Here sent a letter to Reid and Pelosi stating , `` ACA , as implemented , undermines fair marketplace competition in the health care industry . '' In October 2016 , Mark Dayton , the governor of Minnesota and a member of the Minnesota Democratic -- Farmer -- Labor Party , said that the ACA had `` many good features '' but that it was `` no longer affordable for increasing numbers of people '' and called on the Minnesota legislature to provide emergency relief to policyholders . Dayton later said he regretted his remarks after they were seized on by Republicans seeking to repeal the law . Legal Challenges Main article : Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act See also : National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius and King v. Burwell See also : Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Opponents challenged ACA 's constitutionality in multiple lawsuits on multiple grounds . In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius , the Supreme Court ruled on a 5 -- 4 vote that the individual mandate was constitutional when viewed as a tax , although not under the Commerce Clause . The Court further determined that states could not be forced to participate in the Medicaid expansion . ACA withheld all Medicaid funding from states declining to participate in the expansion . The Court ruled that this withdrawal of funding was unconstitutionally coercive and that individual states had the right to opt out without losing preexisting Medicaid funding . Contraception mandate In March 2012 , the Roman Catholic Church , while supportive of ACA 's objectives , voiced concern through the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops that aspects of the mandate covering contraception and sterilization and HHS 's narrow definition of a religious organization violated the First Amendment right to free exercise of religion and conscience . Various lawsuits addressed these concerns . On June 25 , 2015 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6 -- 3 that federal subsidies for health insurance premiums could be used in the 34 states that did not set up their own insurance exchanges . House v. price In United States House of Representatives v. Price ( previously United States House of Representatives v. Burwell ) the House sued the administration alleging that the money for premium subsidy payments to insurers had not been appropriated , as required for any federal government spending . The ACA subsidy that helps customers pay premiums was not part of the suit . Without the cost - sharing subsidies , the government estimated that premiums would increase by 20 percent to 30 percent for silver plans . In 2017 , the uncertainty about whether the payments would continue caused Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Carolina to try to raise premiums by 22.9 percent the next year , as opposed to an increase of only 8.8 percent that it would have sought if the payments were assured . Non-cooperation Officials in Texas , Florida , Alabama , Wyoming , Arizona , Oklahoma and Missouri opposed those elements of ACA over which they had discretion . For example , Missouri declined to expand Medicaid or establish a health insurance marketplace engaging in active non-cooperation , enacting a statute forbidding any state or local official to render any aid not specifically required by federal law . Other Republican politicians discouraged efforts to advertise the benefits of the law . Some conservative political groups launched ad campaigns to discourage enrollment . Repeal efforts Main article : Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ACA was the subject of unsuccessful repeal efforts by Republicans in the 111th , 112th , and 113th Congresses : Representatives Steve King ( R - IA ) and Michele Bachmann ( R - MN ) introduced bills in the House to repeal ACA the day after it was signed , as did Senator Jim DeMint ( R - SC ) in the Senate . In 2011 , after Republicans gained control of the House of Representatives , one of the first votes held was on a bill titled `` Repealing the Job - Killing Health Care Law Act '' ( H.R. 2 ) , which the House passed 245 -- 189 . All Republicans and 3 Democrats voted for repeal . House Democrats proposed an amendment that repeal not take effect until a majority of the Senators and Representatives had opted out of the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ; Republicans voted down the measure . In the Senate , the bill was offered as an amendment to an unrelated bill , but was voted down . President Obama had stated that he would have vetoed the bill even if it had passed both chambers of Congress . 2017 House Budget Following the 2012 Supreme Court ruling upholding ACA as constitutional , Republicans held another vote to repeal the law on July 11 ; the House of Representatives voted with all 244 Republicans and 5 Democrats in favor of repeal , which marked the 33rd , partial or whole , repeal attempt . On February 3 , 2015 , the House of Representatives added its 67th repeal vote to the record ( 239 to 186 ) . This attempt also failed . 2013 federal government shutdown Strong partisan disagreement in Congress prevented adjustments to the Act 's provisions . However , at least one change , a proposed repeal of a tax on medical devices , has received bipartisan support . Some Congressional Republicans argued against improvements to the law on the grounds they would weaken the arguments for repeal . Republicans attempted to defund its implementation , and in October 2013 , House Republicans refused to fund the federal government unless accompanied with a delay in ACA implementation , after the President unilaterally deferred the employer mandate by one year , which critics claimed he had no power to do . The House passed three versions of a bill funding the government while submitting various versions that would repeal or delay ACA , with the last version delaying enforcement of the individual mandate . The Democratic Senate leadership stated the Senate would only pass a `` clean '' funding bill without any restrictions on ACA . The government shutdown began on October 1 . Senate Republicans threatened to block appointments to relevant agencies , such as the Independent Payment Advisory Board and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . 2017 repeal effort Main article : 2017 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act replacement proposals During a midnight congressional session starting January 11 , 2017 , the Senate of the 115th Congress of the United States voted to approve a `` budget blueprint '' which would allow Republicans to repeal parts of the law `` without threat of a Democratic filibuster . '' The plan , which passed 51 -- 48 , is a budget blueprint named by Senate Republicans the `` Obamacare ' repeal resolution . ' '' Democrats opposing the resolution staged a protest during the vote . House Republicans announced their replacement for the ACA , the American Health Care Act , on March 6 , 2017 . On March 24 , 2017 the effort , led by Paul Ryan and Donald Trump , to repeal and replace the ACA failed amid a revolt among Republican representatives . May 4 , 2017 , the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the American Health Care Act ( and thereby repeal most of the Affordable Care Act ) by a narrow margin of 217 to 213 , sending the bill to the Senate for deliberation . The Senate Republican leadership announced that Senate Republicans would write their own version of the bill , instead of voting on the House version . The Senate process began with an unprecedented level of secrecy ; Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell named a group of 13 Republican Senators to draft the Senate 's substitute version in private , raising bipartisan concerns about a lack of transparency . On June 22 , 2017 , Republicans released the first discussion draft for an amendment to the bill , which would rename it to the `` Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017 '' ( BCRA ) . On July 25 , 2017 , although no amendment proposal had yet garnered majority support , Senate Republicans voted to advance the bill to the floor and begin formal consideration of amendments . Senators Susan Collins and Lisa Murkowski were the only two dissenting Republicans making the vote a 50 -- 50 tie . Vice President Mike Pence then cast the tiebreaking vote in the affirmative . All specific bills were defeated , however . The revised BCRA failed on a vote of 43 -- 57 . A subsequent `` Obamacare Repeal and Reconciliation Act '' abandoned the `` repeal and replace '' approach in favor of a straight repeal , but failed on a vote of 45 -- 55 . Finally , the `` Health Care Freedom Act '' , nicknamed `` skinny repeal '' because it would have made the least change to the ACA , failed by 49 -- 51 , with Collins , Murkowski , and Senator John McCain joining all the Democrats and independents in voting against it . Actions to hinder implementation Tax Cuts and Jobs Act - Number of additional persons uninsured . Under both the ACA ( current law ) and the AHCA , CBO reported that the health exchange marketplaces would remain stable ( i.e. , no `` death spiral '' ) . However , Republican politicians have taken a variety of steps to undermine it , creating uncertainty that has adversely impacted enrollment and insurer participation while increasing premiums . Insisting the exchanges are in difficulty was also used as an argument for passing reforms such as AHCA or BCRA . Past and ongoing Republican attempts to weaken the law have included , among others : Lawsuits such as King v. Burwell , which resulted in a decision by the Supreme Court that limited Medicaid expansion but upheld the mandates and insurance subsidies . According to the Kaiser Family Foundation , not expanding Medicaid in 19 states has increased the number uninsured by an estimated 4.5 million persons . Lawsuits pending ( House v. Price ) such as whether cost - sharing subsidies must be paid . President Trump threatened not to pay these subsidies in early 2017 and later decided to stop paying them . CBO estimated in September 2017 that discontinuing the payments would add an average of 15 -- 20 percentage points to health insurance costs on the exchanges in 2018 while increasing the budget deficit nearly $200 billion over a decade . Prevention of appropriations for transitional financing ( `` risk corridors '' ) to steady insurance markets , resulting the bankruptcy of many co-ops offering insurance . This action was attributed to Senator Marco Rubio . Weakening of the individual mandate through his first executive order , which resulted in limiting enforcement of mandate penalties by the IRS . For example , tax returns without indications of health insurance ( `` silent returns '' ) will still be processed , overriding instructions from the Obama administration to the IRS to reject them . Reduction to funding for advertising for the 2017 and 2018 exchange enrollment periods by up to 90 % , with other reductions to support resources used to answer questions and help people sign - up for coverage . CBO said in September 2017 that the reductions would lead to reduced ACA enrollment . The Trump administration reduced the enrollment period for 2018 by half , to 45 days . The NYT editorial board referred to this as part of a concerted `` sabotage '' effort . Public statements by Trump that the exchanges are unstable or in a death spiral . Trump 's October 12 , 2017 executive order and a related action the same day ending federal subsidies of questionable legality used to help those buying insurance through exchanges with their co-payments and deductibles . About 6 million people were helped at a cost of $7 billion a year but that amount was expected to double in 10 years . State officials claimed the action caused insurance premiums to go up dramatically . Many states sued in federal court on the grounds that Trump was not legally allowed to take the action . Several insurers and actuary groups cited uncertainty created by President Trump , specifically non-enforcement of the individual mandate and not funding cost sharing reduction subsidies , as contributing 20 -- 30 percentage points to premium increases for the 2018 plan year on the ACA exchanges . In other words , absent Trump 's actions against the ACA , premium increases would have averaged 10 % or less , rather than the estimated 28 -- 40 % under the uncertainty his actions created . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) maintains a timeline of many `` sabotage '' efforts by the Trump Administration . Ending cost - sharing reduction ( CSR ) payments Main article : Cost sharing reductions subsidy President Trump announced on October 12 , 2017 he would end the smaller of the two types of subsidies under the ACA , the cost sharing reduction ( CSR ) subsidies . This controversial decision significantly raised premiums on the ACA exchanges along with the premium tax credit subsidies that rise with them , with the CBO estimating a $200 billion increase in the budget deficit over a decade . The reasons for this are complex and require discussion of how the two major subsidies work . The CSR subsidies are paid to insurance companies to reduce copayments and deductibles for a smaller group of ACA enrollees , those earning less than 250 % of the federal poverty line ( FPL ) . The second and larger type of subsidy , the premium tax credits designed to reduce the post-subsidy cost of monthly premiums , apply to all enrollees earning less than 400 % of the FPL . For scale , during 2017 , approximately $7 billion in CSR subsidies will be paid , versus $34 billion for the premium tax credits . A court decision meant that CSR subsidies were treated as discretionary spending , meaning Congress must decide to appropriate funds for them each year . This effectively gave the President the power to end them , as Democrats with a minority in Congress could not appropriate the funds , let alone override his veto of an appropriations bill . However , the premium tax credits are mandatory spending , meaning all those eligible under the ACA receive them without Congressional appropriation . These adjust with premium increases to limit after - subsidy premium payments by ACA enrollees to a fixed percentage of income . Based on President Trump 's threats to end the CSR payments during early 2017 , several insurers and actuarial groups estimated this resulted in a 20 percentage point or more increase in premiums for the 2018 plan year . In other words , premium increases expected to be 10 % or less in 2018 became 28 -- 40 % instead . The CBO reported in August 2017 ( prior to President Trump 's decision ) that ending the CSR payments might increase ACA premiums by 20 percentage points or more , with a resulting increase of nearly $200 billion in the budget deficit over a decade , as the premium tax credit subsidies would rise along with premium prices . CBO also estimated that initially up to one million fewer would have health insurance coverage , although more might have it in the long - run as the subsidies expand . CBO expected the exchanges to remain stable ( i.e. , no `` death spiral '' before or after Trump 's action ) as the premiums would increase and prices would stabilize at the higher ( non-CSR ) level . CBO estimated that of the 12 million with private insurance via the ACA exchanges in 2017 , about 10 million receive premium tax credit subsidies and will be shielded from premium increases , as their after - subsidy premiums are limited as a percentage of income under the ACA . However , those 2 million who do not receive subsidies face the brunt of the 20 % + premium increases , without subsidy assistance . This may adversely impact enrollment in 2018 and beyond . Another 13 million who are covered under the ACA 's Medicaid expansion ( in the 31 states that chose to expand coverage ) should not be directly affected by Trump 's action . President Trump 's argument that the CSR payments were a `` bailout '' for insurance companies and therefore should be stopped , actually results in the government paying more to insurance companies ( $200 B over a decade ) due to increases in the premium tax credit subsidies . Implementation Main article : Implementation history of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act At various times during and after the ACA debate , Obama stated that `` if you like your health care plan , you 'll be able to keep your health care plan '' . However , in fall 2013 millions of Americans with individual policies received notices that their insurance plans were terminated , and several million more risked seeing their current plans cancelled . However , Poltifact cited various estimates that only about 2 % of the total insured population ( 4 million out of 262 million ) received such notices . Obama 's previous unambiguous assurance that consumers ' could keep their own plans became a focal point for critics , who challenged his truthfulness . On November 7 , 2013 , President Obama stated : `` I am sorry that ( people losing their plans ) are finding themselves in this situation based on assurances they got from me . '' Various bills were introduced in Congress to allow people to keep their plans . In 2010 small business tax credits took effect . Then Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan ( PCIP ) took effect to offer insurance to those that had been denied coverage by private insurance companies because of a pre-existing condition . By 2011 , insurers had stopped marketing child - only policies in 17 states , as they sought to escape this requirement . In National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius decided on June 28 , 2012 , the Supreme Court ruled that the individual mandate was constitutional when the associated penalties were construed as a tax . The decision allowed states to opt out of the Medicaid expansion . In 2013 , the Internal Revenue Service ruled that the cost of covering only the individual employee would be considered in determining whether the cost of coverage exceeded 9.5 % of income . Family plans would not be considered even if the cost was above the 9.5 % income threshold . In July 2 it was announced the implementation of the employer mandate would be delayed until 2015 . The launch for both the state and federal exchanges was troubled due to management and technical failings . HealthCare.gov , the website that offers insurance through the exchanges operated by the federal government , crashed on opening and suffered endless problems . Operations stabilized in 2014 , although not all planned features were complete . The Government Accountability Office released a non-partisan study in 2014 that concluded that the administration did not provide `` effective planning or oversight practices '' in developing the ACA website . In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby the Supreme Court exempted closely held corporations with religious convictions from the contraception rule . At the beginning of the 2015 , 11.7 million had signed up ( ex-Medicaid ) . By the end of the year about 8.8 million consumers had stayed in the program. The December spending bill delayed the onset of the `` Cadillac tax '' on expensive insurance plans by two years , until 2020 . An estimated 9 million to 10 million people had gained Medicaid coverage in 2016 , mostly low - income adults . A survey of New York businesses found an increase of 8.5 percent in health care costs , less than the prior year 's survey had expected . The five major national insurers expected to lose money on ACA policies in 2016 . One of the causes of insurer losses is the lower income , older and sicker enrollee population . Newly elected Louisiana Governor John Bel Edwards issued an executive order to accept the expansion , becoming the 32nd state to do so . The program was expected to enroll an additional 300,000 Louisianans . More than 9.2 million people signed up for care on the national exchange ( healthcare.gov ) for 2017 , down some 400,000 from 2016 . This decline was due primarily to the election of President Trump . Of the 9.2 million , 3.0 million were new customers and 6.2 million were returning . The 9.2 million excludes the 11 states that run their own exchanges , which have signed up around 3 million additional people . The IRS announced that it would not require that tax returns indicate that a person has health insurance , reducing the effectiveness of the individual mandate , in response to an executive order from President Donald Trump . The CBO reported in March that the healthcare exchanges were expected to be stable . In May the United States House of Representatives voted to repeal the ACA using the American Health Care Act of 2017 . The individual mandate was repealed starting in 2019 via the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 . The CBO estimated that the repeal would cause 13 million people to lose their health insurance by 2027 . Murray -- Alexander individual market stabilization bill Main article : Murray -- Alexander Individual Market Stabilization Bill Senator Lamar Alexander and Senator Patty Murray reached a compromise to amend the Affordable Care Act to fund cost cost - sharing reductions . President Trump had stopped paying the cost sharing subsidies and the Congressional Budget Office estimated his action would cost $200 billion , cause insurance sold on the exchange to cost 20 % more and cause one million people to lose insurance . The plan will also provide more flexibility for state waivers , allow a new `` Copper Plan '' or catastrophic coverage for all , allow interstate insurance compacts , and redirect consumer fees to states for outreach . See also Government of the United States portal Health and fitness portal Law portal Medicine portal Acronyms in healthcare Community Living Assistance Services and Supports Act ( `` Class Act '' ) Comparison of the health care systems in Canada and the United States EBSA form 700 Health care reform Health systems by country Individual shared responsibility provision King v. Burwell Massachusetts health care reform ( sometimes called `` Romneycare '' ) Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 ( Reform to the American Health Care system signed into law by President Obama ) National health insurance Single - payer health care Universal health care Universal health coverage by country U.S. health care compared with 8 other countries ( tabular form ) . References ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Gregory ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' : The word that defined the health care debate '' . CNN . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oberlander , Jonathan ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Long Time Coming : Why Health Reform Finally Passed '' . Health Affairs . 29 ( 6 ) : 1112 -- 1116 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2010.0447 . ISSN 0278 - 2715 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Blumenthal , David ; Abrams , Melinda ; Nuzum , Rachel ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` The Affordable Care Act at 5 Years '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 372 ( 25 ) : 2451 -- 2458 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMhpr1503614 . ISSN 0028 - 4793 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Alan B. ; Colby , David C. ; Wailoo , Keith A. ; Zelizer , Julian E. ( 1 June 2015 ) . Medicare and Medicaid at 50 : America 's Entitlement Programs in the Age of Affordable Care . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780190231569 . ^ Jump up to : Vicini , James ; Stempel , Jonathan ; Biskupic , Joan ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2016 to 2026 '' . CBO . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Insurance Coverage and the Affordable Care Act , 2010 -- 2016 '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Budgetary and Economic Effects of Repealing the Affordable Care Act '' . Congressional Budget Office . June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBO 's Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010 '' . Congressional Budget Office . March 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CBO - The Distribution of Household Income , 2014 - March 19 , 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Employer Health Benefits 2015 '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruber , Jonathan ( 2011 ) . `` The Impacts of the Affordable Care Act : How Reasonable Are the Projections ? '' . National Tax Journal . 64 ( 3 ) : 893 -- 908 . doi : 10.17310 / ntj. 2011.3. 06 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Analysis : U.S. Supreme Court Upholds the Affordable Care Act : Roberts Rules ? '' . The National Law Review . von Briesen & Roper , S.C. June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kirzinger , Ashley ; Sugarman , Elise ; Brodie , Mollyann ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Kaiser Health Tracking Poll : November 2016 '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gallup : ObamaCare has majority support for first time '' . The Hill . Retrieved 18 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ; Pear , Robert ( 23 March 2010 ) . `` Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Into Law '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Jon ( 15 January 2017 ) . `` Rand Paul goes too far on Obamacare Medicaid growth '' . politifact . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Kimberly . `` How Much Will Obamacare Cost Me '' . The Balance . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Patients ' Bill of Rights : Ending annual and lifetime limits '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . FamiliesUSA . September 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2009 : Health Insurance Exchanges '' ( PDF ) . National Association of Insurance Commissioners. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` HHS and states move to establish Affordable Insurance Exchanges , give Americans the same insurance choices as members of Congress '' ( Press release ) . HHS . July 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Essential Health Benefits '' . HealthCare.gov . September 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` You Call This Insurance ? '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Levitt , Larry ; Claxton , Gary ; Pollitz , Karen ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Questions About Essential Health Benefits '' . Kaiser Family . Jump up ^ `` Essential Health Benefits '' . HealthCare.gov , managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . `` What does Marketplace health insurance cover ? '' . HealthCare.Gov , managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Jump up ^ `` Preventive Services Covered Under the Affordable Care Act '' . Jump up ^ `` Login '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Take : Essential Health Benefits : What Have States Decided for Their Benchmark ? '' . Kaiser Family . December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ PPACA , 2713 , ( a ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Women 's Preventive Services Guidelines HRSA , US Department of Health and Human Services Jump up ^ `` Women 's Preventive Services Coverage and Non-Profit Religious Organizations '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kliff , Sarah ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Five facts about the health law 's contraceptive mandate '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dept . Health and Human Services ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers Relating to Coverage of Preventive Services Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- Final Rules '' ( 77 FR 8725 ) . Federal Register . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Summary : These regulations finalize , without change , interim final regulations authorizing the exemption of group health plans and group health insurance coverage sponsored by certain religious employers from having to cover certain preventive health services under provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Jump up ^ Park , Madison ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Birth control should be fully covered under health plans , report says '' . CNN . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Provisions of the Affordable Care Act , By Year '' . HealthCare.gov . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Key Features of the Affordable Care Act By Year '' . HHS . June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Binckes , Jeremy ; Wing , Nick ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Top 18 Immediate Effects Of The Health Care Bill '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How do out - of - pocket maximums work ? '' . Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ; Requirements for Group Health Plans and Health Insurance Issuers Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Relating to Preexisting Condition Exclusions , Lifetime and Annual Limits , Rescissions , and Patient Protections ; Final Rule and Proposed Rule '' . Federal Register . 75 ( 123 ) : 37187 -- 37241 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pool , Gentrie ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` After PPACA : The Future of the Health Insurance Underwriter '' . Asjonline.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) implementation dates of interest to RNs as caregivers , RNs as patients , and RNs as employees '' ( PDF ) . Nursingworld.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Age Band Rating ( ACA ) '' . National Association of Personal Financial Advisors . Jump up ^ Bowman , Lee ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Health reform bill will cause several near - term changes '' . Scripps Howard News Service . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of the Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . Kaiser Family Foundation . April 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Health Insurance Market Reforms : Prevention '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . December 21 , 2010 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Next Steps to Comply with Health Care Reform '' . The National Law Review . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How do I choose Marketplace insurance ? '' . HealthCare.Gov , managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Jump up ^ `` Health Plan Categories '' . HealthCare.Gov , managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Jump up ^ `` Medical Loss Ratio '' . Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Loss Ratio Requirements Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' . Federal Register . December 7 , 2011 . p. 76573 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Coverage Provision ( '' individual mandate `` ) '' . American Public Health Association ( APHA ) . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Galewitz , Phil ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Consumers Guide To Health Reform '' . Kaiser Health News . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Burn Your Obamacare Card , Burn Yourself '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ McClanahan , Carolyn ( August 4 , 2013 ) . `` Reader 's Questions About Obamacare -- Misinformation Abounds '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pippenger , Nathan ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Health Care Reform Without The Mandate ? '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Common Sense '' . The New Republic . Cohn , Jonathan ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` What If the Mandate Goes ? '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare 's Individual Mandate Ca n't Wait '' . The New Republic . Cohn , Jonathan ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` What If the Mandate Goes ? '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( March 21 , 2012 ) . `` Reform With No Mandate ? Ask New Jersey About That '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` Just in Case : How Reform Might Survive Without the Mandate '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Banthin , Jessica ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Effects of Eliminating the Individual Mandate to Obtain Health Insurance '' . CBO . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Gruber ( economist ) ( February 2011 ) . `` Health Care Reform without the Individual Mandate '' ( PDF ) . Center for American Progress . Jump up ^ Eibner , Christine ; Price , Carter ( 2012 ) . `` The Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Enrollment and Premiums , With and Without the Individual Mandate '' ( PDF ) . Rand Health . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Common Sense '' . The New Republic . Cohn , Jonathan ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` What If the Mandate Goes ? '' . The New Republic . Cohn , Jonathan ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` Was the Mandate a Mistake ? '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` Was the Mandate a Mistake ? '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : `` Cost Estimate for Pending Health Care Legislation '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . March 20 , 2010 . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Chaikind , Hinda ; Copeland , Curtis W. ; Redhead , C. Stephen ; Staman , Jennifer ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` PPACA : A Brief Overview of the Law , Implementation , and Legal Challenges '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . R41664 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbull , Mark ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Obama signs health care bill : Who wo n't be covered ? '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily Jane ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` 6 million will lose out on Medicaid expansion '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hatch , Orrin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Orrin Hatch : Repealing the individual mandate tax is the beginning of the end of the ObamaCare era '' . Fox News . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Explaining Health Care Reform : Questions About Health Insurance Subsidies '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Luhby , Tami ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Millions eligible for Obamacare subsidies , but most do n't know it '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act / Title I / Subtitle E / Part I / Subpart A '' . Jump up ^ Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act : Title I : Subtitle E : Part I : Subpart A : Premium Calculation Jump up ^ `` Small Business Health Care Tax Credit and the SHOP Marketplace '' . Internal Revenue Service . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treasury Lays the Foundation to Deliver Tax Credits '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Health Insurance Premium Credits in the PPACA '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . April 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Explaining Health Care Reform '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Explaining Health Care Reform '' ( PDF ) . Kaiser Family Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Health Insurance Premium Credits Under PPACA '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' . Jump up ^ `` Policies to Improve Affordability and Accountability '' . The White House . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Family Foundation : Health Reform Subsidy Calculator -- Premium Assistance for Coverage in Exchanges / Gateways '' . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Marketplace '' . HealthCare.Gov , managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . `` What is the Health Insurance Marketplace ? '' . HealthCare.Gov , managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Jump up ^ `` Insurance Exchanges '' . American Public Health Association ( APHA ) . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare Sticker Shock : Not Very Shocking '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : `` State Decisions For Creating Health Insurance Exchanges , as of May 28 , 2013 -- Notes '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Health Insurance Exchange Laws : The First Generation '' . The CommonWealth Fund . July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adams , Rebecca ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` The Question of Abortion Coverage in Health Exchanges '' . Roll Call . ^ Jump up to : Legislative Attorneys , American Law Division ( January 5 , 2016 ) , Lawsuits to Recover Payments under the Risk Corridors Program of the Affordable Care Act ( PDF ) , Congressional Research Service , p. 6 , retrieved February 11 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Nicholas Bagley ( November 24 , 2016 ) , `` Trouble on the Exchanges -- Does the United States Owe Billions to Health Insurers ? '' , New England Journal of Medicine , 375 : 2017 -- 2019 , doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1612486 , retrieved February 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Risk Corridors and Budget Neutrality ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , April 11 , 2014 Department of Health and Human Services Jump up ^ Yes , Marco Rubio Led The Effort To End Obamacare 's Health , Forbes , December 15 , 2015 , retrieved February 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Rubio 's inaccurate claim that he ' inserted ' a provision restricting Obamacare ' bailout ' funds '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Michael Hiltzik ( February 10 , 2017 ) , With billions at stake , a federal judge just nullified the GOP 's most cynical attack on Obamacare , LA Times , retrieved February 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Moda Health Plan , Inc. v . The United States , US Courts , February 10 , 2017 , p. 40 , retrieved February 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ HHS Press Office ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` HHS finalizes rule guaranteeing 100 percent funding for new Medicaid beneficiaries '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . effective January 1 , 2014 , the federal government will pay 100 percent of defined cost of certain newly eligible adult Medicaid beneficiaries . These payments will be in effect through 2016 , phasing down to a permanent 90 percent matching rate by 2020 . Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Medicaid program : Increased federal medical assistance percentage changes under the Affordable Care Act of 2010 : Final rule '' . Federal Register . 78 ( 63 ) : 19917 -- 19947 . ( A ) 100 percent , for calendar quarters in calendar years ( CYs ) 2014 through 2016 ; ( B ) 95 percent , for calendar quarters in CY 2017 ; ( C ) 94 percent , for calendar quarters in CY 2018 ; ( D ) 93 percent , for calendar quarters in CY 2019 ; ( E ) 90 percent , for calendar quarters in CY 2020 and all subsequent calendar years . Jump up ^ https://www.hhs.gov/news/press/2013pres/03/20130329a.html Jump up ^ http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3801 Jump up ^ `` Medicaid Expansion '' . Is Medicaid eligibility expanding to 133 or 138 percent FPL , and what is MAGI ? : American Public Health Association ( APHA ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Affordable Care Act Update : Implementing Medicare Cost Savings '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . August 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Higher Spending Relative to Medicare Fee - for - Service May Not Ensure Lower Out - of - Pocket Costs for Beneficiaries '' . Government Accountability Office . February 8 , 2008 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PPACA , section 9015 as modified by section 10906 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` HCERA section 1402 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Rethinking the Affordable Care Act 's `` Cadillac Tax '' : A More Equitable Way to Encourage `` Chevy '' Consumption `` . The Commonwealth Fund . Jump up ^ `` What are the major federal excise taxes , and how much money do they raise ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Where are States Today ? Medicaid and CHIP Eligibility Levels for Children and Non-Disabled Adults '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ H.R. 3590 Enrolled , section 1001 ( adding section 2714 to the Public Health Service Act ) : `` A group health plan and a health insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage that provides dependent coverage of children shall continue to make such coverage available for an adult child ( who is not married ) until the child turns 26 years of age . '' Jump up ^ `` Young Adults and the Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Explaining Health Care Reform : What is Employer `` Pay - or - Play '' Requirement ? `` . Kaiser Family Foundation . May 1 , 2009 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Kristen ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` What Health Overhaul Means for Small Businesses '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Weaseling Out of Obamacare '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Health Coverage & Uninsured '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . June 20 , 2013 . `` Health Insurance Coverage of the Total Population '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pg 14 of ' Kaiser Health Tracking Poll : June 2013 ' '' ( PDF ) . Kaiser Family Foundation . June 2013 . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Yuval Levin Dissembles Madly '' . New York . Jump up ^ `` Access '' . Medscape . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Key Healthcare Reform Initiatives : Medicare Bundled Payment Pilots '' . Huron Consulting Group . November 19 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` More savings in the drug coverage gap coming through 2020 '' . Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Accountable Care Organizations , Explained '' . Kaiser Health News . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What the Affordable Care Act means for prescription coverage '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Claffey , Jason ( August 14 , 2010 ) . `` Medicare ' Doughnut Hole ' Checks in the Mail '' . Foster 's Daily Democrat . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Closing the Coverage Gap -- Medicare Prescription Drugs Are Becoming More Affordable '' ( PDF ) . CMS . January 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Public Law 111 -- 148 , section 1332 '' . Government Printing Office . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preparing for Innovation : Proposed Process for States to Adopt Innovative Strategies to Meet the Goals of the Affordable Care Act '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Amy ; Balz , Dan ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` Obama offers states more flexibility in health - care law '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Shumlin issued the following statement on health care rules '' . Governor.vermont.gov . March 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Estes , Adam Clark ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Vermont Becomes First State to Enact Single - Payer Health Care '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wing , Nicholas ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Vermont Single - Payer Health Care Law Signed By Governor '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Costs derail Vermont 's single - payer health plan '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Span , Paula ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Options Expand for Affordable Long - Term Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ PriceWaterHouseCoopers . `` The CLASS Act . '' HRS Insight : Human Resource Services . 2010 : 1 -- 6 . Web . Jump up ^ Carney , Timothy ( February 28 , 2011 ) So , yeah , the health - care bill was really an awful piece of legislation that sent the revolving door spinning faster , Washington Examiner Jump up ^ `` Consumer Operated and Oriented Plans ( CO-OPs ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Avik ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` The Tortuous History of Conservatives and the Individual Mandate '' . Forbes Magazine . Jump up ^ Butler , Stuart M. ( 1989 ) . ( PDF ) . The Heritage Foundation http://healthcarereform.procon.org/sourcefiles/1989_assuring_affordable_health_care_for_all_americans.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Common Sense '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Michael ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Conservatives Sowed Idea of Health Care Mandate , Only to Spurn It Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klein , Ezra ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Unpopular Mandate '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Bob ; Clift , Eleanor ( September 18 , 1994 ) . `` The Lost Chance '' . Newsweek . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fouhy , Beth ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` Hillary Claims Credit for Child Program '' . Associated Press for NewsMax . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart : Comparing Health Reform Bills : Democrats and Republicans 2009 , Republicans 1993 '' . Kaiser Health News . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . `` Summary Of A 1993 Republican Health Reform Plan '' . Kaiser Health News . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In 1993 , Republicans Proposed A Mandate First '' . NPR . March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Individual Health Insurance Mandate , 1989 -- 2010 Republican Origins of Democratic Health Care Provision '' . ProCon.org . February 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook post says Republicans embraced individual mandate in 1993 '' . PolitiFact. April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AG Suthers could n't be more wrong in his decision to file lawsuit '' . Colorado Statesman . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` G.O.P. and Health Mandate '' . The New York Times . February 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romneycare 's 98 % Success Rate Defies Gripes on Obama Law '' . Bloomberg . March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ball , Molly ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Was Mitt Romney a Good Governor ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lizza , Ryan ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Romney 's dilemma '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- S. 334 '' . Library of Congress THOMAS . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kuttner , Robert ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` RomneyCare vs. ObamaCare '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cline , Andrew . `` How Obama Broke His Promise on Individual Mandates '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Democratic presidential debate '' . CNN . January 21 , 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The First Presidential Debate '' . The New York Times . September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rustgi , Sheila ; Collins , Sara R. ; Davis , Karen ; Nicholson , Jennifer L. `` The 2008 Presidential Candidates ' Health Reform Proposals : Choices for America '' . Jump up ^ `` Remarks of President Barack Obama -- Address to Joint Session of Congress '' . The White House . February 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : Milestones in Obama 's quest for healthcare reform '' . Reuters . March 22 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kruger , Mike ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Affordable Health Care for America Act '' . United States House Committee on Education and Labor . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Reform from Conception to Final Passage '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Finance Committee Hearings for the 111th Congress recorded by C - SPAN '' . C - SPAN . Jump up ^ `` Senate Finance Committee hearings for 111th Congress '' . Finance.Senate.Gov . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Gruber ( economist ) '' . MIT Department of Economics . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . `` Jonathan Gruber : short biography '' . MIT Department of Economics . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` How They Did It '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` Party Is Such Sweet Sorrow '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Obama 's Moderate Health Care Plan '' . The New Republic . Chait , Jonathan ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Republican Health Care Blunder '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Republican Health Care Blunder '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Hulse , Carl ; Nagourney , Adam ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Senate G.O.P. Leader Finds Weapon in Unity '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Eaton , Joe ; Pell , M.B. ; Mehta , Aaron ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Lobbying Giants Cash In On Health Overhaul '' . NPR . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Drug Deal '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Grim , Ryan ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Internal Memo Confirms Big Giveaways In White House Deal With Big Pharma '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Visualizing The Health Care Lobbyist Complex '' . Sunlight Foundation . July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Sari ; Pershing , Ben ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Anger over health - care reform spurs rise in threats against Congress members '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kellman , Laurie ; Abrams , Jim ( March 26 , 2010 ) . `` Threats against lawmakers spread after health vote '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by the President to a Joint Session of Congress on Health Care '' . The White House . September 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Edward M. ( May 12 , 2009 ) . `` Text of letter to the President from Senator Edward M. Kennedy '' . White House Press Secretary . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . I , § 7 , cl. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Summary : H.R. 3590 -- 111th Congress ( 2009 -- 2010 ) '' . Library of Congress . July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S. Amdt. 2786 Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` Why Reform Survived August '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Hacker , Jacob S. ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Why I Still Believe in This Bill '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Public Option , Still Dead '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` What Public Option Supporters Won '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Ben Nelson , Still a Big Problem ( Updated ) '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` Nelson Says Yes ; That Makes 60 '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` ' Cornhusker ' Out , More Deals In : Health Care Bill Gives Special Treatment '' . Fox News . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roll Call vote No. 395 -- On the Cloture Motion ( Motion to Invoke Cloture on H.R. 3590 ) '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roll Call vote No. 396 -- On Passage of the Bill ( H.R. 3590 as Amended ) '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AARP , AMA Announce Support For Health Care Bill : Largest Doctors And Retiree Groups Backing Legislation '' . The Huffington Post , March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Applewhite , J. Scott . `` Senator - elect Scott Brown welcomed as Republican hero after upset victory in Massachusetts '' . McClatchy - Tribune News Service . Associated Press . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Statements -- Project Vote Smart '' ( Press release ) . Votesmart.org . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` Will the Base Abandon Hope ? '' . FiveThirtyEight . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` How to Pass the Bill -- Whatever Happens Tuesday '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Stolberg , Sheryl ; Zeleny , Jeff ; Hulse , Carl ( March 20 , 2010 ) . `` Health Vote Caps a Journey Back From the Brink '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Carrie ; Thrush , Glenn ( March 20 , 2010 ) . `` Pelosi steeled W.H. for health push '' . Politico . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` White House Unveils Revamped Reform Plan , GOP And Industry React '' . Kaiser Health News . February 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chait , Jonathan ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` A Brief Reconciliation Primer '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Silver , Nate ( December 26 , 2009 ) . `` For Pelosi , Many Paths to 218 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` 1 . Reconciliation ! 2. ? ? ? 3 . Profit ! '' . FiveThirtyEight . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Reconciliation : Why Most Dems Do n't Want to Go There '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Executive Order 13535 of March 24 , 2010 -- Ensuring Enforcement and Implementation of Abortion Restrictions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , Vol. 75 , No. 59 75 FR 15599 , March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` Stupak Makes A Deal , Reform To Pass '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Roll Call vote No. 165 : On Motion to Concur in Senate Amendments ( Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ) '' . Office of the Clerk : House of Representatives . March 21 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aro , Margaret ; Mooney , Mark ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pelosi Defends Health Care Fight Tactics '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl ; Pear , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Signs Health Care Overhaul Bill , With a Flourish '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Benen , Steve ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` On Groundhog Day , Republicans vote to repeal Obamacare '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ `` National Health Interview Survey , January to June 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CDC.gov . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry - Jester , Anna Maria ; Ben , Casselman ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Obamacare Has Increased Insurance Coverage Everywhere '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Bowen ( December 2016 ) . `` Who Gained Health Insurance Coverage Under the ACA , and Where Do They Live ? '' ( PDF ) . Urban Institute . p. 2 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Reform Monitoring Survey '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Current Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rates Up 22 Percent For Obamacare Plans , But Subsidies Rise , Too '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Average Annual Workplace Family Health Premiums Rise Modest 3 % '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Economic Record of the Obama Administration : Progress Reducing Inequality '' ( PDF ) . Whitehouse.gov . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Alex ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Health Insurance Exchanges '' . Bloomberg View . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Status of State Action on the Medicaid Expansion Decision , as of September 1 , 2015 '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . June 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Pear ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` States ' Policies on Health Care Exclude Some of the Poorest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . In most cases , ( Sandy Praeger , Insurance Commissioner of Kansas ) , said adults with incomes from 32 percent to 100 percent of the poverty level ( $6,250 to $19,530 for a family of three ) `` will have no assistance '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Cost of Obamacare Medicaid Expansion 49 % Higher Than Previously Estimated '' . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Coverage Gap for Adultsin States not Expanding Medicaid '' . October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kliff , Sarah ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` What Happens if a State Opts Out of Medicaid , in One Chart '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Health Reform and MedicaidExpansion '' . HealthCare Reform Magazine . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Analyzing the Impact of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment Policy Provisions in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . Families USA . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` We Do n't Know Everything About Obamacare . But We Know Who 's Trying to Sabotage It '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Tami Luhby ( July 1 , 2013 ) . `` States forgo billions by opting out of Medicaid expansion '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Is Medicaid Expansion Good for the States ? '' . U.S. News & World Report . n.d. Jump up ^ Evan Soltas ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wonkbook : The terrible deal for states rejecting Medicaid '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Rutkin , Aviva . `` Obamacare has already improved health of low - income Americans '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicaid expansion under ACA linked with better health care , improved health for low - income adults News Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health '' . www.hsph.harvard.edu . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanger - katz , Margot ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` How Expanding Medicaid Can Lower Insurance Premiums for All '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NationalHealthAccountsProjected '' . February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mali , Meghashyam ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Next president faces possible ObamaCare meltdown '' . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Premium Changes and Insurer Participation in the Affordable Care Act 's Health Insurance Marketplaces '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Analysis of Health Insurance Premium Trends in the Individual Market Finds Average Yearly Increases of 10 Percent or More Prior to the Affordable Care Act '' . Commonwealth Fund . June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Slowdown in Rise of Healthcare Costs May Persist '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` The Facts Are In and Paul Ryan Is Wrong '' . New York . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Someone Tell Ted Cruz the Obamacare War Is Over '' . New York . Jump up ^ Wayne , Alex ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Health Cost Growth Slows Further Even as Economy Rebounds '' . Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ `` Assessing the Effects of the Economy on the Recent Slowdown in Health Spending '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Krawzak , Paul ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` In Spending Debate , Baby Boomer Issue Remains a Headache for Legislators '' . Roll Call . Jump up ^ Obama , B , JD . United States Health Care Reform -- Progress to Date and Next Steps . JAMA . Published online July 11 , 2016 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2016.9797 Jump up ^ Johnson , Carolyn Y. ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` How companies are quietly changing your health plan to make you pay more '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Survey of Non-Group Health Insurance Enrollees , Wave 3 '' . kff.org . Kaiser Family Foundation . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The FRED Blog - There 's Death and then there 's Death - Nov 2 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Obama 's claim the Affordable Care Act was a ' major reason ' in preventing 50,000 patient deaths '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Repealing the Affordable Care Act will kill more than 43,000 people annually '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : The FRED Blog - There 's Death and then there 's Death - Nov 2 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Kaiser Family Foundation - The Coverage Gap : Uninsured Poor Adults in States that Do Not Expand Medicaid - November 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Elmendorf , Douglas W. ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` CBO 's Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Elmendorf , Douglas W. ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` CBO 's 2011 Long - Term Budget Outlook '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . p. 44 . Through those changes and numerous others , the 2010 legislation significantly decreased Medicare outlays relative to what they would have been under prior law . Jump up ^ `` Another Comment on CBO 's Estimates for the Insurance Coverage Provisions of the Affordable Care Act '' . Congressional Budget Office . March 16 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4872 , Reconciliation Act of 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Steven ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` CBO : Health Care Overhaul Would Cost $940 Billion '' . Roll Call . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klein , Ezra ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` What does the health - care bill do in its first year ? '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Correction Regarding the Longer - Term Effects of the Manager 's Amendment to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . December 19 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Judith Solomon ; Paul N. Van de Water ( April 18 , 2012 ) . `` Letter : Improving the Strength and Solvency of Medicare '' . The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . Jump up ^ Pecquet , Julian ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` CBO : Obama 's health law to cost less , cover fewer people than first thought '' . The Hill . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBO 's Estimates for the Insurance Coverage Provisions of the Affordable Care Act Updated for the Recent Supreme Court Decision '' . Congressional Budget Office . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Health reform coverage cost falls slightly '' . CNN . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Where does health care reform stand ? '' . CNN . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( March 18 , 2010 ) . `` Pelosi : CBO says health reform bill would cut deficits by $1.2 trillion in second decade '' . PolitiFact.com . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Tom Coburn : Obamacare PR campaign anchored in spin , not reality '' . The Washington Examiner . July 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Capretta . `` Obamacare 's Cooked Books and the ' Doc Fix ' '' . National Review . Jump up ^ Hogberg , David ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` GOP Might Target ObamaCare As Part Of A Medicare ' Doc Fix ' '' . Investor 's Business Daily . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Responses to Questions About CBO 's Preliminary Estimate of the Direct Spending and Revenue Effects of H.R. 4872 , the Reconciliation Act of 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Doc Fix Myth And The Right 's Misinformation Feedback Loop '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Van de Water , Peter . `` Debunking False Claims About Health Reform , Jobs , and the Deficit '' . Center for Budget and Policy Priorities . Jump up ^ Uwe Reinhardt ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wrapping Your Head Around the Health Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Holtz - Eakin , Douglas ( March 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Real Arithmetic of Health Care Reform '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` The GOP 's Trick Play '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Scheiber , Noam ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Is the CBO Biased Against Health Care Reform ? '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Electronic Medical Records ( Health Information Technology ) '' . Jump up ^ James , Frank ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Health Overhaul Another Promise U.S. Ca n't Afford : Expert '' . NPR . Retrieved April 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Has Good Record of Implementing Medicare Savings '' . CBPP . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Can Congress cut Medicare costs ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Affordable Care Act and Employers '' . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is the Affordable Care Act a Hidden Jobs Killer ? '' . Center for Economic and Policy Research . CEPR . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Sorry , The CBO Did Not Say Health Reform Kills 800,000 Jobs '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Obamacare , Good for the Economy '' . The New Republic . ^ Jump up to : Government Printing Office . `` Title 26 -- Internal Revenue Code '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Chait , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Obama Employer Mandate Delay Train Wreck ! Or Not '' . New York . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Kliff ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` Will Obamacare lead to millions more part - time workers ? Companies are still deciding '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Ungar , Rick . `` The Real Numbers On ' The Obamacare Effect ' Are In - Now Let The Crow Eating Begin '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Situation Summary '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Conover , Chris . `` Who Can Deny It ? Obamacare Is Accelerating U.S. Towards A Part - Time Nation '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moriya , A.S. ; Selden , T.M. ; Simon , K.I. ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Little Change Seen In Part - Time Employment As A Result Of The Affordable Care Act '' . Health Affairs . 35 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 123 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2015.0949 . Jump up ^ Bill Sizemore ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Va. workers ' part - time hours capped due to health law '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Annie - Rose Strasser ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Virginia Cuts State Employees ' Hours To Avoid Providing Obamacare Coverage '' . ThinkProgress . Jump up ^ Ned Resnikoff ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Colleges roll back faculty hours in response to Obamacare '' . MSNBC . Sy Mukherjee ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Four Public Colleges Will Cut Adjunct Faculty Hours To Avoid Providing Health Coverage Under Obamacare '' . ThinkProgress . ^ Jump up to : `` As Health Law Changes Loom , A Shift To Part - Time Workers '' . NPR. April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jared Bernstein ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Stop Blaming Obamacare for Part - Time Workers '' . Teagan Goddard 's Wonkwire . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthew Yglesias ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare 's Not To Blame For Increasing Part - time Work '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Timothy Jost ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Implementing Health Reform : A One - Year Employer Mandate Delay '' . Health Affairs . ^ Jump up to : Cohn , Jonathan ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Some Bad News About Obamacare That Is n't Bogus '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Am I eligible for coverage in the Marketplace ? '' . HealthCare.Gov , managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . ^ Jump up to : Robert Greenstein ; Judith Solomon ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Finance Committee Makes Flawed Employer Requirement in Health Reform Bill Still More Problematic '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . ^ Jump up to : Ezra Klein ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Will Obamacare lead to millions more part - time workers ? Companies are still deciding '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Matthew Yglesias ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Delaying Employer Responsibility Fines Is a Good Idea -- the Real Problem Comes Later '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare Haters Struggling to Understand What ' Nonessential ' Means '' . New York . Chait , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare Still Not Collapsing '' . New York . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare 's Individual Mandate Ca n't Wait '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ `` Union Letter : Obamacare Will ' Destroy The Very Health and Wellbeing ' of Workers '' , The Wall Street Journal , July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Torres , Carlos ( January 27 , 2014 ) . `` Economists See Little Effect on Hiring From U.S. Health - Care Law '' . www.businessweek.com . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Jayne ; Ungar , Laura ; Hoyer , Meghan ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Rural hospitals in critical condition '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Hamada , Omar L. ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Obamacare has detrimental effect on rural hospitals '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Howell , Tom Jr . ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ER visits up under Obamacare despite promises , doctors ' poll finds '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama and Democrats ' Health Care Plan '' . RealClearPolitics . October 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Emily ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Health Care Plan : Favor / Oppose '' . Pollster.com . Jump up ^ `` As Health Care Law Proceeds , Opposition and Uncertainty Persist '' ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Page , Susan ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Poll : Health care plan gains favor '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Zengerle , Patricia ( June 24 , 2012 ) . `` Reuters-Most Americans Oppose Health Law But Like the Provisions '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ezra Klein ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Republicans hate ' Obamacare ' , but like most of what it does '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greg Sargent ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Republicans Support Obama 's Health Reforms -- As Long As His Name Is n't On Them '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CNN Opinion Research Poll '' ( PDF ) . CNN . March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Scott ; Schoen , Doug ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Why Obama Ca n't Move the Health - Care Numbers '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare , Public Opinion , and Conservative Self - Delusion '' . New York Magazine . Jump up ^ Jackson , David . `` Poll : Most oppose blocking Obama health care law '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RAND Health Reform Opinion Study '' . RAND Health . May 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AP - GfK Poll : Obama 's health care fails to gain support '' . Associated Press . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ObamaCare 8 % '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Colmes , `` Poll : Voters No Longer Want To Repeal Obamacare '' , Liberaland , December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : Obamacare and the Supreme Court '' . CBS News . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` After the Election , the Public Remains Sharply Divided on Future of the Affordable Care Act '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Obamacare More Popular Than Ever , Now That It May Be Repealed '' . NYT . February 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dropp , Kyle ; Nyhan , Brendan ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` One - Third Do n't Know Obamacare and Affordable Care Act Are the Same '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lerman , Amy E. ; McCabe , Katherine T. ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Personal Experience and Public Opinion : A Theory and Test of Conditional Policy Feedback '' . The Journal of Politics : 000 -- 000 . doi : 10.1086 / 689286 . ISSN 0022 - 3816 . Jump up ^ Amanda Cox ; Alicia Desantis ; Jeremy White ( March 25 , 2012 ) . `` Fighting to Control the Meaning of ' Obamacare ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Peter ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Democrats Embrace Once Pejorative ' Obamacare ' Tag '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Steven ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Democratic Rep. John Conyers wants to reclaim ' ObamaCare ' , make it a compliment '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Madison , Lucy ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` On bus tour , Obama embraces ' Obamacare ' , says ' I do care ' '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Daniel ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Obama camp 's pitch to supporters : ' Hell yeah , I 'm for Obamacare ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prince , Richard ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` AP , NPR Curb Use of `` Obamacare '' Term `` . Robert C. Maynard Institute for Journalism Education . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gold , Hadas ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` AP , NPR to cut back on ' Obamacare ' '' . Politico . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Palin falsely claims Barack Obama runs a `` death panel '' `` . PolitiFact . August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seniors Beware '' . Snopes . August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beutler , Brian ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` A new kind of birther and death panel insanity explodes '' . Salon . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ebeler , Jack ; Neuman , Tricia ; Cubanski , Juliette ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` The Independent Payment Advisory Board : A New Approach to Controlling Medicare Spending '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . p. 3 . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Here We Go Again , With the Death Panels '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Mandatory Death Counseling -- exposed ! '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Parsons , Christi ; Zajac , Andrew ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Senate committee scraps healthcare provision that gave rise to ' death panel ' claims ; Though the claims are widely discredited , the Senate Finance Committee is withdrawing from its bill the inclusion of advance - care planning consultations , calling them too confusing '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Nyhan , Brendan ( 2010 ) . `` Why the `` Death Panel '' Myth Would n't Die : Misinformation in the Health Care Reform Debate '' ( PDF ) . The Forum . Berkeley Electronic Press . 8 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.2202 / 1540 - 8884.1354 . Jump up ^ Viebeck , Elise ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Poll : Four in 10 believe in Obama healthcare law ' death panels ' '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ Drobnic Holan , Angie ( December 19 , 2009 ) . `` PolitiFact 's Lie of the Year : ' Death panels ' '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henig , Jess ; Robertson , Lori ( July 29 , 2010 ) . `` False Euthanasia Claims '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Lori Robertson ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Whoppers of 2009 -- We review the choicest falsehoods from a year that kept us busy '' . FactCheck.org . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Tweet ' 2009 Word of the Year , ' Google ' Word of the Decade , as voted by American Dialect Society '' ( PDF ) . American Dialect Society . January 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Euthanasia Counseling '' . Snopes . August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Public Law 111 -- 148 , section 1312 : `` ... the only health plans that the Federal Government may make available to Members of Congress and congressional staff with respect to their service as a Member of Congress or congressional staff shall be health plans that are ( I ) created under this Act ( or an amendment made by this Act ) ; or ( II ) offered through an Exchange established under this Act ( or an amendment made by this Act ) . '' Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Congress Exempts Itself From Obamacare ! Or Something ! '' . New York . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` The Latest Obamacare Lie That Just Wo n't Die '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Bowers , Becky ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sen. Ted Cruz says Obama ' just granted all of Congress an exception ' to Obamacare '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Lori ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Congress Exempt from Health Bill ? '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Viebeck , Elise ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` Poll : Four in 10 think illegals are covered by Obama healthcare law '' . The Hill . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` The Democrats ' health care bills would provide ' free health care for illegal immigrants ' '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Once and Future Obamacare Death Spiral '' . Bloomberg . January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Insurers Participating in the Individual Health Insurance Marketplaces '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBO The Budget and Economic Outlook 2017 -- 2027 '' . CBO. 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obamacare and Labor Supply '' . New York Times . June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Labor leaders ' letter to Harry Reid and Nancy Pelosi '' . The Washington Post . January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Union Letter : Obamacare Will ' Destroy The Very Health and Wellbeing ' of Workers '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` States Are Focus of Effort to Foil Health Care Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Editorial Board ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` The Koch Party '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Conservatives ' Aggressive Ad Campaign Seeks to Cast Doubt on Health Law '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Conservatives Brace for the Possibility Obamacare Wo n't Totally Suck '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Michael Cannon ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` The Anti-Universal Coverage Club Manifesto '' . Cato Institute . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Health Care As a Privilege : What the GOP Wo n't Admit '' . New York . Jump up ^ Schoen , John W. ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's what 's coming from the Trump administration '' . CNBC . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Maggie ; Pear , Robert ( 10 January 2017 ) . `` Trump Tells Congress to Repeal and Replace Health Care Law ' Very Quickly ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 54 : AFL - CIO Convention Resolution on the Affordable Care Act '' . AFL - CIO . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pradhan , Rachana ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Democratic governor : Obamacare ' no longer affordable ' for many '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Demko , Paul ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` Democratic governor expresses regret over Obamacare comments , requests emergency relief for rate hikes '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Cauchi , Richard ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` State Legislation and Actions Challenging Certain Health Reforms '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Lawsuit Case Challenges '' . Independent Women 's Forum . November 26 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March 14 , 2012 Statement on Religious Freedom and HHS Mandate '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goodstein , Laurie ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Catholics File Suits on Contraceptive Coverage '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Taylor , Audrey ; Seanz , Arlette ; Levine , Mike ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Upholds Obamacare Subsidies , President Says ACA ' Is Here to Stay ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Haberkorn , Jennifer ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` House GOP wins Obamacare lawsuit '' . Politico . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Greg ( May 26 , 2017 ) , `` Trump 's latest tantrum will hurt hundreds of thousands of people . Here 's how . '' , The Washington Post , retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 Jump up ^ Somashekhar , Sandhya ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` States find new ways to resist health law '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Ornstein , Norm ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Unprecedented and Contemptible Attempts to Sabotage Obamacare '' . National Journal . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Missouri Citizens Face Obstacles to Coverage '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` The Right 's Latest Scheme to Sabotage Obamacare '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Kliff , Sarah ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inside the Obamacare Resistance '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Michael ( March 22 , 2010 ) . `` GOP quick to release ' repeal ' bills '' . The Hill . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status -- 112th Congress ( 2011 -- 2012 ) -- H.R. 2 '' . THOMAS . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for passage of Repealing the Job - Killing Health Care Law Act ( H.R. 2 ) '' . THOMAS . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beutler , Brian ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` Dems Press GOPers To Repeal Their Own Benefits Along With Health Care Law '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Motion to Waive All Applicable Budgetary Discipline Re : McConnell Amdt . No. 13 '' . U.S. Senate . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` House Passes Health Care Repeal 245 -- 189 '' . C - SPAN . January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boles , Corey ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Romney , GOP Pledge to Repeal Health Law '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` House Obamacare Repeal : Thirty - Third Time 's the Charm ? '' . ABC News . July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrea K. ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` House of representatives votes to repeal health reform for the 31st time '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deirdre Walsh ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` House votes - again - to repeal Obamacare '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Weisman ; Robert Pear ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Partisan Gridlock Thwarts Effort to Alter Health Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . we can not use any of the normal tools to resolve ambiguities or fix problems Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` In Shift , Lobbyists Look for Bipartisan Support to Repeal a Tax '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chait , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Obamacare Still Not Collapsing '' . New York . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` What Defunding Health Reform Would Do '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Lori Montgomery ; Paul Kane ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Shutdown begins : Stalemate forces first U.S. government closure in 17 years '' . The Washington Post . Blake , Aaron ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` McCain : Efforts to repeal and defund Obamacare ' not rational ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beutler , Brian ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` New test could expose GOP 's pack of charlatans '' . Salon . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Tea Party to Republicans : Shut Down the Government , or You 're a Sellout '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Goddard , Teagan ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Blocking the Medicare Reform Board Wo n't Stop Reform '' . WonkWire.RollCall.com . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Save Donald '' . The New Republic . Cohn , Jonathan ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Meet The Don '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` The New Nullification : GOP v. Obama Nominees '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Pear , Robert ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Senate Takes Major Step Toward Repealing Health Care Law '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Senate to Move Forward on ObamaCare Repeal '' . Fox News Politics . 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , MJ ; Barrett , Ted ; LoBianco , Tom ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Senate Opens Obamacare Repeal Drive with Overnight Marathon '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Senate Approves First Step Toward Repealing Obamacare in Late - Night Session '' . NBC News . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Golstein , Amy ; DeBonis , Mike ; Snell , Kelsey . `` House Republicans release long - awaited plan to repeal and replace Obamacare '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Push to Repeal Health Law Fails '' . New York Times . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Republicans pass bill to repeal and replace Obamacare '' . CNN . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Republicans signal they plan to scrap bill the House just passed and write their own '' . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Pear , Robert ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Secrecy Surrounding Senate Health Bill Raises Alarms in Both Parties '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bump , Philip ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` The remarkable steps Republicans are taking to obscure what 's in their health - care bill '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarlin , Benjy ; Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Senate 's Health Care Bill Remains Shrouded in Secrecy '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1628 , Better Care Reconciliation Act of 2017 , discussion draft ERN17282 '' ( PDF ) . Senate Budget Committee . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lauren Fox , MJ Lee , Phil Mattingly and Ted Barrett . `` McCain returns as Senate advances health bill '' . CNN . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Ezra ( July 28 , 2017 ) , The GOP 's massive health care failures , explained , Vox , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 Jump up ^ NYT - Steven Rattner - 2017 : The Year in Charts - December 29 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` American Healthcare Act Cost Estimate '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NYT - Edsall - Killing Obamacare Softly - July 27 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Coverage Gap : Uninsured Poor Adults in States that Do Not Expand Medicaid - October 19 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Vox - Sarah Kliff - CBO : Trump is making Obamacare premiums more expensive - September 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ NYT - Robert Pear - Marco Rubio Quietly Undermines Affordable Care Act - December 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ Politico - Trump Still Enforcing Obamacare Mandate - May 2017 Jump up ^ VOX - Sarah Kliff - Trump is slashing Obamacare 's advertising budget by 90 % - August 31 , 2017 Jump up ^ NYT - Editorial - Obamacare vs. the Saboteurs - November 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Healthinsurance.org Ten Ways the GOP sabotaged Obamacare - May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Kodjak , Alison ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Halt In Subsidies For Health Insurers Expected To Drive Up Costs For Middle Class '' . NPR . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mulvihill , Geoff ; Kennedy , Kelli ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Many states , consumers alarmed by Trump 's health care order '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Dylan ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Obamacare premiums were stabilizing . Then Trump happened '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` Sabotage Watch : Tracking Efforts to Undermine the ACA '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . Updated October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ; Haberman , Maggie ; Abelsonoct , Reed ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Trump to Scrap Critical Health Care Subsidies , Hitting Obamacare Again '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Kliff , Sarah ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Sarah Kliff - Trump 's stance on insurance ' bailouts ' is completely incoherent '' Vox ... ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2017 to 2027 '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Effects of Terminating Payments for Cost - Sharing Reductions '' . Center on Budget and Policy Priorities . August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Town Hall , and a Health Care Model , in Green Bay '' . The White House Blog . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis . `` Barack Obama says that what he 'd said was you could keep your plan ' if it has n't changed since the law passed ' '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` After the big Obamacare apology : where things stand '' . CNN . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama apologizes for insurance cancellations due to Obamacare '' . CNN . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Obama blames ' bad apple ' insurers for canceled coverage , Reuters.com , October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sealover , Ed ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Health insurers say they 're canceling plans because of federal law '' . Denver Business Journal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lie of the Year : `` If you like your health care plan , you can keep it '' . Politifact . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` The White House 's Website Still Says If You Like Your Plan You Can Keep It '' . Slate . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obamacare : The debacle '' . The Economist . November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Obama apologizes to Americans who lost health plans '' . Fox News . November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schoof , Renee ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Congress weighing laws to let people keep health insurance '' . McClatchyDC . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) '' . October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Enzi , Michael B. ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Health Care Reforrm Law 's Impact on Child - Only Health Insurance Policies '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 30 , 2012 ) . `` Supreme Court justices face important rulings in upcoming term September '' . The New York Times . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Status of State Action on the Medicaid Expansion Decision '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walton , Alice G. `` How To Explain The Obamacare Ruling To A Five - Year - Old '' . Forbes . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Cruel Blow to American Families '' . The New York Times . February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Jonathan ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Not - So - Universal Health Care '' . The New Republic . Jump up ^ Mazur , Mark . `` Continuing to Implement the ACA in a Careful , Thoughtful Manner '' . United States Department of the Treasury . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Madara , Matthew R. ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` ACA Employer Shared Responsibility Delay Included in Final Regs '' . Tax Notes Today . 2014 TNT 28 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kelly ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` White House claims success on HealthCare.gov repairs '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Tom ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rough Obamacare rollout : 4 reasons why '' . CNN . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Steve ; Rampton , Roberta ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Senate Democrats frustrated with botched rollout of Obamacare '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Reuters . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alonso - Zaldivar , Ricardo ( July 31 , 2014 ) . `` Probe exposes flaws behind HealthCare.gov rollout '' . AP News . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burwell v. Hobby Lobby , 573 U.S. ( United States Supreme Court 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Tracer , Zachary . `` Obamacare Sign - Ups Decline to 10.2 Million as Some Do n't Pay '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` December 31 , 2015 Effectuated Enrollment Snapshot '' . cms.gov . March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ COOK , NANCY ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` How the White House lost on the Cadillac Tax '' . Politico . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Supplemental Survey Report : Empire State Manufacturing Survey / Business Leaders Survey Firms Assess Effects of Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mathews , Anna Wilde ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Aetna to Drop Some Affordable Care Act Markets '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ip , Greg ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Unstable Economics in Obama 's Health Law '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana to Expand Medicaid : Outlook for the States in 2016 '' . Families USA . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Affordable Care Act signups dip amid uncertainty and Trump attacks '' . NYT . February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morton , Victor ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` IRS weakens enforcement of Obamacare individual mandate : Report '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` House Passes Bill to Repeal Obamacare : Live Updates '' . WSJ . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Reid J. ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` Analyst Sees Danger for House Republicans After Health Bill Vote '' . WSJ . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Elizabeth ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Senate 's Tax Bill Eliminates the Individual Mandate for Health Insurance . Here 's What You Need to Know '' . Money . Jump up ^ Thomas Kaplan and Robert Pear. `` 2 Senators Strike Deal on Health Subsidies That Trump Cut Off '' . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` CBO says Trump 's Obamacare sabotage would cost $194 billion , drive up premiums 20 % '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` : 5 '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` KaiserMLR '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . Further reading Barr , Donald A. ( 2011 ) . Introduction to U.S. Health Policy : The Organization , Financing , and Delivery of Health Care in America . JHU Press . ISBN 9781421402185 . CCH ( 2010 ) . Law , Explanation and Analysis of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act : Including Reconciliation Act Impact . CCH Incorporated . ISBN 9780808022879 . 1183pp Feldman , Arthur M. ( 2011 ) . Understanding Health Care Reform : Bridging the Gap Between Myth and Reality . CRC Press . ISBN 9781439879481 . Jacobs , Lawrence R. ; Skocpol , Theda ( 2010 ) . Health Care Reform and American Politics . Oxford U.P. ISBN 9780199781423 . McDonough , John E. ( August 2 , 2011 ) . Inside National Health Reform . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520270190 . Brill , Steven ( January 5 , 2015 ) . America 's Bitter Pill : Money , Politics , Back - Room Deals , and the Fight to Fix Our Broken Healthcare System . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0812996951 . Heavey , Susan ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Repealing healthcare law would cost $210 bln : CBO '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . `` Letter to the Honorable John Boehner providing an estimate for H.R. 6079 , the Repeal of Obamacare Act '' . Congressional Budget Office . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . `` An Analysis of Health Insurance Premiums Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act '' . Cbo.gov . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . `` Analysis Of A Permanent Prohibition On Implementing The Major Health Care Legislation Enacted In March 2010 '' . Congressional Budget Office . May 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Glied , Sherry ( December 2013 ) . `` How States Stand to Gain or Lose Federal Funds by Opting In or Out of the Medicaid Expansion '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth Fund . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . `` Paternalism 2.0 '' . The Economist . August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Trish Riley ; Jane Hyatt Thorpe . `` Multi-State Plans Under the Affordable Care Act '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University Medical Center , Department of Health Policy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 26 , 2013 . `` Beyond the pledges : Where the states stand on Medicaid '' . The Advisory Board Company . July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Sarah Kliff ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` Florida rejects Medicaid expansion , leaves 1 million uninsured '' . The Washington Post ( WP5513 ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Preliminary CBO documents Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act , Incorporating The Manager 's Amendment , December 19 , 2009 Effects Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act On The Federal Budget And The Balance In The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( December 23 , 2009 ) Estimated Effect Of The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act ( Incorporating The Manager 's Amendment ) On The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( December 23 , 2009 ) Base Analysis -- H.R. 3590 , Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , November 18 , 2009 . ( The additional and / or related CBO reporting that follows can be accessed from the above link ) Estimated Distribution Of Individual Mandate Penalties ( November 20 , 2009 ) Estimated Effects On Medicare Advantage Enrollment And Benefits Not Covered By Medicare ( November 21 , 2009 ) Estimated Effects On The Status Of The Hospital Insurance Trust Fund ( November 21 , 2009 ) Estimated Average Premiums Under Current Law ( December 5 , 2009 ) Additional Information About Employment - Based Coverage ( December 7 , 2009 ) Budgetary Treatment Of Proposals To Regulate Medical Loss Ratios ( December 13 , 2009 ) CMS estimates of the impact of P.L. 111 - 148 Estimated Financial Effects of the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' , as Amended. April 22 , 2010 . Estimated Effects of the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' , as Amended , on the Year of Exhaustion for the Part A Trust Fund , Part B Premiums , and Part A and Part B Coinsurance Amounts. April 22 , 2010 . CMS estimates of the impact of H.R. 3590 Estimated Financial Effects of the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2009 '' , as Proposed by the Senate Majority Leader on November 18 , 2009 . December 10 , 2009 . Estimated Effects of the `` Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act '' on the Year of Exhaustion for the Part A Trust Fund , Part B Premiums , and Part A and Part B Coinsurance Amounts . December 10 , 2009 . Senate Finance Committee meetings Senate Finance Committee Hearings for the 111th Congress recorded by C - SPAN ; also available from Finance.Senate.Gov ( accessed April 1 , 2012 ) . External links Find more aboutPatient Protection and Affordable Care Actat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource PPACA text Codification in U.S. Code is generally at 42 U.S.C. 18001 et sqq . To read it , start at GPO FDsys by selecting , in the Year menu , the most recent year that lists Title 42 . In Title 42 , seek section 18001 and subsequent sections . Public Law 111 -- 148 after consolidating the amendments made by PPACA Title X and by HCERA . Full text , summary , background , provisions and more , via Democratic Policy Committee ( Senate.gov ) Public Law 111 -- 148 U.S. Government Printing Office ( hide ) Affordable Care Act Key articles Affordable Care Act ( Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 ) Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Health insurance marketplace Contraceptives mandate Executive Order 13535 Provisions Essential health benefits Physician Payments Sunshine Act Authority for Mandate Delay Act ( H.R. 2667 ; 113th Congress ) Contraceptive mandate ( United States ) Patient - Centered Outcomes Research Institute Constitutional challenges Constitutional challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius Coons v. Geithner Health insurance marketplaces HealthCare.gov , an option for all states AR ( Arkansas Health Connector ) CA ( Covered California ) CO ( Connect for Health Colorado ) CT ( Access Health CT ) DC ( DC Health Link ) HI ( Hawaii Health Connector ) ID ( Your Health Idaho ) IL ( Illinois Health Benefits Exchange ) KY ( Kynect ) MD ( Maryland Health Connection ) MA ( Health Insurance Connector ) MN ( MNsure ) NV ( Nevada Health Link ) NM ( New Mexico Health Insurance Exchange ) NY ( NY State of Health ) OR ( Cover Oregon ) RI ( HealthSource RI ) VT ( Vermont Health Connect ) WA ( Washington Healthplanfinder ) Federal insurance exchange HealthCare.gov Other reform proposals from the 111th Congress Affordable Health Care for America Act America 's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 America 's Healthy Future Act Healthy Americans Act United States National Health Care Act See also Health care reform in the United States Medicaid Medicare SCHIP BNF : cb167251274 ( data ) GND : 1044012161 LCCN : no2010066448 VIAF : 176500123 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act&oldid=841734355 '' Categories : Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 111th United States Congress 2009 in American politics 2009 in American law 2010 in American politics 2010 in American law Controversies in the United States Excises Healthcare reform legislation in the United States Internal Revenue Code Internal Revenue Service Presidency of Barack Obama United States federal health legislation Omnibus legislation Acts of the 111th United States Congress Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Pages with login required references or sources All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from March 2018 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2013 Use American English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2017 All articles needing style editing All Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikisource Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 18 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the affordable healthcare act go into effect	[ "The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, often shortened to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or nicknamed Obamacare, is a United States federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. The term \"Obamacare\" was first used by opponents, then reappropriated by supporters, and eventually used by President Obama himself.[1] Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 amendment, it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.[2][3][4][5]" ]	[ "March 23, 2010" ]
1133697645239812050	List of Vice-Presidents of India	List of Vice-Presidents of India - wikipedia List of Vice-Presidents of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Vice-Presidents of India ( by state of birth ) The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President . In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution , the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation , removal , death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions . He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India . Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five - year term , but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term , until a successor assumes office . The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha . There have been 13 vice-president , since the inception of the post in 1950 . The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952 On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India , thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Footnotes and References 4 External links List ( edit ) The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India , following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 . Some of whom later became presidents . Colour key Vice President was an Independent candidate Vice President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) Vice President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) Vice President was an candidate of the Janata Dal ( JD ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Elected ( % votes ) Took office Left office Term ( in years ) Notes President ( s ) Candidate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1952 ( Unopposed ) 1957 ( Unopposed ) 13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar . Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college . He served as the Vice-President for two terms . Rajendra Prasad Independent Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1962 ( 97.59 ) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1967 ( 71.45 ) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain Independent Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1896 -- 1982 ) 1969 -- 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 ) Independent 5 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) ( 78.70 ) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Indian National Congress 6 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) 1979 ( Unopposed ) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Independent 7 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 1984 ( 71.05 ) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress 8 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) ( Unopposed ) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress 9 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 1992 ( 99.86 ) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 10 Krishan Kant ( 1927 -- 2002 ) 1997 ( 61.76 ) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 2002 ) Janata Dal 11 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 1923 -- 2010 ) 2002 ( 59.82 ) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party 12 Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 1937 -- ) 2007 ( 60.51 ) 2012 ( 67.31 ) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ram Nath Kovind ( 2017 ) Indian National Congress 13 Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 -- ) 2017 ( 67.89 ) 11 August 2017 Incumbent -- Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party Notes † Died in office Timeline See also ( edit ) Vice-President of India President of India List of Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VPI & Constitution Vice President of India Government of India '' . vicepresidentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Media Division , Election Commission of India . `` Background information of Vice Presidential election for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . PTI. 2017 - 08 - 11 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ List of Presidents / Vice Presidents Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Vice-President of India ( official website ) hide Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vice-Presidents_of_India&oldid=847121584 '' Categories : Lists of vice presidents Vice-Presidents of India Lists of political office - holders in India Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of legislative speakers in India Vice presidents Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 03 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the first vice president of india who became the president later	[ "\n\n\n№\n\nName(birth–death)\n\nPortrait\n\nElected(% votes)\n\nTook office\n\nLeft office\n\nTerm (in years)\n\nNotes\n\nPresident(s)\n\nCandidate of\n\n\n1\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan(1888–1975)\n\n\n\n1952(Unopposed)\n\n1957(Unopposed)\n\n\n13 May 1952\n\n12 May 1962\n\n10\n\nRadhakrishnan was a prominent scholar. Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college. He served as the Vice-President for two terms.\n\nRajendra Prasad\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n2\n\nZakir Husain (1897–1969)\n\n\n\n1962(97.59)\n\n13 May 1962\n\n12 May 1967\n\n5\n\n\n\nSarvepalli Radhakrishnan\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n3\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)\n\n\n\n1967(71.45)\n\n13 May 1967\n\n3 May 1969\n\n2\n\n\n\nZakir Husain\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n4\n\nGopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982)\n\n\n\n1969—\n\n31 August 1969\n\n30 August 1974\n\n5\n\n\n\nVarahagiri Venkata Giri (1969–1974)\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974)\n\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n5\n\nBasappa Danappa Jatti (1912–2002)\n\n\n\n1974(78.70)\n\n31 August 1974\n\n30 August 1979\n\n5\n\n\n\nFakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977) \n Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–1979)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n6\n\nMohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)\n\n\n\n1979(Unopposed)\n\n31 August 1979\n\n30 August 1984\n\n5\n\n\n\nNeelam Sanjiva Reddy (1979–1982) \n Giani Zail Singh (1982–1984)\n\n \n\nIndependent\n\n\n7\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)\n\n\n\n1984(71.05)\n\n31 August 1984\n\n24 July 1987\n\n3\n\n\n\nGiani Zail Singh\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n8\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)\n\n\n\n1987(Unopposed)\n\n3 September 1987\n\n24 July 1992\n\n5\n\n\n\nRamaswamy Venkataraman\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n9\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)\n\n\n\n1992(99.86)\n\n21 August 1992\n\n24 July 1997\n\n5\n\n\n\nShankar Dayal Sharma\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n10\n\nKrishan Kant(1927–2002)\n\n\n\n1997(61.76)\n\n21 August 1997\n\n27 July 2002\n\n4\n\n\n\nKocheril Raman Narayanan (1997–2002)\n A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002)\n\n \n\nJanata Dal\n\n\n11\n\nBhairon Singh Shekhawat (1923–2010)\n\n\n\n2002(59.82)\n\n19 August 2002\n\n21 July 2007\n\n5\n\n\n\nA. P. J. Abdul Kalam\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n\n\n12\n\nMohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)\n\n\n\n2007(60.51)\n2012(67.31)\n\n11 August 2007\n\n11 August 2017\n\n10\n\n\n\nPratibha Patil (2007–2012)\n Pranab Mukherjee (2012–2017)\n Ram Nath Kovind (2017)\n\n \n\nIndian National Congress\n\n\n13\n\nMuppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu (1949–)\n\n\n\n2017(67.89)\n\n11 August 2017\n\nIncumbent\n\n—\n\n\n\nRam Nath Kovind\n\n \n\nBharatiya Janata Party\n" ]	[ "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan" ]
5547612561402793072	A Very Brady Christmas	A Very Brady Christmas - wikipedia A Very Brady Christmas Jump to : navigation , search A Very Brady Christmas Genre Comedy - drama Written by Sherwood Schwartz Lloyd J. Schwartz Directed by Peter Baldwin Starring Robert Reed Florence Henderson Ann B. Davis Barry Williams Maureen McCormick Christopher Knight Eve Plumb Mike Lookinland Jennifer Runyon Theme music composer Frank De Vol ( main title ) Composer ( s ) Laurence Juber Country of origin United States Production Executive producer ( s ) Sherwood Schwartz Producer ( s ) Lloyd J. Schwartz Barry Berg Cinematography Isidore Mankofsky Editor ( s ) Steve Shultz Running time 100 minutes Production company ( s ) The Sherwood Schwartz Company Paramount Television Release Original network CBS Original release December 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 18 ) Chronology Preceded by The Brady Brides Followed by The Bradys Related shows The Brady Bunch A Very Brady Christmas is a 1988 American made - for - television comedy - drama film starring the original cast members of the 1969 -- 1974 sitcom The Brady Bunch , with the exception of Susan Olsen , who was on her honeymoon at the time of filming and was replaced by Jennifer Runyon in the role of Cindy . Ron Kuhlman and Jerry Houser both reprised their characters from the short - lived 1981 sitcom The Brady Brides . A Very Brady Christmas premiered on CBS on December 18 , 1988 and was the highest - rated television film of 1988 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Impact 4 Video release 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Mike and Carol Brady have a savings account , which both spouses planned to use to bankroll a vacation for the other ; Carol wanted to take Mike to Greece , while Mike wanted to treat Carol to a trip to Japan . When they realize their ideas collide , they use the money to try to reunite the entire family for Christmas by paying for airline tickets for their children , grandchildren and their in - laws . Mike and Carol are also thinking of selling the house to buy a smaller condo as they are now empty nesters who no longer need such a large home . However , all of the Brady kids are facing personal obstacles that might keep them from enjoying the festivities : Greg 's wife Nora is spending Christmas with her family ; Peter is romantically involved with his boss Valerie and his inferior position and salary is affecting his self - confidence ; Bobby has dropped out of college to become a race car driver but has not revealed this to his parents ; Marcia 's husband Wally was fired from his job at a toy company ; Jan is separating from her husband Philip and Cindy is fighting for her independence since she is the youngest and still gets treated like the baby of the family . Cindy is currently a college undergraduate and in an issue similar to Bobby 's , Cindy lies to her parents about overwhelming college student issues , when in actuality she plans to go skiing in Aspen with her roommates . Even their former housekeeper Alice is dealing with a serious issue : her husband Sam has recently left her for another woman . Through each child deciding to spend the holiday and eventually opening up about their issues , Mike and Carol are able to help them out . Nora arrives to surprise Greg . However , the family 's Christmas dinner is disrupted when Mike learns that a ruthless businessman he designed a building for has cut corners , resulting in the building collapsing and trapping two security guards inside . Mike manages to free the trapped employees , but an aftershock results in Mike getting trapped in rubble himself . In the end , Mike gets out of the debris after Carol and the entire family sings `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' ( a nod to Carol singing it in the original series ' episode `` The Voice of Christmas '' ) . After returning home , the family 's dinner is again interrupted , this time by a man at the door dressed as Santa Claus . The kids ask where his bag of presents is , but he tells them that he only has one present , for Alice ; it turns out to be Sam , in disguise , who has seen the error of his ways and pleads for Alice 's forgiveness . After she takes Sam back , the family invites him to stay for dinner , and the film ends with everyone singing a chorus of `` We Wish You a Merry Christmas '' . Cast ( edit ) Robert Reed as Mike Brady Florence Henderson as Carol Brady Ann B. Davis as Alice Nelson - Franklin Barry Williams as Dr. Greg Brady Maureen McCormick as Marcia Brady - Logan Christopher Knight as Peter Brady Eve Plumb as Jan Brady - Covington Mike Lookinland as Bobby Brady Jennifer Runyon as Cindy Brady Lewis Arquette as Sam Franklin , Alice 's husband Jerry Houser as Wally Logan , Marcia 's husband Carol Huston as Valerie Thomas , Peter 's fiancée Ron Kuhlman as Philip Covington III , Jan 's husband Caryn Richman as Nora Brady , Greg 's wife Zachary Bostrom as Kevin Brady , Greg and Nora 's son Jackie Bernstein as Jessica Logan , Marcia and Wally 's daughter G.W. Lee as Mickey Logan , Marcia and Wally 's son Impact ( edit ) When the movie first aired , it was the highest rated TV movie of the season with a 25.1 rating and a 39 share but ultimately finished as the second highest rated TV movie of the season . Thanks in large part to the movie 's success , CBS and Sherwood Schwartz created a new television series in 1990 , The Bradys , based on the characters ' adult lives ; only six episodes were produced . However , since the tone of the new series dealt with adult issues the former Brady kids had to deal with , it was nicknamed `` Brady - something '' , after the TV Show Thirtysomething which dealt with similar issues . After The Bradys was cancelled , two theatrical films were made later in the 1990s : The Brady Bunch Movie in 1995 , and A Very Brady Sequel in 1996 . A second sequel , The Brady Bunch in the White House , aired as a made - for - television film on Fox in 2002 . Video release ( edit ) A Very Brady Christmas was released on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1993 and has long been out of print . On April 3 , 2007 , the film was included as a bonus feature on The Brady Bunch : The Complete Series 21 - disc DVD set by CBS and Paramount . CBS / Paramount has announced that A Very Brady Christmas will finally be released as a stand - alone DVD on October 10 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) The Brady Bunch The Bradys 1980s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ She 's all grown up now ! The Brady Bunch 's Susan Olsen , 53 , touches down in Sydney for the Supanova Pop Culture Expo DailyMail , Retrieved September 20 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Brady reunion a ratings gift for CBS '' . Toronto Star . December 21 , 1988 . p. C. 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( December 22 , 1989 ) . `` ' Brady ' movie rerun promotes new movie '' . Times - News . p. C. 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Faye ( February 9 , 1990 ) . `` Feel - good family returns '' . Star - News . p. 5D . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bradys ' Are Back with a Bigger Bunch '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . February 9 , 1990 . p . D01 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` A Very Brady Bunch ` Bradysomething ' '' . Deseret News . February 9 , 1990 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wertheimer , Ron ( November 29 , 2002 ) . `` Television in Review ; ' The Brady Bunch in the White House ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch -- The Complete Series ( Seasons 1 -- 5 + Shag Carpet Cover ) ( 1969 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved Feb 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Brady Bunch - Ho ! Ho ! Ho ! It 's ' A Very Brady Christmas ' on DVD ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . External links ( edit ) A Very Brady Christmas on IMDb ( hide ) The Brady Bunch Characters Episodes TV series & reunions The Brady Bunch ( 1969 -- 74 ) The Brady Kids ( 1972 -- 73 ) The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Brady Girls Get Married / The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) The Bradys ( 1990 ) Growing Up Brady ( 2000 ) The Brady Bunch 35th Anniversary Reunion Special : Still Brady After All These Years ( 2004 ) Books Growing Up Brady : I Was A Teenage Greg ( 1992 ) Here 's the Story : Surviving Marcia Brady ( 2008 ) Love to Love You Bradys : The Bizarre Story of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( 2009 ) Music Merry Christmas from The Brady Bunch ( 1970 ) `` Time to Change '' ( 1972 ) `` It 's a Sunshine Day '' ( 1973 ) It 's a Sunshine Day : The Best of The Brady Bunch ( 1993 ) Film series The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) A Very Brady Sequel ( 1996 ) The Brady Bunch in the White House ( 2002 ) Related shows Mission : Magic ! My Fair Brady `` Sunshine Days '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Very_Brady_Christmas&oldid=805013098 '' Categories : 1988 films 1988 television films American television films American films American Christmas films Christmas television films Films based on television series Paramount Pictures films Reunion films The Brady Bunch films English - language films Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 14 : 26 . About Wikipedia	who played cindy brady in a very brady christmas	[ "A Very Brady Christmas is a 1988 American made-for-television comedy-drama film starring the original cast members of the 1969–1974 sitcom The Brady Bunch, with the exception of Susan Olsen, who was on her honeymoon at the time of filming and was replaced by Jennifer Runyon in the role of Cindy.[1] Ron Kuhlman and Jerry Houser both reprised their characters from the short-lived 1981 sitcom The Brady Brides." ]	[ "Jennifer Runyon" ]
7024880683351198488	Minstrel Krampus	Minstrel Krampus - wikipedia Minstrel Krampus Jump to : navigation , search `` Minstrel Krampus '' American Dad ! episode Episode no . Season 10 Episode 8 Directed by Josue Cervantes Written by Murray Miller Judah Miller Production code 7AJN19 Original air date December 15 , 2013 Guest appearance ( s ) Daran Norris as Jack Smith Danny Glover as Minstrel Krampus ( spoken voice ) Charles Bradley as Minstrel Krampus ( singing voice ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Faking Bad '' Next → `` Vision : Impossible '' American Dad ! ( season 10 ) List of American Dad ! episodes `` Minstrel Krampus '' is the eighth episode of the tenth season and the 160th overall episode of the animated comedy series American Dad ! . It aired on Fox in the United States on December 15 , 2013 , and is written by Murray Miller and Judah Miller and directed by Josue Cervantes . In the hip - hop parody of Beauty and the Beast , a notorious Christmas demon known as Minstrel Krampus kidnaps a bratty Steve , so Stan and Roger must travel to Bavaria to save him with the help of Stan 's estranged father . Meanwhile , Hayley takes a job at the airport to get her family Christmas presents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) It starts with a book with the narrator eventually saying that children are at their worst at that time , because they have figured out that they 'll still get what they want regardless of how they behave . We see the family go shopping at the toy store . When Francine rejects a toy that Steve wants and complains -- even slapping Stan in the face -- saying , `` I 'm a bad boy and I get what I want '' , before getting all the toys he wants . He then breaks out in a song singing that he is `` Bad Bad Boy '' . Stan and Francine then visit their Stan 's dad to teach Steve a lesson . So he tells the legend of Krampus which Steve disbelieves in and Stan about him being in a pot and leaves . Then Klaus tell Hayley what she got for the family which Hayley say `` not yet '' and sings a song about picking the perfect gift . She then finds Roger at a bar and asked him for something which roger already did . It then cuts to Stan opening the jar which Krampus escapes from and kidnaps Steve . Now its cuts to Stan telling his dad about him releasing Krampus . He then release him and he tells Stan where he is when at that point he ditches Stan and drives off . Then Krampus take Steve to a jail cell where he eventually sings a song about his legacy . Then he says what pain is and continues until he scolds Steve and leaves . Back at the house Stan tells Roger about the problem and that only Jack knows where but he took off . And says Santa hates him going back to Season 7 Episode 8 clip when he charges for Spence . Roger eventually take Stan to the north pole where Santa lives and asked for his help when Santa accepts only if they help him kill Krampus . It then cuts to a talking roll of toilet paper talking to Steve then a plunger , a tea pot , and a toilet . They then tell him that Krampus is not bad and to bring him to him when he reveals that he wanted to apologize to Jack for not beating up and instead eats his great great grandmother 's strudel . Steve tells him that everyone makes mistakes and what 's important is he 's back . Now Stan , Roger , and Santa go on their journey to kill Krampus with 3 kids following . Then we see Jack complain about his delayed flight to Jamaica and he finds Hayley who sings a Jamaican version about getting the perfect gift , which makes Jack change his flight to Bavaria to save his grandson . It cuts to Steve apologizing to Krampus for being a jerk and Krampus thanking him for reminding him of what he does . Finally it cuts to Steve , Santa , and those 3 kids killing all the inanimate objects while Roger watches and Steve begs them to stop . Santa then successfully kills Krampus and reveals that he is the bad guy . Then Santa tries to kill Stan when Jack takes the bullet and his ski impales Santa giving Stan enough time to get the gun . Santa then throws a knife which lodges in the wall with it saying `` I 'm dying '' and then Santa retreats . Jack then Tells Stan that he realizes the importance of family saying he 's proud of Stan and that the world needs a guy like Krampus before he dies . His and Krampus ' blood come together and Krampus soul goes to Jack 's body and becomes Krampus . Stan and Krampus talk until Krampus have to leave . He leaves and says `` better be nice or I 'll beat you until blood comes out your ears and eyes '' and wishing us a merry Christmas before saying `` and also your ass '' . This ends the tale and the end of the book ending the episode . Production ( edit ) The episode was originally scheduled to air on December 16 , 2012 , but was replaced by a repeat of `` Wheels & the Legman and the Case of Grandpa 's Key '' out of sensitivity for the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting . To compensate for this , they aired the episode `` National Treasure 4 : Baby Franny : She 's Doing Well : The Hole Story '' on December 23 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A − , saying `` I loved pretty much every part of this . The Hayley plot provides enough simple laughs before basically trailing off into nothing . Francine has very little to do outside of getting verbally abused by Steve . But Stan 's interactions with his father and Santa , and mostly Steve growing into the Belle role and Krampus as a soulful , James Brown-esque Beast ( sung by Charles Bradley ) was the best part of this Christmas special . It 's not my favorite that the show has ever done , but it 's yet another example that American Dad knows how to do Christmas episodes that stand out during the season more than any other program on television . '' The episode was watched by a total of 5.00 million people , this made it the fourth most watched show on Animation Domination that night , losing to Bob 's Burgers , Family Guy and The Simpsons with 8.48 million . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American Dad ! Episode Guide 2013 Season 9 - Minstrel Krampus , Episode 8 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( 2012 - 12 - 15 ) . `` Fox pulls new episodes of ' Family Guy ' and ' American Dad ' after shooting '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` School Shooting : ' Family Guy , ' ' American Dad ' Originals Replaced With Repeats '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) . `` American Dad : `` Minstrel Krampus '' `` . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' Revenge ' or ' Survivor ' '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2013 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . External links ( edit ) `` Minstrel Krampus '' on IMDb `` Minstrel Krampus '' at TV.com ( hide ) American Dad ! Characters Stan Smith Francine Smith Steve Smith Hayley Smith Roger Klaus Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` All About Steve '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 1 '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 2 '' `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' `` Finances with Wolves '' Season 3 `` Camp Refoogee '' `` The American Dad After School Special '' `` Lincoln Lover '' Season 4 `` The Vacation Goo '' `` Surro-Gate '' `` Tearjerker '' Season 5 `` The One That Got Away '' `` Pulling Double Booty '' Season 6 `` In Country ... Club '' `` Moon Over Isla Island '' `` My Morning Straitjacket '' `` G - String Circus '' `` Rapture 's Delight '' `` Do n't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth '' `` Cops and Roger '' `` Bully for Steve '' Season 7 `` Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' `` Stan 's Food Restaurant '' `` White Rice '' `` For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls '' `` Fart - Break Hotel '' `` Stanny Boy and Frantastic '' `` A Piñata Named Desire '' `` You Debt Your Life '' `` I Am the Walrus '' `` Jenny Fromdabloc '' `` Home Wrecker '' `` Flirting with Disaster '' Season 8 `` Hot Water '' `` Hurricane ! '' `` A Ward Show '' `` Virtual In - Stanity '' `` The Scarlett Getter '' `` Ricky Spanish '' `` Toy Whorey '' Season 9 `` National Treasure 4 : Baby Franny : She 's Doing Well : The Hole Story '' `` The Missing Kink '' `` Lost in Space '' `` Da Flippity Flop '' Season 10 `` Minstrel Krampus '' Season 11 `` Blagsnarst , a Love Story '' Season 12 Season 13 ' `` The Two Hundred ' '' Season 14 Related Night of the Hurricane Family Guy The Cleveland Show Animation Domination Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrel_Krampus&oldid=825306583 '' Categories : 2013 American television episodes American Dad ! ( season 10 ) episodes Christmas television episodes Krampus in popular culture Hidden categories : Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what episode of american dad is krampus on	[ "\"Minstrel Krampus\" is the eighth episode of the tenth season and the 160th overall episode of the animated comedy series American Dad!. It aired on Fox in the United States on December 15, 2013, and is written by Murray Miller and Judah Miller and directed by Josue Cervantes.[1]" ]	[ "the eighth episode of the tenth season" ]
-6748401676756470430	FIFA World Cup hosts	FIFA World Cup hosts - wikipedia FIFA World Cup hosts Logo of FIFA Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2018 . Dark green : twice ; middle green : once ; light green : planned until 2022 Seventeen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition 's twenty tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930 . The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments , given the three - week boat journey between South America and Europe , the two centers of strength in football at the time . The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these , the 1938 FIFA World Cup , in France was controversial , as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament . The first tournament following World War II , held in Brazil in 1950 , had three teams withdraw for either financial problems or disagreements with the organization . To avoid any future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternation between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Asia . The system evolved so that the host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Congress . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The decision is currently made roughly seven years in advance of the tournament , though the hosts for the 2022 tournament were chosen at the same time as those for the 2018 tournament . Only Mexico , Italy , France , Germany ( West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup ) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions . Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro 's Maracanã are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals . Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host , being split between Japan and South Korea . Upon the selection of Canada -- Mexico -- United States bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup , the tournament will be the first to be hosted by more than two countries . Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca , should it be selected , will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments . Contents 1 List of hosts 2 Results of hosts 3 1930 FIFA World Cup 4 1934 FIFA World Cup 5 1938 FIFA World Cup 6 Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 7 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups 7.1 1950 bid 7.2 1954 bid 8 1958 FIFA World Cup 9 1962 FIFA World Cup 10 1966 FIFA World Cup 11 1970 FIFA World Cup 12 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups 12.1 1974 results 12.2 1978 results 12.3 1982 results 13 1986 FIFA World Cup 14 1990 FIFA World Cup 15 1994 FIFA World Cup 16 1998 FIFA World Cup 17 2002 FIFA World Cup 18 2006 FIFA World Cup 18.1 Controversy 19 2010 FIFA World Cup 19.1 Controversy 20 2014 FIFA World Cup 21 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups 22 2026 FIFA World Cup 23 2030 FIFA World Cup 24 2034 FIFA World Cup 25 Total bids by country 26 Host country performances 27 Notes 28 References 29 External links List of hosts ( edit ) Year Host Continent Winner 1930 Uruguay South America Uruguay 1934 Italy Europe Italy 1938 France Europe Italy 1942 Cancelled because of World War II * 1946 Cancelled because of World War II 1950 Brazil South America Uruguay 1954 Switzerland Europe Germany 1958 Sweden Europe Brazil 1962 Chile South America Brazil 1966 England Europe England 1970 Mexico North America Brazil Germany Europe Germany 1978 Argentina South America Argentina 1982 Spain Europe Italy 1986 Mexico North America Argentina 1990 Italy Europe Germany 1994 United States North America Brazil 1998 France Europe France 2002 Japan South Korea Asia Brazil 2006 Germany Europe Italy South Africa Africa Spain 2014 Brazil South America Germany 2018 Russia Europe France 2022 Qatar Asia 2026 Canada Mexico United States North America 2030 TBD 2034 TBD 2038 TBD 1 . In the year 1942 , Germany was expected to be the host country , but because of the World War II , the World Cup was cancelled . Results of hosts ( edit ) Except 1934 , host nations are granted an automatic spot in the World Cup group stages . The first host ever to fail to advance past the first round was South Africa in 2010 . denotes the best result in the team 's history , - the best result at the time of the competition ( improved later ) . No . Year Host nation Finish 1930 Uruguay Champions 1934 Italy Champions 1938 France Quarter - final ‡ -- 1942 Germany ( expected ) Tournament is canceled due to World War II -- 1946 Tournament canceled , during the World War II 1950 Brazil Runners - up 5 1954 Switzerland Quarter - final † 6 1958 Sweden Runners - up 7 1962 Chile Third place 8 1966 England Champions 9 1970 Mexico Quarter - final † 10 West Germany Champions 11 1978 Argentina Champions 12 1982 Spain Round 2 ( Top 12 ) ( Format was different from other cups . ) 13 1986 Mexico Quarter - final † 14 1990 Italy Third place 15 1994 United States Round of 16 16 1998 France Champions 17 2002 South Korea Fourth place Japan Round of 16 † 18 2006 Germany Third place 19 South Africa Group stage 20 2014 Brazil Fourth place 21 2018 Russia Quarter - final 22 2022 Qatar TBD 23 2026 Canada TBD Mexico TBD United States TBD 1930 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Bids : Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay Before the FIFA Congress could vote on the first - ever World Cup host , a series of withdrawals led to the election of Uruguay . The Netherlands and Hungary withdrew , followed by Sweden withdrawing in favour of Italy . Then both Italy and Spain withdrew , in favour of the only remaining candidate , Uruguay . The FIFA Congress met in Barcelona , Spain on 18 May 1929 to ratify the decision , and Uruguay was chosen without a vote . Results : Uruguay Italy withdrew Spain withdrew Sweden withdrew Netherlands withdrew Hungary withdrew Notice that the celebration of the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay . For that reason , the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario . 1934 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1934 FIFA World Cup Bids : Italy Sweden Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote , allowing the only remaining candidate Italy to take the hosting job for the 1934 World Cup . The decision was ratified by the FIFA Congress in Stockholm , Sweden and Zürich , Switzerland on 14 May 1932 . The Italian Football Federation accepted the hosting duties on 9 October 1932 . Results : Italy Sweden withdrew 1938 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1938 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina France Germany Without any nations withdrawing their bids , the FIFA Congress convened in Berlin , Germany on 13 August 1936 to decide the next host . Electing France took only one ballot , as France had more than half of the votes in the first round . Results : France , 19 votes Argentina , 3 votes Germany , 1 vote Cancelled FIFA World Cups 1942 and 1946 ( edit ) Bids for 1942 : Argentina Brazil Germany Cancelled FIFA election of the host for the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 . Bids for 1946 : none 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1950 FIFA World Cup and 1954 FIFA World Cup 1950 bid ( edit ) Bid : Brazil Brazil , Argentina , and Germany had officially bid for the 1942 World Cup , but the Cup was cancelled after the outbreak of World War II . The 1950 World Cup was originally scheduled for 1949 , but the day after Brazil was selected by the FIFA Congress on 26 July 1946 in Luxembourg City , Luxembourg , the World Cup was rescheduled for 1950 . Result : Brazil 1954 bid ( edit ) Bid : Switzerland The 1954 World Cup hosting duty was decided on 26 July 1946 , the same day that Brazil was selected for the 1949 World Cup , in Luxembourg City . On 27 July , the FIFA Congress pushed back the 5th World Cup finals by three years , deciding it should take place in 1954 . Result : Switzerland 1958 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 1958 FIFA World Cup § Host selection , and 1958 FIFA World Cup Bid : Sweden Argentina , Chile , Mexico , and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament . Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed in on 23 June 1950 . Result : Sweden 1962 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Chile West Germany West Germany withdrew before the vote , which took place in Lisbon , Portugal on 10 June 1956 , leaving two remaining bids . In one round of voting , Chile won over Argentina . Results : Chile , 31 votes Argentina , 12 votes West Germany withdrew 1966 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup Bids : England West Germany Spain Spain withdrew from the bidding prior to voting by the FIFA Congress , held in Rome , Italy on 22 August 1960 . Again , there was only one round of voting , with England defeating West Germany . Results : England , 34 votes West Germany , 27 votes Spain withdrew 1970 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup Bids : Argentina Australia Colombia Japan Mexico Peru The FIFA Congress convened in Tokyo , Japan on 8 October 1964 . One round of voting saw Mexico win the hosting duties over Argentina . Results : Mexico , 56 votes Argentina , 32 votes Australia withdrew Colombia withdrew Japan withdrew Peru withdrew 1974 , 1978 , 1982 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 1974 FIFA World Cup , 1978 FIFA World Cup , and 1982 FIFA World Cup Three hosts for the 1974 , 1978 , and 1982 World Cups were chosen in London , England on 6 July 1966 by the FIFA Congress . Spain and West Germany , both facing each other in the running for hosting duties for the 1974 and 1982 World Cups , agreed to give one another a hosting job . Germany withdrew from the 1982 bidding process while Spain withdrew from the 1974 bidding process , essentially guaranteeing each a hosting spot . Mexico , who had won the 1970 hosting bid over Argentina just two years prior , agreed to withdraw and let Argentina take the 1978 hosting position . 1974 results ( edit ) West Germany Spain withdrew in exchange for 1982 hosting duties Italy withdrew Netherlands withdrew 1978 results ( edit ) Argentina Colombia withdrew Mexico withdrew , as they had won hosting for 1970 1982 results ( edit ) Spain West Germany withdrew in exchange for 1974 hosting duties Italy withdrew 1986 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Bid : Colombia Host voting , handled by the then - FIFA Executive Committee ( or Exco ) , met in Stockholm on 9 June 1974 and ratified the unopposed Colombian bid . Result : Colombia However , Colombia withdrew after being selected to host the World Cup for financial problems on 5 November 1982 , less than four years before the event was to start . A call for bids was sent out again , and FIFA received intent from three nations : Canada Mexico United States In Zürich on 20 May 1983 , Mexico won the bidding unanimously as voted by the Executive Committee , for the first time in FIFA World Cup bidding history ( except those nations who bid unopposed ) . Results : Mexico unanimous vote United States 0 votes Canada 0 votes 1990 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup Bids : Austria England France Greece Iran Italy Soviet Union West Germany Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Except Italy and the Soviet Union , all nations withdrew before the vote , which was to be conducted by Exco in Zürich on 19 May 1984 . Once again , only one round of voting was required , as Italy won more votes than the Soviet Union . Results : Italy , 11 votes Soviet Union , 5 votes Austria withdrew England withdrew France withdrew Greece withdrew Iran withdrew West Germany withdrew Yugoslavia withdrew 1994 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup Bids : Brazil Morocco United States Chile Despite having three nations bidding , voting only took one round . The vote was held in Zürich ( for the third straight time ) on 4 July 1988 . The United States gained a majority of votes of the Exco members . Results : United States , 10 votes Morocco , 7 votes Brazil , 2 votes Chile withdrew 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Bids : England France Germany Morocco Switzerland This vote was held in Zürich for the fourth straight time on 1 July 1992 . Only one round of voting was required to have France assume the hosting job over Morocco . Result : France , 12 votes Morocco , 7 votes Switzerland withdrew England withdrew Germany withdrew 2002 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Bids : South Korea / Japan Mexico On 31 May 1996 , the hosting selection meeting was held in Zürich for the fifth straight time . A joint bid was formed between Japan and South Korea , and the bid was `` voted by acclamation '' , an oral vote without ballots . The first joint bid of the World Cup was approved , edging out Mexico . Results : South Korea / Japan ( joint bid , voted by acclamation ) Mexico The 2002 FIFA World Cup was co-hosted in Asia for the first time by South Korea and Japan ( the final was held in Japan ) . Initially , the two Asian countries were competitors in the bidding process . But just before the vote , they agreed with FIFA to co-host the event . However , the rivalry and distance between them led to organizational and logistical problems . FIFA has said that co-hosting is not likely to happen again , and in 2004 officially stated that its statutes did not allow co-hosting bids . 2006 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2006 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa On 6 July 2000 , the host selection meeting was held for the sixth straight time in Zürich . Brazil withdrew its bid three days before the vote , and the field was narrowed to four . This was the first selection in which more than one vote round was required . Three votes were eventually needed . Germany was at least tied for first in each of the three votes , and ended up defeating South Africa by only one vote after an abstention ( see below ) . Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Germany 10 11 12 South Africa 6 11 11 England 5 Eliminated Morocco Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 23 24 23 Controversy ( edit ) The controversy over the decision to award the 2006 FIFA World Cup to Germany led to a further change in practice . The final tally was 12 votes to 11 in favour of Germany over the contenders South Africa , who had been favorites to win . New Zealand FIFA member Charlie Dempsey , who was instructed to vote for South Africa by the Oceania Football Confederation , abstained from voting at the last minute . If he had voted for the South African bid , the tally would have been 12 -- 12 , giving the decision to FIFA President Sepp Blatter , who , it was widely believed , would then have voted for South Africa . Dempsey was among eight members of the Executive Committee to receive a fax by editors of the German satirical magazine Titanic on Wednesday , the night before the vote , promising a cuckoo clock and Black Forest ham in exchange for voting for Germany . He argued that the pressure from all sides including `` an attempt to bribe '' him had become too much for him . On 4 August 2000 , consequently , FIFA decided to rotate the hosting of the final tournaments between its constituent confederations . This was until October 2007 , during the selection of the host for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , when they announced that they will no longer continue with their continental rotation policy ( see below ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia / Libya The first World Cup bidding process under continental rotation ( the process of rotating hosting of the World Cup to each confederation in turn ) was the 2010 FIFA World Cup , the first World Cup to be held in Africa . On 7 July 2001 , during the FIFA Congress in Buenos Aires , a decision was ratified , which was that the rotation will begin in Africa . On 23 September 2002 , FIFA 's Executive Committee confirmed that only African member associations , would be invited to submit bids to host the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In January 2003 , Nigeria entered the bidding process , but withdrew their bid in September . In March 2003 , Sepp Blatter initially said Nigeria 's plan to co host the 2010 FIFA World Cup with four African countries would not work . Nigeria had originally hoped to bid jointly with West African neighbours Benin , Ghana , and Togo . After it was confirmed by FIFA that joint bidding would not be allowed in the future , Libya and Tunisia withdrew both of their bids on 8 May 2004 . On 15 May 2004 in Zürich ( the seventh consecutive time that a host selection has been made there ) , South Africa , after a narrow loss in the 2006 bidding , defeated perennial candidate Morocco to host , 14 votes to 10 . Egypt received no votes . Results Nation Vote Round 1 South Africa 14 Morocco 10 Egypt 0 Tunisia / Libya Withdrew Nigeria Withdrew Total votes 24 Controversy ( edit ) On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cups . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the FIFA executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had received the most votes , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . 2014 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 FIFA World Cup bids and 2014 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2014 FIFA World Cup controversies Bids : Argentina Brazil Colombia FIFA continued its continental rotation procedure by earmarking the 2014 World Cup for South America . FIFA initially indicated that it might back out of the rotation concept , but later decided to continue it through the 2014 host decision , after which it was dropped . Colombia had expressed interest in hosting the 2014 World Cup , but withdrew undertaking the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . Brazil also expressed interest in hosting the World Cup . CONMEBOL , the South American Football Federation , indicated their preference for Brazil as a host . Brazil was the only nation to submit a formal bid when the official bidding procedure for CONMEBOL member associations was opened in December 2006 , as by that time , Colombia , Chile and Argentina had already withdrawn , and Venezuela was not allowed to bid . Brazil made the first unopposed bid since the initial selection of the 1986 FIFA World Cup ( when Colombia was selected as host , but later withdrew for financial problems ) . The FIFA Executive Committee confirmed it as the host country on 30 October 2007 by a unanimous decision . Result : 2014 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Brazil N / A N / A Argentina Withdrew Colombia Withdrew 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bids , 2018 FIFA World Cup , and 2022 FIFA World Cup Further information : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies and 2022 FIFA World Cup controversies 2018 Bids : Belgium / Netherlands England Spain / Portugal Russia 2022 Bids : Australia Japan South Korea Qatar United States Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups FIFA announced on 29 October 2007 that it will no longer continue with its continental rotation policy , implemented after the 2006 World Cup host selection . The newest host selection policy is that any country may bid for a World Cup , provided that their continental confederation has not hosted either of the past two World Cups . For the 2018 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from Africa and South America were not allowed . For the 2022 World Cup bidding process , this meant that bids from South America and Europe were not allowed . Also , FIFA formally allowed joint bids once more ( after they were banned in 2002 ) , because there was only one organizing committee per joint bid , unlike Korea -- Japan , which had two different organizing committees . Countries that announced their interest included Australia , England , Indonesia , Japan , Qatar , Russia , South Korea , United States , the joint bid of Spain and Portugal and the joint bid of Belgium and Netherlands . The hosts for both World Cups were announced by the FIFA Executive Committee on 2 December 2010 . Russia was selected to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time that the World Cup will be hosted in Eastern Europe and making it the biggest country geographically to host the World Cup . Qatar was selected to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup , making it the first time a World Cup will be held in the Arab World and the second time in Asia since the 2002 tournament in South Korea and Japan . Also , the decision made it the smallest country geographically to host the World Cup . 2018 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Spain / Portugal 7 7 Netherlands / Belgium England Eliminated Total votes 22 22 2022 results Nation Vote Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Qatar 11 10 11 14 United States 5 6 8 South Korea 5 5 Eliminated Japan Eliminated Eliminated Australia Eliminated Eliminated Eliminated Total votes 22 22 22 22 2026 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main articles : 2026 FIFA World Cup bids and 2026 FIFA World Cup Bids : Canada / Mexico / USA Morocco Under FIFA rules as of 2016 , the 2026 Cup could not be in either Europe ( UEFA ) or Asia ( AFC ) , leaving an African ( CAF ) bid , a North American ( CONCACAF ) bid , a South American ( CONMEBOL ) bid or an Oceanian ( OFC ) bid as other possible options . In March 2017 , FIFA 's president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) had been excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' The bidding process was originally scheduled to start in 2015 , with the appointment of hosts scheduled for the FIFA Congress on 10 May 2017 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . On 10 June 2015 , FIFA announced that the bid process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup was postponed . However , following the FIFA Council meeting on 10 May 2016 , a new bid schedule was announced for May 2020 as the last in a four - phase process . On 14 October 2016 , FIFA said it would accept a tournament - sharing bid by CONCACAF members Canada , Mexico and the United States . On 10 April 2017 , Canada , the United States , and Mexico announced their intention to submit a joint bid to co-host , with three - quarters of the games to be played in the U.S. , including the final . On 11 August 2017 , Morocco officially announced a bid to host . Therefore , the official 2026 FIFA World Cup bids were from two football confederations . The first one was from CONCACAF , which was triple bid by Canada , United States and Mexico , and the second one was from CAF with a bid by Morocco . The host was announced on 13 June 2018 at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow , Russia . The United Bid from Canada , Mexico and the United States was selected over the Morocco bid by 134 votes to 65 with 1 selecting neither and 3 abstentions . This will be the first World Cup to be hosted by more than two countries . Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups and its Estadio Azteca , should selected , will become the first stadium to stage three World Cup tournaments . On the other hand , Canada becomes the fifth country to host both the men 's and women 's World Cups , after Sweden ( Men 's : 1958 / Women 's : 1995 ) , United States ( Men 's : 1994 / Women 's : 1999 , 2003 ) , Germany ( Men 's : 1974 , 2006 / Women 's : 2011 ) , and France ( Men 's : 1934 , 1998 / Women 's : 2019 ) . The United States becomes the first country to host both men 's and women 's World Cup twice each . 2026 Results Nation Vote Round 1 Canada / Mexico / United States 134 Morocco 65 None of the Bids Total votes 200 2030 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2030 FIFA World Cup Two early bids for the 2030 FIFA World Cup - the Centennial World Cup - have been proposed . The first bid has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Argentine Football Association and Uruguayan Football Association into a proposed joint bid from Uruguay and Argentina . The second bid has been a proposed bid by The Football Association of England . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) because the Asian Football Confederation is excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Also in June 2017 , UEFA 's president Aleksander Čeferin stated that Europe ( UEFA ) will definitely fight for its right to host the 2030 World Cup . The Uruguay -- Argentina bid would coincide with the centennial anniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final , and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay . The Uruguay - Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017 . A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017 . Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo , FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts . On 31 August 2017 , it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host . CONMEBOL , the South American confederation , confirmed the joint three - way bid in September 2017 . English FA vice chairman David Gill has proposed that his country could bid for 2030 , provided the bidding process is made more transparent . `` England is one of few countries that could stage even a 48 - nation event in its entirety , while Football Association chief executive Martin Glenn made it clear earlier this year bidding for 2030 was an option . '' In June 2017 , UEFA stated that `` it would support a pan-British bid for 2030 or even a single bid from England . '' Moreover , a possible English bid for 2030 was also backed by the German Football Association . On 17 June 2018 , the Royal Moroccan Football Federation announced its co-bidding for the 2030 World Cup . There are two possible joint bids one with the Tunisia and the Algeria or the other with two UEFA members Spain and Portugal . On 17 June 2018 , the English Football Association announced that they are in talks with home nations over a UK - wide bid to host 2030 World Cup . On 10 July 2018 , Egypt 's Sports Minister expressed interest in bidding to host . The original bid logo for the Uruguay - Argentina World Cup Bid . Confirmed bid : CONMEBOL : Uruguay / Argentina / Paraguay : Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Potential bid : UEFA : United Kingdom ( England / Scotland / Northern Ireland / Wales ) : United Kingdom 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Spain : CAF : Morocco / Tunisia / Algeria : Morocco 2030 FIFA World Cup bid Egypt CAF / UEFA : Morocco / Spain / Portugal 2034 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2034 FIFA World Cup The first bid for the 2034 FIFA World Cup has been proposed as a collective bid by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations . The idea of a combined ASEAN bid had been mooted as early as January 2011 , when the Football Association of Singapore 's then - President , Zainudin Nordin , said in a statement that the proposal had been made at an ASEAN Foreign Ministers meeting . In 2013 , Nordin and Special Olympics Malaysia President , Datuk Mohamed Feisol Hassan , recalled the idea for ASEAN to jointly host a World Cup . Under FIFA rules as of 2017 , the 2030 World Cup can not be held in Asia ( AFC ) as Asian Football Confederation members are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Qatar in 2022 . Therefore , the earliest bid by an AFC member could be made for 2034 . Later , Malaysia has withdrawn from involvement but Singapore and other ASEAN countries continued the campaign to submit a joint bid for the World Cup in 2034 . In February 2017 , ASEAN held talks on launching a joint bid during a visit by FIFA chief Gianni Infantino to Yangon , Myanmar . In July 2017 , Joko Driyono , the Vice-President of Indonesia 's Football Association , during the meeting in Vietnam said that Indonesia and Thailand were set to lead a consortium of South - East Asian nations in the bid . Driyono added that , for geographic and infrastructure considerations and the expanded format ( 48 teams ) , at least two or three ASEAN countries combined would be in a position necessary to host matches . In September 2017 , the Football Association of Thailand 's Deputy CEO , Benjamin Tan , at the ASEAN Football Federation ( AFF ) Council meeting , confirmed that his Association has `` put in their interest to bid and co-host '' the 2034 World Cup with Indonesia . On the same occasion , the General Secretary of the AFF , Dato Sri Azzuddin Ahmad , confirmed that Indonesia and Thailand will submit a joint bid . Indonesia is the only Southeast Asian country to have participated in the World Cup ; its national team was the first from Asia to do so and it became one of the fewest World Cup teams to qualify without playing a match because of opponents ' withdrawals . The 1938 World Cup is the Indonesians ' only appearance to date when they were known as the Dutch East Indies . A loss to Hungary made Indonesia the only national team in World Cup history to have played a single match . Far from ever hosting the World Cup , no other Southeast Asian country has ever played at the tournament . As of June 2018 , Indonesia is ranked by FIFA at 164th place . China has announced its interest in bidding several times and reports stated `` that China is likely to host the World Cup for the first time in 2034 . '' Egypt is considering the possibility of bidding to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup the country 's Sports and Youth Minister Ashraf Sobhy said on Tuesday . Expressed interest in bidding : AFC : Indonesia and Thailand China CAF : Zimbabwe Egypt Total bids by country ( edit ) World Cup - winning bids are bolded . Planned but not - yet - official bids for 2030 and beyond are not included . Country Bids Years Germany 6 1938 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2006 Morocco 1994 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2026 , 2030 Spain 1930 , 1966 , 1974 , 1982 , 2018 , 2030 Argentina 5 1938 , 1962 , 1970 , 1978 , 2030 Mexico 1970 , 1978 , 1986 , 2002 , 2026 Brazil 1950 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 England 1966 , 1990 , 2006 , 2018 United States 1986 , 1994 , 2022 , 2026 Italy 1930 , 1934 , 1990 Japan 1970 , 2002 , 2022 Australia 1970 , 2022 Canada 1986 , 2026 Chile 1962 , 2014 Colombia 1986 , 2014 Egypt 2010 , 2030 France 1938 , 1998 Netherlands 1930 , 2018 Portugal 2018 , 2930 Russia 1990 , 2018 South Africa 2006 , 2010 South Korea 2002 , 2022 Switzerland 1954 , 1998 Sweden 1934 , 1958 Tunisia 2010 , 2030 Uruguay 1930 , 2030 Algeria 2030 Belgium 2018 Greece 1990 Hungary 1930 Iran 1990 Libya Paraguay 2030 Qatar 2022 ^ Jump up to : Bid by West Germany , which was joined by East Germany in 1990 to form the reunified nation of Germany . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Morocco , Tunisia and Algeria . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Morocco , Spain and Portugal . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Portugal and Spain . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Argentina , Paraguay and Uruguay . ^ Jump up to : Colombia was originally chosen to host the 1986 World Cup , but withdrew from hosting for economic concerns . After a second bidding , Mexico was selected as the replacement host . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Canada , Mexico and the United States . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Japan and South Korea . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Belgium and the Netherlands . Jump up ^ Bid by the Soviet Union , which dissolved into multiple countries in 1991 and whose records are inherited by Russia . ^ Jump up to : Joint bid by Libya and Tunisia . Host country performances ( edit ) Further information : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup It is widely considered that home advantage is common in the World Cup , with the host team usually performing above average . Of the eight countries that have won the tournament , only Brazil and Spain have not been champions while hosting , and England has their only title as hosts . Further , Sweden got to its only final as hosts of the 1958 tournament , and only the Swedes and Brazilians finished as runner - up in home soil . The host country reached the semi-finals thirteen times in twenty tournaments , and both Chile and South Korea had their only finishes on the top four at home . Only South Africa in 2010 managed to not go past the group stage . # Performance Team Year Pld Win % GF GA GD GD / M GF / M Champion Uruguay 1930 0 0 100 % 15 12 3.8 Champion France 1998 7 6 0 93 % 15 13 1.9 2.1 Champion England 1966 6 5 0 92 % 11 8 1.3 1.8 Champion Italy 1934 5 0 90 % 12 9 1.8 2.4 5 Champion West Germany 7 6 0 86 % 13 9 1.3 1.9 6 Champion Argentina 1978 7 5 79 % 15 9 1.3 2.1 7 Runner - up Brazil 1950 6 75 % 22 6 16 2.7 3.7 8 Runner - up Sweden 1958 6 75 % 12 7 5 0.8 9 Third place Italy 1990 7 6 0 93 % 10 8 1.1 1.4 10 Third place Germany 2006 7 5 79 % 14 6 8 1.1 11 Third place Chile 1962 6 0 67 % 10 8 0.33 1.3 12 Fourth place South Korea 2002 7 57 % 8 6 0.3 1.1 13 Fourth place Brazil 2014 7 57 % 11 14 − 3 − 0.4 1.57 14 Quarter - final Russia 2018 5 60 % 11 7 0.8 15 Quarter - final Mexico 1986 5 0 80 % 6 0.8 16 Quarter - final Mexico 1970 63 % 6 0.5 1.5 17 Quarter - final Switzerland 1954 0 50 % 11 11 0 0 2.8 18 Quarter - final France 1938 0 50 % 0 0 19 Second round Spain 1982 5 40 % 5 − 1 − 0.2 0.8 20 Round of 16 Japan 2002 63 % 5 0.5 1.25 21 Round of 16 United States 1994 38 % − 1 − 0.3 0.8 22 Group stage South Africa 50 % 5 − 2 − 0.7 Win % → Every draw counted as a half win . Wins on penalty shootouts are counted as draws . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Qatar will debut in the competition in 2022 , so its result will also be its best result in history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of 1930 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. April 11 , 2002 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ France 1938 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Brazil 1950 , FIFA World Cup site . Retrieved on April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 1 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Host nation of 2010 FIFA World Cup -- South Africa Archived 12 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . World Cup 2018 Russia Archived 19 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , FIFA Media Release , May 15 , 2004 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA president Blatter a big loser with Germany getting 2006 World Cup '' by Robert Wagman , SoccerTimes , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` German magazine takes credit for bribery hoax '' , IOL , July 7 , 2000 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa to rotate World Cup '' . 4 August 2000 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia can host World Cup , by Matthew Hall , published 18 September 2005 Jump up ^ `` Six African associations announce interest in hosting 2010 FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 FIFA World Cup TM : bidding process opens '' . FIFA. 23 October 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria bid for 2010 '' . bbc.co.uk. 6 January 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria ends World Cup bid '' . bbc.co.uk. 29 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa slams Nigeria 's 2010 plan '' . bbc.co.uk. 18 March 2003 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa is shaken by FIFA corruption probe '' , Los Angeles Times , 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Vicki Hodges , Giles Mole , JJ Bull , Luke Brown and Rob Crilly , `` Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer - bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups : as it happened '' , The Telegraph , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ Owen Gibson , Paul Lewis , `` Fifa informant Chuck Blazer : I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups '' , The Guardian , 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa in crisis : ' Morocco won 2010 World Cup vote - not South Africa ' '' . The Telegraph . London . 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games win inspires bid to host 2018 World Cup '' by John Goodbody , The Times , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved on January 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News , Colombia bids for 2014 World Cup , 17 July 2006 Jump up ^ FIFA , Brazil confirms bid -- Colombia withdraws Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 13 April 2007 Jump up ^ `` Brazil set to host World Cup '' . BBC News . 2003 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Clear declaration to defend the autonomy of sport '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 6 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` The end of the rotation policy : the press conference explaining the decision '' . Fifa.com -- News Centre . 29 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa abandons World Cup rotation '' . BBC SPORT. 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blatter announces what 's to come '' . FIFA. 7 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iberian threat to England 's 2018 World Cup bid '' . ESPNsoccernet. 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Drops Out of Race to Host 2018 World Cup '' . BBC . 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Russia and Qatar to host 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups , respectively '' . FIFA. 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup , lifting Canada 's chances '' . CBC . Associated Press . 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Gastelum , Andrew . `` CONCACAF president is pushing hard to land 2026 World Cup '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No Rest for the Curious : Looking Ahead To World Cup 2026 '' . World Cup Blog . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Hill in New York ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2022 FIFA World Cup to be played in November / December '' . FIFA.com. 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA defers decision on continental rotation for WCup bids '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 2026 World Cup bidding process delayed '' . BBC News . 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Statement on 2026 FIFA World Cup bidding '' . FIFA.com. 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Council agrees on four - phase bidding process for 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com. 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 may be co-hosted in North America after FIFA says it will accept tournament - sharing '' . Mirror.co.uk. 2016 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Mexico and Canada officially launch bid to co-host 2026 World Cup '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Le Maroc dépose officiellement sa candidature pour le Mondial 2026 '' . Le360. 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA open to 40 - team World Cup , Canada as co-hosts '' . Sportsnet.ca. 2016 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) . `` FIFA president Infantino open to 40 - team World Cup , co-hosts '' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Graham Dunbar ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) . `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco Seeks to Host the 2026 FIFA World Cup bid '' . Morocco world news . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` المغرب يتقدم رسميا بطلب استضافة كأس العالم 2026 - الموقع الرسمي للجامعة الملكية المغربية لكرة القدم '' . www.frmf.ma . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coupe du Monde 2030 : l'Argentine et l'Uruguay confirment leur intérêt '' . Mondial - 2030 ( in French ) . January 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` England 's hopes of hosting 2030 World Cup given boost '' . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA will ' fight ' for Europe 's right to host 2030 World Cup '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dudko , James ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Argentina , Uruguay Announce Bid to Host 2030 FIFA World Cup '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Gadd , Mick ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Luis Suarez campaign for Uruguay and Argentina 's 2030 World Cup bid before 0 - 0 draw '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ `` Es oficial : Paraguay se suma a la candidatura de Argentina y Uruguay para el Mundial 2030 '' ( It 's official : Paraguay adds itself to the Argentina and Uruguay bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sin Messi ni Suárez , así es el primer video promocional para la candidatura del Mundial 2030 '' ( Without Messi and Suarez , here is the first promotional video for the 2030 World Cup bid ) ( in Spanish ) . 5 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` England could bid for 2030 World Cup , says FA vice-chairman David Gill '' . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMahon , Bobby . `` Uruguay , Argentina And Paraguay Bid For 2030 FIFA World Cup Finals Will Be Hard To Beat '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morocco Will Bid Again to Host 2030 World Cup '' . Jump up ^ `` Zetchi : Pour une coupe du monde `` Algérie - Tunisie - Maroc '' en 2030 - Algerie Direct `` . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA in talks with home nations over UK - wide bid to host 2030 World Cup '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` EGYPT PLANNING TO BID TO HOST 2030 WORLD CUP '' . FourFourTwo. 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Valdez : `` La candidatura original es Uruguay - Argentina '' `` . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ ElPais . `` Molestia en Uruguay por video de Conmebol '' . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Barreiro , Ramiro ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Messi y Suárez apadrinan el Mundial Uruguay Argentina 2030 '' . EL PAÍS . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Potential 2030 World Cup hosts '' . The Guardian . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England amazingly backed by Germany in World Cup 2030 bid '' . 13 November 2017 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Potential 2030 World Cup hosts '' . ESPN . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Will Morocco , Spain and Portugal submit a joint bid to host the 2030 World Cup ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Singapore Strong ' Host ' Candidate for Joint 2034 World Cup Finals Bid , '' Today , ( 14 November 2017 ) , http://www.todayonline.com/sports/football/singapore-strong-host-candidate-joint-2034-world-cup-finals-bid Jump up ^ `` ASEAN mulling 2034 World Cup bid : Myanmar '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ hermes ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Indonesia ready to lead Asean bid for 2034 World Cup '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seng Foo , `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' ( 23 September 2017 ) , http://www.stadiumastro.com/sports/football/article/indonesia-thailand-to-bid-for-2034-world-cup/59608 ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia - Thailand to Bid for 2034 World Cup , '' Football Tribe , ( 24 September 2017 ) , http://football-tribe.com/asia/2017/09/24/indonesia-thailand-bid-2034-world-cup/ ^ Jump up to : George Deudley , `` AFF Backs Indonesia - Thailand Bid for 2034 FIFA World Cup , '' SportsPro , ( 26 September 2017 ) , http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/aff-backs-indonesia-thailand-bid-for-2034-fifa-world-cup Jump up ^ `` ASEAN Mulling 2034 World Cup Bid : Myanmar , '' Myanmar Times , ( 12 February 2017 ) , https://www.mmtimes.com/sports/25019-asean-mulling-2034-world-cup-bid-myanmar.html Jump up ^ `` Football : Indonesia to Lead South - East Asian 2034 World Cup Bid , '' Straits Times , ( 5 July 2017 ) , http://www.straitstimes.com/sport/football/football-indonesia-to-lead-southeast-asian-2034-world-cup-bid Jump up ^ `` 1938 FIFA World Cup France '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : 90Min ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` World Cup countdown : 18 weeks to go - When the Dutch East Indies flew the flag for Asia '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Ready Leads Regional Bid to Co-Host 2034 World Cup , '' Asian Review , ( 7 July 2017 ) , https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/International-Relations/Indonesia-leads-regional-bid-to-co-host-2034-World-Cup ^ Jump up to : TODAY , ASIA ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` China to Overtake US economy and Host World Cup in 2034 '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ name = `` telegraph.uk 14 Jan 2017 '' > `` Egypt hopes to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup '' . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thornycroft , Peta ; Laing , Aislinn ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` Zimbabwe 's tourism minister reveals ambitious plan to host Fifa World Cup in 2034 '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ name = `` telegraph.uk 14 Jan 2017 '' > `` Egypt hopes to host the 2034 FIFA World Cup '' . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Anderson & David Sally ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` How Big Is Brazil 's Home - Field Advantage at the World Cup ? '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What can econometrics tell us about World Cup performance ? '' ( PDF ) . PricewaterhouseCoopers . May 2010 . pp. 6 -- 7 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , John ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Ultimate home field advantage : Host nation luck '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Host Announcement Decision ( PDF ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup bids 1930 Hungary Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden Uruguay 1934 Italy Sweden 1938 Argentina France Germany 1942 Brazil Germany 1946 None 1950 Brazil 1954 Switzerland 1958 Sweden 1962 Argentina Chile West Germany 1966 England West Germany Spain 1970 Argentina Mexico Italy Netherlands Spain West Germany 1978 Argentina Mexico 1982 Spain West Germany 1986 Canada Colombia Mexico United States 1990 Austria England France Greece Italy Soviet Union West Germany Iran Yugoslavia 1994 Brazil Morocco United States 1998 France Morocco Switzerland 2002 Japan -- South Korea Mexico 2006 Brazil England Germany Morocco South Africa Egypt Libya -- Tunisia Morocco Nigeria South Africa 2014 Brazil Colombia 2018 Belgium -- Netherlands England Portugal -- Spain Russia 2022 Australia Japan Qatar South Korea United States 2026 Canada -- Mexico -- United States Morocco 2030 Uruguay -- Argentina -- Paraguay Morocco 2034 Indonesia - Thailand - Vietnam China - Japan - Korea Notes : Bold entries are those chosen as hosts Event cancelled due to World War II Colombia withdrew after being awarded event , which was re-awarded to Mexico Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_hosts&oldid=854658531 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup bids FIFA World Cup - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 22 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time world cup was held in england	[ "\n\n\nYear\n\nHost\n\nContinent\n\nWinner\n\n\n1930\n Uruguay\n\nSouth America\n\n Uruguay\n\n\n1934\n Italy\n\nEurope\n\n Italy\n\n\n1938\n France\n\nEurope\n\n Italy\n\n\n1942\n\nCancelled because of World War II *1\n\n\n1946\n\nCancelled because of World War II\n\n\n1950\n Brazil\n\nSouth America\n\n Uruguay\n\n\n1954\n Switzerland\n\nEurope\n\n Germany\n\n\n1958\n Sweden\n\nEurope\n\n Brazil\n\n\n1962\n Chile\n\nSouth America\n\n Brazil\n\n\n1966\n England\n\nEurope\n\n England\n\n\n1970\n Mexico\n\nNorth America\n\n Brazil\n\n\n1974\n Germany\n\nEurope\n\n Germany\n\n\n1978\n Argentina\n\nSouth America\n\n Argentina\n\n\n1982\n Spain\n\nEurope\n\n Italy\n\n\n1986\n Mexico\n\nNorth America\n\n Argentina\n\n\n1990\n Italy\n\nEurope\n\n Germany\n\n\n1994\n United States\n\nNorth America\n\n Brazil\n\n\n1998\n France\n\nEurope\n\n France\n\n\n2002\n Japan South Korea\n\nAsia\n\n Brazil\n\n\n2006\n Germany\n\nEurope\n\n Italy\n\n\n2010\n South Africa\n\nAfrica\n\n Spain\n\n\n2014\n Brazil\n\nSouth America\n\n Germany\n\n\n2018\n Russia\n\nEurope\n\n France\n\n\n2022\n Qatar\n\nAsia\n\n\n\n\n2026\n Canada Mexico United States\n\nNorth America\n\n\n\n\n2030\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2034\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2038\nTBD\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "1966" ]
-8963626684149052520	English novel	English novel - wikipedia English novel Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Portrait of Samuel Richardson by Joseph Highmore. National Portrait Gallery , Westminster , England . The English novel is an important part of English literature . This article mainly concerns novels , written in English , by novelists who were born or have spent a significant part of their lives in England , or Scotland , or Wales , or Northern Ireland ( or Ireland before 1922 ) . However , given the nature of the subject , this guideline has been applied with common sense , and reference is made to novels in other languages or novelists who are not primarily British where appropriate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early novels in English 2 Romantic period 3 Victorian novel 4 20th century 5 Survey 6 Famous novelists ( alphabetical order ) 7 See also 8 References Early novels in English ( edit ) Main article : First novel in English The English novel has generally been seen as beginning with Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe ( 1719 ) and Moll Flanders ( 1722 ) , though John Bunyan 's The Pilgrim 's Progress ( 1678 ) and Aphra Behn 's Oroonoko ( 1688 ) are also contenders , while earlier works such as Sir Thomas Malory 's Morte d'Arthur , and even the `` Prologue '' to Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales have been suggested . Another important early novel is Gulliver 's Travels ( 1726 , amended 1735 ) , by Irish writer and clergyman Jonathan Swift , which is both a satire of human nature , as well as a parody of travellers ' tales like Robinson Crusoe . The rise of the novel as an important literary genre is generally associated with the growth of the middle class in England . Other major 18th - century English novelists are Samuel Richardson ( 1689 -- 1761 ) , author of the epistolary novels Pamela , or Virtue Rewarded ( 1740 ) and Clarissa ( 1747 -- 48 ) ; Henry Fielding ( 1707 -- 1754 ) , who wrote Joseph Andrews ( 1742 ) and The History of Tom Jones , a Foundling ( 1749 ) ; Laurence Sterne ( 1713 -- 1768 ) , who published Tristram Shandy in parts between 1759 and 1767 ; Oliver Goldsmith ( 1728 -- 1774 ) , author of The Vicar of Wakefield ( 1766 ) ; Tobias Smollett ( 1721 -- 1771 ) , a Scottish novelist best known for his comic picaresque novels , such as The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle ( 1751 ) and The Expedition of Humphry Clinker ( 1771 ) , who influenced Charles Dickens ; and Fanny Burney ( 1752 -- 1840 ) , whose novels `` were enjoyed and admired by Jane Austen , '' wrote Evelina ( 1778 ) , Cecilia ( 1782 ) and Camilla ( 1796 ) . A noteworthy aspect of both the 18th - and 19th - century novel is the way the novelist directly addressed the reader . For example , the author might interrupt his or her narrative to pass judgment on a character , or pity or praise another , and inform or remind the reader of some other relevant issue . Romantic period ( edit ) Main article : Romantic literature in English Sir Walter Scott The phrase Romantic novel has several possible meanings . Here it refers to novels written during the Romantic era in literary history , which runs from the late 18th century until the beginning of the Victorian era in 1837 . But to complicate matters there are novels written in the romance tradition by novelists like Walter Scott , Nathaniel Hawthorne , George Meredith . In addition the phrase today is mostly used to refer to the popular pulp - fiction genre that focusses on romantic love . The Romantic period is especially associated with the poets William Blake , William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , George Byron , Percy Shelley and John Keats , though two major novelists , Jane Austen and Walter Scott , also published in the early 19th century . Horace Walpole 's 1764 novel , The Castle of Otranto , invented the Gothic fiction genre . The word gothic was originally used in the sense of medieval . This genre combines `` the macabre , fantastic , and supernatural '' and usually involves haunted castles , graveyards and various picturesque elements . Later novelist Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the Gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero . Her most popular and influential work , The Mysteries of Udolpho ( 1794 ) , is frequently described as the archetypal Gothic novel . Vathek ( 1786 ) , by William Beckford , and The Monk ( 1796 ) , by Matthew Lewis , were further notable early works in both the Gothic and horror genres . Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein ( 1818 ) , as another important Gothic novel as well as being an early example of science fiction . The vampire genre fiction began with John William Polidori 's The Vampyre ( 1819 ) . This short story was inspired by the life of Lord Byron and his poem The Giaour . An important later work is Varney the Vampire ( 1845 ) , where many standard vampire conventions originated : Varney has fangs , leaves two puncture wounds on the neck of his victims , and has hypnotic powers and superhuman strength . Varney was also the first example of the `` sympathetic vampire '' , who loathes his condition but is a slave to it . Mary Shelley Among more minor novelists in this period Maria Edgeworth ( 1768 -- 1849 ) and Thomas Love Peacock ( 1785 -- 1866 ) are worthy of comment . Edgeworth 's novel Castle Rackrent ( 1800 ) is `` the first fully developed regional novel in English '' as well as `` the first true historical novel in English '' and an important influence on Walter Scott . Peacock was primarily a satirist in novels such as Nightmare Abbey ( 1818 ) and The Misfortunes of Elphin ( 1829 ) . Jane Austen 's ( 1775 -- 1817 ) works critique the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th - century realism . Her plots , though fundamentally comic , highlight the dependence of women on marriage to secure social standing and economic security . Austen brings to light the hardships women faced , who usually did not inherit money , could not work and where their only chance in life depended on the man they married . She reveals not only the difficulties women faced in her day , but also what was expected of men and of the careers they had to follow . This she does with wit and humour and with endings where all characters , good or bad , receive exactly what they deserve . Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime , but the publication in 1869 of her nephew 's A Memoir of Jane Austen introduced her to a wider public , and by the 1940s she had become accepted as a major writer . The second half of the 20th century saw a proliferation of Austen scholarship and the emergence of a Janeite fan culture . Austen 's works include Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) , Mansfield Park , Persuasion and Emma . The other major novelist at the beginning of the early 19th century was Sir Walter Scott ( 1771 -- 1832 ) , who was not only a highly successful British novelist but `` the greatest single influence on fiction in the 19th century ... ( and ) a European figure '' . Scott established the genre of the historical novel with his series of Waverley Novels , including Waverley ( 1814 ) , The Antiquary ( 1816 ) , and The Heart of Midlothian ( 1818 ) . However , Austen is today widely read and the source for films and television series , while Scott is less often read . Victorian novel ( edit ) It was in the Victorian era ( 1837 -- 1901 ) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English . Another important fact is the number of women novelists who were successful in the 19th century , even though they often had to use a masculine pseudonym . At the beginning of the 19th century most novels were published in three volumes . However , monthly serialization was revived with the publication of Charles Dickens ' Pickwick Papers in twenty parts between April 1836 and November 1837 . Demand was high for each episode to introduce some new element , whether it was a plot twist or a new character , so as to maintain the readers ' interest . Both Dickens and Thackeray frequently published this way . The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of social novel , also known as social problem novel , that `` arose out of the social and political upheavals which followed the Reform Act of 1832 '' . This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialization , and the social , political and economic issues associated with it , and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor , who were not profiting from England 's economic prosperity . Stories of the working class poor were directed toward middle class to help create sympathy and promote change . An early example is Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist ( 1837 -- 38 ) . Charles Dickens Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene in the 1830s with the two novels already mentioned . Dickens wrote vividly about London life and struggles of the poor , but in a good - humoured fashion , accessible to readers of all classes . One of his most popular works to this day is A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) . In more recent years Dickens has been most admired for his later novels , such as Dombey and Son ( 1846 -- 48 ) , Great Expectations ( 1860 -- 61 ) , Bleak House ( 1852 -- 53 ) and Little Dorrit ( 1855 -- 57 ) and Our Mutual Friend ( 1864 -- 65 ) . An early rival to Dickens was William Makepeace Thackeray , who during the Victorian period ranked second only to him , but he is now much less read and is known almost exclusively for Vanity Fair ( 1847 ) . In that novel he satirizes whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch . It features his most memorable character , the engagingly roguish Becky Sharp . The Brontë sisters were other significant novelists in the 1840s and 1850s . Their novels caused a sensation when they were first published but were subsequently accepted as classics . They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published , at their own expense in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer , Ellis and Acton Bell . The sisters returned to prose , producing a novel each the following year : Charlotte 's Jane Eyre , Emily 's Wuthering Heights and Anne 's Agnes Grey . Later , Anne 's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall ( 1848 ) and Charlotte 's Villette ( 1853 ) were published . Elizabeth Gaskell was also a successful writer and first novel , Mary Barton , was published anonymously in 1848 . Gaskell 's North and South contrasts the lifestyle in the industrial north of England with the wealthier south . Even though her writing conforms to Victorian conventions , Gaskell usually frames her stories as critiques of contemporary attitudes : her early works focused on factory work in the Midlands . She always emphasised the role of women , with complex narratives and dynamic female characters . Anthony Trollope 's ( 1815 -- 82 ) was one of the most successful , prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era . Some of his best - loved works are set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire , including The Warden ( 1855 ) and Barchester Towers ( 1857 ) . He also wrote perceptive novels on political , social , and gender issues , and on other topical matters , including The Way with Live Now ( 1875 ) . Trollope 's novels portrayed the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England . George Eliot 's ( Mary Ann Evans ( 1819 -- 80 ) first novel Adam Bede was published in 1859 . Her works , especially Middlemarch 1871 -- 72 ) , are important examples of literary realism , and are admired for their combination of high Victorian literary detail combined with an intellectual breadth that removes them from the narrow geographic confines they often depict . H.G. Wells studying in London , taken c. 1890 An interest in rural matters and the changing social and economic situation of the countryside is seen in the novels of Thomas Hardy ( 1840 -- 1928 ) . A Victorian realist , in the tradition of George Eliot , he was also influenced both in his novels and poetry by Romanticism , especially by William Wordsworth . Charles Darwin is another important influence on Thomas Hardy . Like Charles Dickens he was also highly critical of much in Victorian society , though Hardy focussed more on a declining rural society . While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life , and regarded himself primarily as a poet , his first collection was not published until 1898 , so that initially he gained fame as the author of such novels as , Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) , The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1886 ) , Tess of the d'Urbervilles ( 1891 ) , and Jude the Obscure ( 1895 ) . He ceased writing novels following adverse criticism of this last novel . In novels such as The Mayor of Casterbridge and Tess of the d'Urbervilles Hardy attempts to create modern works in the genre of tragedy , that are modelled on the Greek drama , especially Aeschylus and Sophocles , though in prose , not poetry , a novel not drama , and with characters of low social standing , not nobility . Another significant late 19th - century novelist is George Gissing ( 1857 -- 1903 ) who published 23 novels between 1880 and 1903 . His best known novel is New Grub Street ( 1891 ) . Important developments occurred in genre fiction in this era . Although pre-dated by John Ruskin 's The King of the Golden River in 1841 , the history of the modern fantasy genre is generally said to begin with George MacDonald , the influential author of The Princess and the Goblin and Phantastes ( 1858 ) . William Morris was a popular English poet who also wrote several fantasy novels during the latter part of the nineteenth century . Wilkie Collins ' epistolary novel The Moonstone ( 1868 ) , is generally considered the first detective novel in the English language , while The Woman in White is regarded as one of the finest sensation novels . H.G. Wells 's ( 1866 -- 1946 ) writing career began in the 1890s with science fiction novels like The Time Machine ( 1895 ) , and The War of the Worlds ( 1898 ) which describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians , and Wells is seen , along with Frenchman Jules Verne ( 1828 -- 1905 ) , as a major figure in the development of the science fiction genre . He also wrote realistic fiction about the lower middle class in novels like Kipps ( 1905 ) and The History of Mr Polly ( 1910 ) . 20th century ( edit ) The major novelists writing in Britain at the start of the 20th century were an Irishman James Joyce ( 1882 -- 1941 ) and two immigrants , American Henry James ( 1843 -- 1916 ) and Pole Joseph Conrad ( 1857 -- 1924 ) . The modernist tradition in the novel , with its emphasis `` towards the ever more minute and analytic exposition of mental life '' , begins with James and Conrad , in novels such as The Ambassadors ( 1903 ) , The Golden Bowl ( 1907 ) and Lord Jim ( 1900 ) . Other important early modernists were Dorothy Richardson ( 1873 -- 1957 ) , whose novel Pointed Roof ( 1915 ) , is one of the earliest example of the stream of consciousness technique and D.H. Lawrence ( 1885 -- 1930 ) , who wrote with understanding about the social life of the lower and middle classes , and the personal life of those who could not adapt to the social norms of his time . Sons and Lovers ( 1913 ) , is widely regarded as his earliest masterpiece . There followed The Rainbow ( 1915 ) , though it was immediately seized by the police , and its sequel Women in Love published in 1920 . Lawrence attempted to explore human emotions more deeply than his contemporaries and challenged the boundaries of the acceptable treatment of sexual issues , most notably in Lady Chatterley 's Lover , which was privately published in Florence in 1928 . However , the unexpurgated version of this novel was not published until 1959 . Then in 1922 Irishman James Joyce 's important modernist novel Ulysses appeared . Ulysses has been called `` a demonstration and summation of the entire movement '' . Set during one day in Dublin in June 1904 , in it Joyce creates parallels with Homer 's epic poem the Odyssey . Another significant modernist in the 1920s was Virginia Woolf ( 1882 -- 1941 ) , who was an influential feminist and a major stylistic innovator associated with the stream - of - consciousness technique . Her novels include Mrs Dalloway ( 1925 ) , To the Lighthouse ( 1927 ) , and The Waves ( 1931 ) . Her essay collection A Room of One 's Own ( 1929 ) contains her famous dictum ; `` A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction '' . Virginia Woolf But while modernism was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century , there were also many fine novelists who were not modernists . This include E.M. Forster ( ( 1879 -- 1970 ) , John Galsworthy ( ( 1867 -- 1933 ) ( Nobel Prize in Literature , 1932 ) , whose novels include The Forsyte Saga , Arnold Bennett ( 1867 -- 1931 ) author of The Old Wives ' Tale , and H.G. Wells ( 1866 -- 1946 ) . Though Forster 's work is `` frequently regarded as containing both modernist and Victorian elements '' . E.M. Forster 's A Passage to India ( 1924 ) , reflected challenges to imperialism , while his earlier works such as A Room with a View ( 1908 ) and Howards End ( 1910 ) , examined the restrictions and hypocrisy of Edwardian society in England . The most popular British writer of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling ( ( 1865 -- 1936 ) , a highly versatile writer of novels , short stories and poems and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature ( 1907 ) . A significant English writer in the 1930s and 1940s was George Orwell ( 1903 -- 50 ) , who is especially remembered for his satires of totalitarianism , Nineteen Eighty - Four ( 1949 ) and Animal Farm ( 1945 ) . Evelyn Waugh ( 1903 -- 66 ) satirised the `` bright young things '' of the 1920s and 1930s , notably in A Handful of Dust ( 1934 ) , and Decline and Fall ( 1928 ) , while Brideshead Revisited ( 1945 ) has a theological basis , setting out to examine the effect of divine grace on its main characters . Aldous Huxley ( 1894 -- 1963 ) published his famous dystopia Brave New World in 1932 , the same year as John Cowper Powys 's ( 1872 -- 1963 ) A Glastonbury Romance . Samuel Beckett ( 1906 -- 89 ) published his first major work , the novel Murphy in 1938 . This same year Graham Greene 's ( 1904 -- 91 ) first major novel Brighton Rock was published . Then in 1939 James Joyce 's published Finnegans Wake . In this work Joyce creates a special language to express the consciousness of a character who is dreaming . D.H. Lawrence , 1906 Graham Greene was an important novelist whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s . Greene was a convert to Catholicism and his novels explore the ambivalent moral and political issues of the modern world . Notable for an ability to combine serious literary acclaim with broad popularity , his novels include , The Heart of the Matter ( 1948 ) , A Burnt - Out Case ( 1961 ) , and The Human Factor ( 1978 ) . Evelyn Waugh 's ( 1903 -- 66 ) career also continued after World War II , and in `` 1961 he completed his most considerable work , a trilogy about the war entitled Sword of Honour . In 1947 Malcolm Lowry published Under the Volcano , while George Orwell 's satire of totalitarianism , 1984 , was published in 1949 . One of the most influential novels of the immediate post-war period was William Cooper 's ( 1910 -- 2002 ) naturalistic Scenes from Provincial Life ( 1950 ) , which was a conscious rejection of the modernist tradition . Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were : Anthony Powell ( 1905 -- 2000 ) whose twelve - volume cycle of novels A Dance to the Music of Time ( 1951 -- 75 ) , is a comic examination of movements and manners , power and passivity in English political , cultural and military life in the mid-20th century ; comic novelist Kingsley Amis is best known for his academic satire Lucky Jim ( 1954 ) ; Nobel Prize laureate William Golding 's allegorical novel Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) , explores how culture created by man fails , using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island ; philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels that deal with such things as sexual relationships , morality , and the power of the unconscious . Her works including Under the Net ( 1954 ) , The Black Prince ( 1973 ) and The Green Knight ( 1993 ) . Scottish writer Muriel Spark 's also began publishing in the 1950s . She pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels . Her first , The Comforters ( 1957 ) , concerns a woman who becomes aware that she is a character in a novel ; The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie ( 1961 ) , at times takes the reader briefly into the distant future to see the various fates that befall its characters . Anthony Burgess is especially remembered for his dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange ( 1962 ) , set in the not - too - distant future , which was made into a film by Stanley Kubrick in 1971 . In the entirely different genre of Gothic fantasy Mervyn Peake ( 1911 -- 68 ) published his highly successful Gormenghast trilogy between 1946 and 1959 . Immigrant authors played a major role in post-war literature . Doris Lessing ( 1919 ) from Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) , published her first novel The Grass is Singing in 1950 , after immigrating to England . She initially wrote about her African experiences . Lessing soon became a dominant presence in the English literary scene , frequently publishing right through the century , and won the Nobel prize for literature in 2007 . Salman Rushdie ( born 1945 ) is another among a number of post Second World War writers from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain . Rushdie achieved fame with Midnight 's Children 1981 , which was awarded both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Booker prize , and named Booker of Bookers in 1993 . His most controversial novel The Satanic Verses ( 1989 ) , was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad . V.S. Naipaul ( born 1932 ) , born in Trinidad , was another immigrant , who wrote among other things A House for Mr Biswas ( 1961 ) and A Bend in the River ( 1979 ) . Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature . Also from the West Indies George Lamming ( born 1927 ) is best remembered for In the Castle of the Skin ( 1953 ) . Another important immigrant writer Kazuo Ishiguro ( born 1954 ) was born in Japan , but his parents immigrated to Britain when he was six . His works include , The Remains of the Day 1989 , Never Let Me Go 2005 . Anthony Burgess Scotland has in the late 20th - century produced several important novelists , including James Kelman ( born 1946 ) , who like Samuel Beckett can create humour out of the most grim situations . How Late it Was , How Late ( 1994 ) , won the Booker Prize that year ; A.L. Kennedy ( born 1965 ) whose 2007 novel Day was named Book of the Year in the Costa Book Awards . In 2007 she won the Austrian State Prize for European Literature ; Alasdair Gray ( born 1934 ) whose Lanark : A Life in Four Books ( 1981 ) is a dystopian fantasy set in his home town Glasgow . Another contemporary Scot is Irvine Welsh , whose novel Trainspotting ( 1993 ) , gives a brutal depiction of the lives of working class Edinburgh drug users . Angela Carter ( 1940 -- 1992 ) was a novelist and journalist , known for her feminist , magical realism , and picaresque works . Writing from the 1960s until the 1980s , her novels include , The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman ( 1972 ) and Nights at the Circus ( 1984 ) . Margaret Drabble ( born 1939 ) is a novelist , biographer and critic , who has published from the 1960s until this century . Her older sister , A.S. Byatt ( born 1936 ) is best known for Possession published in 1990 . Martin Amis ( born 1949 ) is one of the most prominent of contemporary British novelists . His best - known novels are Money ( 1984 ) and London Fields ( 1989 ) . Pat Barker ( born 1943 ) has won many awards for her fiction . Novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan ( born 1948 ) is another of contemporary Britain 's most highly regarded writers . His works include The Cement Garden ( 1978 ) and Enduring Love ( 1997 ) , which was made into a film . In 1998 McEwan won the Man Booker Prize with Amsterdam , while Atonement ( 2001 ) was made into an Oscar - winning film . McEwan was awarded the Jerusalem Prize in 2011 . Zadie Smith 's ( born 1975 ) Whitbread Book Award winning novel White Teeth ( 2000 ) , mixes pathos and humour , focusing on the later lives of two war time friends in London . Julian Barnes ( born 1946 ) is another successful living novelist , who won the 2011 Man Booker Prize for his book The Sense of an Ending , while three of his earlier books had been shortlisted for the Booker Prize . Among popular novelists Daphne Du Maurier wrote Rebecca , a mystery novel , in 1938 and W. Somerset Maugham ( 1874 -- 1965 ) Of Human Bondage ( 1915 ) , a strongly autobiographical novel , is generally agreed to be his masterpiece . In genre fiction Agatha Christie was an important writer of crime novels , short stories and plays , best remembered for her 80 detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays . Christie 's novels include Murder on the Orient Express ( 1934 ) , Death on the Nile ( 1937 ) , and And Then There Were None ( 1939 ) . Another popular writer during the Golden Age of detective fiction was Dorothy L. Sayers , while Georgette Heyer created the historical romance genre . Survey ( edit ) In 2003 the BBC carried out a UK survey entitled The Big Read in order to find the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' of all time , with works by English novelists Tolkien , Austen , Pullman , Adams and Rowling making up the top five on the list . Famous novelists ( alphabetical order ) ( edit ) Amis , Kingsley Amis , Martin Austen , Jane Becket , Samuel Brontë , Anne Brontë , Charlotte Brontë , Emily Burney , Fanny , later Madame D'Arblay Butler , Samuel Carroll , Lewis Collins , Wilkie Conan Doyle , Arthur Conrad , Joseph Defoe , Daniel Dickens , Charles Eliot , George Fielding , Henry Ford , Ford Madox Forster , E.M. Forster , Margaret Gaskell , Elizabeth Gissing , George Goldsmith , Oliver Greene , Graham Hardy , Thomas Huxley , Aldous James , Henry Johnson , Samuel Joyce , James Kipling , Rudyard Lawrence , D.H. Lessing , Doris Lewis , C.S. Lewis , Wyndham Lowry , Malcolm Meredith , George Naipaul , V.S. Oliphant , Margaret , traditionally known as Mrs Oliphant Orwell , George Powys , John Cowper Powys , T.F. Pullman , Philip Reade , Charles Richardson , Dorothy Richardson , Samuel Rushdie , Salman Sackville - West , Vita Scott , Walter Shelley , Mary Smith , Charlotte Turner Smollett , Tobias Sterne , Laurence Stevenson , Robert Louis Swift , Jonathan Thackeray , William Tolkien , J.R.R. Trollope , Anthony Ward , Mary , traditionally known as Mrs Humphry Ward Wells , H.G. Wilde , Oscar Woolf , Virginia Wyndham , John See also ( edit ) Novels portal Novel List of English novelists List of English writers List of literary movements American novel British regional literature British literature English literature Industrial novel Modernism Postmodern literature References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Defoe '' , The Oxford Companion to English Literature , ed . Margaret Drabble . ( Oxford : Oxforsd University Press , 1996 ) , p. 265 . Jump up ^ J.A. Cuddon , A Dictionary of Literary Terms ( Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , 1984 ) , pp. 433 , 434 . Jump up ^ http://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/gullivers-travels/author/dean-swift/sortby/3/ Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , p. 947 . Jump up ^ Robert DeMaria ( 2001 ) , British Literature 1640 -- 1789 : An Anthology , Blackwell Publishing , ISBN 0 - 631 - 21769 - X Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , ed Margaret Drabble . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ J.A. Cuddon , A Dictionary of Literary Terms . ( Harmondsworth : Penguin Books , 1984 ) , p. 582 . Jump up ^ J.A. Cuddon , A Dictionary of Literary Terms , p. 289 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , ed . Margaret Drabble . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1996 ) , p. 411 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , p. 886 . Jump up ^ Skal , David J. ( 1996 ) . V is for Vampire , p. 99 . New York : Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27173 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Litz , pp. 3 -- 14 ; Grundy , `` Jane Austen and Literary Traditions '' , The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen , pp. 192 -- 193 ; Waldron , `` Critical Responses , Early '' , Jane Austen in Context , pp. 83 , 89 -- 90 ; Duffy , `` Criticism , 1814 -- 1870 '' , The Jane Austen Companion , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ A. Walton Litz , Jane Austen : A Study of Her Development . New York : Oxford University Press , 1965 . p. 142 ; Oliver MacDonagh , Jane Austen : Real and Imagined Worlds . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1991 . pp. 66 -- 75 ; Collins , 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ J.A. Cuddon , p. 435 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , p. 890 . Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature , ed . Marion Wynne - Davies . ( New York : Prentice Hall , 1990 ) , pp. 97 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Bloomsbury Guide , p. 101 . Jump up ^ `` James , Louis ( 2006 ) '' Jump up ^ Abrams , M.H. , et al. ( Eds . ) `` Elizabeth Gaskell , 1810 -- 1865 '' . The Norton Anthology of English Literature , The Major Authors : The Romantic Period through the Twentieth Century , 7th ed. , Vol . B. New York , London : W.W. Norton & Company , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 97304 - 2 . DDC 820.8 -- dc21 . LC PR1109. N6 . Jump up ^ Dennis Taylor , `` Hardy and Wordsworth '' . Victorian Poetry , vol. 24 , no. 4 , Winter , 1986 . Jump up ^ Gillian Beer , Darwin 's Plots . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Aristotelian Tragedy and the Novels of Thomas Hardy '' Jump up ^ John Carruthers , Scheherazade : or the Future of the English Novel ( 1928 ) , quoted in Randall Stevenson , Modernist Fiction : An Introduction . ( Lexington : University of Kentucky , 1992 ) pp. 18 , 19 , 22 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , p. 562 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Beebe , Maurice ( Fall 1972 ) . `` Ulysses and the Age of Modernism '' . James Joyce Quarterly ( University of Tulsa ) 10 ( 1 ) : p. 176 . Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature , ed . Marion Wynne - Davies . ( New York : Prentice Hall , 19900 , p. 644 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge companion to Virginia Woolf . By Sue Roe , Susan Sellers . p. 219 . Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature , ed . Marion Wynne Davies ( New York : Prentice Hall , 1990 ) , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Memo dated 18 February 1947 from Evelyn Waugh to Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , reproduced in Giles Foden ( 22 May 2004 ) . `` Waugh versus Hollywood '' . The Guardian . p. 34 . Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature , p. 644 . Jump up ^ The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature , ed . Marion Wynne - Davies . ( New York : Prentice Hall , 1990 ) , p. 1008 . Jump up ^ Bradbury , Malcolm . `` Introduction to Scenes from Provincial Life . ( Macmillan , London , 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 '' . Nobelprize.org . Jump up ^ The Oxford Companion to English Literature , p. 506 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mark ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Perfect Day for AL Kennedy as she takes Costa book prize '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Literatur - Staatspreis an Britin verliehen '' . ORF Salzburg ( Austrian Broadcasting Company ) . 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Irvine Welsh plans Trainspotting prequel The Sunday Times Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC - The Big Read - Top 100 Books Retrieved 2010 - 27 - 11 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_novel&oldid=802220929 '' Categories : History of literature in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2014 Use British English from October 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español हिन्दी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 19 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	write a note on history of english novel	[]	[]
-8388693327253372583	Sea turtle	Sea turtle - wikipedia Sea turtle Sea turtle Temporal range : Early Cretaceous - Holocene , 110 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg An olive ridley sea turtle , a species of the sea turtle superfamily Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Order : Testudines Suborder : Cryptodira Clade : Americhelydia Clade : Panchelonioidea Superfamily : Chelonioidea Bauer , 1893 Type species Chelonia mydas Linnaeus , 1758 Families Pancheloniidae Cheloniidae Pandermochelys Dermochelyidae † Protostegidae Synonyms Chelonii - Oppel , 1811 Chlonopteria - Rafinesque , 1814 Cheloniae - Schmid , 1819 Edigitata - Haworth , 1825 Oiacopodae - Wagler , 1828 Pterodactyli - Mayer , 1849 Sea turtles ( superfamily Chelonioidea ) , sometimes called marine turtles , are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder cryptodira . The seven existing species of sea turtles are : the green , loggerhead , Kemp 's ridley , olive ridley , hawksbill , flatback , and leatherback . Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy and evolution 2.1 Cladogram 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Life cycle 5 Physiology 5.1 Osmoregulation 5.2 Thermoregulation 5.3 Diving physiology 5.4 Fluorescence 6 Ecology 6.1 Diet 6.2 Relationship with humans 6.3 Importance to ecosystems 6.4 Conservation status and threats 6.4. 1 Management 6.4. 2 Predators and disease 6.4. 3 Bycatch 6.4. 4 Beach development 6.4. 5 Poaching 6.4. 6 Marine debris 6.4. 7 Climate change 6.4. 8 Oil spills 6.4. 9 Rehabilitation 6.5 Symbiosis with barnacles 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Description ( edit ) The majority of a sea turtle 's body is protected by its shell . The turtle 's shell is divided into two sections : the carapace ( the dorsal portion ) and the plastron ( the ventral portion ) . The shell is made up of smaller plates called scutes . The leatherback is the only sea turtle that does not have a hard shell . Instead , it bears a mosaic of bony plates beneath its leathery skin . In general , sea turtles have a more fusiform body plan than their terrestrial or freshwater counterparts . The reduced volume of a fusiform ( tapering at both ends ) body means sea turtles can not retract their head , legs , and arms into their shells for protection like other turtles can . However this more stream - lined body plan reduces drag in the water and allows the turtle to swim more easily . The leatherback is the largest species of sea turtle . Measuring 2 -- 3 meters ( 6 -- 9 ft ) in length , and 1 - 1.5 m ( 3 -- 5 ft ) in width , weighing up to 700 kilograms ( 1500 lb ) . Other species are smaller , being mostly 60 -- 120 cm ( 2 -- 4 ft ) and proportionally narrower . Taxonomy and evolution ( edit ) Sea turtles , along with other turtles and tortoises , are part of the order Testudines . All species except the leatherback are in the family Cheloniidae . The leatherback is the only extant member of the family Dermochelyidae . The origin of sea turtles goes back to the Late Jurassic ( 150 million years ago ) with genera such as Plesiochelys , from Europe . In Africa , the first marine turtle is Angolachelys , from the Turonian of Angola . However , neither of these are related to extant sea turtles ; the oldest representative of the lineage leading to these was Desmatochelys padillai , from the Early Cretaceous . A lineage of unrelated marine testudines , the pleurodire ( side - necked ) bothremydids , also survived well into the Cenozoic . Other pleurodires are also thought to have lived at sea , such as Araripemys . Sea turtles constitute a single radiation that became distinct from all other turtles at least 110 million years ago . Sea turtles ' limbs and brains have evolved to adapt to their diets . One of the main things sea turtles consume is jellyfish and the use of their limbs to hold , swipe , and forage their food has helped them eat more efficiently . Originally sea turtles ' limbs have evolved for locomotion but now they have evolved to aid them in the ability to get food . In addition to the evolution of limbs , sea turtles ' brains have also evolved . The frontal cortex of a sea turtle 's brain was not very developed . This underdevelopment caused the sea turtles to not be able to learn from their surroundings . Cladogram ( edit ) Below is a cladogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of living and extinct sea turtles in the Chelonioidea based on Peer and Lee ( 2005 ) Phylogenetic relations of living and extinct chelonioid species Panchelonioidea † Toxochelys † Ctenochelys Chelonioidea Pancheloniidae † Euclastes † Puppigerus Cheloniidae Pandermochelys † Protostegidae Dermochelyidae Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Sea turtles can be found in oceans except for the polar regions . The flatback sea turtle is found solely on the northern coast of Australia . The Kemp 's ridley sea turtle is found solely in the Gulf of Mexico and along the East Coast of the United States . Sea turtles are generally found in the waters over continental shelves . During the first three to five years of life , sea turtles spend most of their time in the pelagic zone floating in seaweed mats . Green sea turtles in particular are often found in Sargassum mats , in which they find shelter and food . Once the sea turtle has reached adulthood it moves closer to the shore . Females will come ashore to lay their eggs on sandy beaches during the nesting season . Sea turtles migrate to reach their spawning beaches , which are limited in numbers . Living in the ocean therefore means they usually migrate over large distances . All sea turtles have large body sizes , which is helpful for moving large distances . Large body sizes also offer good protection against the large predators ( notably sharks ) found in the ocean . Life cycle ( edit ) 1 ) Male and female turtles age in the ocean and migrate to shallow coastal water . 2 ) Turtles mate in the water near offshore nesting sites . 3 ) The adult male turtles return to the feeding sites in the water . 4 ) Female turtles cycle between mating and nesting. 5 ) Females lay their eggs . 6 ) When the season is over , female turtles return to feeding sites . 7 ) Baby turtles incubate for 60 -- 80 days and hatch. 8 ) Newly hatched turtles emerge from nests and travel from the shore to the water . 9 ) Baby turtles mature in the ocean until they are ready to begin the cycle again . It takes decades for sea turtles to reach sexual maturity . Mature turtles may migrate thousands of miles to reach breeding sites . After mating at sea , adult female sea turtles return to land to lay their eggs . Different species of sea turtles exhibit various levels of philopatry . In the extreme case , females return to the beach where they hatched . This can take place every two to four years in maturity . An olive ridley turtle nesting on Escobilla Beach , Oaxaca , Mexico The mature nesting female hauls herself onto the beach , nearly always at night , and finds suitable sand in which to create a nest . Using her hind flippers , she digs a circular hole 40 to 50 centimetres ( 16 to 20 in ) deep . After the hole is dug , the female then starts filling the nest with her clutch of soft - shelled eggs . Depending on the species , a typical clutch may contain 50 -- 350 eggs . After laying , she re-fills the nest with sand , re-sculpting and smoothing the surface , and then camouflaging the nest with vegetation until it is relatively undetectable visually . The whole process takes thirty to sixty minutes . She then returns to the ocean , leaving the eggs untended . Females may lay 1 -- 8 clutches in a single season . Female sea turtles alternate between mating in the water and laying their eggs on land . Most sea turtle species nest individually . But ridley sea turtles come ashore en masse , known as an arribada ( arrival ) . With the Kemp 's ridley sea turtles this occurs during the day . Sea turtles have temperature - dependent sex determination , meaning the developing turtle 's sex depends on the temperature it is exposed to . Warmer temperatures produce female hatchlings , while cooler temperatures produce male hatchlings . The eggs will incubate for 50 -- 60 days . The eggs in one nest hatch together over a short period of time . The baby turtles break free of the egg shell , dig through the sand , and crawl into the sea . Most species of sea turtles hatch at night . However , the Kemp 's ridley commonly hatches during the day . Turtle nests that hatch during the day are more vulnerable to predators , and may encounter more human activity on beach . Turtle gender depends on sand temperature while the egg is incubating . Larger hatchlings have a higher probability of survival than smaller individuals , which can be explained by the fact that larger offspring are faster and thus less exposed to predation . Predators can only functionally intake so much ; larger individuals are not targeted as often . A study conducted on this topic shows that body size is positively correlated with speed , so larger turtles are exposed to predators for a shorter amount of time . The fact that there is size dependent predation on chelonians has led to the evolutionary development of large body sizes . In 1987 , Carr discovered that the young of green and loggerhead seaturtles spent a great deal of their pelagic lives in floating sargassum mats . Within these mats , they found ample shelter and food . In the absence of sargassum , sea turtle young feed in the vicinity of upwelling `` fronts '' . In 2007 , Reich determined that green sea turtle hatchlings spend the first three to five years of their lives in pelagic waters . In the open ocean , pre-juveniles of this particular species were found to feed on zooplankton and smaller nekton before they are recruited into inshore seagrass meadows as obligate herbivores . Sea turtles are a species that finds relatively low offspring survival rates . If you were to start with 1000 sea turtle eggs , you would end up with only one sexually mature subject . Starting with 1000 eggs , roughly 20 % would n't hatch which means from the start only 800 sea turtles will hatch and make it to the sand surface . As the sea turtles begin to move down the beach and towards the waves , only 50 % or 400 of them will make it to the ocean . This is due to predation and obstacles preventing the young turtles from reaching the ocean . Continuing , once in the ocean 50 % of these sea turtles will survive to past juvenile stages of life . Once they reach adulthood only 20 sea turtles will survive , and this is without human interference . When human interference is factored in , only 2 out of 1000 sea turtles will survive to reproductive maturity . Physiology ( edit ) Osmoregulation ( edit ) Sea turtles maintain an internal environment that is hypotonic to the ocean . To maintain hypotonicity they must excrete excess salt ions . Like other marine reptiles , sea turtles rely on a specialized gland to rid the body of excess salt ions , because reptilian kidneys can not produce urine with a higher ion concentration than sea water . All species of sea turtles have a lachrymal gland in the orbital cavity , capable of producing tears with a higher salt concentration than sea water . Leatherbacks face an increased osmotic challenge compared to other species of sea turtle , since their primary prey are jellyfish and other gelatinous plankton , whose fluids have the same concentration of salts as sea water . The much larger lachrymal gland found in leatherbacks may have evolved to cope with the higher intake of salts from their prey . A constant output of concentrated salty tears may be required to balance the input of salts from regular feeding , even considering leatherback tears can have a salt ion concentration almost twice that of other species of marine turtle . Immature Hawaiian green sea turtle in shallow waters Hatchlings depend on drinking sea water immediately upon entering the ocean to replenish water lost during the hatching process . Salt gland functioning begins quickly after hatching , so that the young turtles can establish ion and water balance soon after entering the ocean . Survival and physiological performance hinge on immediate and efficient hydration following emergence from the nest . Thermoregulation ( edit ) Most sea turtles ( those in family Cheloniidae ) are poikilotherms . However the leatherback ( family Dermochelyidae ) are endotherms because they can maintain a body temperature 8 ° C ( 14 ° F ) warmer than the ambient water . Green sea turtles in the relatively cooler Pacific are known to haul themselves out of the water on remote islands to bask in the sun . This behavior has only been observed in a few locations including the Galapagos , Hawaii , Europa Island , and parts of Australia . A green sea turtle breaks the surface to breathe . Diving physiology ( edit ) Sea turtles are air breathing reptiles that have lungs , so they regularly surface to breathe . Sea turtles spend a majority of their time underwater , so they must be able to hold their breath for long periods . Dive duration largely depends on activity . A foraging turtle may typically spend 5 -- 40 minutes under water while a sleeping sea turtle can remain under water for 4 -- 7 hours . Remarkably , sea turtle respiration remains aerobic for the vast majority of voluntary dive time . When a sea turtle is forcibly submerged ( e.g. entangled in a trawl net ) its diving endurance is substantially reduced , so it is more susceptible to drowning . When surfacing to breathe , a sea turtle can quickly refill its lungs with a single explosive exhalation and rapid inhalation . Their large lungs permit rapid exchange of oxygen and avoid trapping gases during deep dives . Fluorescence ( edit ) Gruber and Sparks ( 2015 ) have observed the first fluorescence in a marine tetrapod ( four - limbed vertebrates ) . Sea turtles are the first biofluorescent reptile found in the wild . According to Gruber and Sparks ( 2015 ) fluorescence is observed in an increasing number of marine creatures ( cnidarians , ctenophores , annelids , arthropods , and chordates ) and is now also considered to be widespread in cartilaginous and ray - finned fishes . The two marine biologists accidentally made the observation in the Solomon Islands on a hawksbill sea turtle , one of the rarest and most endangered turtle species in the ocean , during a night dive aimed to film the biofluorescence emitted by small sharks and coral reefs . The role of biofluorescence in marine organisms is often attributed to a strategy for attracting prey or perhaps a way to communicate . It could also serve as a way of defense or camouflage for the sea turtle hiding during night amongst other fluorescent organisms like corals . Fluorescent corals and sea creatures are best observed during night dives with a blue LED light and with a camera equipped with an orange optical filter to capture only the fluorescence light . Ecology. ( edit ) Diet ( edit ) The loggerhead , Kemp 's ridley , olive ridley , and hawksbill sea turtles are omnivorous their entire life . Omnivorous turtles may eat a wide variety of plant and animal life including decapods , seagrasses , seaweed , sponges , mollusks , cnidarians , echinoderms , worms and fish . However some species specialize on certain prey . The diet of green turtles changes with age . Juveniles are omnivorous , but as they mature they become exclusively herbivorous . This diet shift has an effect on the green turtle 's morphology . Green sea turtles have a serrated jaw that is used to eat sea grass and algae . Leatherback turtles feed almost exclusively on jellyfish and help control jellyfish populations . Hawksbills principally eat sponges , which constitute 70 -- 95 % of their diets in the Caribbean . Relationship with humans ( edit ) Marine sea turtles are caught worldwide , although it is illegal to hunt most species in many countries . A great deal of intentional marine sea turtle harvests worldwide are for food . Many parts of the world have long considered sea turtles to be fine dining . Ancient Chinese texts dating to the fifth century B.C.E. describe sea turtles as exotic delicacies . Many coastal communities around the world depend on sea turtles as a source of protein , often harvesting several sea turtles at once and keeping them alive on their backs until needed . Coastal peoples gather sea turtle eggs for consumption . `` Manner in which Natives of the East Coast strike turtle '' . Near Cooktown , Australia . From Phillip Parker King 's Survey . 1818 . To a much lesser extent , specific species of marine sea turtles are targeted not for their flesh , but for their shells . Tortoiseshell , a traditional decorative ornamental material used in Japan and China , comes from the carapace scutes of the hawksbill sea turtle . Ancient Greeks and ancient Romans processed sea turtle scutes ( primarily from the hawksbill ) for various articles and ornaments used by their elites , such as combs and brushes . The skin of the flippers is prized for use as shoes and assorted leather goods . The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals . They often depicted sea turtles in their art . Leatherback sea turtles enjoy immunity from the sting of the deadly box jellyfish and regularly eat them , helping keep tropical beaches safe for humans . Beach towns , such as Tortuguero , Costa Rica , have transitioned from a tourism industry that made profits from selling sea turtle meat and shells to an ecotourism - based economy . Tortuguero is considered to be the founding location of sea turtle conservation . In the 1960s the cultural demand for sea turtle meat , shells , and eggs was quickly killing the once abundant sea turtle populations that nested on the beach . The Caribbean Conservation Corporation began working with villagers to promote ecotourism as a permanent substitute to sea turtle hunting . Sea turtle nesting grounds became sustainable . Tourists love to come and visit the nesting grounds , although it causes a lot of stress to the turtles because all of the eggs can get damaged or harmed . Since the creation of a sea turtle , ecotourism - based economy , Tortugero annually houses thousands of tourists who visit the protected 22 - mile ( 35 km ) beach that hosts sea turtle walks and nesting grounds . Importance to ecosystems ( edit ) Sea turtles on a beach in Hawaii Sea turtles play key roles in two habitat types : oceans and beaches / dunes . In the oceans , sea turtles , especially green sea turtles , are among very few creatures ( manatees are another ) that eat sea grass . Sea grass needs to be constantly cut short to help it grow across the sea floor . Sea turtle grazing helps maintain the health of the sea grass beds . Sea grass beds provide breeding and developmental grounds for numerous marine animals . Without them , many marine species humans harvest would be lost , as would the lower levels of the food chain . The reactions could result in many more marine species eventually becoming endangered or extinct . Sea turtles use beaches and the lower dunes to nest and lay their eggs . Beaches and dunes are a fragile habitat that depend on vegetation to protect against erosion . Eggs , hatched or unhatched , and hatchlings that fail to make it into the ocean are nutrient sources for dune vegetation . Along a 20 - mile ( 32 km ) stretch of beach on the east coast of Florida sea turtles lay over 150,000 lb ( 68,000 kg ) of eggs in the sand . Dune vegetation is able to grow and become stronger with the nutrients from sea turtle nests . Stronger vegetation and root systems help to hold the sand in the dunes and help protect the beach from erosion . Conservation status and threats ( edit ) Main article : Threats to sea turtles A sea turtle entangled in a net The IUCN Red List classifies three species of sea turtle as either `` Endangered '' or `` Critically Endangered '' . An additional three species are classified as `` Vulnerable '' . The flatback is considered as `` Data Deficient '' , meaning that its conservation status is unclear due to lack of data . All species of sea turtle are listed in CITES Appendix I , restricting international trade of sea turtles and sea turtle products . However , the usefulness of global assessments for sea turtles has been questioned , particularly due to the presence of distinct genetic stocks and spatially separated regional management units ( RMUs ) . Each RMU is subject to a unique set of threats that generally cross jurisdictional boundaries , resulting in some sub-populations of the same species ' showing recovery while others continue to decline . This has triggered the IUCN to conduct threat assessments at the sub-population level for some species recently . These new assessments have highlighted an unexpected mismatch between where conservation relevant science has been conducted on sea turtles , and where these is the greatest need for conservation . For example , as at August 2017 , about 69 % of studies using stable isotope analysis to understand the foraging distribution of sea turtles have been conducted in RMUs listed as ' Least Concern ' by the IUCN . Additionally , all populations of sea turtles that occur in United States waters are listed as threatened or endangered by the US Endangered Species Act ( ESA ) . The US listing status of the loggerhead is under review as of 2012 . IUCN Redlist United States ESA * Green Endangered Endangered : populations in Florida and Pacific coast of Mexico populations Threatened : all other populations Loggerhead Vulnerable Endangered : NE Atlantic , Mediterranean , N Indian , N Pacific , S Pacific populations Threatened : NW Atlantic , S Atlantic , SE Indo - Pacific , SW Indian populations Kemp 's ridley Critically Endangered Endangered : all populations Olive ridley Vulnerable Endangered : Pacific Coast of Mexico population Threatened : all other populations Hawksbill Critically Endangered Endangered : all populations Flatback Data Deficient N / A Leatherback Vulnerable Endangered : all populations * The ESA manages sea turtles by population not by species . Management ( edit ) In the Caribbean , researchers are having some success in assisting a comeback . In September 2007 , Corpus Christi , Texas , wildlife officials found 128 Kemp 's ridley sea turtle nests on Texas beaches , a record number , including 81 on North Padre Island ( Padre Island National Seashore ) and four on Mustang Island . Wildlife officials released 10,594 Kemp 's ridleys hatchlings along the Texas coast in recent years . The Philippines has had several initiatives dealing with the issue of sea turtle conservation . In 2007 , the province of Batangas declared the catching and eating of sea turtles ( locally referred to as Pawikans ) illegal . However , the law seems to have had little effect as sea turtle eggs are still in demand in Batangan markets . In September 2007 , several Chinese poachers were apprehended off the Turtle Islands in the country 's southernmost province of Tawi - Tawi . The poachers had collected more than a hundred sea turtles , along with 10,000 sea turtle eggs . Evaluating the progress of conservation programs is difficult , because many sea turtle populations have not been assessed adequately . Most information on sea turtle populations comes from counting nests on beaches , but this does not provide an accurate picture of the whole sea turtle population . A 2010 United States National Research Council report concluded that more detailed information on sea turtles ' life cycles , such as birth rates and mortality , is needed . Nest relocation may not be a useful conservation technique for sea turtles . In one study on the freshwater Arrau turtle ( Podocnemis expansa ) researchers examined the effects of nest relocation . They discovered that clutches of this freshwater turtle that were transplanted to a new location had higher mortality rates and more morphological abnormalities compared to non transplanted clutches . However , in a study of Loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta ) , Dellert et al. found that relocating nests at risk of inundation increased the success of eggs and hatchlings and decreased the risk of inundation . Predators and disease ( edit ) Most sea turtle mortality happens early in life . Sea turtles usually lay around one hundred eggs at a time , but on average only one of the eggs from the nest will survive to adulthood . Raccoons , foxes , and seabirds may raid nests or hatchlings may be eaten within minutes of hatching as they make their initial run for the ocean . Once in the water , they are susceptible to seabirds , large fish and even other turtles . Adult sea turtles have few predators . Large aquatic carnivores such as sharks and crocodiles are their biggest threats ; however , reports of terrestrial predators attacking nesting females are not uncommon . Jaguars have been reported to smash into the turtle 's shell with its paw , and scoop out the flesh . Fibropapillomatosis disease causes tumors in sea turtles . While many of the things that endanger sea turtles are natural predators , increasingly many threats to the sea turtle species have arrived with the ever - growing presence of humans . Bycatch ( edit ) Loggerhead sea turtle exits from fishing net through a turtle excluder device ( TED ) One of the most significant and contemporary threats to sea turtles comes from bycatch due to imprecise fishing methods . Long - lining has been identified as a major cause of accidental sea turtle death . There is also black - market demand for tortoiseshell for both decoration and supposed health benefits . Sea turtles must surface to breathe . Caught in a fisherman 's net , they are unable to surface and thus drown . In early 2007 , almost a thousand sea turtles were killed inadvertently in the Bay of Bengal over the course of a few months after netting . However , some relatively inexpensive changes to fishing techniques , such as slightly larger hooks and traps from which sea turtles can escape , can dramatically cut the mortality rate . Turtle Excluder Devices ( TEDs ) have reduced sea turtle bycatch in shrimp nets by 97 percent . Legal notice posted by nest at Boca Raton , Florida Beach development ( edit ) Beach development is another area which threatens sea turtles . Since many sea turtles return to the same beach each time to nest , development can disrupt the cycle . There has been a movement to protect these areas , in some cases by special police . In some areas , such as the east coast of Florida , conservationists dig up sea turtle eggs and relocate them to fenced nurseries to protect them from beach traffic . Since hatchlings find their way to the ocean by crawling towards the brightest horizon , they can become disoriented on developed stretches of coastline . Lighting restrictions can prevent lights from shining on the beach and confusing hatchlings . Sea turtle - safe lighting uses red or amber LED light , invisible to sea turtles , in place of white light . Poaching ( edit ) Eggs sold on a market of Malaysia Another major threat to sea turtles is black - market trade in eggs and meat . This is a problem throughout the world , but especially a concern in China , the Philippines , India , Indonesia and the coastal nations of Latin America . Estimates reach as high as 35,000 sea turtles killed a year in Mexico and the same number in Nicaragua . Conservationists in Mexico and the United States have launched `` Do n't Eat Sea Turtle '' campaigns in order to reduce this trade in sea turtle products . These campaigns have involved figures such as Dorismar , Los Tigres del Norte and Maná . Sea turtles are often consumed during the Catholic season of Lent , even though they are reptiles , not fish . Consequently , conservation organizations have written letters to the Pope asking that he declare sea turtles meat . Marine debris ( edit ) Another danger comes from marine debris , especially plastics which may be mistaken for jellyfish , and abandoned fishing nets in which they can become entangled . Climate change ( edit ) Climate change may also cause a threat to sea turtles . Since sand temperature at nesting beaches defines the sex of a sea turtle while developing in the egg , there is concern that rising temperatures may produce too many females . However , more research is needed to understand how climate change might affect sea turtle gender distribution and what other possible threats it may pose . Oil spills ( edit ) Sea turtles are very vulnerable to oil pollution , both because of the oil 's tendency to linger on the water 's surface , and because oil can affect them at every stage of their life cycle . Oil can poison the sea turtles upon entering their digestive system . Rehabilitation ( edit ) Injured sea turtles are rescued and rehabilitated ( and , if possible , released back to the ocean ) by professional organizations , such as the Gumbo Limbo Nature Center in Boca Raton , Florida , the Karen Beasley Sea Turtle Rescue and Rehabilitation Center in Surf City , North Carolina , and Sea Turtles 911 in Hainan , China . One rescued sea turtle , named Nickel for the coin that was found lodged in her throat , lives at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago . Symbiosis with barnacles ( edit ) Sea Turtles are believed to have a commensal relationship with some barnacles , in which the barnacles benefit from growing on turtles without harming them . Barnacles are small , hard shelled crustaceans found attached to multiple different substrates below or just above the ocean . The adult barnacle is a sessile organism , however in its larval stage it is planktonic and can move about the water column . The larval stage chooses where to settle and ultimately the habitat for its full adult life , which is typically between 5 and 10 years . However , estimates of age for a common sea turtle barnacle species , Chelonibia testudinaria , suggest that this species lives for at least 21 months , with individuals older than this uncommon . A favorite settlement for barnacle larvae is the shell or skin around the neck of sea turtles . The larvae glue themselves to the chosen spot , a thin layer of flesh is wrapped around them and a shell is secreted . Many species of barnacles can settle on any substrate , however some species of barnacles have an obligatory commensal relationship with specific animals , which makes finding a suitable location harder . Around 29 species of `` turtle barnacles '' have been recorded . However it is not solely on sea turtles that barnacles can be found ; other organisms also serve as barnacle 's settlements . These organisms include mollusks , whales , decapod crustaceans , manatees and several other groups related to these species . Sea turtle shells are an ideal habitat for adult barnacles for three reasons . Turtles tend to live long lives , greater than 70 years , so barnacles do not have to worry about host death . However , mortality in sea turtle barnacles is often driven by their host shedding the scutes on which the barnacle is attached , rather than the death of the turtle itself . Secondly , barnacles are suspension feeders . Sea turtles spend most of their lives swimming and following ocean currents and as water runs along the back of the turtle 's shell it passes over the barnacles , providing an almost constant water flow and influx of food particles . Lastly , the long distances and inter-ocean travel these sea turtles swim throughout their lifetime offers the perfect mechanism for dispersal of barnacle larvae . Allowing the barnacle species to distribute themselves throughout global waters is a high fitness advantage of this commensalism . This relationship however is not truly commensal . While the barnacles are not directly parasitic to their hosts , they have negative effects to the turtles on which they choose to reside . The barnacles add extra weight and drag to the sea turtle , increasing the energy it needs for swimming and affecting its ability to capture prey , with the effect increasing with the quantity of barnacles affixed to its back . See also ( edit ) Turtles portal Cultural depictions of turtles Kélonia - sea turtle observatory in Réunion Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South - East Asia Sandwatch Sea Turtle Association of Japan , Kuroshima Research Station Sea Turtle Conservancy Sea turtle migration Sea Turtles 911 Shrimp - Turtle Case Threats to sea turtles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hirayama R ; Tong H ( 2003 ) . `` Osteopygis ( Testudines : Cheloniidae ) from the Lower Tertiary of the Ouled Abdoun phosphate basin , Morocco '' . Palaeontology. 46 ( 5 ) : 845 -- 56 . doi : 10.1111 / 1475 - 4983.00322 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodin , Anders G.J. ; van Dijk , Peter Paul ; Inverson , John B. ; Shaffer , H. Bradley ; Roger , Bour ( 2011 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Turtles of the world , 2011 update : Annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution and conservation status '' ( PDF ) . Chelonian Research Monographs. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Avise , J.C. ; Hamrick , J.L. ( 1996 ) . Conservation Genetics . Springer . ISBN 0412055813 . ^ Jump up to : Fisheries , NOAA . `` Sea Turtles : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Turtles '' . Defenders of Wildlife . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Turtle Species '' . turtlehospital . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mateus ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` The oldest African eucryptodiran turtle from the Cretaceous of Angola '' . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 : 581 -- 588 . doi : 10.4202 / app. 2008.0063 . Jump up ^ Kischlat , E. - E & Campos , D. de 1990 . Some osteological aspects of Araripemys barretoi Price , 1973 ( Chelonii , Pleurodira , Araripemydidae ) . In Atas do I Simpósio sobre a Bacia do Araripe e Bacias Interiores do Nordeste Crato , 14 a 16 de junho de 1990 , pp. 387 -- 395 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Turtles SWOT '' . www.seaturtlestatus.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` An Introduction to Sea Turtles '' ( PDF ) . SWOT . Jump up ^ Kear , Benjamin P ( 22 March 2006 ) . `` A primitive protostegid from Australia and early sea turtle evolution '' . Biology Letters. 2 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 119 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2005.0406 . PMC 1617175 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.newswise.com/articles/sea-turtles-use-flippers-to-manipulate-food Jump up ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/03/180328083421.htm Jump up ^ Kear BP ; Lee MS ( March 2006 ) . `` A primitive protostegid from Australia and early sea turtle evolution '' . Biology Letters. 2 ( 1 ) : 116 -- 9 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2005.0406 . PMC 1617175 . PMID 17148342 . Jump up ^ Ancient mariners threatened with extinction ^ Jump up to : Carr , Archie ( August 1987 ) . `` New Perspectives on the Pelagic Stage of Sea Turtle Development '' . Conservation Biology . Blackwell Publishing . 1 ( 2 ) : 103 -- 121 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.1987. tb00020. x . JSTOR 2385827 . ^ Jump up to : Brynner , Jeanna ( 19 September 2007 ) . `` Sea Turtles ' Mystery Hideout Revealed '' . LiveScience . Imaginova Corp . Retrieved 20 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` WWF -- Marine Turtles '' . Species Factsheets . World Wide Fund for Nature . 4 May 2007 . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , A.L. ; Slater , G.J. ; Alfaro , M.E. ( 2011 ) . `` The evolution of island gigantism and body size variation in tortoises and turtles '' ( PDF ) . Biology Letters. 7 ( 4 ) : 558 -- 561 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2010.1084 . PMC 3130210 . PMID 21270022 . Jump up ^ Audubon , Maria R. ( 1986 ) ( First published 1897 ) . Audubon and His Journals : Dover Publications Reprint . New York : Scribner 's Sons . pp. 373 -- 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 25144 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Mrosovsky , N. ( August 1982 ) . `` Sex ratio bias in hatchling sea turtles from artificially incubated eggs '' . Biological Conservation. 23 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 314 . doi : 10.1016 / 0006 - 3207 ( 82 ) 90087 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Morreale , S. ; Ruiz , G. ; Spotila , J. ; Standora , E. ( 11 June 1982 ) . `` Temperature - dependent sex determination : current practices threaten conservation of sea turtles '' . Science . 216 ( 4551 ) : 1245 -- 1247 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7079758 . PMID 7079758 . ^ Jump up to : Mrosovsky , N. ; Hopkins - Murphy , S.R. ; Richardson , J.I. ( 17 August 1984 ) . `` Sex Ratio of Sea Turtles : Seasonal Changes '' . Science . 225 ( 4663 ) : 739 -- 741 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 225.4663. 739 . ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , Matthew H. ; Barreto , R. ; Mrosovsky , N. ( December 1997 ) . `` Metabolically - Generated Heat of Developing Eggs and Its Potential Effect on Sex Ratio of Sea Turtle Hatchlings '' . Journal of Herpetology. 31 ( 4 ) : 616 . doi : 10.2307 / 1565626 . ^ Jump up to : Ewert , Michael A. ; Jackson , Dale R. ; Nelson , Craig E. ( 15 September 1994 ) . `` Patterns of temperature - dependent sex determination in turtles '' . Journal of Experimental Zoology. 270 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 15 . doi : 10.1002 / jez. 1402700103 . Jump up ^ Standora , Edward ; Spotila , James ( Aug 5 , 1985 ) . `` Temperature dependent sex determination in sea turtles '' . Copeia. 1985 : 711 -- 722 . doi : 10.2307 / 1444765 . JSTOR 1444765 . Jump up ^ Janzen , Fredric J. ; Tucker , John K. ; Paukstis , Gary L. ( 2007 ) . `` Experimental analysis of an early life - history stage : direct or indirect selection on body size of hatchling turtles ? '' ( PDF ) . Functional Ecology. 21 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2435.2006. 01220. x . Jump up ^ Reich , Kimberly J. ; Karen A. Bjorndal ; Alan B. Bolten ( 18 September 2007 ) . `` The ' lost years ' of green turtles : using stable isotopes to study cryptic lifestages '' . Biology Letters. 3 ( 6 ) : 712 -- 714 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0394 . PMC 2391226 . PMID 17878144 . Jump up ^ ( www.youtube.com/watch ? v = t - KmQ6pGxg4 . `` The Survival of the Sea Turtle '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . YouTube . 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , S.W. ; P.L. Lutz ( 1989 ) . `` Salt gland function in the green sea turtle Chelonia mydas '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Biology . 144 : 171 -- 184 . ^ Jump up to : Reina RD ; Jones TT ; Spotila JR ( July 2002 ) . `` Salt and water regulation by the leatherback sea turtle Dermochelys coriacea '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 205 ( 13 ) : 1853 -- 60 . PMID 12077161 . Jump up ^ Schmidt - Nielsen K ; Fange R ( 1958 ) . `` Salt glands in marine reptiles '' . Nature . 182 : 783 -- 5 . doi : 10.1038 / 182783a0 . Jump up ^ Hudson , D.M. ; Lutz , P.L. ( 1986 ) . `` Salt gland function in the leatherback sea turtle , Dermochelys coriacea '' . Copeia. 1986 ( 1 ) : 247 -- 249 . doi : 10.2307 / 1444922 . JSTOR 1444922 . ^ Jump up to : Braun - McNeill , Joanne ; Sasso , Christopher ; Epperly , Sheryan ; Rivero , Carlos ( December 2008 ) . `` Feasibility of Using Sea Surface Temperature Imagery to Mitigate Cheloniid Sea Turtle -- Fishery Interactions off the Coast of Northeastern USA '' ( PDF ) . Endangered Species Research . 5 : 257 -- 266 . doi : 10.3354 / esr00145 . Retrieved Dec 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Derek ( March 1997 ) . `` Basking in Galapagos Green Turtles '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the 17th Annual Sea Turtle Symposium . ^ Jump up to : Lutcavage , Molly E. ; Lutz , Peter L. ( 1991 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Voluntary diving metabolism and ventilation in the loggerhead sea turtle '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 147 ( 2 ) : 287 -- 296 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 0981 ( 91 ) 90187 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Information About Sea Turtles : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Sea Turtle Conservancy . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Hochscheid , Sandra ; Bentivegna , Flegra ; Hays , Graeme C. ( 2005 - 03 - 22 ) . `` First records of dive durations for a hibernating sea turtle '' . Biology Letters. 1 ( 1 ) : 82 -- 86 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2004.0250 . ISSN 1744 - 9561 . PMC 1629053 . PMID 17148134 . ^ Jump up to : Gruber , David F. ; Sparks , John S. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` First observation of fluorescence in marine turtles '' . American Museum Novitates. 3845 : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1206 / 3845.1 . ISSN 0003 - 0082 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny ( 2015 ) . `` Scientists just found a sea turtle that glows '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jane J. ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Exclusive video : first `` glowing '' sea turtle found `` . National Geographic News . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Hilary ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Scientists discover ' glowing ' sea turtle '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Burbidge , Andrew A ( 2004 ) . Threatened animals of Western Australia . Department of Conservation and Land Management . pp. 110 , 114 . ISBN 0 - 7307 - 5549 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Bolten , A.B. ( 2003 ) . `` Loggerhead Turtle ( Caretta caretta ) '' . NOAA Fisheries . NOAA Fisheries . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barbour , Roger , Ernst , Carl , & Jeffrey Lovich. ( 1994 ) . Turtles of the United States and Canada . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution Press . Jump up ^ Ernst , C.H. ; Lovich , J.E. ( 2009 ) . ( hhttps://books.google.com/books?id=nNOQghYEXZMC&pg=PA50 Turtles of the United States and Canada ) ( 2 ed . ) . JHU Press . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9121 - 2 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Arthur , Karen ; Boyle , Michelle ; Limpus , Colin ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ontogenetic Changes in Diet and Habitat Use in Green Sea Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) Life History '' ( PDF ) . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 362 : 303 -- 311 . doi : 10.3354 / meps07440 . Retrieved Dec 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Green Sea Turtle -- National Wildlife Federation '' . Jump up ^ Nishizawa , H. ; Asahara , M. ; Kamezaki , N. ; Arai , N. ( 2010 ) . `` Differences in the skull morphology between juvenile and adult green turtles : implications for the ontogenetic diet shift '' . Current Herpetology. 29 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 101 . doi : 10.3105 / 018.029. 0205 . Jump up ^ http://www.mindcomet.com , MindComet , Inc . - . `` Diet & Eating Habits '' . seaworld.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` WWF -- Leatherback turtle '' . Marine Turtles . World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) . 16 February 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Species Fact Sheet : Leatherback Sea Turtle '' . Caribbean Conservation Corporation & Sea Turtle Survival League . Caribbean Conservation Corporation . 29 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 6 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Meylan , Anne ( 1988 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Spongivory in Hawksbill Turtles : A Diet of Glass '' . Science . 239 ( 4838 ) : 393 -- 395 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 239.4838. 393 . JSTOR 1700236 . PMID 17836872 . Jump up ^ CITES ( 14 June 2006 ) . `` Appendices '' . Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna . Archived from the original ( SHTML ) on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ UNEP - WCMC . `` Eretmochelys imbricata A-301.003. 003.001 '' . UNEP - WCMC Species Database : CITES - Listed Species . United Nations Environment Programme -- World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Schafer , Edward H. ( 1962 ) . `` Eating Turtles in Ancient China '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 82 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 74 . doi : 10.2307 / 595986 . JSTOR 595986 . Jump up ^ `` MTN 68 : 8 -- 13 Status of Nesting Populations of Sea Turtles in Thailand and Their Conservation '' . Jump up ^ Heppel , Selina S. ; Larry B. Crowder ( June 1996 ) . `` Analysis of a Fisheries Model for Harvest of Hawksbill Sea Turtles ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) '' . Conservation Biology . Blackwell Publishing . 10 ( 3 ) : 874 -- 880 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1996. 10030874. x . JSTOR 2387111 . Jump up ^ Strieker , Gary ( 10 April 2001 ) . `` Tortoiseshell ban threatens Japanese tradition '' . CNN.com/sci-tech . Cable News Network LP , LLLP . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 2 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Casson , Lionel ( 1982 ) . `` Periplus Maris Erythraei : Notes on the Text '' . The Journal of Hellenic Studies . The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies . 102 : 204 -- 206 . doi : 10.2307 / 631139 . JSTOR 631139 . Jump up ^ Berrin , Katherine & Larco Museum . The Spirit of Ancient Peru : Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera . New York : Thames and Hudson , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Turtles and Humans -- Sea Turtle Facts and Information '' . www.seaturtle-world.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Info , Tortuguero Costa Rica Tours -- Tortuguero . `` Sea turtles in Tortuguero Costa Rica , a turtle haven ! '' . Jump up ^ Alden , John R. ( 25 October 1998 ) . `` Turtle Watch in Costa Rica '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Why Care About Sea Turtles ? , Sea Turtle Conservancy . ^ Jump up to : `` The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Checklist of CITES species '' . checklist.cites.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Seminoff , Jeffrey A. ; Shanker , Kartik . `` Marine turtles and IUCN Red Listing : A review of the process , the pitfalls , and novel assessment approaches '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 356 ( 1 - 2 ) : 52 -- 68 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2007.12. 007 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Bryan P. ; DiMatteo , Andrew D. ; Hurley , Brendan J. ; Finkbeiner , Elena M. ; Bolten , Alan B. ; Chaloupka , Milani Y. ; Hutchinson , Brian J. ; Abreu - Grobois , F. Alberto ; Amorocho , Diego ( 2010 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Regional Management Units for Marine Turtles : A Novel Framework for Prioritizing Conservation and Research across Multiple Scales '' . PLOS ONE . 5 ( 12 ) : e15465 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0015465 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . ^ Jump up to : Pearson , Ryan M. ; van de Merwe , Jason P. ; Limpus , Colin J. ; Connolly , Rod M. ( 2017 ) . `` Realignment of sea turtle isotope studies needed to match conservation priorities '' . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 583 : 259 -- 271 . doi : 10.3354 / meps12353 . ISSN 0171 - 8630 . ^ Jump up to : United States Fish & Wildlife Service . `` Endangered Species Program '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chelonia mydas ( Green Turtle ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Caretta caretta ( Loggerhead Turtle ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Loggerhead Turtle ( Caretta caretta ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lepidochelys kempii ( Atlantic Ridley , Gulf Ridley , Kemp 's Ridley , Mexican Ridley ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Kemp 's Ridley Turtle ( Lepidochelys kempii ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lepidochelys olivacea ( Olive Ridley , Pacific Ridley ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Olive Ridley Turtle ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Eretmochelys imbricata ( Hawksbill Turtle ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Hawksbill Turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Natator depressus ( Flatback ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Dermochelys coriacea ( Coffin - back , Leatherback , Leatherback Sea Turtle , Leathery Turtle , Luth , Trunkback Turtle , Trunk Turtle ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fisheries , NOAA . `` Leatherback Turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea ) : : NOAA Fisheries '' . www.nmfs.noaa.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Clarren , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . `` Night Life '' . Nature Conservancy. 58 ( 4 ) : 32 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Adraneda , Katherine ( 12 September 2007 ) . `` WWF urges RP to pursue case vs turtle poachers '' . Headlines . The Philippine Star . Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Bjorndal , Karen ; Bowen , Brian ; Chaloupka , M. ; Crowder , L.B. ; Heppell , S.S. ; Jones , C.M. ; Lutcavage , M.E. ; Policansky , D. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Better science needed for restoration in the Gulf of Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Science . AAAS. 331 ( 6017 ) : 537 -- 538 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1199935 . PMID 21292956 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Witherington , B.E. ; Kubilis , Anne ; Brost , Beth ; Meylan , Anne ( 2009 ) . `` Decreasing annual nest counts in a globally important loggerhead sea turtle population '' . Ecological Applications . Ecological Society of America . 19 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 54 . doi : 10.1890 / 08 - 0434.1 . PMID 19323172 . Jump up ^ The National Research Council ( 2010 ) . `` Assessment of Sea Turtle Status and Trends : Integrating Demography and Abundance '' . Washington , DC : National Academies Press . ^ Jump up to : Jaffé , R. ; Peñaloza , C. ; Barreto , G.R. ( 2008 ) . `` Monitoring an endangered freshwater turtle management program : effects of nest relocation on growth and locomotive performance of the giant South American turtle ( Podocnemis expansa , Podocnemididae ) '' . Chelonian Conservation and Biology . 7 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 222 . doi : 10.2744 / CCB - 0696.1 . Jump up ^ Dellert , Lauren J. ; O'Neil , Danielle ; Cassill , Deby L. ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Effects of Beach Renourishment and Clutch Relocation on the Success of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle ( Caretta caretta ) Eggs and Hatchlings '' . Journal of Herpetology. 48 ( 2 ) : 186 -- 187 . doi : 10.1670 / 12 - 135 . ISSN 0022 - 1511 . Jump up ^ Wright , Sara . `` Hilton Head Island sees record sea turtle nesting season . '' Bluffton Today ( 2010 ) : n . pag . Web . 8 Dec 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natural . '' Sea Turtle Foundation . Sea Turtle Foundation , 2010 . Web . 8 Dec 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Natural History and Behavior , pp. 8 -- 16 Jump up ^ Heithaus , Michael R. ; Wirsing , Aaron J. ; Thomson , Jordan A. ; Burkholder , Derek A. ( 2008 ) . `` A review of lethal and non-lethal effects of predators on adult marine turtles '' . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 356 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 43 -- 51 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2007.12. 013 . Jump up ^ Moniz , Jesse ( 3 February 2007 ) . `` Turtle conservation : It 's now very much a political issue '' . News . The Royal Gazette Ltd . Jump up ^ Scales , Helen ( 27 April 2007 ) . `` Glow Sticks May Lure Sea Turtles to Death '' . News . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ NYSDEC . `` Atlantic Hawksbill Sea Turtle Fact Sheet '' . Endangered Species Unit . Retrieved 7 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fishermen blamed for turtle deaths in Bay of Bengal '' . Science News . Reuters. 5 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTN 113 : 13 -- 14 Longline Fishery Panel Discussion at the 26th Annual Sea Turtle Symposium : Cooperative Approaches to Implement Sea Turtle Bycatch Solutions in Longline Fisheries '' . Jump up ^ O'Kelly - Lynch , Ruth . `` Govt : Long - line fishing wo n't hurt birds '' . Jump up ^ WEISS , KENNETH R. ( 2002 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Pope Asked to Call Sea Turtles ' Meat ' '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , LA ; Broderick , AC ; Godfrey , MH ; Godley , BJ ( 2009 ) . `` Climate change and marine turtles '' . Endangered Species Research . 7 : 137 -- 154 . doi : 10.3354 / esr00198 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Masako ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` Gulf oil spill 's effects on sea turtles examined '' . nola.com . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Doell , Sophie A. ; Connolly , Rod M. ; Limpus , Colin J. ; Pearson , Ryan M. ; van de Merwe , Jason P. ( 2017 ) . `` Using growth rates to estimate age of the sea turtle barnacle Chelonibia testudinaria '' . Marine Biology . 164 ( 12 ) : 222 . doi : 10.1007 / s00227 - 017 - 3251 - 5 . ISSN 0025 - 3162 . Jump up ^ Zardus , J.D. ; Hadfield , M.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Larval development and complemental males in Chelonibia testudinaria , a barnacle commensal with sea turtles '' . Journal of Crustacean Biology . 24 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 421 . doi : 10.1651 / C - 2476 . Jump up ^ Epibiont Research Cooperative. 2007 . A synopsis of the literature on the turtle barnacle ( Cirripedia : Balanomorpha : Coronuloidea ) 1758 -- 2007 . Accessed 28 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ A free ride under the sea : barnacles and baleen whales . Themes of Parasitology. 2012 . Web . 28 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnacles . True Wild Life . 2011 . Web . 28 Nov 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Brongersma , L.D. ( 1972 ) . `` European Atlantic Turtles '' . Zoologische Verhandelingen. 121 : 1 -- 318 . Davidson , Osha Gray ( 14 August 2003 ) . Fire In The Turtle House : The Green Sea Turtle and the Fate of the Ocean . PublicAffairs . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 199 - 5 . Sizemore , Evelyn ( 2002 ) . The Turtle Lady : Ila Fox Loetscher of South Padre . Plano , Texas : Republic of Texas Press . p. 220 . ISBN 1 - 55622 - 896 - 1 . Spotila , James R. ( 26 October 2004 ) . Sea Turtles : A Complete Guide to Their Biology , Behavior , and Conservation . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8007 - 0 . Witherington , Blair E. ( 2006 ) . Sea Turtles : An Extraordinary Natural History of Some Uncommon Turtles . Voyageur Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2644 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chelonioidea . Wikispecies has information related to Chelonioidea Sea Turtle Research and Conservation -- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation , American Museum of Natural History Extant turtle taxonomy Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Reptilia Subclass : Anapsida Order : Chelonii or Testudines Suborder Superfamily Family Subfamily Genus Cryptodira Chelydridae Chelydra Macrochelys Chelonioidea Cheloniidae Carettinae Caretta Lepidochelys Cheloniinae Chelonia Eretmochelys Natator Dermochelyidae Dermochelys Kinosternoidea Dermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Kinosterninae Kinosternon Sternotherus Staurotypinae Claudius Staurotypus Testudinoidea Emydidae Deirochelyinae Chrysemys Deirochelys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Trachemys Emydinae Clemmys Emys Glyptemys Terrapene Geoemydidae Geoemydinae Batagur Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys Rhinoclemmydinae Rhinoclemmys Platysternidae Platysternon Testudinidae Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis Geochelone Gopherus Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria Psammobates Pyxis Stigmochelys Testudo Trionychia Carettochelyidae Carettochelys Trionychidae Cyclanorbinae Cyclanorbis Cycloderma Lissemys Trionychinae Amyda Apalone Chitra Dogania Nilssonia Palea Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx Pleurodira Chelidae Chelinae Acanthochelys Chelus Mesoclemmys Phrynops Platemys Rhinemys Chelodininae Chelodina Elseya Elusor Emydura Flaviemys Myuchelys Pseudemydura Rheodytes Hydromedusinae Hydromedusa Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa Pelusios Podocnemididae Erymnochelys Peltocephalus Podocnemis Phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . Extinct turtles not included . Portal Book See also List of Testudines families Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q219329 Wikispecies : Chelonioidea EoL : 1301584 Fauna Europaea : 15553 iNaturalist : 372234 ITIS : 948946 NCBI : 27791 uBio : 5433578 LCCN : sh85119265 NDL : 00935660 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_turtle&oldid=854328331 '' Categories : Sea turtles Endangered animals Extant Albian first appearances Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Diné bizaad Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Ligure Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Română Русский Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 14 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	are there sea turtles in the pacific ocean	[]	[]
8088810916136738209	Dwight Schrute	Dwight Schrute - wikipedia Dwight Schrute This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dwight K. Schrute The Office character Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute First appearance `` Pilot '' ( 2005 ) Last appearance `` Finale '' ( 2013 ) Portrayed by Rainn Wilson Information Gender Male Occupation Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Beet farmer Agro-Tourism Inn Owner Salesman , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Assistant to the Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Head of Sales , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Co-Head of Party Planning Committee , Scranton , PA Assistant to the Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Assistant Regional Manager , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Sabre Vice President of Special Projects , Tallahassee FL Lackawanna County part - time Volunteer Sheriff 's Deputy , Scranton PA Special Projects Development Team Leader , Sabre , Tallahassee FL Sales Representative , Dunder Mifflin , Scranton PA Salesman , Staples Inc . Scranton PA Acting Manager , Dunder Mifflin Sabre , Scranton PA Family Dwide Schrude ( Great - grandfather ) Dwight Schrute I ( Grandfather ) Dwight Schrute II ( Father ) Hette Manheim Schrute ( Mother ) Manheim ( Grandfather ) Honk ( Great - uncle ) Helmuth ( Great - uncle ) Harvey Schrute ( Uncle ) Girt ( Uncle ) Gunther ( Uncle ) Eldred ( Uncle ) Shirley ( Aunt ) Mose ( Cousin ) Jeb ( Brother ) Fannie ( Sister ) Cammy ( Nephew ) Amel ( Cousin ) Herschel ( Cousin ) Johann ( Cousin ) Helga ( Cousin ) Heindl ( Cousin ) Arash ( Cousin ) Significant other ( s ) Angela Martin ( wife , m . 2008 , 2014 -- ) Esther Bruegger ( girlfriend , season 9 ep 18 -- 22 ) Isabelle ( hook - up , Season 6 ) Children Philip Schrute ( son ) Nationality American Based on Gareth Keenan Dwight Kurt Schrute III / ˈʃruːt / is a fictional character on The Office ( U.S. TV series ) , portrayed by Rainn Wilson , and based on Gareth Keenan from the original UK series . His character is one of the highest - ranking salesmen as well as assistant ( to the ) regional manager at the paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin , although the series expands on his character as bed - and - breakfast proprietor at Schrute Farms , a beet plantation , and as the owner of the business park enclosing Dunder Mifflin . He is notorious for his lack of social skills and common sense , his love for martial arts and the justice system , and his office rivalry with fellow salesman Jim Halpert . He is also known for his love relationship with Angela . He has at times risen to the position of acting Branch Manager of the Scranton branch , but often serves as a second or third in command as Assistant ( to the ) Regional Manager . In the final season , Dwight is finally offered the position of permanent Regional Manager . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character information 2.1 Family and childhood 3 Interests 4 Relationships 4.1 Angela Martin 4.2 Michael Scott 4.3 Jim Halpert 4.4 Pam Halpert 4.5 Andy Bernard 4.6 Ryan Howard 4.7 Romantic relationships 5 Character reception 6 Outside of The Office 6.1 Bobblehead doll 6.2 Résumé 6.3 Schrute Farms 6.4 Vice presidential bid joke 6.5 Dwight in academic research 6.6 Possible spin - off series and departure from The Office 7 References 8 External links Casting ( edit ) Further information : Rainn Wilson Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute Dwight Schrute is portrayed by American actor Rainn Wilson . In a Rolling Stone interview , Seth Rogen said he auditioned for the role . The character is based on Gareth Keenan of the original British version of the show , who was played by actor Mackenzie Crook . All original series characters were adapted for the U.S. version . Unlike Steve Carell , Wilson watched every episode of the original British series , and was a fan before he auditioned for the U.S. version . Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael Scott , a performance he described as a `` terrible Gervais impersonation '' ; however , the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more , and hired him for the role . Wilson based Dwight 's hairstyle on the style he himself had when at the age of sixteen . In an interview , he said that he went to a barber to get `` the worst haircut possible '' . Character information ( edit ) When the series begins , Dwight Schrute is a competent salesman , despite lacking general knowledge , at the Scranton branch of the paper distribution company , Dunder Mifflin . Dwight formally held the title of `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , but constantly refers to himself as `` Assistant Regional Manager '' , attempting to elevate himself to second - in - command to branch Manager , Michael Scott . ( Michael privately makes him Assistant Manager in `` The Fight '' , tells him that no record / mention will be kept of the `` title change only '' , then never acknowledges it again . ) Dwight craves authority over his co-workers , and relishes any minor task that Michael or anyone else will give him . Although Dwight acts superior to many individuals and is often resourceful in crises , he is shown to actually be quite gullible , ignorant , and naïve . For this reason , he is easily tricked and pranked by his desk - mate and fellow salesman , Jim Halpert . Dwight often speaks in a halting , intense manner , even in casual conversations . At the office , his most recurring formal wear is a mustard - colored , short - sleeved collared shirt , with a dark necktie and , usually , a brown suit jacket . He often uses one - upmanship to better himself over his peers , such as boasting about how he trains specific parts of his body . Dwight will sometimes engage in jokes and games in attempts to please Michael , but often fails to do so , because of Michael 's perception of himself as the jokester of the workplace . After Dwight temporarily leaves Dunder Mifflin , it is shown that he had long been watering the office plant and arranging the toys on Michael 's desk in a manner that made Michael happy , unbeknownst to Michael . Dwight is a former volunteer sheriff deputy , but has to step down after breaking his pledge by helping his boss pass his drug test in the episode ' Drug Testing ' . He is also a notary public ; this creates difficulties when Angela desires to send him a notarized letter regarding their break - up . He resides on his family 's beet farm , alongside his cousin , Mose ( played by producer / writer Michael Schur ) . Dwight has affinities for paintball , Battlestar Galactica , ping pong , survivalism , Goju Ryu karate and weapons . He also has a preference to ride in the back seat of cars behind the driver , because it is the safest location in a car . In `` Whistleblower '' , encouraged to invest in real estate by former CEO and owner of Dunder Mifflin , Jo Bennett , Dwight decides to purchase the industrial park building . He has shown entrepreneurial traits , like converting the building lobby into a coffee shop in `` Nepotism '' , converting an empty room in the office building into a state - of - the - art gym in `` Mrs. California '' , and organizing a barn maze before Halloween , where kids can pay admission to play , in `` WUPHF.com '' . In an episode commentary on the season one DVD , Wilson refers to Dwight as a `` fascist nerd '' . In a feature on the season three DVD , Wilson describes Dwight as `` someone who does not hate the system , but has a deep and abiding love for it '' . All throughout the series Dwight drives a maroon 1987 Pontiac Trans Am , until the finale where he owns an orange 2012 Dodge Challenger . Family and childhood ( edit ) In `` Lecture Circuit '' , Dwight claims to remember his own birth , including his father , Dwight Schrute II , delivering him from the womb , and his mother biting off the umbilical cord . In `` Grief Counseling '' , Dwight states that he was a twin , but he `` resorbed '' his twin while still in his mother 's womb ( this occurrence is called twin embolisation syndrome ) , causing him to believe that he now has `` the strength of a grown man and a little baby '' . He also claims to have been born weighing 13 lb 5 oz ( 6.0 kg ) , rendering his mother incapable of walking for three months and two days , and in `` Baby Shower '' , he claims to have performed his own circumcision . In `` Viewing Party '' , he informs Jim and Pam Halpert that , in the Schrute family , the youngest child raises the other children . Little is known about Dwight 's parents , except that his father used to take him hunting , cheated in games , made him and his siblings biscuits for breakfast every morning , and that he battled obesity , high blood pressure , and high cholesterol . Dwight 's maternal grandfather , whose surname is Manheim ( according to Dwight 's web log on NBC.com ) fought in the Second World War . He killed twenty men before being imprisoned in an Allied prison camp ( revealed in `` The Fight '' ) , implying that he was a soldier in the German army . In `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , Dwight tells the documentary film crew that his grandfather is ( at the time of the episode ) 103 years old , and is still `` puttering around down in Argentina '' , implying that his grandfather was one of the members of the SS who fled into South America . Dwight attempted to visit him once , but his travel visa was protested by the Shoah Foundation . In `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' , Michael refers to Dwight 's grandmother as a `` Nazi war criminal '' . Dwight 's father and grandfather are also named Dwight Schrute ; however , his Amish great - grandfather was named Dwide Schrude . In `` Casino Night '' , Dwight reveals that the tuxedo he is wearing is the one that his grandfather was buried in . In a deleted scene from `` The Surplus '' , Dwight tells Angela that his family came to the United States on a U-boat . It is revealed in `` Money '' that it is a tradition in the Schrute family that when a male has intercourse with a woman , he is rewarded with a bag of wild oats that are left on his doorstep by his parents . Dwight also speaks German , but his knowledge of it is `` pre-industrial and mostly religious '' , as might be expected if the language was learned exclusively in a Mennonite or Amish church or context . Dwight was shunned by his family from the age of four until his sixth birthday , for forgetting to save the excess oil from a can of tuna . He lost a grade school spelling bee to Raj Patel by misspelling the word `` failure '' , in front of the entire school . In seventh grade , Dwight played the invented role of `` Mutey the Mailman '' in a production of Oklahoma ! He explains that there were not enough roles for all of the children , so they made up roles . Dwight lives in a nine - bedroom , one - bathroom farmhouse ( with the single bathroom located under the porch , as revealed in `` Office Olympics '' ) on his family 's 60 - acre ( 240,000 m ) beet farm , with his cousin Mose . The cousins sell beets to local stores , restaurants , and roadside beet stands . Dwight uses part of his farm to grow hemp . Dwight and Mose have also turned Schrute Farms into a ramshackle bed and breakfast , that was visited by Jim and Pam , during `` Money '' . The bed and breakfast had three theme rooms : America , Irrigation , and Nighttime . Schrute Farms was also to be the site of Andy and Angela 's wedding before the two broke off their engagement . In `` Garden Party '' , Andy throws a garden party at Schrute Farms in order to impress new CEO Robert California , and at the end of the episode , Robert also discusses the possibility of holding his birthday party at the farm . According to one of Dwight 's web logs on NBC. com 's `` Schrute - Space '' , he had an uncle , named Gunther , a goat farmer , who fled the Allied invasion of Germany and married a Finnish woman , with whom he had 17 children . He also had an Uncle Girt , who revealed that the Schrute family has an ongoing hatred of Harry S. Truman , because they were staunch supporters of Thomas Dewey . In another blog , he mentions a cousin named Heindl , who received numerous injuries and infections from an attack by a small dog . Interests ( edit ) Dwight is trained in the art of surveillance , and is a former Lackawanna County volunteer sheriff 's deputy . He has a purple belt in Goju - Ryu karate , and is the senpai at his dojo . Dwight is a pop culture and sci - fi enthusiast , who has expressed fanship of many sci - fi movies and popular television series . In the episode `` The Fire '' , he mentioned the movie The Crow as being his favorite film . He hints at belief in fictional creatures such as androids , zombies and vampires ( though curiously , despite having claimed in `` Business School '' , to have shot a werewolf ( that was actually his neighbor 's dog ) , he says in one of his blog entries that he does not believe in them ; however , he may have simply been denying claims of werewolves at Schrute Farms in order to prevent potential visitors from being frightened away ) . He enjoys , and is shown to be skilled at , playing table tennis , and states that many of his heroes are table tennis players . His musical tastes vary , but heavy metal and classic rock seem to be a recurring theme . His personal musical talents are not lacking , as he plays guitar and recorder , and sings , as well . He has a fascination with cars ; he usually checks a car 's suspension , especially muscle cars . He drives a 1987 Pontiac Trans Am though in the Finale ( The Office ) he 's driving a 2013 Dodge Challenger . His technological talents are limited , but he shows a passion for the online role playing game Second Life , in which the only differences between himself and his avatar is that his avatar has the last name ' Shelford ' and the ability to fly . He also shows an interest in trains , as he is restoring a turn - of - the - century steam engine in his slaughterhouse , during `` The Meeting '' , which has him bonding with Toby Flenderson , as they share the same interest . In `` Todd Packer '' , it is revealed that Dwight does not know who Justin Bieber is , asking Jim `` Who is Justice Beaver ? '' , leaving Jim to answer `` A crime - fighting beaver . '' Dwight owns an impressive array of weaponry . In addition to Laser Tag and paintball equipment , he has a crossbow range at his farm ( `` Office Olympics '' ) and , when he was named official Security Supervisor of the Scranton branch , hinted that he might bring a bo staff to work . He maintained a hidden arsenal of weapons around the office , including pepper spray , nunchucks , throwing stars , a stun gun , a boomerang , handcuffs , a nightstick , a pair of brass knuckles and a Chinese sword , all of which were confiscated by Toby . Dwight also claimed to have sat at his desk for an entire day with a spud gun , without any difficulty from Security . Dwight also uses a real gun , a Colt Anaconda , fired within city limits , to start off the race in `` Fun Run '' . In `` Branch Wars '' , he produces a disturbing number of Molotov cocktails for a panty raid on Utica . In `` Survivor Man '' , it is revealed that Dwight still has numerous knives ( and other weapons ) hidden on himself ( as in `` Stress Relief '' , there is a knife strapped to his leg ) or strategically positioned throughout the office ( such as `` Mr. A Knife '' in a filing cabinet , twin sais behind a water cooler , a sword in a ceiling tile , a blow dart in a bathroom stall , and a compound bow under a couch ) , and that he owns a . 22 rifle with scope . Also , in this episode , it is shown that Dwight has extensive knowledge of how to survive in the wilderness , being able to provide himself with food , and , by observing Michael , from a distance , through the scope of his center - fire rifle , he stops Michael from poisoning himself , although it is not clear whether the mushrooms Michael started to ingest were actually poisonous . Dwight is vocal about his views on justice , which is reflected in his television viewing habits , as he enjoys watching and has great admiration for Judge Judy , as well as Vic Mackey on The Shield . In `` The Negotiation '' , Roy Anderson attacks Jim , because he kissed Roy 's fiancee , Pam , but Dwight intercepts the attack with pepper spray . Throughout the episode , Jim attempts to show his appreciation , but Dwight refuses to accept his gifts , simply stating `` Citizens do not accept prizes for being citizens '' . In `` Drug Testing '' , Dwight finds half of a joint in the parking lot , which incites him to carry out a severe , and thorough , investigation . When he discovers that Michael might have been exposed to illegal drugs at a concert , he substitutes his own urine during the mandatory drug test . Dwight then resigns from his volunteer position at the Sheriff 's Department , because he feels that he is no longer worthy of working there . In `` Frame Toby '' , Dwight states that he is skilled at framing people , as well as animals , revealing that he once framed a raccoon for opening a Christmas gift , and a bear for eating out of the garbage , although , he had made it obvious to the police that he wanted Toby to be imprisoned . In the episode `` Women 's Appreciation '' , he is quoted as saying `` Better a thousand innocent men are locked up , than one guilty man roam free . '' In `` Conflict Resolution '' , Dwight states that he does not like to smile , as showing one 's teeth is a submission signal in primates , and that whenever someone smiles at him , `` all ( he ) sees is a chimpanzee , begging for its life '' . Dwight owns many exotic pets including piranhas , frogs , an arctic wolf , a raccoon , a porcupine named Henrietta , and an opossum , although the wolf escaped due to poor restraints and he flushed his piranhas down the toilet . He also has an interest in bears , and is ready to debate the habits and characteristics of different species of bears . He also has expressed a surprisingly large affection towards baby otters . In `` Costume Contest '' , Dwight claims to be able to sit on a fence , and that he is even able to sleep on one , stating that `` The trick is to do it face down , with the post in your mouth '' . It is revealed in the `` Suit Warehouse '' episode that as a child Dwight collected cat feces . Relationships ( edit ) In `` Drug Testing '' , Dwight states that he likes his co-workers , `` with four exceptions '' , leaving it up to the audience to make educated guesses about whom these four exceptions are . The four are most likely Jim Halpert , Ryan Howard , Meredith Palmer and Toby Flenderson , due to Michael 's hatred of him . However , it is also probable that Phyllis Lapin - Vance could be one of the exceptions , as , on many occasions , she and Dwight are shown to have a strained relationship . Kelly Kapoor is likewise a viable choice as her ditsy nature contrasts Dwight 's overly serious character , as we see later in the same episode during Dwight 's interrogation of Kelly . This theory is also reinforced by Angela 's hatred of Kelly and the influence Angela may hold as Dwight 's girlfriend at the time . Pam Halpert is also a possible exception as she is often an accomplice to Jim 's pranks against Dwight . Angela Martin ( edit ) Towards the middle of season 2 , Dwight develops a secret relationship with Angela Martin . Pam begins to suspect a relationship between the two , in `` E-mail Surveillance '' , by observing their interactions , suspicions which are strengthened in `` The Injury '' and `` Conflict Resolution '' , and confirmed by `` Traveling Salesmen '' , where Angela confides in Pam about her relationship , using code names . In `` Michael 's Birthday '' , Ryan discovers the relationship between the two when he overhears a coded conversation between them in the kitchen , while in `` The Negotiation '' Jim discovers the relationship while coming out of the office bathroom after quitting time , to find Dwight and Angela kissing ( he then tells the documentary crew that , with his silence , the debt he feels to Dwight is repaid ) . In the episode `` Fun Run '' , Angela asks Dwight to care for her sick cat , Sprinkles . Instead of caring for the feline , Dwight feels he should kill it as a waste of resources , and then tells Angela Sprinkles was dead when he arrived . When he lets the truth slip out shortly after , Angela terminates their relationship . Jim , on a visit to Dwight 's beet farm , finds Dwight sitting alone at night , contemplating Angela 's cherub figurine and moaning in anguish . In the fourth season finale `` Goodbye , Toby '' , Dwight is obviously hurt when Angela 's boyfriend , Andy , proposes to her . However , in the final scene of the episode , Phyllis catches Dwight having sex with Angela in the office . In the fifth season premiere , `` Weight Loss '' , Dwight and Angela have resumed a covert relationship , using a storage room in the warehouse to have sex . In `` Crime Aid '' , Andy and Angela set a date for their wedding . After some advice from Phyllis , Dwight gives Angela an ultimatum : call off the engagement , or he will no longer be with her . She chooses to marry Andy . When Andy learns about Angela 's affair with Dwight , a duel between Dwight and Andy takes place , but both realize that Angela has been lying to them , and break up with her . For quite some time afterwards , Dwight and Angela avoid each other . In the season 6 episode `` The Delivery '' , Dwight , witnessing Jim and Pam talk to customers about their unborn child , decides that he wants a child , and asks Angela to be the mother . They sign an elaborate contract , including eating guidelines for Angela to follow when she is pregnant , and how the baby will be raised . While Angela is excited by the reconciliation , Dwight does n't share her romantic feelings . When Dwight develops an interest in Pam 's friend Isabel , he tells Angela to forget about the contract ; this infuriates Angela and she sues him in small - claims court . When an arbitrator tells them that the contract is valid and would involve a $30,000 settlement ( because it would be illegal to force Dwight and Angela to procreate ) , Dwight cuts a deal with Angela for five sessions of sex . He then proceeds to abuse his genitals in an effort to sterilize himself , and fends off Angela 's efforts to be romantic . In Season 7 , after Angela meets a state senator who she finds much more personable than Dwight , she voids the pact in WUPHF.com . In `` Jury Duty '' , it is revealed that , a month before her wedding to the state senator , Robert Lipton , Dwight and Angela had sex , as Robert was not fulfilling Angela 's sexual needs , so Dwight believes that he is the baby 's biological father . In `` New Guys '' , it is revealed that he is not the father . In season 9 , they become close again first when Dwight finds out that Robert is cheating on Angela with Oscar , and later in `` Moving On '' when Angela helps him take care of his elderly aunt . They share a kiss , but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband . After inheriting his aunt 's beet farm , Dwight starts a relationship with neighboring brusselsprout farmer Esther Bruegger ( Nora Kirkpatrick ) . When Dwight seems to be getting serious with Esther and the Senator has publicly dumped Angela , Angela breaks down and admits to Oscar Martinez that she still loves Dwight . On the day that he intends to ask Esther to marry him , Dwight instead proposes to Angela . She says yes , finally admitting that he is the father of her son Phillip . ( `` A.A.R.M. '' ) Michael Scott ( edit ) Dwight holds a high level of respect for Michael , viewing him as a model for success , and often participating with Michael 's ill - conceived schemes . However , he betrays Michael numerous times , such as when he goes over Michael 's head to vie for the manager 's job in `` The Coup '' . Despite this , Michael frequently dismisses Dwight and often appears embarrassed by his antics ; for much of the series , he also refuses to promote Dwight from `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' to `` Assistant Regional Manager '' . In later seasons , Dwight was shown to return the favor , such as Dwight telling Michael that he would have a better career if he 'd taken a job at Home Depot . Several times throughout the series , however , it is revealed that Michael does care about Dwight 's feelings , and the two sometimes share bonding moments . In `` Training Day '' , Dwight is unhappy when the open branch manager position goes to Deangelo Vickers , and when he learns that Michael did not recommend him for the job , as he led him to believe , he snubs Michael and goes to a meeting Vickers has called , leaving Michael standing outside , by himself . In `` Goodbye , Michael '' , Dwight is still frustrated with Michael , but his hostility turns into heartfelt appreciation as Michael hands him the recommendation letter . At first , the letter does not seem to impress him , but , as he reads through , he realizes that Michael really does respect him . They are later seen engaging in a friendly paintball fight , and Dwight 's loyalty to Michael is once again restored . Also , after Michael left , Dwight did not have the same respect for Deangelo and Andy that Dwight previously had for Michael , implying that Dwight truly respects and values Michael . In a deleted scene from `` Finale '' , Dwight stated that Michael sent him his `` World 's Best Boss '' mug when he became Regional Manager . In the episode `` Finale '' , as Jim explains that the `` Bestest Mench '' ( best man ) in Dwight 's wedding must be older than him , Dwight is disappointed . However , the camera reveals that Michael returned , and the two continue to engage in a friendly conversation . During the wedding , Michael is present behind Angela and Dwight getting married , eventually attending the reception . He watches as his `` family '' is sitting together , and is last seen dancing with Dwight . Jim Halpert ( edit ) Dwight is frequently the victim of practical jokes by co-workers Jim Halpert and Pam Beesly , including putting his desk supplies in the snack machine , putting his stapler into jello , and moving his desk into the men 's restroom , although it appears that he remains oblivious to Pam 's involvement ; these pranks tend to exploit his stubborn and gullible nature . Dwight 's frustration with Jim 's pranks reaches a crisis point in `` Conflict Resolution '' , when Dwight threatens to quit unless Jim is transferred . Dwight occasionally pulls successful pranks on Jim in turn , most prominently in `` Classy Christmas '' where he subjects Jim to a barrage of pranks revolving around snowballs . Professionally , Dwight wins the 2005 Salesman of the Year Award , although , this is likely due to , at least in part , his theft of Jim 's largest client . During `` Initiation '' , Dwight tells Ryan he regrets that he and Jim never got along . In `` Traveling Salesmen '' , Dwight quits and hugs Jim as a farewell which surprises Jim as he does not know that Dwight quit . Later , Jim is irritated when Andy replaces Dwight and even says that he misses Dwight . Earlier in the same episode , Jim and Dwight make an incredibly efficient sales team , functioning well as a duo and thinking similarly in their tactics . The two were paired together when they began as traveling salesmen at the company . Dwight plans to demote Jim from the Assistant Regional Manager spot , and make him miserable , during `` The Job '' . Dwight 's relationship with Jim mellows somewhat in later seasons , and they , at times , cooperate effectively on sales calls or running the office in Michael 's absence , sometimes even socializing together . Jim often supports Dwight when he is genuinely hurt or in danger ( such as in `` Money '' and `` Last Day in Florida '' ) and occasionally compliments his successes ( such as in `` Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' ) . However , when Jim is promoted to co-manager , Dwight 's enmity returns to full force , and he conducts an ongoing campaign to depose Jim , who eventually resumes his old job as sales representative in `` Manager and Salesman '' . Jim and Dwight team up in `` Todd Packer '' to remove Todd Packer after he returns to the Dunder Mifflin offices and takes Dwight 's desk . The two at first can not agree on a plan , but eventually trick Packer into thinking he has got a job offer in Tallahassee . During `` After Hours '' , Jim enlists Dwight into trying to get Kathy , an unwanted female suitor , out of his room by tricking Dwight into thinking that he has bedbugs . This prompts Dwight to overreact , first by stripping down to ward off bugs and then spraying Jim 's bed with cleaning chemicals . However , the ploy works when Kathy exits the room . Jim and Dwight are then shown sharing ice cream and a friendly smile in Dwight 's room , while watching TV on his bed , where it is implied Jim will have to stay the night due to the chemicals in his own room , as earlier Dwight suggested Jim stay with Kathy . In `` Last Day in Florida '' , Robert California confides to Jim that he 's going to terminate Dwight 's plans to launch the Sabre store , effectively terminating Dwight 's job altogether . Jim tries to let Dwight know , who dismisses his warnings as nothing more than just another prank and insults Jim throughout the day , including in front of the other Sabre staff . At Pam 's insistence , Jim tries to tell Dwight one more time before he 's dismissed , just as Dwight is about to accept what he thinks is his promotion in the board room . However , Jim physically attacks Dwight just before he goes in , and the two had a wrestling match to which Jim finally concedes . When Dwight steps in , he sees that Packer , who has stolen Dwight 's promotion in the meantime , takes the fall and is promptly fired by Robert in the meeting . Defeated , Dwight walks out of the boardroom and lends Jim a hand up and returns to Scranton . When Kelly sees Dwight , she mentions that she thought Dwight was staying in Florida , prompting Jim to distract her with a compliment . During season 9 's `` Dwight Christmas '' , Dwight is convinced by Jim to hold a traditional Christmas party in the style of his family . Jim must leave before the party is over and Dwight is noticeably emotionally upset when Jim must leave . Later , when Jim returns , Dwight embraces him in a hug . Soon after , in `` Suit Warehouse '' , Dwight absent - mindedly says `` love you '' at the end of a phone conversation with Jim , much to his embarrassment and the bemusement of his coworkers . In `` Livin ' the Dream '' , the 3rd - to - last episode of the series , Jim suggests to David Wallace that Dwight deserves to replace Andy Bernard as Regional Manager because Dwight loves paper more than anyone else . David agrees and Dwight is promoted to Regional Manager at the end of the episode as a result ; Dwight subsequently appoints Jim to fill his old position , Assistant to the Regional Manager . In the final episode of the series `` Finale '' , Dwight asks Jim to be the best man at his wedding . Jim throws Dwight a commendable bachelor party rife with surprises ( which Jim refers to as `` pranks '' ) . Before the wedding Jim informs Dwight that , under Schrute tradition , he is not allowed to be best man as he is younger than him . Jim surprises him with the arrival of Michael Scott . The wedding proceeds in Schrute tradition with Michael as Dwight 's new best man . Later in the episode Jim and Pam tell Dwight they are quitting so Jim can pursue a sports marketing career in Austin , but Dwight fires them instead so he can give them severance packages . Pam Halpert ( edit ) Although she is often involved in Jim 's pranks on Dwight , Dwight has , at certain times , displayed a curious sense of protectiveness towards her . In `` Back from Vacation '' and `` Diwali '' , he comforts a tearful Pam , and in `` China '' , he secretly allows Pam to save face when she feels vulnerable about her job abilities . In `` The Job '' , Dwight offers Pam the position of `` Secret Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , and following Jim 's advice concerning any offers from Dwight to be involved in something secret , she accepts . Though Jim presumably meant this as the opening move of a prank , Pam instead uses it as a bonding opportunity between her and Dwight . The two briefly become best friends while he suffers a concussion in `` The Injury '' . In the season 6 episode `` The Delivery '' , Dwight shows more signs of his begrudging friendship with Jim and Pam during Pam 's pregnancy . In the episode , he is sent to the Halperts ' house to retrieve Pam 's iPod , while they are at the hospital . Instead of finding the iPod and bringing it back to her , Dwight completely rebuilds and repaints their kitchen , after discovering mold . He also advises Pam on how to keep her daughter , Cece , from crying , during `` Viewing Party '' , by relating his child rearing experiences . Dwight 's odd friendship with Pam is explored again in `` Doomsday '' . At this point , Pam is the only one in the office who is able to understand Dwight 's inner feelings , as she successfully convinces him to deactivate his doomsday machine . It is implied at the end of the episode that Dwight , despite his outward contempt for his coworkers , feels a sense of responsibility ( and possibly even affection ) towards them . In a talking - head interview , in the episode `` Tallahassee '' , Dwight talks about how first impressions last forever . He recalls that , when he first met Pam , she said something to him that `` slightly rubbed ( him ) the wrong way '' , and while he has since loved working with her , even stating that she is wonderful , due to that first impression , he hates her . In the episode `` The Whale '' , Dwight openly tells Pam that he considers her his friend . In the final episode of the series , Dwight refers to Pam as his `` best friend '' , and he ensures that she and Jim get a large severance as they leave Dunder Mifflin . Andy Bernard ( edit ) As a result of the Scranton - Stamford merger , Dwight loses his number two position to Jim and engages in an ongoing battle with new salesman Andy Bernard , to gain Michael 's favor for `` third - in - command '' . The struggle comes to a climax in `` Traveling Salesmen '' . In Season 4 , Andy and Dwight are shown to work well together as a sales team , but Andy 's successful pursuit of Angela , after she broke up with Dwight , was irritating to him . When Andy gets engaged to Angela , Dwight is greatly upset by this , and embarks on an affair with her . This affair culminates in a short - lived fight between Andy and Dwight , when they discover Angela has lied to both of them , about not having had sex with the other . In `` Michael Scott Paper Company , '' they once again find themselves courting the same woman -- Erin Hannon . However , by the end of the fifth season , Andy and Dwight become friends , and discover they both share a mutual interest in music and hunting . Ryan Howard ( edit ) In the beginning of the series , Dwight feels threatened by Ryan Howard , to whom Michael often assigns personal tasks . He continues to resent Ryan , throughout the second season , often addressing him as `` Temp '' , even after Ryan took over Jim 's position . In the beginning of season 2 , Dwight 's friendship with Michael was slightly torn during `` The Fire '' , when Michael seems to be viewing Ryan more favorably than Dwight , and in `` Performance Review '' , in which Michael must evaluate Ryan . In `` Initiation '' , Dwight decides to assist Ryan , during his first sales call , although the two get off to a rough start when Dwight hazes him in a series of bizarre initiation rituals . Soon afterwards , Dwight takes Ryan on his first meeting , which ends in disaster . Ryan then eggs the potential customer 's building out of spite , and Dwight develops some respect for him . During season 4 , Dwight , along with Michael , comes to Ryan 's rescue when they visit him in New York City , when he gets into a scuffle . Ryan and Dwight later team up again in season 6 , when Dwight plans to sabotage Jim 's occupation , as branch co-manager . Romantic relationships ( edit ) A subtle running joke throughout the series is Dwight 's surprising success with attractive women , with Michael often failing to `` hook up '' at the same time . Despite Dwight 's unusual appearance and mannerisms , he manages to attract women , who usually develop stronger feelings for him than vice versa . Michael has even pointed out how socially weird Dwight is acting , only for the woman to brush it off . In `` Night Out '' , Dwight hooks up with a women 's basketball player , while Michael fails in his attempts with other women . As Michael and Dwight leave the club , the woman calls out for Dwight to call her , which he says to Michael that he will not do . In `` Niagara '' , Michael and Dwight compete for the attention of Pam 's best friend , Isabel . When Dwight starts talking about his farm , Michael tries to explain that no one can connect with his experiences as farmer , only for Isabel to become interested in Dwight 's horses . Dwight ultimately manages to have sex with her , and she begins to develop deeper feelings for him which he does not return , although it is finally hinted in `` The Delivery '' that Dwight might have more intimate feelings for her than he originally let on . They meet again at the bar in `` Happy Hour '' , and bond further , kissing at the end of the episode . In a chat at OfficeTally.com , Mindy Kaling noted that Dwight is not a typical `` nerd '' character , that he is a `` farmer and kind of strapping and tall '' , and it generally makes sense that he does well with the opposite sex . In season 9 , he begins to date an attractive neighboring farmer named Esther ( Nora Kirkpatrick ) . He ultimately ends his relationship with her in `` A.A.R.M. '' . In the final episode , Dwight marries Angela Martin . Character reception ( edit ) The Dwight Schrute character has had a very positive reception , and is often cited as one of the most popular characters on the show . According to Entertainment Weekly he is one of the `` greatest sidekicks . '' In TV Guide 's list of the top 100 characters in television history , Dwight was ranked 85th . In an ABC News interview with Rainn Wilson , the interviewer commented that `` Words barely describe Dwight Schrute , the suck - up salesman and assistant to the regional manager of the Scranton branch for the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company ... '' and `` Dwight , as played by the 41 - year - old Wilson , has become one of the breakout characters in television comedy . Dwight is a survivalist geek , a student of karate who likes to shoot a crossbow and watch `` Battlestar Galactica '' on television . And he takes himself very , very seriously ... '' E ! News commented that Rainn Wilson should be nominated for an Emmy Award for his performance of Dwight , commenting : `` ... Who 's laughing now ? Who 's laughing now , Dwight Schrute ? Oh , only the ten million - plus people who watched as you pepper sprayed the living daylights out of Roy for trying to pop Jim in the face last night . My God , have I missed you , man . Mr. Schrute , you are the reason I love my job , my friend . It is the selflessly heroic actions of a man such as you that make television a nice place to be on a Thursday night . You may just be an everyday citizen who does not accept prizes for being a citizen , but you 'd best be accepting a supporting actor Emmy nod this year , because , hot damn if you do n't deserve it . '' Another positive review of the character was given by PopMatters , an online entertainment news site . The review stated : `` One of the show 's ironies is that Michael and Dwight , hapless though they might be within the office or in most social settings , are actually top salesmen ... Undeterred , or unaware of any of this , Dwight carries on with his dreams of grandeur , even instituting a reward system called `` Schrute Bucks '' for employees who please him during a brief but tyrannical reign as branch manager ... Dwight approaches sales with the same militaristic fervor as everything else in his life , and it pays off for him ( maybe that 's one of the reasons why , when Jim gives Dwight one of Benito Mussolini 's speeches to deliver when he accepts a sales award in Season Two , Dwight delivers it so enthusiastically that he gets a standing ovation ) ... '' Metalcore band The Devil Wears Prada named a song `` Assistant to the Regional Manager , '' alluding to Dwight 's position . In addition , the band created a T - shirt design that indirectly associates itself with Dwight by strongly resembling him . It is named `` Guy Wearing Tie . '' Outside of the Office ( edit ) Bobblehead doll ( edit ) In the episode `` Valentine 's Day '' , Dwight is given a bobblehead doll as a Valentine 's gift , from Angela . Following the episode , fans of the show petitioned NBC to make the bobblehead doll available for purchase on their online store . NBC responded by creating an initial run of 4,000 bobblehead dolls , which sold out almost immediately . The creator of the show , Greg Daniels , joked about the bobbleheads , saying `` Yes , they are fun , but they also serve a business purpose . People who want to manage by consensus can buy six and keep them nodding all the time to whatever they say . '' In 2010 Hallmark released a smaller talking version of the doll as part of their 2010 Christmas Keepsake Ornament selection . Résumé ( edit ) In `` Halloween '' , Jim and Pam uploaded Dwight 's resume to `` Monster.com , Craigslist , and Google . '' A producer actually did create a Monster account for Dwight and uploaded his résumé a month before the episode aired . It can be found by employers with resume database access who search for salesmen in Scranton , Pennsylvania . The résumé stated that he was willing to relocate to another state , wanted a salary close to $30,000 ( USD ) , desired the job title of Regional Manager , was currently `` Assistant to the Regional Manager '' , and had a Bachelor 's Degree . The posted résumé also stated : `` My time spent at Dunder Mifflin was very enjoying . I had the opportunity to learn from an experienced and talented boss . My branch consistently was one of the top sellers of the company ... '' Schrute Farms ( edit ) In `` Money '' , Pam refers to a TripAdvisor page for Dwight 's bed and breakfast . This can be found by searching for Schrute Farms . Jim and Pam discover that Dwight is running the Schrute Farm as an `` agritourism '' bed and breakfast . They spend the night there , taking part in table - making demonstrations , beet wine - making , and distributing manure . That night , however , Jim hears an unnerving moaning sound throughout the night , later shown to be Dwight in his room crying over his breakup with Angela . The TripAdvisor page said : `` Schrute Farms is the number one beet - related agritourism destination in Northeastern Pennsylvania . We offer the finest accommodations for the casual traveler and / or radish enthusiast . Come join us and experience majestic Schrute Farms . '' Jim and Pam ( `` JandP2 '' ) also posted a review , which can be seen on the reviews page . It read : `` The architecture reminds one of a quaint Tuscan beet farm , and the natural aroma of the beets drifts into the bedrooms and makes you dream of simpler times . You will never want to leave your room . The informative lecture will satisfy all your beet curiosity , and the dawn goose walk will tug at your heart strings . Table making never seemed so possible . Great story to tell your friends . Plenty of parking ! The staff 's attention to detail and devotion to cleanliness was limitless . From their enthusiastic welcome to the last wave good - bye , Schrute Farms delivers . '' An angry Angela also put a review up , and mentioned the death of her cat as a main cause for the review . It said : `` I have to warn people about the proprietor of Schrute Farms -- he may portray himself as a gentleman farmer , but he is not what he seems ! He killed my cat , Sprinkles ! Who knows what he might do to you or your loved ones ... '' According to Dwight , during the Civil War , while the Battle of Gettysburg was known for having the most deaths , the battle of Schrute Farms was known for having the highest DPA ( deaths per acre ) . He also claimed it was the northernmost battle during the Civil War . However , in reality , it was actually a safe haven for men who wanted relief from the war to focus on artistic lifestyles . It is insinuated that this was a camp for homosexual soldiers . Melvin Fifer Garris is the only known soldier to write home from Schrute Farms during the Civil War . Vice presidential bid joke ( edit ) External video Rainn Wilson on The Tonight Show discussing the `` nomination '' On the May 7 , 2008 , episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , US Senator and Republican Party presidential nominee John McCain joked that Dwight Schrute would be his vice presidential candidate choice . Rainn Wilson appeared on The Tonight Show on May 14 , 2008 , and read to Jay Leno a list of demands from Dwight in exchange for being vice president . Included in this list was being able to pilot Air Force One at any time , and only to be addressed as `` Iceman '' while piloting . He also demanded that Jack Bauer be immediately promoted to United States Secretary of Defense , his bunker to include a foosball table and be zombie - proof , and that the Secret Service members be armed with nunchakus , throwing stars , and flamethrowers . Finally , he demanded a flamethrower , an Iron Man suit , and that fellow character Michael Scott be an `` ambassador to Hawaii . '' Dwight in academic research ( edit ) Researchers at Brigham Young University , Stanford and Northwestern University demonstrated that social outsiders , similar to Dwight 's character , lead to better group decision making . Media accounts of their published study reported that having a Dwight Schrute around is good for business . Dwight was included in articles about the research by Time magazine , Toronto Globe and Mail , The Salt Lake Tribune and Brigham Young University . Possible spin - off series and departure from the Office ( edit ) On January 25 , 2012 , news broke that NBC was planning a spin - off series , starring Wilson as Dwight , that would be set at Schrute Farms , Dwight 's bed - and - breakfast and beet farm . The spin - off was to have been created by Wilson and executive producer Paul Lieberstein , but Office developer Greg Daniels would not have been involved . The series was in the works for a premiere in early 2013 , and would have caused Wilson to leave The Office during the ninth season . The spin - off was scheduled to have been introduced as a backdoor pilot in a later episode of the ninth season . Despite the news report , Wilson tweeted `` Do n't believe everything you read in the press , OK ? '' . In October 2012 , NBC announced that it was not accepting the spin - off series . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Traveling Salesman '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Rainn ( Actor ) . 2005 . `` Pilot '' ( Commentary track ) , The Office Season One ( U.S. / NBC Version ) ( DVD ) , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Holloway , Diane ( 2006 - 01 - 20 ) . `` The Dwight stuff '' . Cox News Service . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pilot '' because of his admiration for his boss , Michael Scott , The Office Season One ( US / NBC Version ) , 2005 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ Wolgemuth , Liz ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` Jim Halpert and the First - Job Trap '' . U.S. News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drug Testing '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fight '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Office season three '' , ( DVD ) ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Lecture Circuit '' , The Office Season Five ( US / NBC Version ) , 2009 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Grief Counseling '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Schrute 's `` Schrute - Space '' - `` HOW TO WORK WELL WITH OTHERS '' `` . NBC.com . November 16 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Safety Training '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwight 's Speech '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Client '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Product Recall '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Launch Party '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Money '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` '' Dwight Schrute 's Schrute Space `` - `` THE FALL IS HERE AND SO ARE WE '' `` . NBC.com . September 12 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dwight Schrute 's Schrute Space - '' I Do Not Believe in Lycanthropes `` '' . NBC.com . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Deposition '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` The Negotiation '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Fun Run '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Survivor Man '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) He also keeps a refle , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye , Toby '' , The Office Season Four ( US / NBC Version ) , 2008 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Jury Duty '' Jump up ^ `` Conflict Resolution '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` The Job '' , The Office Season Three ( US / NBC Version ) , 2007 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Todd Packer '' Jump up ^ `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' Jump up ^ `` Performance Review '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . Jump up ^ `` Initiation '' Jump up ^ `` Scott 's Tots '' Jump up ^ Ben Schott , Schott 's Miscellany Calendar 2009 ( New York : Workman Publishing , 2008 ) , March 21 . ^ Jump up to : Rooney , Bryan ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Man Behind The Offices ' Favorite Suck - Up , Dwight Schrute '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ghorsh , Korbi ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` Fri. , 4 / 6 : Dwight Schrute Saves My Thursday '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gilstrap , Andrew . `` The Office : Season Three '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Guy Wearing Tie '' . MerchDirect . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBC Universal store sells 150,000 Dwight Schrute bobbleheads '' . NBC Press release . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween '' , The Office Season Two ( US / NBC Version ) , 2006 , Los Angeles , CA : Universal Studios . ^ Jump up to : `` Resume search : Dwight Schrute '' . Monster.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schrute Farms Bed and Breakfast '' . TripAdvisor . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reston , Maeve ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Sneak Peek : Jon Stewart actually presses John McCain on a topic '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` John McCain Pt. 2 '' . Comedy Central . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Office : Dwight Schrute for VP '' . NBC.com . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kluger , Jeffrey ( 2009 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Why the Office Oddball Is Good for Business '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Why every office needs a Dwight Schrute '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Study : Outsiders facilitate better decisions '' . Jump up ^ `` Hire a Dwight Schrute for a better - performing team , says study co-authored by BYU biz prof '' . ^ Jump up to : HitFix Staff ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Dwight Schrute ' Office ' spin - off starring Rainn Wilson in the works at NBC '' . HitFix . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is NBC developing an ' Office ' spinoff for Rainn Wilson ? '' . CNN . 2012 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Is Not Moving Ahead With ' Office ' Spinoff ' The Farm ' '' . The New York Times . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dwight Schrute Schrute - Space -- Dwight Schrute 's `` blog '' ( NBC official website ) Schrute Farms B&B -- Listing on TripAdvisor hide The Office ( U.S. series ) Episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Webisodes The Accountants Kevin 's Loan The Outburst Blackmail Subtle Sexuality The Mentor The 3rd Floor The Podcast The Girl Next Door Characters Primary Michael Scott Dwight Schrute Jim Halpert Pam Beesly Ryan Howard Andy Bernard Robert California Secondary Jan Levinson Roy Anderson Stanley Hudson Kevin Malone Meredith Palmer Angela Martin Oscar Martinez Phyllis Vance Kelly Kapoor Toby Flenderson Creed Bratton Darryl Philbin Erin Hannon Gabe Lewis Holly Flax Nellie Bertram Pete Miller Clark Green Recurring Todd Packer David Wallace Other Dunder Mifflin Awards Worldwide editions Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dwight_Schrute&oldid=846580921 '' Categories : Fictional American people of German descent Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional farmers Fictional hoteliers Fictional salespeople The Office ( U.S. TV series ) characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of car does dwight schrute drive	[ "Dwight is trained in the art of surveillance, and is a former Lackawanna County volunteer sheriff's deputy.[6] He has a purple belt in Goju-Ryu karate, and is the senpai at his dojo.[7] Dwight is a pop culture and sci-fi enthusiast, who has expressed fanship of many sci-fi movies and popular television series. In the episode \"The Fire\", he mentioned the movie The Crow as being his favorite film. He hints at belief in fictional creatures such as androids, zombies and vampires (though curiously, despite having claimed in \"Business School\", to have shot a werewolf (that was actually his neighbor's dog), he says in one of his blog entries that he does not believe in them; however, he may have simply been denying claims of werewolves at Schrute Farms in order to prevent potential visitors from being frightened away).[21] He enjoys, and is shown to be skilled at, playing table tennis, and states that many of his heroes are table tennis players.[22] His musical tastes vary, but heavy metal and classic rock seem to be a recurring theme.[1] His personal musical talents are not lacking, as he plays guitar and recorder, and sings, as well.[13] He has a fascination with cars; he usually checks a car's suspension, especially muscle cars. He drives a 1987 Pontiac Trans Am though in the Finale (The Office) he's driving a 2013 Dodge Challenger. His technological talents are limited, but he shows a passion for the online role playing game Second Life, in which the only differences between himself and his avatar is that his avatar has the last name 'Shelford' and the ability to fly.[18] He also shows an interest in trains, as he is restoring a turn-of-the-century steam engine in his slaughterhouse, during \"The Meeting\", which has him bonding with Toby Flenderson, as they share the same interest. In \"Todd Packer\", it is revealed that Dwight does not know who Justin Bieber is, asking Jim \"Who is Justice Beaver?\", leaving Jim to answer \"A crime-fighting beaver.\"" ]	[ "1987 Pontiac Trans Am" ]
-512612017590879968	Green Lantern	Green Lantern - wikipedia Green Lantern Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For other uses , see Green Lantern ( disambiguation ) . Green Lantern Cover of Green Lantern : Rebirth # 6 ( May 2005 ) Picture left to right : Guy Gardner , Kyle Rayner , Hal Jordan , John Stewart , and Kilowog ; art by Ethan Van Sciver Publisher DC comics First appearance All - American Comics # 16 ( July 1940 ) Created by John Broome Gil Kane Bill Finger Martin Nodell Gardner Fox Characters Alan Scott Hal Jordan Guy Gardner John Stewart Kyle Rayner Jade Sinestro Simon Baz Jessica Cruz See also Green Lantern Corps Green Lantern is the name of a number of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . They fight evil with the aid of rings that grant them a variety of extraordinary powers . The first Green Lantern character , Alan Scott , was created in 1940 during the initial popularity of superheroes . Alan Scott usually fought common criminals in New York City with the aid of his magic ring . The Green Lanterns are among DC Comics ' longer lasting sets of characters . They have been adapted to television , video games , and motion pictures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Golden Age 1.2 Silver Age 1.3 Later developments 1.4 Awards 2 Fictional character biographies 2.1 Golden Age Green Lantern 2.1. 1 Alan Scott 2.2 Silver Age Green Lantern 2.2. 1 Hal Jordan 2.3 Bronze Age Green Lanterns 2.3. 1 Guy Gardner 2.3. 2 John Stewart 2.4 Modern Age Green Lantern 2.4. 1 Kyle Rayner 2.4. 2 Simon Baz 2.4. 3 Jessica Cruz 2.5 Others who have headlined as Green Lantern 2.5. 1 Jade 2.5. 2 Thaal Sinestro 2.5. 3 Jediah Caul 3 Powers and abilities 4 Green Lantern Oath 5 In other media 6 See also 7 References Publication history ( edit ) See also : Green Lantern ( comic book ) Golden Age ( edit ) Main article : Alan Scott Green Lantern 's debut in All - American Comics # 16 ( July 1940 ) . Art by Sheldon Moldoff . Martin Nodell ( using the name Mart Dellon ) created the first Green Lantern . He first appeared in the Golden Age of comic books in All - American Comics # 16 ( July 1940 ) , published by All - American Publications , one of three companies that would eventually merge to form DC Comics . This Green Lantern 's real name was Alan Scott , a railroad engineer who , after a railway crash , came into possession of a magic lantern which spoke to him and said it would bring power . From this , he crafted a magic ring which gave him a wide variety of powers . The limitations of the ring were that it had to be `` charged '' every 24 hours by touching it to the lantern for a time , and that it could not directly affect objects made of wood . Alan Scott fought mostly ordinary human villains , but he did have a few paranormal ones such as the immortal Vandal Savage and the zombie Solomon Grundy . Most stories took place in New York . As a popular character in the 1940s , the Green Lantern featured both in anthology books such as All - American Comics and Comic Cavalcade , as well as his own book , Green Lantern . He also appeared in All Star Comics as a member of the superhero team known as the Justice Society of America . After World War II the popularity of superheroes in general declined . The Green Lantern comic book was cancelled with issue # 38 ( May -- June 1949 ) , and All Star Comics # 57 ( 1951 ) was the character 's last Golden Age appearance . When superheroes came back in fashion in later decades , Alan Scott was revived , but was forever marginalized by the new Hal Jordan character who had been created to supplant him ( see below ) . Initially , he made guest appearances in other superheroes ' books , but eventually got regular roles in books featuring the Justice Society . He never got another solo series . Between 1995 and 2003 , DC Comics changed Alan Scott 's superhero codename to `` Sentinel '' in order to distinguish him from the newer and more popular science fiction Green Lanterns . In 2011 , the Alan Scott character was revamped . His costume was redesigned and the source of his powers was changed to that of the mystical power of nature ( referred to in the stories as `` the Green '' ) . Silver Age ( edit ) In 1959 , Julius Schwartz reinvented the Green Lantern character as a science fiction hero named Hal Jordan . Hal Jordan 's powers were more or less the same as Alan Scott 's , but otherwise this character was completely different and unrelated to the Green Lantern of the 1940s . He had a new name , a redesigned costume , and a rewritten origin story . Hal Jordan received his ring from a dying alien and was commissioned as an officer of the Green Lantern Corps , an interstellar law enforcement agency overseen by the Guardians of the Universe . Cover to Showcase # 22 ( October 1959 ) , the first appearance of Hal Jordan . Hal Jordan was introduced in Showcase # 22 ( September -- October 1959 ) . Gil Kane and Sid Greene were the art team most notable on the title in its early years , along with writer John Broome . Later developments ( edit ) With issue # 76 ( April 1970 ) , the series made a radical stylistic departure . Editor Schwartz , in one of the company 's earliest efforts to provide more than fantasy , worked with the writer - artist team of Denny O'Neil and Neal Adams to spark new interest in the comic and address a perceived need for social relevance . They added the character Green Arrow ( with the cover , but not the official name , retitled Green Lantern Co-Starring Green Arrow ) and had the pair travel through America encountering `` real world '' issues , to which they reacted in different ways -- Green Lantern as fundamentally a lawman , Green Arrow as a liberal iconoclast . Additionally during this run , the groundbreaking `` Snowbirds Do n't Fly '' story was published ( issues # 85 and # 86 ) in which Green Arrow 's teen sidekick Speedy ( the later grown - up hero Red Arrow ) developed a heroin addiction that he was forcibly made to quit . The stories were critically acclaimed , with publications such as The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal , and Newsweek citing it as an example of how comic books were `` growing up '' . However , the O'Neil / Adams run was not a commercial success , and the series was cancelled after only 14 issues , though an additional unpublished three installments were finally published as backups in The Flash # 217 - 219 . The title would know a number of revivals and cancellations . Its title would change to Green Lantern Corps at one point as the popularity rose and waned . During a time there were two regular titles , each with a Green Lantern , and a third member in the Justice League . A new character , Kyle Rayner , was created to become the feature while Hal Jordan first became the villain Parallax , then died and came back as the Spectre . In the wake of The New Frontier , writer Geoff Johns returned Hal Jordan as Green Lantern in Green Lantern : Rebirth ( 2004 -- 05 ) . Johns began to lay groundwork for `` Blackest Night '' ( released July 13 , 2010 ) , viewing it as the third part of the trilogy started by Rebirth . Expanding on the Green Lantern mythology in the second part , `` Sinestro Corps War '' ( 2007 ) , Johns , with artist Ethan van Sciver , found wide critical acclaim and commercial success with the series , which promised the introduction of a spectrum of colored `` lanterns '' . Awards ( edit ) The series and its creators have received several awards over the years , including the 1961 Alley Award for Best Adventure Hero / Heroine with Own Book and the Academy of Comic Book Arts Shazam Award for Best Continuing Feature in 1970 , for Best Individual Story ( `` No Evil Shall Escape My Sight '' , Green Lantern vol. 2 , # 76 , by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams ) , and in 1971 for Best Individual Story ( `` Snowbirds Do n't Fly '' , Green Lantern vol. 2 , # 85 by O'Neil and Adams ) . Writer O'Neil received the Shazam Award for Best Writer ( Dramatic Division ) in 1970 for his work on Green Lantern , Batman , Superman , and other titles , while artist Adams received the Shazam for Best Artist ( Dramatic Division ) in 1970 for his work on Green Lantern and Batman . Inker Dick Giordano received the Shazam Award for Best Inker ( Dramatic Division ) for his work on Green Lantern and other titles . In Judd Winick 's first regular writing assignment on Green Lantern , he wrote a storyline in which an assistant of Kyle Rayner 's emerged as a gay character in Green Lantern # 137 ( June 2001 ) . In Green Lantern # 154 ( November 2001 ) the story entitled `` Hate Crime '' gained media recognition when Terry was brutally beaten in a homophobic attack . Winick was interviewed on Phil Donahue 's show on MSNBC for that storyline on August 15 , 2002 and received two GLAAD Media Awards for his Green Lantern work . In May 2011 , Green Lantern placed 7th on IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time . Fictional character biographies ( edit ) Golden Age Green Lantern ( edit ) Alan Scott ( edit ) Main article : Alan Scott Alan Scott 's Green Lantern history originally began thousands of years ago when a mystical `` green flame '' meteor fell to Earth in ancient China . The voice of the flame prophesied that it would act three times : once to bring death ( a lamp - maker named Luke Fairclough crafted the green metal of the meteor into a lamp ; in fear and as punishment for what they thought sacrilege , the local villagers killed him , only to be destroyed by a sudden burst of the green flame ) , once to bring life ( in modern times , the lamp came into the hands of a patient in a mental institution who fashioned the lamp into a modern lantern ; the green flame restored him to sanity and gave him a new life ) , and once to bring power . By 1940 , the lantern passed into the possession of Alan Scott , a young engineer . Following a railroad - bridge collapse of which he was the only survivor , the flame instructed Scott how to fashion a ring from its metal to give him fantastic powers as the superhero Green Lantern . He adopted a colorful costume and became a crime - fighter . Alan was a founding member of the Justice Society of America . After the Crisis on Infinite Earths ( although the original origin story was still in continuity ) , a later Tales of the Green Lantern Corps story was published that brought Scott even closer to the Corps ' ranks , when it was revealed that Alan Scott was predated as Earth 's Green Lantern by a Green Lantern named Yalan Gur , a resident of China . Not only had the Corps ' now - familiar green , black and white uniform motif not yet been adopted , but Yalan Gur altered the basic red uniform to more closely resemble the style of clothing worn by his countrymen . Power ultimately corrupted this early Green Lantern , as he attempted to rule over mankind , which forced the Guardians to cause his ring to manifest a weakness to wood , the material from which most Earth weapons of the time were fashioned . This allowed the Chinese peasants to ultimately defeat their corrupted `` champion '' . His ring and lantern were burned and it was during this process that the `` intelligence '' inhabiting the ring and the lantern and linking them to the Guardians was damaged . Over time , when it had occasion to manifest itself , this `` intelligence '' became known as the mystical ' Starheart ' of fable . But that was long gone . He later fought Superman which gave him superhuman powers . Then Deathstroke killed him and ruled the world . Centuries later , it was explained , when Scott found the mystical lantern , it had no memory of its true origins , save a vague recollection of the uniform of its last master . This was the origin of Scott 's distinctive costume . Due to its damaged link to them , the Guardians presumed the ring and lantern to be lost in whatever cataclysm overcame their last owner of record , thus Scott was never noticed by the Guardians and went on to carve a history of his own apart from that of the Corps , sporting a ring with an artificially induced weakness against anything made of wood . Honoring this separate history , the Guardians never moved to force Scott to relinquish the ring , formally join the Corps , or adopt its colors . Some sort of link between Scott and the Corps , however , was hinted at in a Silver Age crossover story which depicts Scott and Hal Jordan charging their rings at the same Power Battery while both reciting the `` Brightest Day '' oath . During the Rann - Thanagar War , it was revealed that Scott is an honorary member of the Corps . On June 1 , 2012 , DC Comics announced that it would be introducing an alternate version of Alan Scott as a gay man in the title `` Earth 2 . '' The New 52 issue was released on June 6 , 2012 . In its story , Alan Scott and his partner Sam were both passengers aboard a train , but the latter was killed when their train was wrecked in the railroad - bridge collapse that Scott alone survived ; a magical green flame found Alan amongst the rubble . Telling him he is to become an avatar of the flame 's great power and that he must channel this power through an item of importance to his heart , Alan chooses the engagement ring he was to give his boyfriend , becoming Green Lantern . This alternate version is not a member of the Green Lantern Corps , which does n't exist in Earth 2 , but rather adopts the name Green Lantern for himself , for his powers derives his mystical powers from the Green , the elemental force which connects plant life on Earth . Silver Age Green Lantern ( edit ) Hal Jordan ( edit ) Main article : Hal Jordan The character of Harold `` Hal '' Jordan was a second - generation test pilot , having followed in the footsteps of his father . He was given the power ring and battery ( lantern ) by a dying alien named Abin Sur , whose spaceship crashed on Earth . Abin Sur used his ring to seek out an individual who was `` utterly honest and born without fear '' to take his place as a member of the corps . At one point , when Hal Jordan was incapacitated , it was revealed that there were two individuals matching the specified criteria on Earth , the other being Guy Gardner , and the ring chose Jordan solely because of his proximity to Abin Sur . Gardner then became listed as Hal 's `` backup '' , even though he had a strong friendship with Barry Allen ( The Flash ) . Gardner would fill in if Jordan was unavailable or otherwise incapacitated . Later , when Gardner was put into a coma , it turned out that by then there was a third human suitable for the task , John Stewart , who was designated as the Earth Sector 's `` backup '' Lantern . Jordan , as Green Lantern , became a founding member of the Justice League of America and as of the mid-2000s is , along with John Stewart , one of the two active - duty Lanterns in Earth 's sector of space . Jordan also automatically became a member of the Green Lantern Corps , a galactic `` police '' force which bears some similarities to the `` Lensmen '' from the science fiction series written by E.E. Smith , although both creators Julius Schwartz and John Broome denied ever reading Smith 's stories . Nevertheless , the early 1980s miniseries `` Green Lantern Corps '' honors the similarity with two characters in the corps : Eddore of Tront and Arisia . A different interpretation of Jordan and the Corps appears in Superman : Red Son . Following the rebirth of Superman and the destruction of Green Lantern 's hometown of Coast City in the early 1990s , Hal Jordan seemingly went insane and destroyed the Green Lantern Corps and the Central Power Battery . Now calling himself Parallax , Hal Jordan would devastate the DC Universe off and on for the next several years . However , after Earth 's sun was threatened by a Sun - Eater , Jordan sacrificed his life , expending the last of his vast power to reignite the dying star . Jordan subsequently returned from beyond the grave as the Spectre , the divine Spirit of God 's Vengeance , whom Jordan attempted to transform into a Spirit of Redemption , which ended in failure . In Green Lantern : Rebirth , it is revealed that Jordan was under the influence of a creature known as Parallax when he turned renegade . Parallax was a creature of pure fear that had been imprisoned in the Central Power Battery by the Guardians of the Universe in the distant past . Imprisonment had rendered the creature dormant and it was eventually forgotten , becoming known merely as the `` yellow impurity '' in the power rings . Sinestro was able to wake Parallax and encourage it to seek out Hal Jordan as a host . Although Parallax had been trying to corrupt Jordan ( via his ring ) for some time , it was not until after the destruction of Coast City that it was able to succeed . It took advantage of Jordan 's weakened emotional state to lure him to Oa and cause him to attack anyone who stood in his way . After killing several Green Lanterns , Jordan finally entered the Central Power Battery and absorbed all the power , unwittingly freeing the Parallax entity and allowed it to graft onto his soul . The Spectre bonded with Jordan in the hopes of freeing the former Green Lantern 's soul from Parallax 's taint , but was not strong enough to do so . In Green Lantern : Rebirth , Parallax began to assert control of the Parallax - Spectre - Jordan composite . Thanks to a supreme effort of will , Jordan was able to free himself from Parallax , rejoin his soul to his body and reclaim his power ring . The newly revived ( and rejuvenated ) Jordan awoke just in time to save Kyle Rayner and Green Arrow from Sinestro . After the Korugarian 's defeat , Jordan was able to successfully lead his fellow Green Lanterns in battle against Parallax and with help from Guardians Sayd and Ganthet , imprisoned it within the personal power batteries of Earth 's Lanterns , rendering the Green Lantern 's rings free of the yellow impurity , provided they had the power of will to do so . Hal Jordan is once again a member of both the Justice League and the Green Lantern Corps , and along with John Stewart is one of the two Corps members assigned to Sector 2814 , personally defeating Sinestro in the Sinestro Corps War . Jordan is designated as Green Lantern 2814.1 . Post-Sinestro Corps War , DC Comics revisited the origin of Hal Jordan as a precursor to Blackest Night storyline , the next chapter in the Geoff Johns era on Green Lantern . Hal Jordan is the Green Lantern portrayed by Ryan Reynolds in the 2011 Green Lantern film . Bronze Age Green Lanterns ( edit ) Guy Gardner ( edit ) Main article : Guy Gardner ( comics ) In the late 1960s , Guy Gardner appeared as the second choice to replace Abin Sur as Green Lantern of sector 2814 . Gardner was a candidate to receive Abin Sur 's ring , but Jordan was closer . This placed him as the `` backup '' Green Lantern for Jordan . But early in his career as a Green Lantern , tragedy struck Gardner as a power battery blew up in his face , putting him in a coma for years . During the Crisis on Infinite Earths , the Guardians split into factions , one of which appointed a newly revived Gardner as their champion . As a result of his years in a coma , Guy was very emotionally unstable , although he still mostly managed to fight valiantly . He has gone through many changes , including wielding Sinestro 's yellow Guardian power ring , then gaining and losing Vuldarian powers , and readmission to the Corps during Green Lantern : Rebirth . He later became part of the Green Lantern Honor Guard , and oversees the training of new Green Lanterns . Gardner is designated as Green Lantern 2814.2 within the Corps . Guy Gardner helped lead the defense of Oa during the events of Blackest Night . Following his outstanding acts of valour , the Guardians appoint Guy to a unique role and highest rank in the Green Lantern Corps - Sentinel , answering directly to the Guardians themselves . John Stewart ( edit ) Main article : John Stewart ( comics ) In the early 1970s , John Stewart , an architect from Detroit , was selected by the Guardians to replace a comatose Guy Gardner as the backup Green Lantern for Jordan . When Jordan resigned from the Corps for an extended period of time , Stewart served as the regular Lantern , coming into his own as he battled numerous Green Lantern villains and played a key role during the Crisis on Infinite Earths . During that time the Guardians of the Universe assigned Katma Tui to train Stewart , and the two developed romantic feelings for each other . They married , but Katma was soon murdered by longtime Green Lantern villain , Star Sapphire . Stewart was crushed by this , and his life began to unravel . He reached his lowest point when he failed to save the planet Xanshi from destruction during the Cosmic Odyssey . John Stewart redeemed himself during the Mosaic crisis , when an insane Guardian abducted cities from all over the universe and placed them together on Oa . When the Guardian was defeated , the cities remained , as the other Guardians claimed to not have enough energy in the Central Power Battery to send them home . While they gathered the resources , John Stewart was assigned to oversee the jammed together communities . Using his intellect and unconventional thinking , he formed the warring communities into a cohesive society . He was aided by Rose Hardin , a farmer from West Virginia who was trapped on Oa , due to her town being abducted . Stewart once again found love with Rose , and the two of them came to feel more comfortable on their new world than they did back on Earth . Stewart eventually deduced that the Guardians had the energy to send the cities home whenever they wanted , and that they let them remain on Oa as an experiment in cosmic integration , and also as a test for John Stewart . Stewart passed the test , and discovered that he was a figure in Oan prophecy . That was why the Guardians directly chose him instead of allowing a Power Ring to do it , as is standard procedure . John Stewart rose to a new level of awareness and became the first mortal Guardian of the Universe . He was also rewarded with the resurrection of Katma Tui , which caused him to break up with Rose . Stewart 's new powers and resurrected wife were taken from him when Hal Jordan went mad and became Parallax , absorbing the power from the Central Power Battery . During this time , the Green Lantern Corps was disbanded , and Stewart went on to lead the Darkstars , a new organization of universal peacekeepers led by the Controllers , offshoots of the Guardians of the Universe . During a battle , Stewart was badly injured and left paralyzed from the waist down . Hal Jordan eventually restored his ability to walk before sacrificing himself to save Earth 's sun . Soon after , John Stewart found himself hunted by a serial killer from Xanshi called Fatality . She sought out any remnants of the Green Lantern Corps so that she may kill them in the name of avenging her doomed planet . Stewart fended off Fatality with residual energy he blasted from his body , which was in him due to Hal Jordan healing his crippling condition , however , this left him unable to walk again . Stewart later visited Fatality while she was in custody , and she revealed to him that his back was fine , and he had the ability to walk if he wanted to . Stewart had imposed a psychological block upon himself due to feeling guilty over his sister 's death . Stewart overcame this condition and was given a power ring by Kyle Rayner . Rayner departed Earth and Stewart became the Green Lantern of Earth once again , and also a member of the Justice League of America . When the Green Lantern Corps reformed , Stewart begun serving with Jordan as one of his sector 's two designated regular - duty Lanterns , designated as Green Lantern 2814.3 . Since then , he played key roles in all big Green Lantern events , such as The Sinestro Corps War and Blackest Night . In the New 52 continuity , John Stewart was a U.S. Marine along with being an architect and the son of a social activist . He started a romantic relationship with his longtime enemy Fatality , who by that point had become a Star Sapphire and apparently forgave him for failing to save her world . In the events leading up to the `` Uprising '' , Fatality was captured by shape - shifting Durlans , and a Durlan operative replicated her and took her place . John Stewart was at first hesitant about the relationship , but he eventually came to love Fatality , but it turns out that it had been the impostor by that point . In the final battle of the `` Uprising '' , the impostor revealed itself as Verrat Din , an eons old Durlan , and destroyed Fatality 's Star Sapphire ring , having no use for it after gaining the power of a Daxamite . Though Stewart defeated the powerful threat , he was shaken by having been misled so long , and having been intimate with a Durlan shape - shifter . Stewart immediately set out to find the real Fatality , and when he did , he was astonished to discover that she had reverted to hating him . Fatality revealed that she was forcibly inducted into the Star Sapphires and brainwashed into being one of them . When her ring was destroyed , the spell was broken . Every moment she was with Stewart , she was trapped within herself . She revealed that she never loved John Stewart and departed , leaving Stewart emotionally crushed . John Stewart is notable for being the Green Lantern showcased on the Justice League and Justice League Unlimited cartoon shows , as well as being the primary Green Lantern of the DC Animated Universe . Modern Age Green Lantern ( edit ) Kyle Rayner ( edit ) Main article : Kyle Rayner Kyle Rayner was a struggling freelance artist when he was approached by the last Guardian of the Universe , Ganthet , to become a new Green Lantern with the very last power ring . Ganthet 's reasons for choosing Rayner remained a secret for quite some time . Despite not being from the same cloth of bravery and fearlessness as Hal Jordan -- or perhaps because of that -- Rayner proved to be popular with readers and his fellow characters . Having continually proven himself on his own and with the JLA , he became known amongst the Oans as The Torch Bearer . He briefly operated as Ion after using the power of the entire Green Lantern Corps . He was responsible for the rebirth of the Guardians and the re-ignition of the Central Power Battery , essentially restoring all that Jordan had destroyed as Parallax . Kyle Rayner was chosen to wield the last ring because he knew fear , and Parallax had been released from the Central Power Battery . Ganthet knew this and chose Kyle because his experiences dealing with fear enabled him to resist Parallax . Because Parallax is a manifestation of fear , and yellow , none of the other Green Lanterns , including Hal , could harm Parallax and , therefore , came under his control . Kyle taught them to feel and overcome fear so they could defeat Parallax and incarcerate him in the Central Power Battery once again . Kyle became Ion , who is later revealed to be the manifestation of willpower in the same way Parallax is fear . During the Sinestro Corps War between the Green Lantern Corps and the Sinestro Corps , Ion was imprisoned while Parallax possesses Kyle . In Green Lantern ( vol. 4 ) # 24 , Parallax consumes Hal Jordan . Hal Jordan enters into Kyle 's prison , and with his help , Kyle finally escapes Parallax . Afterward , Ganthet and Sayd trap Parallax in the Lanterns of the four Green Lanterns of Earth . Ganthet asks Kyle to give up his right to be Ion and become a Green Lantern again . Kyle accepts , and Ganthet gives Kyle a power ring . Kyle is outfitted with a new costume including a mask that looks like the one from his first uniform . Kyle is now a member of the Green Lantern Corps Honor Guard , and has been partnered with Guy Gardner . Kyle now shows up mostly as part of the ensemble cast of Green Lantern Corps . Corps rookie Sodam Yat took over the mantle of Ion . Sodam has made an appearance in the Legion of Super Heroes Final Crisis tie - in Legion of Three Worlds as the last surviving Green Lantern / Guardian of the Universe . Kyle is designated as Green Lantern 2814.4 within the Corps . Kyle Rayner died in Green Lantern Corps # 42 ( Jan. 2010 ) after sacrificing himself to save Oa from an attack by the Black Lantern Corps . The following issue , Kyle is brought back to life by the power of a Star Sapphire who connects Soranik Natu 's heart to his heart . Simon Baz as seen on the cover of Green Lantern # 0 ( November 2012 ) . Simon Baz ( edit ) Main article : Simon Baz Simon Baz is a Lebanese American Muslim from the Detroit suburb of Dearborn , Michigan . He first appeared in The New 52 ! FCBD # 1 before making his first full appearance in Green Lantern # 0 during the `` Rise of the Third Army '' storyline written by Geoff Johns . He was caught by the police street racing in a stolen car with an armed bomb in the back of the van . While being questioned by authorities , Sinestro 's Green Lantern ring chose Simon as its next ring bearer , recruiting him into the Green Lantern Corps . The squirrel - like Lantern B'dg follows , becoming Baz 's mentor and friend . The Justice League eventually tracks Baz down and questions him as to how he came into the possession of a Green Lantern ring . Batman tries to disarm him by removing Simon 's ring , but self - defense mechanisms of the ring prevent this . Following the events of `` Wrath of The First Lantern '' , Simon Baz was offered the opportunity to join Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor 's `` Justice League of America '' under the pretense that , his criminal charges would be dropped and his innocence publicly declared after FBI Agent Franklin Fed vouched for him . During the events of the `` Trinity War '' storyline , after Cyborg 's ( Victor ) body was mangled by Crime Syndicate member `` The Grid '' , Baz 's ring was the only thing preventing Victor from death . During the battle against Relic , when Lantern Guy Gardner and the Red Lantern Corps become the protectors of space sector 2814 , Simon was appointed Green Lantern ambassador on earth by Hal Jordan . Additionally per Hal _́ s request Simon became the protector of Hal Jordan 's family . In Green Lantern # 20 , after the fierce battle against the First Lantern , it was revealed that Simon Baz will go on to train the first female Green Lantern of Earth , Jessica Cruz . Jessica Cruz ( edit ) Main articles : Power Ring ( DC Comics ) and Jessica Cruz First mentioned in Green Lantern # 20 as the first female Green Lantern of Earth . Jessica Cruz is a young Latina American woman who was forced to become the unwilling host to the evil Ring of Volthoom after `` Power Ring '' dies in his alternate Earth unverse . Though she is not technically `` Power Ring '' , as she is not a member of the Crime Syndicate and has no association with the organization , for namesake purposes she is dubbed `` Power Ring '' while the ring uses her as a host . She is helped by the Justice League and Simon Baz , who help her understand her cursed powers . In the Darkseid War , she becomes trapped inside the Ring of Volthoom , as Volthoom himself takes over Jessica 's body . She then battles the previous wearers of the ring with the help of Cyborg , and forces her body in front of the Black Racer ( who at the time was controlling the Flash ) and kills Volthoom . After the battle , whilst the League mourns her motionless body , a Green Lantern ring appears and Jessica is made the 6th Green Lantern of Earth , to everyone 's surprise . In Green Lantern : Rebirth # 1 , she meets up with Simon Baz to battle a Manhunter . This turns out to be an exercise controlled by Hal Jordan , as he needs them to protect Earth whilst he goes on a mission to find the rest of the Corps . He then fuses both their Lanterns into one , which can only be used when they are together . Hal also gives them membership into the Justice League to help with their training . Others who have headlined as Green Lantern ( edit ) Jade ( edit ) Main article : Jade ( comics ) The daughter of Alan Scott , Jennifer - Lynn Hayden would discover she shared her father 's mystical connection to the Starheart , which gave her the abilities of a Green Lantern . Choosing to follow in her father 's footsteps , she became the superheroine Jade . She would later fight a manifestation of the Starheart and lose those abilities . When Jade was fighting an Okaaran monster she was saved by an orange lantern named Cade and fell in love with him . After Jade was stripped of her powers , Kyle Rayner gave her a copy of Hal Jordan 's power ring . When Rayner left Earth to restart the Green Lantern Corps , Jade donned the classic Green Lantern uniform and served as the planet 's Green Lantern until losing the ring during a battle with the villain Fatality . Later , when the ring was returned to her , she changed her Green Lantern uniform to a modified version of Rayner 's . Jade continued to function as a Green Lantern until Rayner , as Ion , used his power to restore her connection to the Starheart . During Infinite Crisis , she died while trying to stop Alexander Luthor , Jr. from destroying the universe to create a new multiverse . Upon her death , Jade returned her Starheart power to Rayner . In the Blackest Night event , her remains have been reanimated as one of the Black Lantern Corps after receiving a black power ring . She was resurrected by the Life Entity along with eleven other Black Lantern Corps members . Thaal Sinestro ( edit ) Main article : Sinestro Sinestro was born on the planet Korugar and became Green Lantern of space sector 1417 . He was a friend of Abin Sur and mentor to Hal Jordan . His desire for order was an asset in the Corps , and initially led him to be considered one of the greatest Green Lanterns . As the years passed , he became more and more fixated upon not simply protecting his sector , but on preserving order in the society of his home planet no matter what the cost . Eventually , he concluded that the best way to accomplish this was to conquer Korugar and rule the planet as a dictator . Exposed by Hal Jordan and punished , he later wielded a yellow ring of fear from Qward . Later in league with Parallax , he would establish the Sinestro Corps , which began the War of Light . Following Blackest Night and War of the Green Lanterns Sinestro would once again receive a Green Lantern ring and temporarily headline the monthly Green Lantern following The New 52 . Jediah Caul ( edit ) Premiering in Green Lantern : New Guardians Annual # 1 , Caul is a deep undercover Green Lantern operative that works in the Tenebrian Dominion . He unwillingly helps Carol Ferris and the New Guardians attempt to petition Lady Styx to send aid against the Third Army . For betraying them , the New Guardians leave Caul behind and he is forced to become part of a reality program called `` The Hunted '' , stripped of his powers and with his discharged power ring embedded into his chest . Caul stars as part of an ensemble cast of spacebound DC characters including the Blue Beetle and a new Captain K'rot in the `` Hunted '' main feature of Threshold . Caul received his Green Lantern Ring after he shot and killed its previous bearer , unsure himself why he was then chosen . Caul is able to save Sh'diki Borough on the planet Tolerance after it had been bottled by Brainiac . Caul is later informed that The Hunted has been cancelled and offered the lead role on a new show , Team Cauldron with the rest of his friends and Hunted competitors . Caul agrees to the role , having his power ring re-embedded into his chest . He is granted a meeting with Lady Styx to finalize his new role . However , as soon as Caul materializes at her base , he is killed by multiple gunshots , as planned by Colonel T'omas T'morra . In a glimmernet commercial , it is shown that T'morra replaces Caul in the proposed new show . However Caul is shown alive later along with Captain K'rot in tow when the planet Telos manifests during Convergence investigating it alongside Superman , Supergirl , Guy Gardner and the Red Lanterns . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Main article : Power ring ( DC Comics ) The ring is powered by willpower . Each Green Lantern wears a ring that grants them a variety of possibilities . The full extent of the ring 's ability has never been rigorously defined in the stories , but two consistent traits are that it grants the power of flight and that all its effects are accompanied by a green light . Early Green Lantern stories showed the characters performing all sorts of feats with the ring , from shrinking objects to turning people invisible . Later stories de-emphasized these abilities in favor of constructs . The signature power of all Green Lanterns is the ability to conjure `` constructs : '' solid green objects that the Green Lantern can control telekinetically . These can be anything , such as a disembodied fist to beat a foe , a shield to block an attack , a sword to cut a rope , or chains to bind a prisoner . Whatever their shape or size , these constructs are always pure green in color , unless a Lantern is skillful enough to know how to change the EM spectrum the construct emits . Hal Jordan has shown the ability to have a construct emit kryptonite radiation under Batman 's guidance . One downside to this ability to conjure anything that they can imagine is that should a Green Lantern ever believe themselves to be blind or to have some other condition , then their ring might make that true because the wearer believed it to be so . The rings of the Green Lantern Corps allow their bearers to travel very quickly across interstellar distances , fast enough that they can efficiently patrol the universe . They allow the wearer to survive in virtually any environment , and also remove the need to eat , sleep and pass waste . The rings can translate practically any language in the universe . They possess powerful sensors that can identify and analyze objects . Lanterns are granted full access to all Guardian knowledge by their rings , through the Book of Oa . A noteworthy power the rings do not have is the ability to automatically heal injuries , though they can provide shielding . In Hal Jordan 's origin story , Abin Sur passed on his ring to Hal because he was unable to treat his own fatal injuries . If the Green Lantern happens to be a skilled physician , then the ring can be invaluable as it can conjure any conceivable medical tool , but it can not do much for a Lantern who lacks medical expertise . When Hal Jordan breaks his arm , the best he can do is conjure a cast . This is further extended into an ability to replace large sections of one 's injured body with constructs , but this too requires detailed biological knowledge of one 's body and concentration enough to prolong the construct . Alan Scott 's ring is unable to directly affect anything made of wood . Alan can conjure a green shield to block bullets , but a wooden club will pass through it effortlessly . The rings of Hal Jordan and his colleagues originally shared a similar weakness to anything colored yellow , though due to the removal of the yellow impurity from the Central Battery on Oa , more recent stories have removed this weakness . The effectiveness of the ring is tied to the wearer 's willpower . A Green Lantern with strong willpower will best a weaker - willed Lantern in a duel . Anything which weakens the Green Lantern 's mind , such as a telepathic attack , may render his ring useless . Green Lantern oath ( edit ) Green Lantern is famous for the oath he recites when he charges his ring . Originally , the oath was : ... and I shall shed my light over dark evil . For the dark things can not stand the light , The light of the Green Lantern ! -- Alan Scott This oath is also used by Lanterns Tomar - Re of sector 2813 and Chief Administrator Salaak . In the mid-1940s , this was revised into the form that became famous during the Hal Jordan era : In brightest day , in blackest night , No evil shall escape my sight ! Let those who worship evil 's might Beware my power , Green Lantern 's light ! -- Hal Jordan / many current Lanterns The oath in this form is credited to Alfred Bester , who wrote many Green Lantern stories in the 1940s . This version of the oath was first spoken by Alan Scott in Green Lantern # 9 from the fall of 1943 . Scott would revert to reciting his original oath after he was reintroduced during the Silver Age . Many Green Lanterns have a unique personal oath , but some oaths are shared by several Lanterns . They are usually four lines long with a rhyme scheme of `` AAAA '' or `` AABB '' . The Pre-Crisis version of Hal Jordan was inspired to create his oath after a series of adventures in which he developed new ways to detect evasive criminals : in the first adventure , he used his ring as radar to find robbers who had blinded him with a magnesium flash ; in the second , he tracked criminals in a dark cave by using his ring to make them glow with phosphorescence ; finally , Jordan tracked safecrackers by the faint shockwaves from the explosives they had used . Medphyll , the Green Lantern of the planet J586 ( seen in Swamp Thing # 61 , `` All Flesh is Grass '' ) , a planet where a sentient plant species lives , has the following oath : In forest dark or glade beferned , No blade of grass shall go unturned ! Let those who have the daylight spurned Tread not where this green lamp has burned ! Other notable oaths include that of Jack T. Chance , You who are wicked , evil and mean , I 'm the nastiest creep you 've ever seen ! Come one , come all , put up a fight , I 'll pound your butts with Green Lantern 's light ! Yowza ! and that of Rot Lop Fan , a Green Lantern whose species lacks sight , and thus has no concepts of brightness , darkness , day , night , color , or lanterns . In loudest din or hush profound , My ears catch evil 's slightest sound ! Let those who toll out evil 's knell Beware my power , the F - Sharp Bell ! Since Green Lantern : Rebirth and the re-establishment of the Green Lantern Corps , the only oath used has been the Brightest Day , Blackest Night version . In Green Lantern ( vol. 4 ) # 27 , the Alpha Lanterns use the oath : In days of peace , in nights of war , Obey the Laws forever more ! Misconduct must be answered for , Swear us the chosen : The Alpha Corps ! In Legion of 3 Worlds , Sodam Yat in the 31st century -- the last of the Green Lanterns and the last of the Guardians -- recited a new oath : In brightest day , through Blackest Night , No other Corps shall spread its light ! Let those who try to stop what 's right Burn like my power , Green Lantern 's light ! In Batman : The Dawnbreaker # 1 , the Dawnbreaker ( an amalgamation of Batman and Green Lantern from the Dark Multiverse 's Earth - 32 ) creates and recites his own oath after the death of the Guardians of the Universe and the Green Lantern Corps by his own hands : With darkness black , I choke the light ! No brightest day escapes my sight ! I turn the dawn to midnight ! Beware my power -- Dawnbreaker 's might ! In the video game , Infinite Crisis , Hal Jordan of Earth - 13 ( the Arcane universe ) has his own variation : In forests deep where darkness dwells , In dungeons dank beneath ancient fells , Let those who seek to rule the night Beware my power , the Emerald Light ! In the animated TV series Duck Dodgers , Duck Dodgers temporarily becomes a Green Lantern after accidentally picking up Hal Jordan 's laundry . In the first part of the episode , he forgets the real quote and makes up his own version : In blackest day or brightest night Watermelon , cantaloupe , yadda yadda , Erm ... superstitious and cowardly lot , With liberty and justice for all ! In 2011 , soon after the release of the Green Lantern movie , a trailer for The Muppets featured Kermit reciting a parody of the oath : In brightest day , in darkest night , No evil shall escape my sight ! Let those who laugh at my lack of height Beware my banjo ... Green Froggy 's light ! The TV show , Mad , included a movie parody called `` RiOa '' , a fusion of Green Lantern and Rio . Blu from Rio is turned into a Green Lantern , and recruits Big Bird , the Road Runner , Mordecai from Regular Show , Mumble from Happy Feet , and one of the Angry Birds and turns them into Green Lanterns . In brightest day , in blackest night , Despite our shape , our size , our height , We 're birds who walk , which is n't right , But starting now , we will take flight ! The phrase `` in the brightest day and in the darkest night '' can also be found in a letter Sullivan Ballou wrote to his wife during the American Civil War , shortly before he was killed in the First Battle of Bull Run ( 1861 ) . With the exception of Alan Scott , all Lantern oaths are formatted in four lines of Iambic tetrameter . In other media ( edit ) Main article : Green Lantern in other media See also ( edit ) Green Lantern : The Animated Series Doctor Spectrum , a Marvel Comics homage to Green Lantern . The Green Lantern Corps . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Albert , Aaron . `` Green Lantern - Hal Jordan Profile '' . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wright , Bradford W. Comic Book Nation . Johns Hopkins , 2001 . p. 227 Jump up ^ Wells , John ( December 2010 ) . `` Green Lantern / Green Arrow : And Through Them Change an Industry '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 45 ) : 39 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` Green Lantern : Blackest Night ( 9781401227869 ) : Geoff Johns , Doug Mahnke : Books '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Joel Hahn ( 2006 ) . `` 1961 Alley Awards '' . Comic Book Awards Almanac . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Hahn ( 2006 ) . `` 1970 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards '' . Comic Book Awards Almanac . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Joel Hahn ( 2006 ) . `` 1971 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards '' . Comic Book Awards Almanac . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Melby , Nathan ; `` Gay comics characters get media attention : Green Lantern writer Winick focuses on hate crimes , while Marvel 's Rawhide Kid is called out '' ; cbgextra.com Archived May 30 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jonah Weiland ( 13 June 2003 ) . `` Green Lantern Honored by GLAAD '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Jordan ( Green Lanter ) - # 7 Top Comic Book Heroes '' . IGN . May 2011 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Trotta ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Gay Green Lantern appears in alternate universe '' . Reuters.com . Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( 2001 ) . `` The Lensman Connection '' . Alter Ego. 3 ( 10 ) . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Green Lantern v5 # 14 ( Jan. 2013 ) Jump up ^ Green Lantern v5 # 17 ( Jan. 2013 ) Jump up ^ Green Lantern v5 # 18 ( Mar. 2013 ) Jump up ^ Green Lantern v5 # 19 ( Apr. 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Green Lantern v5 # 20 ( May . 2013 ) Jump up ^ Justice league of America v3 # 1 ( Feb. 2013 ) Jump up ^ Justice League # 27 ( Jan. 2014 ) Jump up ^ Green Lantern Corps # 206 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Julius ( 2000 ) . Man of Two Worlds : My Life in Science Fiction and Comics . New York : Harper Collins . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 810514 . Jump up ^ `` The Muppets - Being Green Teaser Trailer '' . MuppetsStudio . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Green Lantern Media Creators Bill Finger Martin Nodell John Broome Gil Kane Dennis O'Neil Neal Adams Ron Marz Darryl Banks Geoff Johns Doug Mahnke Comics Main series All - American Comics `` Snowbirds Do n't Fly '' `` Emerald Twilight '' `` Emerald Knights '' `` Circle of Fire '' `` Green Lantern : Rebirth `` Sinestro Corps War '' `` Secret Origin '' `` Blackest Night '' `` Brightest Day '' `` War of the Green Lanterns '' Other Batman : In Darkest Knight Comic Cavalcade Green Lantern : 1001 Emerald Nights The Green Lantern Chronicles Green Lantern : Emerald Dawn Green Lantern : Evil 's Might Green Lantern : Mosaic Green Lantern : New Guardians Green Lantern Corps : Recharge Green Lantern / Superman : Legend of the Green Flame Green Lantern Versus Aliens Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Star Trek / Green Lantern Related media Television and films Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths . Green Lantern : Emerald Knights Green Lantern Green Lantern : Rise of the Manhunters Green Lantern : The Animated Series Green Lantern : First Flight In other media Legends of the Superheroes Justice League of America ( TV film ) Justice League ( TV series ) Justice League Unlimited Justice League : The New Frontier Batman : The Brave and the Bold DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : War The Lego Movie Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League Action Universe Characters Main Alan Scott Hal Jordan Guy Gardner John Stewart Kyle Rayner Simon Baz Jessica Cruz Supporting Bleez Controllers Alexandra DeWitt Doiby Dickles Carol Ferris The Flash Green Arrow Guardians of the Universe ( Ganthet , Sayd ) Jade Thomas Kalmaku Molly Mayne Obsidian Jillian Pearlman Donna Troy Saint Walker Zamarons Green Lantern Corps Abin Sur Arisia Rrab Boodikka Ch'p Earth - Man Flodo Span G'nort Graf Toren Green Man Ion Isamot Kol Jack T. Chance Katma Tui Ke'Haan Kilowog Kreon Lar Gand Medphyll Mogo Raker Qarrigat Rond Vidar Salaak Sodam Yat Soranik Natu Stel Tomar - Re Tomar - Tu Turytt Enemies General Doctor Polaris Doctor Ub'x Effigy Evil Star Fatality Gambler Goldface Harlequin Hector Hammond Icicle Krona Larfleeze Major Disaster Major Force Manhunters Nero New Gods Ranx the Sentient City Solomon Grundy Sonar Sportsmaster Star Sapphire Vandal Savage Weaponers of Qward Sinestro Corps Anti-Monitor Arkillo Lyssa Drak Hank Henshaw Karu - Sil Mongul Parallax Thaal Sinestro Superboy - Prime Amon Sur Red Lantern Corps Atrocitus Bleez Zilius Zox Black Lantern Corps Black Hand Nekron Emotional spectrum Red Lantern Corps Agent Orange Sinestro Corps Green Lantern Corps Blue Lantern Corps Indigo Tribe Star Sapphires Black Lantern Corps White Lantern Corps Locations Coast City ( Ferris Aircraft ) Gotham City Korugar Mogo the Living Planet Oa Qward Ranx the Sentient City Miscellany Power ring ( equipment ) Darkstars The Green Alien Races Source Wall Green Lantern ( Great Adventure ) Green Lantern Coaster ( Warner Bros. Movie World ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( Magic Mountain ) VIAF : 20593939 GND : 123609127 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_Lantern&oldid=808900969 '' Categories : All - American Publications characters DC Comics superheroes Comics characters introduced in 1940 Comics characters introduced in 1959 Comics characters introduced in 1968 Comics characters introduced in 1971 Comics characters introduced in 1994 Comics characters introduced in 2012 Characters created by Bill Finger Green Lantern 1940 comics debuts American comics characters American superheroes DC Comics adapted into films Fictional super soldiers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Infobox comic book title param ( addpubcat ) Comics infobox image less alt text Set index pop All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the green lantern's super power	[]	[]
4840876870652072242	Apollo	Apollo - wikipedia Apollo Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Greek and Roman god . For the spaceflight program , see Apollo program . For other uses , see Apollo ( disambiguation ) . `` Phoebus '' redirects here . For other uses , see Phoebus ( disambiguation ) . Apollo God of music , poetry , art , oracles , archery , plague , medicine , sun , light and knowledge Apollo Belvedere , ca . 120 -- 140 CE Abode Mount Olympus Symbol Lyre , laurel wreath , python , raven , Swan , bow and arrows Children Asclepius , Troilus , Aristaeus , Orpheus Parents Zeus and Leto Siblings Artemis , Aeacus , Angelos , Aphrodite , Ares , Athena , Dionysus , Eileithyia , Enyo , Eris , Ersa , Hebe , Helen of Troy , Hephaestus , Heracles , Hermes , Minos , Pandia , Persephone , Perseus , Rhadamanthus , the Graces , the Horae , the Litae , the Muses , the Moirai Roman equivalent Apollo Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Apollo ( Attic , Ionic , and Homeric Greek : Ἀπόλλων , Apollōn ( GEN Ἀπόλλωνος ) ; Doric : Ἀπέλλων , Apellōn ; Arcadocypriot : Ἀπείλων , Apeilōn ; Aeolic : Ἄπλουν , Aploun ; Latin : Apollō ) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology . The ideal of the kouros ( a beardless , athletic youth ) , Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music , truth and prophecy , healing , the sun and light , plague , poetry , and more . Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto , and has a twin sister , the chaste huntress Artemis . Apollo is known in Greek - influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu . As the patron of Delphi ( Pythian Apollo ) , Apollo was an oracular god -- the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle . Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo , whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius , yet Apollo was also seen as a god who could bring ill - health and deadly plague . Amongst the god 's custodial charges , Apollo became associated with dominion over colonists , and as the patron defender of herds and flocks . As the leader of the Muses ( Apollon Musegetes ) and director of their choir , Apollo functioned as the patron god of music and poetry . Hermes created the lyre for him , and the instrument became a common attribute of Apollo . Hymns sung to Apollo were called paeans . In Hellenistic times , especially during the 3rd century BCE , as Apollo Helios he became identified among Greeks with Helios , Titan god of the sun , and his sister Artemis similarly equated with Selene , Titan goddess of the moon . In Latin texts , on the other hand , Joseph Fontenrose declared himself unable to find any conflation of Apollo with Sol among the Augustan poets of the 1st century , not even in the conjurations of Aeneas and Latinus in Aeneid XII ( 161 -- 215 ) . Apollo and Helios / Sol remained separate beings in literary and mythological texts until the 3rd century CE . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Greco - Roman epithets 1.1. 1 Sun 1.1. 2 Wolf 1.1. 3 Origin and birth 1.1. 4 Place of worship 1.1. 5 Healing and disease 1.1. 6 Founder and protector 1.1. 7 Prophecy and truth 1.1. 8 Music and arts 1.1. 9 Archery 1.2 Celtic epithets and cult titles 2 Origins 2.1 Healer and god - protector from evil 2.2 Dorian origin 2.3 Minoan origin 2.4 Anatolian origin 3 Oracular cult 3.1 Oracular shrines 4 Temples of Apollo 4.1 Greek temples 4.2 Etruscan and Roman temples 5 Mythology 5.1 Birth 5.2 Youth 5.3 Trojan War 5.4 Admetus 5.5 Niobe 5.6 Consorts and children 5.6. 1 Female lovers 5.6. 2 Consorts and children : extended list 5.6. 3 Male lovers 5.7 Apollo 's lyre 5.8 Apollo in the Oresteia 5.9 Other stories 5.9. 1 Musical contests 5.9. 1.1 Pan 5.9. 1.2 Marsyas 5.9. 1.3 Cinyras 5.10 Roman Apollo 6 Festivals 7 Attributes and symbols 8 Apollo in the arts 8.1 Art and Greek philosophy 8.2 Archaic sculpture 8.3 Classical sculpture 8.4 Pediments and friezes 8.5 Hellenistic Greece - Rome 9 Modern reception 10 Genealogy 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Primary sources 13.2 Secondary sources 14 External links Etymology Apollo seated with lyre . Porphyry and marble , 2nd century AD . Farnese collection , Naples , Italy . The name Apollo -- unlike the related older name Paean -- is generally not found in the Linear B ( Mycenean Greek ) texts , although there is a possible attestation in the lacunose form ) pe - rjo - ( ( Linear B : ) 𐀟𐁊 - ( ) on the KN E 842 tablet . The etymology of the name is uncertain . The spelling Ἀπόλλων ( pronounced ( a. pól. lɔːn ) in Classical Attic ) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era , but the Doric form , Apellon ( Ἀπέλλων ) , is more archaic , as it is derived from an earlier * Ἀπέλjων . It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios ( Ἀπελλαῖος ) , and the offerings apellaia ( ἀπελλαῖα ) at the initiation of the young men during the family - festival apellai ( ἀπέλλαι ) . According to some scholars , the words are derived from the Doric word apella ( ἀπέλλα ) , which originally meant `` wall , '' `` fence for animals '' and later `` assembly within the limits of the square . '' Apella ( Ἀπέλλα ) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta , corresponding to the ecclesia ( ἐκκλησία ) . R.S.P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto - form * Apal un . Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors . Thus , the Greeks most often associated Apollo 's name with the Greek verb ἀπόλλυμι ( apollymi ) , `` to destroy '' . Plato in Cratylus connects the name with ἀπόλυσις ( apolysis ) , `` redemption '' , with ἀπόλουσις ( apolousis ) , `` purification '' , and with ἁπλοῦν ( ( h ) aploun ) , `` simple '' , in particular in reference to the Thessalian form of the name , Ἄπλουν , and finally with Ἀειβάλλων ( aeiballon ) , `` ever - shooting '' . Hesychius connects the name Apollo with the Doric ἀπέλλα ( apella ) , which means `` assembly '' , so that Apollo would be the god of political life , and he also gives the explanation σηκός ( sekos ) , `` fold '' , in which case Apollo would be the god of flocks and herds . In the ancient Macedonian language πέλλα ( pella ) means `` stone , '' and some toponyms may be derived from this word : Πέλλα ( Pella , the capital of ancient Macedonia ) and Πελλήνη ( Pellēnē / Pallene ) . A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name , The Hittite form Apaliunas ( x-ap - pa - li - u-na - aš ) is attested in the Manapa - Tarhunta letter , perhaps related to Hurrian ( and certainly the Etruscan ) Aplu , a god of plague , in turn likely from Akkadian Aplu Enlil meaning simply `` the son of Enlil '' , a title that was given to the god Nergal , who was linked to Shamash , Babylonian god of the sun . The role of Apollo as god of plague is evident in the invocation of Apollo Smintheus ( `` mouse Apollo '' ) by Chryses , the Trojan priest of Apollo , with the purpose of sending a plague against the Greeks ( the reasoning behind a god of the plague becoming a god of healing is apotropaic , meaning that the god responsible for bringing the plague must be appeased in order to remove the plague ) . The Hittite testimony reflects an early form * Apeljōn , which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot Ἀπείλων with Doric Ἀπέλλων . The name of the Lydian god Qλdãns / kwʎðãns / may reflect an earlier / kwalyán - / before palatalization , syncope , and the pre-Lydian sound change * y > d . Note the labiovelar in place of the labial / p / found in pre-Doric Ἀπέλjων and Hittite Apaliunas . A Luwian etymology suggested for Apaliunas makes Apollo `` The One of Entrapment '' , perhaps in the sense of `` Hunter '' . Greco - Roman epithets Apollo 's chief epithet was Phoebus ( / ˈfiːbəs / FEE - bəs ; Φοῖβος , Phoibos Greek pronunciation : ( phó͜i. bos ) ) , literally `` bright '' . It was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans for Apollo 's role as the god of light . Like other Greek deities , he had a number of others applied to him , reflecting the variety of roles , duties , and aspects ascribed to the god . However , while Apollo has a great number of appellations in Greek myth , only a few occur in Latin literature . Sun Aegletes ( / əˈɡliːtiːz / ə - GLEE - teez ; Αἰγλήτης , Aiglētēs ) , from αἴγλη , `` light of the sun '' Helius ( / ˈhiːliəs / HEE - lee - əs ; Ἥλιος , Helios ) , literally `` sun '' Lyceus ( / laɪˈsiːəs / ly - SEE - əs ; Λύκειος , Lykeios , from Proto - Greek * λύκη ) `` light '' . The meaning of the epithet `` Lyceus '' later became associated with Apollo 's mother Leto , who was the patron goddess of Lycia ( Λυκία ) and who was identified with the wolf ( λύκος ) . Phanaeus ( / fəˈniːəs / fə - NEE - əs ; Φαναῖος , Phanaios ) , literally `` giving or bringing light '' Phoebus ( / ˈfiːbəs / FEE - bəs ; Φοῖβος , Phoibos ) , literally `` bright '' , his most commonly used epithet by both the Greeks and Romans Sol ( Roman ) ( / sɒl / SOL ) , `` sun '' in Latin Wolf Lycegenes ( / laɪˈsɛdʒəniːz / ly - SEJ - ə - neez ; Λυκηγενής , Lukēgenēs ) , literally `` born of a wolf '' or `` born of Lycia '' Lycoctonus ( / laɪˈkɒktənəs / ly - KOK - tə - nəs ; Λυκοκτόνος , Lykoktonos ) , from λύκος , `` wolf '' , and κτείνειν , `` to kill '' Origin and birth Apollo 's birthplace was Mount Cynthus on the island of Delos . Cynthius ( / ˈsɪnθiəs / SIN - thee - əs ; Κύνθιος , Kunthios ) , literally `` Cynthian '' Cynthogenes ( / sɪnˈθɒdʒɪniːz / sin - THOJ - i - neez ; Κυνθογενής , Kynthogenēs ) , literally `` born of Cynthus '' Delius ( / ˈdiːliəs / DEE - lee - əs ; Δήλιος , Delios ) , literally `` Delian '' Didymaeus ( / dɪdɪˈmiːəs / did - i - MEE - əs ; Διδυμαῖος , Didymaios ) from δίδυμος , `` twin '' ) as Artemis ' twin Partial view of the temple of Apollo Epikurios ( healer ) at Bassae in southern Greece Place of worship Delphi and Actium were his primary places of worship . Acraephius ( / əˈkriːfiəs / ə - KREE - fee - əs ; Ἀκραίφιος , Akraiphios , literally `` Acraephian '' ) or Acraephiaeus ( / əˌkriːfiˈiːəs / ə - KREE - fee - EE - əs ; Ἀκραιφιαίος , Akraiphiaios ) , `` Acraephian '' , from the Boeotian town of Acraephia ( Ἀκραιφία ) , reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus . Actiacus ( / ækˈtaɪ. əkəs / ak - TY - ə - kəs ; Ἄκτιακός , Aktiakos ) , literally `` Actian '' , after Actium ( Ἄκτιον ) Delphinius ( / dɛlˈfɪniəs / del - FIN - ee - əs ; Δελφίνιος , Delphinios ) , literally `` Delphic '' , after Delphi ( Δελφοί ) . An etiology in the Homeric Hymns associated this with dolphins . Pythius ( / ˈpɪθiəs / PITH - ee - əs ; Πύθιος , Puthios , from Πυθώ , Pythō ) , from the region around Delphi Smintheus ( / ˈsmɪnθjuːs / SMIN - thews ; Σμινθεύς , Smintheus ) , `` Sminthian '' -- that is , `` of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe '' near the Troad town of Hamaxitus Temple of the Delians at Delos , dedicated to Apollo ( 478 BC ) . 19th - century pen - and - wash restoration . Temple of Apollo Smintheus at Çanakkale , Turkey Healing and disease Acesius ( / əˈsiːʒəs / ə - SEE - zhəs ; Ἀκέσιος , Akesios ) , from ἄκεσις , `` healing '' . Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis , where he had a temple in the agora . Acestor ( / əˈsɛstər / ə - SES - tər ; Ἀκέστωρ , Akestōr ) , literally `` healer '' Culicarius ( Roman ) ( / ˌkjuːlɪˈkæriəs / KEW - li - KARR - ee - əs ) , from Latin culicārius , `` of midges '' Iatrus ( / aɪ ˈætrəs / eye - AT - rəs ; Ἰατρός , Iātros ) , literally `` physician '' Medicus ( Roman ) ( / ˈmɛdɪkəs / MED - i - kəs ) , `` physician '' in Latin . A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome , probably next to the temple of Bellona . Paean ( / ˈpiːən / PEE - ən ; Παιάν , Paiān ) , physician , healer Parnopius ( / pɑːrˈnoʊpiəs / par - NOH - pee - əs ; Παρνόπιος , Parnopios ) , from πάρνοψ , `` locust '' Founder and protector Agyieus ( / əˈdʒaɪ. ɪjuːs / ə - JY - i - yoos ; Ἀγυιεύς , Aguīeus ) , from ἄγυια , `` street '' , for his role in protecting roads and homes Alexicacus ( / əˌlɛksɪˈkeɪkəs / ə - LEK - si - KAY - kəs ; Ἀλεξίκακος , Alexikakos ) , literally `` warding off evil '' Apotropaeus ( / əˌpɒtrəˈpiːəs / ə - POT - rə - PEE - əs ; Ἀποτρόπαιος , Apotropaios ) , from ἀποτρέπειν , `` to avert '' Archegetes ( / ɑːr ˈkɛdʒətiːz / ar - KEJ - ə - teez ; Ἀρχηγέτης , Arkhēgetēs ) , literally `` founder '' Averruncus ( Roman ) ( / ˌævəˈrʌŋkəs / AV - ə - RUNG - kəs ; from Latin āverruncare ) , `` to avert '' Clarius ( / ˈklæriəs / KLARR - ee - əs ; Κλάριος , Klārios ) , from Doric κλάρος , `` allotted lot '' Epicurius ( / ˌɛpɪˈkjʊriəs / EP - i - KEWR - ee - əs ; Ἐπικούριος , Epikourios ) , from ἐπικουρέειν , `` to aid '' Genetor ( / ˈdʒɛnɪtər / JEN - i - tər ; Γενέτωρ , Genetōr ) , literally `` ancestor '' Nomius ( / ˈnoʊmiəs / NOH - mee - əs ; Νόμιος , Nomios ) , literally `` pastoral '' Nymphegetes ( / nɪmˈfɛdʒɪtiːz / nim - FEJ - i - teez ; Νυμφηγέτης , Numphēgetēs ) , from Νύμφη , `` Nymph '' , and ἡγέτης , `` leader '' , for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life Prophecy and truth Coelispex ( Roman ) ( / ˈsɛlɪspɛks / SEL - i - speks ) , from Latin coelum , `` sky '' , and specere `` to look at '' Iatromantis ( / aɪ ˌætrəˈmæntɪs / eye - AT - rə - MAN - tis ; Ἰατρομάντις , Iātromantis , ) from ἰατρός , `` physician '' , and μάντις , `` prophet '' , referring to his role as a god both of healing and of prophecy Leschenorius ( / ˌlɛskɪˈnɔːriəs / LES - ki - NOR - ee - əs ; Λεσχηνόριος , Leskhēnorios ) , from λεσχήνωρ , `` converser '' Loxias ( / ˈlɒksiəs / LOK - see - əs ; Λοξίας , Loxias ) , from λέγειν , `` to say '' , historically associated with λοξός , `` ambiguous '' Manticus ( / ˈmæntɪkəs / MAN - ti - kəs ; Μαντικός , Mantikos ) , literally `` prophetic '' Music and arts Musagetes ( / mjuːˈsædʒɪtiːz / mew - SAJ - i - teez ; Doric Μουσαγέτας , Mousāgetās ) , from Μούσα , `` Muse '' , and ἡγέτης `` leader '' Musegetes ( / mjuːˈsɛdʒɪtiːz / mew - SEJ - i - teez ; Μουσηγέτης , Mousēgetēs ) , as the preceding Archery Aphetor ( / əˈfiːtər / ə - FEE - tər ; Ἀφήτωρ , Aphētōr ) , from ἀφίημι , `` to let loose '' Aphetorus ( / əˈfɛtərəs / ə - FET - ər - əs ; Ἀφητόρος , Aphētoros ) , as the preceding Arcitenens ( Roman ) ( / ɑːr ˈtɪsɪnənz / ar - TISS - i - nənz ) , literally `` bow - carrying '' Argyrotoxus ( / ˌɑːrdʒɪrəˈtɒksəs / AR - ji - rə - TOK - səs ; Ἀργυρότοξος , Argyrotoxos ) , literally `` with silver bow '' Hecaërgus ( / ˌhɛkiˈɜːrɡəs / HEK - ee - UR - gəs ; Ἑκάεργος , Hekaergos ) , literally `` far - shooting '' Hecebolus ( / hɪˈsɛbələs / hi - SEB - ə - ləs ; Ἑκηβόλος , Hekēbolos ) , `` far - shooting '' Ismenius ( / ɪzˈmiːniəs / iz - MEE - nee - əs ; Ἰσμηνιός , Ismēnios ) , literally `` of Ismenus '' , after Ismenus , the son of Amphion and Niobe , whom he struck with an arrow Celtic epithets and cult titles Apollo was worshipped throughout the Roman Empire . In the traditionally Celtic lands he was most often seen as a healing and sun god . He was often equated with Celtic gods of similar character . Apollo Atepomarus ( `` the great horseman '' or `` possessing a great horse '' ) . Apollo was worshipped at Mauvières ( Indre ) . Horses were , in the Celtic world , closely linked to the sun . Apollo Belenus ( ' bright ' or ' brilliant ' ) . This epithet was given to Apollo in parts of Gaul , Northern Italy and Noricum ( part of modern Austria ) . Apollo Belenus was a healing and sun god . Apollo Cunomaglus ( ' hound lord ' ) . A title given to Apollo at a shrine at Nettleton Shrub , Wiltshire . May have been a god of healing . Cunomaglus himself may originally have been an independent healing god . Apollo Grannus . Grannus was a healing spring god , later equated with Apollo . Apollo Maponus . A god known from inscriptions in Britain . This may be a local fusion of Apollo and Maponus . Apollo Moritasgus ( ' masses of sea water ' ) . An epithet for Apollo at Alesia , where he was worshipped as god of healing and , possibly , of physicians . Apollo Vindonnus ( ' clear light ' ) . Apollo Vindonnus had a temple at Essarois , near Châtillon - sur - Seine in present - day Burgundy . He was a god of healing , especially of the eyes . Apollo Virotutis ( ' benefactor of mankind ? ' ) . Apollo Virotutis was worshipped , among other places , at Fins d'Annecy ( Haute - Savoie ) and at Jublains ( Maine - et - Loire ) . Origins The Omphalos in the Museum of Delphi The cult centers of Apollo in Greece , Delphi and Delos , date from the 8th century BCE . The Delos sanctuary was primarily dedicated to Artemis , Apollo 's twin sister . At Delphi , Apollo was venerated as the slayer of Pytho . For the Greeks , Apollo was all the Gods in one and through the centuries he acquired different functions which could originate from different gods . In archaic Greece he was the prophet , the oracular god who in older times was connected with `` healing '' . In classical Greece he was the god of light and of music , but in popular religion he had a strong function to keep away evil . Walter Burkert discerned three components in the prehistory of Apollo worship , which he termed `` a Dorian - northwest Greek component , a Cretan - Minoan component , and a Syro - Hittite component . '' From his eastern origin Apollo brought the art of inspection of `` symbols and omina '' ( σημεία και τέρατα : semeia kai terata ) , and of the observation of the omens of the days . The inspiration oracular - cult was probably introduced from Anatolia . The ritualism belonged to Apollo from the beginning . The Greeks created the legalism , the supervision of the orders of the gods , and the demand for moderation and harmony . Apollo became the god of shining youth , the protector of music , spiritual - life , moderation and perceptible order . The improvement of the old Anatolian god , and his elevation to an intellectual sphere , may be considered an achievement of the Greek people . Healer and god - protector from evil The function of Apollo as a `` healer '' is connected with Paean ( Παιών - Παιήων ) , the physician of the Gods in the Iliad , who seems to come from a more primitive religion . Paeοn is probably connected with the Mycenean pa - ja - wo - ne ( Linear B : 𐀞𐀊𐀍𐀚 ) , but this is not certain . He did not have a separate cult , but he was the personification of the holy magic - song sung by the magicians that was supposed to cure disease . Later the Greeks knew the original meaning of the relevant song `` paean '' ( παιάν ) . The magicians were also called `` seer - doctors '' ( ἰατρομάντεις ) , and they used an ecstatic prophetic art which was used exactly by the god Apollo at the oracles . In the Iliad , Apollo is the healer under the gods , but he is also the bringer of disease and death with his arrows , similar to the function of the Vedic god of disease Rudra . He sends a plague ( λοιμός ) to the Achaeans . The god who sends a disease can also prevent it ; therefore , when it stops , they make a purifying ceremony and offer him a hecatomb to ward off evil . When the oath of his priest appeases , they pray and with a song they call their own god , the Paean . Some common epithets of Apollo as a healer are `` paion '' ( παιών , literally `` healer '' or `` helper '' ) `` epikourios '' ( ἐπικουρώ , `` help '' ) , `` oulios '' ( οὐλή , `` healed wound '' , also a `` scar '' ) and `` loimios '' ( λοιμός , `` plague '' ) . In classical times , his strong function in popular religion was to keep away evil , and was therefore called `` apotropaios '' ( ἀποτρέπω , `` divert '' , `` deter '' , `` avert '' ) and `` alexikakos '' ( from v. ἀλέξω + n . κακόν , `` defend from evil '' ) . In later writers , the word , usually spelled `` Paean '' , becomes a mere epithet of Apollo in his capacity as a god of healing . Homer illustrated Paeon the god , and the song both of apotropaic thanksgiving or triumph . Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo , and afterwards to other gods : to Dionysus , to Apollo Helios , to Apollo 's son Asclepius the healer . About the 4th century BCE , the paean became merely a formula of adulation ; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune , or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered . It was in this way that Apollo had become recognised as the god of music . Apollo 's role as the slayer of the Python led to his association with battle and victory ; hence it became the Roman custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle , when a fleet left the harbour , and also after a victory had been won . Dorian origin Apollo Victorious over the Python by the Florentine Pietro Francavilla ( dated 1591 ) depicting Apollo 's first triumph , when he slew with his bow and arrows the serpent Python , which lies dead at his feet ( The Walters Art Museum ) . The connection with the Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars . The family - festival was dedicated to Apollo ( Doric : Ἀπέλλων ) . Apellaios is the month of these rites , and Apellon is the `` megistos kouros '' ( the great Kouros ) . However it can explain only the Doric type of the name , which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word `` pella '' ( Pella ) , stone . Stones played an important part in the cult of the god , especially in the oracular shrine of Delphi ( Omphalos ) . The `` Homeric hymn '' represents Apollo as a Northern intruder . His arrival must have occurred during the `` Dark Ages '' that followed the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization , and his conflict with Gaia ( Mother Earth ) was represented by the legend of his slaying her daughter the serpent Python . The earth deity had power over the ghostly world , and it is believed that she was the deity behind the oracle . The older tales mentioned two dragons who were perhaps intentionally conflated . A female dragon named Delphyne ( δελφύς , `` womb '' ) , and a male serpent Typhon ( τύφειν , `` to smoke '' ) , the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy , who the narrators confused with Python . Python was the good daemon ( ἀγαθὸς δαίμων ) of the temple as it appears in Minoan religion , but she was represented as a dragon , as often happens in Northern European folklore as well as in the East . Apollo and his sister Artemis can bring death with their arrows . The conception that diseases and death come from invisible shots sent by supernatural beings , or magicians is common in Germanic and Norse mythology . In Greek mythology Artemis was the leader ( ἡγεμών , `` hegemon '' ) of the nymphs , who had similar functions with the Nordic Elves . The `` elf - shot '' originally indicated disease or death attributed to the elves , but it was later attested denoting stone arrow - heads which were used by witches to harm people , and also for healing rituals . The Vedic Rudra has some similar functions with Apollo . The terrible god is called `` The Archer '' , and the bow is also an attribute of Shiva . Rudra could bring diseases with his arrows , but he was able to free people of them , and his alternative Shiba is a healer physician god . However the Indo - European component of Apollo does not explain his strong relation with omens , exorcisms , and with the oracular cult . Minoan origin Ornamented golden Minoan labrys It seems an oracular cult existed in Delphi from the Mycenaean age . In historical times , the priests of Delphi were called Labryaden , `` the double - axe men '' , which indicates Minoan origin . The double - axe , labrys , was the holy symbol of the Cretan labyrinth . The Homeric hymn adds that Apollo appeared as a dolphin and carried Cretan priests to Delphi , where they evidently transferred their religious practices . Apollo Delphinios or Delphidios was a sea - god especially worshiped in Crete and in the islands . Apollo 's sister Artemis , who was the Greek goddess of hunting , is identified with Britomartis ( Diktynna ) , the Minoan `` Mistress of the animals '' . In her earliest depictions she is accompanied by the `` Mister of the animals '' , a male god of hunting who had the bow as his attribute . His original name is unknown , but it seems that he was absorbed by the more popular Apollo , who stood by the virgin `` Mistress of the Animals '' , becoming her brother . The old oracles in Delphi seem to be connected with a local tradition of the priesthood , and there is not clear evidence that a kind of inspiration - prophecy existed in the temple . This led some scholars to the conclusion that Pythia carried on the rituals in a consistent procedure through many centuries , according to the local tradition . In that regard , the mythical seeress Sibyl of Anatolian origin , with her ecstatic art , looks unrelated to the oracle itself . However , the Greek tradition is referring to the existence of vapours and chewing of laurel - leaves , which seem to be confirmed by recent studies . Plato describes the priestesses of Delphi and Dodona as frenzied women , obsessed by `` mania '' ( μανία , `` frenzy '' ) , a Greek word he connected with mantis ( μάντις , `` prophet '' ) . Frenzied women like Sibyls from whose lips the god speaks are recorded in the Near East as Mari in the second millennium BC . Although Crete had contacts with Mari from 2000 BC , there is no evidence that the ecstatic prophetic art existed during the Minoan and Mycenean ages . It is more probable that this art was introduced later from Anatolia and regenerated an existing oracular cult that was local to Delphi and dormant in several areas of Greece . Anatolian origin Illustration of a coin of Apollo Agyieus from Ambracia A non-Greek origin of Apollo has long been assumed in scholarship . The name of Apollo 's mother Leto has Lydian origin , and she was worshipped on the coasts of Asia Minor . The inspiration oracular cult was probably introduced into Greece from Anatolia , which is the origin of Sibyl , and where existed some of the oldest oracular shrines . Omens , symbols , purifications , and exorcisms appear in old Assyro - Babylonian texts , and these rituals were spread into the empire of the Hittites . In a Hittite text is mentioned that the king invited a Babylonian priestess for a certain `` purification '' . A similar story is mentioned by Plutarch . He writes that the Cretan seer Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae , and that the seer 's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state . The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia , and proves , together with the Homeric hymn , that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times . It seems that these rituals were dormant in Greece , and they were reinforced when the Greeks migrated to Anatolia . Homer pictures Apollo on the side of the Trojans , fighting against the Achaeans , during the Trojan War . He is pictured as a terrible god , less trusted by the Greeks than other gods . The god seems to be related to Appaliunas , a tutelary god of Wilusa ( Troy ) in Asia Minor , but the word is not complete . The stones found in front of the gates of Homeric Troy were the symbols of Apollo . A western Anatolian origin may also be bolstered by references to the parallel worship of Artimus ( Artemis ) and Qλdãns , whose name may be cognate with the Hittite and Doric forms , in surviving Lydian texts . However , recent scholars have cast doubt on the identification of Qλdãns with Apollo . The Greeks gave to him the name ἀγυιεύς agyieus as the protector god of public places and houses who wards off evil , and his symbol was a tapered stone or column . However , while usually Greek festivals were celebrated at the full moon , all the feasts of Apollo were celebrated at the seventh day of the month , and the emphasis given to that day ( sibutu ) indicates a Babylonian origin . The Late Bronze Age ( from 1700 to 1200 BCE ) Hittite and Hurrian Aplu was a god of plague , invoked during plague years . Here we have an apotropaic situation , where a god originally bringing the plague was invoked to end it . Aplu , meaning the son of , was a title given to the god Nergal , who was linked to the Babylonian god of the sun Shamash . Homer interprets Apollo as a terrible god ( δεινὸς θεός ) who brings death and disease with his arrows , but who can also heal , possessing a magic art that separates him from the other Greek gods . In Iliad , his priest prays to Apollo Smintheus , the mouse god who retains an older agricultural function as the protector from field rats . All these functions , including the function of the healer - god Paean , who seems to have Mycenean origin , are fused in the cult of Apollo . Oracular cult Columns of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi , Greece Unusually among the Olympic deities , Apollo had two cult sites that had widespread influence : Delos and Delphi . In cult practice , Delian Apollo and Pythian Apollo ( the Apollo of Delphi ) were so distinct that they might both have shrines in the same locality . Apollo 's cult was already fully established when written sources commenced , about 650 BCE . Apollo became extremely important to the Greek world as an oracular deity in the archaic period , and the frequency of theophoric names such as Apollodorus or Apollonios and cities named Apollonia testify to his popularity . Oracular sanctuaries to Apollo were established in other sites . In the 2nd and 3rd century CE , those at Didyma and Clarus pronounced the so - called `` theological oracles '' , in which Apollo confirms that all deities are aspects or servants of an all - encompassing , highest deity . `` In the 3rd century , Apollo fell silent . Julian the Apostate ( 359 -- 361 ) tried to revive the Delphic oracle , but failed . '' Oracular shrines Delos lions Apollo had a famous oracle in Delphi , and other notable ones in Clarus and Branchidae . His oracular shrine in Abae in Phocis , where he bore the toponymic epithet Abaeus ( Ἀπόλλων Ἀβαῖος , Apollon Abaios ) , was important enough to be consulted by Croesus . His oracular shrines include : Abae in Phocis . Bassae in the Peloponnese . At Clarus , on the west coast of Asia Minor ; as at Delphi a holy spring which gave off a pneuma , from which the priests drank . In Corinth , the Oracle of Corinth came from the town of Tenea , from prisoners supposedly taken in the Trojan War . At Khyrse , in Troad , the temple was built for Apollo Smintheus . In Delos , there was an oracle to the Delian Apollo , during summer . The Hieron ( Sanctuary ) of Apollo adjacent to the Sacred Lake , was the place where the god was said to have been born . In Delphi , the Pythia became filled with the pneuma of Apollo , said to come from a spring inside the Adyton . In Didyma , an oracle on the coast of Anatolia , south west of Lydian ( Luwian ) Sardis , in which priests from the lineage of the Branchidae received inspiration by drinking from a healing spring located in the temple . Was believed to have been founded by Branchus , son or lover of Apollo . In Hierapolis Bambyce , Syria ( modern Manbij ) , according to the treatise De Dea Syria , the sanctuary of the Syrian Goddess contained a robed and bearded image of Apollo . Divination was based on spontaneous movements of this image . At Patara , in Lycia , there was a seasonal winter oracle of Apollo , said to have been the place where the god went from Delos . As at Delphi the oracle at Patara was a woman . In Segesta in Sicily . Oracles were also given by sons of Apollo . In Oropus , north of Athens , the oracle Amphiaraus , was said to be the son of Apollo ; Oropus also had a sacred spring . in Labadea , 20 miles ( 32 km ) east of Delphi , Trophonius , another son of Apollo , killed his brother and fled to the cave where he was also afterwards consulted as an oracle . Temples of Apollo Main articles : Ancient Greek temple and Roman temple Many temples were dedicated to Apollo in Greece and the Greek colonies . They show the spread of the cult of Apollo and the evolution of the Greek architecture , which was mostly based on the rightness of form and on mathematical relations . Some of the earliest temples , especially in Crete , do not belong to any Greek order . It seems that the first peripteral temples were rectanglular wooden structures . The different wooden elements were considered divine , and their forms were preserved in the marble or stone elements of the temples of Doric order . The Greeks used standard types because they believed that the world of objects was a series of typical forms which could be represented in several instances . The temples should be canonic , and the architects were trying to achieve this esthetic perfection . From the earliest times there were certain rules strictly observed in rectangular peripteral and prostyle buildings . The first buildings were built narrowly in order to hold the roof , and when the dimensions changed some mathematical relations became necessary in order to keep the original forms . This probably influenced the theory of numbers of Pythagoras , who believed that behind the appearance of things there was the permanent principle of mathematics . The Doric order dominated during the 6th and the 5th century BC but there was a mathematical problem regarding the position of the triglyphs , which could n't be solved without changing the original forms . The order was almost abandoned for the Ionic order , but the Ionic capital also posed an insoluble problem at the corner of a temple . Both orders were abandoned for the Corinthian order gradually during the Hellenistic age and under Rome . The most important temples are : Greek temples Thebes , Greece : The oldest temple probably dedicated to Apollo Ismenius was built in the 9th century B.C. It seems that it was a curvilinear building . The Doric temple was built in the early 7th century B.C. , but only some small parts have been found A festival called Daphnephoria was celebrated every ninth year in honour of Apollo Ismenius ( or Galaxius ) . The people held laurel branches ( daphnai ) , and at the head of the procession walked a youth ( chosen priest of Apollo ) , who was called `` daphnephoros '' . Eretria : According to the Homeric hymn to Apollo , the god arrived to the plain , seeking for a location to establish its oracle . The first temple of Apollo Daphnephoros , `` Apollo , laurel - bearer '' , or `` carrying off Daphne '' , is dated to 800 B.C. The temple was curvilinear hecatombedon ( a hundred feet ) . In a smaller building were kept the bases of the laurel branches which were used for the first building . Another temple probably peripteral was built in the 7th century B.C. , with an inner row of wooden columns over its Geometric predecessor . It was rebuilt peripteral around 510 B.C. , with the stylobate measuring 21 , 00 x 43 , 00 m . The number of pteron column was 6 x 14 . Dreros ( Crete ) . The temple of Apollo Delphinios dates from the 7th century B.C. , or probably from the middle of the 8th century B.C. According to the legend , Apollo appeared as a dolphin , and carried Cretan priests to the port of Delphi . The dimensions of the plan are 10 , 70 x 24 , 00 m and the building was not peripteral . It contains column - bases of the Minoan type , which may be considered as the predecessors of the Doric columns . Gortyn ( Crete ) . A temple of Pythian Apollo , was built in the 7th century B.C. The plan measured 19 , 00 x 16 , 70 m and it was not peripteral . The walls were solid , made from limestone , and there was single door on the east side . Thermon ( West Greece ) : The Doric temple of Apollo Thermios , was built in the middle of the 7th century B.C. It was built on an older curvilinear building dating perhaps from the 10th century B.C. , on which a peristyle was added . The temple was narrow , and the number of pteron columns ( probably wooden ) was 5 x 15 . There was a single row of inner columns . It measures 12.13 x 38.23 m at the stylobate , which was made from stones . Floor plan of the temple of Apollo , Corinth Corinth : A Doric temple was built in the 6th century B.C. The temple 's stylobate measures 21.36 x 53.30 m , and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 15 . There was a double row of inner columns . The style is similar with the Temple of Alcmeonidae at Delphi . The Corinthians were considered to be the inventors of the Doric order . Napes ( Lesbos ) : An Aeolic temple probably of Apollo Napaios was built in the 7th century B.C. Some special capitals with floral ornament have been found , which are called Aeolic , and it seems that they were borrowed from the East . Cyrene , Libya : The oldest Doric temple of Apollo was built in c. 600 B.C. The number of pteron columns was 6 x 11 , and it measures 16.75 x 30.05 m at the stylobate . There was a double row of sixteen inner columns on stylobates . The capitals were made from stone . Naukratis : An Ionic temple was built in the early 6th century B.C. Only some fragments have been found and the earlier , made from limestone , are identified among the oldest of the Ionic order . Floor plan of the temple of Apollo , Syracuse Syracuse , Sicily : A Doric temple was built at the beginning of the 6th century B.C. The temple 's stylobate measures 21.47 x 55.36 m and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 17 . It was the first temple in Greek west built completely out of stone . A second row of columns were added , obtaining the effect of an inner porch . Selinus ( Sicily ) : The Doric Temple C dates from 550 B.C. , and it was probably dedicated to Apollo . The temple 's stylobate measures 10.48 x 41.63 m and the number of pteron columns was 6 x 17 . There was portico with a second row of columns , which is also attested for the temple at Syracuse . Delphi : The first temple dedicated to Apollo , was built in the 7th century B.C. According to the legend , it was wooden made of laurel branches . The `` Temple of Alcmeonidae '' was built in c. 513 B.C. and it is the oldest Doric temple with significant marble elements . The temple 's stylobate measures 21.65 x 58.00 m , and the number of pteron columns as 6 x 15 . A fest similar with Apollo 's fest at Thebes , Greece was celebrated every nine years . A boy was sent to the temple , who walked on the sacred road and returned carrying a laurel branch ( dopnephoros ) . The maidens participated with joyful songs . Chios : An Ionic temple of Apollo Phanaios was built at the end of the 6th century B.C. Only some small parts have been found and the capitals had floral ornament . Abae ( Phocis ) . The temple was destroyed by the Persians in the invasion of Xerxes in 480 B.C. , and later by the Boeotians . It was rebuilt by Hadrian . The oracle was in use from early Mycenaean times to the Roman period , and shows the continuity of Mycenaean and Classical Greek religion . Floor plan of the Temple of Apollo at Bassae Bassae ( Peloponnesus ) : A temple dedicated to Apollo Epikourios ( `` Apollo the helper '' ) , was built in 430 B.C. and it was designed by Iktinos.It combined Doric and Ionic elements , and the earliest use of column with a Corinthian capital in the middle . The temple is of a relatively modest size , with the stylobate measuring 14.5 x 38.3 metres containing a Doric peristyle of 6 x 15 columns . The roof left a central space open to admit light and air. * Delos : A temple probably dedicated to Apollo and not peripteral , was built in the late 7th century B.C. , with a plan measuring 10 , 00 x 15 , 60 m . The Doric Great temple of Apollo , was built in c. 475 B.C. The temple 's stylobate measures 13.72 x 29.78 m , and the number of pteron columns as 6 x 13 . Marble was extensively used . Ambracia : A Doric peripteral temple dedicated to Apollo Pythios Sotir was built in 500 B.C. , and It is lying at the centre of the Greek city Arta . Only some parts have been found , and it seems that the temple was built on earlier sanctuaries dedicated to Apollo . The temple measures 20 , 75 x 44 , 00 m at the stylobate . The foundation which supported the statue of the god , still exists . Temple of Apollo , Didyma Didyma ( near Miletus ) : The gigantic Ionic temple of Apollo Didymaios started around 540 B.C. The construction ceased and then it was restarted in 330 B.C. The temple is dipteral , with an outer row of 10 x 21 columns , and it measures 28.90 x 80.75 m at the stylobate . Clarus ( near ancient Colophon ) : According to the legend , the famous seer Calchas , on his return from Troy , came to Clarus . He challenged the seer Mopsus , and died when he lost . The Doric temple of Apollo Clarius was probably built in the 3rd century B.C. , and it was peripteral with 6 x 11 columns . It was reconstructed at the end of the Hellenistic period , and later from the emperor Hadrian but Pausanias claims that it was still incomplete in the 2nd century B.C. Hamaxitus ( Troad ) : In Iliad , Chryses the priest of Apollo , addresses the god with the epithet Smintheus ( Lord of Mice ) , related with the god 's ancient role as bringer of the disease ( plague ) . Recent excavations indicate that the Hellenistic temple of Apollo Smintheus was constructed at 150 -- 125 B.C. , but the symbol of the mouse god was used on coinage probably from the 4th century B.C. The temple measures 40 , 00 x 23 , 00 m at the stylobate , and the number of pteron columns was 8 x 14 . Etruscan and Roman temples Veii ( Etruria ) : The temple of Apollo was built in the late 6th century B.C. and it indicates the spread of Apollo 's culture ( Aplu ) in Etruria . There was a prostyle porch , which is called Tuscan , and a triple cella 18 , 50 m wide . Falerii Veteres ( Etruria ) : A temple of Apollo was built probably in the 4th - 3rd century B.C. Parts of a teraccotta capital , and a teraccotta base have been found . It seems that the Etruscan columns were derived from the archaic Doric . A cult of Apollo Soranus is attested by one inscription found near Falerii . Plan of the Temple of Apollo ( Pompeii ) Pompeii ( Italy ) : The cult of Apollo was widespread in the region of Campania since the 6th century B.C. The temple was built in 120 B.V , but its beginnings lie in the 6th century B.C. It was reconstructed after an earthquake in A.D. 63 . It demonstrates a mixing of styles which formed the basis of Roman architecture . The columns in front of the cella formed a Tuscan prostyle porch , and the cella is situated unusually far back . The peripteral colonnade of 48 Ionic columns was placed in such a way that the emphasis was given to the front side . Rome : The temple of Apollo Sosianus and the temple of Apollo Medicus . The first temple building dates to 431 B.C. , and was dedicated to Apollo Medicus ( the doctor ) , after a plague of 433 B.C. It was rebuilt by Gaius Sosius , probably in 34 B.C. Only three columns with Corinthian capitals exist today . It seems that the cult of Apollo had existed in this area since at least to the mid-5th century B.C. Rome : The temple of Apollo Palatinus was located on the Palatine hill within the sacred boundary of the city . It was dedicated by Augustus on 28 B.C. The façade of the original temple was Ionic and it was constructed from solid blocks of marble . Many famous statues by Greek masters were on display in and around the temple , including a marble statue of the god at the entrance and a statue of Apollo in the cella . Melite ( modern Mdina , Malta ) : A Temple of Apollo was built in the city in the 2nd century A.D. Its remains were discovered in the 18th century , and many of its architectural fragments were dispersed among private collections or reworked into new sculptures . Parts of the temple 's podium were rediscovered in 2002 . Mythology Main article : Greek mythology Birth Apollo ( left ) and Artemis . Brygos ( potter signed ) , tondo of an Attic red - figure cup c. 470 BC , Musée du Louvre . When Zeus ' wife Hera discovered that Leto was pregnant and that Zeus was the father , she banned Leto from giving birth on terra firma . In her wanderings , Leto found the newly created floating island of Delos , which was neither mainland nor a real island . She gave birth there and was accepted by the people , offering them her promise that her son would be always favourable toward the city . Afterwards , Zeus secured Delos to the bottom of the ocean . This island later became sacred to Apollo . It is also stated that Hera kidnapped Eileithyia , the goddess of childbirth , to prevent Leto from going into labor . The other gods tricked Hera into letting her go by offering her a necklace of amber 9 yards or 8.2 meters long . Mythographers agree that Artemis was born first and subsequently assisted with the birth of Apollo , or that Artemis was born on the island of Ortygia and that she helped Leto cross the sea to Delos the next day to give birth to Apollo . Apollo was born on the seventh day ( ἑβδομαγενής , hebdomagenes ) of the month Thargelion -- according to Delian tradition -- or of the month Bysios -- according to Delphian tradition . The seventh and twentieth , the days of the new and full moon , were ever afterwards held sacred to him . Youth Four days after his birth , Apollo killed the chthonic dragon Python , which lived in Delphi beside the Castalian Spring . This was the spring which emitted vapors that caused the oracle at Delphi to give her prophecies . Hera sent the serpent to hunt Leto to her death across the world . To protect his mother , Apollo begged Hephaestus for a bow and arrows . After receiving them , Apollo cornered Python in the sacred cave at Delphi . Apollo killed Python but had to be punished for it , since Python was a child of Gaia . Hera then sent the giant Tityos to rape Leto . This time Apollo was aided by his sister Artemis in protecting their mother . During the battle Zeus finally relented his aid and hurled Tityos down to Tartarus . There , he was pegged to the rock floor , covering an area of 9 acres ( 36,000 m ) , where a pair of vultures feasted daily on his liver . Trojan War Marble Bust of Apollo after the Apollo Belvedere . Circa 1675 Apollo shot arrows infected with the plague into the Greek encampment during the Trojan War in retribution for Agamemnon 's insult to Chryses , a priest of Apollo whose daughter Chryseis had been captured . He demanded her return , and the Achaeans complied , indirectly causing the anger of Achilles , which is the theme of the Iliad . In the Iliad , when Diomedes injured Aeneas , Apollo rescued him . First , Aphrodite tried to rescue Aeneas but Diomedes injured her as well . Aeneas was then enveloped in a cloud by Apollo , who took him to Pergamos , a sacred spot in Troy . Apollo aided Paris in the killing of Achilles by guiding the arrow of his bow into Achilles ' heel . One interpretation of his motive is that it was in revenge for Achilles ' sacrilege in murdering Troilus , the god 's own son by Hecuba , on the very altar of the god 's own temple . Admetus When Zeus struck down Apollo 's son Asclepius with a lightning bolt for resurrecting Hippolytus from the dead ( transgressing Themis by stealing Hades 's subjects ) , Apollo in revenge killed the Cyclopes , who had fashioned the bolt for Zeus . Apollo would have been banished to Tartarus forever for this , but was instead sentenced to one year of hard labor , due to the intercession of his mother , Leto . During this time he served as shepherd for King Admetus of Pherae in Thessaly . Admetus treated Apollo well , and , in return , the god conferred great benefits on Admetus . Apollo helped Admetus win Alcestis , the daughter of King Pelias and later convinced the Fates to let Admetus live past his time , if another took his place . But when it came time for Admetus to die , his parents , whom he had assumed would gladly die for him , refused to cooperate . Instead , Alcestis took his place , but Heracles managed to `` persuade '' Thanatos , the god of death , to return her to the world of the living . Artemis and Apollo Piercing Niobe 's Children with their Arrows by Jacques - Louis David , Dallas Museum of Art Niobe Niobe , the queen of Thebes and wife of Amphion , boasted of her superiority to Leto because she had fourteen children ( Niobids ) , seven male and seven female , while Leto had only two . Apollo killed her sons , and Artemis her daughters . Apollo and Artemis used poisoned arrows to kill them , though according to some versions of the myth , a number of the Niobids were spared ( Chloris , usually ) . Amphion , at the sight of his dead sons , either killed himself or was killed by Apollo after swearing revenge . A devastated Niobe fled to Mount Sipylos in Asia Minor and turned into stone as she wept . Her tears formed the river Achelous . Zeus had turned all the people of Thebes to stone and so no one buried the Niobids until the ninth day after their death , when the gods themselves entombed them . Consorts and children Love affairs ascribed to Apollo are a late development in Greek mythology . Their vivid anecdotal qualities have made some of them favorites of painters since the Renaissance , the result being that they stand out more prominently in the modern imagination . Female lovers Main article : Apollo and Daphne Apollo and Daphne by Bernini in the Galleria Borghese Daphne was a nymph , daughter of the river god Peneus , who had scorned Apollo . The myth explains the connection of Apollo with δάφνη ( daphnē ) , the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi . In Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man , whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart ; simultaneously , however , Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne , causing her to be repulsed by Apollo . Following a spirited chase by Apollo , Daphne prays to her father Peneus for help and he changes her into the laurel tree , sacred to Apollo . Artemis Daphnaia , who had her temple among the Lacedemonians , at a place called Hypsoi in Antiquity , on the slopes of Mount Cnacadion near the Spartan frontier , had her own sacred laurel trees . At Eretria the identity of an excavated 7th - and 6th - century temple to Apollo Daphnephoros , `` Apollo , laurel - bearer '' , or `` carrying off Daphne '' , a `` place where the citizens are to take the oath '' , is identified in inscriptions . Leucothea was daughter of Orchamus and sister of Clytia . She fell in love with Apollo who disguised himself as Leucothea 's mother to gain entrance to her chambers . Clytia , jealous of her sister because she wanted Apollo for herself , told Orchamus the truth , betraying her sister 's trust and confidence in her . Enraged , Orchamus ordered Leucothea to be buried alive . Apollo refused to forgive Clytia for betraying his beloved , and a grieving Clytia wilted and slowly died . Apollo changed her into an incense plant , either heliotrope or sunflower , which follows the sun every day . Marpessa was kidnapped by Idas but was loved by Apollo as well . Zeus made her choose between them , and she chose Idas on the grounds that Apollo , being immortal , would tire of her when she grew old . Castalia was a nymph whom Apollo loved . She fled from him and dove into the spring at Delphi , at the base of Mt . Parnassos , which was then named after her . Water from this spring was sacred ; it was used to clean the Delphian temples and inspire the priestesses . In the last oracle is mentioned that the `` water which could speak '' , has been lost for ever . By Cyrene , Apollo had a son named Aristaeus , who became the patron god of cattle , fruit trees , hunting , husbandry and bee - keeping . He was also a culture - hero and taught humanity dairy skills , the use of nets and traps in hunting , and how to cultivate olives . Hecuba was the wife of King Priam of Troy , and Apollo had a son with her named Troilus . An oracle prophesied that Troy would not be defeated as long as Troilus reached the age of twenty alive . He was ambushed and killed by Achilleus . Cassandra , was daughter of Hecuba and Priam , and Troilus ' half - sister . Apollo fell in love with Cassandra and promised her the gift of prophecy to seduce her , but she rejected him afterwards . Enraged , Apollo indeed gave her the ability to know the future , with a curse that she could only see the future tragedies and that no one would ever believe her . Coronis , was daughter of Phlegyas , King of the Lapiths . Pregnant with Asclepius , Coronis fell in love with Ischys , son of Elatus . A crow informed Apollo of the affair . When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black ( where they were previously white ) as a punishment for spreading untruths . When he found out the truth he sent his sister , Artemis , to kill Coronis ( in other stories , Apollo himself had killed Coronis ) . As a result , he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths . Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise . Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi . Apollo then killed him for what he did . In Euripides ' play Ion , Apollo fathered Ion by Creusa , wife of Xuthus . Creusa left Ion to die in the wild , but Apollo asked Hermes to save the child and bring him to the oracle at Delphi , where he was raised by a priestess . Acantha , was the spirit of the acanthus tree , and Apollo had one of his other liaisons with her . Upon her death , Apollo transformed her into a sun - loving herb . According to the Biblioteca , the `` library '' of mythology mis - attributed to Apollodorus , he fathered the Corybantes on the Muse Thalia . Consorts and children : extended list Acacallis Amphithemis ( Garamas ) Naxos , eponym of the island Naxos Phylacides Phylander Acantha Aethusa Eleuther Aganippe Chios Alciope Linus ( possibly ) Amphissa / Isse , daughter of Macareus Anchiale / Acacallis Oaxes Areia , daughter of Cleochus / Acacallis / Deione Miletus Astycome , nymph Eumolpus ( possibly ) Arsinoe , daughter of Leucippus Asclepius ( possibly ) Eriopis Babylo Arabus Bolina Calliope , Muse Orpheus ( possibly ) Linus ( possibly ) Ialemus Cassandra Castalia Celaeno , daughter of Hyamus / Melaina / Thyia Delphus Chione / Philonis / Leuconoe Philammon Chrysorthe Coronus Chrysothemis Parthenos Coronis Asclepius Coryceia Lycorus ( Lycoreus ) Creusa Ion Cyrene Aristaeus Idmon ( possibly ) Autuchus Danais , Cretan nymph The Curetes Daphne Dia , daughter of Lycaon Dryops Dryope Amphissus Euboea ( daughter of Macareus of Locris ) Agreus Evadne , daughter of Poseidon Iamus Gryne Hecate Scylla ( possibly ) Hecuba Troilus Hector ( possibly ) Hestia ( wooed her unsuccessfully ) Hypermnestra , wife of Oicles Amphiaraus ( possibly ) Hypsipyle Hyria ( Thyria ) Cycnus Lycia , nymph or daughter of Xanthus Eicadius Patarus Manto Mopsus Marpessa Melia Ismenus Tenerus Ocyrhoe Othreis Phager Parnethia , nymph Cynnes Parthenope Lycomedes Phthia Dorus Laodocus Polypoetes Prothoe Procleia Tenes ( possibly ) Psamathe Linus Rhoeo Anius Rhodoessa , nymph Ceos , eponym of the island Ceos Rhodope Cicon , eponym of the tribe Cicones Sinope Syrus Stilbe Centaurus Lapithes Aineus Syllis / Hyllis Zeuxippus Thaleia , Muse / Rhetia , nymph The Corybantes Themisto , daughter of Zabius of Hyperborea Galeotes Telmessus ( ? ) Thero Chaeron Urania , Muse Linus ( possibly ) Urea , daughter of Poseidon Ileus ( Oileus ? ) Wife of Erginus Trophonius ( possibly ) Unknown consorts Acraepheus , eponym of the city Acraephia Chariclo ( possibly ) Erymanthus Marathus , eponym of Marathon Megarus Melaneus Oncius Phemonoe Pisus , founder of Pisa in Etruria Younger Muses Cephisso Apollonis Borysthenis Male lovers Apollo and Hyacinthus , 16th - century Italian engraving by Jacopo Caraglio Hyacinth or Hyacinthus was one of Apollo 's male lovers . He was a Spartan prince , beautiful and athletic . The pair was practicing throwing the discus when a discus thrown by Apollo was blown off course by the jealous Zephyrus and struck Hyacinthus in the head , killing him instantly . Apollo is said to be filled with grief : out of Hyacinthus ' blood , Apollo created a flower named after him as a memorial to his death , and his tears stained the flower petals with the interjection αἰαῖ , meaning alas . The Festival of Hyacinthus was a celebration of Sparta . Another male lover was Cyparissus , a descendant of Heracles . Apollo gave him a tame deer as a companion but Cyparissus accidentally killed it with a javelin as it lay asleep in the undergrowth . Cyparissus asked Apollo to let his tears fall forever . Apollo granted the request by turning him into the Cypress named after him , which was said to be a sad tree because the sap forms droplets like tears on the trunk . Other male lovers of Apollo include : Admetus Atymnius , otherwise known as a beloved of Sarpedon Branchus ( alternately , a son of Apollo ) Carnus Clarus Hippolytus of Sicyon ( not the same as Hippolytus , the son of Theseus ) Hymenaios Iapis Leucates , who threw himself off a rock when Apollo attempted to carry him off Phorbas ( probably the son of Triopas ) Potnieus Apollo 's lyre Apollo with his lyre . Statue from Pergamon Museum , Berlin . Hermes was born on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia . The story is told in the Homeric Hymn to Hermes . His mother , Maia , had been secretly impregnated by Zeus . Maia wrapped the infant in blankets but Hermes escaped while she was asleep . Hermes ran to Thessaly , where Apollo was grazing his cattle . The infant Hermes stole a number of his cows and took them to a cave in the woods near Pylos , covering their tracks . In the cave , he found a tortoise and killed it , then removed the insides . He used one of the cow 's intestines and the tortoise shell and made the first lyre . Apollo complained to Maia that her son had stolen his cattle , but Hermes had already replaced himself in the blankets she had wrapped him in , so Maia refused to believe Apollo 's claim . Zeus intervened and , claiming to have seen the events , sided with Apollo . Hermes then began to play music on the lyre he had invented . Apollo , a god of music , fell in love with the instrument and offered to allow exchange of the cattle for the lyre . Hence , Apollo then became a master of the lyre . Apollo in the Oresteia In Aeschylus ' Oresteia trilogy , Clytemnestra kills her husband , King Agamemnon because he had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia to proceed forward with the Trojan war , and Cassandra , a prophetess of Apollo . Apollo gives an order through the Oracle at Delphi that Agamemnon 's son , Orestes , is to kill Clytemnestra and Aegisthus , her lover . Orestes and Pylades carry out the revenge , and consequently Orestes is pursued by the Erinyes or Furies ( female personifications of vengeance ) . Apollo and the Furies argue about whether the matricide was justified ; Apollo holds that the bond of marriage is sacred and Orestes was avenging his father , whereas the Erinyes say that the bond of blood between mother and son is more meaningful than the bond of marriage . They invade his temple , and he says that the matter should be brought before Athena . Apollo promises to protect Orestes , as Orestes has become Apollo 's supplicant . Apollo advocates Orestes at the trial , and ultimately Athena rules in favor of Apollo . Other stories Apollo killed the Aloadae when they attempted to storm Mt . Olympus . Callimachus sang that Apollo rode on the back of a swan to the land of the Hyperboreans during the winter months . Apollo turned Cephissus into a sea monster . Another contender for the birthplace of Apollo is the Cretan islands of Paximadia . Musical contests Pan Once Pan had the audacity to compare his music with that of Apollo and to challenge Apollo , the god of the kithara , the mountain - god Tmolus was chosen to umpire . Pan blew on his pipes , and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower , Midas , who happened to be present . Then Apollo struck the strings of his lyre . Tmolus at once awarded the victory to Apollo , and all but Midas agreed with the judgment . He dissented and questioned the justice of the award . Apollo would not suffer such a depraved pair of ears any longer , and caused them to become the ears of a donkey . Marsyas Marsyas under Apollo 's punishment , İstanbul Archaeology Museum Apollo has ominous aspects aside from his plague - bringing , death - dealing arrows : Marsyas was a satyr who challenged Apollo to a contest of music . He had found an aulos on the ground , tossed away after being invented by Athena because it made her cheeks puffy . The contest was judged by the Muses . After they each performed , both were deemed equal until Apollo decreed they play and sing at the same time . As Apollo played the lyre , this was easy to do . Marsyas could not do this , as he only knew how to use the flute and could not sing at the same time . Apollo was declared the winner because of this . Apollo flayed Marsyas alive in a cave near Celaenae in Phrygia for his hubris to challenge a god . He then nailed Marsyas ' shaggy skin to a nearby pine - tree . Marsyas ' blood turned into the river Marsyas . Another variation is that Apollo played his instrument ( the lyre ) upside down . Marsyas could not do this with his instrument ( the flute ) , and so Apollo hung him from a tree and flayed him alive . Cinyras Apollo also had a lyre - playing contest with Cinyras , his son , who committed suicide when he lost . Head of Apollo , marble , Roman copy of a Greek original of the 4th century BCE , from the collection of Cardinal Albani Roman Apollo The Roman worship of Apollo was adopted from the Greeks . As a quintessentially Greek god , Apollo had no direct Roman equivalent , although later Roman poets often referred to him as Phoebus . There was a tradition that the Delphic oracle was consulted as early as the period of the kings of Rome during the reign of Tarquinius Superbus . On the occasion of a pestilence in the 430s BCE , Apollo 's first temple at Rome was established in the Flaminian fields , replacing an older cult site there known as the `` Apollinare '' . During the Second Punic War in 212 BCE , the Ludi Apollinares ( `` Apollonian Games '' ) were instituted in his honor , on the instructions of a prophecy attributed to one Marcius . In the time of Augustus , who considered himself under the special protection of Apollo and was even said to be his son , his worship developed and he became one of the chief gods of Rome . After the battle of Actium , which was fought near a sanctuary of Apollo , Augustus enlarged Apollo 's temple , dedicated a portion of the spoils to him , and instituted quinquennial games in his honour . He also erected a new temple to the god on the Palatine hill . Sacrifices and prayers on the Palatine to Apollo and Diana formed the culmination of the Secular Games , held in 17 BCE to celebrate the dawn of a new era . Festivals The chief Apollonian festivals were the Boedromia , Carneia , Carpiae , Daphnephoria , Delia , Hyacinthia , Metageitnia , Pyanepsia , Pythia and Thargelia . Attributes and symbols Apollo 's most common attributes were the bow and arrow . Other attributes of his included the kithara ( an advanced version of the common lyre ) , the plectrum and the sword . Another common emblem was the sacrificial tripod , representing his prophetic powers . The Pythian Games were held in Apollo 's honor every four years at Delphi . The bay laurel plant was used in expiatory sacrifices and in making the crown of victory at these games . Gold stater of the Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter ( reigned 281 -- 261 BCE ) showing on the reverse a nude Apollo holding his key attributes : two arrows and a bow The palm tree was also sacred to Apollo because he had been born under one in Delos . Animals sacred to Apollo included wolves , dolphins , roe deer , swans , cicadas ( symbolizing music and song ) , hawks , ravens , crows , snakes ( referencing Apollo 's function as the god of prophecy ) , mice and griffins , mythical eagle -- lion hybrids of Eastern origin . Apollo Citharoedus ( `` Apollo with a kithara '' ) , Musei Capitolini , Rome As god of colonization , Apollo gave oracular guidance on colonies , especially during the height of colonization , 750 -- 550 BCE . According to Greek tradition , he helped Cretan or Arcadian colonists found the city of Troy . However , this story may reflect a cultural influence which had the reverse direction : Hittite cuneiform texts mention a Minor Asian god called Appaliunas or Apalunas in connection with the city of Wilusa attested in Hittite inscriptions , which is now generally regarded as being identical with the Greek Ilion by most scholars . In this interpretation , Apollo 's title of Lykegenes can simply be read as `` born in Lycia '' , which effectively severs the god 's supposed link with wolves ( possibly a folk etymology ) . In literary contexts , Apollo represents harmony , order , and reason -- characteristics contrasted with those of Dionysus , god of wine , who represents ecstasy and disorder . The contrast between the roles of these gods is reflected in the adjectives Apollonian and Dionysian . However , the Greeks thought of the two qualities as complementary : the two gods are brothers , and when Apollo at winter left for Hyperborea , he would leave the Delphic oracle to Dionysus . This contrast appears to be shown on the two sides of the Borghese Vase . Apollo is often associated with the Golden Mean . This is the Greek ideal of moderation and a virtue that opposes gluttony . Apollo in the arts The Louvre Apollo Sauroctonos , Roman copy after Praxiteles ( 360 BC ) Apollo is a common theme in Greek and Roman art and also in the art of the Renaissance . The earliest Greek word for a statue is `` delight '' ( ἄγαλμα , agalma ) , and the sculptors tried to create forms which would inspire such guiding vision . Greek art puts into Apollo the highest degree of power and beauty that can be imagined . The sculptors derived this from observations on human beings , but they also embodied in concrete form , issues beyond the reach of ordinary thought . The naked bodies of the statues are associated with the cult of the body that was essentially a religious activity . The muscular frames and limbs combined with slim waists indicate the Greek desire for health , and the physical capacity which was necessary in the hard Greek environment . The statues of Apollo embody beauty , balance and inspire awe before the beauty of the world . The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period , to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period . In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms , but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole , a method created by Polykleitos . Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities , and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization . Art and Greek philosophy The evolution of the Greek art seems to go parallel with the Greek philosophical conceptions , which changed from the natural - philosophy of Thales to the metaphysical theory of Pythagoras . Thales searched for a simple material - form directly perceptible by the senses , behind the appearances of things , and his theory is also related to the older animism . This was paralleled in sculpture by the absolute representation of vigorous life , through unnaturally simplified forms . Pythagoras believed that behind the appearance of things , there was the permanent principle of mathematics , and that the forms were based on a transcendental mathematical relation . The forms on earth , are imperfect imitations ( εἰκόνες , eikones , `` images '' ) of the celestial world of numbers . His ideas had a great influence on post-Archaic art . The Greek architects and sculptors were always trying to find the mathematical relation , that would lead to the esthetic perfection . ( canon ) . In classical Greece , Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason ( mind ) gave order to the seeds of the universe , and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms ( ideai , `` ideas '' ) . The forms on earth are imperfect duplicates of the intellectual celestial ideas . The Greek words oida ( οἶδα , `` ( I ) know '' ) and eidos ( εἶδος , `` species '' ) , a thing seen , have the same root as the word idea ( ἰδέα ) , a thing ἰδείν to see . indicating how the Greek mind moved from the gift of the senses , to the principles beyond the senses . The artists in Plato 's time moved away from his theories and art tends to be a mixture of naturalism with stylization . The Greek sculptors considered the senses more important , and the proportions were used to unite the sensible with the intellectual . Archaic sculpture Sacred Gate Kouros , marble ( 610 -- 600 BC ) , Kerameikos Archaeological Museum in Athens Kouros ( male youth ) is the modern term given to those representations of standing male youths which first appear in the archaic period in Greece . This type served certain religious needs and was first proposed for what was previously thought to be depictions of Apollo . The first statues are certainly still and formal . The formality of their stance seems to be related with the Egyptian precedent , but it was accepted for a good reason . The sculptors had a clear idea of what a young man is , and embodied the archaic smile of good manners , the firm and springy step , the balance of the body , dignity , and youthful happiness . When they tried to depict the most abiding qualities of men , it was because men had common roots with the unchanging gods . The adoption of a standard recognizable type for a long time , is probably because nature gives preference in survival of a type which has long be adopted by the climatic conditions , and also due to the general Greek belief that nature expresses itself in ideal forms that can be imagined and represented . These forms expressed immortality . Apollo was the immortal god of ideal balance and order . His shrine in Delphi , that he shared in winter with Dionysius had the inscriptions : γνῶθι σεαυτόν ( gnōthi seautón = `` know thyself '' ) and μηδὲν ἄγαν ( mēdén ágan , `` nothing in excess '' ) , and ἐγγύα πάρα δ'ἄτη ( eggýa pára d'atē , `` make a pledge and mischief is nigh '' ) . New York Kouros , Met . Mus. 32.11. 1 , marble ( 620 -- 610 BC ) , Metropolitan Museum of Art In the first large - scale depictions during the early archaic period ( 640 -- 580 BC ) , the artists tried to draw one 's attention to look into the interior of the face and the body which were not represented as lifeless masses , but as being full of life . The Greeks maintained , until late in their civilization , an almost animistic idea that the statues are in some sense alive . This embodies the belief that the image was somehow the god or man himself . A fine example is the statue of the Sacred Gate Kouros which was found at the cemetery of Dipylon in Athens ( Dipylon Kouros ) . The statue is the `` thing in itself '' , and his slender face with the deep eyes express an intellectual eternity . According to the Greek tradition the Dipylon master was named Daedalus , and in his statues the limbs were freed from the body , giving the impression that the statues could move . It is considered that he created also the New York kouros , which is the oldest fully preserved statue of Kouros type , and seems to be the incarnation of the god himself . Piraeus Apollo , archaic - style bronze , Archaeological Museum of Piraeus The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality , is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths , in stories of the god Hephaestus ( Phaistos ) and the mythic Daedalus ( the builder of the labyrinth ) that made images which moved of their own accord . This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period , when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment . These free - standing statues were usually marble , but also the form rendered in limestone , bronze , ivory and terracotta . The earliest examples of life - sized statues of Apollo , may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos . Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world , the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios , Boeotia alone . The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period ( 520 -- 485 BC ) , in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole . Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo . It was found in Piraeus , the harbour of Athens . The statue originally held the bow in its left hand , and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand . It probably comes from north - eastern Peloponnesus . The emphasis is given in anatomy , and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion , and beauty relative to proportions , which appear mostly in post-Archaic art . The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which , with an independently developed harder , simpler and heavier style , restricts Ionian influence in Athens . Finally , this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later . Classical sculpture Apollo of the `` Mantoua type '' , marble Roman copy after a 5th - century BCE Greek original attributed to Polykleitos , Musée du Louvre At the beginning of the Classical period , it was considered that beauty in visible things as in everything else , consisted of symmetry and proportions . The artists tried also to represent motion in a specific moment ( Myron ) , which may be considered as the reappearance of the dormant Minoan element . Anatomy and geometry are fused in one , and each does something to the other . The Greek sculptors tried to clarify it by looking for mathematical proportions , just as they sought some reality behind appearances . Polykleitos in his Canon wrote that beauty consists in the proportion not of the elements ( materials ) , but of the parts , that is the interrelation of parts with one another and with the whole . It seems that he was influenced by the theories of Pythagoras . The famous Apollo of Mantua and its variants are early forms of the Apollo Citharoedus statue type , in which the god holds the cithara in his left arm . The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century , modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE , in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic . The Apollo held the cythara against his extended left arm , of which in the Louvre example , a fragment of one twisting scrolling horn upright remains against his biceps . Though the proportions were always important in Greek art , the appeal of the Greek sculptures eludes any explanation by proportion alone . The statues of Apollo were thought to incarnate his living presence , and these representations of illusive imaginative reality had deep roots in the Minoan period , and in the beliefs of the first Greek speaking people who entered the region during the bronze - age . Just as the Greeks saw the mountains , forests , sea and rivers as inhabited by concrete beings , so nature in all of its manifestations possesses clear form , and the form of a work of art . Spiritual life is incorporated in matter , when it is given artistic form . Just as in the arts the Greeks sought some reality behind appearances , so in mathematics they sought permanent principles which could be applied wherever the conditions were the same . Artists and sculptors tried to find this ideal order in relation with mathematics , but they believed that this ideal order revealed itself not so much to the dispassionate intellect , as to the whole sentient self . Things as we see them , and as they really are , are one , that each stresses the nature of the other in a single unity . Pediments and friezes Apollo , West Pediment Olympia . Munich , copy from original , 460 BCE at the Temple of Zeus , Olympia , Greece . In the archaic pediments and friezes of the temples , the artists had a problem to fit a group of figures into an isosceles triangle with acute angles at the base . The Siphnian Treasury in Delphi was one of the first Greek buildings utilizing the solution to put the dominating form in the middle , and to complete the descending scale of height with other figures sitting or kneeling . The pediment shows the story of Heracles stealing Apollo 's tripod that was strongly associated with his oracular inspiration . Their two figures hold the centre . In the pediment of the temple of Zeus in Olympia , the single figure of Apollo is dominating the scene . Head of the Apollo Belvedere These representations rely on presenting scenes directly to the eye for their own visible sake . They care for the schematic arrangements of bodies in space , but only as parts in a larger whole . While each scene has its own character and completeness it must fit into the general sequence to which it belongs . In these archaic pediments the sculptors use empty intervals , to suggest a passage to and from a busy battlefield . The artists seem to have been dominated by geometrical pattern and order , and this was improved when classical art brought a greater freedom and economy . Hellenistic Greece - Rome Apollo as a handsome beardless young man , is often depicted with a kithara ( as Apollo Citharoedus ) or bow in his hand , or reclining on a tree ( the Apollo Lykeios and Apollo Sauroctonos types ) . The Apollo Belvedere is a marble sculpture that was rediscovered in the late 15th century ; for centuries it epitomized the ideals of Classical Antiquity for Europeans , from the Renaissance through the 19th century . The marble is a Hellenistic or Roman copy of a bronze original by the Greek sculptor Leochares , made between 350 and 325 BCE . The life - size so - called `` Adonis '' found in 1780 on the site of a villa suburbana near the Via Labicana in the Roman suburb of Centocelle is identified as an Apollo by modern scholars . In the late 2nd century CE floor mosaic from El Djem , Roman Thysdrus , he is identifiable as Apollo Helios by his effulgent halo , though now even a god 's divine nakedness is concealed by his cloak , a mark of increasing conventions of modesty in the later Empire . Another haloed Apollo in mosaic , from Hadrumentum , is in the museum at Sousse . The conventions of this representation , head tilted , lips slightly parted , large - eyed , curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck , were developed in the 3rd century BCE to depict Alexander the Great . Some time after this mosaic was executed , the earliest depictions of Christ would also be beardless and haloed . Modern reception Apollo has often featured in postclassical art and literature . Percy Bysshe Shelley composed a `` Hymn of Apollo '' ( 1820 ) , and the god 's instruction of the Muses formed the subject of Igor Stravinsky 's Apollon musagète ( 1927 -- 1928 ) . In 1978 , the Canadian band Rush released an album with songs `` Apollo : Bringer of Wisdom '' / `` Dionysus : Bringer of Love '' . In discussion of the arts , a distinction is sometimes made between the Apollonian and Dionysian impulses where the former is concerned with imposing intellectual order and the latter with chaotic creativity . Friedrich Nietzsche argued that a fusion of the two was most desirable . Carl Jung 's Apollo archetype represents what he saw as the disposition in people to over-intellectualise and maintain emotional distance . Charles Handy , in Gods of Management ( 1978 ) uses Greek gods as a metaphor to portray various types of organisational culture . Apollo represents a ' role ' culture where order , reason and bureaucracy prevail . In spaceflight , the NASA program for landing astronauts on the Moon was named Apollo . Genealogy Left : Surya on a quadriga , Bodh Gaya relief , India . Right : Classical example of Phoebus Apollo on quadriga . The Overthrow of Apollo and the Pagan Gods , watercolour from William Blake 's illustrations of On the Morning of Christ 's Nativity ( 1809 ) ( hide ) Apollo 's family tree Uranus Gaia Uranus ' genitals Coeus Phoebe Cronus Rhea Leto Zeus Hera Poseidon Hades Demeter Hestia APOLLO Artemis a b Ares Hephaestus Metis Athena Maia Hermes Semele Dionysus Dione a b Aphrodite See also Greek mythology portal Hellenismos portal Dryad Epirus Pasiphaë Phoebus ( disambiguation ) Sibylline oracles Tegyra Temple of Apollo ( disambiguation ) Notes Jump up ^ Krauskopf , I. 2006 . `` The Grave and Beyond . '' The Religion of the Etruscans . edited by N. de Grummond and E. Simon . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. vii , p. 73 - 75 . Jump up ^ For the iconography of the Alexander -- Helios type , see H. Hoffmann , 1963 . `` Helios '' , in Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 2 , pp. 117 -- 23 ; cf . Yalouris 1980 , no . 42 . Jump up ^ Joseph Fontenrose , `` Apollo and Sol in the Latin poets of the first century BC '' , Transactions of the American Philological Association 30 ( 1939 ) , pp 439 -- 55 ; `` Apollo and the Sun - God in Ovid '' , American Journal of Philology 61 ( 1940 ) pp 429 -- 44 ; and `` Apollo and Sol in the Oaths of Aeneas and Latinus '' Classical Philology 38. 2 ( April 1943 ) , pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Herda , Alexander ( 2008 ) . `` Apollon Delphinios -- Apollon Didymeus : Zwei Gesichter eines milesischen Gottes und ihr Bezug zur Kolonisation Milets in archaischer Zeit '' . Internationale Archäologie ( in German ) . Arbeitsgemeinschaft , Symposium , Tagung , Kongress . Band 11 : Kult ( ur ) kontakte . Apollon in Milet / Didyma , Histria , Myus , Naukratis und auf Zypern . Akten des Table Ronde in Mainz vom 11. -- 12 . März 2004 : 16 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89646 - 441 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` KN 842 E '' , DĀMOS : Database of Mycenaean at Oslo , University of Oslo . Department of Philosophy , Classics , History of Art and Ideas . ^ Jump up to : van der Toorn , Karel ; Becking , Bob ; van der Horst , Pieter Willem ( 1999 ) . Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible . Brill . p. 73 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11119 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The young men became grown - up kouroi , and Apollon was the `` megistos kouros '' ( The Great Kouros ) : Jane Ellen Harrison ( 2010 ) : Themis : A study to the Social origins of Greek Religion Cambridge University Press . pp. 439 -- 441 , ISBN 1108009492 Jump up ^ Visible Religion . Volume IV -- V. Approaches to Iconology . Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1985 p. 143 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : The word usually appears in plural : Hesychius : ἀπέλλαι ( apellai ) , σηκοί ( `` folds '' ) , ἐκκλησίαι ( `` assemblies '' ) , ἀρχαιρεσίαι ( `` elections '' ) : Nilsson , Vol . I , p. 556 Jump up ^ Doric Greek verb : ἀπέλλάζειν ( `` to assemble '' ) , and the festival ἀπέλλαι ( apellai ) , which surely belonged to Apollo . Nilsson , Vol I , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Beekes , 2009 , pp. 115 and 118 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Mike Campbell . `` Meaning , Origin and History of the Name Apollo '' . Behind the Name . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The ἁπλοῦν suggestion is repeated by Plutarch in Moralia in the sense of `` unity '' . ^ Jump up to : Freese 1911 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , p. 1168 . Jump up ^ Πέλλα / Pella , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon Jump up ^ Nilsson Vol I , p. 558 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson , Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion , vol . I ( C.H. Beck ) , 1955 : 555 -- 564 . Jump up ^ The reading of Apaliunas and the possible identification with Apollo is due to Emil Forrer ( 1931 ) . It was doubted by Kretschmer , Glotta XXIV , p. 250 . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 559 ^ Jump up to : de Grummond , Nancy Thomson ( 2006 ) Etruscan Myth , Sacred History , and Legend . ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology ) ; Mackenzie , Donald A. ( 2005 ) Myths of Babylonia and Assyria ( Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ Angel , John L. ; Mellink , Machteld Johanna ( 1986 ) . Troy and the Trojan War : A Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College , October 1984 . Bryn Mawr Commentaries . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929524 - 59 - 7 . Jump up ^ Melchert , Harold Craig ( 1994 ) . Anatolian Historical Phonology . Rodopi . ISBN 905183697X . Jump up ^ Immerwahr , Sara Anderson ; Chapin , Anne Proctor ( 2004 ) . Charis : Essays in Honor of Sara A. Immerwahr . Amer School of Classical . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87661 - 533 - 1 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , p. 1582 . Jump up ^ Apollonius of Rhodes , iv. 1730 ; Pseudo-Apollodorus , Biblioteca , i . 9 . § 26 ^ Jump up to : Álvaro Jr. , Santos , Allan . Simbolismo divino . Allan Álvaro , Jr. , Santos . Jump up ^ Aelian , On the Nature of Animals 4 . 4 ( A.F. Scholfield , tr . ) Jump up ^ Ovid , Metamorphoses xiii. 715 Jump up ^ Strabo , x.p. 451 Jump up ^ Wiliam Smith . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Acraepheus ^ Jump up to : Σμινθεύς in Liddell and Scott Jump up ^ The epithet `` Smintheus '' has historically been confused with σμίνθος , `` mouse '' , in association with Apollo 's role as a god of disease Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1873 ) . `` Acesius '' . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . London . At the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Euripides , Andromache 901 Jump up ^ παιών Jump up ^ κλάρος Jump up ^ Μουσαγέτας in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Miranda J. Green , Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend , Thames and Hudson Ltd , 1997 Jump up ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XIII , 1863 -- 1986 ; A. Ross , Pagan Celtic Britain , 1967 ; M.J. Green , The Gods of the Celts , 1986 , London Jump up ^ J. Zwicker , Fontes Historiae Religionis Celticae , 1934 -- 36 , Berlin ; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V , XI , XII , XIII ; J. Gourcest , `` Le culte de Belenos en Provence occidentale et en Gaule '' , Ogam 6. 6 ( 1954 : 257 -- 262 ) ; E. Thevonot , `` Le cheval sacre dans la Gaule de l'Est '' , Revue archeologique de l'Est et du Centre - Est ( vol 2 ) , 1951 ; ( ) , `` Temoignages du culte de l'Apollon gaulois dans l'Helvetie romaine '' , Revue celtique ( vol 51 ) , 1934 . Jump up ^ W.J. Wedlake , The Excavation of the Shrine of Apollo at Nettleton , Wiltshire , 1956 -- 1971 , Society of Antiquaries of London , 1982 . Jump up ^ M. Szabo , The Celtic Heritage in Hungary ( Budapest 1971 ) ^ Jump up to : Divinites et sanctuaires de la Gaule , E. Thevonat , 1968 , Paris ^ Jump up to : La religion des Celtes , J. de Vries , 1963 , Paris Jump up ^ J. Le Gall , Alesia , archeologie et histoire ( Paris 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum XIII Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) ``. Die Geschicte der Giechischen Religion. Vol I ''. C.F. Beck Verlag. Munchen . p 529 Jump up ^ Burkert , Walter . Greek Religion , 1985 : 144 . ^ Jump up to : Martin Nilsson . Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion Vol I , pp. 563 -- 564 Jump up ^ Paieon ( Παιήων ) puts pain - relieving medicines on the wounds of Pluton and Ares ( Ilias E401 ) . This art is related with Egypt : ( Odyssey D232 ) : M. Nilsson Vol I , p. 543 Jump up ^ Schofield , Louise ( 2007 ) . The Mycenaeans . The British Museum Press . p. 160 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 867 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` KN V 52 + '' . Deaditerranean : Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B . Jump up ^ Chadwick , John ( 1976 ) . The Mycenaean World . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29037 - 6 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ Ἐπὶ καταπαύσει λοιμῶν καὶ νόσων ᾄδόμενος . Which is sung to stop the plagues and the diseases . Proklos : Chrestom from Photios Bibl . code . 239 , p. 321 : Martin Nilsson . Die Geschicthe der Griechischen religion . Vol I , p. 543 ^ Jump up to : `` The conception that the diseases come from invisible shots sent by magicians or supernatural beings is common in primitive people and also in European folklore . In North - Europe they speak of the `` Elf - shots '' . In Sweden where the Lapps were called magicians , they speak of the `` Lappen - shots '' . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 541 Jump up ^ Ilias A 314 . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 543 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) : Harper 's Dictionary of classical antiquity Jump up ^ Perseus.tufts.edu Jump up ^ Pausanias VIII 41 , 8 - IV 34 , 7 - Sittig . Nom P. 48 . f - Aristoph . Vesp . V. 61 - Paus . I 3 , 4 . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , p. 540 , 544 Jump up ^ Graf , Fritz ( 2008 ) . Apollo . Taylor & Francis . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 58171 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Victorious over the Python '' . The Walters Art Museum . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Graf , Apollo , pp. 104 -- 113 ; Burkert also notes in this context Archilochus Fr. 94 . Jump up ^ Walter Burkert ( 1985 ) Greek Religion . Harvard University Press . p. 255 Jump up ^ Jane Ellen Harrison ( 2010 ) : Themis : A study to the Social origins of Greek Religion . Cambridge University Press . p. 441 . ISBN 1108009492 Jump up ^ Compare : Baetylus . In Semitic : sacred stone Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I. p. 556 Jump up ^ Herbert W. Park ( 1956 ) . The delphic oracle . Vol. I , p. 3 Jump up ^ Lewis Farnel ( 1909 ) The cult of the city states . Clarendon Press . VIII . pp. 8 -- 10 Jump up ^ δελφύς Jump up ^ `` Many pictures show the serpent Python living in amity with Apollo and guarding the Omphalos . Karl Kerenyi ( 1951 ) . ed. 1980 : The gods of the Greeks , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ `` In a Pompeian fresco Python is lying peacefully on the ground and the priests with the sacred double axe in their hand bring the bull ( bouphronion ) . Jane . H. Harisson ( 1912 ) : Themis . A study of the social origins of the Greek religion . Cambridge University Press . pp. 423 -- 424 Jump up ^ In Minoan religion the serpent is the protector of the household ( underground stored corn ) . Also in Greek religion , `` snake of the house '' ( οἰκουρὸς ὄφις ) in the temple of Athena at Acropolis , etc. , and in Greek folklore . Martin Nilsson , Vol. I , pp. 213 -- 214 Jump up ^ Nordig sagas . Hittite myth of Illuyankas . Also in the Bible : Leviathan . W. Porzig ( 1930 ) . Illuyankas and Typhon . Kleinasiatische Forschung , pp. 379 -- 386 ^ Jump up to : . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , pp. 499 -- 500 Jump up ^ Hall , Alaric. 2005 . ' Getting Shot of Elves : Healing , Witchcraft and Fairies in the Scottish Witchcraft Trials ' , ( 3 ) , 116 ( 2005 ) , pp. 19 -- 36 . Jump up ^ For Śarva as a name of Shiva see : Apte , p. 910 . Jump up ^ For association between Rudra and disease , with Rigvedic references , see : Bhandarkar , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Odyssey 8.80 Jump up ^ Huxley ( 1975 ) . Cretan Paewones . Roman and Byzantine studies , pp. 129 -- 134 Jump up ^ H.G. Wunderlich . The secret of Creta Souvenir Press Ltd . London p. 319 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 554 A4 Jump up ^ Hugh Bowden ( 2005 ) . Classical Athens and the Delphic oracle , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ William J. Broad ( 2006 ) . The oracle : the lost secrets and hidden message of ancient Delphi . Penguin Group USA . p. 32 . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 081 - 5 . Jump up ^ μάντις in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Walter Burkert ( 1985 ). The Greek religion . p. 116 Jump up ^ F. Schachermeyer ( 1964 ) . p. 128 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , pp. 543 -- 545 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Solon , 12 ; Aristotle , Ath . Pol. 1 . Jump up ^ Paul Kretschmer ( 1936 ) . Glotta XXIV p. 250 . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 559 . Jump up ^ `` EDIANA - Corpus '' . www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis '' . sardisexpedition.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson , Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion . vol . I ( C.H. Beck ) , 1955 : 563f . Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I . pp. 559 -- 560 . Jump up ^ `` You Apollo Smintheus , let my tears become your arrows against the Danaans , for revenge '' . Iliad 1.33 ( A 33 ) . Jump up ^ An ancient aetiological myth connects sminthos with mouse and suggests Cretan origin . Apollo is the mouse - god ( Strabo 13.1. 48 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sminthia '' in several areas of Greece . In Rhodes ( Lindos ) they belong to Apollo and Dionysos who have destroyed the rats that were swallowing the grapes `` . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . pp. 534 -- 535 . Jump up ^ Burkert 1985 : 143 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , 1.46 . Jump up ^ Lucian ( attrib . ) , De Dea Syria 35 -- 37 . Jump up ^ To know what a thing is , we must know the look of it `` : Rhys Carpenter : The esthetic basis of Greek art . Indiana University Press . p. 108 ^ Jump up to : C.M. Bowra ( 1957 ) . The Greek experience , p. 166 . Jump up ^ William Dinsmoor ( 1950 ) , The architecture of Ancient Greece , p. 218 , ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0283 - 3 ^ Jump up to : William Smith . A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , John Murray , London , 1875 . p. 384 Jump up ^ Hellenic Ministry of culture , Temple of Apollo Daphnephoros Archived 12 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rufus B. Richardson , `` A Temple in Eretria '' The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts , 10. 3 ( July -- September 1895 : 326 -- 337 ) Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , p. 529 Jump up ^ Robertson pp. 56 and 323 ^ Jump up to : Spivey , p. 112 Jump up ^ Robertson p. 87 ^ Jump up to : D.S Robertson ( 1945 ) : A handbook of Greek and Roman architecture , Cambridge University Press pp. 324 - 329 Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 98 Jump up ^ Mertens 2006 , pp. 104 -- 109 . Jump up ^ IG XIV 269 Jump up ^ Temple of Apollo at Delphi , Ancient-Greece.org Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1850 ) . New classical dictionary of biography , mythology , and geography . p. 1 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ See reports of the German Archaeological Institute in Archaeological Reports for 2008 / 9 43 - 45 Jump up ^ Hellenic Ministry of Culture : The Temple of Epicurean Apollo . Jump up ^ Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae , World Heritage Site . Jump up ^ Ministry of culture . Temple of Apollo Pythios Sotir Archived 2 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Peter Schneider : Neue Funde vom archaischen Apollontempel in Didyma . In : Ernst - Ludwig Schwandner ( ed . ) : Säule und Gebälk . Zu Struktur und Wandlungsprozeß griechisch - römischer Architektur . Bauforschungskolloquium in Berlin vom 16. - 18 . Juni 1994 . Diskussionen zur Archäologischen Bauforschung Jump up ^ perseus tufts Clarus Jump up ^ Prophecy centre of Apollo Clarius Jump up ^ Bresson ( 2007 ) 154 - 5 , citing the excavations reports of Özgünel ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Robertson p. 333 ^ Jump up to : Robertson pp. 200 - 201 Jump up ^ Perseus tufts : Falerii Veteres Jump up ^ Davidson CSA : Temple of Apollo , Pompeii Archived 6 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Livy 4.25 Jump up ^ Livy 34.43 Jump up ^ A topographical dictionary of Ancient Rome Jump up ^ Testa , Michael ( 19 March 2002 ) . `` New find at Mdina most important so far in old capital '' . Times of Malta . Archived from the original on 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ ἑβδομαγενής in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Children of the Gods by Kenneth McLeish , page 32 . Jump up ^ Pseudo-Apollodorus , Bibliothke iii . 10.4 . Jump up ^ `` The love - stories themselves were not told until later . '' Karl Kerenyi , The Gods of the Greeks 1951 : 140 . Jump up ^ The ancient Daphne episode is noted in late narratives , notably in Ovid , Metamorphoses , in Hyginus , Fabulae , 203 and by the fourth - century - CE teacher of rhetoric and Christian convert , Libanius , in Narrationes . Jump up ^ G. Shipley , `` The Extent of Spartan Territory in the Late Classical and Hellenistic Periods '' , The Annual of the British School at Athens , 2000 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , 3.24. 8 ( on - line text ) ; Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus , Historiae Deorum Gentilium , Basel , 1548 , Syntagma 10 , is noted in this connection in Benjamin Hederich , Gründliches mythologisches Lexikon , 1770 Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi , The Gods of the Greeks , 1951 : 141 Jump up ^ Rufus B. Richardson , `` A Temple in Eretria '' The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts , 10. 3 ( July - September 1895 : 326 -- 337 ) ; Paul Auberson , Eretria . Fouilles et Recherches I , Temple d'Apollon Daphnéphoros , Architecture ( Bern , 1968 ) . See also Plutarch , Pythian Oracle , 16 . Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 1.3. 4 . Other ancient sources , however , gave the Corybantes different parents ; see Sir James Frazer 's note on the passage in the Bibliotheca . Jump up ^ Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica , 1491 ff Jump up ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica , 1491 ff Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 10 . 16 . 5 Jump up ^ Pseudo-Plutarch , On Rivers , 7 . 1 Jump up ^ Photius , Lexicon s.v. Linos Jump up ^ Servius on Virgil 's Eclogue 1 , 65 Jump up ^ Photius , Lexicon , s.v. Eumolpidai Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Naturalis Historia , 7 . 56 - 57 p. 196 Jump up ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica , 2 . 498 Jump up ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron , 77 Jump up ^ Scholia on Apollonius Rhodius , Argonautica 4.828 , referring to `` Hesiod '' , Megalai Ehoiai fr . Jump up ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron , 266 Jump up ^ Arnobius , Adversus Nationes , 4 . 26 ; not the same as Hypsipyle of Lemnos Jump up ^ Servius on Aeneid , 3 . 332 Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Patara Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 9.10. 6 . Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 9.10. 6 , 26.1 . Jump up ^ Photius , Lexicon , s.v. Kynneios Jump up ^ Arnobius , Adversus Nationes , 4 . 26 Jump up ^ Etymologicum Magnum 507 , 54 , under Keios Jump up ^ Etymologicum Magnum 513 , 37 , under Kikones Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium , s.v. Galeōtai Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium , s.v. Akraiphia Jump up ^ Scholia on Pindar , Pythian Ode 4 . 181 Jump up ^ Suda s.v. Marathōn Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s. v Megara Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 8 . 25 . 4 Jump up ^ Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Ogkeion Jump up ^ Servius on Aeneid , 10 . 179 Jump up ^ αἰαῖ , αἴ in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ Callimachus , Hymn to Apollo , 49 . ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Life of Numa , 4 . 5 . Jump up ^ Nonnus , Dionysiaca , 11 . 258 ; 19 . 181 . Jump up ^ Philostratus , Letters , 5 . 3 . Jump up ^ Antoninus Liberalis , Metamorphoses , 23 . Jump up ^ Servius on Aeneid , 3 . 279 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Numa , 4 . 5 , cf. also Hyginus , Poetical Astronomy , 2 . 14 . Jump up ^ Clement of Rome , Homilia , 5 . 15 . Jump up ^ `` Homeric Hymn to Hermes ( IV , 1 - 506 ) '' . Perseus . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Callimachus , Hymn to Apollo2. 5 Jump up ^ Man Myth and Magic by Richard Cavendish ^ Jump up to : Freese 1911 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ `` Koronis '' . Theoi . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Livy 1.56 . Jump up ^ Livy 3.63. 7 , 4.25. 3 . Jump up ^ Livy 25.12 . Jump up ^ J.H.W.G. Liebeschuetz ( 1979 ) . Continuity and Change in Roman Religion . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 82 -- 85 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814822 - 4 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Augustus 18.2 ; Cassius Dio 51.1. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 53.1. 3 . Jump up ^ Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae 5050 , translated by Beard , Mary ; North , John ; Price , Simon ( 1998 ) . Religions of Rome : Volume 2 : A Sourcebook . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 5.7 b . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45015 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : E. Homann - Wedeking . Transl . J.R. Foster ( 1968 ) . Art of the world . Archaic Greece , Methuen & Co Ltd . London , pp. 63 -- 65 , 193 . ^ Jump up to : R. Carpenter ( 1975 ) . The esthetic basis of Greek art . Indiana University Press . pp. 55 -- 58 . Jump up ^ '' The same root of looking or seeing '' . R. Carpenter ( 1975 ) . The esthetic basis of Greek art . Indiana University Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ idea Jump up ^ V.I. Leonardos ( 1895 ) . Archaelogiki Ephimeris , Col 75 , n 1 . Jump up ^ Lechat ( 1904 ) . La sculpture Attic avant Phidias , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : C.M. Bowra ( 1957 ) . The Greek experience , pp. 144 -- 152 . Jump up ^ See ἄτη in Liddell and Scott . Jump up ^ C.M. Bowra . The Greek experience , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : F. Schachermeyer ( 1964 ) . Die Minoische Kultur des alten Creta , Kohlhammer Stuttgart , pp. 242 -- 244 . Jump up ^ J. Ducat ( 1971 ) . Les Kouroi des Ptoion . Jump up ^ Homann - Wedeking ( 1966 ) . Art of the World . Archaic Greece , pp. 144 -- 150 . Jump up ^ `` Each part ( finger , palm , arm , etc . ) transmitted its individual existence to the next , and then to the whole '' : Canon of Polykleitos , also Plotinus , Ennead I vi . i : Nigel Spivey ( 1997 ) . Greek art , Phaidon Press Ltd . London . pp. 290 -- 294 . Jump up ^ `` Mosaics in Tunisia : Apollo and the Muses '' . Web.archive.org. 8 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bieber 1964 , Yalouris 1980 . Jump up ^ British Library : Management and Business Studies Portal , Charles Handy Archived 12 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 12 November 2016 Jump up ^ This chart is based upon Hesiod 's Theogony , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Iliad 1.570 -- 579 , 14.338 , Odyssey 8.312 , Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus , see Gantz , p. 74 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 927 -- 929 , Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone , with no father , see Gantz , p. 74 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod 's Theogony 886 -- 890 , of Zeus ' children by his seven wives , Athena was the first to be conceived , but the last to be born ; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her , later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena `` from his head '' , see Gantz , pp. 51 -- 52 , 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 183 -- 200 , Aphrodite was born from Uranus ' severed genitals , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus ( Iliad 3.374 , 20.105 ; Odyssey 8.308 , 320 ) and Dione ( Iliad 5.370 -- 71 ) , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . References Primary sources Hesiod , Theogony , in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn - White , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1914 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer , The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , Ph. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1924 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer ; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , PH. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1919 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Sophocles , Oedipus Rex Palaephatus , On Unbelievable Tales 46 . Hyacinthus ( 330 BCE ) Apollodorus , Apollodorus , The Library , with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer , F.B.A. , F.R.S. in 2 Volumes . Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Ovid , Metamorphoses 10 . 162 -- 219 ( 1 -- 8 CE ) Pausanias , Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones , Litt. D. , and H.A. Ormerod , M.A. , in 4 Volumes . Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1918 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Philostratus the Elder , Images i. 24 Hyacinthus ( 170 -- 245 CE ) Philostratus the Younger , Images 14 . Hyacinthus ( 170 -- 245 CE ) Lucian , Dialogues of the Gods 14 ( 170 CE ) First Vatican Mythographer , 197 . Thamyris et Musae Secondary sources M. Bieber , 1964 . Alexander the Great in Greek and Roman Art . Chicago . Hugh Bowden , 2005 . Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle : Divination and Democracy . Cambridge University Press . Walter Burkert , 1985 . Greek Religion ( Harvard University Press ) III. 2.5 passim This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Freese , John Henry ( 1911 ) . `` Apollo '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 184 -- 186 . Gantz , Timothy , Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , Two volumes : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( Vol. 2 ) . Fritz Graf ( 2009 ) . Apollo . Taylor & Francis US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 31711 - 5 . Robert Graves , 1960 . The Greek Myths , revised edition . Penguin . Miranda J. Green , 1997 . Dictionary of Celtic Myth and Legend , Thames and Hudson . Karl Kerenyi , 1953 . Apollon : Studien über Antiken Religion und Humanität revised edition . Karl Kerenyi , 1951 . The Gods of the Greeks Mertens , Dieter ; Schutzenberger , Margareta . Città e monumenti dei Greci d'Occidente : dalla colonizzazione alla crisi di fine V secolo a.C. . Roma L'Erma di Bretschneider , 2006 . ISBN 88 - 8265 - 367 - 6 . Martin Nilsson , 1955 . Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion , vol . I.C.H. Beck . Pauly -- Wissowa , Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft : II , `` Apollon '' . The best repertory of cult sites ( Burkert ) . Pfeiff , K.A. , 1943 . Apollon : Wandlung seines Bildes in der griechischen Kunst . Traces the changing iconography of Apollo . D.S. Robertson ( 1945 ) A handbook of Greek and Roman Architecture Cambridge University Press Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Apollo '' Spivey Nigel ( 1997 ) Greek art Phaedon Press Ltd . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo . Look up Apollo in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Apollo at the Greek Mythology Link , by Carlos Parada The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database : ca 1650 images of Apollo Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Proto - Indo - European religion Hellenistic religion Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mycenaean deities Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Monism Mythology Nympholepsy Paganism Paradoxography Polytheism Theism Texts / Epic poems / Ode Aretalogy Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Telegony The golden verses of Pythagoras Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Hypsistarians Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Orgia Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Sacred places Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus Cretea Delphi Delos Dodona Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Mythical beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Aquatic deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus The Naiads The Nereids Nereus The Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon The Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Makhai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermanubis Hermes Thanatos Achlys Angelos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Persephone Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Morpheus Pasithea Phantasos Phobetor Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Dolos Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Triple deity Other major deities Azone The Erinyes Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Unknown God Zelus Heroes / Heroines Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Oracles / Seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Delphic Sibyl Elatus Ennomus Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Magic Apotropaic magic Greek Magical Papyri Philia Mythical realms Aethiopia Atlantis Hyperborea Libya Nysa Panchaia Scythia Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / Swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Symbols - Objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals - Daemons / Spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Cranes - Pygmies war Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Diipetes Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Wheel of fire Xoanon Symbols Arkalochori Axe Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Ornithomancy Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Storage containers / Cups Amphora Calathus Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Kollops Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / Feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Vessels Argo Phaeacian ships Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture Ancient Roman religion and mythology Deities Apollo Bellona Bona Dea Castor and Pollux Ceres Cupid Diana Dīs Pater Egeria Fauna Faunus Flora Genius Hercules Janus Juno Jupiter Lares Liber Libertas Lucina Mars Mercury Minerva Orcus Neptune Penates Pluto Pomona Priapus Proserpina Quirinus Saturn Silvanus Sol Venus Vesta Vulcan Abstract deities Abundantia Aequitas Concordia Fides Fortuna Pietas Roma Salus Securitas Spes Victoria Terra Legendary figures Aeneas Rhea Silvia Romulus and Remus Numa Pompilius Tullus Hostilius Servius Tullius Ancus Marcius Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Texts Virgil Aeneid Ovid Metamorphoses Fasti Propertius Apuleius The Golden Ass Varro Concepts and practices Religion in ancient Rome Festivals Interpretatio graeca Imperial cult Temples See also Glossary of ancient Roman religion Greek mythology Myth and ritual Classical mythology Conversion to Christianity Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism `` Apollo and Daphne '' from Ovid 's Metamorphoses Characters Apollo Daphne Operas Dafne ( 1597 ) La Dafne ( 1608 ) Dafne ( 1627 ) Gli amori d'Apollo e di Dafne ( 1640 ) Daphne ( 1938 ) Other Apollo e Dafne ( cantata ) Apollo and Daphne ( sculpture ) Other Daphnomancy The Wood of Suicides VIAF : 3261638 LCCN : n2014033988 GND : 118503642 SUDOC : 027476537 BNF : cb11950847r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo&oldid=833755469 '' Categories : Apollo Arts gods Deities in the Iliad Dragonslayers Health gods Knowledge gods LGBT themes in mythology Muses Temples of Apollo Mythological Greek archers Mythological rapists Oracular gods Roman gods Solar gods Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2013 Pages using infobox deity with unknown parameters Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Mycenaean Greek - language text Articles containing Hittite - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 91 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 08 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is apollo the god of in roman mythology	[ "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]", "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]", "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]", "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]", "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]", "Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, Apollōn (GEN Ἀπόλλωνος); Doric: Ἀπέλλων, Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: Ἀπείλων, Apeilōn; Aeolic: Ἄπλουν, Aploun; Latin: Apollō) is one of the most important and complex of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of music, truth and prophecy, healing, the sun and light, plague, poetry, and more. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto, and has a twin sister, the chaste huntress Artemis. Apollo is known in Greek-influenced Etruscan mythology as Apulu.[1]" ]	[ "music", "truth and prophecy", "healing", "the sun and light", "plague", "poetry" ]
1947982503575231641	Diablo III	Diablo III - wikipedia Diablo III Jump to : navigation , search Diablo III Developer ( s ) Blizzard Entertainment Publisher ( s ) Blizzard Entertainment Director ( s ) Jay Wilson Producer ( s ) Alex Mayberry Designer ( s ) Kevin Martens David M. Adams Programmer ( s ) Jason Regier Artist ( s ) Christian Lichtner Writer ( s ) Chris Metzen Composer ( s ) Russell Brower Derek Duke Glenn Stafford Series Diablo Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Microsoft Windows , macOS May 15 , 2012 PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 September 3 , 2013 PlayStation 4 , Xbox One August 19 , 2014 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing , hack and slash Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Diablo III is a dungeon crawler action role - playing video game developed and published by Blizzard Entertainment . It is the third installment in the Diablo franchise and was released on May 15 , 2012 for Microsoft Windows and macOS . A console version was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on September 3 , 2013 . Versions for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released on August 19 , 2014 . In the game , players choose one of seven character classes -- Barbarian , Crusader , Demon Hunter , Monk , Necromancer , Witch Doctor or Wizard ( with the Crusader being unavailable unless the player has purchased the expansion pack , Diablo III : Reaper of Souls and the Necromancer added later as separate online purchase ) -- and are tasked with defeating the Lord of Terror , Diablo . Diablo III set a new record for fastest - selling PC game selling over 3.5 million copies in the first 24 hours of its release , and was the best selling PC game of 2012 , selling over 12 million copies during the year . It has sold , along with Reaper of Souls , 30 million copies across all platforms . Diablo III received critical acclaim from critics , although its digital rights management that requires an internet connection at all times was criticized . The expansion pack Diablo III : Reaper of Souls was released for the Windows and macOS editions of the game on March 25 , 2014 . For consoles the expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition version . It was released for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 on August 19 , 2014 . Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition includes the original console version of Diablo III and Diablo III : Reaper of Souls expansion pack . The second expansion Diablo III : Rise of the Necromancer was released for the Windows , macOS , and latest - generation console editions of the game on June 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Hardcore mode 1.2 Artisans 1.3 Followers 1.4 Auction house 1.5 PvP combat 1.6 Character classes 2 Plot 2.1 Act I 2.2 Act II 2.3 Act III 2.4 Act IV 3 Development 3.1 Beta 3.2 Post-launch improvements 3.3 Console development 4 Marketing and release 4.1 World of Warcraft promotion 4.2 Starter Edition 5 Soundtrack 6 Reaper of Souls expansion 7 Reception 7.1 Critical reception 7.2 Sales 8 Controversies 8.1 South Korea 8.2 France 8.3 Germany 9 References 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Diablo III 's inventory and HUD retain a feel similar to that found in earlier games in the series , including a viewpoint reminiscent of the isometric view of Diablo III 's predecessors . The inventory has sixty slots for items . Armor and weaponry each occupy two slots and all other items each occupy one slot . It can also be expanded to include details about the character 's attributes . Much like in Diablo and Diablo II , the quality and attributes of equipment are randomized . In addition to base stats ( such as damage and attack speed for weapon or armor points on armor ) , higher - quality items have additional properties , such as extra damage , attribute bonuses , bonuses to critical hit chance or sockets ( which allow items to be upgraded and customized by adding gems for various stat bonuses ) . Magic - quality items have 1 to 3 random properties , rare - quality items have 4 to 6 random properties and legendary - quality items typically have 6 to 8 properties with varying degrees of randomness ( for example , the Mempo of Twilight , a legendary helm , always has a socket , bonuses to elemental resistance , attack speed and life , a bonus to either Intelligence , Dexterity or Strength , and one additional random property , however the magnitude of these bonuses varies from item to item ) , and set items are a subtype of legendary items which provide additional , cumulative bonuses if multiple items from the same set are simultaneously equipped . Higher level monsters tend to drop higher level items , which tend to have higher base stats and bonuses . Diablo III 's skills window depicting the abilities of the wizard class The proprietary engine incorporates Blizzard 's custom in - house physics , and features destructible environments with an in - game damage effect . The developers sought to make the game run on a wide range of systems without requiring DirectX 10 . Diablo III uses a custom 3D game engine in order to present an overhead view to the player , in a somewhat similar way to the isometric view used in previous games in the series . Enemies utilize the 3D environment as well , in ways such as crawling up the side of a wall from below into the combat area . As in Diablo II , multiplayer games are possible using Blizzard 's Battle.net service , with many of the new features developed for StarCraft II also available in Diablo III . Players are also able to drop in and out of sessions of co-operative play with other players . Unlike its predecessor , Diablo III requires players to be connected to the internet constantly due to their DRM policy , even for single - player games . An enhanced quest system , a random level generator , and a random encounter generator are used in order to ensure the game provides different experiences when replayed . Unlike previous iterations , gold can be picked up merely by touching it , or coming within range , adjusted by gear , rather than having to manually pick it up . One of the new features intended to speed gameplay is that health orbs drop from enemies , replacing the need to have a potion bar , which itself is replaced by a skill bar that allows a player to assign quick bar buttons to skills and spells ; previously , players could only assign two skills ( one for each mouse button ) and had to swap skills with the keyboard or mousewheel . Players can still assign specific attacks to mouse buttons . Skill runes , another new feature , are skill modifiers that are unlocked as the player levels up . Unlike the socketable runes in Diablo II , skill runes are not items but instead provide options for enhancing skills , often completely changing the gameplay of each skill . For example , one skill rune for the Wizard 's meteor ability reduces its arcane power cost , while another turns the meteor to ice , causing cold damage rather than fire . Hardcore mode ( edit ) As in Diablo II , Diablo III gives players the choice to make hardcore characters . Players are required to first level up a regular character to level 10 before they have the option to create new Hardcore characters . Hardcore characters can not be resurrected ; instead they become permanently unplayable if they are killed . Hardcore characters are separately ranked , and they can only form teams with other hardcore characters . After dying , the ghost of a hardcore character can still chat , the name still shows up in rankings , but the character can not return to the game . If the hardcore character reached level 10 before dying , it can be placed in the Hall of Fallen Heroes . Artisans ( edit ) Artisans are non-player characters ( NPCs ) who sell and craft . Two types of artisans can be introduced by completing a quest for each : Haedrig Eamon the Blacksmith and Covetous Shen the Jeweler . The Reaper of Souls expansion introduced the Mystic artisan , who can replace individual item enchantments and change the physical appearance of items . Artisans create items using materials the player can gather by scrapping acquired items and reducing them to their component parts . These materials are used to create items which will have random bonuses . Unlike Diablo II , rare and magic items can be enhanced , not just basic weaponry and armor . Crafting can also be used to train and improve the skills of the artisans rather than create new items . When artisans gain new levels , their shop reflects their higher skill level . The process of salvaging items into materials also makes inventory management easier . Blizzard stated that this crafting system was designed so that it would not slow down the pace of the game . Followers ( edit ) Followers are NPC allies that can accompany the player throughout the game world . There are three followers in Diablo III : Kormac the Templar , Lyndon the Scoundrel and Eirena the Enchantress , who each possess their own skills and background . As followers fight alongside the player , they gain new experience , skills , and equipment as they level up . Only one follower accompanies the player at a time , creating a gameplay strategy decision . Originally , followers were only going to appear in Normal mode ; however , Jay Wilson stated at BlizzCon 2011 that followers would continue to be usable in later difficulty levels . Followers do not appear in co-op games nor against Diablo , as he will trap them in a cage of metal bones . Auction house ( edit ) On August 1 , 2011 , it was reported that Diablo III would feature two types of auction houses ; one where players spend in - game gold and another where players could buy or sell virtual items for real - world money . The real - money auction house was not available in Hardcore mode . Prior to release , Blizzard stated that nearly everything that drops on the ground , including gold , could be traded with other players either directly or through the auction house system . Aside from certain bound on account items , such as the Staff of Herding needed to access the Whimsyshire easter egg , Blizzard stated there would be very few items that would be bound to a particular character and therefore un-tradable . In order to get rated in South Korea , Blizzard had to remove the real - money auction house from the Korean release of the game as the auction house violated Korean anti-gambling laws . In the gold - based auction house , a flat fee of 15 percent was taken from the final sale price of an auction . The real - money auction house fees were US $1 , € 1 or £ 1 ( or equivalent ) for equipment ( weapons and armor ) and 15 percent fee for commodity auctions , which included items like crafting materials , blacksmith and jewelcrafting plans , and gold exchange . There was an additional 15 percent `` cashing - out '' fee from proceeds gained selling items in the real - money auction house . While the gold - based auction house was available to any player regardless of which region they play in , the real - money auction was restricted to players on their home region . If they used the global play function to play in a different region , they would not be able to access the real - money auction house . The real money auction house was opened on June 12 , 2012 ( June 15 in the Americas ) . In March 2013 , former Diablo III game director Jay Wilson stated that he felt the existence of the auction houses `` really hurt '' the game . `` I think we would turn it off if we could , '' Wilson said during his talk . But the problem is `` not as easy as that . '' On September 17 , 2013 , Blizzard stated that both the gold and real - money auction houses would be shut down on March 18 , 2014 . On March 18 , 2014 , Blizzard closed all the auction houses in Diablo III . Players had until June 24 , 2014 to claim gold and items from the completed tab on the auction house interface . PvP combat ( edit ) Player versus player combat ( PvP ) was added to Diablo III in a limited form with the 1.0. 7 patch , in February 2013 . The Brawling system provides a simple free for all area where between two and four characters can fight and defeat each other as long as they like , but without any scores or damage being tracked . Players can participate by choosing from their existing characters , with access to all of the gear and skill they have gathered from playing the game in single - player or cooperative mode . PvP content for Diablo III had been discussed throughout the game 's development , but on March 9 , 2012 , Blizzard announced that PvP had been delayed and would not be included with the game 's release . Lead designer Jay Wilson said in a post on Battle.net that the PvP Arena system would arrive in a post-release patch ; it would include multiple Arena maps with themed locations and layouts , PvP - centric achievements , and a quick and easy matchmaking system . `` We 'll also be adding a personal progression system that will reward you for successfully bashing in the other team 's skulls '' , Wilson added . On December 27 , 2012 , Blizzard announced that the previously mentioned Team Deathmatch or Arena mode was cancelled , because it did not have enough depth . Instead a simple PvP system would be added for the time being . That PvP mode was initially named Dueling , and was renamed to Brawling before release . Although the PvP systems initially outlined were not released , Blizzard stated that they will add other full - featured PvP systems in a future free content patch . In a May 2013 interview , Diablo III developer Wyatt Cheng stated that the development team was looking to see how the Brawling PvP evolves , while they `` continue to work on figuring out something more objective - based . '' Character classes ( edit ) The five original character classes of Diablo III . From left to right : Wizard , Witch Doctor , Demon Hunter , Barbarian , and Monk . Character creation screen with the Demon Hunter selected There are five available character classes from Diablo III and one from the Reaper of Souls expansion , for a total of six character classes ; a seventh has been added in 2017 . In the previous two games , each class had a fixed gender , but in Diablo III players may choose the gender they would like to play . The Witch Doctor is a new character reminiscent of the Diablo II necromancer but with skills more traditionally associated with shamanism and voodoo culture . The witch doctor has the ability to summon monsters , cast curses , harvest souls , and hurl poisons and explosives at their enemies . To power spells the Witch Doctor uses Mana , which regenerates slowly . The Barbarian previously appeared in Diablo II , and has a variety of revamped skills at its disposal based on incredible physical prowess . The barbarian is able to whirlwind through crowds , cleave through swarms , leap across crags , crush opponents upon landing , and grapple - snap enemies into melee range . The resource used by the barbarian is fury , which is generated through attacking enemies , getting attacked by enemies , and using certain abilities . Fury is used for certain strong abilities and degenerates over time . The Wizard is a version of the sorceress from Diablo II or the sorcerer from Diablo . The Wizard 's abilities range from shooting lightning , fire and ice at their enemies to slowing time and teleporting past enemies and through walls . Wizards fuel their spells with arcane power , which is a fast regenerating power source . The Monk is a melee attacker , using martial arts to cripple foes , resist damage , deflect projectiles , attack with blinding speed , and land explosive killing blows . Monk gameplay combines the melee elements of Diablo II 's assassin class with the `` holy warrior '' role of the paladin . Blizzard has stated that the monk is not related in any way to the monk class from the Sierra Entertainment -- made Diablo : Hellfire expansion . The monk is fueled by spirit , which has defensive purposes and is slowly generated through attacking , though it does not degenerate . The Demon Hunter combines elements of Diablo II 's amazon and assassin classes . Demon hunters use crossbows as their main weapon and can also throw small bombs at enemies . The demon hunter is fueled by both discipline and hatred : Hatred is a fast regenerating resource that is used for attacks , while discipline is a slow regenerating resource used for defensive abilities . The Crusader is a Reaper of Souls expansion character . The crusader has a variety of combat skills at its disposal based on physical prowess , and typically wields a shield and an associated weapon ( typically a flail ) . The crusader is able to ride a horse and strike enemies , shield bash enemies , summon a blessed hammer that circles around the crusader , leap into the air and come crashing down on enemies , have lightning strike foes from the sky , taunt enemies , hurl shields and hammers at enemies , and many more . The resource used by the crusader is wrath , which is generated through attacking enemies , getting attacked by enemies , and using certain abilities . The Necromancer is a death - themed spellcaster , available as downloadable content for Reaper of Souls . Described as a `` reimagining '' of the previous incarnation seen in Diablo II , the necromancer specializes in controlling the dead , be it by summoning minions , reviving dead enemies temporarily or using their corpses as a medium to their magical powers , while using blood magic to power their offensive and defensive abilities . The resource used by the necromancer is essence , which is generated through attacking enemies with their primary skills . The Archivist class was presented on April 1 , 2009 , following in Blizzard 's April Fool 's Day joke tradition . Plot ( edit ) The game takes place in Sanctuary , the dark fantasy world of the Diablo Series , twenty years after the events of Diablo II . Deckard Cain and Leah are in Tristram Cathedral ( the same cathedral that was the setting of Diablo ) investigating ancient texts regarding an ominous prophecy . A mysterious star falling from the sky strikes the Cathedral , creating a deep crater into which Deckard Cain disappears . Act I ( edit ) The protagonist arrives in the town of New Tristram to investigate the falling star which struck the cathedral , which is now emanating risen undead . The protagonist accompanies Leah to the cathedral in order to rescue Cain from the crater into which he fell . After rescuing Cain , the protagonist learns that the only way to the fallen star is to defeat King Leoric , the former ruler of Khanduras known now as the ' Skeleton King ' . Cain informs the protagonist that Leoric 's crown must be recovered to defeat him , and the protagonist searches for Leoric 's crown with the aid of Haedrig Eamon , the blacksmith of New Tristram . After recovering the crown , the protagonist returns to the cathedral where he / she eventually encounters and rescues Kormac , a warrior of the Templar order who has been taken captive by members of a cult known as the Dark Coven . Together , they defeat Leoric and find a stranger where the fallen star landed . The stranger 's only memory is of a sword that shattered into three pieces as he fell . The protagonist recovers the sword pieces from the Khazra Den and the Drowned Temple , opposed by the witch Maghda , leader of the Dark Coven - giving aid to a bandit named Lyndon in retrieving a false relic in the process . Maghda , however , recovers the third piece before the protagonist does and attempts to force Cain to repair the sword . Leah , however , kills the cultists with a surge of magical power , forcing Maghda to kill Cain and flee with the stranger . Cain , before dying , repairs the sword and tasks the protagonist with returning it to the stranger , revealing that both the sword and the stranger are angelic . The protagonist pursues Maghda into the bowels of King Leoric 's dilapidated torture chambers underneath his manor , rescuing the stranger and returning to him his sword after a violent fight with the Butcher , a powerful demon . The stranger 's memories are recovered , and it is revealed that he is the Archangel Tyrael , the Aspect of Justice . Disgusted with his fellow angels ' unwillingness to protect humanity from the forces of Hell , Tyrael casts aside his divinity to become a mortal and warn Sanctuary about the arrival of the demon lords Belial ( Lord of Lies ) and Azmodan ( Lord of Sin ) . Act II ( edit ) The protagonist , Leah , and Tyrael travel to the city of Caldeum . The protagonist leaves to track down Maghda at Alcarnus as per orders from Asheara , commander of the Iron Wolves ( returning from Diablo II ) , while Leah and Tyrael search for evidence of Belial in the city sewers . The protagonist first encounters a young Enchantress who introduces herself as Eirena , who hails from a different era . With Eirena 's help , the protagonist finds and stops cultists from channeling an illusion by halting their progress . Continuing on , the protagonist reaches the Khasim Outpost , finding that Belial 's serpent demons have imprisoned and replaced the true guards . Freeing Captain Davyd and his men , the protagonist reclaims the Khasim Outpost from the serpent demons and is given access to Alcarnus . After freeing the prisoners , the protagonist fights Maghda in her lair and kills her , avenging Cain , then returns to Caldeum to rescue Leah from the grasp of the Imperial Guards . Gaining an audience with the young Emperor of Caldeum , Hakan II , the protagonist is blamed for the chaos at Alcarnus , and the Emperor orders the protagonist 's death and that Leah be brought to him , forcing the protagonist to escape the palace . Escaping to the sewers , Leah reveals that her mother , Adria ( the witch of Tristram from the original game ) is still alive . The protagonist aids Leah in rescuing Adria from the city 's sewers . Adria reveals that the key to stopping the forces of Hell is the Black Soulstone . Crafted by the deranged warlock Zoltun Kulle , it has the power to trap the souls of the seven Lords of Hell and destroy them forever . Leah explains that Kulle was slain by the Horadrim before he could put the finishing touches on the stone , and that his severed head was sealed off in the lush Dahlgur Oasis . Adria instructs the protagonist to find the warlock 's head in the oasis if the Soulstone is to be retrieved . After the head is retrieved , Leah revives the ghost of Zoltun Kulle , and Tyrael instructs him to activate the Black Soulstone . Kulle states that two vials of his blood hidden by the Horadrim in the Desolate Sands are needed to reach the stone . Leah decides to accompany the protagonist whilst putting the warlock 's head in the protagonist 's packs . After recovering the two vials of blood , the protagonist ventures into Kulle 's archives in search of his body , while Leah prepares the ritual to bring Kulle back . After Kulle is brought back to life , the protagonist is then led into the archive 's inner sanctum where the Black Soulstone is located , but is forced to defeat Kulle when the resurrected warlock attempts to take the soulstone for himself . Upon returning to Caldeum , the protagonist finds the city under attack by Belial 's forces . Leah and Adria fight their way to the palace with the protagonist , revealing Belial as having taken the form of the Emperor to deceive them , and eventually defeat him . Leah then traps Belial 's soul within the Black Soulstone , freeing Caldeum , after which she has a vision of the demon lord Azmodan , who is invading Sanctuary from the crater of Mount Arreat ( destroyed by Tyrael in Diablo II : Lord of Destruction ) in order to retrieve the Black Soulstone and empower himself , becoming the Prime Evil . Act III ( edit ) The protagonist travels to Bastion 's Keep with Tyrael , their followers , Leah and Adria only to find it under attack by Azmodan 's army . Tyrael instructs the protagonist to aid the defenders , lighting the signal fires on the keep 's walls , and raising the catapults . With that done , the protagonist enters the stronghold , where Azmodan 's forces have breached the lower levels , defeating the demon Ghom , the Lord of Gluttony . The protagonist then takes to the battlefield , destroying Azmodan 's siege weapons and traveling to the crater of Mount Arreat . Tyrael assists the protagonist in reaching the demonic gate protecting the crater , and destroys it with his sword , El'druin . After a gruesome battle with a huge Siegebreaker Assault Beast , the protagonist traverses the depths of Arreat 's inner core , destroying the Sin Hearts , which empower Azmodan and his armies . Azmodan 's consort Cydaea , the Maiden of Lust , attempts to protect the hearts , but is defeated by the protagonist , who then confronts and defeats Azmodan . Leah seals Azmodan 's soul within the Black Soulstone . With all seven Lords of Hell trapped within the stone , Tyrael states that the Eternal Conflict between Heaven and Hell will be ended if the stone is destroyed . The protagonist returns to Bastion 's Keep , but finds that Adria has betrayed them . Adria reveals she has been serving Diablo from the beginning , and that Leah 's father is Leoric 's son Aidan , the Dark Wanderer ( the Warrior player character from the first game and Diablo 's reincarnate body in Diablo II ) , who was possessed by Diablo . Adria uses the Black Soulstone to resurrect Diablo while forcing Leah to serve as his vessel . With all the souls of the Lords of Hell now within him , Diablo becomes the Prime Evil , and begins an assault on the High Heavens . Act iv ( edit ) The protagonist arrives in the High Heavens to find that it is already under attack . Imperius , the Aspect of Valor , blames the protagonist and Tyrael for their downfall , causing Tyrael to give in to despair . On the other hand , the protagonist remains determined to fight , and defeats the demon Iskatu . The protagonist then meets Itherael , the Aspect of Fate , who instructs him to rescue Auriel , the Aspect of Hope , from Rakanoth , the Lord of Despair , in the Library of Fate . After rescuing Auriel and returning hope to the forces of Heaven , the protagonist is then instructed by Auriel to close the Hell Rifts . After this is done , the protagonist finds Tyrael , who has overcome his despair . Together , they attempt to stop Diablo from reaching the Crystal Arch , the source of power for the forces of Heaven , but not before a brawl with Izual , Tyrael 's corrupted former lieutenant . After a long and fierce battle , Diablo is defeated and his physical manifestation is destroyed . The Black Soulstone is shown falling from the High Heavens , still intact . After the battle , Tyrael decides to rejoin the Angiris Council as the new Aspect of Wisdom , but remains a mortal , dedicated to building a permanent alliance between angels and humans . Development ( edit ) Development on Diablo III began in 2001 when Blizzard North was still in operation , and the game was first announced on June 28 , 2008 , at the Blizzard Worldwide Invitational in Paris , France . The original artistic design differed from that shown at Blizzard Worldwide Invitational 2008 demonstration , and had undergone three revisions before reaching the standards felt necessary by the team behind Diablo III . It was announced that the game would be simultaneously released on both Windows and Mac macOS platforms , and would require a constant internet connection to play , even for single - player mode . The proprietary engine incorporates Blizzard 's custom in - house physics , a change from the original usage of Havok 's physics engine , and features destructible environments with an in - game damage effect . Diablo III 's lead designer was Jay Wilson , a former Relic Entertainment designer credited with work on Warhammer 40,000 : Dawn of War and Company of Heroes , as well as Blood II : The Chosen for Monolith Productions . The lead world designer was Leonard Boyarsky , one of the six co-creators of Fallout . Bobby Kotick from Activision announced in February 2012 , that Diablo III would not launch in the 1st quarter of 2012 ; a slide show presentation at Activision 's quarterly financial report listed the game 's launch sometime in Q2 of 2012 , and the release date of May 15 , 2012 , was announced on March 15 , 2012 . Beta ( edit ) On May 9 , 2011 , Blizzard announced that Diablo III was expected to be released for external beta testing in Q3 of 2011 . On September 7 , 2011 , Blizzard community manager Bashiok confirmed the start of the closed public beta test of the game with limited external testing by employees and their families . Testers were not restricted by a non-disclosure agreement ( NDA ) i.e. every participant would be free to show , share , or talk about any portion of the beta content . On September 20 , 2011 , Blizzard announced through their Diablo III site that the closed beta test portion of the game through invites , promotions and giveaways had begun . On October 22 , 2011 , at BlizzCon , Diablo III game director Jay Wilson announced during an open Q&A that a new wave of beta invitations would be sent after an upcoming patch . Blizzard announced on April 19 , 2012 , that there would be an open beta weekend for the game , starting on April 20 , 2012 , and ending the morning of April 23 . The closed beta ended on May 1 , 2012 . The content available in the beta included the possibility to try all 5 character classes in the first act up to the Skeleton King encounter . The players were also able to try various in - game features such as crafting through the blacksmithing NPC , the auction house , hosting and joining public games as well as earning achievements . The beta website made references that measures would be in place to prevent future cheating . Post-launch improvements ( edit ) On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced at Apple 's 2012 WWDC keynote that native Retina display support will be coming to Diablo III . The following day , a Blizzard representative confirmed via the official Battle.net forums Apple 's statement , the ongoing work by the developer on the optimization of the game engine for its rendering on the Retina display ( and technically on other similar future high - density monitors ) and that this optimization will be mainly for aesthetic purposes . Patch 1.0. 4 introduced the paragon leveling system . After reaching the level cap of 60 , characters continue to accumulate experience points , gaining paragon levels ( up to a cap of 100 ) , each of which provides a bonus to core stats ( making characters more powerful and durable ) and magic find and gold find ( increasing the quantity and average quality of loot drops ) . Patch 1.0. 5 expanded the difficulty settings with the addition of the Monster Power system . In addition to the Normal / Nightmare / Hell / Inferno difficulty system , players can also set Monster Power at any level from 0 to 10 , with each level of Monster Power increasing the damage , health points , experience point yield and loot drop rates beyond the base value for a given difficulty tier . The first PvP addition to the game was in February 2013 , as part of patch 1.0. 7 ; a simple free - for - all system called `` Brawling '' and multiple item crafting options . Main article : Diablo III : Reaper of Souls § Pre-expansion patch On February 25 , 2014 , patch 2.0. 1 was released , introducing extensive changes in preparation for the Reaper of Souls expansion , which was itself released on March 25 . For Diablo 's 20th anniversary , it was announced during BlizzCon 2016 that Diablo III would receive a free patch called The Darkening of Tristam that would recreate the original game . The patch will contain a 16 - level dungeon , four main bosses from the 1996 version and special graphics filters and 8 - directions limited movement like the original game . The patch is scheduled to release one week after the event , which happened on November 4 , 2016 . Console development ( edit ) On January 10 , 2012 , Blizzard community manager Bashiok tweeted `` Yup . Josh Mosqueira is lead designer for the Diablo III console project '' however a Blizzard spokesperson later clarified that Bashiok 's tweet was only `` intended as a confirmation that Blizzard is actively exploring the possibility of developing a console version of Diablo III , '' adding , `` This is not a confirmation that Diablo III is coming to any console platform . '' At Sony 's Press Conference on February 20 , 2013 , Chris Metzen announced that Diablo III would release on both PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 . Activision Blizzard stated in their first - quarter 2013 earnings report , that the PlayStation 3 version of Diablo III would be released in 2013 . On June 6 , 2013 , Blizzard announced that both the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 port of the game would be released on September 3 , 2013 . A PS3 version of the game was published and localized by Square Enix in Japan , released there on January 30 , 2014 . In August 2013 , Diablo III developers stated that they had started on the PlayStation 4 development of the game , titled Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition , and were looking at how to best utilize the new features of the PS4 controller , such as the TouchPad and the Share button . They are hopeful that characters from the PS3 version of Diablo III will be able to play directly on the PS4 . In May 2014 , Blizzard announced that Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition would be released on August 19 , bringing the game to the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . The game will run at 1080p on PlayStation 4 and , while it was initially announced to run at 900p on Xbox One , a day one patch will enable it to run at 1080p . The consoles versions of Reaper of Souls added several new features exclusive to it , including the Nemesis System which will send a boss into your game that will hunt down your character specifically . If you defeat the boss you are awarded with a higher chance at legendary items , but if it kills your character it will come back , but stronger and also be transferred to another player on your friends list if you are online . Marketing and release ( edit ) People queuing for the release in Uppsala , Sweden Diablo III was released on May 15 , 2012 . Players had the options to buy one of two retail boxed versions , a standard edition and collector 's edition , or could also pre-order directly from Battle.net and download the installer in advance . On May 14 , 2012 , players who bought the downloadable version from Battle.net could install the rest of the game including patches . On May 15 , 2012 , the retail version could be bought from stores doing midnight launches such as GameStop . The Diablo III Battle.net servers went live at this point , people who downloaded the game could begin playing . Initially the launches were hindered by heavy server load with many users getting various errors , including the error 37 which reads ; `` The servers are busy at this time . Please try again later '' . These issues made the game unplayable for those affected , while some others experienced in - game bugs . Despite assurances from Blizzard that the problems leading to the connection errors during Diablo III 's launch had been resolved , Eurogamer reported on May 31 , 2012 , that these errors were still ongoing , and had reappeared after patch 1.0. 2 was released for the game . Many fans complained that the ongoing problems had caused them to lose their hardcore ( permanent death ) characters . In South Korea , players waited up to 36 hours to purchase the collector 's edition . The release was also the source of a minor controversy in Australia when retailer Game went into voluntary administration the day before the release , and so was unable to honor pre-orders or offer refunds . In response to this , Blizzard Entertainment offered affected customers credit in purchasing the digital version of the game . On April 23 , 2015 , the game was released in China as it was approved by the Ministry of Culture . It used to be sold under the name `` Big Pineapple '' ( 大菠萝 Dɑ Boluo ) which sounds similar to Diablo in Mandarin Chinese in order to dodge the sales ban . World of Warcraft promotion ( edit ) Starting at BlizzCon in October 2011 , Blizzard offered an `` annual pass '' for World of Warcraft , where players who signed up for a 12 - month subscription to that game received a free digital copy of Diablo III once released , as well as guaranteed beta access for the Mists of Pandaria expansion to World of Warcraft and a special Diablo - inspired mount called Tyrael 's Charger in World of Warcraft . Starter Edition ( edit ) A demo version of the game , called the Starter Edition , was released simultaneously with the full release . It provides a limited introduction to the game where players can complete Act 1 up to the Skeleton King boss encounter with a level cap of 13 . Originally after Diablo III 's release the Starter Edition was only available through a guest pass code , which was included with the boxed versions of the game . Players have the option to upgrade to the full game through their Battle.net accounts . The Starter Edition became available to all users a few months after release on August 15 , 2012 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Diablo III Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Russell Brower , Derek Duke , Glenn Stafford , Joseph Lawrence , Neal Acree , Laurence Juber and Edo Guidotti Released May 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 15 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 77 : 46 Label Azeroth Music Russell Brower was the primary composer of the music for Diablo III . Additional music was composed by Derek Duke , Glenn Stafford , Joseph Lawrence , Neal Acree , Laurence Juber & Edo Guidotti . When composing for the orchestra , Brower tried to respect the Wagnerian style from the expansion to the second game in the series , Lord of Destruction . The Overture is considered the main theme of the game and it has been performed by the Eminence Symphony Orchestra , and was released on iTunes in 2009 , as a single . A similar composition was used in the cinematic teaser trailer of the game . The Tristram theme from the first Diablo , also used in the second game , is present in Diablo III with some changes. . Irish choral ensemble Anúna also feature on the soundtrack . Brower stated that `` Working somewhat against conventional expectations , Hell is a beautiful and seductive sound , provided by Dublin 's uniquely astounding choral group ANÚNA '' . A full soundtrack was released on iTunes on May 15 , 2012 ( the same day the game was released ) , as well as part of the Collector 's Edition of the game . ( show ) Diablo III Soundtrack No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` And The Heavens Shall Tremble '' Russell Brower , Derek Duke , Glenn Stafford , Joseph Lawrence , Neal Acree , Laurence Juber & Edo Guidotti 2 : 24 2 . `` The Eternal Conflict '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 37 3 . `` New Tristram '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 5 : 16 4 . `` Demon Hunter '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 59 5 . `` Black Soulstone '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 48 6 . `` Azmodan '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 59 7 . `` Witch Doctor '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 18 8 . `` Tamoe Highlands '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 4 : 18 9 . `` I Am Justice '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 57 10 . `` Barbarian '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 0 : 58 11 . `` Arreat '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 3 : 56 12 . `` Leoric '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 8 : 11 13 . `` Monk '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 28 14 . `` Incantation '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 18 15 . `` Bastion 's Keep '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 7 : 31 16 . `` Wizard '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 1 : 17 17 . `` Caldeum '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 7 : 11 18 . `` Evil Reawakened '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 3 : 30 19 . `` Garden of Hope '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 3 : 25 20 . `` Heaven 's Gate '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 43 21 . `` A Tenuous Bond '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 4 : 50 22 . `` A New Dawn '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 27 23 . `` Leah '' Brower , Duke , Stafford , Lawrence , Acree , Juber , & Guidotti 2 : 36 Total length : 77 : 46 Reaper of Souls expansion ( edit ) Main article : Diablo III : Reaper of Souls On August 21 , 2013 , it was announced at the German games fair Gamescom that Diablo III : Reaper of Souls would be the first expansion for Diablo III . It features the fallen angel of wisdom Malthael as the expansion 's main villain and is set in the city of Westmarch , which takes inspiration from many Gothic medieval locations . The expansion includes a new hero called the Crusader , an increased level cap to level 70 , major improvements to loot drops including the ability to change item stats using an enchanting system , the ability to change the look of an item using transmogrification , and an improved Paragon leveling system which is account - wide and does not have a level cap . Reaper of Souls was released on March 25 , 2014 , for the Windows and macOS versions of Diablo III . The expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition version for consoles on August 19 for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 . That edition expanded the base Diablo III game on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , and brought the game for the first time to the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings ( PS4 ) 91 % ( XONE ) 89 % ( PC ) 88 % ( X360 ) 87 % ( PS3 ) 86 % Metacritic ( PS4 ) 90 / 100 ( PC ) 88 / 100 ( X360 ) 87 / 100 ( XONE ) 86 / 100 ( PS3 ) 86 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Edge 9 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 G4 4.5 / 5 Game Informer 9 / 10 GameSpot 8.5 / 10 GameSpy GamesRadar+ 8 / 10 IGN 9.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 / 100 Polygon 10 / 10 Diablo III has received positive reviews from critics , attaining scores of 88 % and 88 / 100 on aggregate review websites GameRankings and Metacritic respectively . GamesRadar was positive about the game 's opening act and its nods to past Diablo games saying `` we liked what we saw . '' IGN was positive about the new skill system stating `` Instead of gameplay like Diablo II , where I often regretted how I allotted my ability points , Diablo III encourages experimentation and finding out exactly what works for your play - style . It 's a vastly superior way to handle character abilities '' , and praised the overall gameplay , stating `` the new systems really do make it a lot easier to enjoy Diablo III '' . IGN further praised the game 's new gameplay design , in particular the rune and loot systems , the randomly generated levels and the game 's enjoyable unpredictability . It stated the game 's feel is quite intuitive and also praised the game 's sound and voicing . Rock , Paper , Shotgun gave mixed commentary during the game 's beta period , praising the actual game itself by stating that it is much more direct than its predecessors and intuitive in its interface . However , it said the playing experience is spoiled due to lag in single - player mode caused by a lack of an offline single - player mode . Following the game 's release , it reaffirmed its displeasure at the always - online DRM and offered a mixed opinion that the game was enjoyable but added `` nothing new '' to its genre . Users have voiced criticism about the game 's strong digital rights management which requires what is known as persistent online authentication , resulting in the lack of an offline single - player mode . Erik Kain , a Forbes contributing writer , stated that the requirement to remain online is not necessary for single - player mode and that Blizzard is abusing its position as a `` juggernaut '' and is setting a worrying precedent for the gaming industry . In response to questions about the lack of offline single - player , Diablo III senior producer Alex Mayberry said , `` Obviously StarCraft II did it , World of Warcraft authenticates also . It 's kind of the way things are , these days . The world of gaming is not the same as it was when Diablo II came out . '' Gaming Blend supported the game 's fanbase ( referring to the user ratings on Metacritic and Amazon ) and rejected counter-criticisms of the community . It claims that the gaming industry at large is far too defensive of production companies ' actions , to the point of accepting backward steps in game availability . William Usher , the article 's author said , `` Journalists should have been acknowledging consumer distaste rather than fueling it with pro-corporate pandering . '' While Gaming Blend disliked the always - online DRM , it did give the game a positive review . It stated the game includes interesting opportunities for experimentation and has great appeal for replaying over and over . The review concluded the game is `` smooth and entertaining . '' A GameArena critic questioned how Blizzard managed to `` fail so spectacularly at creating reliable networking for Diablo 3 '' before going on to point out the lack of competitive multiplayer . Many users criticized the art direction as it was considered too bright and colourful in contrast to the darker atmosphere of the previous releases . This led to petitions demanding Blizzard to change the design . The lead producer responded to these criticisms and explaining the design choices by stating that `` We feel that color actually helps to create a lot of highlights in the game so that there is contrast . '' He also highlighted that unlike the previous games , the players explore outdoors . The Black Soulstone footage won the ' Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Commercial or Video Game Trailer ' award from the Visual Effects Society . Sales ( edit ) Before its release , Diablo III broke several presale records and became the most pre-ordered PC game to date on Amazon.com . Activision Blizzard reported that Diablo III had broken the one - day PC sales records , accumulating over 3.5 million sales in the first 24 hours after release and over 6.3 million sales in its first week , including the 1.2 million people who obtained Diablo III through the World of Warcraft annual pass . On its first day , the game amassed 4.7 million players worldwide , an estimate which includes those who obtained the game via the World of Warcraft annual pass . In its 2012 second quarter report , Diablo III was reported to have pushed Activision Blizzard 's expectations and as of July 2012 , more than 10 million people had played the game . Diablo III remains the fastest selling PC game to date , and also one of the best - selling PC video games . As of the end of 2012 , it had sold more than 12 million copies , and as of March 2013 , Blizzard stated that Diablo III had around 1 million daily players , with 3 million unique players each month . As of May 2013 , Diablo III had been played by 14.5 million unique players , according to Blizzard 's released statistics . As of February 2014 , the game had sold 15 million copies across all platforms . As of June 30 , 2014 , Diablo III and Reaper of Souls had combined sales worldwide of more than 20 million copies . As of June 30 , 2015 , the game had sold , along with Reaper of Souls , 30 million units . Controversies ( edit ) South Korea ( edit ) On May 28 , 2012 , Blizzard Entertainment 's offices in South Korea were raided by the Fair Trade Commission amid allegations that the company had breached consumer rights laws , including suspected violations of Korea 's law on electronic commerce and commercial contracts . Players in Korea requested refunds from Blizzard based on their inability to play Diablo III , but Blizzard cited the terms of sale and refused to grant these requests . Hundreds of gamers filed formal complaints with the FTC , and in June 2012 Blizzard started offering players full refunds . France ( edit ) On June 15 , 2012 , French consumers group UFC Que Choisir announced that it had received 1,500 complaints in four days regarding connectivity issues with Diablo III . As a result of this , the organization asked Blizzard Entertainment to provide a permanent solution by June 30 , 2012 , and to `` communicate completely and transparently about problems encountered in due time '' . They also requested that gamers be given reimbursement for any troubles they may have encountered . In addition , they asked the French government to take a closer look at games with online - only DRM . On June 28 , Blizzard replied to the Que Choisir that the box for Diablo III clearly labelled that a high - speed internet connection was required and that most of the stability issues had been fixed . Germany ( edit ) The German Federation of Consumer Organizations threatened legal action if Blizzard did not respond to complaints about Diablo III 's lack of clear information on the German version of the box by July 27 , 2012 , regarding the always online requirement and lack of ability to resell the digital game . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ PC Gamer US ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` Diablo III Preview '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Blizzard Announces Diablo 3 for PlayStation 4 '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kubba , Sinan ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` Diablo 3 coming to Xbox 360 as well , dated worldwide Sept. 3 '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diablo III Launching May 15 -- Digital Pre-Sales NOW OPEN '' . Blizzard . March 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Diablo III Wo n't Hit PlayStation 4 Until 2014 '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III sets PC game launch record '' . Blizzard Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : Bramblet , Matthew ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Activision Blizzard Q4 2012 Earnings Report '' . diablo.somepage.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kain , Erik ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo III ' Fans Should Stay Angry About Always - Online DRM '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reaper of Souls Coming to Console August 19 '' . Blizzard Entertainment . May 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Necromancer Pack Arrives June 27 ! '' . Blizzard Entertainment . June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jay . `` Diablo '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Blizzard . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Items - Game Guide - Diablo III '' . ^ Jump up to : Onyett , Charles ( June 28 , 2008 ) . `` Diablo III Gameplay Panel Live Blog '' . IGN . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Blizzard Entertainment . ^ Jump up to : `` Diablo III ' Classes ' Gameplay ( video ) '' . GameVideos.com . June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Live From Blizzard 's Worldwide Invitational 2008 '' . IGN . June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Oli ( June 28 , 2008 ) . `` Blizzard announces Diablo III '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Coldewey , Devin ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Diablo 3 DRM Requires Constant Internet Connection -- Until You Crack It , Of Course '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diablo III Unveiled '' ( Press release ) . Blizzard Entertainment . June 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Game Guide : Gameplay Fundamentals '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breckon , Nick . `` ShackNews 19 May 2009 , retrieved on 2009 - 19 - 05 '' . Shacknews.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donlan , Chris ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Hardcore mode is indeed back ... '' Next-gen.biz . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Hardcore Mode patch 14 '' . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coby , Alex ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` If You 're Not Playing Diablo III Hardcore , You 're Doing It Wrong '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schlotan , Nathan ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` Travel With the Caravan in Diablo III '' . RPGamer . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III - Followers '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Followers Viability '' . Jump up ^ Mead , Derek ( July 31 , 2011 ) . `` Diablo III to offer cash auctions , ca n't be played offline '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Get Rich Playing Diablo III '' . IGN . August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Winter , Nick ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard Drops Auction House for Korean Diablo III '' . GameSpy.com . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Auction House General Information '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Global Play for Diablo ® III '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 Director Jay Wilson : Auction Houses ' really hurt ' game '' . Jump up ^ `` Jay Wilson : We 'd Turn Off Diablo III 's Auction House If We Could '' . Jump up ^ `` Jay Wilson Says the Diablo 3 Auction House Hurt the Game '' . Jump up ^ Liebl , Matt ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Diablo 3 Auction house to be shut down in March 2014 '' . GameZone . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Auction House Update FAQ '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Patch 1.0. 7 Now Live '' . Blizzard . February 12 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jay ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo III PvP Update - Diablo III '' . Us.battle.net . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jay ( December 27 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo III PvP Update '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dueling System Renamed to ' Brawling ' '' . diablo.somepage.com . February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bramblet , Matthew ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Candid Chats with Wyatt Cheng and Travis Day '' . Diablo Somepage . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Which characters will be in Diablo III ? '' . Blizzard.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Character classes '' . Us.blizzard.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Restoring the Balance -- Necromancer Overview - Diablo III Jump up ^ `` Diablo III - Witch Doctor Character Class Interview '' . IGN.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III - Barbarian Character Class Interview '' . IGN.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III - Wizard Character Class Interview '' . IGN.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bashiok ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Lies about old classes ? - Monk - '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III - Monk Character Class Interview '' . IGN.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III - Demon Hunter Character Class Interview '' . IGN.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Archivist ( april fools ) - Diablo Wiki '' . DiabloWiki . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 can not be played offline '' . PC Gamer . January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III is Coming Soon '' . Cheats.co . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Elizabeth ( June 29 , 2008 ) . `` Joystiq chats with Jay Wilson on Diablo 3 '' . Joystiq.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remo , Chris ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Blizzard mines my 90s - era gaming memories '' . Remowned . Retrieved July 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Justin ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Diablo 3 ' external ' beta coming Q3 2011 '' . Joystiq . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bashiok ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friends And Family Test And NDA '' . us.battle.net . Jump up ^ `` Diablo ® III Open Beta Weekend '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Beta Test Overview & FAQ '' . Blizzard . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Auction House FAQ Customer Support '' . Blizzard . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 updated with Retina display support for ' next generation ' MacBook Pro '' . Joystiq . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III and 2012 MacBook Pro Retina Displays '' . Machkhan ( Blizzard 's Support Forum Agent ) . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Paragon System - Diablo III '' . Jump up ^ `` Monster Power : More Guts , More Glory - Diablo III '' . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason . `` Blizzard Is Remaking Diablo Inside Of Diablo III '' . Kotaku . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Miranda . `` The Original Diablo Returns in Diablo 3 Anniversary Patch '' . IGN . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard : Diablo III Is Coming To Consoles '' . Wired . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Matt ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard : Diablo III not confirmed for any console platform at this time '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bramblet , Matthew ( May 18 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation 3 Diablo III Release Date in 2013 '' . diablo.somepage.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` 3DS sales top 15 million in Japan , Diablo 3 debuts close to chart top -- Media Create '' . VG24 / 7 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kanter , Rob ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` PS3 Diablo III Characters Might Play on PS4 - Matthew Berger from the D3 console team talks future plans for the game '' . Diablo Somepage . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Diablo 3 runs at 1080p on PS4 , 900p on Xbox One '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tyler ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Diablo 3 For Xbox One To Get 1080p Support In Day One Patch '' . Ubergizmo . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jared . `` Diablo III Launches at Midnight : What You Need to Know '' . PCWorld . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 Server Meltdown Unable to Meet Demand '' . IBTimes . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` The Good , the Bad and the Ugly of Diablo 3 Launch Day '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 struck by error 37 woe again '' . Eurogamer . May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 디아블로 3 , 한정판 구하기 하늘 의 별따기 ? ... 줄 선 사람들 도 돌려 보내 '' . etoday . Jump up ^ Manning , James ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Ripped off ' : fans rage as Diablo 3 debut spoiled by glitches '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manning , James ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard steps in after GAME customers ' left out in the cold ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Activision Blizzard Announces Better - Than - Expected Second Quarter 2015 Financial Results '' . Yahoo Finance . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 Being Called `` Big Pineapple '' in China to Dodge Sales Ban `` . PCWorld . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Entertainment , Blizzard ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` World of Warcraft Annual Pass Update - World of Warcraft '' . battle.net . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Diablo 3 ' Starter Edition confirmed '' . Digitalspy.ca . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Diablo 3 ' Starter Edition Now Available '' . Blizzard Entertainment . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flux ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Diablo III 's Composer Speaks '' . incgamers.com . Jump up ^ Flux ( 2009 ) . `` Diablo III Overture - Single , Russell Brower & The Eminence Symphony Orchestra '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Destructoid News '' . Jump up ^ `` Live : Blizzard Gamescom conference '' . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III : Reaper of Souls '' . Blizzard Entertainment . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition for PlayStation 4 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition for Xbox One - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diablo III for PC - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III for Xbox 360 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III for PlayStation 3 - GameRankings '' . GameRankings . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition for PlayStation 4 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diablo III for PC Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III for Xbox 360 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III : Ultimate Evil Edition for Xbox One Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III for PlayStation 3 Reviews - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III review '' . Edge . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Oli ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo 3 Review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Francis , Tom ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo 3 review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Hollander ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo III review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Kevin ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo 3 Review for PC '' . G4 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Biessener , Adam ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` A New High Water Mark For Action / RPGs - Diablo III '' . Game Informer . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petit , Carolyn ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo III Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Chuck ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo 3 Review - The Verdict Is In ! '' . GameSpy . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gies , Arthur . `` Diablo 3 Review : Angels and Demons '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallegos , Anthony . `` Diablo III Review '' . IGN . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III review ( so far ) - Act I impressions '' . GamesRadar . May 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Review in Progress '' . IGN . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallegos , Anthony ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo III Review : Well worth the wait '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Hack Slashes : Three Hours With Diablo III '' . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` How Diablo III 's Solo Experience Reveals A Hollow Game '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geere , Duncan . `` Diablo 3 will come with egregious DRM , cash - payments and no modding '' . Wired UK . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Usher , William ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo 3 's Launch Fiasco Proves Video Game Journalism Fails '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haas , Peter ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo 3 Review : Between Heaven And Hell '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III Review - Game Reviews - BigPond GameArena '' . Gamearena.com.au . May 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tracey , John . `` ' Diablo III ' Producer Justifies Controversial Art Direction : ' Color Is Your Friend ' '' . MTV . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebl , Matt . `` Blizzard wins award for Diablo III ' Black Soulstone ' cinematic '' . GameZone . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Apes , ' ' Hugo , ' ' Transformers 3 ' Win Two Categories Each at VES Awards '' . Hollywood Reporter . February 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 is Amazon 's most pre-ordered PC game ever '' . GameZone . ^ Jump up to : Cork , Jeff ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo III Breaks PC Sales Records '' . Game Informer . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo III Has More than 10 Million Players '' . IGN.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kanter , Rob ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Diablo III Has 3 Million Players a Month , 1 Million Each Day - Jay Wilson at GDC gives current gameplay stats and reflects on how the Auction House ' really hurt ' the game '' . diablo.somepage.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III 's One - Year Anniversary Infographic '' . Blizzard Entertainment . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Diablo 3 sales hit 15m as WOW subs rise '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Over 20 Million Copies Of Diablo III Sold Since Release '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Diablo 3 lifetime sales top 30 million units '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blizzard probed over Diablo 3 '' . Korea Times . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orry , James ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard 's Korean Offices Raided after Fan Outcry over Diablo 3 Server Issues '' . Videogamer.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hatfield , Tom ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard Offices Raided over Diablo 3 Refund Policy after Error 37 Strokes Korean Gamers '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Blizzard Offers Full Diablo III Refunds in South Korea '' . IGN . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Face à l'enfer vécu par les joueurs , l'UFC - Que choisir prend les manettes '' . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France Threatening Blizzard with Legal Action '' . June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo 3 et l'erreur 37 : la réponse de Blizzard à l'UFC - Que Choisir '' ( in French ) . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Usher , William ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Diablo 3 's Always - On DRM Pushes German Consumer Advocacy Group To Pursue Legal Action '' . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` German Consumer Group Threatens Legal Action Against Blizzard '' . Escapist Magazine . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website Community site Diablo Video games Diablo Hellfire Diablo II Lord of Destruction soundtrack Diablo III Reaper of Souls Rise of the Necromancer Other Novels The Kingdom of Shadow Characters Heroes of the Storm Blizzard Entertainment Franchises Diablo StarCraft Warcraft Other games Blackthorne The Death and Return of Superman Heroes of the Storm Justice League Task Force The Lost Vikings Overwatch Rock n ' Roll Racing RPM Racing People Aaron Boulding David Brevik Russell Brower Jeff Kaplan Sam Lantinga Chris Metzen Michael Morhaime Josh Mosqueira Rob Pardo Bill Roper Greg Street Matt Uelmen Related Activision Blizzard Battle.net Blizzard North BlizzCon Overwatch League Activision Blizzard Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diablo_III&oldid=829124113 '' Categories : 2012 video games Action role - playing video games Blizzard games Diablo video games Hack and slash role - playing games Multiplayer and single - player video games MacOS games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Role - playing video games Video game sequels Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Video games using procedural generation Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Track listings with deprecated parameters Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 20 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you get with diablo 3 ultimate evil edition	[ "The expansion pack Diablo III: Reaper of Souls was released for the Windows and macOS editions of the game on March 25, 2014. For consoles the expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition version. It was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on August 19, 2014. Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition includes the original console version of Diablo III and Diablo III: Reaper of Souls expansion pack.[9] The second expansion Diablo III: Rise of the Necromancer was released for the Windows, macOS, and latest-generation console editions of the game on June 27, 2017.[10]", "The expansion pack Diablo III: Reaper of Souls was released for the Windows and macOS editions of the game on March 25, 2014. For consoles the expansion pack content was released as part of the Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition version. It was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on August 19, 2014. Diablo III: Ultimate Evil Edition includes the original console version of Diablo III and Diablo III: Reaper of Souls expansion pack.[9] The second expansion Diablo III: Rise of the Necromancer was released for the Windows, macOS, and latest-generation console editions of the game on June 27, 2017.[10]" ]	[ "the original console version of Diablo III", "Diablo III: Reaper of Souls expansion pack" ]
841949203346823521	Triadica sebifera	Triadica sebifera - wikipedia Triadica sebifera Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chinese tallow Chinese tallow tree leaves and blossom buds Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) : Angiosperms ( unranked ) : Eudicots ( unranked ) : Rosids Order : Malpighiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Subfamily : Euphorbioideae Tribe : Hippomaneae Subtribe : Hippomaninae Genus : Triadica Species : T. sebifera Binomial name Triadica sebifera ( L . ) Small Synonyms Croton sebiferum L . Sapium sebiferum ( L . ) Roxb . Triadica sebifera , also known as Sapium sebiferum , is commonly known as the Chinese tallow , Chinese tallowtree , Florida aspen , chicken tree , gray popcorn tree , and candleberry tree . The tree is native to eastern Asia , and is most commonly associated with eastern China , Taiwan , and Japan . In these regions , the waxy coating of the seeds is used for candle and soap making , and the leaves are used as herbal medicine to treat boils . The plant sap and leaves are reputed to be toxic , and decaying leaves from the plant are toxic to other species of plant . The specific epithets sebifera and sebiferum mean `` wax - bearing '' and refer to the vegetable tallow that coats the seeds . It is useful in the production of biodiesel because it is the third most productive vegetable oil producing crop in the world , after algae and oil palm . This species is documented as a noxious invader in the southern U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 Physical characteristics 2 Range and habitat 3 Uses 4 Invasive species 5 References 6 External links Physical Characteristics ( edit ) The simple , deciduous leaves of this tree are alternate , broad rhombic to ovate in shape and have smooth edges , heart shaped and sometimes with an extended tail often resembling the bo tree , Ficus religiosa . The leaves are bright green in color and slightly paler underneath . They become bright yellows , oranges , purples and reds in the autumn . The tree is monoecious , producing male and female flowers on the same plant . Seed pods The waxy green leaves set off the clusters of greenish - yellow and white flowers at bloom time . The flowers occur in terminal spike - like inflorescences up to 20 cm long . Light green in color , these flowers are very conspicuous in the spring . Each pistillate ( female ) flower is solitary and has a three - lobed ovary , three styles , and no petals . They are located on short branches at the base of the spike . The staminate ( male ) flowers occur in clusters at the upper nodes of the inflorescence . Fruits are three - lobed , three - valved capsules . As the capsules mature , their color changes from green to a brown - black . The capsule walls fall away and release three globose seeds with a white , tallow - containing covering . Seeds usually hang on the plants for several weeks . In North America , the flowers typically mature from April to June and the fruit ripens from September to October . Range and habitat ( edit ) Range in the United States Although native to China and Japan , the plant is also found where it has been introduced in the southeastern United States , Puerto Rico , Costa Rica , Taiwan , India , Martinique , Sudan , and southern France . Incorrectly thought to have been introduced in colonial times by Benjamin Franklin , the tree has become naturalized from North Carolina southward along the Atlantic and the entire Gulf coast , where it grows profusely along ditchbanks and dikes . It grows especially well in open fields and abandoned farmland coastal prairie regions featuring disturbed ground -- such as abandoned farmland , spoil banks , roadsides , and storm - damaged forests -- and along the edges of the Western Gulf coastal grasslands biome , sometimes forming pure stands . In the Houston area , Chinese tallow trees account for a full 23 percent of all trees , more than any other tree species and is the only invasive tree species in the 14 most common species in the area . The Texas Department of Agriculture lists Chinese Tallow as one of the 24 most invasive plants , and includes Chinese Tallow in a list of Noxious and Invasive Plants which are illegal to sell , distribute or import into Texas . Herbivores and insects have a conditioned behavioral avoidance to eating the leaves of Chinese tallow tree , and this , rather than plant toxins , may be a reason for the success of the plant as an invasive . The plant is sold in nurseries as an ornamental tree . It is not choosy about soil types or drainage , but will not grow in deep shade . It commonly grows all over Japan , and is reasonably hardy . It is prized for its abundant and often spectacular autumn foliage . The tree is common in southeast Oklahoma as well , although it is not depicted on the map . Uses ( edit ) Sapium sebiferum in autumn , Japan The seed 's white waxy aril is used in soap making . The seed 's inner oil is toxic but has industrial applications . The nectar is non-toxic , and it has become a major honey plant for beekeepers . The honey is of high quality , and is produced copiously during the month of June , on the Gulf Coast . In the Gulf coast states , beekeepers migrate with their honey bees to good tallow locations near the sea . The tree is highly ornamental , fast growing and a good shade tree . It is especially noteworthy if grown in areas that have strong seasonal temperature ranges with the leaves becoming a multitude of colours rivaling maples in the autumn . The tree grows well in urban areas , and is very good for `` sidewalk holes '' along busy roads with a lot of traffic where most trees will not grow well . It can provide shade to counter the heat island effect of mainly - concrete areas , as well as habitat for urban animals such as lizards and birds . Invasive species ( edit ) As aforementioned , the tallow tree is a non-native species to many places around the world . Its introduced status in North America along with the harm it causes to ecosystems makes the tree considered an invasive species there . Tallow trees present a danger of expansion that can hurt local ecosystems by out - competing native vegetation and creating a monoculture . The monoculture would then lower the species diversity and overall resilience of the area . The tree 's tenacious nature , high growth rates , and high reproductive ability contribute to its invasive success . According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture , tallow trees begin producing viable seed in as soon as three years . They can spread by root sprouts and cuttings and are quick to invade after a disturbance occurs in an area , due to the clearing out of land . A single tallow tree can produce nearly 100,000 viable seeds annually that can remain in the soil for several years before sprouting . A mature stand can produce 4,500 kilograms of seeds per hectare per year . These seeds are easily carried to different places by birds and water . Tallow trees can remain productive for 100 years . It is also extremely hard to kill -- its poisonous features in its leaves and berries leave it with few to no predators , and its short generation time means even freshly cut trees can quickly regrow . Currently , herbicides and prescribed fire are the only effective treatments available to contain and control Chinese tallow . The USDA is evaluating the flea beetle ( Bikasha collaris ) as a natural control agent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Triadica sebifera '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database . USDA . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese Tallow Tree '' . Going Native . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triadica sebifera '' . Plant Conservation Alliance , Alien Plant Working Group . United States National Park Service . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Elliott , Stephen ( 1824 ) . A Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia in Two Volumes ( PDF ) . Charleston SC : JR Schenck . p. 651 Vol. II . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Rachelle . `` Triadica sebifera '' . Fs.fed.us . U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service , Rocky Mountain Research Station , Fire Sciences Laboratory . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ CHINESE TALLOW TREE . United States Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Conservation Service . Last accessed April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tree Population Characteristics . Houston 's Regional Forest Report : A Report of Structure , Functions , and Values . U.S. Forest Service and the Texas Forest Service . Published October 24 , 2005 . Last accessed April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ PLANTS Database : Invasive and Noxious Weeds . United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources and Conservation Service , Texas Administrative Code . 2005 . Quarantines and noxious plants , Chapter 19 ( 24 May 2006 ) . State of Texas . Last accessed June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Noxious and Invasive Plant List . Texas Administrative Code , Title 4 , Part 1 , Chapter 19 , Subchapter T , Rule 19.300 , , Last accessed June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Constraints on the utilisation of the invasive Chinese tallow tree Sapium sebiferum by generalist native herbivores in coastal prairies . Richard A. Lankau1 , William E. Rogers , and Evan Siemann , Ecological Entomology , Volume 29 , p. 66 - 75 . Published February 2004 . Last accessed April 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center ; Urbatsch , Lowell . `` Plant Guide : CHINESE TALLOW TREE '' ( PDF ) . Plants.usda.gov . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Plaisance , Stacey ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` ' Super invader ' tree hits South , but flea beetle may be hero '' . The Washington Post . AP . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triadica sebifera . University of Florida : Chinese tallow PLANTS Profile for Triadica sebifera ISSG Database entry for Triadica sebifera Species Profile - Chinese Tallow ( Triadica sebifera ) , National Invasive Species Information Center , United States National Agricultural Library . Lists general information and resources for Chinese Tallow . ( hide ) Bioenergy Biofuels Alcohol Algae fuel Bagasse Babassu oil Biobutanol Biodiesel Biogas Biogasoline Corn stover Ethanol cellulosic mixtures Methanol Stover Corn stover Straw Cooking oil Vegetable oil Water hyacinth Wood gas Energy from foodstock Barley Cassava Grape Hemp Maize Oat Palm oil Potato Rapeseed Rice Sorghum bicolor Soybean Sugarcane Sugar beet Sunflower Wheat Yam Camelina sativa Non-food energy crops Arundo Big bluestem Camelina Chinese tallow Duckweed Jatropha curcas Millettia pinnata Miscanthus giganteus Switchgrass Wood fuel Technology BECCS Bioconversion Biomass heating systems Biorefinery Fischer -- Tropsch process Industrial biotechnology Pellets mill stove Thermal depolymerization Concepts Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy content of biofuel Energy crop Energy forestry EROEI Food vs. fuel Issues Sustainable biofuel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triadica_sebifera&oldid=810356037 '' Categories : Hippomaneae Energy crops Flora of Asia Invasive plant species Medicinal plants Naturalized trees of Alabama Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2012 USA - centric Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Asturianu Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français ქართული 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 19 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the chinese tallow tree come from	[ "Triadica sebifera, also known as Sapium sebiferum, is commonly known as the Chinese tallow,[1] Chinese tallowtree, Florida aspen, chicken tree, gray popcorn tree,[2] and candleberry tree.[3] The tree is native to eastern Asia, and is most commonly associated with eastern China, Taiwan, and Japan. In these regions, the waxy coating of the seeds is used for candle and soap making, and the leaves are used as herbal medicine to treat boils. The plant sap and leaves are reputed to be toxic, and decaying leaves from the plant are toxic to other species of plant. The specific epithets sebifera and sebiferum mean \"wax-bearing\" and refer to the vegetable tallow that coats the seeds." ]	[ "eastern Asia" ]
-6297040921488555568	Vizier (Ancient Egypt)	Vizier ( Ancient Egypt ) - wikipedia Vizier ( Ancient Egypt ) Statue of Hemiunu , vizier and designer of Khufu 's pyramid at the Roemer - und Pelizaeus - Museum Hildesheim , Germany . His feet rest on columns of hieroglyphs , painted in yellow , red , brown , and black . Vizier ( Tjaty ) in hieroglyphs The vizier ( / vɪˈzɪər / or / ˈvɪzɪər / ) was the highest official in Ancient Egypt to serve the pharaoh ( king ) during the Old , Middle , and New Kingdoms . Vizier is the generally accepted rendering of ancient Egyptian tjati , tjaty etc. , among Egyptologists . The Instruction of Rekhmire ( Installation of the Vizier ) , a New Kingdom text , defines many of the duties of the tjaty , and lays down codes of behavior . The viziers were often appointed by the pharaoh . During the 4th Dynasty and early 5th Dynasty , viziers were exclusively drawn from the royal family ; from the period around the reign of Neferirkare Kakai onwards , they were chosen according to loyalty and talent or inherited the position from their fathers . Contents 1 Responsibilities 2 Installation of the Vizier 3 List of viziers 3.1 Old Kingdom 3.2 Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period 3.3 New Kingdom 3.4 Third Intermediate Period 3.5 Late Period 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Responsibilities ( edit ) The viziers were appointed by the pharaohs but often belonged to a pharaoh 's family . The vizier 's paramount duty was to supervise the running of the country , much like a prime minister . At times this included small details such as sampling the city 's water supply . All other lesser supervisors and officials , such as tax collectors and scribes , reported to the vizier . The judiciary was part of the civil administration , and the vizier also sat in the High Court . At any time , the pharaoh could exert his own control over any aspect of government , overriding the vizier 's decisions . The vizier also supervised the security of the pharaoh and the palace by overseeing the comings and goings of palace visitors . Viziers were the second in command , they oversaw the political administration , and all official documents required his seal . He also managed the taxation system and monitored the supply of food , listened to problems between nobles and settled them , and ran the pharaoh 's household and ensured the royal family 's safety . From the Fifth Dynasty onwards viziers , whom by then were the highest civilian bureaucratic official , held supreme responsibility for the administration of the palace and government including jurisdiction , scribes , state archives , central granaries , treasury , storage of surplus products and their redistribution , and supervision of building projects such as the royal pyramid.In the New Kingdom , there were two viziers , one for Upper Egypt and one for Lower Egypt . Installation of the vizier ( edit ) Main article : Installation of the Vizier According to the Installation of the Vizier , a New Kingdom document describing the office of the vizier , the vizier has certain traits and behaviors that are required to be a vizier : Act by the law Judge fairly Do not act willfully or headstrong List of viziers ( edit ) Old Kingdom ( edit ) Viziers of the Old Kingdom Vizier Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Imhotep Djoser 3rd Dynasty Probable architect of the step pyramid Kagemni I Sneferu 4th Dynasty Purported author of the Instructions of Kagemni . Not attested in contemporary sources , Nefermaat I Khufu 4th Dynasty Son of Sneferu and father of Hemiunu Hemiunu Khufu 4th Dynasty Nefermaat 's son , believed to have designed Khufu 's pyramid Kawab Khufu 4th Dynasty Eldest son and vizier of Khufu Ankhhaf Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Sneferu Nefermaat II Khafre 4th Dynasty Nephew of Nefermaat the Elder , a son of Nefertkau I ; a grandson of Sneferu Minkhaf Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Khufu , vizier under Khafre Khufukhaef Khafre 4th Dynasty Son of Khufu , vizier under Khafre Nikaure Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre Ankhmare Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre Duaenre Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Khafre , vizier during the late 4th dynasty Nebemakhet Menkaure 4th Dynasty Son of Queen Meresankh III Iunmin I Menkaure 4th Dynasty Possibly son of Khafre , vizier during the late 4th dynasty Babaef II Shepseskaf 4th Dynasty Grandson of Khafre Seshathotep Heti Userkaf , early 5th Dynasty 5th Dynasty It is not certain if Seshathetep held the titles of a vizier . Sekhemkare Userkaf and Sahure 5th Dynasty Son of Khafre and queen Hekenuhedjet . Werbauba Sahure 5th Dynasty Washptah Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai 5th Dynasty Minnefer Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Ptahshepses Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Became the son - in - law of Nyuserre Ini some time after his ascension to the throne . Kay Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Pehenuikai Nyuserre Ini 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep Desher Menkauhor or Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Seshemnefer ( III ) Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep I Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Purported author of The Maxims of Ptahhotep Akhethotep Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Son of Ptahhotep I . Senedjemib Inti Djedkare Isesi 5th Dynasty Ptahhotep II Unas 5th Dynasty Akhethetep Hemi Unas 5th Dynasty Ihy Unas 5th Dynasty Niankhba Unas 5th Dynasty Sekhem - ankh - Ptah 5th Dynasty or 6th Dynasty Dating uncertain , may have been the son - in - law of a king . Senedjemib Mehi 6th Dynasty possible son - in - law of Unas ( or Djedkare Isesi ) , vizier during the early 6th dynasty Nefersheshemre Teti 6th Dynasty Kagemni Teti 6th Dynasty son - in - law of Teti Mereruka Teti 6th Dynasty son - in - law of Teti Khentika Teti 6th Dynasty Mehu Teti 6th Dynasty Ankhmahor Teti - Pepi I 6th Dynasty Merefnebef Teti - Pepi I 6th Dynasty Merefnebef is also known as Unis - ankh and Fefi in his tomb Hesi Teti - Pepi I 6th Dynasty Meryteti Pepi I 6th Dynasty grandson of Teti , son of Mereruka Iunmin II Pepi I 6th Dynasty Nebet Pepi I 6th Dynasty mother - in - law and vizier of Pepi I Tjetju Pepi I 6th Dynasty Qar Pepi I 6th Dynasty Djau Pepi I 6th Dynasty brother - in - law of Pepi I , son of Nebet Rawer ( vizier ) Pepi I 6th Dynasty Shemay Neferkaure - Neferkauhor 8th Dynasty son - in - law of Neferkauhor , nomarch of Coptos , later vizier Idy Neferirkare ( ? ) 8th Dynasty son of Shemay Middle Kingdom and second intermediate period ( edit ) Viziers of the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period Vizier Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Bebi Mentuhotep II 11th dynasty Dagi Mentuhotep II 11th dynasty Amenemhat Mentuhotep IV 11th dynasty He later became king as Amenemhat I , first Pharaoh of the 12th dynasty Ipi Amenemhat I 12th dynasty Intefiqer Amenemhat I Senusret I 12th dynasty He is indicated in the Wadi el - Hudi as being involved in military missions in Lower Nubia . Senusret Senusret I Amenemhat II 12th dynasty Ameny Amenemhat II 12th dynasty Amenemhat - ankh Amenemhat II ( ? ) 12th dynasty Siese Amenemhat II 12th dynasty Sobekemhat Senusret III 12th dynasty Nebit Senusret III 12th dynasty Khnumhotep III Senusret III 12th dynasty Kheti Amenemhet III 12th dynasty Ameny Amenemhat III 12th dynasty Zamonth Amenemhat III 12th dynasty Senewosret - Ankh ( vizier ) End 12th dynasty Beginning 13th dynasty Khenmes 13th dynasty Ankhu Khendjer 13th dynasty Resseneb 13th dynasty Son of Ankhu Iymeru 13th dynasty Son of Ankhu Neferkare Iymeru Sobekhotep IV 13th dynasty Sobka called Bebi 13th dynasty Ibiaw Ibiaw or Ay 13th dynasty Sonbhenaf Ibiaw or Ay , or Djehuti uncertain Aya Ini I 13th dynasty Aya was Governor of El Kab before being appointed vizier in year 1 of Ini I , as reported in the Juridical Stela Ayameru 13th dynasty Ayameru was the younger son of Aya and succeeded him in office , as reported in the Juridical Stela New Kingdom ( edit ) Viziers of the New Kingdom Vizier of the South ( Thebes ) Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Tetinefer Ahmose I ? 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North ( Memphis ) Imhotep Thutmose I 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Aakheperreseneb Thutmose I 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amethu called Ahmose Thutmose I , Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Hapuseneb Hatshepsut 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amethu called Ahmose Thutmose II , Hatshepsut , Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Useramen Hatshepsut , Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Neferweben Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Likely Vizier of the North Rekhmire Thutmose III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amenemipet called Pairy Amenhotep II , Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Seny Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Hepu Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Thutmose Thutmose IV 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Ptahmose Amenhotep III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Amenhotep - Huy Amenhotep III 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Aperel Amenhotep III , Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the North Ramose Amenhotep III , Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nakhtpaaten Akhenaten 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Pentu Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Usermontu Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South Ay ? Tutankhamen 18th Dynasty Vizier of the South , succeeded Tutankhamen as Pharaoh Paramessu Horemheb 18th Dynasty Later took the throne as Ramesses I Nebamun Horemheb , Sethi I 18th Dynasty , 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North Prince Sethi Ramesses I 19th Dynasty Hatiay Sethi I , Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North ? Paser ( Vizier ) Sethi I , Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nehi Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Khay Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South , ca . Year 27 - 45 Thutmose Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South , ca . Year 45 - 50 . Prehotep I Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North in ca year 40 . Prehotep II Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North in ca year 50 . Neferronpet Ramesses II 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South in ca year 50 Panehesy Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Pensekhmet Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South , Year 8 Merysekhmet Merenptah 19th Dynasty Vizier of the North , Year 3 ? Amenmose Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Khaemtir Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Paraemheb Seti II and Amenmesse 19th Dynasty Vizier of the South Hori II Seti II , Siptah , Twosret , Sethnakht and Ramesses III 19th Dynasty Iuty 20th Dynasty Vizier of the North ? Nehi ? Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Hewernef Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South To Ramesses III 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Neferronpe Ramesses IV to Ramesses VI 20th Dynasty Vizier Nehy Ramesses VI 20th Dynasty Vizier , son of Neferronpe Mentehetef ( Montu - hir - hetef ) Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Wennefer Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Nebmarenakht also called Saht ( a ) - nefer Ramesses IX , Ramesses X and Ramesses XI 20th Dynasty Khaemwaset Ramesses IX 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Herihor Ramesses XI 20th Dynasty Vizier of the South Third Intermediate Period ( edit ) Viziers of the South Vizier Pharaoh year Dynasty Comments Herihor Smendes I c. 1075 B.C. 21st Dynasty Pinedjem I Smendes I c. 1070 B.C. 21st Dynasty Amenhirpamesha Psusennes I c. 1040 B.C. 21st Dynasty Neseramun ( A ) Siamun c. 960 B.C. 21st Dynasty Son of Nebneteru ( ii ) a Letter Writer to the Pharaoh Padimut ( A ) Shoshenq I c. 930 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Vizier of the South Ia - o Osorkon I c. 900 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Rudpamut Takelot I c. 880 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Hor ( y ) Takelot I c. 876 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Hori Takelot II c. 845 ? B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Son of Iutjek ? Nespakheshuty A Takelot II c. 835 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Harsiese D Shoshenq III c. 825 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Hor ( viii ) Shoshenq III c. 820 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Pentyefankh Pedubast I c. 815 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Harsiese E Shoshenq III / Shoshenq IV c. 790 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Djedkhonsefankh E Shoshenq III / Osorkon III c. 780 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Nakhtefmut C Shoshenq III / Osorkon III c. 775 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Hor x Osorkon III c. 770 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Son of Nakhtefmut C Pamiu Osorkon III c. 765 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Vizier of the South Pakharu Takelot III c. 760 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Son of Pamiu Ankh - Osorkon Rudamun c. 755 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Pediamonet Iuput II c. 750 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Son of Pamiu Harsiese F Iuput II c. 745 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Nesmin A Iuput II c. 740 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Son of Harsiese F Ankh - hor Iuput II c. 730 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Nespakheshuty B Iuput II c. 725 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Pediese Iuput II c. 720 B.C. 22nd - 23rd Dynasty Son of Harsiese F ? Late Period ( edit ) Viziers of the Late Period Vizier Pharaoh Dynasty Comments Khamhor A 25th Dynasty Vizier of the South , Son of Harsiese F Harsiese G Pahrer 25th Dynasty Vizier of the South , Son of Khamhor A Nesmin B 25th Dynasty Vizier of the South , Son of Khamhor A Mentuhotep ( Vizier ) 25th Dynasty Vizier of the North Nespaqashuty C 25th - 26th Dynasty Vizier of the South Harsiese R 25th - 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Nespademu 25th - 26th Dynasty Vizier of the South , Son of Nespaqashuty C Nespaqashuty D 25th - 26th Dynasty Vizier of the South , buried in TT312 , Son of Nespademu Djedkare ( Vizier ) 25th - 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Sasobek Psamtik I 25th - 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Nasekheperensekhmet Psamtik I 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Bakenrenef Psamtik I 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Iry 26th Dynasty Vizier of the South Djedwebasettiuefankh 26th Dynasty Vizier of the South Gemenefhorbak 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Harsomtusemhat 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Psamtek - Meryneit Amasis II 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Pasherientaihet Amasis II 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Horsiese 26th Dynasty Vizier of the North Psamtikseneb Nectanebo II 30th Dynasty See also ( edit ) Vizier References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shaw , Ian ( 2002 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280293 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Alan Henderson ( 1957 ) . Egyptian Grammar ; Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Griffith Institute , Ashmolean Museum . p. 43 . ISBN 0 900416 351 . Jump up ^ M. Heimlich , Ancient Egyptian Literature , vol. 2 , pp. 21ff . Jump up ^ Goddard , J ( 2012 ) . Public Health Entomology . Starkville : CRC Press . Jump up ^ Ancient Egyptian administration . Moreno Garcia , Juan Carlos , . Leiden , The Netherlands . ISBN 9789004249523 . OCLC 849248179 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Social Structure Of Ancient Egypt Social Pyramid '' . www.ancient-egypt-online.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ancient Egyptian administration . Moreno Garcia , Juan Carlos , . Leiden , The Netherlands . ISBN 9789004249523 . OCLC 849248179 . Jump up ^ Jane Bingham , Fiona Chandler , Jane Chisholm , Gill Harvey , Lisa Miles , Struan Reid , and Sam Taplin `` The Usborne Internet - Linked Encyclopedia of the Ancient World '' page 80 Jump up ^ Ancient Egyptian administration . Moreno Garcia , Juan Carlos , . Leiden , The Netherlands . ISBN 9789004249523 . OCLC 849248179 . Jump up ^ W. Grajetzki : Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom , London 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7156 - 3745 - 6 , p. 169 ^ Jump up to : Grajetzki : Court Officials , 169 ^ Jump up to : Grajetzki : Court Officials , 170 ^ Jump up to : Kim Ryholt , The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1800 - 1550 B.C. '' Museum Tuscolanum Press , 1997 . p. 192 ( ISBN 87 - 7289 - 421 - 0 ) Jump up ^ Kitchen , Kenneth A . The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt , 1100 - 650 B.C. ( Book & Supplement ) Aris & Phillips . 1986 , Table 15 , pg 483 Jump up ^ Viziers by Anneke Bart External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viziers of Ancient Egypt . The vizierate aldokkan.com Ancient Egypt topics Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing Egyptology Egyptologists Museums Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Ancient Egyptian titulary Royal titulary Great Royal Wife Khenemetneferhedjet Pharaoh Religious titulary Divine Adoratrice of Amun God 's Wife God 's Wife of Amun High Priests of Amun High Priest of Osiris High Priest of Ptah High Priest of Ra Lector priest Servant in the Place of Truth Two Ladies Courtly and administrative titulary Fan - bearer on the Right Side of the King Haty - a High steward Iry - pat Khekeret - nisut Nomarch Overseer of the treasuries Overseer of Upper Egypt Treasurer Viceroy of Kush Vizier Book Ancient Egypt portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vizier_(Ancient_Egypt)&oldid=865776296 '' Categories : Ancient Egyptian titles Noble titles Positions of authority Ancient Egyptian viziers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Magyar Occitan Polski Русский Suomi 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 02 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the role of a vizier in ancient egypt	[]	[]
-8172735692785320604	The whole nine yards	The whole nine yards - wikipedia The whole nine yards Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the phrase . For the film , see The Whole Nine Yards ( film ) . A 1921 headline from The Spartanburg Herald - Journal in South Carolina reads `` The Whole Six Yards of It . '' The whole nine yards or the full nine yards is a colloquial American phrase meaning `` everything , the whole lot '' or , when used as an adjective , `` all the way '' , as in , `` The Army came out and gave us the whole nine yards on how they use space systems . '' Its origin is unknown and has been described by Yale University librarian Fred R. Shapiro as `` the most prominent etymological riddle of our time '' . The Oxford English Dictionary finds the earliest published non-idiomatic use in an 1855 Indiana newspaper article . The earliest known idiomatic use of the phrase is from 1907 in southern Indiana . The phrase is related to the expression the whole six yards , used around the same time in Kentucky and South Carolina . Both phrases are variations on the whole ball of wax , first recorded in the 1880s . They are part of a family of expressions in which an odd - sounding item , such as enchilada , shooting match , shebang or hog , is substituted for ball of wax . The choice of the number nine may be related to the expression `` To the nines '' ( to perfection ) . Use of the phrase became widespread in the 1980s and 1990s . Much of the interest in the phrase 's etymology can be attributed to New York Times language columnist William Safire , who wrote extensively on this question . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the phrase 2 Research 3 Origin 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References History of the phrase ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary places the earliest published non-idiomatic use of the phrase in the New Albany ( Indiana ) Daily Ledger , January 30 , 1855 in an article called `` The Judge 's Big Shirt . '' `` What a silly , stupid woman ! I told her to get just enough to make three shirts ; instead of making three , she has put the whole nine yards into one shirt ! '' The first known use of the phrase as an idiom appears in The Mitchell Commercial , a newspaper in the small town of Mitchell , Indiana , in its May 2 , 1907 edition : This afternoon at 2 : 30 will be called one of the baseball games that will be worth going a long way to see . The regular nine is going to play the business men as many innings as they can stand , but we can not promise the full nine yards . The idiom was used three more times in the Mitchell Commercial over the next seven years , in the forms give him the whole nine yards ( i.e. , tell someone a big story ) , take the whole nine yards ( i.e. , take everything ) , and settled the whole nine yards ( i.e. , resolved everything ) . In other uses from this time period , the phrase was given as the whole six yards . In 1912 , a local newspaper in Kentucky asked readers to , `` Just wait boys until the fix gets to a fever heat and they will tell the whole six yards . '' The same newspaper repeated the phrase soon afterward in another issue , stating `` As we have been gone for a few days and failed to get all the news for this issue we will give you the whole six yards in our next . '' The six - yard form of the phrase also appears in a 1921 headline in a local South Carolina paper . The phrase is not known to have been used in writing thereafter until a 1956 issue of Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , where it appears in an article on fishing . After describing the contests and prizes , the author writes , `` So that 's the whole nine - yards . '' It appeared in an article on hunting the following year , this time unhyphenated . The phrase at this point was still rare . There is strong circumstantial evidence it was not in general use in 1961 , as Ralph Boston set a world record for the long jump that year at 27 feet , or nine yards , but no news report has been found that made any reference to the term , suggesting that journalists were unaware of it or did not regard it as common enough to use as a pun . In a short story published in 1962 , the phrase is attributed to `` a brush salesman '' . A letter published in an auto magazine later that year describes a certain new car as containing `` all nine yards of goodies '' . In 1964 , several newspapers published a syndicated story which explained that `` Give ' em the whole nine yards '' was NASA talk for an item - by - item report . This early usage can be read as suggesting length , but can also be read as suggesting detailed completeness . Two 1965 newspaper articles quote U.S. military personnel serving in Vietnam using the phrase . The phrase was explained as something `` teenagers say '' in a military - oriented magazine in 1965 . Citations from 1966 show the phrase was used by a former U.S. Army airman , and also in a publication for military test pilots . It is also recorded in two contemporary novels concerning the U.S. Air Force in Vietnam , Carl Krueger 's Wings of a Tiger ( 1966 ) , and Elaine Shepard 's The Doom Pussy ( 1967 ) . Research ( edit ) William Safire , a language columnist at the New York Times , asked listeners for information regarding the origin of the phrase on Larry King 's radio show in 1982 . Safire ended up writing nine columns on this subject and is largely responsible for the interest in it . In 1986 , the phrase was added to the Oxford English Dictionary with the earliest citation given as 1970 . The Historical Dictionary of American Slang ( 1997 ) cited Shepard 's novel , thus pushing the earliest known usage back to 1967 . Several key discoveries in further antedating the phrase were made by Bonnie Taylor - Blake , a neuroscience researcher at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and an amateur member of the American Dialect Society , an association of professional and amateur linguists whose mailing list often serves as a forum for word and phrase discoveries . In 2012 , Taylor - Blake discovered the 1956 and 1957 uses in Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , and later that year she and Fred R. Shapiro found the `` whole six yards '' examples from the 1912 -- 1921 period , which received substantial publicity . In 2013 , Taylor - Blake posted her discovery of the Mitchell Commercial uses from the 1907 -- 1914 period . Origin ( edit ) There is still no consensus on the origin , though many early published quotations are now available for study . A vast number of explanations for this phrase has been suggested ; many of these are no longer viable in light of what is now known about the phrase 's history . Perhaps the most commonly offered explanation is that World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) aircraft machine gun belts were nine yards long . There are many versions of this explanation with variations regarding type of plane , nationality of gunner and geographic area . An alternative weapon is the ammunition belt for the British Vickers machine gun , invented and adopted by the British Army before World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) . The standard belt for this gun held 250 rounds of ammunition and was approximately twenty feet ( under seven yards ) in length . However , the Vickers gun as fitted to aircraft during the First World War usually had ammunition containers capable of accommodating linked belts of 350 - 400 rounds , the average length of such a belt being about nine yards , and it was thought that this may be the origin of the phrase . This theory is no longer considered viable , since the phrase predates World War I . Another common explanation is that `` nine yards '' is a cubic measure and refers to the volume of a concrete mixer . This theory , too , is inconsistent with the phrase 's history . Many of the popular candidates relate to the length of pieces of fabric , or various garments , including Indian saris , Scottish kilts , burial shrouds , or bolts of cloth . No single source verifies that any one of those suggestions was the actual origin . However , an article published in Comments on Etymology demonstrates that fabric was routinely sold in standard lengths of nine yards ( and other multiples of three yards ) during the 1800s and early 1900s . This may explain why so many different types of cloth or garments have been said to have been nine yards long. The phrase `` ... she has put the whole nine yards into one shirt '' appears in 1855 . Other proposed sources include the volume of graves ; the length of bridal veils , kilts , burial shrouds , bolts of cloth , or saris ; a very long list ; ritual disembowelment ; shipyards ; and American football . Little documentary evidence has surfaced to support any of these explanations . One proposed origin involves the world of full - rigged sailing ships , in which yard is used not as a measure of length or size , but as the name of each horizontal spar on which a sail is hung . All square - rigged sails unfurled , with 3 yards on each of 3 masts , could then be described as the whole nine yards , but again no actual documentation has been uncovered to support this explanation , and in any case not all ships had exactly three yards on each mast , even disregarding the fact that by no means all sailing vessels were three - masters . Bonnie Taylor - Blake , noting that several early examples are in the form `` give '' or `` tell '' the whole nine ( or six ) yards , has suggested that the idiom likely relied on `` yards '' as `` lengthy or thorough presentation ( of news , anecdotes , play - by - play , etc . ) '' Jesse Sheidlower , editor - at - large for the Oxford English Dictionary , and Fred R. Shapiro have argued that the phrase does not have a concrete meaning , pointing to the variance between six and nine yards and comparing it to the whole shebang . See also ( edit ) Look up the whole nine yards in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The full monty ( phrase ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The phrase `` to the nines '' is first recorded in 1687 . In early usage , it suggested that a work met the standards of the nine Muses of Greek mythology . Nine is considered a perfect number in numerology as it is three squared . Note that the phrase `` cloud seven '' was inflated to `` cloud nine '' by the same process . See The Phrase Finder and Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang . Dressing `` To the Nines '' could also refer to the fact that in French `` neuf '' means both 9 and New ( `` Mes souliers sont neuf '' = `` My shoes are new '' ) . So , `` dressing to the nines '' would mean dressing in a new outfit ( `` neuf '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whole , adj. , n. , and adv. , C2 , compound whole nine yards , Oxford English Dictionary ( OED Online version Marc 2013 ) ( citing Aviation Week 7 March 1983 , 46 / 2 ) . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Fred , `` You can quote them '' , May / June 2009 ^ Jump up to : Nunberg , Geoff , `` The Whole Nine Yards ' Of What ? '' , NPR Fresh Air , January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball '' , Mitchell Commercial , p. 2 , col. 3 ( May 2 , 1907 ) . Jump up ^ Mitchell Commercial , p. 3 , col. 5 ( June 4 , 1908 ) . Jump up ^ `` Third Term Superstition '' , Mitchell Commercial p. 2 , col. 2 ( October 10 , 1912 ) . Jump up ^ `` Story of a Green Basket , '' Mitchell Commercial p. 1 , col. 5 ( November 26 , 1914 ) . Jump up ^ `` Livingston '' , Mount Vernon ( Kentucky ) Signal ' , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Vernon Signal Newspaper '' . Old Fulton NY Post Cards . June 28 , 1912 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Whole Six Yards of It , '' Spartanburg ( South Carolina ) Herald - Journal , 7 May 1921 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Schuessler , Jennifer ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` The Whole Nine Yards About a Phrase 's Origin '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . Then , in August , Bonnie Taylor - Blake , a neuroscience researcher in North Carolina who had been searching for variants of the phrase via Google News Archive and Google Books for five years , posted a message on the e-mail list of the American Dialect Society noting a 1956 occurrence in an outdoors magazine called Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , followed in September by a more startling twist : a 1921 headline from The Spartanburg Herald - Journal in South Carolina reading `` The Whole Six Yards of It . '' ... The recent discovery of several instances of `` the whole six yards '' in newspapers from the 1910s -- four decades before the earliest known references to the whole nine yards -- opens a new window onto `` the most prominent etymological riddle of our time , '' said Fred Shapiro , a librarian at Yale Law School who announced the findings in next month 's issue of The Yale Alumni Magazine ... ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , Ben ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Stretching Out ' The Whole Nine Yards ' '' . Word Routes . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhody , Ron ( July 1956 ) . `` Kentucky Afield Fishing Derbies Are Underway '' . Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground . 12 ( 4 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ See also `` Plugs and Bugs '' by Ferd Holtmann , Kentucky Happy Hunting Ground , Vol. 18 . No. 2 , March , 1962 , page 6 . `` Most anglers will tell you he has six or seven baits he uses more than all the others combined , yet he would be lost without the entire nine yards . It might be said there 's a feeling of security involved in carrying the whole load on every outing . '' Jump up ^ `` The whole nine yards - meaning and origin '' , Gary Martin , 2006 . The Phrase Finder Jump up ^ Wegner , Robert E. , `` Man on the Thresh - Hold '' , Michigan 's Voices , Fall 1962 . `` ... the consequence of house , home , kids , respectability , status as a college professor and the whole nine yards , as a brush salesman who came by the house was fond of saying , the whole damn nine yards . '' Jump up ^ Linster , Gale F. , `` Constructive Criticism '' , Car Life Vol. 9 , Issue 11 ( December 1962 ) , p. 2 . `` Your staff of testers can not fairly and equitably appraise the Chevrolet Impala sedan , with all nine yards of goodies , against the Plymouth Savoy which has straight shift and none of the mechanical conveniences which are quite common now . '' Jump up ^ Trumbell , Stephen . `` Talking Hip in the Space Age '' , Tucson Daily Citizen ( Arizona ) , April 25 , 1964 ; `` ' Give ' em the whole nine yards ' means an item - by - item report on any project . '' ( The reporter 's name was misspelled in this newspaper ; it is actually Trumbull . ) Zimmer , Benjamin ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` Great moments in antedating '' . Language Log . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Ben ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Where Did We Get `` The Whole Nine Yards '' ? `` . Word Routes . Visual Thesaurus . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Frank D. , Jr . Lt. Col , Daily Facts , ( Redlands , CA ) , April 7 , 1965 , p. 6 . `` We got the whole nine yards , including a side trip to Panama for jungle survival . '' ( Quote attributed to Maj Clyde B. Williams . ) Burris , Keith , `` ' Burners ' Are Not Informed '' , Deseret News , 28 December 1965 , ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) , p . A11 , col. 1 ; `` Capt . Greer was on alert the night of the big Red raid on Piel Me . He said the Cong troops were extremely well outfitted with steel helmets , boots -- ' the whole nine yards of uniform . ' '' Jump up ^ Andrus , Col. Burton C. Jr , Assembly ( magazine ) , Association of Graduates , United States Military Academy , v. 23 n . 3 col. 3 , Fall 1965 , p. 53 ( 55 of 100 in pdf ) . `` We have 60 of the 120 rooms reserved so far -- why not take over `` the whole 9 yards '' as the teenagers say ? '' Jump up ^ Guthrie , James M. , `` Sesquicentennial Scrapbook '' , National Road Traveler , ( Cambridge City , Indiana ) , June 30 , 1966 , p. 3 ; `` If you like `` The Old Swimmin ' Hole , '' `` Raggedy Man '' and `` When the Frost is on the Pumpkin '' you 'll like this one . And J.W. Riley is only a small contributor . ( But Riley would have loved the whole nine yards ) . '' For Guthrie 's biographical information , see here . Jump up ^ Technical Review , The Society of Experimental Test Pilots , Vol. 8 , No. 2 , p. 176 ( September 1966 ) `` Then two - engines , two pilots , and the rest , the nine yards of things that we have really all been aware of for a long time and should pay a lot more attention to . '' Jump up ^ Krueger , Carl , Wings of the Tiger : A novel ( 1966 ) ; `` ' Okay , Tiger , ' it said . ' Give ' em the whole nine yards . Now ! ' '' ( An instruction to fire at the enemy ) , p. 39 . `` We 'll go over it after de-briefing . Get me a list of all pilots and planes available . Everything . The whole nine yards . '' p. 57 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Elaine , The Doom Pussy , Trident Press , ( 1967 ) , p. 54 ; `` Slipping out of the knot ( marriage ) was expensive but Smash was eventually able to untangle what he called ' the whole nine yards . ' '' The phrase appears several times in the book , always as the pet usage of Major `` Smash '' Crandell , a U.S. Air Force navigator . At one point , Smash refers to , `` the ninth yard '' ( finishing touch ) . Jump up ^ Whole , adj. , n. , and adv. , C2 , compound whole nine yards , Oxford English Dictionary ( OED Online version March 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Taylor - Blake , The whole nine yards ( 1908 , 1912 , 1914 ) , ADS - L ( September 6 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnie Taylor - Blake , The full nine yards ( 1907 ) , ADS - L ( September 6 , 2013 ) ... Jump up ^ Wilton , Dave , `` whole nine yards , the '' , June 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The whole ' whole nine yards ' enchilada '' , The Phrase Finder . An amusing chart is included which shows which explanations are most common . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Dolf L ( 1994 ) . The Grand Old Lady of No Man 's Land , The Vickers Machinegun . Cobourg , Ontario , Canada : Collector Grade Publications Inc. p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 88935 - 147 - 3 . Jump up ^ Wilton , David . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends , Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517284 - 1 , p. 36 . William Safire and James J. Kilpatrick have both given the cement mixer explanation . Jump up ^ Reitan , Peter ( January 2015 ) . `` Origin of The Whole Three / Six / Nine Yards : The Sale of Cloth in Multiples of Threes was Common in the 1800s and Early 1900s '' . Comments on Etymology. 44 ( 4 ) : 2 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter Jensen . `` Nine Yards to the Dollar - the History and Etymology of `` the Whole Nine Yards '' `` . Early Sports ' n ' Pop - Culture History Blog . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Yankee Notions . T.W. Strong . 1855 . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Wilton , p. 37 . A grave is about 4 cubic yards . Jump up ^ http://www.highlandsecrets.com/qa.html Jump up ^ Wilton p. 36 . A bolt of cloth is 20 to 25 yards . Jump up ^ Wilton , pp. 34 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Nautical Terms Index Jump up ^ Nautical Language Jump up ^ Wilton , p. 37 . There was no standard number of yards on a sailboat , nor any citations of this phrase from the sailboat era . Jump up ^ Bonnie Taylor - Blake , Front - page New York Times story on `` The Whole Nine Yards '' , ADS - L ( December 27 , 2012 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_whole_nine_yards&oldid=807042974 '' Categories : English - language idioms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 14 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the phrase the whole shooting match come from	[]	[]
-7582180144277765175	Rise of the Planet of the Apes	Rise of the Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Rise of the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search Rise of the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Wyatt Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle Starring James Franco Freida Pinto John Lithgow Brian Cox Tom Felton Andy Serkis Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Conrad Buff Mark Goldblatt Production company Chernin Entertainment Dune Entertainment Big Screen Productions Ingenious Film Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $481.8 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , David Oyelowo , and Andy Serkis . Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver , it is 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the Planet of the Apes series , intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films . Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , but it is not a direct remake of that film . Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis 's performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting . A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 , and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Apes 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 4.4 Awards 5 Sequels 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Will Rodman , a scientist at the San Francisco biotech company Gen - Sys , is testing the viral - based drug ALZ - 112 on chimpanzees to find a cure for Alzheimer 's disease . ALZ - 112 is given to a chimp named Bright Eyes , greatly increasing her intelligence . But then , during Will 's presentation for the drug , Bright Eyes is forced from her cage , goes on a rampage , and is shot to death . Will 's boss Steven Jacobs terminates the project and has the chimps slaughtered . However , Will 's assistant Robert Franklin discovers that the reason for Bright Eyes ' rampage was that she had recently given birth to an infant chimp . Will reluctantly agrees to take in the chimp , who is named Caesar . Will learns that Caesar has inherited his mother 's intelligence and decides to raise him . Three years later , Will introduces Caesar to the redwood forest at Muir Woods National Monument . Meanwhile , Will treats his dementia - suffering father Charles with ALZ - 112 , which seems to restore his cognitive ability . Five years later , when Caesar reaches adolescence and sees a dog on a leash like his own , he questions his identity and learns of his origins from Will . Meanwhile , Charles 's condition returns as he becomes resistant to ALZ - 112 . Caesar injures a neighbor , Douglas Hunsiker , while defending a confused Charles . As a result , he is placed in a primate shelter where he is tormented by a chimp named Rocket and the chief guard , Dodge Landon , but also where he befriends an orangutan named Maurice who came from a circus . Caesar learns how to unlock his cage , gaining free access to the common area . With the assistance of a gorilla named Buck , he confronts the sanctuary 's alpha , Rocket and claims that position . Meanwhile , Jacobs clears development of a more powerful , gaseous version of the drug -- ALZ - 113 -- when Will tells him it can also improve intelligence . Will takes the drug home to try to save his father , but Charles declines further treatment and dies overnight . After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba , Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ - 113 and becomes ill . Attempting to warn Will at his home , he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead . Will attempts to reclaim Caesar , but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes . Instead , he escapes from the facility and returns to Will 's house , where he takes canisters of the ALZ - 113 . Upon returning , Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes . When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage , Caesar speaks for the first time , yelling `` No ! '' and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge 's death . The apes flee the facility , release the remaining chimps from Gen - Sys , and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way . A battle ensues as the ape army fights their way past a police blockade on the Golden Gate Bridge to escape into the redwood forest . Buck sacrifices himself to save Caesar by jumping into the helicopter in which Jacobs is riding . The helicopter crashes onto the bridge , trapping Jacobs in the wreckage . Koba seizes his chance for revenge and sends Jacobs falling to his death in the bay below . As the apes find their way into the forest , Will arrives and warns Caesar that the humans will hunt them down , and begs him to return home . In response , Caesar hugs him and says that , `` Caesar is home . '' Will , realizing that this is indeed their last goodbye , respects Caesar 's wishes . The apes embrace their new lifestyle in the forest . In a mid-credits scene , an infected Hunsiker leaves his house for work as an airline pilot , arriving at San Francisco International Airport for his flight to Paris . His nose begins to drip blood onto the floor . A graphic traces the spread of the humanity - ravaging virus around the globe via international flight routes . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) James Franco as Dr. William `` Will '' Rodman , a biologist who is trying to discover a cure for his father 's Alzheimer 's disease by testing ALZ - 112 on chimps . He is a father figure to Caesar . James Franco was cast after talks with Tobey Maguire broke down . Freida Pinto as Caroline Aranha , a primatologist who starts a relationship with Will and grows attached to Caesar . John Lithgow as Charles Rodman , Will 's Alzheimer 's - afflicted father and a former music teacher who improves after Will gives him the ALZ - 112 and forms a grandfatherly bond with Caesar . Brian Cox as John Landon , manager of the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar is confined for a time . His full name is a reference to one of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . Tom Felton as Dodge Landon , John 's son and an animal caretaker at the shelter , who abuses the apes for sport . His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . David Oyelowo as Steven Jacobs , Will 's arrogant boss . His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs , the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series . Tyler Labine as Robert Franklin , a chimp handler at Gen - Sys and one of Will 's friends . His surname is a reference to Franklin Schaffner , the director of the original film . Jamie Harris as Rodney , a caretaker and a nightwatchman who is much kinder to the apes at the sanctuary and is regularly mocked by Dodge for this . David Hewlett as Douglas Hunsiker , Will 's hot - headed neighbor . Chelah Horsdal as Irena , a nurse who is looking after Charles . Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , a common chimpanzee whose intelligence is increased from inheriting ALZ - 112 from his mother during her pregnancy , and who is raised by Will for eight years . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who was retired from the circus and knows sign language ; he becomes Caesar 's closest ally . Konoval also cameos as the court clerk whom Will briefly argues with about his appeal . His name is a reference to Maurice Evans who portray Dr. Zaius in the original Planet of the Apes . Terry Notary as Rocket , the dominant common chimpanzee at the ape sanctuary , until Caesar overthrows him . Notary also plays Bright Eyes , Caesar 's mother who was captured in Africa . Richard Ridings as Buck , a Western lowland gorilla who pledges his allegiance to Caesar after he is freed by him . Devyn Dalton as Cornelia , a female common chimpanzee in the ape sanctuary . Jay Caputo as Alpha , the dominant male common chimpanzee of Bright Eyes ' troop and Caesar 's father . Christopher Gordon as Koba , a scarred and aggressive bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans . Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) In 2006 , screenwriter - producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea . As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping , one about pet chimpanzees that become troublesome to their owners and heartbroken for not adapting well to the human environment intrigued him . As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the Planet of the Apes series , he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution , and then the couple started developing the character of Caesar . Jaffa indicated that `` it 's a reinvention '' and if he had to pick between calling it a prequel or a reboot he would say it is a reboot : `` It 's a different story of who Caesar is , and how he came to be . So it 's really kind of hard to put a label on it . We are hopefully rebooting it . '' He went on to say that `` we tried really hard to create a story that would stand on its own and yet also pay homage and honor the movies that came before us . '' Jaffa and Silver then wrote a script and sold it to Fox , producers of the Apes franchise . The script added other elements which the couple had researched , such as genetic engineering . Several tributes to specific scenes , characters , and cast and crew from the previous Apes film series were added in the script . In particular , Caesar 's treatment at the primate sanctuary parallels Taylor 's treatment as a captive in the original film . In a segment of a video blog post , director Rupert Wyatt commented on the originality of the plot : `` This is part of the mythology and it should be seen as that . It 's not a continuation of the other films ; it 's an original story . It does satisfy the people who enjoy those films . The point of this film is to achieve that and to bring that fan base into this film exactly like Batman Begins . '' In a 2009 interview , Wyatt said , `` We 've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , in terms of how the apes begin to revolt , but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film ... Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries ... This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes , and there 's a lot more stories to tell after this . I imagine the next film will be about the all - out war between the apes and humans . '' Mark Bomback did an uncredited rewrite of the script . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in July 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming also happened in San Francisco , California ( the primary setting of the film ) , and around Oahu , Hawaii , which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa . Visual effects ( edit ) As the apes in Rise were meant to be actual apes , the producers decided not to use actors in ape suits . After considering real apes , instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through performance capture . Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment , affording the film - makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors , as opposed to the confines of a soundstage . The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight , employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle . A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured , with larger ape crowds using fully digital animals animated using Weta 's move library . The Golden Gate Bridge set used both a physical set which was extended digitally , and a fully computer - generated model of the bridge that also included the ocean and nearby hills . After shooting the actors playing humans interacting with others wearing the motion capture suits , a clean plate was shot with actors for extra reference . Actor - stuntman Terry Notary guided the actors on realistic ape movement , while Weta studied the chimps in the Wellington Zoo for reference . The digital apes also received detailed models with skeletons , muscles and nerve tissue layers for accurate animation . Cast models of apes ' heads and limbs helped the texture department replicate skin details such as wrinkles and pores . Given the difference between human and chimpanzee facial muscles , the animators tweaked the performance through a new facial muscle system adding dynamics , ballistics , and secondary motion . As the silent performance required expressive eyes , a new eye model was made to depict both greater accuracy in muscle movement in and around the eyes , and also tears , pupil dilation , and light refraction . While Andy Serkis was the primary performer for Caesar , as the effects team considered that at times `` Andy overcame the character , '' other motion capture team actors were also used , especially Devyn Dalton , whose height matched that of a chimpanzee . Along with that , they used Notary to play Caesar in stunt - filled scenes such as the Golden Gate Bridge scene . Music ( edit ) The score for the film was written by Patrick Doyle and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by James Shearman . The main concern was to have the music help progress the plot in the scenes without dialogue , for instance , conveying the emotions of Caesar 's relationships with Will and Charles . To turn the score into a `` driving force that keeps audiences paying attention , '' Doyle employed an African - American chorus and focused on percussion and `` low and deep '' orchestra sounds . Doyle collaborated closely with the sound department to make the music complement the sound effects , including writing a recurring theme based on their recording of a chimpanzee . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81 % based on 252 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Led by Rupert Wyatt 's stylish direction , some impressive special effects , and a mesmerizing performance by Andy Serkis , Rise of the Planet of the Apes breathes unlikely new life into a long - running franchise . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a `` wonderfully executed character '' and `` one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin , but Serkis and / or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie . '' Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars , Joe Neumaier of Daily News labelled Rise of the Planet of the Apes as the summer 's best popcorn flick . Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice wrote , `` Caesar 's prison conversion to charismatic pan-ape revolutionist is near - silent filmmaking , with simple and precise images illustrating Caesar 's General - like divining of personalities and his organization of a group from chaos to order . '' Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel wrote , `` Audacious , violent and disquieting , `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' is a summer sequel that 's better than it has any right to be . '' He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film by saying , `` Precisely the kind of summer diversion that the studios have such a hard time making now . It 's good , canny - dumb fun . '' She also gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed `` twists lifted from 1972 's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999 's Deep Blue Sea '' . Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes made its debut in the United States and Canada on roughly 5,400 screens within 3,648 theaters . It grossed $19,534,699 on opening day and $54,806,191 in its entire opening weekend , making it # 1 for that weekend as well as the fourth - highest - grossing August opening ever . The film held on to the # 1 spot in its second weekend , dropping 49.2 % , and grossing $27,832,307 . Rise of the Planet of the Apes crossed the $150 million mark in the United States and Canada on its 26th day of release . Entertainment Weekly said that this was quite an accomplishment for the film since the month of August is a difficult time for films to make money . The film ended its run at the box office on December 15 , 2011 , with a gross of $176,760,185 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $305,040,864 internationally , for a total of $481,801,049 worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on Blu - ray Disc , DVD , and Digital Copy on December 13 , 2011 . Awards ( edit ) Award Recipient Result 84th Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , R. Christopher White and Daniel Barrett Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Annie Awards Character Animation in a Live Action Production Eric Reynolds Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Action Film Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Technical Achievement Won IGN Best of 2011 Best Movie Nominated Best Sci - Fi Movie Won Best Movie Actor Andy Serkis ( also for The Adventures of Tintin ) Nominated Best Movie Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated IGN Summer Movie Awards Best Summer Movie Nominated Funniest Line `` Why cookie Rocket ? '' Nominated Best All - Out Brawl Apes vs. Humans on the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Favorite Kill Helicopter Pushed Over the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Coolest Creature Caesar Won Favorite Hero Caesar -- Andy Serkis Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Won London Film Critics Circle Technical Achievement Joe Letteri Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Jeff Capogreco , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Won Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Writing Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Nominated Best Special Effects Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White , and Daniel Barrett Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Cyndi Ochs , Kurt Williams Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Caesar -- Daniel Barrett , Florian Fernandez , Matthew Muntean , Eric Reynolds Won Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Thelvin Cabezas , Mike Perry , R. Christopher White , Erik Winquist Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Jean - Luc Azzis , Quentin Hema , Simon Jung , Christoph Salzmann Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and War for the Planet of the Apes Regarding the story setting up possible sequels , director Rupert Wyatt commented : `` I think we 're ending with certain questions , which is quite exciting . To me , I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film , but this is just the beginning . '' Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise of the Planet of the Apes would feature several clues as to future sequels : `` I hope that we 're building a platform for future films . We 're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth . '' On May 31 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film ; he was replaced by Cloverfield director Matt Reeves . Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen the screenplay , with rewrites from Scott Z . Burns and Mark Bomback . Taking place ten years after Rise , Dawn follows Caesar 's growing nation of evolved apes threatened by human survivors that put both sides in the brink of war . Andy Serkis , Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprised their roles as Caesar , Rocket and Maurice . James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a `` cameo via video '' . Judy Greer and Toby Kebbell replace Devyn Dalton and Christopher Gordon as Cornelia and Koba , respectively . Filming of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes started on North Vancouver Island in April 2013 . The film was released July 11 , 2014 . On January 6 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , with a planned July 2016 release . In January 2015 , Fox delayed the release to July 14 , 2017 . On May 14 , 2015 , the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes , later re-titled to War for the Planet of the Apes . See also ( edit ) Uplift ( science fiction ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Apes ' will rise above ' Change - Up ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Collider Visits The Set of RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ; Plus Video Blog '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco plays lead in Apes prequel '' . CBC.ca . May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Spider - Man lost the lead role in ' Rise Of The Apes ' to the Green Goblin '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Zaki ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Writers Amanda Silver and Rick Jaffa '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Mythology of the Apes '' , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' : 21 nods to classic ' Apes ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi Magazine ( August 2011 ) '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Tapped for ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Felton Begins Shooting `` Rise of the Apes , '' Stars in Ashley Greene Film `` . OnTheRedCarpet.com . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rupert Wyatt audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray ^ Jump up to : `` A New Generation of Apes , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis : ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes was a challenge ' '' . Blockbuster.co.uk . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Hail Caesar : Motion - Capturing Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Lead Simian '' Wired.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Breaking Motion Capture Boundaries , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Weta Digital Monkey Business '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Andy Serkis , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Patrick Doyle ) '' . Filmtracks. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Composing the Score with Patrick Doyle , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , '' Rotten Tomatoes . Accessed June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' review : James Franco and Freida Pinto star in best flick of summer '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Simian Disobedience '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore 's review of `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes `` '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manohla Dargis 's review of Rise of the Planet of the apes '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 2011 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : ' Apes ' Rise '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Hail the Conquering ' Apes ' '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Cling to Top Spot , ' Help ' Cleans Up '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' crosses $100 million at box office ; ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' climbs past $150 million '' . InsideMovies.EW.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 EDA Awards Nominees -- Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Annie Awards '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Blog 17th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2012 ) '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominees '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` IGN Summer Movie Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` award listings '' . Las Vegas Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Select Top Films for 2011 '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Nominees International Press Academy '' . Satellite Award . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES and SUPER 8 lead Saturn Awards with 3 awards each . '' . saturnawards.org . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards Nominees Visual Effects Society '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Critics Winners : THE ARTIST , George Clooney , Michelle Williams , THE SKIN I LIVE IN '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Director Rupert Wyatt on ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' and The End of Cinema '' . FilmSchoolProjects.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Another Fox Shocker : Is Rupert Wyatt Exiting ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ? ' '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' Writer Tapped to Pen ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Andy Serkis Closes Big ' Planet Of The Apes ' Deal ; Should Fox Campaign For Oscar ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No One Bothered Telling James Franco He 's In Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . CinemaBlend.com. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell River gets ready for ape invasion '' . CTV News . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 . '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rise of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Rupert Wyatt The Escapist ( 2008 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Gambler ( 2014 ) Captive State ( 2018 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 181353993 LCCN : no2011120634 GND : 1057944262 BNF : cb169401537 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=799957079 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Planet of the Apes films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American science fiction films American Sign Language films Annie Award winners Dune Entertainment films Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about animal rights Films about rebellions Films about viral outbreaks Films directed by Rupert Wyatt Films set in Africa Films set in forests Films set in San Francisco Films set in the future Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Reboot films Techno - thriller films Films produced by Peter Chernin Film scores by Patrick Doyle Dystopian films Smart drugs in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the virus in rise of the planet of the apes	[ "After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba, Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ-113 and becomes ill. Attempting to warn Will at his home, he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead. Will attempts to reclaim Caesar, but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes. Instead, he escapes from the facility and returns to Will's house, where he takes canisters of the ALZ-113. Upon returning, Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes. When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage, Caesar speaks for the first time, yelling \"No!\" and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge's death. The apes flee the facility, release the remaining chimps from Gen-Sys, and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way." ]	[ "ALZ-113" ]
5180958388584190577	Classical sculpture	Classical sculpture - wikipedia Classical sculpture Jump to : navigation , search Leochares : Belvedere Apollo . Roman copy of 130 -- 140 AD after a Greek bronze original of 330 -- 320 BC . Vatican Museums Classical sculpture refers loosely to the forms of sculpture from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome , as well as the Hellenized and Romanized civilizations under their rule or influence from about 500 BC to around 200 AD . More precisely it refers to Ancient Greek sculpture from around 500 BC to the onset of the Hellenistic style around 323 BC . It may also refer stylistically to later sculpture done in a Neoclassical or classical style . Classical sculptures have been popular since the Renaissance . Only those works that closely follow the canon of classical forms would fall under the term . In addition to free standing statues , the term classical sculpture incorporates relief work ( such as the famous Elgin Marbles of the Parthenon ) and the flatter bas - relief style . Whereas sculptural works emphasized the human form , reliefs were employed to create elaborate decorative scenes . Ancient statues and bas - reliefs survive showing the bare surface of the material of which they are made , and people generally associate classical art with white marble sculpture . But there is evidence that many statues were painted in bright colours . Most of the colour was weathered off over time ; small remnants were removed during cleaning ; in some cases small traces remained which could be identified . A travelling exhibition of 20 coloured replicas of Greek and Roman works , alongside 35 original statues and reliefs , was held in Europe and the United States in 2008 : Gods in Color : Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity . Details such as whether the paint was applied in one or two coats , how finely the pigments were ground , or exactly which binding medium would have been used in each case -- all elements that would affect the appearance of a finished piece -- are not known . There are several periods : Main articles : Ancient Greek sculpture and Roman sculpture Contents ( hide ) 1 Archaic period 2 Classical period 3 Hellenistic period 4 Roman period 5 Influence 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Archaic period ( edit ) The most important sculptural form of the Archaic period was the kouros ( plural : kouroi ) , the standing male nude ( See for example Biton and Kleobis ) . Reflecting Egyptian influence , the kouros stands upright with his left leg slightly forward and his arms at his sides . Archaic Greek sculptors seem to have been influenced stylistically by the Egyptians , although divergences appeared early on . In particular , the male figures of Archaic Greece tended to be represented in the nude , while this was uncommon during all periods of ancient Egyptian art ( except when slaves or enemies were depicted ) . As in Egyptian art , female subjects were always portrayed clothed ; female nudity would not appear until much later on . In this period , the later emphasis on naturalistic bone and muscle anatomy had not yet developed , which can be seen in observing details such as the knees and other critical joints . Some details seem to be `` incised '' rather than fully modeled , a relic of more ancient traditions . Nor did figures stand or move naturally . However , as the Archaic style gradually transformed into what is known as the Classical style , a clear progression displaying more and more technical knowledge and skill can be detected . Unknown artist : Kouros Anavissos . National Archaeological Museum of Athens , ca . 530 BC Unknown artist : Treasury of Siphnos frieze ( detail ) , Delphi Archaeological Museum , ca . 525 BC Attributed by some to Onatas or his school : Fallen Trojan warrior , figure W - VII of the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia , Glyptothek , Munich , ca . 505 -- 500 BC Unknown artist : Funerary lion found at the Sacred Gate at the Kerameikon . Kerameikos Archaeological Museum , Athens , ca . 590 -- 580 BC Classical period ( edit ) The Classical period saw changes in both the style and function of sculpture . Poses became more naturalistic ( see the Charioteer of Delphi for an example of the transition to more naturalistic sculpture ) , and the technical skill of Greek sculptors in depicting the human form in a variety of poses greatly increased . From about 500 BC statues began to depict real people . The statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton set up in Athens to mark the overthrow of the tyranny were said to be the first public monuments to actual people . As Greek artists began to study human movement and anatomy , they discovered that living humans tend to display a `` weight shift '' or contraposition when standing . The first Greek statue to exhibit contrapposto is the famed Kritios Boy , dating circa 480 BC . Contrapposto soon became a defining element of Greek sculptural technique , culminating in the Canon of the Doryphoros ( `` spear - bearer '' ) , which adopted extremely dynamic and sophisticated contrapposto in its cross-balance of rigid and loose limbs . Most of the sculptures made at this time were created to show appreciation to the gods for showing them good fortune , and also to help bring good fortune in the future , and to also gain favor from the gods . Greek temples were specially made to fit the large cult statues . They believed that placing shrines around the areas that were said to be holy would please the gods . Because Greek gods were mostly myths based on real people 's lives mixed feelings were created about the sculptures , and therefore more man - like sculptures were created . Most sculptures created can be understood to represent myth , archetype or purpose in life . During the classical period sculptors were not only creating works for temples , but also mortuary statues to show tribute to deceased loved ones . The sculptures would often show the deceased person in a relaxed pose . Successful athletes and rich families would commission statues of themselves for temples to show respect to the gods . In the 5th century BC portraits became popular and busts featuring generals , philosophers and political leaders appeared . The high quality of Greek work attracted Italian interest , and greatly influenced both Etruscan , and later , Roman art . The enthusiasm with which Rome greeted Greek art has proven important not merely because of the transmission of classical Greek style , but also because most of the extant classical Greek works survive mainly in the form of Roman marble copies of Greek bronze originals . As bronze has always been a valuable metal , most of the originals were likely long ago melted down , and the few genuine survivals have been found mostly in the context of shipwrecks . However , Greeks did carve marble , and a number of classical Greek marbles have survived ; the famed Parthenon Marbles ( also known as the Elgin Marbles ) , lasted in situ until the beginning of the 19th Century . In fact , many of the surviving classical Greek marbles are from an architectural context . Polykleitos : Doryphoros . Cast in Pushkin Museum , Moscow . Attributed to Euphranor : Paris or Perseus . Atikythera shipwreck , ca . 340 -- 330 BC . National Archaeological Museum , Athens . Phidias ' workshop : Reclining Dionysos , from Parthenon east pediment , ca . 447 -- 433 BC . British Museum Aphrodite Braschi , free copy ( 1st century BC ) after a votive statue of Praxitele in Cnidus ( Aphrodite of Cnidus type , ca . 350 -- 340 BC ) . Glyptothek , Munich Hellenistic period ( edit ) The transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic period occurred during the 1st century . Sculpture became more and more naturalistic . Common people , women , children , animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture , which was commissioned by wealthy families for the adornment of their homes and gardens . Realistic portraits of men and women of all ages were produced , and sculptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as ideals of beauty or physical perfection . Most Greek men were sculpted standing with their hips slightly to the side . When human beings stand this way it uses more muscles . Attributed by Pliny the Elder to Agesander , Athanodoros and Polydorus : Laocoön and His Sons . Copy after an Hellenistic original from ca . 200 BC . Vatican Museums Unknown artist : Nike of Samothrace , c. 220 - 190 BC . Louvre Unknown artist : Nereus , Doris , a giant , Oceanus , from the Pergamon Altar ( detail ) , 2nd century BC . Pergamonmuseum , Berlin Unknown artist : Ludovisi Gaul and his wife . Roman copy after an Hellenistic original from a monument built by Attalus I of Pergamon after his victory over Gauls , ca . 220 BC . Palazzo Altemps , Rome Roman period ( edit ) Main article : Roman sculpture Augustus of Prima Porta , statue of the emperor Augustus , 1st century . Vatican Museums Roman sculpture began with the copying of Greek sculpture , but then evolved into a form of sculpture which more emphasised the individual . There are many surviving sculptures of Roman emperors . Influence ( edit ) Greco - Roman sculpture had a profound influence on Western art . With it , the Greco - Roman style established the possibility and potential of realism in art . Because of the relative durability of sculpture , it has managed to survive and continue to influence and inform artists in varying cultures and eras , from Europe to Asia , and today , the whole world . While classical art gradually fell into disfavor in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire , its rediscovery during the early Italian Renaissance proved decisive . One of the most important sculptors in the classical revival was Donatello . Many other sculptors such as Michelangelo also made works which can be considered classical . Modern Classicism contrasted in many ways with the classical sculpture of the 19th Century which was characterized by commitments to naturalism ( Antoine - Louis Barye ) -- the melodramatic ( François Rude ) sentimentality ( Jean - Baptiste Carpeaux ) -- or a kind of stately grandiosity ( Lord Leighton ) Several different directions in the classical tradition were taken as the century turned , but the study of the live model and the post-Renaissance tradition was still fundamental to them . See also ( edit ) Art in Ancient Greece Sculpture of ancient Greece References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cook , R.M. , Greek Art , pp. 142 , 148 , Penguin , 1986 ( reprint of 1972 ) , ISBN 0140218661 ^ Jump up to : Archeological Institute of America : Carved in Living Color Jump up ^ io9.com : Ultraviolet light reveals how ancient Greek statues really looked Jump up ^ Gods in Color : Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity September 22 , 2007 Through January 20 , 2008 , The Arthur M. Sackler Museum External links ( edit ) Gallery : Gods in Greco - Roman Sculpture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_sculpture&oldid=783559931 '' Categories : Ancient Greek sculpture Hellenistic sculpture Ancient Roman sculpture Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2017 , at 03 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	one major difference in the hellenistic and the classical sculpture is	[ "The transition from the Classical to the Hellenistic period occurred during the 1st century. Sculpture became more and more naturalistic. Common people, women, children, animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture, which was commissioned by wealthy families for the adornment of their homes and gardens. Realistic portraits of men and women of all ages were produced, and sculptors no longer felt obliged to depict people as ideals of beauty or physical perfection. Most Greek men were sculpted standing with their hips slightly to the side. When human beings stand this way it uses more muscles." ]	[ "Common people, women, children, animals and domestic scenes became acceptable subjects for sculpture" ]
-2048828902981465626	Chemical element	Chemical element - wikipedia Chemical element Jump to : navigation , search Top : The periodic table of the chemical elements . Below : Examples of certain chemical elements . From left to right : hydrogen , barium , copper , uranium , bromine , and helium . A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei ( that is , the same atomic number , or Z ) . 118 elements are identified , of which the first 94 occur naturally on Earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements . There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope and 38 that have exclusively radionuclides , which decay over time into other elements . Iron is the most abundant element ( by mass ) making up Earth , while oxygen is the most common element in the Earth 's crust . Chemical elements constitute all of the ordinary matter of the universe . However astronomical observations suggest that ordinary observable matter makes up only about 15 % of the matter in the universe : the remainder is dark matter ; the composition of this is unknown , but it is not composed of chemical elements . The two lightest elements , hydrogen and helium , were mostly formed in the Big Bang and are the most common elements in the universe . The next three elements ( lithium , beryllium and boron ) were formed mostly by cosmic ray spallation , and are thus rarer than heavier elements . Formation of elements with from 6 to 26 protons occurred and continues to occur in main sequence stars via stellar nucleosynthesis . The high abundance of oxygen , silicon , and iron on Earth reflects their common production in such stars . Elements with greater than 26 protons are formed by supernova nucleosynthesis in supernovae , which , when they explode , blast these elements as supernova remnants far into space , where they may become incorporated into planets when they are formed . The term `` element '' is used for atoms with a given number of protons ( regardless of whether or not they are ionized or chemically bonded , e.g. hydrogen in water ) as well as for a pure chemical substance consisting of a single element ( e.g. hydrogen gas ) . For the second meaning , the terms `` elementary substance '' and `` simple substance '' have been suggested , but they have not gained much acceptance in English chemical literature , whereas in some other languages their equivalent is widely used ( e.g. French corps simple , Russian простое вещество ) . A single element can form multiple substances differing in their structure ; they are called allotropes of the element . When different elements are chemically combined , with the atoms held together by chemical bonds , they form chemical compounds . Only a minority of elements are found uncombined as relatively pure minerals . Among the more common of such native elements are copper , silver , gold , carbon ( as coal , graphite , or diamonds ) , and sulfur . All but a few of the most inert elements , such as noble gases and noble metals , are usually found on Earth in chemically combined form , as chemical compounds . While about 32 of the chemical elements occur on Earth in native uncombined forms , most of these occur as mixtures . For example , atmospheric air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen , oxygen , and argon , and native solid elements occur in alloys , such as that of iron and nickel . The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that found native elements like carbon , sulfur , copper and gold . Later civilizations extracted elemental copper , tin , lead and iron from their ores by smelting , using charcoal . Alchemists and chemists subsequently identified many more ; almost all of the naturally occurring elements were known by 1900 . The properties of the chemical elements are summarized in the periodic table , which organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ( `` periods '' ) in which the columns ( `` groups '' ) share recurring ( `` periodic '' ) physical and chemical properties . Save for unstable radioactive elements with short half - lives , all of the elements are available industrially , most of them in low degrees of impurities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Atomic number 1.2 Isotopes 1.3 Isotopic mass and atomic mass 1.4 Chemically pure and isotopically pure 1.5 Allotropes 1.6 Properties 1.6. 1 General properties 1.6. 2 States of matter 1.6. 3 Melting and boiling points 1.6. 4 Densities 1.6. 5 Crystal structures 1.6. 6 Occurrence and origin on Earth 1.7 The periodic table 2 Nomenclature and symbols 2.1 Atomic numbers 2.2 Element names 2.3 Chemical symbols 2.3. 1 Specific chemical elements 2.3. 2 General chemical symbols 2.3. 3 Isotope symbols 3 Origin of the elements 4 Abundance 5 History 5.1 Evolving definitions 5.1. 1 Classical definitions 5.1. 2 Chemical definitions 5.1. 3 Atomic definitions 5.2 Discovery and recognition of various elements 5.3 Recently discovered elements 6 List of the 118 known chemical elements 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Description The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium , both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3 : 1 by mass ( or 12 : 1 by number of atoms ) , along with tiny traces of the next two elements , lithium and beryllium . Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis . On Earth , small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions , or in cosmogenic processes , such as cosmic ray spallation . New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay , beta decay , spontaneous fission , cluster decay , and other rarer modes of decay . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , those with atomic numbers 1 through 82 each have at least one stable isotope ( except for technetium , element 43 and promethium , element 61 , which have no stable isotopes ) . Isotopes considered stable are those for which no radioactive decay has yet been observed . Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that radioactive decay of all isotopes can be detected . Some of these elements , notably bismuth ( atomic number 83 ) , thorium ( atomic number 90 ) , and uranium ( atomic number 92 ) , have one or more isotopes with half - lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy metals before the formation of our Solar System . At over 1.9 × 10 years , over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe , bismuth - 209 ( atomic number 83 ) has the longest known alpha decay half - life of any naturally occurring element , and is almost always considered on par with the 80 stable elements . The very heaviest elements ( those beyond plutonium , element 94 ) undergo radioactive decay with half - lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized . As of 2010 , there are 118 known elements ( in this context , `` known '' means observed well enough , even from just a few decay products , to have been differentiated from other elements ) . Of these 118 elements , 94 occur naturally on Earth . Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities : technetium , atomic number 43 ; promethium , number 61 ; astatine , number 85 ; francium , number 87 ; neptunium , number 93 ; and plutonium , number 94 . These 94 elements have been detected in the universe at large , in the spectra of stars and also supernovae , where short - lived radioactive elements are newly being made . The first 94 elements have been detected directly on Earth as primordial nuclides present from the formation of the solar system , or as naturally occurring fission or transmutation products of uranium and thorium . The remaining 24 heavier elements , not found today either on Earth or in astronomical spectra , have been produced artificially : these are all radioactive , with very short half - lives ; if any atoms of these elements were present at the formation of Earth , they are extremely likely , to the point of certainty , to have already decayed , and if present in novae , have been in quantities too small to have been noted . Technetium was the first purportedly non-naturally occurring element synthesized , in 1937 , although trace amounts of technetium have since been found in nature ( and also the element may have been discovered naturally in 1925 ) . This pattern of artificial production and later natural discovery has been repeated with several other radioactive naturally occurring rare elements . List of the elements are available by name , atomic number , density , melting point , boiling point and by symbol , as well as ionization energies of the elements . The nuclides of stable and radioactive elements are also available as a list of nuclides , sorted by length of half - life for those that are unstable . One of the most convenient , and certainly the most traditional presentation of the elements , is in the form of the periodic table , which groups together elements with similar chemical properties ( and usually also similar electronic structures ) . Atomic number Main article : atomic number The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in each atom , and defines the element . For example , all carbon atoms contain 6 protons in their atomic nucleus ; so the atomic number of carbon is 6 . Carbon atoms may have different numbers of neutrons ; atoms of the same element having different numbers of neutrons are known as isotopes of the element . The number of protons in the atomic nucleus also determines its electric charge , which in turn determines the number of electrons of the atom in its non-ionized state . The electrons are placed into atomic orbitals that determine the atom 's various chemical properties . The number of neutrons in a nucleus usually has very little effect on an element 's chemical properties ( except in the case of hydrogen and deuterium ) . Thus , all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons , even though carbon atoms may , for example , have 6 or 8 neutrons . That is why the atomic number , rather than mass number or atomic weight , is considered the identifying characteristic of a chemical element . The symbol for atomic number is Z . Isotopes Main articles : Isotope , Stable isotope ratio , and List of nuclides Isotopes are atoms of the same element ( that is , with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus ) , but having different numbers of neutrons . Thus , for example , there are three main isotopes of carbon . All carbon atoms have 6 protons in the nucleus , but they can have either 6 , 7 , or 8 neutrons . Since the mass numbers of these are 12 , 13 and 14 respectively , the three isotopes of carbon are known as carbon - 12 , carbon - 13 , and carbon - 14 , often abbreviated to C , C , and C. Carbon in everyday life and in chemistry is a mixture of C ( about 98.9 % ) , C ( about 1.1 % ) and about 1 atom per trillion of C . Most ( 66 of 94 ) naturally occurring elements have more than one stable isotope . Except for the isotopes of hydrogen ( which differ greatly from each other in relative mass -- enough to cause chemical effects ) , the isotopes of a given element are chemically nearly indistinguishable . All of the elements have some isotopes that are radioactive ( radioisotopes ) , although not all of these radioisotopes occur naturally . The radioisotopes typically decay into other elements upon radiating an alpha or beta particle . If an element has isotopes that are not radioactive , these are termed `` stable '' isotopes . All of the known stable isotopes occur naturally ( see primordial isotope ) . The many radioisotopes that are not found in nature have been characterized after being artificially made . Certain elements have no stable isotopes and are composed only of radioactive isotopes : specifically the elements without any stable isotopes are technetium ( atomic number 43 ) , promethium ( atomic number 61 ) , and all observed elements with atomic numbers greater than 82 . Of the 80 elements with at least one stable isotope , 26 have only one single stable isotope . The mean number of stable isotopes for the 80 stable elements is 3.1 stable isotopes per element . The largest number of stable isotopes that occur for a single element is 10 ( for tin , element 50 ) . Isotopic mass and atomic mass Main articles : atomic mass and relative atomic mass The mass number of an element , A , is the number of nucleons ( protons and neutrons ) in the atomic nucleus . Different isotopes of a given element are distinguished by their mass numbers , which are conventionally written as a superscript on the left hand side of the atomic symbol ( e.g. U ) . The mass number is always a whole number and has units of `` nucleons '' . For example , magnesium - 24 ( 24 is the mass number ) is an atom with 24 nucleons ( 12 protons and 12 neutrons ) . Whereas the mass number simply counts the total number of neutrons and protons and is thus a natural ( or whole ) number , the atomic mass of a single atom is a real number giving the mass of a particular isotope ( or `` nuclide '' ) of the element , expressed in atomic mass units ( u ) . In general , the mass number of a given nuclide differs in value slightly from its atomic mass , since the mass of each proton and neutron is not exactly 1 u ; since the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number ; and ( finally ) because of the nuclear binding energy . For example , the atomic mass of chlorine - 35 to five significant digits is 34.969 u and that of chlorine - 37 is 36.966 u . However , the atomic mass in u of each isotope is quite close to its simple mass number ( always within 1 % ) . The only isotope whose atomic mass is exactly a natural number is C , which by definition has a mass of exactly 12 , because u is defined as 1 / 12 of the mass of a free neutral carbon - 12 atom in the ground state . The standard atomic weight ( commonly called `` atomic weight '' ) of an element is the average of the atomic masses of all the chemical element 's isotopes as found in a particular environment , weighted by isotopic abundance , relative to the atomic mass unit ( u ) . This number may be a fraction that is not close to a whole number . For example , the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.453 u , which differs greatly from a whole number as it is an average of about 76 % chlorine - 35 and 24 % chlorine - 37 . Whenever a relative atomic mass value differs by more than 1 % from a whole number , it is due to this averaging effect , as significant amounts of more than one isotope are naturally present in a sample of that element . Chemically pure and isotopically pure Chemists and nuclear scientists have different definitions of a pure element . In chemistry , a pure element means a substance whose atoms all ( or in practice almost all ) have the same atomic number , or number of protons . Nuclear scientists , however , define a pure element as one that consists of only one stable isotope . For example , a copper wire is 99.99 % chemically pure if 99.99 % of its atoms are copper , with 29 protons each . However it is not isotopically pure since ordinary copper consists of two stable isotopes , 69 % Cu and 31 % Cu , with different numbers of neutrons . However , a pure gold ingot would be both chemically and isotopically pure , since ordinary gold consists only of one isotope , Au . Allotropes Main article : Allotropy Atoms of chemically pure elements may bond to each other chemically in more than one way , allowing the pure element to exist in multiple chemical structures ( spatial arrangements of atoms ) , known as allotropes , which differ in their properties . For example , carbon can be found as diamond , which has a tetrahedral structure around each carbon atom ; graphite , which has layers of carbon atoms with a hexagonal structure stacked on top of each other ; graphene , which is a single layer of graphite that is very strong ; fullerenes , which have nearly spherical shapes ; and carbon nanotubes , which are tubes with a hexagonal structure ( even these may differ from each other in electrical properties ) . The ability of an element to exist in one of many structural forms is known as ' allotropy ' . The standard state , also known as reference state , of an element is defined as its thermodynamically most stable state at a pressure of 1 bar and a given temperature ( typically at 298.15 K ) . In thermochemistry , an element is defined to have an enthalpy of formation of zero in its standard state . For example , the reference state for carbon is graphite , because the structure of graphite is more stable than that of the other allotropes . Properties Several kinds of descriptive categorizations can be applied broadly to the elements , including consideration of their general physical and chemical properties , their states of matter under familiar conditions , their melting and boiling points , their densities , their crystal structures as solids , and their origins . General properties Several terms are commonly used to characterize the general physical and chemical properties of the chemical elements . A first distinction is between metals , which readily conduct electricity , nonmetals , which do not , and a small group , ( the metalloids ) , having intermediate properties and often behaving as semiconductors . A more refined classification is often shown in colored presentations of the periodic table . This system restricts the terms `` metal '' and `` nonmetal '' to only certain of the more broadly defined metals and nonmetals , adding additional terms for certain sets of the more broadly viewed metals and nonmetals . The version of this classification used in the periodic tables presented here includes : actinides , alkali metals , alkaline earth metals , halogens , lanthanides , transition metals , post-transition metals , metalloids , polyatomic nonmetals , diatomic nonmetals , and noble gases . In this system , the alkali metals , alkaline earth metals , and transition metals , as well as the lanthanides and the actinides , are special groups of the metals viewed in a broader sense . Similarly , the polyatomic nonmetals , diatomic nonmetals and the noble gases are nonmetals viewed in the broader sense . In some presentations , the halogens are not distinguished , with astatine identified as a metalloid and the others identified as nonmetals . States of matter Another commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their state of matter ( phase ) , whether solid , liquid , or gas , at a selected standard temperature and pressure ( STP ) . Most of the elements are solids at conventional temperatures and atmospheric pressure , while several are gases . Only bromine and mercury are liquids at 0 degrees Celsius ( 32 degrees Fahrenheit ) and normal atmospheric pressure ; caesium and gallium are solids at that temperature , but melt at 28.4 ° C ( 83.2 ° F ) and 29.8 ° C ( 85.6 ° F ) , respectively . Melting and boiling points Melting and boiling points , typically expressed in degrees Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere , are commonly used in characterizing the various elements . While known for most elements , either or both of these measurements is still undetermined for some of the radioactive elements available in only tiny quantities . Since helium remains a liquid even at absolute zero at atmospheric pressure , it has only a boiling point , and not a melting point , in conventional presentations . Densities Main article : Densities of the elements ( data page ) The density at a selected standard temperature and pressure ( STP ) is frequently used in characterizing the elements . Density is often expressed in grams per cubic centimeter ( g / cm ) . Since several elements are gases at commonly encountered temperatures , their densities are usually stated for their gaseous forms ; when liquefied or solidified , the gaseous elements have densities similar to those of the other elements . When an element has allotropes with different densities , one representative allotrope is typically selected in summary presentations , while densities for each allotrope can be stated where more detail is provided . For example , the three familiar allotropes of carbon ( amorphous carbon , graphite , and diamond ) have densities of 1.8 -- 2.1 , 2.267 , and 3.515 g / cm , respectively . Crystal structures Main article : Crystal structure The elements studied to date as solid samples have eight kinds of crystal structures : cubic , body - centered cubic , face - centered cubic , hexagonal , monoclinic , orthorhombic , rhombohedral , and tetragonal . For some of the synthetically produced transuranic elements , available samples have been too small to determine crystal structures . Occurrence and origin on Earth Chemical elements may also be categorized by their origin on Earth , with the first 94 considered naturally occurring , while those with atomic numbers beyond 94 have only been produced artificially as the synthetic products of man - made nuclear reactions . Of the 94 naturally occurring elements , 84 are considered primordial and either stable or weakly radioactive . The remaining 10 naturally occurring elements possess half lives too short for them to have been present at the beginning of the Solar System , and are therefore considered transient elements . ( Plutonium is usually also considered a transient element because primordial plutonium has by now decayed to almost undetectable traces . ) Of these 10 transient elements , 5 ( polonium , radon , radium , actinium , and protactinium ) are relatively common decay products of thorium , uranium , and plutonium . The remaining 6 transient elements ( technetium , promethium , astatine , francium , neptunium , and plutonium ) occur only rarely , as products of rare decay modes or nuclear reaction processes involving uranium or other heavy elements . Elements with atomic numbers 1 through 40 are all stable , while those with atomic numbers 41 through 82 ( except technetium and promethium ) are metastable . The half - lives of these metastable `` theoretical radionuclides '' are so long ( at least 100 million times longer than the estimated age of the universe ) that their radioactive decay has yet to be detected by experiment . Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that their radioactive decay can be detected . Three of these elements , bismuth ( element 83 ) , thorium ( element 90 ) , and uranium ( element 92 ) have one or more isotopes with half - lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy elements before the formation of our solar system . For example , at over 1.9 × 10 years , over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe , bismuth - 209 has the longest known alpha decay half - life of any naturally occurring element . The very heaviest 24 elements ( those beyond plutonium , element 94 ) undergo radioactive decay with short half - lives and can not be produced as daughters of longer - lived elements , and thus they do not occur in nature at all . The periodic table Main article : Periodic table ( hide ) Periodic table Group 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Pnictogens Chalcogens Halogens Noble gases Period Hydrogen 1H Helium 2He Lithium 3Li Beryllium 4Be Boron 5B Carbon 6C Nitrogen 7N Oxygen 8O Fluorine 9F Neon 10 Ne Sodium 11 Na Magnesium 12 Mg Aluminium 13 Al Silicon 14 Si Phosphorus 15 P Sulfur 16 S Chlorine 17 Cl Argon 18 Ar Potassium 19 K Calcium 20 Ca Scandium 21 Sc Titanium 22 Ti Vanadium 23 V Chromium 24 Cr Manganese 25 Mn Iron 26 Fe Cobalt 27 Co Nickel 28 Ni Copper 29 Cu Zinc 30 Zn Gallium 31 Ga Germanium 32 Ge Arsenic 33 As Selenium 34 Se Bromine 35 Br Krypton 36 Kr 5 Rubidium 37 Rb Strontium 38 Sr Yttrium 39 Y Zirconium 40 Zr Niobium 41 Nb Molybdenum 42 Mo Technetium 43 Tc Ruthenium 44 Ru Rhodium 45 Rh Palladium 46 Pd Silver 47 Ag Cadmium 48 Cd Indium 49 In Tin 50 Sn Antimony 51 Sb Tellurium 52 Te Iodine 53 I Xenon 54 Xe 6 Caesium 55 Cs Barium 56 Ba Lanthanum 57 La Hafnium 72 Hf Tantalum 73 Ta Tungsten 74 W Rhenium 75 Re Osmium 76 Os Iridium 77 Ir Platinum 78 Pt Gold 79 Au Mercury 80 Hg Thallium 81 Tl Lead 82 Pb Bismuth 83 Bi Polonium 84 Po Astatine 85 At Radon 86 Rn 7 Francium 87 Fr Radium 88 Ra Actinium 89 Ac Rutherfordium 104 Rf Dubnium 105 Db Seaborgium 106 Sg Bohrium 107 Bh Hassium 108 Hs Meitnerium 109 Mt Darmstadtium 110 Ds Roentgenium 111 Rg Copernicium 112 Cn Nihonium 113 Nh Flerovium 114 Fl Moscovium 115 Mc Livermorium 116 Lv Tennessine 117 Ts Oganesson 118 Og Cerium 58 Ce Praseodymium 59 Pr Neodymium 60 Nd Promethium 61 Pm Samarium 62 Sm Europium 63 Eu Gadolinium 64 Gd Terbium 65 Tb Dysprosium 66 Dy Holmium 67 Ho Erbium 68 Er Thulium 69 Tm Ytterbium 70 Yb Lutetium 71 Lu Thorium 90 Th Protactinium 91 Pa Uranium 92 U Neptunium 93 Np Plutonium 94 Pu Americium 95 Am Curium 96 Cm Berkelium 97 Bk Californium 98 Cf Einsteinium 99 Es Fermium 100 Fm Mendelevium 101 Md Nobelium 102 No Lawrencium 103 Lr black = solid green = liquid red = gas gray = unknown Color of the atomic number shows state of matter ( at 0 ° C and 1 atm ) Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas The properties of the chemical elements are often summarized using the periodic table , which powerfully and elegantly organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows ( `` periods '' ) in which the columns ( `` groups '' ) share recurring ( `` periodic '' ) physical and chemical properties . The current standard table contains 118 confirmed elements as of 10 April 2010 . Although earlier precursors to this presentation exist , its invention is generally credited to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869 , who intended the table to illustrate recurring trends in the properties of the elements . The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time as new elements have been discovered and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior . Use of the periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry , providing an extremely useful framework to classify , systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior . The table has also found wide application in physics , geology , biology , materials science , engineering , agriculture , medicine , nutrition , environmental health , and astronomy . Its principles are especially important in chemical engineering . Nomenclature and symbols The various chemical elements are formally identified by their unique atomic numbers , by their accepted names , and by their symbols . Atomic numbers The known elements have atomic numbers from 1 through 118 , conventionally presented as Arabic numerals . Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number , conventionally from lowest to highest ( as in a periodic table ) , sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as `` through '' , `` beyond '' , or `` from ... through '' , as in `` through iron '' , `` beyond uranium '' , or `` from lanthanum through lutetium '' . The terms `` light '' and `` heavy '' are sometimes also used informally to indicate relative atomic numbers ( not densities ) , as in `` lighter than carbon '' or `` heavier than lead '' , although technically the weight or mass of atoms of an element ( their atomic weights or atomic masses ) do not always increase monotonically with their atomic numbers . Element names Main article : Naming of elements The naming of various substances now known as elements precedes the atomic theory of matter , as names were given locally by various cultures to various minerals , metals , compounds , alloys , mixtures , and other materials , although at the time it was not known which chemicals were elements and which compounds . As they were identified as elements , the existing names for anciently - known elements ( e.g. , gold , mercury , iron ) were kept in most countries . National differences emerged over the names of elements either for convenience , linguistic niceties , or nationalism . For a few illustrative examples : German speakers use `` Wasserstoff '' ( water substance ) for `` hydrogen '' , `` Sauerstoff '' ( acid substance ) for `` oxygen '' and `` Stickstoff '' ( smothering substance ) for `` nitrogen '' , while English and some romance languages use `` sodium '' for `` natrium '' and `` potassium '' for `` kalium '' , and the French , Italians , Greeks , Portuguese and Poles prefer `` azote / azot / azoto '' ( from roots meaning `` no life '' ) for `` nitrogen '' . For purposes of international communication and trade , the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) , which has decided on a sort of international English language , drawing on traditional English names even when an element 's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word , for example adopting `` gold '' rather than `` aurum '' as the name for the 79th element ( Au ) . IUPAC prefers the British spellings `` aluminium '' and `` caesium '' over the U.S. spellings `` aluminum '' and `` cesium '' , and the U.S. `` sulfur '' over the British `` sulphur '' . However , elements that are practical to sell in bulk in many countries often still have locally used national names , and countries whose national language does not use the Latin alphabet are likely to use the IUPAC element names . According to IUPAC , chemical elements are not proper nouns in English ; consequently , the full name of an element is not routinely capitalized in English , even if derived from a proper noun , as in californium and einsteinium . Isotope names of chemical elements are also uncapitalized if written out , e.g. , carbon - 12 or uranium - 235 . Chemical element symbols ( such as Cf for californium and Es for einsteinium ) , are always capitalized ( see below ) . In the second half of the twentieth century , physics laboratories became able to produce nuclei of chemical elements with half - lives too short for an appreciable amount of them to exist at any time . These are also named by IUPAC , which generally adopts the name chosen by the discoverer . This practice can lead to the controversial question of which research group actually discovered an element , a question that delayed the naming of elements with atomic number of 104 and higher for a considerable amount of time . ( See element naming controversy ) . Precursors of such controversies involved the nationalistic namings of elements in the late 19th century . For example , lutetium was named in reference to Paris , France . The Germans were reluctant to relinquish naming rights to the French , often calling it cassiopeium . Similarly , the British discoverer of niobium originally named it columbium , in reference to the New World . It was used extensively as such by American publications prior to the international standardization ( in 1950 ) . Chemical symbols For listings of current chemical symbols , symbols not currently used , and other symbols that may look like chemical symbols , see Symbol ( chemistry ) . Specific chemical elements Before chemistry became a science , alchemists had designed arcane symbols for both metals and common compounds . These were however used as abbreviations in diagrams or procedures ; there was no concept of atoms combining to form molecules . With his advances in the atomic theory of matter , John Dalton devised his own simpler symbols , based on circles , to depict molecules . The current system of chemical notation was invented by Berzelius . In this typographical system , chemical symbols are not mere abbreviations -- though each consists of letters of the Latin alphabet . They are intended as universal symbols for people of all languages and alphabets . The first of these symbols were intended to be fully universal . Since Latin was the common language of science at that time , they were abbreviations based on the Latin names of metals . Cu comes from Cuprum , Fe comes from Ferrum , Ag from Argentum . The symbols were not followed by a period ( full stop ) as with abbreviations . Later chemical elements were also assigned unique chemical symbols , based on the name of the element , but not necessarily in English . For example , sodium has the chemical symbol ' Na ' after the Latin natrium . The same applies to `` W '' ( wolfram ) for tungsten , `` Fe '' ( ferrum ) for iron , `` Hg '' ( hydrargyrum ) for mercury , `` Sn '' ( stannum ) for tin , `` K '' ( kalium ) for potassium , `` Au '' ( aurum ) for gold , `` Ag '' ( argentum ) for silver , `` Pb '' ( plumbum ) for lead , `` Cu '' ( cuprum ) for copper , and `` Sb '' ( stibium ) for antimony . Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation . There have sometimes been differences in the past . For example , Germans in the past have used `` J '' ( for the alternate name Jod ) for iodine , but now use `` I '' and `` Iod '' . The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized , as in the preceding examples , and the subsequent letters , if any , are always lower case ( small letters ) . Thus , the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es . General chemical symbols There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements , for example in comparative formulas . These are often a single capital letter , and the letters are reserved and not used for names of specific elements . For example , an `` X '' indicates a variable group ( usually a halogen ) in a class of compounds , while `` R '' is a radical , meaning a compound structure such as a hydrocarbon chain . The letter `` Q '' is reserved for `` heat '' in a chemical reaction . `` Y '' is also often used as a general chemical symbol , although it is also the symbol of yttrium . `` Z '' is also frequently used as a general variable group . `` E '' is used in organic chemistry to denote an electron - withdrawing group or an electrophile ; similarly `` Nu '' denotes a nucleophile . `` L '' is used to represent a general ligand in inorganic and organometallic chemistry . `` M '' is also often used in place of a general metal . At least two additional , two - letter generic chemical symbols are also in informal usage , `` Ln '' for any lanthanide element and `` An '' for any actinide element . `` Rg '' was formerly used for any rare gas element , but the group of rare gases has now been renamed noble gases and the symbol `` Rg '' has now been assigned to the element roentgenium . Isotope symbols Isotopes are distinguished by the atomic mass number ( total protons and neutrons ) for a particular isotope of an element , with this number combined with the pertinent element 's symbol . IUPAC prefers that isotope symbols be written in superscript notation when practical , for example C and U . However , other notations , such as carbon - 12 and uranium - 235 , or C - 12 and U-235 , are also used . As a special case , the three naturally occurring isotopes of the element hydrogen are often specified as H for H ( protium ) , D for H ( deuterium ) , and T for H ( tritium ) . This convention is easier to use in chemical equations , replacing the need to write out the mass number for each atom . For example , the formula for heavy water may be written D O instead of H O . Origin of the elements Estimated distribution of dark matter and dark energy in the universe . Only the fraction of the mass and energy in the universe labeled `` atoms '' is composed of chemical elements . Only about 4 % of the total mass of the universe is made of atoms or ions , and thus represented by chemical elements . This fraction is about 15 % of the total matter , with the remainder of the matter ( 85 % ) being dark matter . The nature of dark matter is unknown , but it is not composed of atoms of chemical elements because it contains no protons , neutrons , or electrons . ( The remaining non-matter part of the mass of the universe is composed of the even more mysterious dark energy ) . The universe 's 94 naturally occurring chemical elements are thought to have been produced by at least four cosmic processes . Most of the hydrogen and helium in the universe was produced primordially in the first few minutes of the Big Bang . Three recurrently occurring later processes are thought to have produced the remaining elements . Stellar nucleosynthesis , an ongoing process , produces all elements from carbon through iron in atomic number , but little lithium , beryllium , or boron . Elements heavier in atomic number than iron , as heavy as uranium and plutonium , are produced by explosive nucleosynthesis in supernovas and other cataclysmic cosmic events . Cosmic ray spallation ( fragmentation ) of carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen is important to the production of lithium , beryllium and boron . During the early phases of the Big Bang , nucleosynthesis of hydrogen nuclei resulted in the production of hydrogen - 1 ( protium , H ) and helium - 4 ( He ) , as well as a smaller amount of deuterium ( H ) and very minuscule amounts ( on the order of 10 ) of lithium and beryllium . Even smaller amounts of boron may have been produced in the Big Bang , since it has been observed in some very old stars , while carbon has not . It is generally agreed that no heavier elements than boron were produced in the Big Bang . As a result , the primordial abundance of atoms ( or ions ) consisted of roughly 75 % H , 25 % He , and 0.01 % deuterium , with only tiny traces of lithium , beryllium , and perhaps boron . Subsequent enrichment of galactic halos occurred due to stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova nucleosynthesis . However , the element abundance in intergalactic space can still closely resemble primordial conditions , unless it has been enriched by some means . Periodic table showing the cosmogenic origin of each element in the Big Bang , or in large or small stars . Small stars can produce certain elements up to sulfur , by the alpha process . Supernovae are needed to produce `` heavy '' elements ( those beyond iron and nickel ) rapidly by neutron buildup , in the r - process . Certain large stars slowly produce other elements heavier than iron , in the s - process ; these may then be blown into space in the off - gassing of planetary nebulae On Earth ( and elsewhere ) , trace amounts of various elements continue to be produced from other elements as products of nuclear transmutation processes . These include some produced by cosmic rays or other nuclear reactions ( see cosmogenic and nucleogenic nuclides ) , and others produced as decay products of long - lived primordial nuclides . For example , trace ( but detectable ) amounts of carbon - 14 ( C ) are continually produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays impacting nitrogen atoms , and argon - 40 ( Ar ) is continually produced by the decay of primordially occurring but unstable potassium - 40 ( K ) . Also , three primordially occurring but radioactive actinides , thorium , uranium , and plutonium , decay through a series of recurrently produced but unstable radioactive elements such as radium and radon , which are transiently present in any sample of these metals or their ores or compounds . Three other radioactive elements , technetium , promethium , and neptunium , occur only incidentally in natural materials , produced as individual atoms by nuclear fission of the nuclei of various heavy elements or in other rare nuclear processes . Human technology has produced various additional elements beyond these first 94 , with those through atomic number 118 now known . Abundance Main article : Abundance of the chemical elements The following graph ( note log scale ) shows the abundance of elements in our Solar System . The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy ( estimated spectroscopically ) , as measured in parts per million , by mass . Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium . The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past , so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture . As physical laws and processes appear common throughout the visible universe , however , scientist expect that these galaxies evolved elements in similar abundance . The abundance of elements in the Solar System is in keeping with their origin from nucleosynthesis in the Big Bang and a number of progenitor supernova stars . Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang , but the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars ( they are , however , produced in small quantities by the breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust , as a result of impact by cosmic rays ) . Beginning with carbon , elements are produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles ( helium nuclei ) , resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers ( these are also more stable ) . In general , such elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovas . Iron - 56 is particularly common , since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles ( being a product of decay of radioactive nickel - 56 , ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei ) . Elements heavier than iron are made in energy - absorbing processes in large stars , and their abundance in the universe ( and on Earth ) generally decreases with their atomic number . The abundance of the chemical elements on Earth varies from air to crust to ocean , and in various types of life . The abundance of elements in Earth 's crust differs from that in the Solar system ( as seen in the Sun and heavy planets like Jupiter ) mainly in selective loss of the very lightest elements ( hydrogen and helium ) and also volatile neon , carbon ( as hydrocarbons ) , nitrogen and sulfur , as a result of solar heating in the early formation of the solar system . Oxygen , the most abundant Earth element by mass , is retained on Earth by combination with silicon . Aluminum at 8 % by mass is more common in the Earth 's crust than in the universe and solar system , but the composition of the far more bulky mantle , which has magnesium and iron in place of aluminum ( which occurs there only at 2 % of mass ) more closely mirrors the elemental composition of the solar system , save for the noted loss of volatile elements to space , and loss of iron which has migrated to the Earth 's core . The composition of the human body , by contrast , more closely follows the composition of seawater -- save that the human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids , together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms . Certain kinds of organisms require particular additional elements , for example the magnesium in chlorophyll in green plants , the calcium in mollusc shells , or the iron in the hemoglobin in vertebrate animals ' red blood cells . Abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar system . Hydrogen and helium are most common , from the Big Bang . The next three elements ( Li , Be , B) are rare because they are poorly synthesized in the Big Bang and also in stars . The two general trends in the remaining stellar - produced elements are : ( 1 ) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers ( the Oddo - Harkins rule ) , and ( 2 ) a general decrease in abundance as elements become heavier . Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae . Elements in our galaxy Parts per million by mass Hydrogen 739,000 Helium 240,000 Oxygen 10,400 Carbon 4,600 Neon 1,340 Iron 1,090 Nitrogen 960 Silicon 650 Magnesium 580 Sulfur 440 Potassium 210 Nickel 100 Nutritional elements in the periodic table He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe Cs Ba La * Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac * * Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og * Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu * * Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr The four basic organic elements Quantity elements Essential trace elements Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling , but no clearly - identified biochemical function in humans Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals No evidence for biological action in mammals , but essential in some lower organisms . ( In the case of lanthanum , the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides . Thus Ce , Pr , and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La , and the smaller Sm , Eu , and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth . ) History Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table : An experiment on a system of elements . Based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities . Evolving definitions The concept of an `` element '' as an undivisible substance has developed through three major historical phases : Classical definitions ( such as those of the ancient Greeks ) , chemical definitions , and atomic definitions . Classical definitions Ancient philosophy posited a set of classical elements to explain observed patterns in nature . These elements originally referred to earth , water , air and fire rather than the chemical elements of modern science . The term ' elements ' ( stoicheia ) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus , which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry . Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms : tetrahedron ( fire ) , octahedron ( air ) , icosahedron ( water ) , and cube ( earth ) . Aristotle , c. 350 BCE , also used the term stoicheia and added a fifth element called aether , which formed the heavens . Aristotle defined an element as : Element -- one of those bodies into which other bodies can decompose , and that itself is not capable of being divided into other . Chemical definitions In 1661 , Robert Boyle proposed his theory of corpuscularism which favoured the analysis of matter as constituted by irreducible units of matter ( atoms ) and , choosing to side with neither Aristotle 's view of the four elements nor Paracelsus ' view of three fundamental elements , left open the question of the number of elements . The first modern list of chemical elements was given in Antoine Lavoisier 's 1789 Elements of Chemistry , which contained thirty - three elements , including light and caloric . By 1818 , Jöns Jakob Berzelius had determined atomic weights for forty - five of the forty - nine then - accepted elements . Dmitri Mendeleev had sixty - six elements in his periodic table of 1869 . Dmitri Mendeleev From Boyle until the early 20th century , an element was defined as a pure substance that could not be decomposed into any simpler substance . Put another way , a chemical element can not be transformed into other chemical elements by chemical processes . Elements during this time were generally distinguished by their atomic weights , a property measurable with fair accuracy by available analytical techniques . Atomic definitions Henry Moseley The 1913 discovery by English physicist Henry Moseley that the nuclear charge is the physical basis for an atom 's atomic number , further refined when the nature of protons and neutrons became appreciated , eventually led to the current definition of an element based on atomic number ( number of protons per atomic nucleus ) . The use of atomic numbers , rather than atomic weights , to distinguish elements has greater predictive value ( since these numbers are integers ) , and also resolves some ambiguities in the chemistry - based view due to varying properties of isotopes and allotropes within the same element . Currently , IUPAC defines an element to exist if it has isotopes with a lifetime longer than the 10 seconds it takes the nucleus to form an electronic cloud . By 1914 , seventy - two elements were known , all naturally occurring . The remaining naturally occurring elements were discovered or isolated in subsequent decades , and various additional elements have also been produced synthetically , with much of that work pioneered by Glenn T. Seaborg . In 1955 , element 101 was discovered and named mendelevium in honor of D.I. Mendeleev , the first to arrange the elements in a periodic manner . Most recently , the synthesis of element 118 was reported in October 2006 , and the synthesis of element 117 was reported in April 2010 . Discovery and recognition of various elements See also : Timeline of chemical elements discoveries Ten materials familiar to various prehistoric cultures are now known to be chemical elements : Carbon , copper , gold , iron , lead , mercury , silver , sulfur , tin , and zinc . Three additional materials now accepted as elements , arsenic , antimony , and bismuth , were recognized as distinct substances prior to 1500 AD . Phosphorus , cobalt , and platinum were isolated before 1750 . Most of the remaining naturally occurring chemical elements were identified and characterized by 1900 , including : Such now - familiar industrial materials as aluminium , silicon , nickel , chromium , magnesium , and tungsten Reactive metals such as lithium , sodium , potassium , and calcium The halogens fluorine , chlorine , bromine , and iodine Gases such as hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , helium , argon , and neon Most of the rare - earth elements , including cerium , lanthanum , gadolinium , and neodymium . The more common radioactive elements , including uranium , thorium , radium , and radon Elements isolated or produced since 1900 include : The three remaining undiscovered regularly occurring stable natural elements : hafnium , lutetium , and rhenium Plutonium , which was first produced synthetically in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg , but is now also known from a few long - persisting natural occurrences The three incidentally occurring natural elements ( neptunium , promethium , and technetium ) , which were all first produced synthetically but later discovered in trace amounts in certain geological samples Three scarce decay products of uranium or thorium , ( astatine , francium , and protactinium ) , and Various synthetic transuranic elements , beginning with americium and curium Recently discovered elements The first transuranium element ( element with atomic number greater than 92 ) discovered was neptunium in 1940 . Since 1999 claims for the discovery of new elements have been considered by the IUPAC / IUPAP Joint Working Party . As of January 2016 , all 118 elements have been confirmed as discovered by IUPAC . The discovery of element 112 was acknowledged in 2009 , and the name copernicium and the atomic symbol Cn were suggested for it . The name and symbol were officially endorsed by IUPAC on 19 February 2010 . The heaviest element that is believed to have been synthesized to date is element 118 , oganesson , on 9 October 2006 , by the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna , Russia . Tennessine , element 117 was the latest element claimed to be discovered , in 2009 . On 28 November 2016 , scientists at the IUPAC officially recognized the names for four of the newest chemical elements , with atomic numbers 113 , 115 , 117 , and 118 . List of the 118 known chemical elements The following sortable table shows the 118 known chemical elements . Atomic number , name , and symbol all serve independently as unique identifiers . Names are those accepted by IUPAC ; provisional names for recently produced elements not yet formally named are in parentheses . Group , period , and block refer to an element 's position in the periodic table . Group numbers here show the currently accepted numbering ; for older alternate numberings , see Group ( periodic table ) . State of matter ( solid , liquid , or gas ) applies at standard temperature and pressure conditions ( STP ) . Occurrence , as indicated by a footnote adjacent to the element 's name , distinguishes naturally occurring elements , categorized as either primordial or transient ( from decay ) , and additional synthetic elements that have been produced technologically , but are not known to occur naturally . Color specifies an element 's properties using the broad categories commonly presented in periodic tables : Actinide , alkali metal , alkaline earth metal , lanthanide , post-transition metal , metalloid , noble gas , polyatomic or diatomic nonmetal , and transition metal . ( hide ) List of chemical elements Z Symbol Element Origin of name Group Period Atomic weight ( u ( ± ) ) Density ( g / cm ) Melt ( K ) Boil ( K ) C ( J / g K ) χ Abundance in Earth 's crust ( mg / kg ) Hydrogen composed of the Greek elements hydro - and - gen meaning ' water - forming ' 001 ! 1.008 0.00008988 0014 ! 14.01 20.28 14.304 2.20 1400 He Helium the Greek helios , ' sun ' 18 004 ! 4.002602 ( 2 ) 0.0001785 0.1 ! -- 4.22 5.193 -- 0.008 Li Lithium the Greek lithos , ' stone ' 007 ! 6.94 0.534 0454 ! 453.69 1560 3.582 0.98 20 Be Beryllium beryl , a mineral 009 ! 9.0121831 ( 5 ) 1.85 1560 ! 1560 2742 1.825 1.57 2.8 5 Boron borax , a mineral 13 011 ! 10.81 2.34 2349 ! 2349 4200 1.026 2.04 10 6 Carbon the Latin carbo , ' coal ' 14 012 ! 12.011 2.267 3800 ! 3800 4300 0.709 2.55 200 7 Nitrogen the Greek nitron and ' - gen ' meaning ' niter - forming ' 15 014 ! 14.007 0.0012506 0063 ! 63.15 77.36 1.04 3.04 19 8 O Oxygen from the Greek oxy - , both ' sharp ' and ' acid ' , and - gen , meaning ' acid - forming ' 16 016 ! 15.999 0.001429 0054 ! 54.36 90.20 0.918 3.44 461000 9 Fluorine the Latin fluere , ' to flow ' 17 019 ! 18.998403163 ( 6 ) 0.001696 0053.5 ! 53.53 85.03 0.824 3.98 585 10 Ne Neon the Greek neos , meaning ' new ' 18 020 ! 20.1797 ( 6 ) 0.0008999 0024.56 ! 24.56 27.07 1.03 -- 0.005 11 Na Sodium the English word soda ( natrium in Latin ) 023 ! 22.98976928 ( 2 ) 0.971 0371 ! 370.87 1156 1.228 0.93 23600 12 Mg Magnesium Magnesia , a district of Eastern Thessaly in Greece 024 ! 24.305 1.738 0923 ! 923 1363 1.023 1.31 23300 13 Al Aluminium from alumina , a compound ( originally aluminum ) 13 027 ! 26.9815385 ( 7 ) 2.698 0933.5 ! 933.47 2792 0.897 1.61 82300 14 Si Silicon from the Latin silex , ' flint ' ( originally silicium ) 14 028 ! 28.085 2.3296 1687 ! 1687 3538 0.705 1.9 282000 15 Phosphorus the Greek phoosphoros , ' carrying light ' 15 031 ! 30.973761998 ( 5 ) 1.82 0317.3 ! 317.30 550 0.769 2.19 1050 16 Sulfur the Latin sulphur , ' fire and brimstone ' 16 032 ! 32.06 2.067 0388.4 ! 388.36 717.87 0.71 2.58 350 17 Cl Chlorine the Greek chloros , ' greenish yellow ' 17 035 ! 35.45 0.003214 0171.6 ! 171.6 239.11 0.479 3.16 145 18 Ar Argon the Greek argos , ' idle ' 18 040 ! 39.948 ( 1 ) 0.0017837 0083.8 ! 83.80 87.30 0.52 -- 3.5 19 Potassium New Latin potassa , ' potash ' ( kalium in Latin ) 039 ! 39.0983 ( 1 ) 0.862 0336.5 ! 336.53 1032 0.757 0.82 20900 20 Ca Calcium the Latin calx , ' lime ' 041 ! 40.078 ( 4 ) 1.54 1115 ! 1115 1757 0.647 41500 21 Sc Scandium Scandia , the Latin name for Scandinavia 045 ! 44.955908 ( 5 ) 2.989 1814 ! 1814 3109 0.568 1.36 22 22 Ti Titanium Titans , the sons of the Earth goddess of Greek mythology 048 ! 47.867 ( 1 ) 4.54 1941 ! 1941 3560 0.523 1.54 5650 23 V Vanadium Vanadis , an Old Norse name for the Scandinavian goddess Freyja 5 051 ! 50.9415 ( 1 ) 6.11 2183 ! 2183 3680 0.489 1.63 120 24 Cr Chromium the Greek chroma , ' color ' 6 052 ! 51.9961 ( 6 ) 7.15 2180 ! 2180 2944 0.449 1.66 102 25 Mn Manganese corrupted from magnesia negra , see Magnesium 7 055 ! 54.938044 ( 3 ) 7.44 1519 ! 1519 2334 0.479 1.55 950 26 Fe Iron English word ( ferrum in Latin ) 8 056 ! 55.845 ( 2 ) 7.874 1811 ! 1811 3134 0.449 1.83 56300 27 Co Cobalt the German word Kobold , ' goblin ' 9 059 ! 58.933194 ( 4 ) 8.86 1768 ! 1768 3200 0.421 1.88 25 28 Ni Nickel from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology , Nickel 10 058 ! 58.6934 ( 4 ) 8.912 1728 ! 1728 3186 0.444 1.91 84 29 Cu Copper English word ( Latin cuprum ) 11 064 ! 63.546 ( 3 ) 8.96 1357.77 2835 0.385 1.9 60 30 Zn Zinc German word Zinke ( prong , tooth ) 12 065 ! 65.38 ( 2 ) 7.134 0693 ! 692.88 1180 0.388 1.65 70 31 Ga Gallium Gallia , the Latin name for France 13 070 ! 69.723 ( 1 ) 5.907 0302.9 ! 302.9146 2673 0.371 1.81 19 32 Ge Germanium Germania , the Latin name for Germany 14 073 ! 72.630 ( 8 ) 5.323 1211.40 3106 0.32 2.01 1.5 33 As Arsenic English word ( Latin arsenicum ) 15 075 ! 74.921595 ( 6 ) 5.776 1090 ! 1090 887 0.329 2.18 1.8 34 Se Selenium the Greek selene , ' moon ' 16 079 ! 78.971 ( 8 ) 4.809 0453 ! 453 958 0.321 2.55 0.05 35 Br Bromine the Greek bromos , ' stench ' 17 080 ! 79.904 3.122 0265.8 ! 265.8 332.0 0.474 2.96 2.4 36 Kr Krypton the Greek kryptos , ' hidden ' 18 084 ! 83.798 ( 2 ) 0.003733 0115.8 ! 115.79 119.93 0.248 . 0001 ! 1 × 10 37 Rb Rubidium the Latin rubidus , ' deep red ' 5 085 ! 85.4678 ( 3 ) 1.532 0312.5 ! 312.46 961 0.363 0.82 90 38 Sr Strontium Strontian , a small town in Scotland 5 087 ! 87.62 ( 1 ) 2.64 1050 1655 0.301 0.95 370 39 Y Yttrium Ytterby , Sweden 5 089 ! 88.90584 ( 2 ) 4.469 1799 3609 0.298 1.22 33 40 Zr Zirconium Persian Zargun , ' gold - colored ' ; German Zirkoon , ' jargoon ' 5 091 ! 91.224 ( 2 ) 6.506 2128 4682 0.278 1.33 165 41 Nb Niobium Niobe , daughter of king Tantalus from Greek mythology 5 5 093 ! 92.90637 ( 2 ) 8.57 2750 5017 0.265 1.6 20 42 Mo Molybdenum the Greek molybdos meaning ' lead ' 6 5 096 ! 95.95 ( 1 ) 10.22 2896 4912 0.251 2.16 1.2 43 Tc Technetium the Greek tekhnètos meaning ' artificial ' 7 5 098 ! ( 98 ) 11.5 2430 4538 -- 1.9 . 000000003 ! ~ 3 × 10 44 Ru Ruthenium Ruthenia , the New Latin name for Russia 8 5 101.07 ( 2 ) 12.37 2607 4423 0.238 2.2 0.001 45 Rh Rhodium the Greek rhodos , meaning ' rose coloured ' 9 5 102.90550 ( 2 ) 12.41 2237 3968 0.243 2.28 0.001 46 Pd Palladium the then recently discovered asteroid Pallas , considered a planet at the time 10 5 106.42 ( 1 ) 12.02 1828.05 3236 0.244 2.2 0.015 47 Ag Silver English word ( argentum in Latin ) 11 5 107.8682 ( 2 ) 10.501 1234.93 2435 0.235 1.93 0.075 48 Cd Cadmium the New Latin cadmia , from King Kadmos 12 5 112.414 ( 4 ) 8.69 0594.22 ! 594.22 1040 0.232 1.69 0.159 49 In Indium indigo 13 5 114.818 ( 1 ) 7.31 0429.75 ! 429.75 2345 0.233 1.78 0.25 50 Sn Tin English word ( stannum in Latin ) 14 5 118.710 ( 7 ) 7.287 0505.08 ! 505.08 2875 0.228 1.96 2.3 51 Sb Antimony uncertain : perhaps from the Greek anti , ' against ' , and monos , ' alone ' , or the Old French antimoine , ' Monk 's bane ' ( stibium in Latin ) 15 5 121.760 ( 1 ) 6.685 0903.78 ! 903.78 1860 0.207 2.05 0.2 52 Te Tellurium Latin tellus , ' earth ' 16 5 127.60 ( 3 ) 6.232 0722.66 ! 722.66 1261 0.202 2.1 0.001 53 Iodine French iode ( after the Greek ioeides , ' violet ' ) 17 5 126.90447 ( 3 ) 4.93 0386.85 ! 386.85 457.4 0.214 2.66 0.45 54 Xe Xenon the Greek xenos , ' strange ' 18 5 131.293 ( 6 ) 0.005887 0161.4 ! 161.4 165.03 0.158 2.6 . 00003 ! 3 × 10 55 Cs Caesium the Latin caesius , ' sky blue ' 6 132.90545196 ( 6 ) 1.873 0301.59 ! 301.59 944 0.242 0.79 56 Ba Barium the Greek barys , ' heavy ' 6 137.327 ( 7 ) 3.594 1000 2170 0.204 0.89 425 57 La Lanthanum the Greek lanthanein , ' to lie hidden ' 6 138.90547 ( 7 ) 6.145 1193 3737 0.195 1.1 39 58 Ce Cerium the then recently discovered asteroid Ceres , considered a planet at the time 6 140.116 ( 1 ) 6.77 1068 3716 0.192 1.12 66.5 59 Pr Praseodymium the Greek praseios didymos meaning ' green twin ' 6 140.90766 ( 2 ) 6.773 1208 3793 0.193 1.13 9.2 60 Nd Neodymium the Greek neos didymos meaning ' new twin ' 6 144.242 ( 3 ) 7.007 1297 3347 0.19 1.14 41.5 61 Pm Promethium Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire from the Gods and gave it to humans 6 145 ! ( 145 ) 7.26 1315 3273 -- 1.13 . 0000000000000000002 ! 2 × 10 62 Sm Samarium Samarskite , the name of the mineral from which it was first isolated 6 150.36 ( 2 ) 7.52 1345 2067 0.197 1.17 7.05 63 Eu Europium Europe 6 151.964 ( 1 ) 5.243 1099 1802 0.182 1.2 64 Gd Gadolinium Johan Gadolin , chemist , physicist and mineralogist 6 157.25 ( 3 ) 7.895 1585 3546 0.236 1.2 6.2 65 Tb Terbium Ytterby , Sweden 6 158.92535 ( 2 ) 8.229 1629 3503 0.182 1.2 1.2 66 Dy Dysprosium the Greek dysprositos , ' hard to get ' 6 162.500 ( 1 ) 8.55 1680 2840 0.17 1.22 5.2 67 Ho Holmium Holmia , the New Latin name for Stockholm 6 164.93033 ( 2 ) 8.795 1734 2993 0.165 1.23 1.3 68 Er Erbium Ytterby , Sweden 6 167.259 ( 3 ) 9.066 1802 3141 0.168 1.24 3.5 69 Tm Thulium Thule , the ancient name for Scandinavia 6 168.93422 ( 2 ) 9.321 1818 2223 0.16 1.25 0.52 70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterby , Sweden 6 173.045 ( 10 ) 6.965 1097 1469 0.155 1.1 3.2 71 Lu Lutetium Lutetia , the Latin name for Paris 6 174.9668 ( 1 ) 9.84 1925 3675 0.154 1.27 0.8 72 Hf Hafnium Hafnia , the New Latin name for Copenhagen 6 178.49 ( 2 ) 13.31 2506 4876 0.144 1.3 73 Ta Tantalum King Tantalus , father of Niobe from Greek mythology 5 6 180.94788 ( 2 ) 16.654 3290 5731 0.14 1.5 74 Tungsten the Swedish tung sten , ' heavy stone ' ( W is wolfram , the old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite ) 6 6 183.84 ( 1 ) 19.25 3695 5828 0.132 2.36 1.3 75 Re Rhenium Rhenus , the Latin name for the river Rhine 7 6 186.207 ( 1 ) 21.02 3459 5869 0.137 1.9 . 0007 ! 7 × 10 76 Os Osmium the Greek osmè , meaning ' smell ' 8 6 190.23 ( 3 ) 22.61 3306 5285 0.13 2.2 0.002 77 Ir Iridium Iris , the Greek goddess of the rainbow 9 6 192.217 ( 3 ) 22.56 2719 4701 0.131 2.2 0.001 78 Pt Platinum the Spanish platina , meaning ' little silver ' 10 6 195.084 ( 9 ) 21.46 2041.4 4098 0.133 2.28 0.005 79 Au Gold English word ( aurum in Latin ) 11 6 196.966569 ( 5 ) 19.282 1337.33 3129 0.129 2.54 0.004 80 Hg Mercury the New Latin name mercurius , named after the Roman god ( Hg from former name hydrargyrum , from Greek hydr - , ' water ' , and argyros , ' silver ' ) 12 6 200.592 ( 3 ) 13.5336 0234.43 ! 234.43 629.88 0.14 0.085 81 Tl Thallium the Greek thallos , ' green twig ' 13 6 204.38 11.85 0577 ! 577 1746 0.129 1.62 0.85 82 Pb Lead English word ( plumbum in Latin ) 14 6 207.2 ( 1 ) 11.342 0600.61 ! 600.61 2022 0.129 1.87 14 83 Bi Bismuth Uncertain , possibly Arabic or German 15 6 208.98040 ( 1 ) 9.807 0544.7 ! 544.7 1837 0.122 2.02 0.009 84 Po Polonium Named after the home country of Marie Curie ( Polonia , Latin for Poland ) , who is also the discoverer of Radium 16 6 209 ! ( 209 ) 9.32 0527 ! 527 1235 -- 2.0 . 0000000002 ! 2 × 10 85 At Astatine the Greek astatos , ' unstable ' 17 6 210 ! ( 210 ) 7 0575 ! 575 610 -- 2.2 0.000000000000000000003 ! 3 × 10 86 Rn Radon From radium , as it was first detected as an emission from radium during radioactive decay 18 6 222 ! ( 222 ) 0.00973 0202 ! 202 211.3 0.094 2.2 . 0000000000004 ! 4 × 10 87 Fr Francium Francia , the New Latin name for France 7 223 ! ( 223 ) 1.87 0300 ! 300 950 -- 0.7 0.000000000000000001 ! ~ 1 × 10 88 Ra Radium the Latin radius , ' ray ' 7 223 ! ( 226 ) 5.5 0973 ! 973 0.094 0.9 . 0000009 ! 9 × 10 89 Ac Actinium the Greek aktis , ' ray ' 7 227 ! ( 227 ) 10.07 1323 3471 0.12 1.1 . 00000000055 ! 5.5 × 10 90 Th Thorium Thor , the Scandinavian god of thunder 7 232.0377 ( 4 ) 11.72 2115 5061 0.113 1.3 9.6 91 Pa Protactinium the Greek protos , ' first ' , and actinium , which is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium 7 231.03588 ( 2 ) 15.37 1841 4300 -- 1.5 . 0000014 ! 1.4 × 10 92 U Uranium Uranus , the seventh planet in the Solar System 7 238.02891 ( 3 ) 18.95 1405.3 4404 0.116 1.38 2.7 93 Np Neptunium Neptune , the eighth planet in the Solar System 7 237 ! ( 237 ) 20.45 0917 ! 917 4273 -- 1.36 0.000000000003 ! ≤ 3 × 10 94 Pu Plutonium Pluto , a dwarf planet in the Solar System ( then considered the ninth planet ) 7 244 ! ( 244 ) 19.84 0912.5 ! 912.5 3501 -- 1.28 0.00000000003 ! ≤ 3 × 10 95 Am Americium The Americas , as the element was first synthesized on the continent , by analogy with europium 7 243 ! ( 243 ) 13.69 1449 2880 -- 1.13 0 ! 0 96 Cm Curium Pierre Curie , a physicist , and Marie Curie , a physicist and chemist , named after great scientists by analogy with gadolinium 7 247 ! ( 247 ) 13.51 1613 3383 -- 1.28 0 ! 0 97 Bk Berkelium Berkeley , California , where the element was first synthesized , by analogy with terbium 7 247 ! ( 247 ) 14.79 1259 2900 -- 1.3 0 ! 0 98 Cf Californium California , where the element was first synthesized 7 251 ! ( 251 ) 15.1 1173 1743 ! ( 1743 ) -- 1.3 0 ! 0 99 Es Einsteinium Albert Einstein , physicist 7 252 ! ( 252 ) 8.84 1133 1269 ! ( 1269 ) -- 1.3 0 ! 0 100 Fm Fermium Enrico Fermi , physicist 7 257 ! ( 257 ) 9.7 ! ( 9.7 ) 1125 ! ( 1125 ) -- -- 1.3 0 ! 0 101 Md Mendelevium Dmitri Mendeleev , chemist and inventor 7 258 ! ( 258 ) 10.3 ! ( 10.3 ) 1100 ! ( 1100 ) -- -- 1.3 0 ! 0 102 No Nobelium Alfred Nobel , chemist , engineer , innovator , and armaments manufacturer 7 259 ! ( 259 ) 9.9 ! ( 9.9 ) 1100 ! ( 1100 ) -- -- 1.3 0 ! 0 103 Lr Lawrencium Ernest O. Lawrence , physicist 7 266 ! ( 266 ) 15.6 ! ( 15.6 ) 1900 ! ( 1900 ) -- -- 1.3 0 ! 0 104 Rf Rutherfordium Ernest Rutherford , chemist and physicist 7 267 ! ( 267 ) 23.2 ! ( 23.2 ) 2400 ! ( 2400 ) 5800 ! ( 5800 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 105 Db Dubnium Dubna , Russia 5 7 268 ! ( 268 ) 29.3 ! ( 29.3 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 106 Sg Seaborgium Glenn T. Seaborg , scientist 6 7 269 ! ( 269 ) 35.0 ! ( 35.0 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 107 Bh Bohrium Niels Bohr , physicist 7 7 270 ! ( 270 ) 37.1 ! ( 37.1 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 108 Hs Hassium Hesse , Germany , where the element was first synthesized 8 7 277 ! ( 277 ) 40.7 ! ( 40.7 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 109 Mt Meitnerium Lise Meitner , physicist 9 7 278 ! ( 278 ) 37.4 ! ( 37.4 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 110 Ds Darmstadtium Darmstadt , Germany , where the element was first synthesized 10 7 281 ! ( 281 ) 34.8 ! ( 34.8 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 111 Rg Roentgenium Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen , physicist 11 7 282 ! ( 282 ) 28.7 ! ( 28.7 ) -- -- -- -- 0 ! 0 112 Cn Copernicium Nicolaus Copernicus , astronomer 12 7 285 ! ( 285 ) 23.7 ! ( 23.7 ) -- 357 ! ~ 357 -- -- 0 ! 0 113 Nh Nihonium the Japanese name for Japan , Nihon , where the element was first synthesized 13 7 286 ! ( 286 ) 16 ! ( 16 ) 0700 ! ( 700 ) 1400 ! ( 1400 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 114 Fl Flerovium Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions , part of JINR where the element was synthesized ; itself named for Georgy Flyorov , physicist 14 7 289 ! ( 289 ) 14 ! ( 14 ) -- 210 ! ~ 210 -- -- 0 ! 0 115 Mc Moscovium Moscow Oblast , Russia , where the element was first synthesized 15 7 290 ! ( 290 ) 13.5 ! ( 13.5 ) 0700 ! ( 700 ) 1400 ! ( 1400 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 116 Lv Livermorium Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( in Livermore , California ) which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis 16 7 293 ! ( 293 ) 12.9 ! ( 12.9 ) 0709 ! ( 709 ) 1085 ! ( 1085 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 117 Ts Tennessine Tennessee , United States 17 7 294 ! ( 294 ) 7.2 ! ( 7.2 ) 0723 ! ( 723 ) 0883 ! ( 883 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 118 Og Oganesson Yuri Oganessian , physicist 18 7 294 ! ( 294 ) 5.0 ! ( 5.0 ) -- 350 ! ( 350 ) -- -- 0 ! 0 Notes ^ Jump up to : Z is the standard symbol for atomic number ; C is the standard symbol for heat capacity ; and χ is the standard symbol for electronegativity on the Pauling scale . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise indicated , elements are primordial -- they occur naturally , and not through decay . ^ Jump up to : The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens , and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table . ^ Jump up to : The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials , which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value . ^ Jump up to : The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given . ^ Jump up to : The value listed is the conventional atomic - weight value suitable for trade and commerce . The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of the sample . Since 2009 , IUPAC provides the standard atomic - weight values for these elements using the interval notation . The corresponding standard atomic weights are : Hydrogen : ( 1.00784 , 1.00811 ) Lithium : ( 6.938 , 6.997 ) Boron : ( 10.806 , 10.821 ) Carbon : ( 12.0096 , 12.0116 ) Nitrogen : ( 14.00643 , 14.00728 ) Oxygen : ( 15.99903 , 15.99977 ) Magnesium : ( 24.304 , 24.307 ) Silicon : ( 28.084 , 28.086 ) Sulfur : ( 32.059 , 32.076 ) Chlorine : ( 35.446 , 35.457 ) Bromine : ( 79.901 , 79.907 ) Thallium : ( 204.382 , 204.385 ) Jump up ^ This element does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere . Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres , which corresponds to a melting point of absolute zero . Jump up ^ The atomic weight of commercial lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996 -- analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value . Jump up ^ This element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure . ^ Jump up to : The element does not have any stable nuclides , and a value in brackets , e.g. ( 209 ) , indicates the mass number of the longest - lived isotope of the element . However , four such elements , bismuth , thorium , protactinium , and uranium , have characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions , and thus their standard atomic weights are given . ^ Jump up to : This element is transient -- it occurs only through decay . ^ Jump up to : This element is synthetic -- the transuranic elements 95 and above do not occur naturally , but they can all be produced artificially . ^ Jump up to : The value has not been precisely measured , usually because of the element 's short half - life ; the value given in parentheses is a prediction . Jump up ^ With error bars : 357 + 112 − 108 K . Jump up ^ This predicted value is for liquid oganesson , not gaseous oganesson . Background color shows subcategory in the metal -- metalloid -- nonmetal trend : Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown chemical properties Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas See also Book : Chemical elements Chemical database Discovery of the chemical elements Element collecting Fictional element Goldschmidt classification Island of stability List of chemical elements List of nuclides List of the elements ' densities Periodic Systems of Small Molecules Prices of elements and their compounds Systematic element name Table of nuclides Timeline of chemical element discoveries The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Atomas , a game about combining elements References ^ Jump up to : IUPAC ( ed . ) . `` chemical element '' . International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . doi : 10.1351 / goldbook. C01022 . Jump up ^ Los Alamos National Laboratory ( 2011 ) . `` Periodic Table of Elements : Oxygen '' . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Los Alamos National Security , LLC . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Oerter , Robert ( 2006 ) . The Theory of Almost Everything : The Standard Model , the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics . Penguin . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28786 - 0 . Jump up ^ E.M. Burbidge ; G.R. Burbidge ; W.A. Fowler ; F. Hoyle ( 1957 ) . `` Synthesis of the Elements in Stars '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 ( 4 ) : 547 -- 650 . Bibcode : 1957RvMP ... 29 ... 547B . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 29.547 . Jump up ^ See the timeline on p. 10 in Oganessian , Yu . Ts. ; Utyonkov , V. ; Lobanov , Yu. ; Abdullin , F. ; Polyakov , A. ; Sagaidak , R. ; Shirokovsky , I. ; Tsyganov , Yu. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence for Dark Matter '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review C. 74 ( 4 ) : 044602 . Bibcode : 2006PhRvC ... 74d4602O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 74.044602 . Jump up ^ lbl.gov ( 2005 ) . `` The Universe Adventure Hydrogen and Helium '' . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ astro.soton.ac.uk ( 3 January 2001 ) . `` Formation of the light elements '' . University of Southampton . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ foothill.edu ( 18 October 2006 ) . `` How Stars Make Energy and New Elements '' ( PDF ) . Foothill College . ^ Jump up to : Dumé , B. ( 23 April 2003 ) . `` Bismuth breaks half - life record for alpha decay '' . Physicsworld.com . Bristol , England : Institute of Physics . Retrieved 14 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Marcillac , P. ; Coron , N. ; Dambier , G. ; Leblanc , J. ; Moalic , J-P ( 2003 ) . `` Experimental detection of alpha - particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth '' . Nature . 422 ( 6934 ) : 876 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 422 ... 876D . doi : 10.1038 / nature01541 . PMID 12712201 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , K. ( 17 October 2006 ) . `` Heaviest element made -- again '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / news061016 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Schewe , P. ; Stein , B. ( 17 October 2000 ) . `` Elements 116 and 118 Are Discovered '' . Physics News Update . American Institute of Physics . Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency . `` Technetium - 99 '' . epa.gov . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Harvard -- Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics . `` ORIGIN OF HEAVY ELEMENTS '' . cfa.harvard.edu . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBERS '' . ndt-ed.org . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ periodic.lanl.gov . `` PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS : LANL Carbon '' . Los Alamos National Laboratory . Jump up ^ Katsuya Yamada . `` Atomic mass , isotopes , and mass number '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Pierce College . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pure element '' . European Nuclear Society . Jump up ^ Wilford , J.N. ( 14 January 1992 ) . `` Hubble Observations Bring Some Surprises '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Wright , E.L. ( 12 September 2004 ) . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis '' . UCLA , Division of Astronomy . Retrieved 22 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallerstein , George ; Iben , Icko ; Parker , Peter ; Boesgaard , Ann ; Hale , Gerald ; Champagne , Arthur ; Barnes , Charles ; Käppeler , Franz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Synthesis of the elements in stars : forty years of progress '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 ( 4 ) : 995 -- 1084 . Bibcode : 1997RvMP ... 69 ... 995W . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 69.995 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Earnshaw , A. ; Greenwood , N. ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . Jump up ^ Croswell , K. ( 1996 ) . Alchemy of the Heavens . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 47214 - 5 . Jump up ^ Plato ( 2008 ) ( c. 360 BC ) . Timaeus . Forgotten Books . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 018 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hillar , M. ( 2004 ) . `` The Problem of the Soul in Aristotle 's De anima '' . NASA / WMAP . Archived from the original on 9 September 2006 . Retrieved 10 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Partington , J.R. ( 1937 ) . A Short History of Chemistry . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65977 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , R. ( 1661 ) . The Sceptical Chymist . London . ISBN 0 - 922802 - 90 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier , A.L. ( 1790 ) . Elements of chemistry translated by Robert Kerr . Edinburgh . pp. 175 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17914 - 0 . Jump up ^ Transactinide - 2 . www.kernchemie.de Jump up ^ Carey , G.W. ( 1914 ) . The Chemistry of Human Life . Los Angeles . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 2840 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanz , J. ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Scientists Discover Heavy New Element '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` IUPAC Announces Start of the Name Approval Process for the Element of Atomic Number 112 '' ( PDF ) . IUPAC. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IUPAC ( International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) : Element 112 is Named Copernicium '' . IUPAC. 20 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Oganessian , Yu . Ts. ; Utyonkov , V. ; Lobanov , Yu. ; Abdullin , F. ; Polyakov , A. ; Sagaidak , R. ; Shirokovsky , I. ; Tsyganov , Yu. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence for Dark Matter '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review C. 74 ( 4 ) : 044602 . Bibcode : 2006PhRvC ... 74d4602O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevC. 74.044602 . Jump up ^ Greiner , W. `` Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . 31st meeting , PAC for Nuclear Physics . Joint Institute for Nuclear Research . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 30 November 2016 ) . `` IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113 , 115 , 117 , and 118 '' . IUPAC . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ St. Fleur , Nicholas ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Four New Names Officially Added to the Periodic Table of Elements '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Periodic Table -- Royal Society of Chemistry '' . www.rsc.org . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . etymonline.com . Jump up ^ Wieser , Michael E. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2011 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure Appl . Chem. IUPAC. 85 ( 5 ) : 1047 -- 1078 . doi : 10.1351 / PAC - REP - 13 - 03 - 02 . ( for standard atomic weights of elements ) Jump up ^ Sonzogni , Alejandro . `` Interactive Chart of Nuclides '' . National Nuclear Data Center : Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 06 . ( for atomic weights of elements with atomic numbers 103 -- 118 ) Jump up ^ Holman , S.W. ; Lawrence , R.R. ; Barr , L. ( 1 January 1895 ) . `` Melting Points of Aluminum , Silver , Gold , Copper , and Platinum '' . Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 31 : 218 -- 233 . doi : 10.2307 / 20020628 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chemical elements . Ball , P. ( 2004 ) . The Elements : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 284099 - 1 . Emsley , J. ( 2003 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to the Elements . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850340 - 7 . Gray , T. ( 2009 ) . The Elements : A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Inc . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 814 - 9 . Scerri , E.R. ( 2007 ) . The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance . Oxford University Press . Strathern , P. ( 2000 ) . Mendeleyev 's Dream : The Quest for the Elements . Hamish Hamilton Ltd . ISBN 0 - 241 - 14065 - X . Kean , Sam ( 2011 ) . The Disappearing Spoon : And Other True Tales of Madness , Love , and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements . Back Bay Books . Compiled by A.D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson . ( 1997 ) . Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford , ed . Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) . doi : 10.1351 / goldbook . ISBN 0 - 9678550 - 9 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) XML on - line corrected version : created by M. Nic , J. Jirat , B. Kosata ; updates compiled by A. Jenkins . External links Videos for each element by the University of Nottingham ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Eka - superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Big History Themes and subjects Chronology of the universe Cosmic evolution Deep time Time scales Goldilocks principle Modernity Eight thresholds 1 : Creation - Big Bang and cosmogony 2 : Stars - creation of stars 3 : Elements - creation of chemical elements inside dying stars 4 : Planets - formation of planets 5 : Life - abiogenesis and evolution of life 6 : Humans - development of Homo sapiens Paleolithic era 7 : Agriculture - Agricultural Revolution 8 : Modernity - modern era Web - based education Big History Project Crash Course Big History ChronoZoom Notable people Walter Alvarez Eric Chaisson David Christian Bill Gates Carl Sagan Graeme Snooks Cynthia Stokes Brown LCCN : sh85022897 GND : 4009874 - 6 NDL : 00562407 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_element&oldid=817362551 '' Categories : Chemical elements Chemistry Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norfuk / Pitkern Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 West - Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who used the term element for the first time	[ "The term 'elements' (stoicheia) was first used by the Greek philosopher Plato in about 360 BCE in his dialogue Timaeus, which includes a discussion of the composition of inorganic and organic bodies and is a speculative treatise on chemistry. Plato believed the elements introduced a century earlier by Empedocles were composed of small polyhedral forms: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth).[24][25]" ]	[ "Plato" ]
4246523867098793677	First Indochina War	First Indochina War - wikipedia First Indochina War `` Indochina War '' redirects here . For other uses , see Indochina Wars . First Indochina War Part of the Indochina Wars , the Cold War , and the decolonisation of Asia Clockwise from top : After the fall of Dien Bien Phu supporting Laotian troops fall back across the Mekong River into Laos ; French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast in July 1950 ; M24 Chaffee American light tank used by French in Vietnam ; Geneva Conference on 21 July 1954 ; A Grumman F6F - 5 Hellcat from Escadrille 1F prepares to land on the Aircraft carrier Arromanches ( R95 ) operating in the Gulf of Tonkin . Date 19 December 1946 ( 1946 - 12 - 19 ) -- 1 August 1954 ( 1954 - 08 - 01 ) ( 7 years , 7 months , 1 week and 6 days ) Location French Indochina , mainly Vietnam Result Viet Minh victory Vietnam is partitioned between North ( controlled by the Viet Minh ) and South ( controlled by the State of Vietnam ) Geneva Conference Departure of the French from Indochina State of Vietnam , Democratic Republic of Vietnam , Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia achieve independence Territorial changes Provisional division of Vietnam Belligerents Viet Minh Lao Issara ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Pathet Lao ( 1949 -- 1954 ) Khmer Issarak United Issarak Front ( 1950 -- 1954 ) Japanese volunteers Supported by : Soviet Union China ( 1949 -- 1954 ) East Germany Poland France French Indochina ( 1945 -- 1954 ) Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Kingdom of Laos ( 1953 -- 1954 ) State of Vietnam ( 1949 -- 1954 ) Supported by : United States ( 1950 -- 1954 ) Commanders and leaders Hồ Chí Minh Võ Nguyên Giáp Phạm Văn Đồng Trường Chinh Souphanouvong Son Ngoc Minh French Expeditionary Corps Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque ( 1945 -- 1946 ) Jean - Étienne Valluy ( 1946 -- 1948 ) Roger Blaizot ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Marcel Carpentier ( 1949 -- 1950 ) Jean de Lattre de Tassigny ( 1950 -- 1951 ) Raoul Salan ( 1952 -- 1953 ) Henri Navarre ( 1953 -- 1954 ) State of Vietnam Ngô Đình Diệm Bảo Đại Strength Viet Minh : Regulars : 125,000 Regional : 75,000 Popular Forces / Irregulars : 250,000 Former Imperial Japanese Army volunteers : ~ 5,000 Total : ~ 450,000 France : Expeditionary Corps : 190,000 Local Auxiliary : 55,000 State of Vietnam : 150,000 Total : ~ 450,000 Casualties and losses Viet Minh : 175,000 -- 300,000 dead or missing ( Western historian estimated ) 191,605 dead or missing ( Vietnamese Government 's figure ) French Union : 75,581 dead ( 20,524 being French ) 64,127 wounded , 40,000 captured State of Vietnam : 58,877 dead or missing Total : ~ 134,500 dead or missing 400,000 -- 842,707 total killed 125,000 -- 400,000 civilians killed Indochina Wars Masterdom First Second Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Third Cambodian - Vietnamese Cambodian - Thai border Sino - Vietnamese border conflicts Hmong insurgency FULRO insurgency against Vietnam First Indochina War Masterdom Haiphong Hanoi Cao Bằng Papillon Léa Ceinture Đông Khê RC4 Vĩnh Yên Mạo Khê Đáy River 1st Nghĩa Lộ Hòa Bình 2nd Nghĩa Lộ Lorraine Nà Sản Bretagne Adolphe Muong Khoua Hirondelle Camargue Brochet Mouette Castor Pollux Atlante Điện Biên Phủ Condor Mang Yang Pass The First Indochina War ( generally known as the Indochina War in France , and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam ) began in French Indochina on 19 December 1946 , and lasted until 20 July 1954 . Fighting between French forces and their Viet Minh opponents in the south dated from September 1945 . The conflict pitted a range of forces , including the French Union 's French Far East Expeditionary Corps , led by France and supported by Bảo Đại 's Vietnamese National Army against the Viet Minh , led by Ho Chi Minh and the People 's Army of Vietnam led by Vo Nguyen Giap . Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin in northern Vietnam , although the conflict engulfed the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochina protectorates of Laos and Cambodia . At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 , the Combined Chiefs of Staff decided that Indochina south of latitude 16 ° north was to be included in the Southeast Asia Command under British Admiral Mountbatten . Japanese forces located south of that line surrendered to him and those to the north surrendered to Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek . In September 1945 , Chinese forces entered Tonkin , and a small British task force landed at Saigon . The Chinese accepted the Vietnamese government under Ho Chi Minh , then in power in Hanoi . The British refused to do likewise in Saigon , and deferred to the French there from the outset , against the ostensible support of the Viet Minh authorities by American OSS representatives . On V-J Day , September 2 , Ho Chi Minh had proclaimed in Hanoi the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRV ) . The DRV ruled as the only civil government in all of Vietnam for a period of about 20 days , after the abdication of Emperor Bảo Đại , who had governed under Japanese rule . On 23 September 1945 , with the knowledge of the British commander in Saigon , French forces overthrew the local DRV government , and declared French authority restored in Cochinchina . Guerrilla warfare began around Saigon immediately , but the French gradually retook control of the South and North of Indochina . Hô Chi Minh agreed to negotiate the future status of Vietnam , but the talks , held in France , failed to produce a solution . After over one year of latent conflict , all - out war broke out in December 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces as Hô and his government went underground . The French tried to stabilize Indochina by reorganizing it as a Federation of Associated States . In 1949 , they put former Emperor Bảo Đại back in power , as the ruler of a newly established State of Vietnam . The first few years of the war involved a low - level rural insurgency against the French . In 1949 the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States , China and the Soviet Union . French Union forces included colonial troops from the whole former empire ( Moroccan , Algerian , Tunisian , Laotian , Cambodian , and Vietnamese ethnic minorities ) , French professional troops and units of the French Foreign Legion . The use of metropolitan recruits was forbidden by the government to prevent the war from becoming even more unpopular at home . It was called the `` dirty war '' ( la sale guerre ) by leftists in France . The strategy of pushing the Viet Minh into attacking well - defended bases in remote parts of the country at the end of their logistical trails was validated at the Battle of Nà Sản . However , this base was relatively weak because of a lack of concrete and steel . French efforts were made more difficult due to the limited usefulness of armored tanks in a jungle environment , lack of strong air forces for air cover and carpet bombing , and use of foreign recruits from other French colonies ( mainly from Algeria , Morocco and even Vietnam ) . Võ Nguyên Giáp , however , used efficient and novel tactics of direct fire artillery , convoy ambushes and massed anti-aircraft guns to impede land and air supply deliveries together with a strategy based on recruiting a sizable regular army facilitated by wide popular support , a guerrilla warfare doctrine and instruction developed in China , and the use of simple and reliable war material provided by the Soviet Union . This combination proved fatal for the bases ' defenses , culminating in a decisive French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . At the International Geneva Conference on July 21 , 1954 , the new socialist French government and the Viet Minh made an agreement that was denounced by the State of Vietnam and by the United States , but which effectively gave the Viet Minh control of North Vietnam above the 17th parallel . The south continued under Bảo Đại . A year later , Bảo Đại would be deposed by his prime minister , Ngô Đình Diệm , creating the Republic of Vietnam . Soon an insurgency , backed by the north , developed against Diệm 's government . The conflict gradually escalated into the Vietnam War / American War also known as the Second Indochina War . Contents 1 Background 1.1 After the surrender of Japan 2 Rival sides 3 Timeline 3.1 1946 3.2 1947 3.3 1948 3.4 1949 3.5 1950 3.6 1951 3.7 1952 3.8 1953 3.9 1954 4 Geneva Conference and Partition 5 French domestic situation 6 War crimes and re-education camps 7 French Union involvement 8 Foreign involvement 8.1 Japanese volunteers 8.2 China 8.3 Soviet Union 8.4 United States 8.4. 1 Mutual Defense Assistance Act ( 1950 -- 1954 ) 8.4. 2 US Navy assistance ( 1951 -- 1954 ) 8.4. 3 US Air Force assistance ( 1952 -- 1954 ) 8.4. 4 Central Intelligence Agency covert operations ( 1954 ) 8.4. 5 Operation Passage to Freedom ( 1954 ) 9 Popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Vietnam Expedition , Franco - Thai War , Second French Indochina Campaign , Empire of Vietnam , August Revolution , Vietnamese Famine of 1945 , Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , French Far East Expeditionary Corps , War in Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) , 1940 -- 46 in the Vietnam War , and 1947 -- 50 in the Vietnam War French Indochina ( 1913 ) Vietnam was absorbed into French Indochina in stages between 1858 and 1887 . Nationalism grew until World War II provided a break in French control . Early Vietnamese resistance centered on the intellectual Phan Bội Châu . Châu looked to Japan , which had modernized and was one of the few Asian nations to successfully resist European colonization . With Prince Cường Để , Châu started two organizations in Japan , the Duy Tân hội ( Modernistic Association ) and Vietnam Cong Hien Hoi . Due to French pressure , Japan deported Phan Bội Châu to China . Witnessing Sun Yat - sen 's 1911 nationalist revolution , Châu was inspired to commence the Viet Nam Quang Phục Hội movement in Guangzhou . From 1914 to 1917 , he was imprisoned by Yuan Shikai 's counterrevolutionary government . In 1925 , he was captured by French agents in Shanghai and spirited to Vietnam . Due to his popularity , Châu was spared from execution and placed under house arrest until his death in 1940 . In September 1940 , shortly after Phan Bội Châu 's death , Japan launched its invasion of French Indochina , mirroring its ally Germany 's conquest of metropolitan France . Keeping the French colonial administration , the Japanese ruled from behind the scenes in a parallel of Vichy France . As far as Vietnamese nationalists were concerned , this was a double - puppet government . Emperor Bảo Đại collaborated with the Japanese , just as he had with the French , ensuring his lifestyle could continue . From October 1940 to May 1941 , during the Franco - Thai War , the Vichy French in Indochina were involved with defending their colony in a border conflict which saw the forces of Thailand invade , while the Japanese sat on the sidelines . Thai military successes were limited to the Cambodian border area , and in January 1941 Vichy France 's modern naval forces soundly defeated the inferior Thai naval forces in the Battle of Ko Chang . The war ended in May , with the French agreeing to minor territorial revisions which restored formerly Thai areas to Thailand . Võ Nguyên Giáp and Ho Chi Minh ( 1945 ) In 1941 , Ho Chi Minh , seeing communist revolution as the path to freedom , returned to Vietnam and formed the Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi ( League for the Independence of Vietnam ) , better known as the Viet Minh . Ho created the Viet Minh as an umbrella organization for all the nationalist resistance movements , de-emphasizing his communist social revolutionary background . During the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 , Ho Chi Minh blamed ruthless Japanese exploitation and poor weather for up to two million Vietnamese deaths . The Viet Minh arranged a relief effort in the north , winning wide support there as a result . In March 1945 , Japan launched the Second French Indochina Campaign and ousted the Vichy French and formally installed Emperor Bảo Đại as head of the nominally independent Empire of Vietnam . The Japanese arrested and imprisoned most of the French officials and military officers remaining in the country . American President Franklin D. Roosevelt and General Joseph Stilwell privately made it clear that France was not to reacquire French Indochina after the war was over . Roosevelt suggested that Chiang Kai - shek place Indochina under Chinese rule ; Chiang Kai - shek supposedly replied : `` Under no circumstances ! '' Following Roosevelt 's death in April 1945 , U.S. resistance to French rule weakened . After the surrender of Japan ( edit ) Japanese troops lay down their arms to British troops in a ceremony in Saigon ( 1945 ) . Commander of the C.L.I. ( Corps Léger d'Intervention ) in Indochina after the surrender of Japan An armistice was signed between Japan and the United States on August 20 , 1945 . The Provisional Government of the French Republic wanted to restore its colonial rule in French Indochina as the final step of the Liberation of France . On August 22 , 1945 , OSS agents Archimedes Patti and Carleton B. Swift Jr. arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate Allied POWs , and were accompanied by French government official Jean Sainteny . The Imperial Japanese Army , being the only force capable of maintaining law and order , remained in power while keeping French colonial troops and Sainteny detained . Japanese forces allowed the Viet Minh and other nationalist groups to take over public buildings and weapons without resistance , which began the August Revolution . On August 25 , Ho Chi Minh was able to persuade Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate . Bảo Đại was appointed `` supreme advisor '' to the new Viet Minh - led government in Hanoi . On September 2 , aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay , CEFEO Expeditionary Corps leader General Leclerc signed the armistice with Japan on behalf of France . The same day , Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam 's independence from France . Deliberately borrowing from the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America , Ho Chi Minh proclaimed : We hold the truth that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights , among them life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness . After their surrender , the Japanese Army gave weapons to the Viet Minh . In order to further help the nationalists , the Japanese kept Vichy French officials and military officers imprisoned for a month after the surrender . OSS officers met repeatedly with Ho Chi Minh and other Viet Minh officers during this period . The Viet Minh had recruited more than 600 Japanese soldiers and given them roles to train or command Vietnamese soldiers . On September 13 , 1945 , a Franco - British task force landed in Java , main island of the Dutch East Indies ( for which independence was being sought by Sukarno ) , and Saigon , capital of Cochinchina ( southern part of French Indochina ) , both being occupied by the Japanese and ruled by Field Marshal Hisaichi Terauchi , Commander - in - Chief of Japan 's Southern Expeditionary Army Group based in Saigon . Allied troops in Saigon were an airborne detachment , two British companies of the Indian 20th Infantry Division and the French 5th Colonial Infantry Regiment , with British General Sir Douglas Gracey as supreme commander . The latter proclaimed martial law on September 21 . The following night the Franco - British troops took control of Saigon . Almost immediately afterward , as agreed to at the Potsdam Conference ( and under Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers ' `` General Order no . One '' . ) , 200,000 troops of the Chinese 1st Army occupied Indochina as far south as the 16th parallel . They had been sent by Chiang Kai - shek under General Lu Han to accept the surrender of Japanese forces occupying that area , then to supervise the disarming and repatriation of the Japanese Army . This effectively ended Ho Chi Minh 's nominal government in Hanoi . Initially , the Chinese kept the French Colonial soldiers interned , with the acquiescence of the Americans . The Chinese used the VNQDĐ , the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang , to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents . Telegram from Ho Chi Minh to U.S. President Harry S. Truman requesting support for independence ( Hanoi , February 28 , 1946 ) On October 9 , 1945 , General Leclerc arrived in Saigon , accompanied by French Colonel Massu 's March Group ( Groupement de marche ) . Leclerc 's primary objectives were to restore public order in south Vietnam and to militarize Tonkin ( north Vietnam ) . Secondary objectives were to wait for French backup in view to take back Chinese - occupied Hanoi , then to negotiate with the Viet Minh officials . Chiang Kai - shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other , forcing them to come to a peace agreement . In February 1946 , he also forced the French to surrender and renounce all of their concessions and ports in China , such as Shanghai , in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946 . Following this agreement , VNQDĐ forces became vulnerable due to the withdrawal of Chinese forces and were attacked by Viet Minh and French troops . The Viet Minh massacred thousands of VNQDD members and other nationalists in a large - scale purge . Rival sides ( edit ) The British supported the French in fighting the Viet Minh , armed militias from the religious Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo sects and the Bình Xuyên organized crime groups , which were all individually seeking power in the country and fought the Viet Minh as well . The Viet Minh were militarily ineffective in the first few years of the war and could do little more than harass the French in remote areas of Indochina . The French were backed by the Nung minority while Viet Minh were backed by the Tay minority . Timeline ( edit ) 1946 ( edit ) Ho Chi Minh and Marius Moutet shaking hands after signing modus vivendi 1946 after Fontainebleau Agreements In early 1946 , the French landed a military force at Haiphong . Negotiations took place about the future for Vietnam as a state within the French Union . Fighting broke out in Haiphong about a conflict of interest in import duty at the port between the Viet Minh government and the French . On November 23 , 1946 , the French fleet began a naval bombardment of the Vietnamese sections of the city that killed over 6,000 Vietnamese civilians in one afternoon . The Viet Minh quickly agreed to a cease - fire and left the cities . This is known as the Haiphong incident . There was never any intention among the Vietnamese to give up , as General Võ Nguyên Giáp soon brought up 30,000 men to attack the city . Although the French were outnumbered , their superior weaponry and naval support made any Viet Minh attack unsuccessful . In December , hostilities between the Viet Minh and the French broke out in Hanoi , and Ho Chi Minh was forced to evacuate the capital in favor of remote mountain areas . Guerrilla warfare ensued , with the French controlling most of the country except far - flung areas . Play media `` Envoys probe Indo - China rebellion '' ( January 16 , 1947 ) , Universal Newsreel 1947 ( edit ) In 1947 , General Võ Nguyên Giáp retreated his command to Tan Trao deep in the hills of Tuyên Quang Province . The French sent military expeditions to attack his bases , but Giap refused to meet them head - on in battle . Wherever the French troops went , the Viet Minh disappeared . Late in the year the French launched Operation Lea to take out the Viet Minh communications center at Bắc Kạn . They failed to capture Ho Chi Minh and his key lieutenants as intended . The French claimed 9,000 Viet Minh soldiers KIA during the campaign which , if true , would represent a major blow for the insurgency . 1948 ( edit ) In 1948 , France started looking for means of opposing the Viet Minh politically , with an alternative government in Saigon . They began negotiations with the former emperor Bảo Đại to lead an `` autonomous '' government within the French Union of nations , the State of Vietnam . Two years before , the French had refused Ho 's proposal of a similar status , albeit with some restrictions on French power and the latter 's eventual withdrawal from Vietnam . However , they were willing to give it to Bảo Đại as he had freely collaborated with French rule of Vietnam in the past and was in no position to seriously negotiate or impose demands . 1949 ( edit ) French Marine commandos wade ashore off the Annam coast In 1949 , France officially recognized the nominal `` independence '' of the State of Vietnam as an associated state within the French Union under Bảo Đại . However , France still controlled all foreign relations and every defense issue . The Viet Minh quickly denounced the government and stated that they wanted `` real independence , not Bảo Đại independence '' . Within the framework of the French Union , France also granted independence to the other nations in Indochina , the Kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia . Later , as a concession to the new government and a way to increase their numbers , France agreed to the formation of the Vietnamese National Army commanded by Vietnamese officers . These troops were used mostly to garrison quiet sectors , so French forces would be available for combat . Private armies from the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects and the Bình Xuyên crime syndicate were used in the same way . With the triumph of the communists in China 's civil war , the Vietnamese communists gained a major political ally on their northern border , supporting them with weapons and supplies . Giap re-organized his local irregular forces into five full conventional infantry divisions , the 304th , 308th , 312th , 316th and the 320th . The war began to intensify when Giap went on the offensive , attacking isolated French bases along the Chinese border . The United States began to give military aid to France in the form of weaponry and military observers . 1950 ( edit ) A map of dissident activities in Indochina in 1950 By January 1950 , Ho 's government gained recognition from China and the Soviet Union . In the same year , the government of Bao Dai gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom . In February , Giap seized the vulnerable 150 - strong French garrison at Lai Khê in Tonkin just south of the border with China . In June , the Korean War broke out between communist North Korea ( DPRK ) supported by China and the Soviet Union , and South Korea ( ROK ) supported by the United States and its allies in the UN . The Cold War was turning ' hot ' in East Asia , and the American government feared communist domination of the entire region would have deep implications for American interests . The US became strongly opposed to the government of Ho Chi Minh , in part , because it was supported and supplied by China . Major general Thái attacked Đông Khê on September 15 . Đông Khê fell on September 18 . Cao Bằng garrison was then evacuated south , together with the relief force coming from That Khe , were attacked all the way by ambushing Viet Minh forces , which result in a stunning French defeat in the Battle of Route Coloniale 4 . The French air - dropped a paratroop battalion south of Cao Bằng to act as diversion only to see it quickly surrounded and destroyed . After that , Lạng Sơn , is evacuated in panic while it was n't menaced . By the time the remains of the garrisons reached the safety of the Red River Delta , 4,800 French troops had been killed , captured or missing in action and 2,000 wounded out of a total garrison force of over 10,000 . Also lost were 13 artillery pieces , 125 mortars , 450 trucks , 940 machine guns , 1,200 submachine guns and 8,000 rifles destroyed or captured during the fighting . China and the Soviet Union recognized Ho Chi Minh as the legitimate ruler of Vietnam and sent him more and more supplies and material aid . The year 1950 also marked the first time that napalm was ever used in Vietnam ( this type of weapon was supplied by the U.S. for the use of the French Aéronavale at the time ) . The military situation improved for France when its new commander , General Jean Marie de Lattre de Tassigny , built a fortified line from Hanoi to the Gulf of Tonkin , across the Red River Delta , to hold the Viet Minh in place and use his troops to smash them against this barricade , which became known as the De Lattre Line . This led to a period of success for the French . 1951 ( edit ) General Trình Minh Thế On January 13 , 1951 , Giáp moved the 308th and 312th Divisions , made up of over 20,000 men , to attack Vĩnh Yên , 20 miles ( 32 km ) northwest of Hanoi , which was manned by the 6,000 - strong 9th Foreign Legion Brigade . The Viet Minh entered a trap . Caught for the first time in the open and actually forced to fight the French head - on , without the ability to quickly hide and retreat , they were mown down by concentrated French artillery and machine gun fire . By January 16 , the Battle of Vĩnh Yên ended as Giáp was forced to withdraw , with over 6,000 of his troops killed , 8,000 wounded and 500 captured . On March 23 , Giáp tried again , launching an attack against Mạo Khê , 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Haiphong . The 316th Division , composed of 11,000 men , with the partly rebuilt 308th and 312th Divisions in reserve , went forward and were beaten in bitter hand - to - hand fighting against French troops . Giap , having lost over 3,000 ( French estimation ) / ~ 500 ( Viet Minh information ) dead and wounded by March 28 , withdrew . Giáp launched yet another attack , the Battle of the Day River , on May 29 with the 304th Division at Phủ Lý , the 308th Division at Ninh Bình , and the main attack delivered by the 320th Division at Phat Diem south of Hanoi . The attacks fared no better and the three divisions lost heavily . Taking advantage of this , de Lattre mounted his counteroffensive against the demoralized Viet Minh , driving them back into the jungle and eliminating the enemy pockets in the Red River Delta by June 18 , costing the Viet Minh over 10,000 killed . Every effort by Võ Nguyên Giáp to break the De Lattre Line failed , and every attack he made was answered by a French counter-attack that destroyed his forces . Viet Minh casualties rose alarmingly during this period , leading some to question the leadership of the Communist government , even within the party . However , any benefit this may have reaped for France was negated by the increasing domestic opposition to the war in France . On July 31 , French General Charles Chanson was assassinated during a propaganda suicide attack at Sa Đéc in South Vietnam that was blamed on the Viet Minh although it was argued in some quarters that Cao Đài nationalist Trình Minh Thế could have been involved in its planning . On November 14 , 1951 , the French seized Hòa Bình , 25 miles ( 40 km ) west of the De Lattre Line , by a parachute drop and extended their perimeter . 1952 ( edit ) French foreign airborne 1st BEP firing with a FM 24 / 29 light machine gun during an ambush ( 1952 ) In January , General de Lattre fell ill from cancer and had to return to France for treatment . He died there shortly thereafter and was replaced by General Raoul Salan as the overall commander of French forces in Indochina . Viet Minh launched attacks on Hòa Bình , forcing the French to withdraw back to their main positions on the De Lattre line by February 22 , 1952 . Each side lost nearly 5,000 men in this campaign , and it showed that the war was far from over . Throughout the war theater , the Viet Minh cut French supply lines and began to seriously wear down the resolve of the French forces . There were continued raids , skirmishes and guerrilla attacks , but through most of the rest of the year each side withdrew to prepare itself for larger operations . Starting on October 2 , the Battle of Nà Sản saw the first use of the French commanders ' `` hedgehog '' tactics , consisting in setting up well - defended outposts to get the Viet Minh out of the jungle and force them to fight conventional battles instead of using guerrilla tactics . On October 17 , 1952 , Giáp launched attacks against the French garrisons along Nghĩa Lộ , northwest of Hanoi , and overran much of the Black River valley , except for the airfield of Nà Sản where a strong French garrison entrenched . Giáp by now had control over most of Tonkin beyond the De Lattre line . Raoul Salan , seeing the situation as critical , launched Operation Lorraine along the Clear River to force Giáp to relieve pressure on the Nghĩa Lộ outposts . On October 29 , 1952 , in the largest operation in Indochina to date , 30,000 French Union soldiers moved out from the De Lattre line to attack the Viet Minh supply dumps at Phú Yên . Salan took Phú Thọ on November 5 , and Phu Doan on November 9 by a parachute drop , and finally Phú Yên on November 13 . Giáp at first did not react to the French offensive . He planned to wait until their supply lines were overextended and then cut them off from the Red River Delta . Salan correctly guessed what the Viet Minh were up to and cancelled the operation on November 14 , beginning to withdraw back to the De Lattre Line . The only major fighting during the operation came during the withdrawal , when the Viet Minh ambushed the French column at Chan Muong on November 17 . The road was cleared after a bayonet charge by the Indochinese March Battalion , and the withdrawal could continue . The French lost around 1,200 men during the whole operation , most of them during the Chan Muong ambush . The operation was partially successful , proving that the French could strike out at targets outside the De Lattre Line . However , it failed to divert the Viet Minh offensive or seriously damage its logistical network . 1953 ( edit ) A Bearcat naval fighter aircraft of the Aéronavale drops napalm on Viet Minh Division 320th 's artillery during Operation Mouette ( November 1953 ) On April 9 , 1953 , Giáp , after having failed repeatedly in direct attacks on French positions in Vietnam , changed strategy and began to pressure the French by invading Laos , surrounding and defeating several French outposts such as Muong Khoua . In May , General Henri Navarre replaced Salan as supreme commander of French forces in Indochina . He reported to the French government `` ... that there was no possibility of winning the war in Indo - China , '' saying that the best the French could hope for was a stalemate . Navarre , in response to the Viet Minh attacking Laos , concluded that `` hedgehog '' centers of defense were the best plan . Looking at a map of the area , Navarre chose the small town of Điện Biên Phủ , located about 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of the Lao border and 175 miles ( 282 km ) west of Hanoi as a target to block the Viet Minh from invading Laos . Điện Biên Phủ had a number of advantages : it was on a Viet Minh supply route into Laos on the Nam Yum River , it had an old airstrip for supply , and it was situated in the Tai hills where the Tai tribesmen , still loyal to the French , operated . Operation Castor was launched on November 20 , 1953 , with 1,800 men of the French 1st and 2nd Airborne Battalions dropping into the valley of Điện Biên Phủ and sweeping aside the local Viet Minh garrison . The paratroopers gained control of a heart - shaped valley 12 miles ( 19 km ) long and 8 miles ( 13 km ) wide surrounded by heavily wooded hills . Encountering little opposition , the French and Tai units operating from Lai Châu to the north patrolled the hills . The operation was a tactical success for the French . However , Giáp , seeing the weakness of the French position , started moving most of his forces from the De Lattre line to Điện Biên Phủ . By mid-December , most of the French and Tai patrols in the hills around the town were wiped out by Viet Minh ambushes . The fight for control of this position would be the longest and hardest battle for the French Far East Expeditionary Corps and would be remembered by the veterans as `` 57 Days of Hell '' . 1954 ( edit ) Map of the war in 1954 . Orange = Areas under Viet Minh control . Purple = Areas under French control . White - dotted hatch = Areas of Viet Minh guerilla encampment and fighting . Franco - Vietnamese medics treating a wounded Viet Minh POW at Hưng Yên ( 1954 ) By 1954 , despite official propaganda presenting the war as a `` crusade against communism '' , the war in Indochina was still growing unpopular with the French public . The political stagnation of the Fourth Republic meant that France was unable to extract itself from the conflict . The Battle of Dien Bien Phu occurred in 1954 between Viet Minh forces under Võ Nguyên Giáp , supported by China and the Soviet Union , and the French Union 's French Far East Expeditionary Corps , supported by US financing and Indochinese allies . The battle was fought near the village of Điện Biên Phủ in northern Vietnam and became the last major battle between the French and the Vietnamese in the First Indochina War . The battle began on March 13 when a preemptive Viet Minh attack surprised the French with heavy artillery . The artillery damaged both the main and secondary airfields that the French were using to fly in supplies . The only road into Điện Biên Phủ , already difficult to traverse , was also knocked out by Viet Minh forces . With French supply lines interrupted , the French position became untenable , particularly when the advent of the monsoon season made dropping supplies and reinforcements by parachute difficult . With defeat imminent , the French sought to hold on until the opening of the Geneva peace meeting on April 26 . The last French offensive took place on May 4 , but it was ineffective . The Viet Minh then began to hammer the outpost with newly supplied Soviet Katyusha rockets and other weaponry provided by communist allies . The final fall took two days , May 6 and 7 , during which the French fought on but were eventually overrun by a huge frontal assault . General Cogny , based in Hanoi , ordered General de Castries , who was commanding the outpost , to cease fire at 5 : 30 pm and to destroy all materiél ( weapons , transmissions , etc . ) to deny their use to the enemy . A formal order was given to not use the white flag so that the action would be considered a ceasefire instead of a surrender . Much of the fighting ended on May 7 ; however , the ceasefire was not respected on Isabelle , the isolated southern position , where the battle lasted until May 8 , 1 : 00 am . At least 2,200 members of the 20,000 - strong French forces died , and another 1,729 were reported missing after the battle , and 11,721 were captured . Of the 50,000 or so Vietnamese soldiers thought to be involved , there were an estimated 4,800 to 8,000 killed and another 9,000 -- 15,000 wounded . The prisoners taken at Điện Biên Phủ were the greatest number the Viet Minh had ever captured : one - third of the total captured during the entire war . One month after Điện Biên Phủ , the composite Groupe Mobile 100 ( GM100 ) of the French Union forces evacuated the An Khê outpost and was ambushed by a larger Viet Minh force at the Battle of Mang Yang Pass from June 24 to July 17 . At the same time , Giap launched some offensives against the delta , but they all failed . The Viet Minh victory at Điện Biên Phủ heavily influenced the outcome of the 1954 Geneva accords that took place on July 21 . In August Operation Passage to Freedom began , consisting of the evacuation of Catholic and loyalist Vietnamese civilians from communist North Vietnamese persecution . Geneva Conference and partition ( edit ) Further information : Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) and Partition of Vietnam The 1954 Geneva Conference The Geneva Conference on July 21 , 1954 , recognized the 17th parallel north as a `` provisional military demarcation line , '' temporarily dividing the country into two zones , communist North Vietnam and pro-Western South Vietnam . Student demonstration in Saigon , July 1964 , observing the tenth anniversary of the July 1954 Geneva Agreements Negotiations between France and the Viet Minh started in Geneva in April 1954 at the Geneva Conference , during which time the French Union and the Viet Minh were fighting a battle at Điện Biên Phủ . In France , Pierre Mendès France , opponent of the war since 1950 , had been invested as Prime Minister on June 17 , 1954 , on a promise to put an end to the war , reaching a ceasefire in four months : Today it seems we can be reunited in a will for peace that may express the aspirations of our country ... Since already several years , a compromise peace , a peace negotiated with the opponent seemed to me commanded by the facts , while it commanded , in return , to put back in order our finances , the recovery of our economy and its expansion . Because this war placed on our country an unbearable burden . And here appears today a new and formidable threat : if the Indochina conflict is not resolved -- and settled very fast -- it is the risk of war , of international war and maybe atomic , that we must foresee . It is because I wanted a better peace that I wanted it earlier , when we had more assets . But even now there is some renouncings or abandons that the situation does not comprise . France does not have to accept and will not accept settlement which would be incompatible with its more vital interests ( applauding on certain seats of the Assembly on the left and at the extreme right ) . France will remain present in Far - Orient . Neither our allies , nor our opponents must conserve the least doubt on the signification of our determination . A negotiation has been engaged in Geneva ... I have longly studied the report ... consulted the most qualified military and diplomatic experts . My conviction that a pacific settlement of the conflict is possible has been confirmed . A `` cease - fire '' must henceforth intervene quickly . The government which I will form will fix itself -- and will fix to its opponents -- a delay of 4 weeks to reach it . We are today on 17th of June . I will present myself before you before the 20th of July ... If no satisfying solution has been reached at this date , you will be freed from the contract which would have tied us together , and my government will give its dismissal to the President of the Republic . The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam . Neither the United States government nor Ngo Dinh Diem 's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference . With respect to the question of reunification , the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam , but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Pham Van Dong , who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of `` local commissions '' . The United States countered with what became known as the `` American Plan '' , with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom . It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations , but was rejected by the Soviet delegation . From his home in France , Bảo Đại appointed Ngô Đình Diệm as Prime Minister of South Vietnam . With American support , in 1955 Diem used a referendum to remove the former Emperor and declare himself the president of the Republic of Vietnam . When the elections failed to occur , Viet Minh cadres who stayed behind in South Vietnam were activated and started to fight the government . North Vietnam also invaded and occupied portions of Laos to assist in supplying the National Liberation Front guerillas fighting in South Vietnam . The war gradually escalated into the Second Indochina War , more commonly known as the Vietnam War in the West and the American War in Vietnam . French domestic situation ( edit ) The 1946 Constitution creating the Fourth Republic ( 1946 -- 1958 ) made France a Parliamentary republic . Because of the political context , it could find stability only by an alliance between the three dominant parties : the Christian Democratic Popular Republican Movement ( MRP ) , the French Communist Party ( PCF ) and the socialist French Section of the Workers ' International ( SFIO ) . Known as tripartisme , this alliance briefly lasted until the May 1947 crisis , with the expulsion from Paul Ramadier 's SFIO government of the PCF ministers , marking the official start of the Cold War in France . This had the effect of weakening the regime , with the two most significant movements of this period , Communism and Gaullism , in opposition . Unlikely alliances had to be made between left - and right - wing parties in order to form a government invested by the National Assembly , resulting in parliamentary instability , with fourteen prime ministers in succession between 1947 and 1954 's Battle of Dien Bien Phu . The rapid turnover of governments ( there were 17 different governments during the war ) left France unable to prosecute the war with any consistent policy , according to veteran General René de Biré ( who was a lieutenant at Dien Bien Phu ) . France was increasingly unable to afford the costly conflict in Indochina and , by 1954 , the United States was paying 80 % of France 's war effort , which was $3,000,000 per day in 1952 . A strong anti-war movement came into existence in France driven mostly by the then - powerful French Communist Party ( outpowering the socialists ) and its young militant associations , major trade unions such as the General Confederation of Labour , and notable leftist intellectuals . The first occurrence was probably at the National Assembly on March 21 , 1947 , when the communist deputees refused to back the military credits for Indochina . The following year a pacifist event was organized , the `` 1st Worldwide Congress of Peace Partisans '' ( 1er Congrès Mondial des Partisans de la Paix , the World Peace Council 's predecessor ) , which took place March 25 -- 28 , 1948 , in Paris , with the French communist Nobel laureate atomic physicist Frédéric Joliot - Curie as president . Later , on April 28 , 1950 , Joliot - Curie would be dismissed from the military and civilian Atomic Energy Commission for political reasons . Young communist militants ( UJRF ) were also accused of sabotage actions like the famous Henri Martin affair and the case of Raymonde Dien , who was jailed one year for having blocked an ammunition train , with the help of other militants , in order to prevent the supply of French forces in Indochina in February 1950 . Similar actions against trains occurred in Roanne , Charleville , Marseille , and Paris . Even ammunition sabotage by PCF agents has been reported , such as grenades exploding in the hands of legionaries . These actions became such a cause for concern by 1950 that the French Assembly voted a law against sabotage between March 2 -- 8 . At this session tension was so high between politicians that fighting ensued in the assembly following communist deputees ' speeches against the Indochinese policy . This month saw the French navy mariner and communist militant Henri Martin arrested by military police and jailed for five years for sabotage and propaganda operations in Toulon 's arsenal . On May 5 communist Ministers were dismissed from the government , marking the end of Tripartism . A few months later on November 11 , 1950 , the French Communist Party leader Maurice Thorez went to Moscow . Some military officers involved in the Revers Report scandal ( Rapport Revers ) such as Salan were pessimistic about the way the war was being conducted , with multiple political - military scandals all happening during the war , starting with the Generals ' Affair ( Affaire des Généraux ) from September 1949 to November 1950 . As a result , General Georges Revers was dismissed in December 1949 and socialist Defense Ministry Jules Moch ( SFIO ) was brought on court by the National Assembly on November 28 , 1950 . Emerging media played their role . The scandal started the commercial success of the first French news magazine , L'Express , created in 1953 . The third scandal was financial - political , concerning military corruption , money and arms trading involving both the French Union army and the Viet Minh , known as the Piastres affair . The war ended in 1954 but its sequel started in French Algeria where the French Communist Party played an even stronger role by supplying the National Liberation Front ( FLN ) rebels with intelligence documents and financial aid . They were called `` the suitcase carriers '' ( les porteurs de valises ) . In the French news , the Indochina War was presented as a direct continuation of the Korean War , where France had fought : a UN French battalion , incorporated in a U.S. unit in Korea , was later involved in the Battle of Mang Yang Pass of June and July 1954 . In an interview taped in May 2004 , General Marcel Bigeard ( 6th BPC ) argues that `` one of the deepest mistakes done by the French during the war was the propaganda telling you are fighting for Freedom , you are fighting against Communism '' , hence the sacrifice of volunteers during the climactic battle of Dien Bien Phu . In the latest days of the siege , 652 non-paratrooper soldiers from all army corps from cavalry to infantry to artillery dropped for the first and last time of their life to support their comrades . The Cold War excuse was later used by General Maurice Challe through his famous `` Do you want Mers El Kébir and Algiers to become Soviet bases as soon as tomorrow ? '' , during the Generals ' putsch ( Algerian War ) of 1961 , with limited effect though . A few hours after the French Union defeat at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954 , United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles made an official speech depicting the `` tragic event '' and `` its defense for fifty seven days and nights will remain in History as one of the most heroic of all time . '' Later on , he denounced Chinese aid to the Viet Minh , explained that the United States could not act openly because of international pressure , and concluded with the call to `` all concerned nations '' concerning the necessity of `` a collective defense '' against `` the communist aggression '' . War crimes and reeducation camps ( edit ) The Boudarel Affair . Georges Boudarel was a French communist militant who used brainwashing and torture against French Union POWs in Viet Minh reeducation camps . The French national association of POWs brought Boudarel to court for a war crime charge . Most of the French Union prisoners died in the Viet Minh camps and many POWs from the Vietnamese National Army were missing . Passage to Freedom was a Franco - American operation to evacuate refugees . Loyal Indochinese evacuated to metropolitan France were kept in detention camps . In 1957 , the French Chief of Staff with Raoul Salan would use the POWs ' experience with the Viet Minh reeducation camps to create two `` Instruction Center for Pacification and Counter-Insurgency '' ( Centre d'Instruction à la Pacification et à la Contre - Guérilla aka CIPCG ) and train thousands of officers during the Algerian War . According to Arthur J. Dommen , the Viet Minh assassinated 100,000 -- 150,000 civilians during the war ; total civilian deaths are estimated at 400,000 . Benjamin Valentino estimates that the French were responsible for 60,000 -- 250,000 civilian deaths . The French Army tortured Viet Minh prisoners . Cat Bay Massacre , 311 Vietnamese civilians were killed by the French Army . Cau Hoa Massacre , 286 Vietnamese civilians were killed by the French Army . French Union involvement ( edit ) Further information : French Union By 1946 , France headed the French Union . As successive governments had forbidden the sending of metropolitan troops , the French Far East Expeditionary Corps ( CEFEO ) was created in March 1945 . The Union gathered combatants from almost all French territories made of colonies , protectorates and associated states ( Madagascar , Senegal , Tunisia , etc . ) to fight in French Indochina , which was then occupied by the Japanese . About 325,000 of the 500,000 French troops were Indochinese , almost all of whom were used in conventional units . French West Africa ( Afrique Occidentale Française , AOF ) was a federation of African colonies . Senegalese and other African troops were sent to fight in Indochina . Some African alumni were trained in the Infantry Instruction Center no. 2 ( Centre d'Instruction de l'Infanterie no. 2 ) located in southern Vietnam . Senegalese of the Colonial Artillery fought at the siege of Dien Bien Phu . As a French colony ( later a full province ) , French Algeria sent local troops to Indochina including several RTA ( Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens ) light infantry battalions . Morocco was a French protectorate and sent troops to support the French effort in Indochina . Moroccan troops were part of light infantry RTMs ( Régiment de Tirailleurs Marocains ) for the `` Moroccan Sharpshooters Regiment '' . French Foreign Legion patrol question a suspected member of the Viet Minh . As a French protectorate , Bizerte , Tunisia , was a major French base . Tunisian troops , mostly RTT ( Régiment de Tirailleurs Tunisiens ) , were sent to Indochina . Part of French Indochina , then part of the French Union and later an associated state , Laos fought the communists along with French forces . The role played by Laotian troops in the conflict was depicted by veteran Pierre Schoendoerffer 's famous 317th Platoon released in 1964 . The French Indochina state of Cambodia played a significant role during the Indochina War through its infantrymen and paratroopers . While Bảo Đại 's State of Vietnam ( formerly Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina ) had the Vietnamese National Army supporting the French forces , some minorities were trained and organized as regular battalions ( mostly infantry tirailleurs ) that fought with French forces against the Viet Minh . The Tai Battalion 2 ( BT2 , 2e Bataillon Thai ) is infamous for its desertion during the siege of Dien Bien Phu . Propaganda leaflets written in Tai and French sent by the Viet Minh were found in the deserted positions and trenches . Such deserters were called the Nam Yum rats by Bigeard during the siege , as they hid close to the Nam Yum river during the day and searched at night for supply drops . Another allied minority was the Muong people ( Mường ) . The 1st Muong Battalion ( 1er Bataillon Muong ) was awarded the Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures after the victorious Battle of Vinh Yen in 1951 . In the 1950s , the French established secret commando groups based on loyal Montagnard ethnic minorities referred to as `` partisans '' or `` maquisards '' , called the Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés ( Composite Airborne Commando Group or GCMA ) , later renamed Groupement Mixte d'Intervention ( GMI , or Mixed Intervention Group ) , directed by the SDECE counter-intelligence service . The SDECE 's `` Service Action '' GCMA used both commando and guerrilla techniques and operated in intelligence and secret missions from 1950 to 1955 . Declassified information about the GCMA includes the name of its commander , famous Colonel Roger Trinquier , and a mission on April 30 , 1954 , when Jedburgh veteran Captain Sassi led the Meo partisans of the GCMA Malo - Servan in Operation Condor during the siege of Dien Bien Phu . In 1951 , Adjutant - Chief Vandenberghe from the 6th Colonial Infantry Regiment ( 6e RIC ) created the `` Commando Vanden '' ( aka `` Black Tigers '' , aka `` North Vietnam Commando # 24 '' ) based in Nam Định . Recruits were volunteers from the Thổ people , Nùng people and Miao people . This commando unit wore Viet Minh black uniforms to confuse the enemy and used techniques of the experienced Bo doi ( Bộ đội , regular army ) and Du Kich ( guerrilla unit ) . Viet Minh prisoners were recruited in POW camps . The commando was awarded the Croix de guerre des TOE with palm in July 1951 ; however , Vandenberghe was betrayed by a Viet Minh recruit , commander Nguien Tinh Khoi ( 308th Division 's 56th Regiment ) , who assassinated him ( and his Vietnamese fiancée ) with external help on the night of January 5 , 1952 . Coolies and POWs known as PIM ( Prisonniers Internés Militaires , which is basically the same as POW ) were civilians used by the army as logistical support personnel . During the battle of Dien Bien Phu , coolies were in charge of burying the corpses -- during the first days only , after they were abandoned , hence giving off a terrible smell , according to veterans -- and they had the dangerous job of gathering supply packets delivered in drop zones while the Viet Minh artillery was firing hard to destroy the crates . The Viet Minh also used thousands of coolies to carry the Chu - Luc ( regional units ) supplies and ammunition during assaults . The PIM were civilian males old enough to join Bảo Đại 's army . They were captured in enemy - controlled villages , and those who refused to join the State of Vietnam 's army were considered prisoners or used as coolies to support a given regiment . Foreign involvement ( edit ) Japanese volunteers ( edit ) Further information : Japanese holdout Many former Imperial Japanese Army soldiers fought with the Viet Minh -- perhaps as many as 5,000 volunteered their services throughout the war . These Japanese stayed behind in Indochina soon after World War II concluded in 1945 out of a peak number of 50,000 -- the majority of which were repatriated to Japan by the then occupying British . For those that stayed behind , fighting with the Viet Minh became a more attractive idea than returning to a defeated and occupied homeland . In addition the Viet Minh had very little experience in warfare or government so the advice of the Japanese was welcome . Some of the Japanese were ex-Kenpeitai who were wanted for questioning by Allied authorities . Giap arranged for them all to receive Vietnamese citizenship and false identification papers . Some Japanese were captured by the Viet Minh during the last months of the war and were recruited in to their ranks . Most of the Japanese officers who stayed served as military instructors for the Viet Minh forces , most notably at the Quang Ngai Army Academy . There were necessary conventional military knowledge such as how to conduct assaults , night attacks , company / battalion level exercises , commanding , tactics , navigation , communications and movements . A few , however , actively led Vietnamese forces into combat . The French also identified eleven Japanese nurses and two doctors working for the Viet Minh in northern Vietnam in 1951 . A number of Japanese are remembered at the Yasukuni Shrine as a result of the First Indochina War . China ( edit ) China supplied the Viet Minh with hundreds of Soviet - built GAZ - 51 trucks during the 1950s . One point that the French had a major problem with was the concept of `` sanctuary '' . So long as the anti-colonial revolutionaries who are fighting a guerilla war have a sanctuary , in which they can hide out , rest and recuperate after losses and store supplies and necessary material , it is almost impossible and highly unlikely for any foreign enemy or foe to ever destroy and defeat them . During the early 1950s , the southern areas of the China , by then under communist rule and allied with the anti-French Viet Minh , was used as a sanctuary by their guerrilla troops . Several hit - and - run ambushes were successfully operated and carried out by the Viet Minh against French Union military convoys along the neighboring Route Coloniale 4 ( RC 4 ) roadway , which was a major supply passage in Tonkin ( northern Vietnam ) . One of the most famous attacks of this nature was the Battle of Cao Bằng . China supplied and provided the Viet Minh guerrilla forces with almost every kind of crucial and important supplies and material required , such as food ( including thousands of tonnes of rice ) , money , medics and medical aid and supplies , arms and weapons ( ranging from artillery guns ( 24 of such were used at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu ) to rifles and machine - guns ) , ammunition and explosives and other types of military equipment , including a large part of war - material captured from the then - recently defeated National Revolutionary Army ( NRA ) of Chiang Kai - shek 's Nationalist Chinese government following the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 . Evidence of the PRC 's secret aid and supplies were found hidden in caves during the French military 's Operation Hirondelle in July 1953 . 2,000 military advisors from the PRC and the Soviet Union trained the Viet Minh guerrilla forces with the aim of turning it into a full - fledged armed force to fight off their French colonial masters and gain national independence . On top of this , the PRC sent two People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) artillery battalions to fight at the siege of Dien Bien Phu on May 6 , 1954 , with one battalion operating the Soviet Katyusha multiple - rocket launcher systems ( MRLS ) against French forces besieged at Dien Bien Phu 's valley . Soviet Union ( edit ) The Soviet Union was the other major ally of the Viet Minh aside from the PRC , supplying GAZ - built trucks , truck engines and motor - parts , fuel , tyres , many different kinds of arms and weapons ( including thousands of Škoda - manufactured light machine - guns of Czech origin ) , all kinds of ammunition ( ranging from rifle to machine - gun ammunition ) , various types of anti-aircraft guns ( such as the 37mm air - defense gun ) and even cigarettes and tobacco products . During Operation Hirondelle , French Union paratroopers captured and destroyed many tonnes of Soviet - supplied material destined for Viet Minh use in the area of Ky Lua . According to General Giap , the chief military leader of all Viet Minh forces , the Viet Minh used about 400 Soviet - produced GAZ - 51 trucks at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu . Because the trucks were concealed and hidden with the use of highly effective camouflage ( comprising predominantly of thick vegetation ) , French Union reconnaissance aircraft were not able to notice them and take note of the effective Viet Minh supply train . On May 6 , 1954 , during the siege against French forces at the valley at Dien Bien Phu , Soviet - supplied Katyusha MRLS were successfully fielded against French Union military outposts , destroying enemy troop formations and bases and lowering their morale levels . Together with the PRC , the Soviet Union sent up to 2,000 military advisors to provide training to the Viet Minh guerilla troops and turn it into a fully recognised army . United States ( edit ) Mutual Defense Assistance act ( 1950 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) Anti-communist Vietnamese refugees moving from a French LSM landing ship to the USS Montague during Operation Passage to Freedom in 1954 At the beginning of the war , the U.S. was neutral in the conflict because of opposition to European colonialism , because the Viet Minh had recently been their allies , and because most of its attention was focused on Europe where Winston Churchill argued an Iron Curtain had fallen . Then the U.S. government gradually began supporting the French in their war effort , primarily through the Mutual Defense Assistance Act , as a means of stabilizing the French Fourth Republic in which the French Communist Party was a significant political force . A dramatic shift occurred in American policy after the victory of Mao Zedong 's Communist Party of China in the Chinese Civil War . By 1949 , however , the United States became concerned about the spread of communism in Asia , particularly following the end of the Chinese Civil War , and began to strongly support the French as the two countries were bound by the Cold War Mutual Defense Programme . After the Moch -- Marshall meeting of September 23 , 1950 , in Washington , the United States started to support the French Union effort politically , logistically and financially . Officially , US involvement did not include use of armed force . However , recently it has been discovered that undercover ( CAT ) -- or not -- US Air Force pilots flew to support the French during Operation Castor in November 1953 . Two US pilots were killed in action during the siege at Dien Bien Phu the following year . These facts were declassified and made public more than 50 years after the events , in 2005 during the Légion d'honneur award ceremony by the French ambassador in Washington . In May 1950 , after the capture of Hainan island by Chinese communist forces , U.S. President Harry S. Truman began covertly authorizing direct financial assistance to the French , and on June 27 , 1950 , after the outbreak of the Korean War , announced publicly that the U.S. was doing so . It was feared in Washington that if Ho were to win the war , with his ties to the Soviet Union , he would establish a puppet state with Moscow with the Soviets ultimately controlling Vietnamese affairs . The prospect of a communist - dominated Southeast Asia was enough to spur the U.S. to support France , so that the spread of Soviet - allied communism could be contained . On June 30 , 1950 , the first U.S. supplies for Indochina were delivered . In September , Truman sent the Military Assistance Advisory Group ( MAAG ) to Indochina to assist the French . Later , in 1954 , U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower explained the escalation risk , introducing what he referred to as the `` domino principle '' , which eventually became the concept of domino theory . During the Korean War , the conflict in Vietnam was also seen as part of a broader proxy war with China and the USSR in Asia . U.S. Navy Assistance ( 1951 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) Bois Belleau ( aka USS Belleau Wood ) transferred to France in 1953 The USS Windham Bay delivered Grumman F8F Bearcat fighter aircraft to Saigon on January 26 , 1951 . On March 2 of that year , the United States Navy transferred the USS Agenor ( ARL - 3 ) ( LST 490 ) to the French Navy in Indochina in accordance with the MAAG - led MAP . Renamed RFS Vulcain ( A-656 ) , she was used in Operation Hirondelle in 1953 . The USS Sitkoh Bay carrier delivered Grumman F8F Bearcat aircraft to Saigon on March 26 , 1951 . During September 1953 , the USS Belleau Wood ( renamed Bois Belleau ) was lent to France and sent to French Indochina to replace the Arromanches . She was used to support delta defenders in the Hạ Long Bay operation in May 1954 . In August , she joined the Franco - American evacuation operation called `` Passage to Freedom '' . The same month , the United States delivered additional aircraft , again using the USS Windham Bay . On April 18 , 1954 , during the siege of Dien Bien Phu , the USS Saipan delivered 25 Korean War AU - 1 Corsair aircraft for use by the French Aeronavale in supporting the besieged garrison . U.S. air force Assistance ( 1952 -- 1954 ) ( edit ) A 1952 F4U - 7 Corsair of the 14. F flotilla who fought at Dien Bien Phu A total of 94 F4U - 7s were built for the Aéronavale in 1952 , with the last of the batch , the final Corsair built , rolled out in December 1952 . The F4U - 7s were actually purchased by the U.S. Navy and passed on to the Aéronavale through the U.S. Military Assistance Program ( MAP ) . They were supplemented by 25 ex-U.S. MC AU - 1s ( previously used in the Korean War ) and moved from Yokosuka , Japan , to Tourane Air Base ( Da Nang ) , Vietnam , in April 1952 . US Air Force assistance followed in November 1953 when the French commander in Indochina , General Henri Navarre , asked General Chester E. McCarty , commander of the Combat Cargo Division , for 12 Fairchild C - 119s for Operation Castor at Dien Bien Phu . The USAF also provided C - 124 Globemasters to transport French paratroop reinforcements to Indochina . Under the codename Project Swivel Chair , on March 3 , 1954 , twelve C - 119s of the 483rd Troop Carrier Wing ( `` Packet Rats '' ) based at Ashiya , Japan , were painted with France 's insignia and loaned to France with 24 CIA pilots for short - term use . Maintenance was carried out by the US Air Force and airlift operations were commanded by McCarty . Central intelligence Agency covert operations ( 1954 ) ( edit ) French - marked USAF C - 119 flown by CIA pilots over Dien Bien Phu in 1954 Twenty four Central Intelligence Agency ( Civil Air Transport ) pilots supplied the French Union garrison during the siege of Dien Bien Phu by airlifting paratroopers , ammunition , artillery pieces , tons of barbed wire , medics and other military materiel . With the reducing Drop zone areas , night operations and anti-aircraft artillery assaults , many of the `` packets '' fell into Viet Minh hands . The CIA pilots completed 682 airdrops under anti-aircraft fire between March 13 and May 6 . Two CAT pilots , Wallace Bufford and James B. McGovern , Jr. were killed in action when their Fairchild C - 119 Flying Boxcar was shot down on May 6 , 1954 . On February 25 , 2005 , the French ambassador to the United States , Jean - David Levitte , awarded the seven remaining CIA pilots the Légion d'honneur . Operation Passage to Freedom ( 1954 ) ( edit ) Main article : Operation Passage to Freedom In August 1954 , in support to the French navy and the merchant navy , the U.S. Navy launched Operation Passage to Freedom and sent hundreds of ships , including USS Montague , in order to evacuate non-communist -- especially Catholic -- Vietnamese refugees from North Vietnam following the July 20 , 1954 , armistice and partition of Vietnam . Up to 1 million Vietnamese civilians were transported from North to South during this period , with around one tenth of that number moving in the opposite direction . Popular culture ( edit ) French Indochina medal , law of August 1 , 1953 Although a kind of taboo in France , `` the dirty war '' has been featured in various films , books and songs . Since its declassification in the 2000s , television documentaries have been released using new perspectives about the U.S. covert involvement and open critics about the French propaganda used during wartime . The famous Communist propagandist Roman Karmen was in charge of the media exploitation of the battle of Dien Bien Phu . In his documentary , Vietnam ( Вьетнам , 1955 ) , he staged the famous scene with the raising of the Viet Minh flag over de Castries ' bunker which is similar to the one he staged over the Berlin Reichstag roof during World War II ( Берлин , 1945 ) and the `` S '' - shaped POW column marching after the battle , where he used the same optical technique he experimented with before when he staged the German prisoners after the Siege of Leningrad ( Ленинград в борьбе , 1942 ) and the Battle of Moscow ( Разгром немецких войск под Москвой , 1942 ) . Hollywood made a film about Dien Bien Phu in 1955 , Jump into Hell , directed by David Butler and scripted by Irving Wallace , before his fame as a bestselling novelist . Hollywood also made several films about the war , Robert Florey 's Rogues ' Regiment ( 1948 ) . Samuel Fuller 's China Gate ( 1957 ) . and James Clavell 's Five Gates to Hell ( 1959 ) . The first French movie about the war , Shock Patrol ( Patrouille de Choc ) aka Patrol Without Hope ( Patrouille Sans Espoir ) by Claude Bernard - Aubert , came out in 1956 . The French censor cut some violent scenes and made the director change the end of his movie which was seen as `` too pessismistic '' . Léo Joannon 's film Fort du Fou ( Fort of the Mad ) / Outpost in Indochina was released in 1963 . Another film was The 317th Platoon ( La 317ème Section ) was released in 1964 , it was directed by Indochina War ( and siege of Dien Bien Phu ) veteran Pierre Schoendoerffer . Schoendoerffer has since become a media specialist about the Indochina War and has focused his production on realistic war movies . He was cameraman for the army ( `` Cinematographic Service of the Armies '' , SCA ) during his duty time ; moreover , as he had covered the Vietnam War he released The Anderson Platoon , which won the Academy Award for Documentary Feature . Graham Greene 's novel The Quiet American takes place during this war . A Vietnamese software developer made a videogame called 7554 after the date of Battle of Dien Bien Phu to commemorate the First Indochina War from the Vietnamese point of view . See also ( edit ) My Trach Massacre Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc Japanese invasion of French Indochina Franco - Thai War Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina Indochina Wars North Vietnamese invasion of Laos Second Indochina War Third Indochina War Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Pathet Lao United Issarak Front Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jacques Dalloz , La Guerre d'Indochine 1945 -- 1954 , Seuil , Paris , 1987 , pp. 129 -- 130 , 206 Jump up ^ Jacques Dalloz ( 1987 ) . La Guerre d'Indochine 1945 -- 1954 . Paris : Seuil . pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Kiernan , Ben . How Pol Pot Came to Power . London : Verso , 1985 . p. 80 ^ Jump up to : henrisalvador . `` John Foster Dulles on the fall of Dien Bien Phu '' . Dailymotion . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viện trợ của Trung Quốc đối với cuộc kháng chiến chống Pháp của Việt Nam '' . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://geb.uni-giessen.de/geb/volltexte/2013/9311/pdf/DaoDucThuan_2013_02_05.pdf Jump up ^ `` East Germany -- The National People 's Army and the Third World '' . Jump up ^ Radvanyi , Janos ( 1980 ) . `` Vietnam War Diplomacy : Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official '' ( PDF ) . Paramaters : Journal of the US Army War College . Carlise Barracks , Pennsylvania . 10 ( 3 ) : 8 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com -- France honors CIA pilots -- Feb 28 , 2005 '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee Lanning , Michael ( 2008 ) . Inside the VC and the NVA . : Texas A&M University Press . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 059 - 2 . Jump up ^ Crozier , Brian ( 2005 ) . Political Victory : The Elusive Prize Of Military Wars . Transaction . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0290 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fall , Street Without Joy , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Logevall , Fredrik ( 2012 ) . Embers of War : the fall of an empire and the making of America 's Vietnam . Random House . pp. 596 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 75647 - 4 . Jump up ^ Windrow 1998 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Ford , Dan . `` Japanese soldiers with the Viet Minh '' . Jump up ^ Windrow , Martin ( 1998 ) . The French Indochina War 1946 -- 1954 ( Men - At - Arms , 322 ) . London : Osprey Publishing . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 789 - 9 . Jump up ^ Fall , Bernard , The Two Vietnams ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Eckhardt , William , in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987 -- 88 ( 12th ed. , 1987 ) by Ruth Leger Sivard . ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter , Michael , Vietnam in Military Statistics ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Kutler : Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM , QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO , datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Quản % 20lý % 20chỉ % 20đạo / Chuyên % 20đề % 204. doc Jump up ^ Pierre Vermeren ( 2015 ) . Le Choc des décolonisations : De la guerre d'Algérie aux printemps arabes . Éditions Odile Jacob . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7381 - 6477 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , pg. 252 Jump up ^ T. Lomperis , From People 's War to People 's Rule ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ S. Karnow , Vietnam : a History ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Smedberg , M ( 2008 ) , Vietnamkrigen : 1880 -- 1980 . Historiska Media , p. 88 Jump up ^ Eckhardt , William , in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987 -- 88 ( 12th ed. , 1987 ) by Ruth Leger Sivard . ^ Jump up to : Dommen , Arthur J. ( 2001 ) , The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press , pg. 252 . Jump up ^ Saigon under Bảo Đại 's 1945 -- 1954 Jump up ^ Ho Chi Minh PRESIDENT OF NORTH VIETNAM Jump up ^ Vo Nguyen Giap VIETNAMESE GENERAL Jump up ^ Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Jump up ^ s : Page : Pentagon - Papers - Part I. djvu / 30 Jump up ^ Fall , Street Without Joy , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Edward Rice - Maximin , Accommodation and Resistance : The French Left , Indochina , and the Cold War , 1944 -- 1954 ( Greenwood , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Flitton , Dave . `` Battlefield Vietnam -- Dien Bien Phu , the legacy '' . Public Broadcasting System PBS . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Tuchman 1985 , p. 235 Jump up ^ Tuchman 1985 , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Carleton Swift , 1981 '' . Open Vault . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart - Fox , Martin ( 1997 ) . A History of Laos . Cambridge University Press : Cambridge . Jump up ^ Stanley Karnow , Vietnam : A History , ( New York : Penguin Books Ltd. , 1997 ) , 146 Jump up ^ `` WGBH Open Vault -- Interview with Archimedes L.A. Patti , 1981 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ベトナム独立戦争参加日本人の事跡に基づく日越のあり方に関する研究 '' ( PDF ) . 井川一久 . Tokyo foundation . October 2005 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 日越関係発展の方途を探る研究ヴェトナム独立戦争参加日本人 ― その実態と日越両国にとっての歴史的意味 ― '' ( PDF ) . 井川一久 . Tokyo foundation . May 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Allies Reinforce Java and Saigon , British Paramount News rushes , 1945 ^ Jump up to : Philipe Leclerc de Hauteloque ( 1902 -- 1947 ) , La légende d'un héro , Christine Levisse - Touzé , Tallandier / Paris Musées , 2002 Jump up ^ Text of Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers General Order no . One , Taiwan Documents Project , http://www.taiwandocuments.org/surrender05.htm Jump up ^ Hugh Dyson Walker ( November 2012 ) . East Asia : A New History . AuthorHouse . pp. 621 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4772 - 6516 - 1 . Jump up ^ Peter Neville ( 2007 ) . Britain in Vietnam : prelude to disaster , 1945 - 6 . Psychology Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35848 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Van Nguyen Duong ( 2008 ) . The tragedy of the Vietnam War : a South Vietnamese officer 's analysis . McFarland . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3285 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stein Tønnesson ( 2010 ) . Vietnam 1946 : how the war began . University of California Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25602 - 6 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jane Errington ( 1990 ) . Elizabeth Jane Errington ; B.J.C. McKercher , eds . The Vietnam War as history . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93560 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 -- 1960 '' . The History Place . 1999 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : A Political , Social and Military History . Santa Barbara , Californiap . p 443 . Jump up ^ Currey , Cecil B. ( 1999 ) . Victory at Any Cost : the genius of Viet Nam 's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap . Washington D.C. : Brassey . p 120 . Jump up ^ Michael C. Howard ; Kim Be Howard ( 2002 ) . Textiles of the Daic Peoples of Vietnam . White Lotus Press . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 974 - 7534 - 97 - 9 . Jump up ^ Windrow 2004 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Barnet , Richard J. ( 1968 ) . Intervention and Revolution : The United States in the Third World . World Publishing . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 529 - 02014 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Neil ( 1988 ) . A Bright Shining Lie . New York : Random House . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 48447 - 9 . Jump up ^ Cirillo , Roger ( 2015 ) . The Shape of Battles to Come . Louisville : University Press of Kentucky . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0813165752 . Jump up ^ Trận then chốt Đông Khê Archived November 5 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... 02 November , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gras , Yves ( 1979 ) . Histoire de la Guerre d'Indochine . Paris . p. 408 . ISBN 2 - 259 - 00478 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` La Guerre En Indochine '' ( video ) . newsreel . October 26 , 1950 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigeard et Dien Bien Phu '' ( video ) . TV news . Channel 2 ( France ) . May 3 , 2004 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` dienbienphu.org '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Assemblée Nationale . `` Le Gouvernement provisoire et la Quatrième République ( 1944 -- 1958 ) '' . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : The Pentagon Papers ( 1971 ) , Beacon Press , vol. 3 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Hercombe , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Dien Bien Phu , Chronicles of a Forgotten Battle '' . documentary . Transparences Productions / Channel 2 ( France ) . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` France 's war against Communists rages on '' ( video ) . newsreel . News Magazine of the Screen / Warner Bros. May 1952 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A Bernard Fall Retrospective , presentation of Bernard B. Fall , Vietnam Witness 1953 -- 56 , New York , Praeger , 1966 , by the Ludwig von Mises Institute ^ Jump up to : Ruscio , Alain ( August 2 , 2003 ) . `` Guerre d'Indochine : Libérez Henri Martin '' ( in French ) . l'Humanité . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2003 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nhu Tang , Truong ( March 12 , 1986 ) . `` A Vietcong Memoir : An Inside Account of the Vietnam War and Its Aftermath '' . Vintage . ASIN 0394743091 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` France History , IV Republic ( 1946 -- 1958 ) '' ( in French ) . Quid Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Patrick Pesnot , Rendez - vous Avec X -- Dien Bien Phu Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , France Inter , December 4 , 2004 ( Rendez - vous With X broadcast on public station France Inter ) Jump up ^ `` We wanted a newspaper to tell what we wanted '' interview by Denis Jeambar & Roland Mihail Archived October 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` General Challe 's appeal ( April 22 , 1961 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Accueil '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USS Skagit and Operation Passage To Freedom '' . self - published . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=MauWlUjuWNsC&pg=PA252&dq=The+Indochinese+Experience+of+the+French+and+the+Americans+100,000+to+150,000&hl=vi&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt-L-o-9bQAhXFqo8KHZq-A58Q6AEIGTAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Indochinese%20Experience%20of%20the%20French%20and%20the%20Americans%20100%2C000%20to%20150%2C000&f=false Jump up ^ Valentino , Benjamin ( 2005 ) . Final Solutions : Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century . Cornell University Press . p. 83 . ISBN 9780801472732 . Jump up ^ http://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/1420-torture-french.html Jump up ^ http://www.nguoiduatin.vn/nhan-chung-song-sot-ke-chuyen-vu-tham-sat-cat-bay-kinh-hoang-a78313.html Jump up ^ http://www.bentre.gov.vn/Pages/GioiThieu.aspx?ID=1837&CategoryId=Di+t%u00edch&InitialTabId=Ribbon.Read Jump up ^ Alf Andrew Heggoy and Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Algeria , Bloomington , Indiana , Indiana University Press , 1972 , p. 175 Jump up ^ The 317th Platoons script Archived June 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Original audio recordings of General de Castries ( Dien Bien Phu ) and General Cogny ( Hanoi ) transmissions on May 7 , 1954 , during the battle of Dien Bien Phu ( from the European Navigator based in Luxembourg ) Jump up ^ French Defense Ministry archives , ECPAD Archived September 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Raymond Muelle ; Éric Deroo ( 1992 ) . Services spéciaux , armes , techniques , missions : GCMA , Indochine , 1950 -- 1954 ... Editions Crépin - Leblond . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7030 - 0100 - 3 . Jump up ^ Michel David ( 2002 ) . Guerre secrète en Indochine : Les maquis autochtones face au Viêt - Minh ( 1950 -- 1955 ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7025 - 0636 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dien Bien Phu -- Le Rapport Secret , Patrick Jeudy , TF1 Video , 2005 Jump up ^ French Defense Ministry archives Archived September 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ French Defense Ministry archives Archived September 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ French Defense Ministry archives Archived September 16 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Jacques Cheneau in In Vietnam , 1954 . Eight episode '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Goscha 2008 , pp. 46 -- 49 ^ Jump up to : Goscha 2008 , pp. 50 -- 55 Jump up ^ Igawa , Sei ( 2005 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Japan - Vietnam relations , were based on the performance of Japanese volunteers in Vietnam Independence War '' ( PDF ) . Tokyo Foundation ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : French Defense Ministry archives Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ French Defense Ministry archives Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chinese General Hoang Minh Thao and Colonel Hoang Minh Phuong quoted by Pierre Journoud researcher at the Defense History Studies ( CHED ) , Paris University Pantheon - Sorbonne , in Paris Hanoi Beijing published in Communisme magazine and the Pierre Renouvin Institute of Paris , July 20 , 2004 . Jump up ^ French Defense Ministry archives Archived September 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Replacing France : The Origins of American Intervention in Vietnam '' ( PDF ) . book . University Press of Kentucky . July 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Pilots Honored For Indochina Service '' ( PDF ) . Embassy of France in the U.S. February 24 , 2005 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ French Defense Ministry archives Jump up ^ `` Indochina War : The `` good offices '' of the Americans `` . National Audiovisual Institute . Jump up ^ Conboy , Morrison , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Lindholm , Richard ( 1959 ) . Viet - nam , the first five years : an international symposium . Michigan State University Press Jump up ^ Pierre Schoendoerffer interview with Jean Guisnel in Some edited pictures Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roman Karmen , un cinéaste au service de la révolution Archived September 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Dominique Chapuis & Patrick Barbéris , Kuiv Productions / Arte France , 2001 Jump up ^ `` La Cinémathèque de Toulouse '' . References ( edit ) Buttinger , Joseph ( 1972 ) . A Dragon Defiant : A Short History of Vietnam . New York : Praeger . OCLC 583077932 . Chaliand , Gérard ( 1982 ) . Guerrilla Strategies : An Historical Anthology from the Long March to Afghanistan . California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04443 - 6 . Jian , Chen ( 1993 ) . `` China and the First Indo - China War , 1950 -- 54 '' . The China Quarterly . London : School of Oriental and African Studies . 133 ( March ) : 85 -- 110 . doi : 10.1017 / s0305741000018208 . ISSN 0305 - 7410 . Cogan , Charles G. ( 2000 ) . `` L'attitude des États - Unis à l'égard de la guerre d'Indochine '' . In Vaïsse , Maurice . Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine ( 1946 -- 1954 ) . Bruxelles : Complexe . pp. 51 -- 88 . ISBN 2 - 87027 - 810 - 1 . Conboy , Kenneth ; Morrison , James ( 1995 ) . Shadow War : The CIA 's Secret War in Laos . Boulder , CO : Paladin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58160 - 535 - 8 . Devillers , Philippe ; Lacouture , Jean ( 1969 ) . End of a War : Indochina , 1954 . New York : Praeger . OCLC 575650635 . Dunstan , Simon ( 2004 ) . Vietnam Tracks : Armor in Battle 1945 -- 75 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 833 - 2 . Fall , Bernard B. ( 1967 ) . Hell in a Very Small Place : The Siege of Dien Bien Phu . Philadelphia : Lippincott . OCLC 551565485 . Fall , Bernard B ( 1994 ) . Street Without Joy . Stackpole Books . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 1700 - 3 . Fall , Bernard B. ( 1963 ) . The Two Viet - Nams : A Political and Military Analysis . New York : Praeger . OCLC 582302330 . Giap , Vo Nguyen ( 1971 ) . The Military Art of People 's War . New York : Modern Reader . ISBN 0 - 85345 - 193 - 1 . Goscha , Christopher E ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 3 Belated Asian Allies : The Technical and Military Contributions of Japanese Deserters , ( 1945 -- 50 ) '' . In Young , Marilyn B ; Buzzanco , Robert . A Companion to the Vietnam War . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781405172042 . Hammer , Ellen Joy ( 1954 ) . The Struggle for Indochina . Stanford : Stanford University Press . OCLC 575892787 . Humphries , James . F ( 1999 ) . Through the Valley : Vietnam , 1967 -- 1968 . Lynne Rienner Publishers . ISBN 1 - 55587 - 821 - 0 . Perkins , Mandaley ( 2006 ) . Hanoi , Adieu : A Bittersweet Memoir of French Indochina . Sydney : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8197 - 7 . Roy , Jules ( 1963 ) . The Battle of Dienbienphu . New York : Pyramid Books . OCLC 613204239 . Summers , Harry G. ( 1995 ) . Historical Atlas of the Vietnam War . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 72223 - 3 . Thi , Lam Quang ( 2002 ) . The Twenty - Five Year Century : A South Vietnamese General Remembers the Indochina War to the Fall of Saigon . University of North Texas . ISBN 1 - 57441 - 143 - 8 . Tuchman , Barbara Wertheim ( 1985 ) . The march of folly : from Troy to Vietnam . Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30823 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . Vaïsse ; editor ( 2000 ) . L'Armée française dans la guerre d'Indochine ( 1946 -- 1954 ) . Paris : Editions Complexe . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87027 - 810 - 9 . Wiest , Andrew ; editor ( 2006 ) . Rolling Thunder in a Gentle Land . Oxford : Osphrey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 020 - 8 . Windrow , Martin ( 1998 ) . The French Indochina War , 1946 -- 1954 . Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 789 - 9 . Windrow , Martin ( 2004 ) . The Last Valley . Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81386 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Pescali , Piergiorgio ( 2010 ) . Indocina . Bologna : Emil . ISBN 978 - 88 - 96026 - 42 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Indochina War . Pentagon Papers , Chapter 2 Vietnam : The Impossible War Fall , Bernard B. Street Without Joy : The French Debacle In Indochina ANAPI 's official website ( National Association of Former POWs in Indochina ) Hanoi upon the army 's return in victory ( bicycles demystified ) Viet Nam Portal Photos about the First War of Indochina ( French Defense Archives ) ( ECPAD ) ( in French ) World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Category Portal French Indochina Background France -- Asia relations French colonial empire France -- Vietnam relations France -- Thailand relations France -- China relations Constituent territories Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam Events French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh ( 1777 -- 1820 ) Lê Văn Khôi revolt ( 1833 -- 35 ) Bombardment of Tourane ( 1847 ) Siege of Tourane ( 1858 ) Cochinchina campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 1885 ) Pacification of Tonkin Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 1936 ) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising War of the Insane Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam Treaties Treaty of Versailles ( 1787 ) Treaty of Saigon ( 1862 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1863 ) Second Treaty of Saigon ( 1874 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1883 ) Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) French personalities Alexandre de Rhodes Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean - Baptiste Chaigneau Jean - Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut Organisations Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor - General of French Indochina French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - Tahitian War ( 1844 -- 47 ) French conquest of Senegal ( 1854 ) Cochinchina Campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Second Opium War ( 1860 ) Intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 67 ) Japan ( 1863 -- 64 ) Korea ( 1866 ) North Vietnam ( 1873 -- 74 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Madagascar ( 1883 ) Ivory Coast ( 1883 -- 98 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 86 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) North Vietnam ( 1886 -- 96 ) Leewards War ( 1888 -- 97 ) First Franco - Dahomean War ( 1890 ) Second Franco - Dahomean War ( 1892 -- 94 ) Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Second Madagascar expedition ( 1895 ) Voulet -- Chanoine Mission ( 1898 ) 20th century Boxer Rebellion ( 1901 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 -- 36 ) Ouaddai War ( 1909 -- 11 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 16 ) Kaocen revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Syria ( 1919 -- 21 ) Cilicia ( 1920 -- 21 ) Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) Kongo - Wara rebellion ( 1928 -- 31 ) Franco - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) South Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) First Indochina War ( 1946 -- 54 ) Malagasy Uprising ( 1947 -- 48 ) Tunisian independence ( 1952 -- 56 ) Algerian War ( 1954 -- 62 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Ifni War ( 1957 -- 58 ) Cameroonian Independence War ( 1955 -- 60 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) Vietnamese independence movement Events Bombardment of Tourane Siege of Saigon Capture of the Citadel of Saigon Conquest of Cochinchina Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương Pacification of Tonkin Hanoi Poison Plot World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny Nghệ - Tĩnh Soviets World War II 1940 Cochinchina uprising Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference Organisations Cần Vương Đông Du Duy Tân hội Empire of Vietnam Nguyễn dynasty Tonkin Free School Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng Viet Minh Communist Party of Vietnam Revolutionaries Cường Để Đinh Công Tráng Ho Chi Minh Huỳnh Thúc Kháng Lương Văn Can Ngô Đức Kế Nguyễn An Ninh Nguyễn Quang Bích Nguyễn Quyền Nguyễn Thái Học Nguyễn Thần Hiến Nguyễn Thành Nguyễn Thiện Thuật Nguyễn Thượng Hiền Nguyễn Trung Trực Nguyen Xuan On Phạm Bành Phan Bội Châu Phan Chu Trinh Phan Đình Phùng Phan Thanh Giản Phan Xích Long Tạ Thu Thâu Tôn Thất Thuyết Trần Cao Vân Trương Định Vũ Hồng Khanh Emperors Tự Đức Hàm Nghi Thành Thái Duy Tân Bảo Đại French rulers Albert Sarraut Jean Decoux French Indochina Governor - General Collaborators Hoàng Cao Khải Trần Bá Lộc 20th century in Vietnam World War I Interwar World War II First Indochina War Vietnam War Subsidy phase Third Indochina War Đổi Mới Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Indochina_War&oldid=853640174 '' Categories : First Indochina War French Indochina Indochina Wars Vietnamese independence movement Wars of independence 1940s conflicts 1950s conflicts Wars involving Vietnam Wars involving France Insurgencies in Asia Guerrilla wars Viet Minh French Fourth Republic Resistance to the French colonial empire 1940s in French Indochina 1950s in French Indochina 1940s in Vietnam 1950s in Vietnam Invasions by France Invasions of Vietnam Wars involving Cambodia Wars involving Laos Wars involving the People 's Republic of China Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving the United States China -- Vietnam relations France -- Vietnam relations Soviet Union -- Vietnam relations 20th - century conflicts 20th century in France 20th century in Vietnam Proxy wars Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from June 2011 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with French - language external links Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 02 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who led the movement for vietnam's independence from french rule	[]	[]
-1344694960184627665	Maggie Elizabeth Jones	Maggie Elizabeth Jones - Wikipedia Maggie Elizabeth Jones Jump to : navigation , search Maggie Elizabeth Jones ( 2003 - 10 - 10 ) October 10 , 2003 ( age 14 ) Atlanta , Georgia Education Landmark Christian School Occupation Actress Years active 2010 -- present Parent ( s ) Angie Jones ( Mother ) , Jason Jones ( Father ) Relatives Mary - Charles Jones ( Older Sister ) , Lillian Ellen Jones ( Younger Sister ) Maggie Elizabeth Jones ( born October 10 , 2003 ) is an American child actress , best known for her roles in We Bought a Zoo , the Fox sitcom Ben and Kate , and as Lea Clark in American Girl : Lea to the Rescue . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes Most Likely to Succeed Mia Television film The Party Hannah Reece Short film 2011 Test Subject B Bethany - age 5 Short film 2011 Game Time : Tackling the Past Shayla Walker Television film 2011 Footloose Amy Warnicker Feature film 2011 We Bought a Zoo Rosie Mee Feature film 2012 The First Time Stella Hodgman Feature film 2013 Identity Thief Jessie Patterson Feature film 2014 Child of Grace Katie Television film 2015 Away and Back Frankie Hallmark Channel Movie 2016 American Girl : Lea to the Rescue Lea Clark Direct to video Television Year Title Role Notes 2012 - 2013 Ben and Kate Maddie Fox Series regular 2014 Star - Crossed Young Emery Whitehill One episode 2014 Halt and Catch Fire Joanie Clark One episode 2015 Rosewood Bella Series regular Video Games Year Title Role Notes 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 2016 King 's Quest - Chapter III : Once Upon A Climb Gwendolyn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Geoff Berkshire ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Maggie Elizabeth Jones : The ' Zoo ' girl '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ American Girl 's 2016 Girl of the Year TM Stars in its First - Ever Action - Adventure Movie ! Jump up ^ The Odd Gentlemen . King 's Quest - Chapter III : Once Upon A Climb . Sierra Entertainment . Scene : Closing credits , 1 min in , Cast . External links ( edit ) Maggie Elizabeth Jones on IMDb VIAF : 250797392 LCCN : no2012075420 This article about a United States film and television actor or actress born in the 2000s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Elizabeth_Jones&oldid=806780128 '' Categories : 21st - century American actresses American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people Actresses from Atlanta 2003 births American screen actor stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 03 : 09 . About Wikipedia	girl who plays rosie in we bought a zoo	[]	[]
-2820079705862618161	44th G7 summit	44th G7 summit - wikipedia 44th G7 summit This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . To comply with Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines , please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article 's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . ( June 2018 ) 44th G7 summit Host country Canada Date 8 -- 9 June 2018 Venue ( s ) Fairmont Le Manoir Richelieu , La Malbaie , Quebec , Canada Participants Canada France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States European Union Follows 43rd G7 summit Precedes 45th G7 summit Website g7.gc.ca/en/ The 44th G7 summit was held on 8 -- 9 June 2018 , in La Malbaie , Quebec , Canada . This was the sixth time since 1981 that Canada has hosted the meetings . In March 2014 , the Group of Seven ( G7 ) -- comprising leaders of Canada , France , Germany , Italy , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- declared that a meaningful discussion was currently not possible with Russia in the context of the G8 . Since then , meetings have continued within the G7 process . On the first day of the summit , the United States announced that it would push for the reinstatement of Russia . Italy also requested a restoration of the G8 shortly after . President Trump also pushed for other countries to recognize Crimea as part of Russia , and stated that Ukraine was `` one of the most corrupt countries in the world '' to G7 leaders . The summit received much attention due to a significant decline of relations of members with the United States . As a result , the summit was dubbed the `` G6 + 1 '' by France and some members of the media , signifying the `` isolation of the United States '' in light of recent events . Contents 1 Host 2 Agenda and preparation 2.1 Economic growth 2.2 Gender equality 2.3 Climate change , oceans and clean energy 3 Leaders at the summit 3.1 Participants 4 Gallery of participating leaders 4.1 Invited guests 4.1. 1 Heads of government 4.1. 2 Heads of international organizations 5 Dispute with Donald Trump 5.1 Background 5.2 Comments by Donald Trump on Shinzo Abe 5.3 Comments by Donald Trump on Justin Trudeau 5.4 Comments by Peter Navarro 6 Analysis 7 References 8 External links Host ( edit ) The Fairmont Le Manoir Richelieu in La Malbaie , Quebec , Canada , was chosen as the host of the G7 summit , in part due to its natural beauty and security . It is the first G7 summit to be hosted by Quebec since 1981 . La Malbaie , once a resort town that hosted American presidents , required US $465 million in preparations , including new high - speed internet service , new cellphone towers , and security fences . Kelowna , British Columbia , was also considered as a potential host . Agenda and preparation ( edit ) In May 2017 , Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau stated that he intended to `` showcase both its domestic and international priorities : to strengthen the middle class , advance gender equality , fight climate change , and promote respect for diversity and inclusion '' . In June 2017 , Peter Boehm was appointed as Deputy Minister for the G7 Summit and Personal Representative of the Prime Minister after serving as the Canadian G7 Sherpa since 2012 . In December 2017 , Trudeau unveiled the summit logo and announced five key themes that Canada would advance once it assumed the Presidency of the G7 on 1 January 2018 . Investing in growth that works for everyone Preparing for jobs of the future Advancing gender equality and women 's empowerment Working together on climate change , oceans and clean energy Building a more peaceful and secure world Economic growth ( edit ) The notion of `` economic growth that works for everyone '' or `` equitable growth '' , known as ' Croissance Équitable ' in French , is rooted in the papal encyclical Rerum Novarum which has had a profound influence on the economic thought of French and Quebecer policy makers -- including Pierre Elliott Trudeau and other alumni of the Université de Montréal . It holds that governments and institutional investors must always have in mind the best interests of employees when making investment decisions -- including decent wages and pension benefits . Engaged employee - nominated pension board members are expected to contribute to the development of the equitable investment ethos that will drive this economic approach . Gender equality ( edit ) Canadian and French thought leaders have stressed the need to achieve gender equality across all economic sectors by using modern , quantitative managerial tools that can help more precisely measure gender pay gaps and thus inform corrective policy measures at both the corporate and government level . Meeting in Paris , Montreal and Toronto in the weeks leading up to the Charlevoix summit , Canadian and European asset owners and policy makers agreed on the need to step up and assume more responsibility for the advancement of women 's rights and other `` related social parameters '' across all assets classes . In that perspective , Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is expected to announce a distinct G7 sustainability initiative focusing specifically on gender diversity across global capital markets -- for which `` the Canada Pension Plan , OMERS , the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and the Ontario Teachers ' Pension Plan are each expected to pitch in ( initially ) $1 million apiece , with another $5 million from the federal government . '' Melinda Gates and Isabelle Hudon served as co-chairs of the Gender Equality Advisory Council created by the Trudeau government for the G7 summit . Climate change , oceans and clean energy ( edit ) World Pensions Council ( WPC ) economist Nicolas J. Firzli has argued that , in spite of the United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement , the G7 - driven process of international consensus - building could still be tilted in favor of renewed cooperation towards the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals -- thanks notably to Justin Trudeau 's multilateralist approach and the rapid shift towards ESG - informed investment policies amongst US and Canadian institutional investors . Leaders at the summit ( edit ) Group photo of the G7 leaders , 8 June 2018 Working session on 8 June The attendees included the leaders of the seven G7 member states as well as representatives of the European Union . The President of the European Commission has been a permanently welcome participant at all meetings and decision - making since 1981 . The 44th G7 summit was the first summit for Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte . Participants ( edit ) Core G7 members Host state and leader are shown in bold text . Member Represented by Title Canada Justin Trudeau Prime Minister France Emmanuel Macron President Germany Angela Merkel Chancellor Italy Giuseppe Conte Prime Minister Japan Shinzō Abe Prime Minister United Kingdom Theresa May Prime Minister United States Donald Trump President European Union Jean - Claude Juncker Commission President Donald Tusk Council President Gallery of participating leaders ( edit ) Canada Justin Trudeau , Prime Minister ( Host ) France Emmanuel Macron , President Germany Angela Merkel , Chancellor Italy Giuseppe Conte , Prime Minister Japan Shinzō Abe , Prime Minister United Kingdom Theresa May , Prime Minister United States Donald Trump , President European Union Donald Tusk , Council President European Union Jean - Claude Juncker , Commission President Invited guests ( edit ) Heads of government ( edit ) The following leaders were invited to the Outreach Session of the G7 Summit . Argentina Mauricio Macri , President and Chair of the G20 Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina , Prime Minister Haiti Jovenel Moïse , President and Chair of CARICOM Jamaica Andrew Holness , Prime Minister Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta , President Marshall Islands Hilda Heine , President Norway Erna Solberg , Prime Minister Rwanda Paul Kagame , President and Chair of the African Union Senegal Macky Sall , President Seychelles Danny Faure , President South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa , President Vietnam Nguyễn Xuân Phúc , Prime Minister Heads of international organizations ( edit ) The following heads of international organizations were invited to the Outreach Session of the G7 Summit . International Monetary Fund Christine Lagarde , Managing Director OECD José Ángel Gurría , Secretary - General United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General World Bank Kristalina Georgieva , CEO Dispute with Donald Trump ( edit ) Negotiations with Trump and G7 leaders Background ( edit ) The summit was dubbed the `` G6 + 1 '' by the Government of France and political commentators . This resulted from the United States withdrawing from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and from the Paris Agreement , American tariffs , and trade - related disputes between Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau . Comments by Donald Trump on Shinzo Abe ( edit ) President Trump insulted Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe . He stated he would send 25 million ethnic Mexicans to Japan , saying that `` you do n't have this problem , but I can send you 25 million Mexicans and you 'll be out of office very soon . '' Comments by Donald Trump on Justin Trudeau ( edit ) Trump left the summit early in order to travel to Singapore for the US ' first summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong - un . On 9 June 2018 , he tweeted that he had instructed the representatives of the United States not to endorse the communique and criticized Justin Trudeau 's statements at a news conference following the meeting , calling him `` meek and mild '' and `` dishonest & weak '' . Comments by Peter Navarro ( edit ) Advisor to the President Peter Navarro spoke harshly negative words about Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau , saying that there is `` a special place in Hell '' for Justin Trudeau . He later apologized for the language , but stood behind his statement . Analysis ( edit ) The response of the United States at the G7 received condemnation from foreign policy experts , political scientists , and former diplomats . Foreign policy expert Ian Bremmer called the summit the `` geopolitical equivalent of the Comey firing '' and that it will `` really damage ... important long - term relationship ( s ) . '' Political scientist Brian Klaas stated that `` By attacking allies while championing Russia , Trump made the G - 7 summit a disaster -- but he fulfilled Vladimir Putin 's biggest fantasy . An absolute disgrace . '' Former United States Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott wrote that Donald Trump is `` the democratic world 's worst nightmare . He has crippled NATO , the North Atlantic community , the European Union and now the G - 7 . In Putin 's zero - sum worldview , that is a dream come true . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Canada to host 2018 G7 Summit in Charlevoix , Quebec '' . pm.gc.ca . Prime Minister of Canada . 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada to host 2018 meeting of G7 leaders in Charlevoix , Quebec '' . Toronto Star . 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leaders plan Brussels G7 in June instead of G8 in Sochi '' . Irish Independent . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 ... ^ Jump up to : `` Trump Calls for Russia to Be Readmitted to G - 7 '' . The New York Times . 8 June 2018 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Herszenhorn , David ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` New Italian leader backs Trump on Russia rejoining G - 7 '' . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Loffe , Julia ; Nardelli , Alberto ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Trump Told G7 Leaders That Crimea Is Russian Because Everyone Speaks Russian In Crimea '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlam , Craig ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Risk Aversion Seen Ahead of Hostile G6 + 1 Summit '' . FXStreet . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . The G7 meeting has become more like a G6 + 1 , with Trump choosing to isolate the US on a number of issues from trade to Iran and climate change . Jump up ^ Allen , Jonathan ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Welcome to the G6 + 1 : Trump reps an isolated America at the G - 7 summit '' . NBC News . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . The G - 7 this year looks more like a G6 + 1 . That 's how French Foreign Minister Bruno Le Maire recently described America 's increasingly isolated position as the Group of Seven nations -- the U.S. , Britain , France , Japan , Germany , Italy and Canada -- start a two - day meeting in Charlevoix , Canada , Friday . Jump up ^ Erlam , Craig ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Risk Aversion Seen Ahead of Hostile G6 + 1 Summit '' . FXStreet . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . The G7 meeting has become more like a G6 + 1 , with Trump choosing to isolate the US on a number of issues from trade to Iran and climate change . ^ Jump up to : Kottasová , Ivana ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` G7 summit angst ; ZTE deal ; IMF in Argentina '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Diplomatic tensions and an escalating trade war mean that President Donald Trump can expect a chilly reception at the summit , which some have dubbed the G6 + 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` PM prepares Charlevoix for next year 's G7 summit '' . CTV Montreal . 8 June 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lavoie , Jasmin ; Bilefsky , Dan ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` A Quebec Resort Town Hopes the Group of 7 Will Revive a Glorious Past '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Prime Minister announces changes in the senior ranks of the Public Service '' . pm.gc.ca . Office of the Prime Minister . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Boehm '' . pm.gc.ca. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister unveils themes for Canada 's 2018 G7 Presidency '' . pm.gc.ca . Office of the Prime Minister . 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ SFAF , . ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` 7e Forum Mondial des Fonds de Pension : Croissance Équitable et Financement '' . Revue Analyse Financière . Société Française des Analystes Financiers . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bischoff , Peter ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` La réception de Rerum novarum dans un sol préparé d'avance : la province de Québec '' . Bulletin du RCHTQ . Université de Montréal . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ The World Pensions Council , . ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` 6th World Pensions Forum : Greening , Governance and Asset Ownership '' ( PDF ) . Revue Analyse Financière . SFAF . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Firzli , Nicolas ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Greening , Governance and Growth in the Age of Popular Empowerment '' . FT Pensions Experts . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ SFAF , . ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` 7e Forum Mondial des Fonds de Pension : Croissance Équitable et Financement '' . Revue Analyse Financière . Société Française des Analystes Financiers . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Marie - Danielle ( 28 May 2018 ) . `` Canadian government to announce G7 sustainability initiative with focus on gender diversity in global capital markets '' . National Post . NP . Retrieved 3 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Wells , Jennifer ( 22 May 2018 ) . `` Melinda Gates may be just the person to help push for gender equality at the G7 '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Firzli , Nicolas ( 15 January 2018 ) . `` The New Geopolitics of Globalization and the Road to Charlevoix '' . Revue Analyse Financière . SFAF . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Firzli , Nicolas ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Greening , Governance and Growth in the Age of Popular Empowerment '' . FT Pensions Experts . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World leaders coming together at the G7 Summit to protect our oceans , seas and coastal communities '' ( Press release ) . PMO. 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jonathan ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Welcome to the G6 + 1 : Trump reps an isolated America at the G - 7 summit '' . NBC News . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . The G - 7 this year looks more like a G6 + 1 . That 's how French Foreign Minister Bruno Le Maire recently described America 's increasingly isolated position as the Group of Seven nations -- the U.S. , Britain , France , Japan , Germany , Italy and Canada -- start a two - day meeting in Charlevoix , Canada , Friday . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Emre ; Vieira , Paul ; Pop , Valentine ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Behind the Scenes at G - 7 Meetings , Allies Dismayed by Trump 's Jabs '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Fredericks , Bob ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Trump told Shinzo Abe he 'd ship 25 million Mexicans to Japan '' . New York Post . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Howarth , Angus ( 10 June 2018 ) . `` Donald Trump rejects G7 communique as he brands Justin Trudeau ' weak ' '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ @ realDonaldTrump ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` PM Justin Trudeau of Canada acted so meek and mild during our @ G7 meetings only to give a news conference after I left saying that , `` US Tariffs were kind of insulting '' and he `` will not be pushed around . '' Very dishonest & weak . Our Tariffs are in response to his of 270 % on dairy ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 9 June 2018 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Deborah ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` Who is Peter Navarro ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Borchers , Callum ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` White House to Justin Trudeau : Sorry , Not Sorry '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Shear , Michael ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Trump 's Blasts Upend G - 7 , Alienating Oldest Allies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , David ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` Analyst : Trump 's G - 7 performance was `` geopolitical equivalent of the Comey firing '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Klaas , Brian ( 10 June 2018 ) . `` On Donald Trump and the G7 '' . Retrieved 13 June 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Talbott , Strobe ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` Trump Just Blew Up The G7 . Now What ? '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 44th G7 summit . G7 2018 summit website The Charlevoix G7 Summit Communique Coordinates : 47 ° 37 ′ 14 '' N 70 ° 8 ′ 44 '' W / 47.62056 ° N 70.14556 ° W / 47.62056 ; - 70.14556 G6 / G7 / G8 summits G6 1975 1st G6 summit ( Rambouillet ) G7 1976 2nd G7 summit ( Dorado ) 1977 3rd G7 summit ( London ) 1978 4th G7 summit ( Bonn ) 1979 5th G7 summit ( Tokyo ) 1980 6th G7 summit ( Venice ) 1981 7th G7 summit ( Montebello ) 1982 8th G7 summit ( Versailles ) 1983 9th G7 summit ( Williamsburg ) 1984 10th G7 summit ( London ) 1985 11th G7 summit ( Bonn ) 1986 12th G7 summit ( Tokyo ) 1987 13th G7 summit ( Venice ) 1988 14th G7 summit ( Toronto ) 1989 15th G7 summit ( Grande Arche ) 1990 16th G7 summit ( Houston ) 1991 17th G7 summit ( London ) 1992 18th G7 summit ( Munich ) 1993 19th G7 summit ( Tokyo ) 1994 20th G7 summit ( Naples ) 1995 21st G7 summit ( Halifax ) 1996 22nd G7 summit ( Lyon ) G8 1997 23rd G8 summit ( Denver ) 1998 24th G8 summit ( Birmingham ) 1999 25th G8 summit ( Cologne ) 2000 26th G8 summit ( Kyusyu - Okinawa ) 2001 27th G8 summit ( Genoa ) 2002 28th G8 summit ( Kananaskis ) 2003 29th G8 summit ( Évian - les - Bains ) 2004 30th G8 summit ( Sea Island ) 2005 31st G8 summit ( Gleneagles ) 2006 32nd G8 summit ( Saint Petersburg ) 2007 33rd G8 summit ( Heiligendamm ) 2008 34th G8 summit ( Hokkaido - Toyako ) 2009 35th G8 summit ( L'Aquila ) 2010 36th G8 summit ( Huntsville ) 2011 37th G8 summit ( Deauville ) 2012 38th G8 summit ( Camp David ) 2013 39th G8 summit ( Lough Erne ) G7 2014 40th G7 summit ( Brussels ) 2015 41st G7 summit ( Schloss Elmau ) 2016 42nd G7 summit ( Ise - Shima ) 2017 43rd G7 summit ( Taormina ) 2018 44th G7 summit ( La Malbaie ) 2019 45th G7 summit ( Biarritz ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=44th_G7_summit&oldid=852938930 '' Categories : G7 summits 2018 conferences 2018 in international relations 2018 in Canadian politics 2018 in Quebec Diplomatic conferences in Canada 21st - century diplomatic conferences June 2018 events in North America Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from June 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Русский ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 10 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where will the next g7 summit be held	[]	[]
-2146817887078530783	Cricothyrotomy	Cricothyrotomy - wikipedia Cricothyrotomy Jump to : navigation , search Cricothyrotomy In cricothyrotomy , the incision or puncture is made through the cricothyroid membrane in between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage . ICD - 9 - CM 31.1 MeSH D014140 MedlinePlus 003017 ( edit on Wikidata ) A cricothyrotomy ( also called cric , thyrocricotomy , cricothyroidotomy , inferior laryngotomy , intercricothyrotomy , coniotomy or emergency airway puncture ) is an incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish a patent airway during certain life - threatening situations , such as airway obstruction by a foreign body , angioedema , or massive facial trauma . Cricothyrotomy is nearly always performed as a last resort in cases where orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation are impossible or contraindicated . Cricothyrotomy is easier and quicker to perform than tracheotomy , does not require manipulation of the cervical spine , and is associated with fewer complications . However , while cricothyrotomy may be life - saving in extreme circumstances , this technique is only intended to be a temporizing measure until a definitive airway can be established . Contents ( hide ) 1 Indications 2 Contraindications 3 Procedure 3.1 Needle cricothyrotomy 4 In popular media 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External links Indications ( edit ) A cricothyrotomy is often used as an airway of last resort given the numerous other airway options available including standard tracheal intubation and rapid sequence induction which are the common means of establishing an airway in an emergency scenario . Cricothyrotomies account for approximately 1 % of all emergency department intubations , and is used mostly in persons who have experienced a traumatic injury . Some general indications for this procedure include : Inability to intubate Inability to ventilate Inability to maintain spo2 > 90 % Severe traumatic injury that prevents oral or nasal tracheal intubation Contraindications ( edit ) Inability to identify landmarks ( cricothyroid membrane ) Underlying anatomical abnormality such as a tumor or severe goiter Tracheal transection Acute laryngeal disease due to infection or trauma Small children under 12 years old ( a 10 -- 14 gauge catheter over the needle may be used ) Procedure ( edit ) The procedure was first described in 1805 by Félix Vicq - d'Azyr , a French surgeon and anatomist . A cricothyrotomy is generally performed by making a vertical incision on the skin of the neck just below the laryngeal prominence ( Adam 's apple ) , then making another transverse incision in the cricothyroid membrane which lies deep to this point . A tracheostomy tube or endotracheal tube with a 6 or 7 mm internal diameter is then inserted , the cuff is inflated , and the tube is secured . The person performing the procedure might utilize a bougie device , a semi-rigid , straight piece of plastic with a one - inch tip at a 30 degree angle , to provide rigidity to the tube and assist with guiding its placement . Confirmation of placement is assessed by bilateral ausculation of the lungs and observation of the rise and fall of the chest . Needle cricothyrotomy ( edit ) A needle cricothyrotomy is similar , but instead of making a scalpel incision , a large over-the - needle catheter is inserted ( 10 - to 14 - gauge ) . This is considerably simpler , particularly if using specially designed kits . This technique provides very limited airflow . The delivery of oxygen to the lungs through an over-the - needle catheter inserted through the skin into the trachea using a high pressure gas source is considered a form of conventional ventilation called percutaneous transtracheal ventilation ( PTV ) . Cricothyrotomy kit In popular media ( edit ) On the TV show M * A * S * H , Father Mulcahy performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a patient . With the direction of Dr. Pierce via radio , he uses a pen knife and an eye dropper to perform the operation . Needless to say , this would be extremely dangerous in real life . Even under ideal , clinical conditions , a cricothyrotomy is difficult and requires specific tools , preparation and a practiced knowledge of anatomy . There are many major blood vessels and nerves in the neck and cutting there carries a high risk of harming the patient . In the 1980 Nicolas Roeg film Bad Timing , Theresa Russell 's character Milena Flaherty has an emergency cricothyrotomy performed following an intentional overdose . In Grey 's Anatomy , emergency cricothyrotomy is mentioned in at least three episodes : In `` Owner of a Lonely Heart , '' Cristina almost performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a patient who swallowed a light bulb . Before she is able to do so , however , Dr. Burke shows up and takes the patient to an operating room where he proceeds to perform an emergency thoracotomy . In `` The Heart of the Matter , '' Izzie performs her first `` emergency crike '' on Camille , a niece of Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber . In `` I Saw What I Saw '' Alex performs a `` crike '' on the patient who later dies . In the ER episode `` Reason to Believe '' Dr. Kerry Weaver performs an emergency cricothyrotomy on a student . She is shooting a news segment on childhood obesity in an elementary school cafeteria when one of the students begins to choke ; after the heimlich maneuver fails , she performs a cricothyrotomy with a kitchen knife and a drinking straw . It is also used many other times , especially in the trauma room , when an airway ca n't be established . In the film Playing God ( 1997 ) , David Duchovny plays a famed LA surgeon , stripped of his license due to drug abuse , who finds himself witnessing a gun fight at a bar . He saves a mafia crime figure by performing an emergency cricothyrotomy . This endears him with the mafia family and drives the plot forward . In the BBC3 medical drama Bodies , the main protagonist Rob Lake , a newly appointed obstetrics and gynaecology registrar ( played by Max Beesley ) , is called to a patient who is having difficulty breathing due to epiglottitis . Lake calls for emergency assistance but help is slow coming , so fearing for the patient 's life decides to undertake a cricothyrotomy himself - a procedure he has not been trained in . The procedure is unsuccessful and the patient dies before help arrives . The guilt surrounding the event combined with the covering up by his consultant provides an important backdrop to the further development of the character and his relationship with his consultant . On Dr. Quinn , Medicine Woman ; Sully , the white man raised by Indians who is her lover and companion , performs the procedure on one of Dr. Quinn 's boys using a bird 's feather ( the base where it is hollow ) . During an episode of the National Geographic Channel documentary `` Inside Combat Rescue '' , a US Air Force Pararescueman in Afghanistan performs an actual cricothyrotomy on a wounded civilian in a helicopter maneuvering under combat conditions . The procedure is successful and the patient is delivered to Kandahar Regional Medical Hospital . On the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street , Series 21 , Episode 5104 / 5105 , student doctor Paige Munroe performs a Cricothyrotomy with a pocket knife and pen and saves a woman 's life , even though she was not qualified ( and nervous ) . In the novel Night Train to Lisbon by Swiss author Pascal Mercier , one of the protagonists saves the life of his asphyxiating sister by performing a provisional cricothyrotomy with a ballpoint pen . In the 1997 film Anaconda , when the character Dr. Steven Cale ( Eric Stoltz ) is stung in the mouth by a poisonous wasp found in his scuba equipment , Paul Serone ( Jon Voight ) performs the procedure using a pocket knife and rigid plastic tube . See also ( edit ) Laryngotomy Tracheotomy List of surgeries by type Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Gregory Katos ; David Goldenberg ( June 2007 ) . `` Emergency cricothyrotomy '' . Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology. 18 ( 2 ) : 110 -- 114 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otot. 2007.05. 002 . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : A. , , Marx , John ; S. , , Hockberger , Robert ; M. , , Walls , Ron ; H. , , Biros , Michelle ; F. , , Danzl , Daniel ; Marianne , , Gausche - Hill , ; Andy , , Jagoda , ; 1954 - , Ling , Louis , ; 1950 - , Newton , Edward , . Rosen 's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice . pp. 15 -- 22 . ISBN 9781455706051 . OCLC 853286850 . Jump up ^ Markowitz E , Joshua , Kulkarni , Rick . `` Surgical Airway Techniques '' ( 1 ) Medscape Reference . Jump up ^ Combat cricothyrotomy inflight - Inside Combat Rescue series PHARM References ( edit ) Barone , Jeanine . Tracheotomy . health.enotes.com . URL last accessed February 28 , 2006 . Brookside Associates ; US Army Medical department . Cricothyroidotomy . www.brooksidepress.org . URL last accessed February 28 , 2006 . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary . URL last accessed February 28 , 2006 . Reis , Carlos . Cricothyroidotomy . www.medstudents.com.br . URL last accessed February 28 , 2006 . SIAARTI study committee on the difficult airway . SIAARTI guidelines for difficult intubation and for difficult airway management . anestit.unipa.it . URL last accessed February 28 , 2006 . Mosby 's Paramedic Textbook , Edition 3 , Mick J. Sanders. 2005 , St. Louis , MI : Elsevier Mosby . External links ( edit ) Smiths Medical Cricothyroidotomy Kits ( Cricothyroidotomy products for Adults and Children ) Medstudents : Procedures : Cricothyrotomy Trauma Man : Image of Cricothyroidotomy being performed on a simulator ( hide ) Tests , surgery and other procedures involving the respiratory system ( ICD - 9 - CM V3 21 -- 22 , 30 -- 34 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0B ) Upper RT nose Rhinoplasty Septoplasty Somnoplasty Alarplasty Rhinectomy Rhinomanometry Acoustic rhinometry sinus Sinusotomy larynx Laryngoscopy Laryngectomy Laryngotomy Thyrotomy Laryngotracheal reconstruction Lower RT trachea Cricothyrotomy Tracheoesophageal puncture Tracheotomy bronchus Bronchoscopy lung Pneumonectomy Lobectomy Wedge resection Lung transplantation Decortication of lung Heart -- lung transplant Chest wall , pleura , mediastinum , and diaphragm pleura / pleural cavity Thoracentesis Pleurodesis Thoracoscopy Thoracotomy Chest tube mediastinum Mediastinoscopy Nuss procedure Medical imaging Bronchography CT pulmonary angiogram High - resolution computed tomography Spiral CT Ventilation / perfusion scan CPRs Pneumonia severity index CURB - 65 Lung function test Body plethysmography Spirometry Bronchial challenge test Capnography Diffusion capacity Cytology Sputum culture Bronchoalveolar lavage Respiratory therapy / intubation Artificial respiration CPR Hyperbaric medicine Decompression chamber Heliox Mechanical ventilation Nebulizer Negative pressure ventilator Oxygen therapy Positive pressure ventilation Postural drainage Surgical airway management Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cricothyrotomy&oldid=831292768 '' Categories : Emergency medical procedures Trachea surgery Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 21 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	you have just performed an emergency cricothyroidotomy and inserted an endotracheal tube	[]	[]
-4855472547839727495	Wedding Crashers	Wedding Crashers - wikipedia Wedding Crashers Wedding Crashers Theatrical release poster Directed by David Dobkin Produced by Peter Abrams Robert L. Levy Andrew Panay Written by Steve Faber Bob Fisher Starring Owen Wilson Vince Vaughn Christopher Walken Rachel McAdams Isla Fisher Bradley Cooper Jane Seymour Music by Rolfe Kent Cinematography Julio Macat Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Tapestry Films Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date July 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 15 ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $285.2 million Wedding Crashers is a 2005 American comedy film directed by David Dobkin and written by Steve Faber and Bob Fisher . Starring an ensemble cast led by Owen Wilson , Vince Vaughn , and Christopher Walken , and featuring Rachel McAdams , Isla Fisher , Bradley Cooper , and Jane Seymour , the film has a cameo appearance by Will Ferrell . The film opened on July 15 , 2005 through New Line Cinema to critical and massive commercial success , grossing $285 million worldwide on a $40 million budget , and is credited with helping to revive the popularity of adult - oriented , R - rated comedies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Accolades 4.4 Controversies 4.5 Home media 5 Television version 6 Discussed sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) John Beckwith ( Owen Wilson ) and Jeremy Grey ( Vince Vaughn ) are divorce mediators in Washington D.C. who `` crash '' wedding parties to meet and bed women . At the end of a season of successful crashes , Jeremy takes John to a wedding for a daughter of the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury , William Cleary ( Christopher Walken ) . Once inside , the pair set their sights on Cleary 's other daughters , Gloria ( Isla Fisher ) and Claire ( Rachel McAdams ) . Jeremy ends up having sex with Gloria on a nearby beach during the reception . Gloria is possessive and quickly becomes obsessed with Jeremy , and Jeremy urges John to escape the reception with him . Meanwhile , John attempts to court Claire , the maid of honor , but is interrupted by her hotheaded boyfriend , Sack Lodge ( Bradley Cooper ) , who is unfaithful and disrespectful behind her back . When Gloria invites Jeremy and John to an extended weekend party at their family compound , Jeremy tries to refuse due to him being extremely uncomfortable with Gloria . John overrules Jeremy to accept as it would be great to get to know the family . Jeremy reluctantly accepts , although he is suspicious that John only wanted to go just to get closer to Claire . John and Jeremy become acquainted with the Clearys at their home : the Secretary 's wife ( Jane Seymour ) sexually harasses John ; Gloria 's brother Todd ( Keir O'Donnell ) tries to seduce Jeremy during the night ; Gloria continues to lavish unwanted sexual attention on Jeremy ; and Sack repeatedly injures Jeremy during a game of touch football . During dinner , as a means to get even with Sack for injuring Jeremy along with more time to connect with Claire , John spikes Sack 's wine with eye - drops to make him sick and he spends the rest of his night throwing up in the toilet . John and Claire continue to bond the next day on a sailing trip . The suspicious Sack calls his friend , Trapster , to privately investigate John and Jeremy . He then takes Jeremy hunting , where he is shot in the buttocks . While he recovers , John and Claire go on a bike ride to a secluded beach . Claire finally admits she is unsure how she feels about Sack and ends up kissing John passionately . Meanwhile , Gloria tends to Jeremy 's wounds and reveals to him that she is not as innocent or inexperienced as she initially let on . Jeremy realizes that he himself has been played and that he may be in love with Gloria . When Sack falsely claims that he and Claire are engaged , John is n't fooled by this attempt knowing how unhappy she is with the former . Ready to confess everything to Claire about his feelings for her and convince her not to marry Sack , John is interrupted by Jeremy being chased out of the house : Sack has investigated and revealed John and Jeremy 's identities to the family . Betrayed , Claire turns away from John and the Secretary tells them to leave . Before leaving , Gloria and Jeremy briefly professes their love for each other . Over the following months , Jeremy manages to keep his relationship with Gloria a secret . Meanwhile , John attempts to reach Claire but she refuses to see him . He comes up with a plan to see her by disguising himself as a waiter at her and Sack 's engagement party . Concerned about John 's behavior , Jeremy tries to talk some sense into him by reminding him that his last attempts to speak to her has failed and that he needs to accept the fact that it 's over . He also warns John against attempting to crash Claire and Sack 's engagement party because of the high security Secretary Cleary has put on to ensure no crashers . Jeremy mentions that their only chance of avoiding jail time is to keep a low profile and stay away . John ignores the warning and attempts to crash Claire and Sack 's engagement party by disguising himself as a waiter . He is caught by Sack who was alerted by his friends and beats John up . He then warns John to stay away from Claire forever or else he will press charges against John . John visits Jeremy at his house to confront him for his absence and catches him having sex with Gloria . Betrayed , John walks out of the house and Jeremy follows trying to explain himself , while Gloria leaves to go to the engagement party . Outside , John demanded why he did n't appear to stop Sack and learns that Jeremy had continued his secret relationship with Gloria . John spirals into depression , crashing weddings alone and becoming nihilistic and suicidal . Meanwhile , as Claire and Sack plan their wedding , Claire 's doubts grow . Jeremy proposes to Gloria and tries to ask John to be his best man , but a depressed John refuses . John visits Jeremy 's former wedding crashing mentor , Chazz Reinhold ( an uncredited Will Ferrell ) , who convinces him to crash a funeral . While there , he reconsiders his belief in love and marriage after witnessing a grieving widow . He rushes to Jeremy 's wedding and joins the wedding mid-ceremony to Jeremy 's delight . Claire is upset by his appearance , prompting John to profess his love to her and his regret for his past behavior in front of the congregation . Sack interrupts , but Claire finally tells him that she can not marry him . Senator Cleary supports Claire 's decision and even admits his disgust over Sack 's recent behavior . He also comes to the realization that unlike Sack , John actually cared for Claire and made her happy . Sack tries to attack John , but Jeremy intervenes to knock him out , and John and Claire kiss . After the wedding , the two couples drive away from the ceremony together , discussing crashing another wedding together . Cast ( edit ) Owen Wilson as John Beckwith , one half of the wedding crasher duo ; a bachelor who is a divorce mediator , riding high on his success with Jeremy . Vince Vaughn as Jeremy Grey , the other half of the wedding crasher duo ; an arrogant lothario . He remains a loyal friend to John . Christopher Walken as United States Secretary of the Treasury William Cleary , a big sailing fan and oblivious head of the dysfunctional but loving Cleary household ; a generally friendly man , but punishes anyone who insults his wife or four children . Rachel McAdams as Claire Cleary , middle daughter of William Cleary ; sweet girl and full - time environmental activist . Isla Fisher as Gloria Cleary , youngest daughter of William Cleary ; an emotionally unstable nymphomaniac who is obsessed with Jeremy . Jane Seymour as Kathleen `` Kitty Kat '' Cleary , the `` social alcoholic '' wife of Secretary Cleary and daughter - in - law of `` Grandma '' Mary Cleary ; she appears to try and hit on younger men , including John and an ex-boyfriend of Claire ( this last one revealed by Todd ) . Ellen Albertini Dow as `` Grandma '' Mary Cleary , William 's mother , Kathleen 's mother - in - law , and the siblings ' grandmother who lives in the compound ; she is kind but obscene . Keir O'Donnell as Todd Cleary , William and Kathleen 's reclusive , hyper - sensitive son ; a homosexual artist and family black sheep . Bradley Cooper as Sack Lodge , Claire 's testosterone - fueled , manly , and violent boyfriend who is obsessed with winning at any cost . Henry Gibson as Father O'Neil , the Cleary family priest . Ron Canada as Randolph , the Clearys ' Jamaican butler ; he seems completely aware of Gloria 's obsessive behaviors and does not approve of Sack 's hotheadedness . Jenny Alden as Christina Cleary , the eldest daughter of William Cleary . Will Ferrell ( uncredited ) as Chazz Reinhold , the sage who passed on the wedding crashing rules to his protege Jeremy in 1993 . When John actually meets him , Chazz is revealed to be a lazy man - child who still lives with his mother . Diora Baird as Vivian Dwight Yoakam and Rebecca De Mornay in the beginning mediation scene as Mr. and Mrs. Kroger Kathryn Joosten as Mrs. Reinhold Naureen Zaim as Hindu Woman Richard Riehle ( uncredited ) as Funeral guest Arizona Senator and 2008 Republican presidential nominee John McCain and Democratic strategist and CNN contributor James Carville both have a brief cameo appearance in the film towards the beginning , where both are seen congratulating the secretary and his wife on their daughter 's wedding . Production ( edit ) The film was written by Steve Faber and Bob Fisher and produced through New Line Cinema , with shooting taking place on location in Washington , D.C. and Maryland 's Eastern Shore . Principal photography began on March 22 , 2004 and the movie had a 52 - day shooting schedule . The main Cleary wedding reception scene was filmed at the Inn at Perry Cabin in Saint Michaels , Maryland . Dobkin has said that the script originally set the film around Cape Cod , but a need to film in spring made this impractical . He suggested moving the shoot to Washington , his home town , feeling that his knowledge of the area would make choosing locations easier , and that using the city as the setting for a comedy would be an unexpected choice . Release ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Wedding Crashers received generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 75 % , based on 182 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Wedding Crashers is both raunchy and sweet , and features top - notch comic performances from Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson . '' On Metacritic the film has a score of 64 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Carina Chocano of the Los Angeles Times wrote a favorable review and said `` underneath the diarrhea gags , the long lens at close range of Vaughn 's pants and the handcuffs , it 's really just a love story about a couple of buddies who live happily ever after . And it could n't have happened to a nicer , more charming couple '' . Manohla Dargis of the New York Times said `` It 's crude , yes , but also funny ; too bad these lost boys ca n't stay lost . Like clockwork , the film soon mutates from a guy - oriented sex comedy into a wish - fulfillment chick flick '' . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two stars out of four ; although he wrote that `` there are individual moments that are very funny '' he added that the director , David Dobkin , `` has too much else on his mind '' . British Movie magazine Empire awarded it three out of five stars and were complimentary to Vaughn and Wilson , saying `` Sharing an easy chemistry and free of the usual joker / straight - guy dynamic , Wilson and Vaughn quip , riff and banter to hilarious effect . And both get their fair share of money moments , the latter 's muggings are particularly hysterical in a raunchy dinner - party sequence . The laidback stars are funny and sweet , but they 're let down by a patchy script which squanders some potentially priceless set - ups . '' Box office ( edit ) The film was released in North America on July 15 , 2005 , and became an immediate hit , grossing $33,900,720 in its first weekend , hitting # 2 in the box office , behind Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Fairly well received by critics , the film eventually grossed over $209,255,921 domestically , narrowly outgrossing Charlie . Considering its modest budget ( $40 million ) and competition with heavily advertised blockbusters during the summer season , the studio did not expect the movie 's astounding level of success . It grossed $75,920,820 overseas , totaling $285,176,741 worldwide . Accolades ( edit ) On April 24 , 2006 , Wedding Crashers topped the nominations for the year 's MTV Movie Awards with five including Best Movie . It won Best Movie , On - Screen Team ( Vaughn and Wilson ) , and Breakthrough Performance ( Isla Fisher ) . The financial success of the film has been credited along with The 40 - Year - Old Virgin for reviving the popularity of adult - aimed R - rated comedies . Bradley Cooper was mentioned in the August 2006 issue of GQ as one of `` The Top Twelve Movie Dicks '' . Controversies ( edit ) The film was criticized for depicting the forcible rape of Vince Vaughn 's character in a humorous light . The film has been accused of `` turn ( ing ) graphic sexual assault into a punchline . '' Home media ( edit ) The DVD was released in the United States on January 3 , 2006 , and a Blu - ray was released on December 30 , 2008 . It is available in an unrated version ( `` Uncorked Edition '' ) and in an R - rated version ( the Blu - ray has both versions on one disc ) . It features eight new minutes integrated into the film and DVD - ROM bonuses . Also included are two audio commentaries ( one by the stars , one by the director ) , four deleted scenes , two featurettes , a `` Rules of Wedding Crashing '' text gallery , trailers , Budweiser Wedding Crashers commercials , a track listing for the official soundtrack on 20th Century Fox Records , a music video by The Sights , and a jump - to - a-song sample feature . Television version ( edit ) The creators of the film made a reality TV version , called The Real Wedding Crashers and shown on NBC in April and May 2007 . NBC only showed four episodes . Discussed sequel ( edit ) In a 2014 post on the website Quora , Wedding Crashers director David Dobkin said that he , Vaughn and Wilson once came up with an idea for a sequel in which John and Jeremy find themselves competing with a superior wedding crasher , played by Daniel Craig ; but that this idea never went beyond the discussion phase . The 2013 film The Internship , which also starred Vaughn and Wilson , was sometimes described by critics as an unofficial sequel to Wedding Crashers . In November 2016 , Fisher was a guest on The Today Show and while talking about Nocturnal Animals , she revealed from her Wedding Crashers co-star Vaughn that a sequel is in the works . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 6 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Worldwide Gross for Wedding Crashers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Release Dates for Wedding Crashers '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Stephen ( July 10 , 2005 ) . `` The Return of the R - Rated Comedy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Wedding Crashers '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' . Cinemareview.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Never Use Your Real Name '' . Cinema Review . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer . `` A Filmmaker 's D.C. Close - Up '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers Review '' . Los Angeles Times . July 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Wedding Crashers Movie Review '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( July 14 , 2005 ) . `` Wedding Crashers Review '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wedding Crashers ( 2005 ) - Weekend Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Wedding Crashers at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ GQ Karate Kid Bully Tops ' Movie Dicks ' Poll Contactmusic Jump up ^ Meslow , Scott ( 17 January 2018 ) . `` Does Wedding Crashers Hold Up ? '' . GQ . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wait A Second , Did Amy Schumer Rape a Guy ? '' . Thought Catalog. 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It Was n't Rape . Just Assault '' . HuffPost . American Anthropological Association . 23 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wedding Crashers - Uncorked DVD details '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Wedding Crashers NBC TV Show : Funny Marriage Prank Series and Jokes '' . NBC Official Site . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Dobkin ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why was there no sequel to Wedding Crashers ? '' . Quora . Jump up ^ Dowd , A.A. ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Internship ( review ) '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` Isla Fisher on ' Nocturnal Animals , ' lookalike Amy Adams , ' Wedding Crashers 2 ' '' . The Today Show . November 17 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wedding Crashers Wedding Crashers on IMDb Wedding Crashers at Box Office Mojo Wedding Crashers at Rotten Tomatoes Wedding Crashers at Metacritic hide Films directed by David Dobkin Clay Pigeons ( 1998 ) Shanghai Knights ( 2003 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2005 ) Fred Claus ( 2007 ) The Change - Up ( 2011 ) The Judge ( 2014 ) hide MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) 2000s portal Film portal United States portal Comedy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wedding_Crashers&oldid=844920242 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s buddy films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s sex comedy films 2000s comedy films American films American buddy films American romantic comedy films American comedy films American sex comedy films Films about weddings Films directed by David Dobkin Films set in Maryland Films set in Washington , D.C. Films shot in Maryland Films shot in Washington , D.C. Rape in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Film articles using image size parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 02 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the house from wedding crashers located	[]	[]
3415610173479481171	Echo & the Bunnymen	Echo & the Bunnymen - wikipedia Echo & the Bunnymen Jump to : navigation , search Echo & the Bunnymen Will Sergeant ( left ) and Ian McCulloch ( right ) at the Frequenze Disturbate Festival in August 2005 Background information Origin Liverpool , England Genres New wave , post-punk Years active 1978 -- 1993 , 1996 -- present Labels Zoo , Sire , Warner Bros. , Euphoric , London , Cooking Vinyl , Ocean Rain Associated acts Electrafixion Website www.bunnymen.com Members Ian McCulloch Will Sergeant Past members Les Pattinson Pete de Freitas ( deceased ) Jake Brockman ( deceased ) Noel Burke Damon Reece Echo & the Bunnymen are an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1978 . The original line - up consisted of vocalist Ian McCulloch , guitarist Will Sergeant and bassist Les Pattinson , supplemented by a drum machine . By 1980 , Pete de Freitas joined as the band 's drummer . Their 1980 debut album , Crocodiles , went into the top 20 of the UK Albums Chart . After releasing their second album , Heaven Up Here , in 1981 , the band 's cult status was followed by mainstream success in 1983 , when they scored a UK Top 10 hit with `` The Cutter '' , and the album which the song came from , Porcupine , hit number 2 in the UK . Ocean Rain ( 1984 ) , continued the band 's UK chart success , and has since been regarded as one of the landmark releases of the post-punk movement , with the single `` The Killing Moon '' . After releasing a self - titled album in 1987 , the next year , McCulloch left the band and was replaced by former St. Vitus Dance singer Noel Burke . In 1989 , de Freitas was killed in a motorcycle accident . After working together as Electrafixion , McCulloch and Sergeant regrouped with Pattinson in 1997 and returned as Echo & the Bunnymen , before Pattinson 's departure in 1998 . The band has been touring since , releasing several albums since the late 1990s , to varying degrees of success . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Mainstream success 1.3 Departure of McCulloch , Death of de Freitas , and Disbandment 1.4 Reformation 2 Members 2.1 Current members 2.2 Former members 2.3 Full band members 2.4 Touring band members 2.5 Former touring members 3 Discography 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Ian McCulloch began his career in 1977 , as one third of the Crucial Three , a bedroom band which also featured Julian Cope and Pete Wylie . When Wylie left , McCulloch and Cope formed the short - lived A Shallow Madness with drummer Dave Pickett and organist Paul Simpson , during which time such songs as `` Read It in Books '' , `` Robert Mitchum '' , `` You Think It 's Love '' and `` Spacehopper '' were written by the pair . When Cope sacked McCulloch from the band , A Shallow Madness changed their name to The Teardrop Explodes , and McCulloch joined forces with guitarist Will Sergeant and bass player Les Pattinson to form Echo & the Bunnymen . This early incarnation of the band featured a drum machine , assumed by many to be `` Echo '' , though this has been denied by the band . In the 1982 book Liverpool Explodes ! , Will Sergeant explained the origin of the band 's name : We had this mate who kept suggesting all these names like The Daz Men or Glisserol and the Fan Extractors . Echo and the Bunnymen was one of them . I thought it was just as stupid as the rest . In November 1978 , Echo & the Bunnymen made their debut at Liverpool 's Eric 's Club , appearing as the opening act for The Teardrop Explodes . The band played one song , a 20 - minute version of Monkeys which was entitled I Bagsy Yours at the time . Echo & the Bunnymen 's debut single `` The Pictures on My Wall '' was released on Bill Drummond & David Balfe 's Zoo Records in May 1979 , the B - side being the McCulloch / Cope collaboration `` Read It in Books '' ( also recorded by The Teardrop Explodes approximately six months later as the B - side of their final Zoo Records single `` Treason '' ) . McCulloch has subsequently denied that Cope had any involvement with the writing of this song on more than one occasion . By the time of their debut album , 1980 's Crocodiles , the drum machine had been replaced by Trinidad - born Pete de Freitas . The lead single , `` Rescue '' , climbed to UK No. 62 and the album broke into the Top 20 at No. 17 , following critical acclaim . Their next album , Heaven Up Here ( 1981 ) , was an even bigger critical and commercial success , reaching the UK Top Ten ( No. 10 ) , although a single lifted from the album , `` A Promise '' , could only reach UK No. 49 . Mainstream success ( edit ) In June 1982 , the Bunnymen achieved their first significant UK hit single with `` The Back of Love '' ( No. 19 ) . In July 1982 , they performed at the first WOMAD festival . This was followed in early 1983 with their first Top 10 , the more radio - friendly `` The Cutter '' , which climbed to No. 8 . The parent album , Porcupine , hit No. 2 in the album chart . Now firmly established as a chart act , further hits followed with a one - off single , `` Never Stop '' ( No. 15 ) , and `` The Killing Moon '' , a preview from the new album featuring a dramatic McCulloch vocal , which became the band 's second UK Top 10 single at No. 9 . Following a PR campaign which proclaimed it `` the greatest album ever made '' according to McCulloch , 1984 's Ocean Rain reached No. 4 , and today is widely regarded as the band 's landmark album . Single extracts `` Silver '' ( UK No. 30 ) and `` Seven Seas '' ( UK No. 16 ) consolidated the album 's continued commercial success . In the same year , McCulloch had a minor solo hit with his cover version of `` September Song '' . Echo & the Bunnymen toured Scandinavia in April 1985 , performing cover versions of songs from Television , the Rolling Stones , Talking Heads and The Doors . Recordings from the tour emerged as the semi-bootleg On Strike . Unfortunately for the band , Ocean Rain proved to be a difficult album to follow up , and they could only re-emerge in 1985 with a single , `` Bring on the Dancing Horses '' ( UK No. 21 ) , and a compilation album , Songs to Learn & Sing , which made No. 6 in the UK album chart . However , all was not well in the Bunnymen camp , and Pete de Freitas left the band . Their next album , the self - titled Echo & the Bunnymen ( 1987 ) , was initially recorded with ex -- ABC drummer David Palmer , but when de Freitas returned in 1986 , it was largely re-recorded . Eventually released in mid-1987 , the record sold well ( UK No. 4 ) , and was a small American hit , their only LP to have significant sales there . In the United States , the band 's best - known songs were `` The Killing Moon '' and `` Lips Like Sugar '' . `` Bring on the Dancing Horses '' is well known as one of the songs on the soundtrack to the John Hughes film Pretty in Pink . `` The Killing Moon '' was featured in the films Grosse Pointe Blank and Donnie Darko , and in Series 2 , Episode 5 of the E4 series Misfits . Ocean Rain 's `` Nocturnal Me '' was used to close out Stranger Things Season 1 , Episode 5 . The band also contributed a cover version of The Doors song `` People Are Strange '' to The Lost Boys soundtrack . Departure of McCulloch , death of de Freitas , and disbandment ( edit ) McCulloch quit the band in 1988 , leading to the uncertainty of the band 's future , which was exacerbated when de Freitas was killed in a motorcycle accident in mid-1989 . After former Colenso Parade singer Oscar turned down an offer to take over from McCulloch , Pattinson and Sergeant recruited ex-St . Vitus Dance vocalist Noel Burke and drummer Damon Reece . Keyboardist Jake Brockman ( a touring member of the band for several years previously , and a contributor to the 1987 album ) was promoted to full member , and the five - piece recorded Reverberation in 1990 . This did not generate much interest among fans or critics . In a 2003 interview , McCulloch said of his replacement with Burke : I think it 's pretty obvious what I think . Noel Burke ... the name says it all really does n't it ? No , that 's not fair . It was n't his fault , it was Will and Pete who were the berks really . But no , I thought it was disgraceful and after that I suppose it was quite surprising that I continued working with Will after that . I 'm glad I did though . Johnny Marr called them Echo and the Bogusmen when that happened . Meanwhile , McCulloch released his debut solo album , Candleland in September 1989 , shortly after the de Freitas ' death ; the album reflected a new maturity influenced by the death of his late bandmate . He would release a follow - up solo album , Mysterio , in 1992 . The group disbanded in 1993 . Reformation ( edit ) Echo and the Bunnymen at Paradiso , Amsterdam , in 2006 . Ian McCulloch at the Festival Internacional de Benicàssim 2016 In 1994 McCulloch and Sergeant began working together again under the name Electrafixion ; in 1997 Pattinson rejoined the duo , meaning the three surviving members of the original Bunnymen line - up were now working together again . Rather than continue as Electrafixion , the trio resurrected the Echo & the Bunnymen name and released the album Evergreen ( 1997 ) , which reached the UK Top 10 . Immediately prior to the release of the band 's next album , What Are You Going to Do with Your Life ? ( 1999 ) , Les Pattinson quit to take care of his mother . McCulloch and Sergeant have continued to tour and record as Echo & the Bunnymen , touring repeatedly and releasing the albums Flowers ( 2001 ) , Siberia ( 2005 ) , The Fountain ( 2009 ) and Meteorites ( 2014 ) . The Siberia band line up was Ian McCulloch , Will Sergeant , Paul Fleming ( keyboards ) , Simon Finley ( drums ) and Pete Wilkinson ( bass ) , Hugh Jones produced Siberia after previously engineering early Bunnymen albums . Since August 2009 the group 's touring incarnation has comprised McCulloch and Sergeant along with Stephen Brannan ( bass ) , Gordy Goudie ( guitar ) , Nicholas Kilroe ( drums ) and Jez Wing ( keyboards ) . In 2002 the group received the Q Inspiration award . The award is for inspiring `` new generations of musicians , songs and music lovers in general . '' The band were said to be worthy winners as they have done much to promote the Mersey music scene . In a later interview for Magnet magazine , McCulloch said `` It validates everything that we 've tried to achieve -- cool , great timeless music . It 's not like an inspiration award affecting the past , it 's affecting the current music . '' On 11 September 2006 , Echo & the Bunnymen released an updated version of their 1985 Songs to Learn and Sing compilation . Now re-titled More Songs to Learn and Sing , this new compilation was issued in two versions , a 17 - track single CD and a 20 - track version with a DVD featuring 8 videos from their career . In March 2007 , the Bunnymen announced that they had re-signed to their original record label , Warner , and were also working on a new album . The band were also said to be planning a live DVD , entitled `` Dancing Horses '' , which also contained interviews with the band . This was released in May 2007 , on Snapper / SPV . The live line up was Ian McCulloch , Will Sergeant , Simon Finley ( Drums ) , Paul Fleming ( Keyboards ) , Gordy Goudie ( Guitar ) and Steve Brannan ( Bass ) . On 11 January 2008 Ian McCulloch was interviewed on BBC Breakfast at the start of Liverpool 08 . He was asked about new Bunnymen material and he revealed that a new album would coincide with their gig at the Royal Albert Hall in September . He went on to say that the album was , `` The best one we 've made , apart from Ocean Rain . '' In a 20 April 2008 interview with the Sunday Mail Ian McCulloch announced The Fountain as the title of the new Echo & the Bunnymen album with producers John McLaughlin and Simon Perry , which was originally due to be released in 2008 but was finally released on 12 October 2009 . The first single from the album , `` Think I Need It Too '' , was released on 28 September 2009 . On 1 September 2009 , former keyboard player Jake Brockman died on the Isle of Man , when his motorbike collided with a converted ambulance . Brockman had played keyboards for the band during the 1980s . In December 2010 , Echo & the Bunnymen went on tour playing their first two albums Crocodiles and Heaven Up Here in their entirety . Echo & the Bunnymen most recent album , entitled Meteorites , was released on 26 May 2014 in the UK , and on 3 June 2014 in the US via 429 Records . The album was also released on the pledgemusic.com website . The album was produced and mixed by Youth , who also co-wrote three of the tracks and played `` additional bass '' on it . It was the band 's first UK Top 40 album entry since 1999 . Members ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) Ian McCulloch - vocals , guitar ( 1978 - 1989 , 1996 -- present ) Will Sergeant - guitars , programming ( 1978 -- 1993 , 1996 -- present ) Former members ( edit ) Les Pattinson - bass ( 1978 - 1998 ) Pete de Freitas - drums ( 1978 - 1989 ; died 1989 ) Noel Burke - vocals ( 1989 - 1993 ) Damon Reece - drums ( 1989 - 1993 ) Michael Lee - drums ( 1997 - 2001 ) Vinny Jameson - drums ( 2001 - 2002 ) Pete Wilkinson - bass ( 2003 - 2005 ) Simon Finley - drums ( 2003 - 2005 ) Full band members ( edit ) Touring band members ( edit ) Stephen Brannan -- bass ( 2005 -- present ) Gordy Goudie - guitar ( 2004 -- present ) Nicholas Kilroe - drums ( 2009 -- present ) Jez Wing - keyboards ( 2009 -- present ) Kelley Stoltz - guitar ( 2016 -- present ) Former touring members ( edit ) Jake Brockman - keyboards ( 1989 - 1993 ; died 2009 ) Jeremy Stacey - drums ( 1999 - 2001 ) Paul Fleming -- keyboards ( 2003 - 2004 ) Ged Malley -- guitar ( 2003 ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Echo & the Bunnymen discography Crocodiles ( 1980 ) Heaven Up Here ( 1981 ) Porcupine ( 1983 ) Ocean Rain ( 1984 ) Echo & the Bunnymen ( 1987 ) Reverberation ( 1990 ) Evergreen ( 1997 ) What Are You Going to Do with Your Life ? ( 1999 ) Flowers ( 2001 ) Siberia ( 2005 ) The Fountain ( 2009 ) Meteorites ( 2014 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Echo and the Bunnymen Get Nostalgic in New York '' . SPIN. 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie Wilson ( 15 November 1985 ) . `` Songs to Learn and Sing -- Echo & the Bunnymen Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Echo and the Bunnymen interview -- Chicago Tribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com. 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Echo & the Bunnymen - Biography & History - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Echo and The Bunnymen reviews , music , news - sputnikmusic '' . www.sputnikmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` 10 Underrated But Excellent Bands '' . Listverse. 29 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Bourke , Fionnuala ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` 12 Things you did n't know about Echo & the Bunnymen '' . Jump up ^ `` The Teardrop Explodes -- Zoology -- Review '' . Uncut . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Mark ( 1982 ) . Liverpool Explodes ! . Sidg. & J ( published 30 September 1982 ) . ISBN 0 - 283 - 98866 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Laura ( 8 January 2008 ) . `` Portrait of the artist : Ian McCulloch , singer '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Echo , Liverpool . `` Heaven back here '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Tony ( 1987 ) . Never Stop : The Echo & the Bunnymen Story . Omnibus Press ( published 16 November 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 1121 - 5 . Jump up ^ Adams , Chris ( 2002 ) . Turquoise Days : The Weird World of Echo and the Bunnymen . Soft Skull Press ( published 1 July 2002 ) . ISBN 1 - 887128 - 89 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : managing ed. : David Roberts ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . HIT Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bell , Max ( 2003 ) . Ocean Rain ( CD booklet ) . Echo & the Bunnymen . Warner Music UK . 2564 - 61165 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Echo and the Bunnymen to perform classic album '' . NME. 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Adams , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Shades of Grey '' . Turquoise Days : The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen . New York : Soft Skull Press . p. 182 . ISBN 1 - 887128 - 89 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things Soundtrack ( Complete Song Listing ) - Whats On Netflix '' . 2016 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin : `` The Guinness Who 's Who Of Indie and New Wave Music '' , page 67 . Guinness Publishing , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 85112 - 579 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Interview - Ian McCulloch '' . Atomicduster.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Allum , Simon ( 3 April 2006 ) . `` Incendiary interview Les Pattinson , part 2 '' . Retrieved 12 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Q Awards '' . Everyhit.com . Retrieved 7 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 28 / 10 / 2002 -- Q Awards Results '' . EMAP . Archived from the original on 10 November 2006 . Retrieved 7 May 2008 . Jump up ^ John Elsasser ( 2003 ) . `` MAGNET Interview : Ian McCulloch '' . Magnet . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 7 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Echo & The Bunnymen sign label contract with Korova / Warners '' . Side-line.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Live DVD for Echo & The Bunnymen '' . Side-line.com. 22 February 1999 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Billy ; Mcmonagle , Mickey ( 20 April 2008 ) . `` Ian McCulloch on How Bunnyman Turned Funnyman To Help Coldplay '' . Sunday Mail . Retrieved 30 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Pat ( January 2009 ) . `` Fantastic Voyage '' . Mojo . p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifth Bunnyman ' killed in crash '' . BBC News . 3 September 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Tour announcement '' . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Echo & the Bunnymen : Meteorites on pledgemusic '' . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Adams , Chris . Turquoise Days : The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen . NY : Soft Skull Press , 2002 . Reynolds , Simon . Rip It Up and Start Again : Postpunk 1978 -- 1984 . London : Penguin , 2005 . Fletcher , Tony . Never Stop : The Echo & the Bunnymen Story . London : Omnibus Press , 1987 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Echo & the Bunnymen . Official website Villiers Terrace.com The Ultimate Echo and the Bunnymen Resource ( hide ) Echo & the Bunnymen Ian McCulloch Will Sergeant Les Pattinson Pete de Freitas Jake Brockman Noel Burke Damon Reece Studio albums Crocodiles Heaven Up Here Porcupine Ocean Rain Echo & the Bunnymen Reverberation Evergreen What Are You Going to Do with Your Life ? Flowers Siberia The Fountain Meteorites Live albums BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert Live in Liverpool Me , I 'm All Smiles Compilations Songs to Learn & Sing The Cutter Ballyhoo Crystal Days : 1979 -- 1999 Seven Seas More Songs to Learn and Sing Killing Moon : The Best of Echo & the Bunnymen B - sides & Live ( 2001 -- 2005 ) The Works Singles `` The Pictures on My Wall '' `` Rescue '' `` The Puppet '' `` A Promise '' `` Over the Wall '' `` The Back of Love '' `` The Cutter '' `` Never Stop '' `` The Killing Moon '' `` Silver '' `` Seven Seas '' `` Bring On the Dancing Horses '' `` The Game '' `` Lips Like Sugar '' `` Bedbugs and Ballyhoo '' `` People Are Strange '' `` Enlighten Me '' `` Prove Me Wrong '' `` Inside Me , Inside You '' `` Nothing Lasts Forever '' `` I Want to Be There ( When You Come ) '' `` Do n't Let It Get You Down '' `` Rust '' `` Get in the Car '' `` It 's Alright '' `` Make Me Shine '' `` Stormy Weather '' `` In the Margins '' `` Scissors in the Sand '' `` Think I Need It Too '' EPs Shine So Hard The Sound of Echo Life at Brian 's -- Lean and Hungry The Peel Sessions New Live and Rare World Tour E.P. Avalanche Related articles Discography Korova Electrafixion VIAF : 143206724 LCCN : n91058379 ISNI : 0000 0001 1945 5847 GND : 10193756 - 8 SUDOC : 086265415 BNF : cb139031302 ( data ) MusicBrainz : ccd4879c - 5e88 - 4385 - b131 - bf65296bf245 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echo_%26_the_Bunnymen&oldid=800023223 '' Categories : Echo & the Bunnymen 1978 establishments in England 1993 disestablishments in England 1996 establishments in England English post-punk music groups English rock music groups English new wave musical groups Musical groups from Liverpool Musical groups established in 1978 Musical groups disestablished in 1993 Musical groups reestablished in 1996 Neo-psychedelia groups Scouse culture of the early 1980s Sire Records artists Warner Bros. Records artists Zoo Records artists Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Frysk Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the name echo and the bunnymen come from	[]	[]
-2755946835741858643	Columbian Exchange	Columbian Exchange - wikipedia Columbian Exchange Jump to : navigation , search New World native plants . Clockwise , from top left : 1 . Maize ( Zea mays ) 2 . Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) 3 . Potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) 4 . Vanilla ( Vanilla ) 5 . Pará rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 6 . Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) 7 . Tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica ) Old World native plants . Clockwise , from top left : 1 . Citrus ( Rutaceae ) ; 2 . Apple ( Malus domestica ) ; 3 . Banana ( Musa ) ; 4 . Mango ( Mangifera ) ; 5 . Onion ( Allium ) ; 6 . Coffee ( Coffea ) ; 7 . Wheat ( Triticum spp . ) ; 8 . Rice ( Oryza sativa ) The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants , animals , culture , human populations , technology , and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries , related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus 's 1492 voyage . Invasive species , including communicable diseases , were a byproduct of the Exchange . The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations . However , the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents . Furthermore , a byproduct of the Columbian Exchange was the Atlantic slave trade , where as many as 12.5 million enslaved African people were forcibly transferred as a labor source to other regions . The new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock , which supported increases in population in both hemispheres , although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas . Traders returned to Europe with maize , potatoes , and tomatoes , which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century . The term was first used in 1972 by American historian Alfred W. Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange . It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists and has become widely known . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Influence 2.1 Crops 2.1. 1 Tomatoes 2.2 Livestock 2.3 Disease 2.4 Columbian Exchange and the Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade 2.4. 1 Context and relevant history 2.4. 2 The Beginning of the Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade 2.4. 3 The Scope and lasting Impact of the Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade 2.5 Cultural Exchanges 3 Organism examples 4 Later history 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origin of the term ( edit ) In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby , an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin , published The Columbian Exchange . This book covers the environmental impact of Columbus ' landing in the new world . The term has become popular among historians and journalists , such as Charles C. Mann , whose book 1493 expands and updates Crosby 's original research . Influence ( edit ) Inca - era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples such as quinoa and potatoes , alongside wheat , a European introduction . Crops ( edit ) Portuguese trading animals in Japan ; detail of Nanban panel ( 1570 -- 1616 ) Before 1500 , potatoes were not grown outside of South America . By the 1840s , Ireland was so dependent on the potato that the proximate cause of the Great Famine was a potato disease . Potatoes eventually became an important staple of the diet in much of Europe . Many European rulers , including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia , encouraged the cultivation of the potato . Maize and cassava , introduced to the Portuguese from South America in the 16th century , have replaced sorghum and millet as Africa 's most important food crops . 16th - century Spanish colonizers introduced new staple crops to Asia from the Americas , including maize and sweet potatoes , and thereby contributed to population growth in Asia . Tomatoes , which came to Europe from the New World via Spain , were initially prized in Italy mainly for their ornamental value ( see below ) . From the 19th century tomato sauces became typical of Neapolitan cuisine and , ultimately , Italian cuisine in general . Coffee ( introduced in the Americas circa 1720 ) from Africa and the Middle East and sugarcane ( introduced from South Asia ) from the Spanish West Indies became the main export commodity crops of extensive Latin American plantations . Introduced to India by the Portuguese , chili and potatoes from South America have become an integral part of Indian cuisine . Before the Columbian Exchange , there were no oranges in Florida , no bananas in Ecuador , no paprika in Hungary , no potatoes in Ireland , no coffee in Colombia , no pineapples in Hawaii , no rubber trees in Africa , no chili peppers in Thailand , no tomatoes in Italy , and no chocolate in Switzerland . Tomatoes ( edit ) It took three centuries after their introduction in Europe for tomatoes to become widely accepted . Of all the New World plants introduced to Italy , only the potato took as long as the tomato to gain acceptance . In large part this was due to 16th - century physicians believing that this native Mexican fruit was poisonous and the generator of `` melancholic humours . '' In 1544 , Pietro Andrea Mattioli , a Tuscan physician and botanist , suggested that tomatoes might be edible , but no record exists of anyone consuming them at this time . On October 31 , 1548 the tomato was given its first name anywhere in Europe when a house steward of Cosimo I de ' Medici , Duke of Florence , wrote to the De ' Medici 's private secretary that the basket of pomi d'oro `` had arrived safely . '' At this time , the label pomi d'oro was also used to refer to figs , melons , and citrus fruits in treatises by scientists . In the early years , tomatoes were mainly grown as ornamentals in Italy . For example , the Florentine aristocrat Giovan Vettorio Soderini wrote how they `` were to be sought only for their beauty '' and were grown only in gardens or flower beds . Tomatoes were grown in elite town and country gardens in the fifty years or so following their arrival in Europe and were only occasionally depicted in works of art . However , in 1592 the head gardener at the botanical garden of Aranjuez near Madrid , under the patronage of Philip II of Spain wrote , `` it is said ( tomatoes ) are good for sauces . '' Besides this account , tomatoes remained exotic plants grown for ornamental purposes , but rarely for culinary use . The combination of pasta with tomato sauce was developed only in the late nineteenth century . Today around 32,000 acres ( 12,950 ha ) of tomatoes are cultivated in Italy , although there are still areas where relatively few tomatoes are grown and consumed . Livestock ( edit ) Further information : Plains Indians § The horse Initially , at least , the Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route , from Europe to the New World , as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals . Horses , donkeys , mules , pigs , cattle , sheep , goats , chickens , large dogs , cats and bees were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport , food , and other uses . One of the first European exports to the Americas , the horse , changed the lives of many Native American tribes in the mountains . They shifted to a nomadic lifestyle , as opposed to agriculture , based on hunting bison on horseback and moved down to the Great Plains . The existing Plains tribes expanded their territories with horses , and the animals were considered so valuable that horse herds became a measure of wealth . Still , the effects of the introduction of European livestock on the environments and peoples of the New World were not always positive . In the Caribbean , the proliferation of European animals had large effects on native fauna and undergrowth and damaged conucos , plots managed by indigenous peoples for subsistence . Disease ( edit ) Further information : Influx of disease in the Caribbean European exploration of tropical areas was aided by the New World discovery of quinine , the first effective treatment for malaria . Europeans suffered from this disease , but some indigenous populations had developed at least partial resistance to it . In Africa , resistance to malaria has been associated with other genetic changes among sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants , which can cause sickle - cell disease . Before regular communication had been established between the two hemispheres , the varieties of domesticated animals and infectious diseases that jumped to humans , such as smallpox , were substantially more numerous in the Old World than in the New due to more extensive long - distance trade networks . Many had migrated west across Eurasia with animals or people , or were brought by traders from Asia , so diseases of two continents were suffered by all occupants . While Europeans and Asians were affected by the Eurasian diseases , their endemic status in those continents over centuries resulted in many people gaining acquired immunity . By contrast , `` Old World '' diseases had a devastating effect when introduced to Native American populations via European carriers , as the people in the Americas had no natural immunity to the new diseases . Measles caused many deaths . The smallpox epidemics are believed to have caused the largest death tolls among Native Americans , surpassing any wars and far exceeding the comparative loss of life in Europe due to the Black Death . It is estimated that upwards of 80 -- 95 percent of the Native American population died in these epidemics within the first 100 -- 150 years following 1492 . Many regions in the Americas lost 100 % . The beginning of demographic collapse on the North American continent has typically been attributed to the spread of a well - documented smallpox epidemic from Hispaniola in December 1518 . At that point in time , approximately only 10,000 indigenous people were still alive in Hispaniola . Similarly , yellow fever is thought to have been brought to the Americas from Africa via the Atlantic slave trade . Because it was endemic in Africa , many people there had acquired immunity . Europeans suffered higher rates of death than did African - descended persons when exposed to yellow fever in Africa and the Americas , where numerous epidemics swept the colonies beginning in the 17th century and continuing into the late 19th century . The disease caused widespread fatalities in the Caribbean during the heyday of slave - based sugar plantation . The replacement of native forests by sugar plantations and factories facilitated its spread in the tropical area by reducing the number of potential natural predators . Yet , the means of the transmission was unknown until 1881 , when Carlos Finlay suggested that the disease was transmitted through mosquitoes , now known to be female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti . The history of syphilis has been well - studied , but the exact origin of the disease is unknown and remains a subject of debate . There are two primary hypotheses : one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s , while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized . These are referred to as the `` Columbian '' and `` pre-Columbian '' hypotheses . The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493 . The first large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494 / 1495 in Naples , Italy , among the army of Charles VIII , during their invasion of Naples . Columbian Exchange and the trans - Atlantic slave trade ( edit ) Context and relevant history ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic slave trade Prior to the trans - Atlantic slave trade , Columbus directly participated in and championed the slave trade . Upon landing in what is now known and assumed to be San Salvador Island , Columbus encountered the Taíno . In his journal of 1492 , Columbus noted that It appears to me , that the people are ingenious and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians , as they appear to have no religion . They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them . If it please our Lord , I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses , that they may learn our language . The idea of enslaving the Tainos had instantly struck Columbus as plausible , even desirable . `` They ought to be good servants , '' he continued , `` and of good skill , for I see they repeat very quickly whatever was said to them . '' As part of his journey , Columbus had planned to inaugurate a regular slave trade between the Indies and Spain . With gold in short supply , the slave trade gradually took on greater urgency . Portugal and Genoa had their slave trade , why not Spain ? Columbus set about establishing a slave trade including both Caribs and Tainos . However , it was not until the colonized lands emerged as profitable plantation lands that the use of West African people as slaves transformed the globe . Following Columbus were a series of Spaniards seeking to expand the Spanish empire while at the same time increasing their own power and wealth . Such an example was explorer Hernán Cortés . Cortés was interested in expanding the Spanish - controlled lands and often disobeyed his rulers in the process . However , the Spanish royalty was struggling to accurately define the policy related to the enslavement of the Taínos and other Caribbean people . Mann notes that `` obtaining the wealth of the Americas would involve subjugating people who had committed no offense against Spain '' . Like Cortez , Columbus angered the Spanish royalty through subjugating and enslaving the native people . For example , Columbus sent 550 Taíno to Seville in 1495 . The parade of enslaved Taíno in Seville angered Queen Isabella to the point that she ordered the Spanish to send the enslaved people back to the Americas . By 1503 , the Spanish solidified their policy through the implementation of the encomienda system . This system was supposed to ensure the safety and freedom of the Taíno and other indigenous populations , while also converting them to Christianity . To achieve these goals , Spaniards were appointed as trustees who oversaw the religious instruction and treatment of the people . However , the trustees did not like working with the Taíno , and the Taíno resisted the efforts of the Spaniards . For the Taíno , this system represented a `` legal justification for slavery '' and the Spaniards justified the enslavement of the people through arguing that the Taíno were `` less human than Europeans '' . These earlier forays into the enslavement of people laid the foundation for the future trans - Atlantic slave trade . Like other enslaved people , the Taíno and other enslaved Indians had periods of rebellion . Indigenous peoples in what is now known as New Mexico resisted early Spanish colonization and enslavement , resulting in the Acoma Massacre under Juan de Oñate at Acoma Pueblo . In recounting this event , it was said , ( W ) hat had happened was that the Indians , as soon as they saw that the forces were divided , began to attack and kill . So this witness fell back immediately with his soldiers to rejoin the maese de campo , followed by the Indians who had hitherto accompanied this witness . They paused the Spaniards in large groups , and began to hurl countless stones , arrows , and clubs , not only from the ground but from the terraces , both men and women participating in the attack . When the colonized lands emerged as profitable plantation lands , the Spanish and other colonizers increased the importation of Africans as enslaved laborers , altering global demographics . The beginning of the trans - Atlantic slave trade ( edit ) The trans - Atlantic Slave Trade represents the largest migration in human history . While many Europeans migrated to the Americas , it was enslaved Africans that dominated the North and South American continents . The Columbian Exchange saw the rise of luxury goods which necessitated cheap or free labor to produce the largest potential profit . One of these luxury goods was sugar . In the early history of Sugar , Islamic and European - owned plantations paid relatively high wages for this labor intensive and profitable crop . However , as time progressed the European - sugar plantation owners reconsidered the use of highly paid labor and made the transition to the exploitation of people to meet the growing global sugar demand . In the 1440s , the Portuguese discovered that the Madeira Islands were suited not to the growth of wheat but rather sugarcane . It was in Madeira that the early system of Iberian slavery was transformed . Originally , the enslaved people who worked on the Madeira sugarcane plantations were convicts , Guanches ( persons from the Canary Islands ) , Berbers ( individuals from Northwest Africa ) , and Conversos ( Iberian Jewish people ) . As time passed , these early enslaved people were replaced by enslaved Africans from the West - Central African regions ) . Eventually , by the 1560s and 1570s sugarcane plantations in Brazil dominated the sugar industry and Madeira switched from sugarcane production to wine . The use of slave labor was not regulated to only the sugarcane plantations . Rather , slave labor was used in coffee , tobacco and even grains such as rice . In these systems , the enslaved people had little power , however , they did have some influence in agricultural methods . For example , in the rice production there is some evidence that slaves from Africa utilized traditional methods in the production of rice . Furthermore , enslaved Africans were responsible for growing their own food . In these cases , the enslaved people preferred rice that was part of their culture as opposed to the European preference for Carolina rice . However , in a system of power and control the slaves were eventually banned from using their preferred rice Therefore , the system of slavery transmitted not only the people but also their cultures to new regions . The Scope and lasting Impact of the Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade ( edit ) Between 1501 -- 1875 , 9,374,975 people were enslaved as part of the Trans - Atlantic Slave trade and embarked to various global regions The overall impact of the chart is a demonstration of how many slaves died or were lost on the voyage . The slave trade relocated more than 21 million enslaved Africans and placed them in the Americas , Middle East , and other places where free labor was needed The establishment of the trans - Atlantic Slave trade and the influence of it is still evident in modernity . The power differences related to skin color in global regions , and the lingering institutional racism can be traced to the European justification of slavery and the African diaspora . Ultimately , the impact of the Columbian Exchange of people and cultures has not always been positive . For example , the current sex tourism industry in Brazil , Cuba , and the Dominican Republic have roots in the power differentials created from the trans - Atlantic Slave trade . In addition to transforming the Americas , the trans - Atlantic Salve trade also impacted the regions the enslaved Africans disembarked from . For example , the country of Angola continues to be plagued by an uneven economic power system and a lack of national identity for the Angolans . Rather than a unified national identity , narratives from the colonizers and modernity have resulted in a definition of Angolan identity which has contradiction and these narratives are often competing Cultural exchanges ( edit ) One of the influences related to the migration of people were cultural exchanges . For example , in the article `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 '' Pieter Remmer makes the point that `` from 1500 onward , a ' clash of cultures ' had begun in the Atlantic '' . This clash of culture transferred European values to indigenous cultures . For example , the emergence of private property in regions where there were little to no rights to lands , the concepts of monogamy and the nuclear family , the role of women and children in the family system , and the `` superiority of free labor '' . An example of this type of cultural exchange occurred during the 1500s in North America . When these early European colonizers first entered North America , they encountered fence-less lands which indicated to them that this land was unimproved . For these Europeans , they were seeking economic opportunities , therefore , land and resources were important for the success of the mission . When these colonizers entered North America they encountered a fully established culture of people called the Powhatan . The Powhatan farmers in Virginia scattered their farm plots within larger cleared areas . These larger cleared areas were a communal place for naturally growing and useful plants . As the Europeans viewed fences as `` hallmarks of civilization '' they set about transforming `` the land into something more suitable for themselves '' . It must be noted that in implementing their practices , the Europeans enslaved , murdered , and exploited indigenous populations . Furthermore , in cases of enslaved peoples ( and in particular , enslaved Africans ) the Europeans simultaneously implemented their value system while at the same time justifying enslaving people through a philosophy which reduced the enslaved people to property . Thus , the slave traders and some of the plantation owners used the concept of family to exploit and control the enslaved people . In other subtle ways , which had a large impact the cultural exchanges involved sharing practices and traditions . An example of this can be found in the Tobacco industry . Tobacco was one of the luxury goods which was spread as a direct result of the Columbian Exchange . As is discussed in regard to the trans - Atlantic Slave trade , the Tobacco Industry resulted in increased demands for free labor and the spread of Tobacco worldwide . In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco , the Spanish physician Nicolas Monardes ( 1493 -- 1588 ) noted that `` The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies , has taken the same manner and use of the Tobacco , that the Indians have '' . As the European colonizers and enslaved Africans traveled the globe and came into contact with indigenous people they took the cultural practices related to tobacco , adopted them , and then spread them to additional regions . As such , there were growing demands for tobacco which were linked to the cultural exchanges and increased contact between people . Organism examples ( edit ) See also : New World crops , Agriculture in Mesoamerica , and Muisca agriculture Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with close ties to humans Type of organism Old World to New World New World to Old World Domesticated animals cat ( domestic -- wild species already present ) cattle chicken donkey goat ( the goats of the Old World , genus Capra , are different from the mountain goat of the New World , genus Oreamnos ) guineafowl honey bee ( European honey bee -- other wild and domesticated species already present ) horse rabbit ( domestic ) pig sheep ( domestic ) water buffalo alpaca guinea pig llama Muscovy duck turkey Cultivated plants almond apple apricot asparagus banana ( including cooking banana ) barley basil beetroot Brassica oleracea - derived vegetables broccoli Brussels sprout cabbage cauliflower collard greens kale cantaloupe carrot celery chickpea citrus ( orange , lemon , etc . ) coffee common fig coriander ( also known as cilantro ) cucumber cumin eggplant Elaeis ( oil palm ) fennel flax garlic ginger hemp ( including cannabis ) leek lentil lettuce mango millet Momordica charantia ( bitter melon ) oat okra olive onion opium oregano pea peach pear pistachio pomegranate radish rice rye sesame sorghum soybean spinach sugarcane and sugar beet turmeric turnip watermelon wheat yam ( sometimes misnamed `` sweet potato '' ) Acca sellowiana ( feijoa , pineapple guava , Brazilian guava , guavasteen ) Annona reticulata ( custard apple ) agave allspice amaranth ( as grain ) arrowroot or Maranta arundinacea avocado bell pepper Calathea allouia ( leren ) Canna indica ( achira ) cashew cassava ( manioc , tapioca , yuca ) chili pepper cherimoya cocoa bean cotton ( long - staple species ) cranberry ( large cranberry , or bearberry species ) cucurbita ( squash ) Eryngium foetidum ( culantro , Mexican coriander ) guava ( common ) Helianthus ( sunflower ) Jerusalem artichoke Pachyrhizus erosus ( jícama ) maize ( corn ) Manilkara zapota ( sapodilla ) Opuntia ficus - indica ( prickly pear ) papaya passionfruit peanut pecan Phaseolus vulgaris ( beans : pinto , lima , kidney , etc . ) pineapple pitaya ( dragon fruit ) potato pumpkin quinoa soursop stevia strawberry ( commercial varieties ) sugar - apple sweet potato tobacco tomato vanilla yerba mate yucca zucchini ( courgette ) Infectious diseases bubonic plague chickenpox cholera diphtheria influenza leprosy malaria measles pertussis scarlet fever smallpox typhoid fever typhus yaws yellow fever Chagas disease Nonvenereal endemic syphilis pinta syphilis ( disputed ) Later history ( edit ) Further information : Introduced species , Invasive species , and Lists of invasive species Plants that arrived by land , sea , or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes , and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes . Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance , including such weeds as tumbleweeds ( Salsola spp . ) and wild oats ( Avena fatua ) . Some plants introduced intentionally , such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion , have since been found to be invasive pests in the new environment . Fungi have also been transported , such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease , killing American elms in North American forests and cities , where many had been planted as street trees . Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments . A beneficial , although probably unintentional , introduction is Saccharomyces eubayanus , the yeast responsible for lager beer now thought to have originated in Patagonia . In addition to these , many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally . These include such animals as brown rats , earthworms ( apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World ) , and zebra mussels , which arrived on ships . Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds , often negatively impacting or displacing native species . In the New World , populations of feral European cats , pigs , horses and cattle are common , and Burmese pythons are considered problematic . In the Old World , Eastern gray squirrel have been particularly successful in colonising Great Britain and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Germany , the Caucasus and Japan . Fur farm escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations . Canada geese are also common . See also ( edit ) Agriculture and agronomy portal Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal New Spain portal Alfred W. Crosby Domestication Great American Interchange Glossary of invasion biology terms Guns , Germs , and Steel Indian Givers : How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World List of food plants native to the Americas Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Transformation of culture 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nunn , Nathan ; Qian , Nancy ( 2010 ) . `` The Columbian Exchange : A History of Disease , Food , and Ideas '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 188 . JSTOR 25703506 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 24.2. 163 . Jump up ^ Trans - Atlantic Slave Trade Database ( 2013 ) . Accessed June 29 , 2017 . http://www.slavevoyages.org/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/?no-ist Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred W . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 , Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1972 Jump up ^ de Vorsey , Louis ( 2001 ) . `` The Tragedy of the Columbian Exchange '' . In McIlwraith , Thomas F ; Muller , Edward K. North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 27 . Thanks to ... Crosby 's work , the term ' Columbian exchange ' is now widely used ... Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Potato '' , History Magazine Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred ( 2003 ) . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . p. 184 . Jump up ^ `` Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa '' Archived December 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Ohio State University Jump up ^ `` Maize Streak Virus - Resistant Transgenic Maize : an African solution to an African Problem '' , Scitizen , August 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` China 's Population : Readings and Maps '' , Columbia University , East Asian Curriculum Project Jump up ^ Riley , Gillian , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Tomato '' . The Oxford Companion to Italian Food . Oxford University Press . pp. 529 -- 530 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingham , Lizzie ( 2006 ) . `` Vindaloo : the Portuguese and the chilli pepper '' . Curry : A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 988381 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : A History of the Tomato in Italy Pomodoro ! , David Gentilcore ( New York , NY : Columbia University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Francis , John , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Columbian Exchange -- Livestock '' . Iberia and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 303 -- 308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 421 - 9 . Jump up ^ This transfer reintroduced horses to the Americas , as the species had died out there prior to the development of the modern horse in Eurasia . ^ Jump up to : Palmié , Stephan ( 2011 ) . The Caribbean : A History of the Region and Its Peoples . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226645087 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox -- and other Deadly Eurasian Germs '' , Guns , Germs and Steel , PBS Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kent ME , Romanelli F ( February 2008 ) . `` Reexamining syphilis : an update on epidemiology , clinical manifestations , and management '' . Ann Pharmacother. 42 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 36 . PMID 18212261 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1K086 . ^ Jump up to : Farhi , D ; Dupin , N ( Sep -- Oct 2010 ) . `` Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient : facts and controversies . '' . Clinics in dermatology. 28 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 8 . PMID 20797514 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clindermatol. 2010.03. 011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tara C. ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thanks Columbus ! The true story of how syphilis spread to Europe '' . Quartz . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . The first cases of the disease in the Old World were described in 1493 . Jump up ^ Franzen , C ( December 2008 ) . `` Syphilis in composers and musicians -- Mozart , Beethoven , Paganini , Schubert , Schumann , Smetana . '' . European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 27 ( 12 ) : 1151 -- 7 . PMID 18592279 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 008 - 0571 - x . Jump up ^ A New Skeleton and an Old Debate About Syphilis ; The Atlantic ; Cari Romm ; February 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Case Closed ? Columbus Introduced Syphilis to Europe '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Columbus , Christopher . `` Journal of 1492 . '' Fordham University . Accessed June 1 , 2017 . https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/columbus1.asp , par . 28 Jump up ^ Bergreen p. 14 Jump up ^ Bergreen p. 196 Jump up ^ Mann , loc. 5518 Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh ( 2005 ) . Rivers of Gold : The Rise of the Spanish Empire , from Columbus to Magellan ( 2005 Random House Trade pbk . ed. ed . ) . New York : Random House Trade paperbacks . p. 155 . ISBN 0812970551 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Mann , loc. 5553 Jump up ^ Hammond , George P. and Agapito Rey ( editors and translators ) . Don Juan de Oñate , Colonizer of New Mexico , 1595 -- 1628 . ( Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press , 1953 ) . Volume 5 , pages 428 -- 479 Jump up ^ Mann , Charles . 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . New York , New York : Vintage Books , 2011 . loc. 5359 ) Jump up ^ Mann , Charles . 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . New York , New York : Vintage Books , 2011 . 5407 - 54239 ) Jump up ^ Hawthorne , Walter `` Labor Over ' Brown ' Rice '' , in From Africa to Brazil , p. 137 - 72 Jump up ^ http://slavevoyages.org/voyage/search Jump up ^ Emmer , Pieter . `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 . '' European Review 11 , no . 1 ( 02 , 2003 ) . P. 41 . Jump up ^ Krug , Jessica `` The Strange Life of Lusotropicalism in Luanda : On Race , Class , Nationality , Gender , and Sexuality in the Black Atlantic , '' in Black Subjects in Africa and Its Diasporas : Race and Gender in Research and Writing , Benjamin Talton and Quincy Mills , eds. , 109 - 28 Jump up ^ Cabezas , Amalia L. `` Intimate Encounters : Affective Economies in Cuban and the Dominican Republic , '' European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies ( 2011 ) 91 : 3 -- 14 Jump up ^ Emmer , Pieter . `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 . '' European Review 11 , no . 1 . Feb. 2003 . p. 45 - 46 Jump up ^ Emmer , Pieter . `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 . '' European Review 11 , no . 1 . Feb. 2003 . p. 46 Jump up ^ Mann , Charles . 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . New York , New York : Vintage Books , 2011 . loc. 1094 and 1050 Jump up ^ Monardes , Nicholas . `` Of the Tabaco and of his Greate Vertues . '' Frampton , John trans , Wolf , Michael , ed . Taboacco.org . Accessed June 1 , 2017 http://archive.tobacco.org/History/monardes.html Jump up ^ Simberloff , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Introduced Species : The Threat to Biodiversity & What Can Be Done '' . American Institute of Biological Sciences : Bringing biology to informed decision making . Jump up ^ Fernández Pérez , Joaquin and Ignacio González Tascón ( eds . ) ( 1991 ) . La agricultura viajera . Barcelona , Spain : Lunwerg Editores , S.A. Jump up ^ Elusive Lager Yeast Found in Patagonia , Discovery News , August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hoddle , M.S. `` Quagga & Zebra Mussels '' . Center for Invasive Species Research , University of California , Riverside . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) The Columbian Exchange : Plants , Animals , and Disease between the Old and New Worlds by Alfred W. Crosby ( 2009 ) Worlds Together , Worlds Apart by Jeremy Adelman , Stephen Aron , Stephen Kotkin , et al . Foods that Changed the World by Steven R. King from the Wayback Machine The Columbian Exchange video , study guide , analysis , and teaching guide Indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-history Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Classification Archaeology Genetics Mythology / Religion Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas ‎ List of deities Native American religion Mesoamerican mythology Mesoamerican religion European colonization European colonization Population history Columbian Exchange Modern societies by country North America Canada Costa Rica Dominica El Salvador Greenland Jamaica Mexico Panama United States West Indies South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Indigenous American studies Indigenous languages Indigenous movements Indigenous art Artists Writers Category Portal Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - Arctic Paleo - Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa - Swift Creek St. Johns Steed - Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Clovis burial Bandelier National Monument Blue Spring Shelter The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Archaeological State Park Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Glenwood Grimes Point Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Huápoca Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds L'Anse aux Meadows Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Paquime Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River site West Oak Forest Earthlodge Winterville Wupatki National Monument Human remains Anzick - 1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Minnesota Woman Spirit Cave mummy Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America Pre-Columbian era Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of globalization archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbian_Exchange&oldid=804747332 '' Categories : Age of Discovery Agricultural Revolution History of agriculture History of Europe History of globalization History of indigenous peoples of the Americas History of the Americas Horticulture and gardening Introduced species Invasive species Spanish colonization of the Americas Spain in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : Extra text Use mdy dates from November 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 22 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following traveled from the new world to the old world	[]	[]
8904155177077440015	New England Patriots	New England Patriots - wikipedia New England Patriots Jump to : navigation , search New England Patriots Current season Established November 16 , 1959 ; 57 years ago ( November 16 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in and headquartered in Gillette Stadium Foxborough , Massachusetts Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Red , Silver , White Mascot Pat Patriot Personnel Owner ( s ) Robert Kraft Chairman Robert Kraft CEO Robert Kraft President Jonathan Kraft General manager Bill Belichick ( de facto ) Head coach Bill Belichick Team history Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Bay State Patriots ( 1971 ) New England Patriots ( 1971 -- present ) Team nicknames The Pats Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) , 2003 ( XXXVIII ) , 2004 ( XXXIX ) , 2014 ( XLIX ) , 2016 ( LI ) Conference championships ( 9 ) AFC : 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 Division championships ( 19 ) AFL East : 1963 AFC East : 1978 , 1986 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Playoff appearances ( 24 ) AFL : 1963 NFL : 1976 , 1978 , 1982 , 1985 , 1986 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Home fields Nickerson Field ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Fenway Park ( 1963 -- 1968 ) Alumni Stadium ( 1969 ) Harvard Stadium ( 1970 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1971 -- 2001 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2002 -- present ) The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of downtown Providence , Rhode Island . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . An original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues . The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971 . The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl nine times in franchise history , the most of any team , seven of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 . The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , winning 14 AFC East titles in 16 seasons since 2001 , without a losing season in that period . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten - year period ( 126 , in 2003 -- 2012 ) , an undefeated 16 - game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21 - game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( won eight straight division titles from 2009 to 2016 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached ( seven ) and won ( five ) by a head coach -- quarterback tandem . The Patriots are tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five . The Steelers are in front with six . Patriot fans rally in front of Boston City Hall following the Super Bowl XXXVIII championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Season - by - season records 1.2 Records 2 Rivalries 2.1 New York Jets 2.2 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 2.3 Buffalo Bills 2.4 Miami Dolphins 2.5 Baltimore Ravens 3 Controversies 3.1 `` Spygate '' 3.2 `` Deflategate '' 4 Strategy 5 Stadium 6 Logos and uniforms 6.1 Logos 6.2 Uniforms 6.2. 1 1960 -- 1992 6.2. 2 1993 -- present 6.2. 3 Alternate uniforms 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members 7.4 All - decade teams 7.4. 1 1960s ( AFL ) 7.4. 2 1970s , 1980s , 1990s 7.4. 3 2000s 7.5 Anniversary teams 7.5. 1 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) 7.5. 2 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Coaches 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Culture 9.1 Cheerleaders and mascot 9.2 Radio and television 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history For more details on this topic , see History of the New England Patriots . `` Pat Patriot '' logo , used through 1992 . On November 16 , 1959 , Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) . The following winter , locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . The most popular choice -- and the one that Sullivan selected -- was the `` Boston Patriots '' . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo . The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL , and they never had a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . They played in only one AFL championship game , following the 1963 season , in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years . When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which would serve as their home for the next 30 years . As a result of the move , they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots . The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22 , 1971 , the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card team -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They lost in the first round both times . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . During the 1990 season , the Patriots went 1 -- 15 . They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri ( where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions ) , but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft . Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team , first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993 . Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo , and changed their primary colors from the traditional red , white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells 's successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season . The Patriots ' current coach , Bill Belichick , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium , was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years ( 2001 , 2003 , and 2004 ) . The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games . After advancing to Super Bowl XLII , the team 's fourth Super Bowl in seven years , the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19 -- 0 season . With the loss , the Patriots ended the year at 18 -- 1 , becoming only one of three teams to go 18 -- 1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears . The Patriots ' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants , 21 -- 17 . In 2015 , they won Super Bowl XLIX , defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016 -- 17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI , which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory , tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history , 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6 ; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime . Season - by - season records For more details on this topic , see List of New England Patriots seasons . Sam `` Bam '' Cunningham is the franchise 's all - time leading rusher Records All - time Patriots leaders Leader Player Record number Years played for Patriots Passing Tom Brady 61,582 passing yards 2000 -- present Rushing Sam Cunningham 5,453 rushing yards 1973 -- 1982 Receiving Stanley Morgan 10,352 receiving yards 1977 -- 1989 Scoring Stephen Gostkowski 1,457 points 2006 -- present Coaching wins Bill Belichick 201 wins 2000 -- present Rivalries Super Bowl banners at Gillette Stadium prior to the Patriots winning Super Bowl XLIX In terms of number of games played , the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division . This includes the current teams , the New York Jets , the Miami Dolphins , and the Buffalo Bills , as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts . Among those , however , a few run deeper than others . New York Jets Main article : Jets -- Patriots rivalry Patriots ' head coach Bill Belichick was `` traded '' from the Jets to the Patriots in 2000 The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets . The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division ( what is now the AFC East ) since both teams ' foundings in 1960 , and have played each other at least twice a year since then . The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996 , when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets ; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll . Four years later Carroll was fired , and Parcells 's assistant , Bill Belichick , resigned the day he was named the Jets ' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots . Six years after that , Eric Mangini , an assistant under Belichick , became the head coach of the Jets . Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win ( regular season and playoffs ) on November 22 , 2012 , defeating the Jets 49 -- 19 ; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach . The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30 -- 23 , to give them a 6 -- 0 record to date . Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Main article : Colts -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs ' tenure together in the AFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . The two clubs clashed in several close games , such as on December 19 , 1971 , as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21 -- 17 New England win ; on September 18 , 1978 , the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34 -- 27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one - man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington ; on September 4 , 1983 , the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29 -- 23 in their final season in Baltimore . The Patriots defeated the Colts in back - to - back overtime games , 23 -- 17 on December 8 , 1991 , and 37 -- 34 on November 15 , 1992 . The Pats facing the Colts in 2011 Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL 's 2002 divisional realignment , their rivalry did not diminish . At that time , both teams were among the best in the AFC , and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks , Peyton Manning ( for the Colts ) and Tom Brady ( for the Patriots ) The teams met three times in four years ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ) in the playoffs , with the winner going on to win that season 's Super Bowl each time . The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning 's rookie season , 1998 ; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31 -- 28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28 -- 7 Colts lead , then defeated the Patriots 20 -- 15 in Indianapolis on December 12 . The Brady -- Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30 , 2001 , as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44 -- 13 Patriots win at Foxboro ; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38 -- 17 . After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002 , they first met on November 30 , 2003 , in a 38 -- 34 Patriots win decided on a last - second goal line stand by the Patriots . The Colts broke a six - game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005 , then won twice in 2006 ; in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21 -- 6 halftime lead ; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38 -- 34 Colts win . The November 4 , 2007 , meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point ; the 8 -- 0 Patriots and the 7 -- 0 Colts . The Patriots rallied to win 24 -- 20 . The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009 's 4th and 2 game . Manning 's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010 ; a late interception sealed a 31 -- 28 Patriots win . In 2012 , the Patriots faced the Colts , quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck , on November 18 ; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59 -- 24 . The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12 , 2014 , 43 -- 22 . The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18 , 2015 , in the AFC title game , winning 45 -- 7 . Buffalo Bills Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL , and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game . They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL - AFL merger . Prior to the rise of Tom Brady , the two teams shared a mellow , yet occasionally competitive rivalry , featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson , Steve Grogan , Joe Ferguson , Jim Kelly , and Drew Bledsoe . However , Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots ' franchise quarterback , holding a 26 - 3 regular season record over them . Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills , Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival . The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams , the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots , and the presence of Rex Ryan , who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash - talk . Miami Dolphins Main article : Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL , when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league . The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s , but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady . Brady , however , struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s . The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records , with Miami going 14 - 0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16 - 0 in 2007 . Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game , three playoff matchups , and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots . Baltimore Ravens The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996 , but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27 -- 24 loss in the Patriots ' quest for perfection . The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27 -- 21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs . Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game . The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game , 33 -- 14 . This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots . The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season . The Patriots ended up winning 23 -- 20 in overtime ; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather . Tom Brady has a career record of 8 -- 3 against the Ravens The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game , which the Ravens lost 23 -- 20 . The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this , the second career playoff game between the two clubs . The Ravens clawed to a 20 -- 16 lead in the fourth quarter , but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23 -- 20 with around 11 minutes remaining ; this proved to be the winning touchdown . On the Ravens ' last possession of the game , quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game - winning touchdown , before a last - second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans , forcing the game to be decided on a last - minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff . With 11 seconds remaining on the clock , the kicker missed the 32 - yard field goal attempt , allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants . The Ravens ' first regular - season win over the Patriots came on September 23 , 2012 . The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before . Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game ; the Ravens erased a 13 -- 0 lead in the first half and led 14 -- 13 , but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20 -- 14 lead . The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30 -- 21 in the fourth , but the Ravens scored on Smith 's second touchdown catch . The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt ; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7 - yard line ; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27 - yard field goal on the final play ; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good ; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field , leading to a $50,000 fine later that week . Massachusetts native Robert Kraft has owned the team since 1994 The two teams met again on January 20 , 2013 , in the AFC Championship , where the Ravens won 28 -- 13 . The Patriots led at halftime , 13 -- 7 , but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half . It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime , and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship . The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10 , 2015 . The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice , before beating the Ravens 35 -- 31 to advance to the AFC Championship . Controversies This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) `` Spygate '' Main article : 2007 New England Patriots videotaping controversy `` Deflategate '' Main article : Deflategate During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts , allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under - inflated footballs . It was even suggested that the Patriots ' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs . A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards , with a full report being published in May 2015 . The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots , who were the home team , indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts . Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants , indicating Brady was likely `` generally aware '' of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs . A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report `` deeply flawed '' and `` unreliable '' . In the aftermath of the incident , the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season , fined the Patriots $1 million , and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick . Brady appealed his suspension , which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season . Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016 , but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it . Strategy Further information : New England Patriots strategy Under head coach Bill Belichick , the Patriots have employed specific on - field and off - field strategies . On the field , the Patriots have typically utilized an `` Erhardt -- Perkins '' offense and a `` Fairbanks -- Bullough '' 3 -- 4 defense , referred to commonly as a two - gap 3 -- 4 defensive system . Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the `` team '' concept , stressing preparation , strong work ethic , versatility , and lack of individual ego . This approach , which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick , was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign . When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994 , he did so for $175 million . Since then , the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium . By 2009 , the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion , to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion , third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins . As of July 2015 , the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine . Stadium Main article : Gillette Stadium Gillette Stadium , home of the Patriots Since 2002 , the Patriots ' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium , a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft . It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity , The Kraft Group , as well as the Kraft - owned Major League Soccer team , the New England Revolution . The field , which was originally natural grass , was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season . The area around the stadium was developed , beginning in 2007 , into a $375 million `` lifestyle and entertainment center '' called Patriot Place ; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene . Prior to 2002 , the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971 , the team 's second year in the NFL after the AFL -- NFL merger . During the team 's days in the American Football League , the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston -- they played at Braves Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium . Logos and uniforms Logos The current New England Patriots wordmark logo , first unveiled on July 3 , 2013 . The Patriots original logo was a simple tricorner hat , used only for the 1960 season . From 1961 to 1992 , the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football . The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western - style font . The minuteman logo became known as the `` Pat Patriot '' logo , which later became the name of the team 's mascot . In 1993 , a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red , white and blue hat that begins as a tricorner and transitions into a flowing banner - like design . It became popularly known as the `` Flying Elvis '' . This remains the team 's logo today , with the blue being darkened in 2000 . On July 3 , 2013 , the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo . Uniforms 1960 -- 1992 The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home , and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road . Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets , first with the hat logo over the player 's number , then with the `` Pat Patriot '' logo starting in 1961 . A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964 . The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973 . In 1979 , the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys . The red pants were dropped in 1981 , but returned in 1984 . After being dropped again in 1988 , they were used again from 1990 to 1992 . 1993 -- present The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season , starting with the introduction of the aforementioned `` Flying Elvis '' logo . The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey . The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping . Both uniforms used silver pants , originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis , but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season . When they debuted , both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline , but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now - familiar white with a red outline . In 1995 , the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow . The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers , a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years . However , in 2000 , the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers . Also that year , the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue . The Patriots , unsatisfied with the white - on - silver road look , also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey , offering a better contrast . To better match the blue pants , the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue . Alternate uniforms In 1994 , the Patriots wore the `` Pat Patriot '' helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary celebration . In 2002 , NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games . The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate , complimented with the old - style `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . In 2003 , the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants . For this uniform , the `` Flying Elvis '' helmet was utilized . The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver . These uniforms were dropped after 2007 . No alternate uniform was used in 2008 . In 2009 , the red alternate was reintroduced , again accompanied by the `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game , using red numbers , in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL . The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012 . The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013 , thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets . In 2016 , the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program , wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans . Players Further information : List of New England Patriots players , List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks , and List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks Current roster New England Patriots roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Tom Brady 10 Jimmy Garoppolo Running backs 38 Brandon Bolden 34 Rex Burkhead 46 James Develin FB 35 Mike Gillislee 33 Dion Lewis KR 28 James White Wide receivers 80 Danny Amendola PR 14 Brandin Cooks 13 Phillip Dorsett 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater Tight ends 83 Dwayne Allen 87 Rob Gronkowski 47 Jacob Hollister Offensive linemen 60 David Andrews C 61 Marcus Cannon T 74 Cole Croston T 71 Cameron Fleming T 75 Ted Karras G 69 Shaq Mason G 77 Nate Solder T 62 Joe Thuney G 68 LaAdrian Waddle T Defensive linemen 97 Alan Branch DT 90 Malcom Brown DT 70 Adam Butler DT 98 Trey Flowers DE 92 Geneo Grissom DE 93 Lawrence Guy DE 55 Cassius Marsh DE 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . DE Linebackers 59 Marquis Flowers OLB 45 David Harris OLB 54 Dont'a Hightower MLB 48 Harvey Langi OLB 52 Elandon Roberts MLB 53 Kyle Van Noy OLB Defensive backs 29 Johnson Bademosi CB 21 Malcolm Butler CB 23 Patrick Chung SS 43 Nate Ebner SS 24 Stephon Gilmore CB 30 Duron Harmon FS 31 Jonathan Jones CB 36 Brandon King SS 32 Devin McCourty FS 37 Jordan Richards SS 25 Eric Rowe CB Special teams 6 Ryan Allen P 49 Joe Cardona LS 3 Stephen Gostkowski K Reserve lists 51 Keionta Davis DE ( NF - Inj . ) 11 Julian Edelman WR ( IR ) -- Chase Farris G ( NF - Inj . ) 63 Antonio Garcia T ( NF - Ill . ) 76 Andrew Jelks T ( NF - Inj . ) 41 Cyrus Jones CB ( IR ) 64 Caleb Kidder DE ( IR ) 82 Matt Lengel TE ( IR ) 58 Shea McClellin OLB ( IR ) 19 Malcolm Mitchell WR ( IR ) 95 Derek Rivers DE ( IR ) 99 Vincent Valentine DT ( IR ) Practice squad 94 Angelo Blackson DE -- James Ferentz C -- Taylor Heinicke QB 81 Cody Hollister WR -- David Jones FS 72 Jason King G 27 Ryan Lewis CB 84 Riley McCarron WR 22 Robert Nelson CB -- Damarius Travis SS Rookies in italics Roster updated September 22 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 12 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA John Hannah played on the Pats ' offensive line from 1973 to 1985 Retired numbers New England Patriots retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 20 Gino Cappelletti WR , K 1960 -- 1970 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 79 Jim Lee Hunt DL 1960 -- 1971 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame , established in 1991 . A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001 , before a six - year span of no selections . In 2007 , in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place , the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates , with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame . In order to be eligible , players and coaches must be retired for at least four years . Beginning in 2011 , and meeting every five years , a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame . Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009 , the Patriots ' 50th season , as a contributor . Additionally , four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers . New England Patriots Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 1991 ( Pro : 1991 ) 87 Ben Coates TE 1991 -- 1999 2008 85 Nick Buoniconti LB 1962 -- 1968 1992 ( Pro : 2001 ) 35 Jim Nance FB 1965 -- 1971 2009 20 Gino Cappelletti WR / K 1960 -- 1970 1992 39 Sam Cunningham RB 1973 -- 1982 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 1993 11 Drew Bledsoe QB 1993 -- 2001 2011 79 Jim Lee Hunt DT 1960 -- 1971 1993 56 Jon Morris 1964 -- 1974 2011 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 1993 80 Troy Brown WR / PR / CB 1993 -- 2007 2012 15 Vito `` Babe '' Parilli QB 1961 -- 1967 1993 54 Tedy Bruschi LB 1996 -- 2008 2013 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 1994 ( Pro : 1997 ) 24 Ty Law CB 1995 -- 2004 2014 14 Steve Grogan QB 1975 -- 1990 1995 55 Willie McGinest LB / DE 1994 -- 2005 2015 56 Andre Tippett LB 1982 -- 1993 1999 ( Pro : 2008 ) 65 Houston Antwine DL 1961 -- 1971 2015 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 2001 33 Kevin Faulk RB 1999 -- 2011 2016 86 Stanley Morgan WR 1977 -- 1989 2007 26 Raymond Clayborn CB 1977 - 1989 2017 Contributors No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted -- Billy Sullivan Owner & founder 1960 -- 1988 2009 -- Gil Santos Broadcaster 1972 -- 1979 , 1991 -- 2012 2013 Three other players enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame spent part of their careers with the Patriots : 28 Curtis Martin , RB ( 1995 -- 1997 ) , elected in 2012 . Bill Parcells , head coach ( 1993 -- 1996 ) , elected in 2013 . 55 Junior Seau , LB ( 2006 -- 2009 ) , elected in 2015 . All - decade teams 1960s ( AFL ) In November 1971 , fans voted on a 10 - year Patriots anniversary team , which coincided with the team 's 10 years in the then - defunct American Football League : Additional selections for returner , special teamer , and coach were added in 2009 : ( show ) Boston Patriots All - 1960s Team Offense Parilli ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Garron ( RB ) Colclough ( WR ) Graham ( WR ) Whalen ( TE ) Long ( T ) Neville ( T ) Neighbors ( G ) St. Jean ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Dee ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Hunt ( DT ) Addison ( OLB ) Philpott ( OLB ) Buoniconti ( MLB ) Shonta ( CB ) Johnson ( CB ) Webb ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Garron ( Ret . ) Cappelletti ( PK ) Yewcic ( P ) Webb ( ST ) Coach Holovak 1970s , 1980s , 1990s In March 2009 , as part of the Patriots ' 50th anniversary , a group of local media and other team figures selected all - decade teams for the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 1970s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Johnson ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Vataha ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Gray ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Lenkaitis ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) McGee ( DE ) Hamilton ( NT ) Zabel ( OLB ) King ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Hunt ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Haynes ( CB ) Fox ( S ) McCray ( S ) Special Teams Herron ( Ret . ) Smith ( PK ) Patrick ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Fairbanks New England Patriots All - 1980s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Collins ( RB ) C. James ( RB ) Fryar ( WR ) Morgan ( WR ) Dawson ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Holloway ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Wooten ( G ) Brock ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Veris ( DE ) Bishop ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Blackmon ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Rembert ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Lippett ( CB ) R. James ( S ) Marion ( S ) Special Teams Fryar ( Ret . ) Franklin ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Berry New England Patriots All - 1990s Team Offense Bledsoe ( QB ) Martin ( RB ) Russell ( RB ) Glenn ( WR ) Jefferson ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Harlow ( T ) Rucci ( G ) Lane ( G ) Wohlabaugh ( C ) Defense McGinest ( DE ) Williams ( DE ) Goad ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Slade ( OLB ) Brown ( ILB ) Johnson ( ILB ) Hurst ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Clay ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Meggett ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Tupa ( P ) Whigham ( ST ) Coach Parcells 2000s On March 16 , 2010 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all - decade team for the 2000s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 2000s Team Offense Brady ( QB ) Dillon ( RB ) Moss ( WR ) Welker ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Graham ( TE ) Light ( T ) Kaczur ( T ) Andruzzi ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Koppen ( C ) Defense Seymour ( DE ) Warren ( DE ) Wilfork ( NT ) McGinest ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Bruschi ( ILB ) Phifer ( ILB ) Law ( CB ) Samuel ( CB ) Harrison ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Miller ( P ) Izzo ( ST ) Coach Belichick Anniversary teams 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) In 1994 , a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team ( 1994 ) Offense Grogan ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Cappelletti ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) J. Hunt ( DT ) Tippett ( LB ) Buoniconti ( LB ) Nelson ( LB ) S. Hunt ( LB ) Haynes ( CB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Cappelletti ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) In 2009 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of New England Patriots head coaches Patriots head coach Bill Belichick delivers remarks during the team 's visit to the White House This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) Current staff New England Patriots staff Front office Chairman / CEO -- Robert Kraft President -- Jonathan Kraft Director of Player Personnel -- Nick Caserio Director of College Scouting -- Monti Ossenfort Director of Pro Personnel -- Dave Ziegler Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brian Smith Director of Scouting Administration -- Nancy Meier Football Research Director -- Ernie Adams Director of Football / Head Coach Administration -- Berj Najarian Head coaches Head Coach / General Manager -- Bill Belichick Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks -- Josh McDaniels Assistant Quarterbacks -- Jerry Schuplinski Running Backs -- Ivan Fears Wide Receivers -- Chad O'Shea Tight Ends -- Nick Caley Offensive Line -- Dante Scarnecchia Offensive Assistant -- Cole Popovich Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Matt Patricia Defensive Line -- Brendan Daly Linebackers -- Brian Flores Cornerbacks -- Josh Boyer Safeties -- Steve Belichick Defensive Assistant -- Mike Pellegrino Coaching Assistant -- Brian Belichick Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Joe Judge Assistant Special Teams -- Raymond Ventrone Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Moses Cabrera Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- James Hardy → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Culture Cheerleaders and mascot Main article : New England Patriots Cheerleaders The Patriots Cheerleaders performing a routine in 2007 The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders . In 2005 , cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts , in part from her local commitment with the Patriots . The Patriots ' mascot is Pat Patriot , a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey . The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia . During each game , about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone . When the Patriots score a touchdown , field goal , point - after - touchdown or safety , the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets . Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX , said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does , specifically 200 grains , in order to be heard throughout the stadium . ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007 . Radio and television Main article : List of New England Patriots broadcasters The Patriots ' flagship radio station is WBZ - FM 98.5 FM , owned by CBS Radio . The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network , whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states . Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season . Santos was replaced by Bob Socci . Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst , and in 2013 , he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator . Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS 's O&O WBZ - TV , who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games ; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the `` CBS Scene '' bar / restaurant . During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team , the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT - TV . Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB - TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009 . Don Criqui was play - by - play announcer for the 1995 -- 2012 seasons , with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter . Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009 . See also American football portal The Kraft Group Notes and references Jump up ^ `` The History of the New England Patriots '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Patriots Logo and Uniform '' . New England Patriots. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palma , Briana ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` How much do you know about the Patriots ? '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Dates -- Patriots History '' . New England Patriots . August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` For this dandy doodle , designer was more like a 30 - minute man '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship instant analysis : Patriots pound Steelers to reach another Super Bowll '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Here 's How the Patriots Won Their Fifth Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots win wild , historic Super Bowl '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Passing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Rushing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Receiving Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Scoring Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Time Coaching Wins '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Exactly Will History Judge Parcells ? ( Pt 3 ) '' . patsfans.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bisman , Neil ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` History Fuels Rivalry Between Jets and Patriots '' . NBC New York . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin W. Ryan ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Best Moments of the Jets - Pats Rivalry '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jets - Patriots rivalry through the years ( Belichick resigns as head coach ) '' . Newsday . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jets hire Mangini as head coach '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Humiliated in a New York Minute '' . The New York Times . November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boxscore finder : Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts vs New England Patriots '' . Pro Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Indianapolis Colts - Recap - November 4 , 2007 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts vs. New England Patriots - Recap - November 21 , 2010 '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts vs. New England Patriots - Recap - January 12 , 2014 '' . ESPN . January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` New England Beats Indianapolis 45 - 7 In AFC Championship : The Two - Way '' . NPR . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills vs. New England Patriots Results - The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Buffalo Bills Rivalry Survey '' . www.allcounted.com . Jump up ^ `` New Bills coach Rex Ryan says Patriots still his top target - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Miami Dolphins Results The Football Database '' . FootballDB.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Dolphins stun Patriots 38 - 13 '' . The Seattle Times . 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` A closer look at the Patriots - Ravens rivalry '' . Boston.com . December 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Baltimore Ravens 12 / 03 / 2007 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots 10 / 04 / 2009 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Wild Card Round : Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots 10 / 17 / 2010 '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 AFC Championship Game Rapid Reaction '' . ESPN . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Torey Smith 's brother dies in a motorcycle crash '' . USA Today . September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick to receive fine Wednesday for grabbing referee '' . National Football League . September 26 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Golen , Jimmy ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens Win AFC Championship Game , Hold Off Patriots in Rematch to Reach Super Bowl '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens vs. New England Patriots -- Box Score -- January 10 , 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL was ready to check New England Patriots ' footballs against Colts , report says - Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Colts Raised Concerns About Under - Inflated Balls After Game vs. Patriots in Indianapolis '' . Boston.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` What the heck is Deflategate anyway ? '' . CNN . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wells Jr. , Theodore V. ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Wells Report '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Borges , Ron ( September 1 , 2000 ) . `` Coming to terms with the system '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guregian , Karen ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Scott Pioli starts life as lone boss in Kansas City '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Versatile Vrabel vaults into Super Bowl lore '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( January 24 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots all about the rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 3 New England Patriots '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` The NFL 's Most Valuable Teams '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports '' . Gillette Stadium . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Select FieldTurf for Gillette Stadium '' . FieldTurf . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Place '' . Patriot Place . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` New England Patriots debut new , bolder logo '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots ' Uniform Evolves From Flying Elvis Over The Years '' . NESN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms : New England Patriots '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Patriots ' Uniform '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New NFL Safety Rule Forbids Alternate Helmets '' . Bleacher Report . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiske , Angelique ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Check out the 2016 Patriots Color Rush Jerseys '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Coates elected to Patriots Hall of Fame '' . New England Patriots . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place Presented by Raytheon Hall of Fame ! '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Hall of Fame Senior Selection Committee formed '' . New England Patriots . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Sullivan inducted into team 's Hall '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Anniversary Teams '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots All - Decade teams announced '' . New England Patriots . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Decade Team '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Cheerleaders and Appearances '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN . Josh Pahigian . December 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Media Center -- Radio Stations '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Further reading Fox , Larry ( 1979 ) . The New England Patriots : Triumph & Tragedy . Macmillan Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10992 - X Hyldburg , Bob ( 2009 ) . Total Patriots : The Definitive Encyclopedia of the World - Class Franchise . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 099 - 7 Holley , Michael ( 2004 ) . Patriot Reign : Bill Belichick , the Coaches , and the Players Who Built a Champion . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 Price , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Blueprint : How the New England Patriots Beat the System to Create the Last Great NFL Superpower . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36838 - 0 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 1 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 5 - 2 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 2 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 8 - 7 Glennon , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Good , the Bad & the Ugly New England Patriots : Heart - pounding , Jaw - dropping , and Gut - wrenching Moments from New England Patriots History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 118 - 7 Felger , Michael ( 2004 ) . Tales from the Patriots Sideline . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 525 - X Donaldson , Jim ( 2009 ) . Then Belichick Said to Brady : The Best New England Patriots Stories Ever Told . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 239 - 6 Donaldson , Jim ( 2005 ) . Stadium Stories : New England Patriots . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3788 - 3 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New England Patriots . Official website Works by or about New England Patriots in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` New England Patriots collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame The Hall at Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 19 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Conference championships ( 9 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush American Football League Eastern Division Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers New York Titans / Jets Miami Dolphins Western Division Denver Broncos Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders Cincinnati Bengals General Seasons Playoffs All - League Teams All - Star game AFL Draft All - Time Team AFL -- NFL merger NFL Thanksgiving Day games Players Officials Broadcasters ABC AFL All - Star Game AFL Championship Game Boston Patriots Buffalo Bills Cincinnati Bengals Dallas Texans / Kansas City Chiefs Denver Broncos Houston Oilers NBC Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers Miami Dolphins New York Titans / Jets Oakland Raiders Super Bowl Commissioners Joe Foss Al Davis Milt Woodard ( President ) Sports teams based in Massachusetts Australian rules football USAFL Boston Demons Baseball MLB Boston Red Sox NYPL Lowell Spinners CCBL Bourne Braves Brewster Whitecaps Chatham Anglers Cotuit Kettleers Falmouth Commodores Harwich Mariners Hyannis Harbor Hawks Orleans Firebirds Wareham Gatemen Yarmouth -- Dennis Red Sox FCBL Brockton Rox Martha 's Vineyard Sharks North Shore Navigators Pittsfield Suns Wachusett Dirt Dawgs Worcester Bravehearts NECBL New Bedford Bay Sox North Adams SteepleCats Plymouth Pilgrims Valley Blue Sox Basketball NBA Boston Celtics Football NFL New England Patriots WFA Boston Renegades Hockey NHL Boston Bruins AHL Springfield Thunderbirds ECHL Worcester Railers NWHL Boston Pride CWHL Boston Blades Lacrosse MLL Boston Cannons UWLX Boston Storm Roller derby WFTDA Bay State Brawlers Roller Derby Boston Roller Derby MRDA Pioneer Valley Roller Derby Rugby league USARL Boston Thirteens Oneida FC Rugby union RSL Boston RFC NERFU Boston Irish Wolfhounds Mystic River South Shore Anchors Soccer MLS New England Revolution NWSL Boston Breakers PDL FC Boston Western Mass Pioneers NPSL Boston City FC Greater Lowell NPSL FC Champions Soccer League USA Greater Lowell United FC UWS New England Mutiny WPSL Boston Breakers Academy Boston Breakers Reserves Boston Breakers U23 FC Stars FC Stars U23 Ultimate Club Boston Ironsides College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) AIC Yellow Jackets ( ice hockey ) Bentley Falcons ( ice hockey ) Boston College Eagles Boston University Terriers Harvard Crimson Holy Cross Crusaders UMass Minutemen and Minutewomen UMass Lowell River Hawks Merrimack Warriors ( ice hockey ) Northeastern Huskies VIAF : 152400362 LCCN : n82010743 ISNI : 0000 0004 0471 940X Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_England_Patriots&oldid=800560477 '' Categories : New England Patriots 1960 establishments in Massachusetts American Football League teams American football teams in Boston Boston Patriots Foxborough , Massachusetts National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 08 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many times have patriots been to the superbowl	[ "The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl nine times in franchise history, the most of any team, seven of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000. The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history, winning 14 AFC East titles in 16 seasons since 2001, without a losing season in that period. The franchise has since set numerous notable records, including most wins in a ten-year period (126, in 2003–2012), an undefeated 16-game regular season in 2007, the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history (a 21-game streak from October 2003 to October 2004), and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history (won eight straight division titles from 2009 to 2016). The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached (seven) and won (five) by a head coach–quarterback tandem. The Patriots are tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five. The Steelers are in front with six." ]	[ "nine times" ]
3704380124223752628	Ganymede (moon)	Ganymede ( moon ) - wikipedia Ganymede ( moon ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ganymede . Ganymede Image of Ganymede 's anti-Jovian hemisphere taken by the Galileo orbiter ( contrast is enhanced ) . Lighter surfaces , such as in recent impacts , grooved terrain and the whitish north polar cap at upper right , are enriched in water ice . Discovery Discovered by Galileo Galilei Discovery date January 7 , 1610 Designations Alternative names Jupiter III Adjectives Ganymedian , Ganymedean Orbital characteristics Periapsis 7009106920000000000 ♠ 1069200 km Apoapsis 7009107160000000000 ♠ 1071600 km Semi-major axis 7009107040000000000 ♠ 1070400 km Eccentricity 6997130000000000000 ♠ 0.0013 Orbital period 7005618153375744000 ♠ 7.154 552 96 d Average orbital speed 7004108800000000000 ♠ 10.880 km / s Inclination 2.214 ° ( to the ecliptic ) 0.20 ° ( to Jupiter 's equator ) Satellite of Jupiter Physical characteristics Mean radius 7006263410000000000 ♠ 2634. 1 ± 0.3 km ( 0.413 Earths ) Surface area 7013872000000000000 ♠ 8.72 × 10 km ( 0.171 Earths ) Volume 7019760000000000000 ♠ 7.6 × 10 km ( 0.0704 Earths ) Mass 7023148190000000000 ♠ 1.4819 × 10 kg ( 0.025 Earths ) Mean density 7003193600000000000 ♠ 1.936 g / cm Surface gravity 7000142800000000000 ♠ 1.428 m / s ( 0.146 g ) Moment of inertia factor 6999310500000000000 ♠ 0.3105 ± 0.0028 ( estimate ) Escape velocity 7003274100000000000 ♠ 2.741 km / s Rotation period synchronous Axial tilt 0 -- 0.33 ° Albedo 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 ± 0.02 Surface temp . min mean max 70 110 152 Apparent magnitude 4.61 ( opposition ) 4.38 ( in 1951 ) Atmosphere Surface pressure Trace Composition by volume Oxygen Ganymede / ˈɡænɪmiːd / ( Jupiter III ) is the largest and most massive moon of Jupiter and in the Solar System . The ninth largest object in the Solar System , it is the largest without a substantial atmosphere . It has a diameter of 5,268 km ( 3,273 mi ) and is 8 % larger than the planet Mercury , although only 45 % as massive . Possessing a metallic core , it has the lowest moment of inertia factor of any solid body in the Solar System and is the only moon known to have a magnetic field . It is the third of the Galilean moons , the first group of objects discovered orbiting another planet , and the seventh satellite outward from Jupiter , Ganymede orbits Jupiter in roughly seven days and is in a 1 : 2 : 4 orbital resonance with the moons Europa and Io , respectively . Ganymede is composed of approximately equal amounts of silicate rock and water ice . It is a fully differentiated body with an iron - rich , liquid core , and an internal ocean that may contain more water than all of Earth 's oceans combined . Its surface is composed of two main types of terrain . Dark regions , saturated with impact craters and dated to four billion years ago , cover about a third of the satellite . Lighter regions , crosscut by extensive grooves and ridges and only slightly less ancient , cover the remainder . The cause of the light terrain 's disrupted geology is not fully known , but was likely the result of tectonic activity due to tidal heating . Ganymede 's magnetic field is probably created by convection within its liquid iron core . The meager magnetic field is buried within Jupiter 's much larger magnetic field and would show only as a local perturbation of the field lines . The satellite has a thin oxygen atmosphere that includes O , O , and possibly O ( ozone ) . Atomic hydrogen is a minor atmospheric constituent . Whether the satellite has an ionosphere associated with its atmosphere is unresolved . Ganymede 's discovery is credited to Galileo Galilei , who was the first to observe it on January 7 , 1610 . The satellite 's name was soon suggested by astronomer Simon Marius , after the mythological Ganymede , cupbearer of the Greek gods and Zeus 's lover . Beginning with Pioneer 10 , several spacecraft have explored Ganymede . The Voyager probes refined measurements of its size , while Galileo discovered its underground ocean and magnetic field . The next planned mission to the Jovian system is the European Space Agency 's Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ( JUICE ) , due to launch in 2022 . After flybys of all three icy Galilean moons , the probe is planned to enter orbit around Ganymede . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Orbit and rotation 3 Physical characteristics 3.1 Size 3.2 Composition 3.3 Surface features 3.4 Internal structure 3.4. 1 Subsurface oceans 3.4. 2 Core 3.5 Atmosphere and ionosphere 3.6 Magnetosphere 4 Origin and evolution 5 Exploration 5.1 Completed missions 5.2 Mission concepts 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Chinese astronomical records report that in 365 BC , Gan De detected what appears to have been a moon of Jupiter , probably Ganymede , with the naked eye . However , Gan De reported the color of the companion as reddish , which is puzzling since the moons are too faint for their color to be perceived with the naked eye . Shi Shen and Gan De together made fairly accurate observations of the five major planets . On January 7 , 1610 , Galileo Galilei observed what he thought were three stars near Jupiter , including what turned out to be Ganymede , Callisto , and one body that turned out to be the combined light from Io and Europa ; the next night he noticed that they had moved . On January 13 , he saw all four at once for the first time , but had seen each of the moons before this date at least once . By January 15 , Galileo came to the conclusion that the stars were actually bodies orbiting Jupiter . He claimed the right to name the moons ; he considered `` Cosmian Stars '' and settled on `` Medicean Stars '' . Size comparison of Earth , the Moon , and Ganymede . The French astronomer Nicolas - Claude Fabri de Peiresc suggested individual names from the Medici family for the moons , but his proposal was not taken up . Simon Marius , who had originally claimed to have found the Galilean satellites , tried to name the moons the `` Saturn of Jupiter '' , the `` Jupiter of Jupiter '' ( this was Ganymede ) , the `` Venus of Jupiter '' , and the `` Mercury of Jupiter '' , another nomenclature that never caught on . From a suggestion by Johannes Kepler , Marius once again tried to name the moons : `` ( ... ) Then there was Ganymede , the handsome son of King Tros , whom Jupiter , having taken the form of an eagle , transported to heaven on his back , as poets fabulously tell ( ... ) the Third , on account of its majesty of light , Ganymede ( ... ) '' This name and those of the other Galilean satellites fell into disfavor for a considerable time , and were not in common use until the mid-20th century . In much of the earlier astronomical literature , Ganymede is referred to instead by its Roman numeral designation , Jupiter III ( a system introduced by Galileo ) , in other words `` the third satellite of Jupiter '' . Following the discovery of moons of Saturn , a naming system based on that of Kepler and Marius was used for Jupiter 's moons . Ganymede is the only Galilean moon of Jupiter named after a male figure -- like Io , Europa , and Callisto , he was a lover of Zeus . Orbit and Rotation ( edit ) Laplace resonances of Ganymede , Europa , and Io Ganymede orbits Jupiter at a distance of 1,070,400 km , third among the Galilean satellites , and completes a revolution every seven days and three hours . Like most known moons , Ganymede is tidally locked , with one side always facing toward the planet , hence its day is seven days and three hours . Its orbit is very slightly eccentric and inclined to the Jovian equator , with the eccentricity and inclination changing quasi-periodically due to solar and planetary gravitational perturbations on a timescale of centuries . The ranges of change are 0.0009 -- 0.0022 and 0.05 -- 0.32 ° , respectively . These orbital variations cause the axial tilt ( the angle between rotational and orbital axes ) to vary between 0 and 0.33 ° . Ganymede participates in orbital resonances with Europa and Io : for every orbit of Ganymede , Europa orbits twice and Io orbits four times . The superior conjunction between Io and Europa always occurs when Io is at periapsis and Europa at apoapsis . The superior conjunction between Europa and Ganymede occurs when Europa is at periapsis . The longitudes of the Io -- Europa and Europa -- Ganymede conjunctions change with the same rate , making triple conjunctions impossible . Such a complicated resonance is called the Laplace resonance . Jupiter 's Great Red Spot and Ganymede 's shadow The current Laplace resonance is unable to pump the orbital eccentricity of Ganymede to a higher value . The value of about 0.0013 is probably a remnant from a previous epoch , when such pumping was possible . The Ganymedian orbital eccentricity is somewhat puzzling ; if it is not pumped now it should have decayed long ago due to the tidal dissipation in the interior of Ganymede . This means that the last episode of the eccentricity excitation happened only several hundred million years ago . Because Ganymede 's orbital eccentricity is relatively low -- on average 0.0015 -- tidal heating is negligible now . However , in the past Ganymede may have passed through one or more Laplace - like resonances that were able to pump the orbital eccentricity to a value as high as 0.01 -- 0.02 . This probably caused a significant tidal heating of the interior of Ganymede ; the formation of the grooved terrain may be a result of one or more heating episodes . There are two hypotheses for the origin of the Laplace resonance among Io , Europa , and Ganymede : that it is primordial and has existed from the beginning of the Solar System ; or that it developed after the formation of the Solar System . A possible sequence of events for the latter scenario is as follows : Io raised tides on Jupiter , causing Io 's orbit to expand ( due to conservation of momentum ) until it encountered the 2 : 1 resonance with Europa ; after that the expansion continued , but some of the angular moment was transferred to Europa as the resonance caused its orbit to expand as well ; the process continued until Europa encountered the 2 : 1 resonance with Ganymede . Eventually the drift rates of conjunctions between all three moons were synchronized and locked in the Laplace resonance . Physical characteristics ( edit ) Depiction of Ganymede centered over 45 ° W. longitude ; dark areas are Perrine ( upper ) and Nicholson ( lower ) regiones ; prominent craters are Tros ( upper right ) and Cisti ( lower left ) . Size ( edit ) Ganymede is the largest and most massive moon in the Solar System . Its diameter of 5,268 km is 0.41 times that of Earth , 2 % larger than that of Saturn 's Titan ( the second - largest moon ) , 1.08 times Mercury 's , 1.09 times Callisto 's , 1.45 times Io 's and 1.51 times the Moon 's . Its mass is 10 % greater than Titan 's , 38 % greater than Callisto 's , 66 % greater than Io 's and 2.02 times that of the Moon . Composition ( edit ) The average density of Ganymede , 1.936 g / cm , suggests a composition of about equal parts rocky material and mostly water - ices . The mass fraction of ices is between 46 -- 50 % , which is slightly lower than that in Callisto . Some additional volatile ices such as ammonia may also be present . The exact composition of Ganymede 's rock is not known , but is probably close to the composition of L / LL type ordinary chondrites , which are characterized by less total iron , less metallic iron and more iron oxide than H chondrites . The weight ratio of iron to silicon ranges between 1.05 and 1.27 in Ganymede , whereas the solar ratio is around 1.8 . Voyager 2 view of Ganymede 's anti-Jovian hemisphere ; Uruk Sulcus separates dark areas Galileo Regio ( right ) and Marius Regio ( center left ) . Bright rays of recent crater Osiris ( bottom ) are ejected ice . Surface features ( edit ) Ganymede 's surface has an albedo of about 43 % . Water ice seems to be ubiquitous on its surface , with a mass fraction of 50 -- 90 % , significantly more than in Ganymede as a whole . Near - infrared spectroscopy has revealed the presence of strong water ice absorption bands at wavelengths of 1.04 , 1.25 , 1.5 , 2.0 and 3.0 μm . The grooved terrain is brighter and has a more icy composition than the dark terrain . The analysis of high - resolution , near - infrared and UV spectra obtained by the Galileo spacecraft and from Earth observations has revealed various non-water materials : carbon dioxide , sulfur dioxide and , possibly , cyanogen , hydrogen sulfate and various organic compounds . Galileo results have also shown magnesium sulfate ( MgSO ) and , possibly , sodium sulfate ( Na SO ) on Ganymede 's surface . These salts may originate from the subsurface ocean . The Ganymedian surface albedo is very asymmetric ; the leading hemisphere is brighter than the trailing one . This is similar to Europa , but the reverse for Callisto . The trailing hemisphere of Ganymede appears to be enriched in sulfur dioxide . The distribution of carbon dioxide does not demonstrate any hemispheric asymmetry , although it is not observed near the poles . Impact craters on Ganymede ( except one ) do not show any enrichment in carbon dioxide , which also distinguishes it from Callisto . Ganymede 's carbon dioxide gas was probably depleted in the past . See also : List of geological features on Ganymede A sharp boundary divides the ancient dark terrain of Nicholson Regio from the younger , finely striated bright terrain of Harpagia Sulcus . Enhanced - color Galileo spacecraft image of Ganymede 's trailing hemisphere . The crater Tashmetum 's prominent rays are at lower right , and the large ejecta field of Hershef at upper right . Part of dark Nicholson Regio is at lower left , bounded on its upper right by Harpagia Sulcus . The craters Gula and Achelous ( bottom ) , in the grooved terrain of Ganymede , with ejecta `` pedestals '' and ramparts . Ganymede 's surface is a mix of two types of terrain : very old , highly cratered , dark regions and somewhat younger ( but still ancient ) , lighter regions marked with an extensive array of grooves and ridges . The dark terrain , which comprises about one - third of the surface , contains clays and organic materials that could indicate the composition of the impactors from which Jovian satellites accreted . The heating mechanism required for the formation of the grooved terrain on Ganymede is an unsolved problem in the planetary sciences . The modern view is that the grooved terrain is mainly tectonic in nature . Cryovolcanism is thought to have played only a minor role , if any . The forces that caused the strong stresses in the Ganymedian ice lithosphere necessary to initiate the tectonic activity may be connected to the tidal heating events in the past , possibly caused when the satellite passed through unstable orbital resonances . The tidal flexing of the ice may have heated the interior and strained the lithosphere , leading to the development of cracks and horst and graben faulting , which erased the old , dark terrain on 70 % of the surface . The formation of the grooved terrain may also be connected with the early core formation and subsequent tidal heating of Ganymede 's interior , which may have caused a slight expansion of Ganymede by 1 -- 6 % due to phase transitions in ice and thermal expansion . During subsequent evolution deep , hot water plumes may have risen from the core to the surface , leading to the tectonic deformation of the lithosphere . Radiogenic heating within the satellite is the most relevant current heat source , contributing , for instance , to ocean depth . Research models have found that if the orbital eccentricity were an order of magnitude greater than currently ( as it may have been in the past ) , tidal heating would be a more substantial heat source than radiogenic heating . Cratering is seen on both types of terrain , but is especially extensive on the dark terrain : it appears to be saturated with impact craters and has evolved largely through impact events . The brighter , grooved terrain contains many fewer impact features , which have been only of a minor importance to its tectonic evolution . The density of cratering indicates an age of 4 billion years for the dark terrain , similar to the highlands of the Moon , and a somewhat younger age for the grooved terrain ( but how much younger is uncertain ) . Ganymede may have experienced a period of heavy cratering 3.5 to 4 billion years ago similar to that of the Moon . If true , the vast majority of impacts happened in that epoch , whereas the cratering rate has been much smaller since . Craters both overlay and are crosscut by the groove systems , indicating that some of the grooves are quite ancient . Relatively young craters with rays of ejecta are also visible . Ganymedian craters are flatter than those on the Moon and Mercury . This is probably due to the relatively weak nature of Ganymede 's icy crust , which can ( or could ) flow and thereby soften the relief . Ancient craters whose relief has disappeared leave only a `` ghost '' of a crater known as a palimpsest . One significant feature on Ganymede is a dark plain named Galileo Regio , which contains a series of concentric grooves , or furrows , likely created during a period of geologic activity . Ganymede also has polar caps , likely composed of water frost . The frost extends to 40 ° latitude . These polar caps were first seen by the Voyager spacecraft . Theories on the formation of the caps include the migration of water to higher latitudes and bombardment of the ice by plasma . Data from Galileo suggests the latter is correct . The presence of a magnetic field on Ganymede results in more intense charged particle bombardment of its surface in the unprotected polar regions ; sputtering then leads to redistribution of water molecules , with frost migrating to locally colder areas within the polar terrain . Geologic map of Ganymede ( February 2014 ) . The oldest , low - albedo , cratered units are reddish brown ; younger , higher - albedo units are blue if grooved and blue - green if smooth ( purple is a mix of grooved and smooth ) . A crater named Anat provides the reference point for measuring longitude on Ganymede . By definition , Anat is at 128 ° longitude . The 0 ° longitude directly faces Jupiter , and unless stated otherwise longitude increases toward the west . Internal structure ( edit ) Ganymede appears to be fully differentiated , with an internal structure consisting of an iron - sulfide -- iron core , a silicate mantle and outer layers of water ice and liquid water. . The precise thicknesses of the different layers in the interior of Ganymede depend on the assumed composition of silicates ( fraction of olivine and pyroxene ) and amount of sulfur in the core . Ganymede has the lowest moment of inertia factor , 0.31 , among the solid Solar System bodies . This is a consequence of its substantial water content and fully differentiated interior Subsurface oceans ( edit ) Artist 's cut - away representation of the internal structure of Ganymede . Layers drawn to scale . In the 1970s , NASA scientists first suspected that Ganymede has a thick ocean between two layers of ice , one on the surface and one beneath a liquid ocean and atop the rocky mantle . In the 1990s , NASA 's Galileo mission flew by Ganymede , confirming the moon 's sub-surface ocean . An analysis published in 2014 , taking into account the realistic thermodynamics for water and effects of salt , suggests that Ganymede might have a stack of several ocean layers separated by different phases of ice , with the lowest liquid layer adjacent to the rocky mantle . Water -- rock contact may be an important factor in the origin of life . The analysis also notes that the extreme depths involved ( ~ 800 km to the rocky `` seafloor '' ) mean that temperatures at the bottom of a convective ( adiabatic ) ocean can be up to 40 K higher than those at the ice -- water interface . In March 2015 , scientists reported that measurements with the Hubble Space Telescope of how the aurorae moved over Ganymede 's surface suggest it has a subsurface ocean . A large salt - water ocean affects Ganymede 's magnetic field , and consequently , its aurora . There is some speculation on the potential habitability of Ganymede 's ocean . Core ( edit ) The existence of a liquid , iron -- nickel - rich core provides a natural explanation for the intrinsic magnetic field of Ganymede detected by Galileo spacecraft . The convection in the liquid iron , which has high electrical conductivity , is the most reasonable model of magnetic field generation . The density of the core is 5.5 -- 6 g / cm and the silicate mantle is 3.4 -- 3.6 g / cm . The radius of this core may be up to 500 km . The temperature in the core of Ganymede is probably 1500 -- 1700 K and pressure up to 10 GPa ( 99,000 atm ) . Atmosphere and ionosphere ( edit ) In 1972 , a team of Indian , British and American astronomers working in Java ( Indonesia ) and Kavalur ( India ) claimed that they had detected a thin atmosphere during an occultation , when it and Jupiter passed in front of a star . They estimated that the surface pressure was around 0.1 Pa . However , in 1979 , Voyager 1 observed an occultation of the star κ Centauri during its flyby of Jupiter , with differing results . The occultation measurements were conducted in the far - ultraviolet spectrum at wavelengths shorter than 200 nm , which were much more sensitive to the presence of gases than the 1972 measurements made in the visible spectrum . No atmosphere was revealed by the Voyager data . The upper limit on the surface particle number density was found to be 1.5 × 10 cm , which corresponds to a surface pressure of less than 2.5 μPa . The latter value is almost five orders of magnitude less than the 1972 estimate . False - color temperature map of Ganymede Despite the Voyager data , evidence for a tenuous oxygen atmosphere ( exosphere ) on Ganymede , very similar to the one found on Europa , was found by the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) in 1995 . HST actually observed airglow of atomic oxygen in the far - ultraviolet at the wavelengths 130.4 nm and 135.6 nm . Such an airglow is excited when molecular oxygen is dissociated by electron impacts , which is evidence of a significant neutral atmosphere composed predominantly of O molecules . The surface number density probably lies in the ( 1.2 -- 7 ) × 10 cm range , corresponding to the surface pressure of 0.2 -- 1.2 μPa . These values are in agreement with the Voyager 's upper limit set in 1981 . The oxygen is not evidence of life ; it is thought to be produced when water ice on Ganymede 's surface is split into hydrogen and oxygen by radiation , with the hydrogen then being more rapidly lost due to its low atomic mass . The airglow observed over Ganymede is not spatially homogeneous like that over Europa . HST observed two bright spots located in the northern and southern hemispheres , near ± 50 ° latitude , which is exactly the boundary between the open and closed field lines of the Ganymedian magnetosphere ( see below ) . The bright spots are probably polar auroras , caused by plasma precipitation along the open field lines . The existence of a neutral atmosphere implies that an ionosphere should exist , because oxygen molecules are ionized by the impacts of the energetic electrons coming from the magnetosphere and by solar EUV radiation . However , the nature of the Ganymedian ionosphere is as controversial as the nature of the atmosphere . Some Galileo measurements found an elevated electron density near Ganymede , suggesting an ionosphere , whereas others failed to detect anything . The electron density near the surface is estimated by different sources to lie in the range 400 -- 2,500 cm . As of 2008 , the parameters of the ionosphere of Ganymede are not well constrained . Additional evidence of the oxygen atmosphere comes from spectral detection of gases trapped in the ice at the surface of Ganymede . The detection of ozone ( O ) bands was announced in 1996 . In 1997 spectroscopic analysis revealed the dimer ( or diatomic ) absorption features of molecular oxygen . Such an absorption can arise only if the oxygen is in a dense phase . The best candidate is molecular oxygen trapped in ice . The depth of the dimer absorption bands depends on latitude and longitude , rather than on surface albedo -- they tend to decrease with increasing latitude on Ganymede , whereas O shows an opposite trend . Laboratory work has found that O would not cluster or bubble but dissolve in ice at Ganymede 's relatively warm surface temperature of 100 K ( − 173.15 ° C ) . A search for sodium in the atmosphere , just after such a finding on Europa , turned up nothing in 1997 . Sodium is at least 13 times less abundant around Ganymede than around Europa , possibly because of a relative deficiency at the surface or because the magnetosphere fends off energetic particles . Another minor constituent of the Ganymedian atmosphere is atomic hydrogen . Hydrogen atoms were observed as far as 3,000 km from Ganymede 's surface . Their density on the surface is about 1.5 × 10 cm . Magnetosphere ( edit ) Magnetic field of the Jovian satellite Ganymede , which is embedded into the magnetosphere of Jupiter . Closed field lines are marked with green color . The Galileo craft made six close flybys of Ganymede from 1995 -- 2000 ( G1 , G2 , G7 , G8 , G28 and G29 ) and discovered that Ganymede has a permanent ( intrinsic ) magnetic moment independent of the Jovian magnetic field . The value of the moment is about 1.3 × 10 T m , which is three times larger than the magnetic moment of Mercury . The magnetic dipole is tilted with respect to the rotational axis of Ganymede by 176 ° , which means that it is directed against the Jovian magnetic moment . Its north pole lies below the orbital plane . The dipole magnetic field created by this permanent moment has a strength of 719 ± 2 nT at Ganymede 's equator , which should be compared with the Jovian magnetic field at the distance of Ganymede -- about 120 nT . The equatorial field of Ganymede is directed against the Jovian field , meaning reconnection is possible . The intrinsic field strength at the poles is two times that at the equator -- 1440 nT . Aurorae on Ganymede -- auroral belt shifting may indicate a subsurface saline ocean . The permanent magnetic moment carves a part of space around Ganymede , creating a tiny magnetosphere embedded inside that of Jupiter ; it is the only moon in the Solar System known to possess the feature . Its diameter is 4 -- 5 R ( R = 2,631.2 km ) . The Ganymedian magnetosphere has a region of closed field lines located below 30 ° latitude , where charged particles ( electrons and ions ) are trapped , creating a kind of radiation belt . The main ion species in the magnetosphere is single ionized oxygen -- O -- which fits well with Ganymede 's tenuous oxygen atmosphere . In the polar cap regions , at latitudes higher than 30 ° , magnetic field lines are open , connecting Ganymede with Jupiter 's ionosphere . In these areas , the energetic ( tens and hundreds of kiloelectronvolt ) electrons and ions have been detected , which may cause the auroras observed around the Ganymedian poles . In addition , heavy ions continuously precipitate on Ganymede 's polar surface , sputtering and darkening the ice . The interaction between the Ganymedian magnetosphere and Jovian plasma is in many respects similar to that of the solar wind and Earth 's magnetosphere . The plasma co-rotating with Jupiter impinges on the trailing side of the Ganymedian magnetosphere much like the solar wind impinges on the Earth 's magnetosphere . The main difference is the speed of plasma flow -- supersonic in the case of Earth and subsonic in the case of Ganymede . Because of the subsonic flow , there is no bow shock off the trailing hemisphere of Ganymede . In addition to the intrinsic magnetic moment , Ganymede has an induced dipole magnetic field . Its existence is connected with the variation of the Jovian magnetic field near Ganymede . The induced moment is directed radially to or from Jupiter following the direction of the varying part of the planetary magnetic field . The induced magnetic moment is an order of magnitude weaker than the intrinsic one . The field strength of the induced field at the magnetic equator is about 60 nT -- half of that of the ambient Jovian field . The induced magnetic field of Ganymede is similar to those of Callisto and Europa , indicating that Ganymede also has a subsurface water ocean with a high electrical conductivity . Given that Ganymede is completely differentiated and has a metallic core , its intrinsic magnetic field is probably generated in a similar fashion to the Earth 's : as a result of conducting material moving in the interior . The magnetic field detected around Ganymede is likely to be caused by compositional convection in the core , if the magnetic field is the product of dynamo action , or magnetoconvection . Despite the presence of an iron core , Ganymede 's magnetosphere remains enigmatic , particularly given that similar bodies lack the feature . Some research has suggested that , given its relatively small size , the core ought to have sufficiently cooled to the point where fluid motions , hence a magnetic field would not be sustained . One explanation is that the same orbital resonances proposed to have disrupted the surface also allowed the magnetic field to persist : with Ganymede 's eccentricity pumped and tidal heating of the mantle increased during such resonances , reducing heat flow from the core , leaving it fluid and convective . Another explanation is a remnant magnetization of silicate rocks in the mantle , which is possible if the satellite had a more significant dynamo - generated field in the past . Origin and evolution ( edit ) Ganymede probably formed by an accretion in Jupiter 's subnebula , a disk of gas and dust surrounding Jupiter after its formation . The accretion of Ganymede probably took about 10,000 years , much shorter than the 100,000 years estimated for Callisto . The Jovian subnebula may have been relatively `` gas - starved '' when the Galilean satellites formed ; this would have allowed for the lengthy accretion times required for Callisto . In contrast Ganymede formed closer to Jupiter , where the subnebula was denser , which explains its shorter formation timescale . This relatively fast formation prevented the escape of accretional heat , which may have led to ice melt and differentiation : the separation of the rocks and ice . The rocks settled to the center , forming the core . In this respect , Ganymede is different from Callisto , which apparently failed to melt and differentiate early due to loss of the accretional heat during its slower formation . This hypothesis explains why the two Jovian moons look so dissimilar , despite their similar mass and composition . Alternative theories explain Ganymede 's greater internal heating on the basis of tidal flexing or more intense pummeling by impactors during the Late Heavy Bombardment . In the latter case , modeling suggests that differentiation would become a runaway process at Ganymede but not Callisto . After formation , Ganymede 's core largely retained the heat accumulated during accretion and differentiation , only slowly releasing it to the ice mantle . The mantle , in turn , transported it to the surface by convection . The decay of radioactive elements within rocks further heated the core , causing increased differentiation : an inner , iron -- iron - sulfide core and a silicate mantle formed . With this , Ganymede became a fully differentiated body . By comparison , the radioactive heating of undifferentiated Callisto caused convection in its icy interior , which effectively cooled it and prevented large - scale melting of ice and rapid differentiation . The convective motions in Callisto have caused only a partial separation of rock and ice . Today , Ganymede continues to cool slowly . The heat being released from its core and silicate mantle enables the subsurface ocean to exist , whereas the slow cooling of the liquid Fe -- FeS core causes convection and supports magnetic field generation . The current heat flux out of Ganymede is probably higher than that out of Callisto . Exploration ( edit ) Completed missions ( edit ) Ganymede from Pioneer 10 ( 1973 ) Several probes flying by or orbiting Jupiter have explored Ganymede more closely , including four flybys in the 1970s , and multiple passes in the 1990s to 2000s . Pioneer 10 approached in 1973 and Pioneer 11 in 1974 , and they returned information about the satellite . This included more specific determination on physical characteristics and resolving features to 400 km ( 250 mi ) on its surface . Pioneer 10 's closest approach was 446,250 km . Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were next , passing by Ganymede in 1979 . They refined its size , revealing it was larger than Saturn 's moon Titan , which was previously thought to have been bigger . The grooved terrain was also seen . In 1995 , the Galileo spacecraft entered orbit around Jupiter and between 1996 and 2000 made six close flybys to explore Ganymede . These flybys are G1 , G2 , G7 , G8 , G28 and G29 . During the closest flyby -- G2 -- Galileo passed just 264 km from the surface of Ganymede . During a G1 flyby in 1996 , the Ganymedian magnetic field was discovered , while the discovery of the ocean was announced in 2001 . Galileo transmitted a large number of spectral images and discovered several non-ice compounds on the surface of Ganymede . The most recent close observations of Ganymede were made by New Horizons , which recorded topographic and compositional mapping data of Europa and Ganymede during its flyby of Jupiter in 2007 en route to Pluto . Mission concepts ( edit ) The Europa Jupiter System Mission ( EJSM ) had a proposed launch date in 2020 , and was a joint NASA and ESA proposal for exploration of many of Jupiter 's moons including Ganymede . In February 2009 it was announced that ESA and NASA had given this mission priority ahead of the Titan Saturn System Mission . EJSM consisted of the NASA - led Jupiter Europa Orbiter , the ESA - led Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter , and possibly a JAXA - led Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter . ESA 's contribution faced funding competition from other ESA projects , but on 2 May 2012 the European part of the mission , renamed Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ( JUICE ) , obtained a L1 launch slot in 2022 with an Ariane 5 in the ESA 's Cosmic Vision science programme . The spacecraft will orbit Ganymede and conduct multiple flyby investigations of Callisto and Europa . A Voyager spaceprobe The Russian Space Research Institute is currently evaluating the Ganymede Lander ( GL ) mission , with emphasis on astrobiology . The Ganymede Lander would be a partner mission for JUpiter ICy moon Explorer ( JUICE ) . If selected , it would be launched in 2024 , though this schedule might be revised and aligned with JUICE . A Ganymede orbiter based on the Juno probe was proposed in 2010 for the Planetary Science Decadal Survey . Possible instruments include Medium Resolution Camera , Flux Gate Magnetometer , Visible / NIR Imaging Spectrometer , Laser Altimeter , Low and High Energy Plasma Packages , Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer , UV Imaging Spectrometer , Radio and Plasma Wave sensor , Narrow Angle Camera , and a Sub-Surface Radar . Another canceled proposal to orbit Ganymede was the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter . It was designed to use nuclear fission for power , ion engine propulsion , and would have studied Ganymede in greater detail than previously . However , the mission was canceled in 2005 because of budget cuts . Another old proposal was called The Grandeur of Ganymede . See also ( edit ) Solar System portal Astronomy portal Jupiter 's moons in fiction List of craters on Ganymede List of geological features on Ganymede List of natural satellites Lunar and Planetary Institute Cold trap ( astronomy ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Periapsis is derived from the semimajor axis ( a ) and eccentricity ( e ) : a ⋅ ( 1 − e ) ( \ displaystyle a \ cdot ( 1 - e ) ) . Jump up ^ Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis ( a ) and eccentricity ( e ) : a ⋅ ( 1 + e ) ( \ displaystyle a \ cdot ( 1 + e ) ) . Jump up ^ Surface area derived from the radius ( r ) : 4 π r 2 ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi r ^ ( 2 ) ) . Jump up ^ Volume derived from the radius ( r ) : 4 π r 3 / 3 ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi r ^ ( 3 ) / 3 ) . Jump up ^ Surface gravity derived from the mass ( m ) , the gravitational constant ( G ) and the radius ( r ) : G m / r 2 ( \ displaystyle Gm / r ^ ( 2 ) ) . Jump up ^ Escape velocity derived from the mass ( m ) , the gravitational constant ( G ) and the radius ( r ) : 2 G m / r ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ sqrt ( 2Gm / r ) ) ) . Jump up ^ A Laplace - like resonance is similar to the current Laplace resonance among the Galilean moons with the only difference being that longitudes of the Io -- Europa and Europa -- Ganymede conjunctions change with rates whose ratio is a non-unity rational number . If the ratio is unity , then the resonance is the Laplace resonance . Jump up ^ The leading hemisphere is the hemisphere facing the direction of orbital motion ; the trailing hemisphere faces the reverse direction . Jump up ^ The surface number density and pressure were calculated from the column densities reported in Hall , et al. 1998 , assuming a scale height of 20 km and temperature 120 K . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Galilei , Galileo ; translated by Edward Carlos ( March 1610 ) . Barker , Peter , ed . `` Sidereus Nuncius '' ( PDF ) . University of Oklahoma History of Science . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA : Ganymede '' . Solarsystem.nasa.gov. 2009 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planetary Satellite Mean Orbital Parameters '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology . ^ Jump up to : Showman , Adam P. ; Malhotra , Renu ( 1999 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The Galilean Satellites '' ( PDF ) . Science . 286 ( 5437 ) : 77 -- 84 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 286.5437. 77 . PMID 10506564 . ^ Jump up to : Bills , Bruce G. ( 2005 ) . `` Free and forced obliquities of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter '' . Icarus . 175 ( 1 ) : 233 -- 247 . Bibcode : 2005Icar ... 175 ... 233B . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2004.10. 028 . ^ Jump up to : Yeomans , Donald K. ( 2006 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters '' . JPL Solar System Dynamics . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Yeomans ; Chamberlin . `` Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Ganymede ( Major Body 503 ) '' . California Institute of Technology , Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . ( 4.38 on 1951 - Oct - 03 ) ^ Jump up to : Delitsky , Mona L. ; Lane , Arthur L. ( 1998 ) . `` Ice chemistry of Galilean satellites '' ( PDF ) . J. of Geophys . Res. 103 ( E13 ) : 31,391 -- 31,403 . Bibcode : 1998JGR ... 10331391D . doi : 10.1029 / 1998JE900020 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Orton , G.S. ; Spencer , G.R. ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` Galileo Photopolarimeter - radiometer observations of Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites '' . Science . 274 ( 5286 ) : 389 -- 391 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 274 ... 389O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 274.5286. 389 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , D.T. ; Feldman , P.D. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` The Far - Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 499 ( 1 ) : 475 -- 481 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 499 ... 475H . doi : 10.1086 / 305604 . Jump up ^ GAN - i - meed , or as Greek : Γανυμήδης Jump up ^ `` Ganymede Fact Sheet '' . www2.jpl.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jupiter 's Moons '' . The Planetary Society . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Suddenly , It Seems , Water Is Everywhere in Solar System '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` NASA 's Hubble Observations Suggest Underground Ocean on Jupiter 's Largest Moon '' . NASA News . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jupiter moon Ganymede could have ocean with more water than Earth -- NASA '' . Russia Today ( RT ) . 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Clavin , Whitney ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Ganymede May Harbor ' Club Sandwich ' of Oceans and Ice '' . NASA . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Vance , Steve ; Bouffard , Mathieu ; Choukroun , Mathieu ; Sotina , Christophe ( 12 April 2014 ) . `` Ganymede 's internal structure including thermodynamics of magnesium sulfate oceans in contact with ice '' . Planetary and Space Science . 96 : 62 -- 70 . Bibcode : 2014P&SS ... 96 ... 62V . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2014.03. 011 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Video ( 00 : 51 ) - Jupiter 's ' Club Sandwich ' Moon '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Kivelson , M.G. ; Khurana , K.K. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` The Permanent and Inductive Magnetic Moments of Ganymede '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 157 ( 2 ) : 507 -- 522 . Bibcode : 2002Icar ... 157 ... 507K . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2002.6834 . ^ Jump up to : Eviatar , Aharon ; Vasyliunas , Vytenis M. ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The ionosphere of Ganymede '' ( ps ) . Planet . Space Sci. 49 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 327 -- 336 . Bibcode : 2001P&SS ... 49 ... 327E . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 00 ) 00154 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Satellites of Jupiter '' . The Galileo Project . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pioneer 11 '' . Solar System Exploration . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 2 May 2012 ) . `` Esa selects 1bn - euro Juice probe to Jupiter '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , V.D. ( 1981 ) . `` Astronomical content of American Plains Indian winter counts '' . Bulletin of the Astronomical Society . 13 : 793 . Bibcode : 1981BAAS ... 13 ... 793C . Jump up ^ Brecher , K. ( 1981 ) . `` Ancient Astronomy in Modern China '' . Bulletin of the Astronomical Society . 13 : 793 . Bibcode : 1981BAAS ... 13 ... 793B . Jump up ^ Yi - Long , Huang ( 1997 ) . `` Gan De '' . In Helaine Selin . Encyclopaedia of the history of science , technology , and medicine in non-western cultures . Springer . p. 342 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 4066 - 3 . Jump up ^ Yinke Deng ( 3 March 2011 ) . Ancient Chinese Inventions . Cambridge University Press . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 18692 - 6 . Jump up ^ Xi , Ze - zong ( 1981 ) . `` The Discovery of Jupiter 's Satellite Made by Gan De 2000 Years Before Galileo '' . Acta Astrophysica Sinica. 1 ( 2 ) : 87 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery '' . Cascadia Community College . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Discovery of the Galilean Satellites '' . Views of the Solar System . Space Research Institute , Russian Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Ron ; Hartmann , William K. ( May 2005 ) . The Grand Tour : A Traveler 's Guide to the Solar System ( 3rd ed . ) . Thailand : Workman Publishing . pp. 108 -- 114 . ISBN 0 - 7611 - 3547 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Musotto , Susanna ; Varadi , Ferenc ; Moore , William ; Schubert , Gerald ( 2002 ) . `` Numerical Simulations of the Orbits of the Galilean Satellites '' . Icarus . 159 ( 2 ) : 500 -- 504 . Bibcode : 2002Icar ... 159 ... 500M . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2002.6939 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Cynthia ( 3 October 2002 ) . `` High Tide on Europa '' . SPACE.com . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Showman , Adam P. ; Malhotra , Renu ( 1997 ) . `` Tidal Evolution into the Laplace Resonance and the Resurfacing of Ganymede '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 127 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 111 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 127 ... 93S . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1996.5669 . Jump up ^ `` Jupiter 's Great Red Spot and Ganymede 's shadow '' . www.spacetelescope.org . ESA / Hubble . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peale , S.J. ; Lee , Man Hoi ( 2002 ) . `` A Primordial Origin of the Laplace Relation Among the Galilean Satellites '' . Science . 298 ( 5593 ) : 593 -- 597 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0210589 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 298 ... 593P . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1076557 . PMID 12386333 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ganymede '' . nineplanets.org. 31 October 1997 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Kuskov , O.L. ; Kronrod , V.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Internal structure of Europa and Callisto '' . Icarus . 177 ( 2 ) : 550 -- 569 . Bibcode : 2005Icar ... 177 ... 550K . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2005.04. 014 . ^ Jump up to : Spohn , T. ; Schubert , G. ( 2003 ) . `` Oceans in the icy Galilean satellites of Jupiter ? '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 161 ( 2 ) : 456 -- 467 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 161 ... 456S . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 02 ) 00048 - 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Calvin , Wendy M. ; Clark , Roger N. ; Brown , Robert H. ; Spencer , John R. ( 1995 ) . `` Spectra of the ice Galilean satellites from 0.2 to 5 μm : A compilation , new observations , and a recent summary '' . J. of Geophys . Res. 100 ( E9 ) : 19,041 -- 19,048 . Bibcode : 1995JGR ... 10019041C . doi : 10.1029 / 94JE03349 . Jump up ^ `` Ganymede : the Giant Moon '' . Wayne RESA . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : McCord , T.B. ; Hansen , G.V. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Non-water - ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilelean satellites from Galileo near - infrared mapping spectrometer investigation '' . J. Geophys . Res. 103 ( E4 ) : 8,603 -- 8,626 . Bibcode : 1998JGR ... 103.8603 M . doi : 10.1029 / 98JE00788 . ^ Jump up to : McCord , Thomas B. ; Hansen , Gary B. ; Hibbitts , Charles A. ( 2001 ) . `` Hydrated Salt Minerals on Ganymede 's Surface : Evidence of an Ocean Below '' . Science . 292 ( 5521 ) : 1523 -- 1525 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 292.1523 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1059916 . PMID 11375486 . Jump up ^ Domingue , Deborah ; Lane , Arthur ; Moth , Pimol ( 1996 ) . `` Evidence from IUE for Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Surface Composition of the Icy Galilean Satellites '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 28 : 1070 . Bibcode : 1996DPS ... 28.0404 D . Jump up ^ Domingue , Deborah L. ; Lane , Arthur L. ; Beyer , Ross A. ( 1998 ) . `` IEU 's detection of tenuous SO2 frost on Ganymede and its rapid time variability '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 25 ( 16 ) : 3,117 -- 3,120 . Bibcode : 1998GeoRL ... 25.3117 D . doi : 10.1029 / 98GL02386 . ^ Jump up to : Hibbitts , C.A. ; Pappalardo , R. ; Hansen , G.V. ; McCord , T.B. ( 2003 ) . `` Carbon dioxide on Ganymede '' . J. of Geophys . Res. 108 ( E5 ) : 5,036 . Bibcode : 2003JGRE ... 108.5036 H . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JE001956 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo has successful flyby of Ganymede during eclipse '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Wesley ; Head , James W. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` A Global Geologic Map of Ganymede '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Science . XXXVIII : 1098 . ^ Jump up to : Pappalardo , R.T. ; Khurana , K.K. ; Moore , W.B. ( 2001 ) . `` The Grandeur of Ganymede : Suggested Goals for an Orbiter Mission '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Science . XXXII : 4062 . Bibcode : 2001iaop. work ... 62P . Jump up ^ Showman , Adam P. ; Stevenson , David J. ; Malhotra , Renu ( 1997 ) . `` Coupled Orbital and Thermal Evolution of Ganymede '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 129 ( 2 ) : 367 -- 383 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 129 ... 367S . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1997.5778 . ^ Jump up to : Bland ; Showman , A.P. ; Tobie , G. ( March 2007 ) . `` Ganymede 's orbital and thermal evolution and its effect on magnetic field generation '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Society Conference . 38 : 2020 . Bibcode : 2007LPI ... 38.2020 B . Jump up ^ Barr , A.C. ; Pappalardo , R.T. ; Pappalardo , Stevenson ( 2001 ) . `` Rise of Deep Melt into Ganymede 's Ocean and Implications for Astrobiology '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . 32 : 1781 . Bibcode : 2001LPI ... 32.1781 B . Jump up ^ Huffmann , H. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Internal Structure and Tidal Heating of Ganymede '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Abstracts . European Geosciences Union . 6 . ^ Jump up to : Zahnle , K. ; Dones , L. ( 1998 ) . `` Cratering Rates on the Galilean Satellites '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 136 ( 2 ) : 202 -- 222 . Bibcode : 1998Icar ... 136 ... 202Z . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1998.6015 . PMID 11878353 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ganymede '' . Lunar and Planetary Institute . 1997 . Jump up ^ Casacchia , R. ; Strom , R.G. ( 1984 ) . `` Geologic evolution of Galileo Regio '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 89 : B419 -- B428 . Bibcode : 1984LPSC ... 14 ... 419C . doi : 10.1029 / JB089iS02p0B419 . ^ Jump up to : Khurana , Krishan K. ; Pappalardo , Robert T. ; Murphy , Nate ; Denk , Tilmann ( 2007 ) . `` The origin of Ganymede 's polar caps '' . Icarus . 191 ( 1 ) : 193 -- 202 . Bibcode : 2007Icar ... 191 ... 193K . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2007.04. 022 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Astrogeology : Rotation and pole position for planetary satellites ( IAU WGCCRE ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Planetary Names : Target Coordinate Systems '' . planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov . International Astronomical Union . ^ Jump up to : Sohl , F. ; Spohn , T ; Breuer , D. ; Nagel , K. ( 2002 ) . `` Implications from Galileo Observations on the Interior Structure and Chemistry of the Galilean Satellites '' . Icarus . 157 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 119 . Bibcode : 2002Icar ... 157 ... 104S . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2002.6828 . ^ Jump up to : Bhatia , G.K. ; Sahijpal , S. `` Thermal evolution of trans - Neptunian objects , icy satellites , and minor icy planets in the early solar system '' . Meteoritics & Planetary Science . ^ Jump up to : Kuskov , O.L. ; Kronrod , V.A. ; Zhidikova , A.P. ( 2005 ) . `` Internal Structure of Icy Satellites of Jupiter '' ( PDF ) . Geophysical Research Abstracts . European Geosciences Union . 7 : 01892 . Bibcode : 2010aogs ... 19 ... 365K . doi : 10.1142 / 9789812838162_0028 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Non-Newtonian stagnant lid convection and the thermal evolution of Ganymede and Callisto '' ( PDF ) . Planetary and Space Science . 54 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 14 . Bibcode : 2006P&SS ... 54 ... 2F . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2005.10. 003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Underground ocean on Jupiter 's largest moon '' . EarthSky . March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hubble observations suggest underground ocean on Jupiter 's largest moon Ganymede '' . NASA . PhysOrg. 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/03/150312112112.htm Jump up ^ Saur , Joachim ; Duling , Stefan ; Roth , Lorenz ; Jia , Xianzhe ; Strobel , Darrell F. ; Feldman , Paul D. ; Christensen , Ulrich R. ; Retherford , Kurt D. ; McGrath , Melissa A. ; Musacchio , Fabrizio ; Wennmacher , Alexandre ; Neubauer , Fritz M. ; Simon , Sven ; Hartkorn , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Search for a Subsurface Ocean in Ganymede with Hubble Space Telescope Observations of its Auroral Ovals '' . Journal of Geophysical Research : Space Physics. 120 : 1715 -- 1737 . Bibcode : 2015JGRA ... 120.1715 S . doi : 10.1002 / 2014JA020778 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Andrew ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Ganymede oceans on Jupiter 's moon could have been home to alien life '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hauck , Steven A. ; Aurnou , Jonathan M. ; Dombard , Andrew J. ( 2006 ) . `` Sulfur 's impact on core evolution and magnetic field generation on Ganymede '' ( PDF ) . J. Geophys . Res. 111 ( E9 ) : E09008 . Bibcode : 2006JGRE ... 11109008H . doi : 10.1029 / 2005JE002557 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , R.W. ; Bhattacharyya , J.C. ; et al. ( 1973 ) . `` Atmosphere of Ganymede from its occultation of SAO 186800 on 7 June 1972 '' . Science . 182 ( 4107 ) : 53 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1973Sci ... 182 ... 53C . doi : 10.1126 / science. 182.4107. 53 . PMID 17829812 . ^ Jump up to : Broadfoot , A.L. ; Sandel , B.R. ; et al. ( 1981 ) . `` Overview of the Voyager Ultraviolet Spectrometry Results through Jupiter Encounter '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 86 : 8259 -- 8284 . Bibcode : 1981JGR ... 86.8259 B . doi : 10.1029 / JA086iA10p08259 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hubble Finds Thin Oxygen Atmosphere on Ganymede '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . NASA . 1996 - 10 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Paul D. ; McGrath , Melissa A. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` HST / STIS Ultraviolet Imaging of Polar Aurora on Ganymede '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 535 ( 2 ) : 1085 -- 1090 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0003486 . Bibcode : 2000ApJ ... 535.1085 F . doi : 10.1086 / 308889 . Jump up ^ Johnson , R.E. ( 1997 ) . `` Polar `` Caps '' on Ganymede and Io Revisited `` . Icarus . 128 ( 2 ) : 469 -- 471 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 128 ... 469J . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1997.5746 . ^ Jump up to : Paranicas , C. ; Paterson , W.R. ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Energetic particles observations near Ganymede '' . J. of Geophys . Res. 104 ( A8 ) : 17,459 -- 17,469 . Bibcode : 1999JGR ... 10417459P . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JA900199 . Jump up ^ Noll , Keith S. ; Johnson , Robert E. ; et al. ( July 1996 ) . `` Detection of Ozone on Ganymede '' . Science . 273 ( 5273 ) : 341 -- 343 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 273 ... 341N . doi : 10.1126 / science. 273.5273. 341 . PMID 8662517 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Wendy M. ; Spencer , John R. ( December 1997 ) . `` Latitudinal Distribution of O on Ganymede : Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope '' . Icarus . 130 ( 2 ) : 505 -- 516 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 130 ... 505C . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1997.5842 . Jump up ^ Vidal , R.A. ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Oxygen on Ganymede : Laboratory Studies '' . Science . 276 ( 5320 ) : 1839 -- 1842 . Bibcode : 1997Sci ... 276.1839 V . doi : 10.1126 / science. 276.5320. 1839 . PMID 9188525 . Jump up ^ Brown , Michael E. ( 1997 ) . `` A Search for a Sodium Atmosphere around Ganymede '' . Icarus . 126 ( 1 ) : 236 -- 238 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 126 ... 236B . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1996.5675 . Jump up ^ Barth , C.A. ; Hord , C.W. ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Galileo ultraviolet spectrometer observations of atomic hydrogen in the atmosphere of Ganymede '' . Geophys . Res . Lett. 24 ( 17 ) : 2147 -- 2150 . Bibcode : 1997GeoRL ... 24.2147 B . doi : 10.1029 / 97GL01927 . ^ Jump up to : Kivelson , M.G. ; Khurana , K.K. ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` The magnetic field and magnetosphere of Ganymede '' ( PDF ) . Geophys . Res . Lett. 24 ( 17 ) : 2155 -- 2158 . Bibcode : 1997GeoRL ... 24.2155 K . doi : 10.1029 / 97GL02201 . ^ Jump up to : Kivelson , M.G. ; Warnecke , J. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Ganymede 's magnetosphere : magnetometer overview '' ( PDF ) . J. of Geophys . Res. 103 ( E9 ) : 19,963 -- 19,972 . Bibcode : 1998JGR ... 10319963K . doi : 10.1029 / 98JE00227 . ^ Jump up to : Volwerk , M. ; Kivelson , M.G. ; Khurana , K.K. ; McPherron , R.L. ( 1999 ) . `` Probing Ganymede 's magnetosphere with field line resonances '' ( PDF ) . J. of Geophys . Res. 104 ( A7 ) : 14,729 -- 14,738 . Bibcode : 1999JGR ... 10414729V . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JA900161 . Jump up ^ Hauck , Steven A. ; Dombard , A.J. ; Solomon , S.C. ; Aurnou , J.M. ( 2002 ) . `` Internal structure and mechanism of core convection on Ganymede '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Science . XXXIII : 1380 . Bibcode : 2002LPI ... 33.1380 H . ^ Jump up to : Canup , Robin M. ; Ward , William R. ( 2002 ) . `` Formation of the Galilean Satellites : Conditions of Accretion '' ( PDF ) . The Astronomical Journal . 124 ( 6 ) : 3404 -- 3423 . Bibcode : 2002AJ ... 124.3404 C . doi : 10.1086 / 344684 . ^ Jump up to : Mosqueira , Ignacio ; Estrada , Paul R ( 2003 ) . `` Formation of the regular satellites of giant planets in an extended gaseous nebula I : subnebula model and accretion of satellites '' . Icarus . 163 ( 1 ) : 198 -- 231 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 163 ... 198M . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 03 ) 00076 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : McKinnon , William B. ( 2006 ) . `` On convection in ice I shells of outer Solar System bodies , with detailed application to Callisto '' . Icarus . 183 ( 2 ) : 435 -- 450 . Bibcode : 2006Icar ... 183 ... 435M . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.03. 004 . Jump up ^ Showman , A.P. ; Malhotra , R. ( March 1997 ) . `` Tidal evolution into the Laplace resonance and the resurfacing of Ganymede '' . Icarus . Elsevier . 127 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 111 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 127 ... 93S . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1996.5669 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , E. ( 2010 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Comet impacts explain Ganymede - Callisto dichotomy '' . Astronomy Now . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers offer explanation for the differences between Ganymede and Callisto moons '' . Phys.Org. 2010 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Barr , A.C. ; Canup , R.M. ( March 2010 ) . Origin of the Ganymede / Callisto dichotomy by impacts during an outer solar system late heavy bombardment ( PDF ) . 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference ( 2010 ) . Houston . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Barr , A.C. ; Canup , R.M. ( 2010 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Origin of the Ganymede -- Callisto dichotomy by impacts during the late heavy bombardment '' . Nature Geoscience. 3 ( March 2010 ) : 164 -- 167 . Bibcode : 2010NatGe ... 3 ... 164B . doi : 10.1038 / NGEO746 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Nagel , K.A ; Breuer , D. ; Spohn , T. ( 2004 ) . `` A model for the interior structure , evolution , and differentiation of Callisto '' . Icarus . 169 ( 2 ) : 402 -- 412 . Bibcode : 2004Icar ... 169 ... 402N . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2003.12. 019 . Jump up ^ `` Exploration of Ganymede '' . Terraformers Society of Canada . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Results at the New Frontiers '' . SP - 349 / 396 Pioneer Odyssey . NASA . August 1974 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer 10 Full Mission Timeline '' . D Muller . Jump up ^ `` Voyager 1 and 2 '' . ThinkQuest . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Voyager Planetary Mission '' . Views of the Solar System . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New Discoveries From Galileo '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Pluto - Bound New Horizons Spacecraft Gets A Boost From Jupiter '' . Space Daily . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Grundy , W.M. ; Buratti , B.J. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` New Horizons Mapping of Europa and Ganymede '' . Science . 318 ( 5848 ) : 234 -- 237 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 318 ... 234G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1147623 . PMID 17932288 . Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Jupiter in space agencies ' sights '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmic Vision 2015 -- 2025 Proposals '' . ESA. 2007 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ESA - Selection of the L1 mission '' ( PDF ) . ESA. 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dougherty ; Grasset ( 2011 ) . Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer ( PDF ) . Parent page : OPAG October 2011 Presentations ^ Jump up to : `` International Colloquium and Workshop - `` Ganymede Lander : scientific goals and experiments '' `` . Russia Space Research Institute ( IKI ) . Roscosmos . November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 20 November 2012 ) . `` Russia and Europe joint Mars bid agreement approved '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` Planetary Science Decadal Survey Mission & Technology Studies '' . Space Studies Board . `` Ganymede Orbiter '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter ( JIMO ) '' . The Internet Encyclopedia of Science . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Peplow , M. ( 2005 - 02 - 08 ) . `` NASA budget kills Hubble telescope '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / news050207 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ganymede ( moon ) . Ganymede Profile at NASA 's Solar System Exploration site Ganymede page at The Nine Planets Ganymede page at Views of the Solar System Ganymede Crater Database from the Lunar and Planetary Institute Images of Ganymede at JPL 's Planetary Photojournal Movie of Ganymede 's rotation from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ganymede map from Scientific American article Ganymede map with feature names from Planetary Photojournal Ganymede nomenclature and Ganymede map with feature names from the USGS planetary nomenclature page Paul Schenk 's 3D images and flyover videos of Ganymede and other outer solar system satellites `` Terraforming Ganymede with Robert A. Heinlein '' ( part 1 ) , article by Gregory Benford , 2011 Part 2 Ganymede Orbiter Concept Global Geologic Map of Ganymede ( USGS ) Google Ganymede 3D , interactive map of the moon Ganymede Geology Lists List of geological features on Ganymede List of quadrangles on Ganymede List of craters on Ganymede Impact craters Achelous El Gula Khensu Kittu Neith Nergal Regions Galileo Regio Sulci Uruk Sulcus Faculae Memphis Facula Catenae Enki Catena Exploration Past Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Galileo Cassini -- Huygens New Horizons Planned Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Proposed Laplace - P Cancelled Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter Other Ganymede in fiction Life Moons of Jupiter Listed in approximately increasing distance from Jupiter . Provisional designations in italics . Inner moons Metis Adrastea Amalthea Thebe Galilean moons Io Europa Ganymede Callisto Themisto group Themisto Himalia group Leda Himalia Lysithea Elara Dia Carpo group Carpo S / 2003 J 12 S / 2011 J 1 Ananke group Core Euanthe Iocaste Praxidike Harpalyke Thyone Ananke Peripheral Jupiter LX ( ? ) Jupiter LII Thelxinoe S / 2003 J 16 Mneme Hermippe Carme group Herse Kale Aitne Taygete S / 2003 J 19 ( ? ) Chaldene Erinome Kallichore Kalyke Carme Pasithee Jupiter LI Eukelade Arche Isonoe S / 2003 J 9 ( ? ) Jupiter LVII Pasiphae group Euporie Jupiter LV Helike Orthosie Jupiter LIV Jupiter LVIII S / 2003 J 10 ( ? ) S / 2003 J 23 ( ? ) Aoede Callirrhoe Eurydome Kore Cyllene Jupiter LVI Jupiter LIX S / 2003 J 4 ( ? ) Pasiphae Hegemone Sinope Sponde Autonoe Megaclite S / 2003 J 2 Rings of Jupiter In fiction Natural satellites of the Solar System Planetary satellites Terrestrial Martian Jovian Saturnian Uranian Neptunian Other satellites Minor - planet moons Plutonian Haumean Eridian Makemakean Largest satellites ( mean radius ≥ 100 km ) size Ganymede largest / 2634 km / 0.413 Earths Titan Callisto Io Moon Europa Triton Titania Rhea Oberon Iapetus Charon Umbriel Ariel Dione Tethys ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Miranda Proteus Mimas ( Hi'iaka ) Nereid Hyperion Phoebe smallest / 106 km / 0.017 Earths abc 's Ariel Callisto Charon Dione ( Dysnomia ) Enceladus Europa Ganymede ( Hi'iaka ) Hyperion Iapetus Io Mimas Miranda Moon Nereid Oberon Phoebe Proteus Rhea Tethys Titan Titania Triton Umbriel Discovery timeline Inner moons Irregular moons List Naming Regular moons Trojan moons NOTE : Italicized moons are not close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium ; ( bracketed ) moons may or may not be close to being in hydrostatic equilibrium . Jupiter Outline of Jupiter Geography Atmosphere Great Red Spot Magnetosphere Rings Moons Inner moons Adrastea Amalthea Metis Thebe Galilean moons Callisto Europa Ganymede Io Irregular moons Ananke group Carme group Himalia group Pasiphae group Ungrouped moons Carpo Themisto S / 2003 J 2 S / 2003 J 12 S / 2011 J 1 Astronomy General Jupiter - crossing minor planets Solar eclipses Trojans Greek camp Trojan camp Impact events Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 2009 Jupiter impact event 2010 Jupiter impact event Exploration and orbiting missions Current Juno Past Cassini Galileo New Horizons Pioneer program Pioneer 10 Pioneer 11 Ulysses Voyager program Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Future Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ( 2022 ) Europa Clipper ( 2025 ) Proposed Io Volcano Observer ( 2021 ) Laplace - P ( 2023 ) Smara ( 2030 ) Related Fiction Jovian Jupiter Moons Mythology Book Portal Atmospheres Star Sun Exoplanet HD 209458 b Kepler - 7b Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planet Ceres Pluto Makemake Satellite Callisto Dione Enceladus Europa Ganymede Io Moon Rhea Titan Triton See also Coma ( cometary ) Extraterrestrial atmosphere Stellar atmosphere VIAF : 245764377 LCCN : sh98004857 GND : 4276692 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganymede_(moon)&oldid=815064190 '' Categories : Ganymede ( moon ) Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Коми Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La . lojban . Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 15 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the largest moon in the solar system is ganymede a moon of jupiter	[]	[]
-3691592352294919092	Rutherford model	Rutherford model - wikipedia Rutherford model Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Basic diagram of the atomic nuclear model : electrons in green and nucleus in red Play media 3D animation of an atom incorporating the Rutherford model The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford . Rutherford directed the famous Geiger -- Marsden experiment in 1909 which suggested , upon Rutherford 's 1911 analysis , that J.J. Thomson 's plum pudding model of the atom was incorrect . Rutherford 's new model for the atom , based on the experimental results , contained the new features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and with this central volume also containing the bulk of the atomic mass of the atom . This region would be known as the `` nucleus '' of the atom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Experimental basis for the model 2 Contribution to modern science 3 Symbolism 4 References 5 External links Experimental basis for the model ( edit ) Rutherford overturned Thomson 's model in 1911 with his well - known gold foil experiment in which he demonstrated that the atom has a tiny and heavy nucleus . Rutherford designed an experiment to use the alpha particles emitted by a radioactive element as probes to the unseen world of atomic structure . If Thomson was correct , the beam would go straight through the gold foil . Most of the beams went through the foil , but a few were reflected . Rutherford presented his own physical model for subatomic structure , as an interpretation for the unexpected experimental results . In it , the atom is made up of a central charge ( this is the modern atomic nucleus , though Rutherford did not use the term `` nucleus '' in his paper ) surrounded by a cloud of ( presumably ) orbiting electrons . In this May 1911 paper , Rutherford only committed himself to a small central region of very high positive or negative charge in the atom . For concreteness , consider the passage of a high speed α particle through an atom having a positive central charge N e , and surrounded by a compensating charge of N electrons . From purely energetic considerations of how far particles of known speed would be able to penetrate toward a central charge of 100 e , Rutherford was able to calculate that the radius of his gold central charge would need to be less ( how much less could not be told ) than 3.4 × 10 meters . This was in a gold atom known to be 10 meters or so in radius -- a very surprising finding , as it implied a strong central charge less than 1 / 3000th of the diameter of the atom . The Rutherford model served to concentrate a great deal of the atom 's charge and mass to a very small core , but did n't attribute any structure to the remaining electrons and remaining atomic mass . It did mention the atomic model of Hantaro Nagaoka , in which the electrons are arranged in one or more rings , with the specific metaphorical structure of the stable rings of Saturn . The plum pudding model of J.J. Thomson also had rings of orbiting electrons . Jean Baptiste Perrin claimed in his Nobel lecture that he was the first one to suggest the model in his paper dated 1901 . The Rutherford paper suggested that the central charge of an atom might be `` proportional '' to its atomic mass in hydrogen mass units u ( roughly 1 / 2 of it , in Rutherford 's model ) . For gold , this mass number is 197 ( not then known to great accuracy ) and was therefore modeled by Rutherford to be possibly 196 u . However , Rutherford did not attempt to make the direct connection of central charge to atomic number , since gold 's `` atomic number '' ( at that time merely its place number in the periodic table ) was 79 , and Rutherford had modeled the charge to be about + 100 units ( he had actually suggested 98 units of positive charge , to make half of 196 ) . Thus , Rutherford did not formally suggest the two numbers ( periodic table place , 79 , and nuclear charge , 98 or 100 ) might be exactly the same . A month after Rutherford 's paper appeared , the proposal regarding the exact identity of atomic number and nuclear charge was made by Antonius van den Broek , and later confirmed experimentally within two years , by Henry Moseley . These are the key indicators - The atom 's electron cloud does not influence alpha particle scattering . Much of an atom 's positive charge is concentrated in a relatively tiny volume at the center of the atom , known today as the nucleus . The magnitude of this charge is proportional to ( up to a charge number that can be approximately half of ) the atom 's atomic mass -- the remaining mass is now known to be mostly attributed to neutrons . This concentrated central mass and charge is responsible for deflecting both alpha and beta particles . The mass of heavy atoms such as gold is mostly concentrated in the central charge region , since calculations show it is not deflected or moved by the high speed alpha particles , which have very high momentum in comparison to electrons , but not with regard to a heavy atom as a whole . The atom itself is about 100,000 ( 10 ) times the diameter of the nucleus . This could be related to putting a grain of sand in the middle of a football field . Contribution to modern science ( edit ) After Rutherford 's discovery , scientists started to realize that the atom is not ultimately a single particle , but is made up of far smaller subatomic particles . Subsequent research determined the exact atomic structure which led to Rutherford 's gold foil experiment . Scientists eventually discovered that atoms have a positively charged nucleus ( with an exact atomic number of charges ) in the center , with a radius of about 1.2 × 10 meters × ( Atomic Mass Number ) . Electrons were found to be even smaller . Later , scientists found the expected number of electrons ( the same as the atomic number ) in an atom by using X-rays . When an X-ray passes through an atom , some of it is scattered while the rest passes through the atom . Since the X-ray loses its intensity primarily due to scattering at electrons , by noting the rate of decrease in X-ray intensity , the number of electrons contained in an atom can be accurately estimated . Symbolism ( edit ) See also Bohr model , which applies just as well to the section below . Generic atomic planetary model . Shield of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Rutherford 's model deferred to the idea of many electrons in rings , per Nagaoka . However , once Niels Bohr modified this view into a picture of just a few planet - like electrons for light atoms , the Rutherford - Bohr model caught the imagination of the public . It has since continually been used as a symbol for atoms and even for `` atomic '' energy ( even though this is more properly considered nuclear energy ) . Examples of its use over the past century include but are not limited to : The logo of the United States Atomic Energy Commission , which was in part responsible for its later usage in relation to nuclear fission technology in particular . The flag of the International Atomic Energy Agency is a Rutherford atom , enclosed in olive branches . The US minor league baseball Albuquerque Isotopes ' logo is a Rutherford atom , with the electron orbits forming an A . A similar symbol , the Atomic whirl , was chosen as the symbol for the American Atheists , and has come to be used as a symbol of atheism in general . The Unicode Miscellaneous Symbols codepoint U + 269B ( ⚛ ) uses a Rutherford atom . On maps , it is generally used to indicate a nuclear power installation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Akhlesh Lakhtakia ( Ed . ) ; Salpeter , Edwin Ε. ( 1996 ) . `` Models and Modelers of Hydrogen '' . American Journal of Physics . World Scientific . 65 ( 9 ) : 933 . Bibcode : 1997AmJPh ... 65 ... 933L . doi : 10.1119 / 1.18691 . ISBN 981 - 02 - 2302 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ E. Rutherford , `` The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom '' , Philosophical Magazine . Series 6 , vol. 21 . May 1911 Jump up ^ 1926 Lecture for Nobel Prize in Physics Jump up ^ Nicholas Giordano ( 1 January 2012 ) . College Physics : Reasoning and Relationships . Cengage Learning . pp. 1051 -- . ISBN 1 - 285 - 22534 - 1 . Jump up ^ Constan , Zach ( 2010 ) . `` Learning Nuclear Science with Marbles '' . The Physics Teacher. 48 ( 2 ) : 114 . Bibcode : 2010PhTea ... 48 ... 114C . doi : 10.1119 / 1.3293660 . External links ( edit ) Rutherford 's Model by Raymond College Rutherford 's Model by Kyushu University ( hide ) Atomic models Single atoms Dalton model ( Billiard ball model ) Thomson model ( Plum pudding model ) Lewis model ( Cubical atom model ) Nagaoka model ( Saturnian model ) Rutherford model ( Planetary model ) Bohr model ( Rutherford -- Bohr model ) Bohr -- Sommerfeld model ( Refined Bohr model ) Gryziński model ( Free - fall model ) Schrodinger model ( Electron cloud model ) Dirac - Gordon model ( Relativistic atomic model ) Atoms in solids Drude model Free electron model Nearly free electron model Band structure Density functional theory Atoms in fluids Newtonian fluids Liquid helium Noble gas Van der Waals gas Nascent hydrogen Scientists Felix Bloch Niels Bohr John Dalton Paul Dirac Paul Drude Walter Gordon Michał Gryziński Irving Langmuir Gilbert N. Lewis Hantaro Nagaoka Isaac Newton Ernest Rutherford Erwin Schrödinger Arnold Sommerfeld J.J. Thomson Johannes Diderik van der Waals Book : Atomic models Category : Atoms Portal : Physics / Chemistry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_model&oldid=820797702 '' Categories : Foundational quantum physics History of physics Ernest Rutherford 1911 in science Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 17 : 42 . About Wikipedia	who is credited with the first idea of a nuclear atom	[ "The Rutherford model is a model of the atom devised by Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford directed the famous Geiger–Marsden experiment in 1909 which suggested, upon Rutherford's 1911 analysis, that J. J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom was incorrect. Rutherford's new model[1] for the atom, based on the experimental results, contained the new features of a relatively high central charge concentrated into a very small volume in comparison to the rest of the atom and with this central volume also containing the bulk of the atomic mass of the atom. This region would be known as the \"nucleus\" of the atom." ]	[ "Ernest Rutherford" ]
-8844387788586266680	Sklar Brothers	Sklar brothers - wikipedia Sklar brothers This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Randy and Jason Sklar Randy Sklar ( left ) and Jason Sklar ( right ) at the Streamy Awards 2010 ( 1972 - 01 - 12 ) January 12 , 1972 ( age 46 ) St. Louis , Missouri Other names Sklar Brothers Alma mater University of Michigan Occupation Actors , comedians Notable work The Oblongs , Apt 2F , Cheap Seats , Back on Topps , Held Up , Sklarbro Country , Sklarbro County ( midweek podcast of Sklarbro Country ) , Mighty Med , You 're Doing It Wrong , Finding the Funny Spouse ( s ) Amy Sklar ( Randy ) Jessica Zucker ( Jason ) Children 2 each Parent ( s ) Richard ( 1942 - 2009 ) and Annette Awards Streamy Awards Website Official website Farrell Randal `` Randy '' Sklar and Jason Nathan Sklar ( born January 12 , 1972 ) , professionally known as the Sklar Brothers , are American identical twin comedians and actors . They formerly hosted the show Cheap Seats on ESPN Classic , which came to an end on November 19 , 2006 , after four seasons . Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 Cheap Seats 1.2 Web series 1.3 SportsCenter 1.4 United Stats of America 1.5 Sklarbro Country 1.6 Rome on Showtime 1.7 Better Call Saul 2 Stand - up specials 3 Discography 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Randy and Jason grew up in suburban St. Louis . They went to the University of Michigan , where they joined the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity . While enrolled , they decided to pursue a career in comedy . In 1994 , they moved to New York where they developed their comedy style at stand - up comedy clubs . In the summer of 1997 , Jason and Randy starred in and wrote for MTV 's sitcom / sketch / standup program Apt 2F . It was their first television work . The show lasted one season . The Sklar brothers have also appeared in television shows such as CSI , Comedy Bang ! Bang ! , Mighty Med , Childrens Hospital , Law & Order , Becker , Providence , The Oblongs ( as conjoined twin brothers Biff and Chip Oblong ) , Entourage , Grey 's Anatomy ( as conjoined twin brothers Peter and Jake Weitzman ) , Curb Your Enthusiasm ( Jason only ) , and It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( as dance marathon DJs on the episode `` The Gang Dances Their Asses Off '' ) . They recently appeared on season 3 of Better Call Saul as the owners of a music shop called ABQ In Tune . The Sklars have appeared in the films My Baby 's Daddy , Bubble Boy , Wild Hogs , and The Comebacks . The brothers were pit reporters on Comedy Central 's Battlebots . Randy appeared on an episode of Take Home Chef , where his wife and chef Curtis Stone surprised him with a gourmet dinner of Beef Wellington . They have appeared numerous times on Chelsea Lately . They have appeared on Comedy Central 's @ midnight . They produced and starred in a special that ran on ESPN 2 called Utilityman : The Quest for Cooperstown a lighthearted yet somewhat serious attempt to get seminal utility baseball player for the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1980s José Oquendo into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown . Randy has appeared numerous times on the Forum on Jim Rome is Burning on ESPN and Rome on CBS Sports . They appear monthly on Rome on Showtime in a segment called Sklarred for Life . They appeared in the 2008 Microsoft film VoIP As You Are : The Legend of Dan Wilson . They regularly fill in as guest hosts for Jim Rome on his National and North American syndicated radio show formerly on Premiere Radio , currently on CBS Radio . They participated regularly on NPR 's southern California affiliate KPCC 's The Madeleine Brand Show as sports correspondents . They produced two Sports Pilots called Sklar Talk for NPR 's KPCC that both aired in 2011 . The Sklars are also frequent guests on the podcasts Never Not Funny and World Football Daily . They have also appeared on AST Radio , Jordan , Jesse GO ! and Battleship Pretension , WTF with Marc Maron , You Made It Weird , and Professor Blastoff . They were featured in the Troma production Citizen Toxie : The Toxic Avenger IV as Jason Gonzales and Randy Diaz , a pair of Tromaville Anchormen . Randy and Jason are featured in an ad campaign by running shoe and apparel company Brooks . In August 2010 , they made a cameo appearance in the web comedy The Legend of Neil in season 3 episode 3 , depicting two football - loving ' Armos ' statues . In 2012 , the twins began to appear in what would become a series of commercials for Time Warner Cable . In February 2014 , the brothers recorded their first one - hour stand - up special at the Majestic Theater in Madison , Wisconsin . The special then premiered on Netflix on April 25 , 2014 and the CD / DVD dropped on iTunes on Tuesday April 29 , 2014 . The brothers uniquely framed their special as if it were an NFL playoff game with Rich Eisen leading a roundtable discussion of the brothers ' comedy on an NFL Network set , along with future Hall of Fame Defensive Lineman Dwight Freeney , NY Giant Defensive Back Terrell Thomas , and actor and former Georgia Bulldog football player Omar Dorsey . In addition the ubiquitous sideline reporter Bonnie Bernstein makes a cameo , interviewing the brothers pre - and post-show . The stand up special features a pre-game breakdown by this crew , a halftime report , and a post game wrap up . The stand up special titled What Are We Talking About will be available on Netflix instant streaming for three years after the April 25 , 2014 premiere . Randy Sklar is married to Amy Sklar , an interior designer who was featured on HGTVs Design Star and they have two daughters . Jason is married to Dr. Jessica Zucker , a fertility therapist who created her own line of critically acclaimed pregnancy loss cards . They have a son and a daughter . While on a special Mother 's Day themed episode of @ midnight with their mother , Annette , she was asked to pick her favorite son ; she picked Randy without any hesitation . Cheap Seats ( edit ) Main article : Cheap Seats ( TV series ) Starting in 2004 , Randy and Jason appeared on Cheap Seats , on which they played fictitious ESPN research assistants who end up hosting a comedy show as they comment on odd and notable sporting events from ESPN 's extensive library . Cheap Seats borrowed its format from Mystery Science Theater 3000 . The cast of MST3K apparently were pleased with the show and afforded it a high honor - they appeared in the second season opener in their normal silhouette format , making fun of the Sklars ' host show bits . So far it is the only time Michael J. Nelson , Bill Corbett and Kevin Murphy have appeared as their MST3K characters Mike Nelson , Crow T. Robot and Tom Servo , respectively , since MST3K was cancelled . Web series ( edit ) The brothers co-wrote with Nick Kroll the web series Layers , directed by Michael Blieden , on which they played twin publicists Larry and Terry Bridge . Their web series Back on Topps was produced by Vuguru , the online production company of Michael Eisner . It won two Streamy Awards . In 2010 , the online network Crackle released Held Up , an original series written by the brothers and starring Kaitlin Olson of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . Held Up tells the story of a bored bank teller 's life - changing experience when two teams of bumbling bank robbers hold up his branch . They also started hosting a weekly Earwolf podcast series called Sklarbro Country in 2010 . SportsCenter ( edit ) The brothers wrote and appeared on ESPN 's SportsCenter in a comedic segment called `` The Bracket '' . Randy and Jason occasionally fill in for Jim Rome on The Jim Rome Show on radio . Randy occasionally appeared as a `` Forum '' guest on ESPN 's Jim Rome Is Burning . Currently , the duo make appearances on the Showtime show Rome also hosted by Jim Rome . United Stats of America ( edit ) In 2012 , the Sklar brothers hosted a television show on History titled United Stats of America . A `` by the numbers '' series , it featured interesting statistics about the U.S. , mixed with experiments , stunts , and the Sklars ' unique brand of humor . After one season , the show is currently on indefinite hiatus . United Stats of America episodes are now available for viewing on Apple TV . Sklarbro Country ( edit ) Since August 2010 the Sklar Brothers have hosted a popular weekly podcast called Sklarbro Country on the Earwolf network . They have described the podcast as the intersection of sports , comedy , and indie rock , and the show has had guests ranging from Jon Hamm to Terrell Owens to Diablo Cody . Memorable episodes featured Richard Simmons , Patton Oswalt , the end of the year Character Specials , Hamm , Rich Eisen , and Adam Carolla . Sklarbro Country was nominated for best podcast in the televised 2012 Comedy Central Comedy Awards . In the summer of 2012 , the Sklar Brothers added Sklarbro County to their weekly output of the podcast . Described as a shorter midweek snack of an episode , the show is co-hosted by up and coming character comedic actor Dan Van Kirk . Dan finds crazy stories of people doing stupid or silly things and Randy , Jason , and Dan and a guest all riff as if it were a writers ' room . Randy has described the show this way : `` If a 30 - person brawl breaks out at a Chuck E. Cheese in Tampa , FL at a 5 - year - old 's birthday party and the fight spills over into a Burlington Coat Factory parking lot , ending in someone defecating in an ex-boyfriend's hatchback ... we 'll be there to make fun of it . '' Sklarbro County is available weekly on Tuesdays , also on the Earwolf Network . Rome on Showtime ( edit ) The brothers have become a regular staple of Jim Rome 's monthly show , Rome on Showtime with a popular segment , titled `` Sklarred for Life '' , where Jim Rome tees up the 6 - 8 craziest stories of the last month that happened in the world of sports , video clips , photos , arrests , and the brothers mercilessly skewer the subjects of those stories in a fast paced joke - ladened segment . Better Call Saul ( edit ) Recently the Sklar brothers also made a cameo appearance on AMC 's Better Call Saul as the owners of music shop who are purchasing airtime from the now - suspended lawyer Jimmy McGill ( otherwise known as Saul Goodman of Breaking Bad fame ) . Stand - up specials ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Sklar Brothers '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The brothers have done three stand up specials in their career . The first two stand - up specials were Comedy Central Presents half - hour stand - up specials that aired on Comedy Central in 2001 and in 2009 . In April 2014 , the brothers premiered What Are We Talking About , their first 1 - hour stand up special on Netflix . The material was a culmination of material from the past couple of years , the 2011 album Hendersons and Daughters , and material written as close to 2 weeks before the special was recorded in Madison , Wisconsin at the Majestic Theater . In the Netflix special , the brothers employ a unique framing device where they treat their stand up special as if it were an NFL playoff game that gets broken down by NFL Network Anchor , Rich Eisen and current NFL players , Dwight Freeney and Terrell Thomas , along with actor , Omar Dorsey ( who played football for the University of Georgia ) . Sideline reporter for the NFL , Bonnie Bernstein makes a cameo , interviewing the brothers pre - and post-show as well , lending a level of authenticity to the running sketch . Discography ( edit ) Poppin ' the Hood ! ( 2004 ) Sklar Maps ( 2007 ) Hendersons and Daughters ( 2011 ) What Are We Talking About ( 2014 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Notable Alumni Alpha Epsilon Pi . Aepi.org . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` United Stats of America : New series May 8 on History '' . TV By The Numbers. 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Sklarbo Country '' . Earwolf . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/jimmy-cant-catch-break-better-call-saul-sets-seaso-255696 Jump up ^ http://uproxx.com/sepinwall/better-call-saul-expenses-recap-review/ Jump up ^ Sklar Maps ( Explicit ) : The Sklar Brothers : MP3 Downloads . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Hendersons and Daughters : Music . Amazon.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Sklar Brothers at whosay.com Jason Sklar on IMDb Randy Sklar on IMDb Official Sklarbro Country site Interview with the Sklars from 2007 on public radio program The Sound of Young America MusicBrainz : 70607436 - ebf0 - 4a83 - af43 - 650308b3502f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sklar_Brothers&oldid=800179217 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people American male comedians Jewish American male actors Jewish male comedians American male film actors American male television actors Identical twins Male actors from St. Louis University of Michigan alumni American podcasters Twin people from the United States Comedians from Missouri American comedy duos American stand - up comedians 21st - century American comedians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links BLP articles lacking sources from June 2014 All BLP articles lacking sources Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 BLP articles lacking sources from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 23 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the twins in better call saul	[ "The Sklar brothers have also appeared in television shows such as CSI, Comedy Bang! Bang!, Mighty Med, Childrens Hospital, Law & Order, Becker, Providence, The Oblongs (as conjoined twin brothers Biff and Chip Oblong), Entourage, Grey's Anatomy (as conjoined twin brothers Peter and Jake Weitzman), Curb Your Enthusiasm (Jason only), and It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (as dance marathon DJs on the episode \"The Gang Dances Their Asses Off\"). They recently appeared on season 3 of Better Call Saul as the owners of a music shop called ABQ In Tune. The Sklars have appeared in the films My Baby's Daddy, Bubble Boy, Wild Hogs, and The Comebacks.\n" ]	[ "The Sklar brothers" ]
3522938641372574224	Sound film	Sound film - Wikipedia Sound film `` Talking pictures '' redirects here . For the British television channel , see Talking Pictures TV . 1908 poster advertising Gaumont 's sound films . The Chronomégaphone , designed for large halls , employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound . A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound , or sound technologically coupled to image , as opposed to a silent film . The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900 , but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical . Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound - on - disc systems , and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate . Innovations in sound - on - film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology , which took place in 1923 . The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid - to late 1920s . At first , the sound films which included synchronized dialogue , known as `` talking pictures '' , or `` talkies '' , were exclusively shorts . The earliest feature - length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects . The first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer , released in October 1927 . A major hit , it was made with Vitaphone , which was at the time the leading brand of sound - on - disc technology . Sound - on - film , however , would soon become the standard for talking pictures . By the early 1930s , the talkies were a global phenomenon . In the United States , they helped secure Hollywood 's position as one of the world 's most powerful cultural / commercial centers of influence ( see Cinema of the United States ) . In Europe ( and , to a lesser degree , elsewhere ) , the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics , who worried that a focus on dialogue would subvert the unique aesthetic virtues of soundless cinema . In Japan , where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance , talking pictures were slow to take root . In India , sound was the transformative element that led to the rapid expansion of the nation 's film industry . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early steps 2 Crucial innovations 2.1 Advanced sound - on - film 2.2 Advanced sound - on - disc 2.3 Fidelity electronic recording and amplification 3 Triumph of the `` talkies '' 3.1 Transition : Europe 3.2 Transition : Asia 4 Consequences 4.1 Technology 4.2 Labor 4.3 Commerce 4.4 Aesthetic quality 4.5 Cinematic form 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links 8.1 Historical writings 8.2 Historical films History ( edit ) Early steps ( edit ) Further information : Kinetoscope Image from The Dickson Experimental Sound Film ( 1894 or 1895 ) , produced by W.K.L. Dickson as a test of the early version of the Edison Kinetophone , combining the Kinetoscope and phonograph . The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself . On February 27 , 1888 , a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison , the two inventors privately met . Muybridge later claimed that on this occasion , six years before the first commercial motion picture exhibition , he proposed a scheme for sound cinema that would combine his image - casting zoopraxiscope with Edison 's recorded - sound technology . No agreement was reached , but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope , essentially a `` peep - show '' system , as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph . The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895 , but individual , cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection . In 1899 , a projected sound - film system known as Cinemacrophonograph or Phonorama , based primarily on the work of Swiss - born inventor François Dussaud , was exhibited in Paris ; similar to the Kinetophone , the system required individual use of earphones . An improved cylinder - based system , Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre , was developed by Clément - Maurice Gratioulet and Henri Lioret of France , allowing short films of theater , opera , and ballet excerpts to be presented at the Paris Exposition in 1900 . These appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound . Phonorama and yet another sound - film system -- Théâtroscope -- were also presented at the Exposition . Three major problems persisted , leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation . The primary issue was synchronization : pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices , which were difficult to start and maintain in tandem . Sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve . While motion picture projectors soon allowed film to be shown to large theater audiences , audio technology before the development of electric amplification could not project satisfactorily to fill large spaces . Finally , there was the challenge of recording fidelity . The primitive systems of the era produced sound of very low quality unless the performers were stationed directly in front of the cumbersome recording devices ( acoustical horns , for the most part ) , imposing severe limits on the sort of films that could be created with live - recorded sound . Poster featuring Sarah Bernhardt and giving the names of eighteen other `` famous artists '' shown in `` living visions '' at the 1900 Paris Exposition using the Gratioulet - Lioret system . Cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways . An increasing number of motion picture systems relied on gramophone records -- known as sound - on - disc technology ; the records themselves were often referred to as `` Berliner discs '' , after one of the primary inventors in the field , German - American Emile Berliner . In 1902 , Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound - on - disc Chronophone , involving an electrical connection he had recently patented , to the French Photographic Society . Four years later , Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone , a compressed - air amplification system based on the Auxetophone , developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons . Despite high expectations , Gaumont 's sound innovations had only limited commercial success -- though improvements , they still did not satisfactorily address the three basic issues with sound film and were expensive as well . For some years , American inventor E.E. Norton 's Cameraphone was the primary competitor to the Gaumont system ( sources differ on whether the Cameraphone was disc - or cylinder - based ) ; it ultimately failed for many of the same reasons that held back the Chronophone . In 1913 , Edison introduced a new cylinder - based synch - sound apparatus known , just like his 1895 system , as the Kinetophone ; instead of films being shown to individual viewers in the Kinetoscope cabinet , they were now projected onto a screen . The phonograph was connected by an intricate arrangement of pulleys to the film projector , allowing -- under ideal conditions -- for synchronization . However , conditions were rarely ideal , and the new , improved Kinetophone was retired after little more than a year . By the mid-1910s , the groundswell in commercial sound motion picture exhibition had subsided . Beginning in 1914 , The Photo - Drama of Creation , promoting Jehovah 's Witnesses ' conception of mankind 's genesis , was screened around the United States : eight hours worth of projected visuals involving both slides and live action were synchronized with separately recorded lectures and musical performances played back on phonograph . Meanwhile , innovations continued on another significant front . In 1900 , as part of the research he was conducting on the photophone , the German physicist Ernst Ruhmer recorded the fluctuations of the transmitting arc - light as varying shades of light and dark bands onto a continuous roll of photographic film . He then determined that he could reverse the process and reproduce the recorded sound from this photographic strip by shining a bright light through the running filmstrip , with the resulting varying light illuminating a selenium cell . The changes in brightness caused a corresponding change to the selenium 's resistance to electrical currents , which was used to modulate the sound produced in a telephone receiver . He called this invention the photographophone , which he summarized as : `` It is truly a wonderful process : sound becomes electricity , becomes light , causes chemical actions , becomes light and electricity again , and finally sound . '' Ruhmer began a correspondence with the French - born , London - based Eugene Lauste , who had worked at Edison 's lab between 1886 and 1892 . In 1907 , Lauste was awarded the first patent for sound - on - film technology , involving the transformation of sound into light waves that are photographically recorded direct onto celluloid . As described by historian Scott Eyman , It was a double system , that is , the sound was on a different piece of film from the picture ... In essence , the sound was captured by a microphone and translated into light waves via a light valve , a thin ribbon of sensitive metal over a tiny slit . The sound reaching this ribbon would be converted into light by the shivering of the diaphragm , focusing the resulting light waves through the slit , where it would be photographed on the side of the film , on a strip about a tenth of an inch wide . In 1908 , Lauste purchased a photographophone from Ruhmer , with the intention of perfecting the device into a commercial product . Though sound - on - film would eventually become the universal standard for synchronized sound cinema , Lauste never successfully exploited his innovations , which came to an effective dead end . In 1914 , Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt was granted German patent 309,536 for his sound - on - film work ; that same year , he apparently demonstrated a film made with the process to an audience of scientists in Berlin . Hungarian engineer Denes Mihaly submitted his sound - on - film Projectofon concept to the Royal Hungarian Patent Court in 1918 ; the patent award was published four years later . Whether sound was captured on cylinder , disc , or film , none of the available technology was adequate for big - league commercial purposes , and for many years the heads of the major Hollywood film studios saw little benefit in producing sound motion pictures . Crucial innovations ( edit ) A number of technological developments contributed to making sound cinema commercially viable by the late 1920s . Two involved contrasting approaches to synchronized sound reproduction , or playback : Advanced sound - on - film ( edit ) In 1919 , American inventor Lee De Forest was awarded several patents that would lead to the first optical sound - on - film technology with commercial application . In De Forest 's system , the sound track was photographically recorded onto the side of the strip of motion picture film to create a composite , or `` married '' , print . If proper synchronization of sound and picture was achieved in recording , it could be absolutely counted on in playback . Over the next four years , he improved his system with the help of equipment and patents licensed from another American inventor in the field , Theodore Case . At the University of Illinois , Polish - born research engineer Joseph Tykociński - Tykociner was working independently on a similar process . On June 9 , 1922 , he gave the first reported U.S. demonstration of a sound - on - film motion picture to members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . As with Lauste and Tigerstedt , Tykociner 's system would never be taken advantage of commercially ; however , De Forest 's soon would . Newspaper ad for a 1925 presentation of De Forest Phonofilms shorts , touting their technological distinction : no phonograph . On April 15 , 1923 , at New York City 's Rivoli Theater , came the first commercial screening of motion pictures with sound - on - film , the future standard : a set of shorts under the banner of De Forest Phonofilms , accompanying a silent feature . That June , De Forest entered into an extended legal battle with an employee , Freeman Harrison Owens , for title to one of the crucial Phonofilm patents . Although De Forest ultimately won the case in the courts , Owens is today recognized as a central innovator in the field . The following year , De Forest 's studio released the first commercial dramatic film shot as a talking picture -- the two - reeler Love 's Old Sweet Song , directed by J. Searle Dawley and featuring Una Merkel . However , phonofilm 's stock in trade was not original dramas but celebrity documentaries , popular music acts , and comedy performances . President Calvin Coolidge , opera singer Abbie Mitchell , and vaudeville stars such as Phil Baker , Ben Bernie , Eddie Cantor and Oscar Levant appeared in the firm 's pictures . Hollywood remained suspicious , even fearful , of the new technology . As Photoplay editor James Quirk put it in March 1924 , `` Talking pictures are perfected , says Dr. Lee De Forest . So is castor oil . '' De Forest 's process continued to be used through 1927 in the United States for dozens of short Phonofilms ; in the UK it was employed a few years longer for both shorts and features by British Sound Film Productions , a subsidiary of British Talking Pictures , which purchased the primary Phonofilm assets . By the end of 1930 , the Phonofilm business would be liquidated . In Europe , others were also working on the development of sound - on - film . In 1919 , the same year that DeForest received his first patents in the field , three German inventors , Josef Engl ( 1893 -- 1942 ) , Hans Vogt ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , and Joseph Massolle ( 1889 -- 1957 ) , patented the Tri-Ergon sound system . On September 17 , 1922 , the Tri-Ergon group gave a public screening of sound - on - film productions -- including a dramatic talkie , Der Brandstifter ( The Arsonist ) -- before an invited audience at the Alhambra Kino in Berlin . By the end of the decade , Tri-Ergon would be the dominant European sound system . In 1923 , two Danish engineers , Axel Petersen and Arnold Poulsen , patented a system that recorded sound on a separate filmstrip running parallel with the image reel . Gaumont licensed the technology and briefly put it to commercial use under the name Cinéphone . Domestic competition , however , eclipsed Phonofilm . By September 1925 , De Forest and Case 's working arrangement had fallen through . The following July , Case joined Fox Film , Hollywood 's third largest studio , to found the Fox - Case Corporation . The system developed by Case and his assistant , Earl Sponable , given the name Movietone , thus became the first viable sound - on - film technology controlled by a Hollywood movie studio . The following year , Fox purchased the North American rights to the Tri-Ergon system , though the company found it inferior to Movietone and virtually impossible to integrate the two different systems to advantage . In 1927 , as well , Fox retained the services of Freeman Owens , who had particular expertise in constructing cameras for synch - sound film . Advanced sound - on - disc ( edit ) Parallel with improvements in sound - on - film technology , a number of companies were making progress with systems that recorded movie sound on phonograph discs . In sound - on - disc technology from the era , a phonograph turntable is connected by a mechanical interlock to a specially modified film projector , allowing for synchronization . In 1921 , the Photokinema sound - on - disc system developed by Orlando Kellum was employed to add synchronized sound sequences to D.W. Griffith 's failed silent film Dream Street . A love song , performed by star Ralph Graves , was recorded , as was a sequence of live vocal effects . Apparently , dialogue scenes were also recorded , but the results were unsatisfactory and the film was never publicly screened incorporating them . On May 1 , 1921 , Dream Street was re-released , with love song added , at New York City 's Town Hall theater , qualifying it -- however haphazardly -- as the first feature - length film with a live - recorded vocal sequence . There would be no others for more than six years . Poster for Warner Bros . ' Don Juan ( 1926 ) , the first major motion picture to premiere with a full - length synchronized soundtrack . Audio recording engineer George Groves , the first in Hollywood to hold the job , would supervise sound on Woodstock , 44 years later . In 1925 , Sam Warner of Warner Bros. , then a small Hollywood studio with big ambitions , saw a demonstration of the Western Electric sound - on - disc system and was sufficiently impressed to persuade his brothers to agree to experiment with using this system at New York 's Vitagraph Studios , which they had recently purchased . The tests were convincing to the Warner Brothers , if not to the executives of some other picture companies who witnessed them . Consequently , in April 1926 the Western Electric Company entered into a contract with Warner Brothers and W.J. Rich , a financier , giving them an exclusive license for recording and reproducing sound pictures under the Western Electric system . To exploit this license the Vitaphone Corporation was organized with Samuel L. Warner as its president . Vitaphone , as this system was now called , was publicly introduced on August 6 , 1926 , with the premiere of Don Juan ; the first feature - length movie to employ a synchronized sound system of any type throughout , its soundtrack contained a musical score and added sound effects , but no recorded dialogue -- in other words , it had been staged and shot as a silent film . Accompanying Don Juan , however , were eight shorts of musical performances , mostly classical , as well as a four - minute filmed introduction by Will H. Hays , president of the Motion Picture Association of America , all with live - recorded sound . These were the first true sound films exhibited by a Hollywood studio . Warner Bros . ' The Better ' Ole , technically similar to Don Juan , followed in October . Sound - on - film would ultimately win out over sound - on - disc because of a number of fundamental technical advantages : Synchronization : no interlock system was completely reliable , and a projectionist 's error , or an inexactly repaired film break , or a defect in the soundtrack disc could result in the sound becoming seriously and irrecoverably out of sync with the picture Editing : discs could not be directly edited , severely limiting the ability to make alterations in their accompanying films after the original release cut Distribution : phonograph discs added expense and complication to film distribution Wear and tear : the physical process of playing the discs degraded them , requiring their replacement after approximately twenty screenings Nonetheless , in the early years , sound - on - disc had the edge over sound - on - film in two substantial ways : Production and capital cost : it was generally less expensive to record sound onto disc than onto film and the exhibition systems -- turntable / interlock / projector -- were cheaper to manufacture than the complex image - and - audio - pattern - reading projectors required by sound - on - film Audio quality : phonograph discs , Vitaphone 's in particular , had superior dynamic range to most sound - on - film processes of the day , at least during the first few playings ; while sound - on - film tended to have better frequency response , this was outweighed by greater distortion and noise As sound - on - film technology improved , both of these disadvantages were overcome . The third crucial set of innovations marked a major step forward in both the live recording of sound and its effective playback : Western Electric engineer E.B. Craft , at left , demonstrating the Vitaphone projection system . A Vitaphone disc had a running time of about 11 minutes , enough to match that of a 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) reel of 35 mm film . Fidelity electronic recording and amplification ( edit ) In 1913 , Western Electric , the manufacturing division of AT&T , acquired the rights to the de Forest audion , the forerunner of the triode vacuum tube . Over the next few years they developed it into a predictable and reliable device that made electronic amplification possible for the first time . Western Electric then branched - out into developing uses for the vacuum tube including public address systems and an electrical recording system for the recording industry . Beginning in 1922 , the research branch of Western Electric began working intensively on recording technology for both sound - on - disc and sound - on film synchronised sound systems for motion - pictures . The engineers working on the sound - on - disc system were able to draw on expertise that Western Electric already had in electrical disc recording and were thus able to make faster initial progress . The main change required was to increase the playing time of the disc so that it could match that of a standard 1,000 ft ( 300 m ) reel of 35 mm film . The chosen design used a disc nearly 16 inches ( about 40 cm ) in diameter rotating at 33 1 / 3 rpm . This could play for 11 minutes , the running time of 1000 ft of film at 90 ft / min ( 24 frames / s ) . Because of the larger diameter the minimum groove velocity of 70 ft / min ( 14 inches or 356 mm / s ) was only slightly less than that of a standard 10 - inch 78 rpm commercial disc . In 1925 , the company publicly introduced a greatly improved system of electronic audio , including sensitive condenser microphones and rubber - line recorders ( named after the use of a rubber damping band for recording with better frequency response onto a wax master disc ) . That May , the company licensed entrepreneur Walter J. Rich to exploit the system for commercial motion pictures ; he founded Vitagraph , in which Warner Bros. acquired a half interest , just one month later . In April 1926 , Warners signed a contract with AT&T for exclusive use of its film sound technology for the redubbed Vitaphone operation , leading to the production of Don Juan and its accompanying shorts over the following months . During the period when Vitaphone had exclusive access to the patents , the fidelity of recordings made for Warners films was markedly superior to those made for the company 's sound - on - film competitors . Meanwhile , Bell Labs -- the new name for the AT&T research operation -- was working at a furious pace on sophisticated sound amplification technology that would allow recordings to be played back over loudspeakers at theater - filling volume . The new moving - coil speaker system was installed in New York 's Warners Theatre at the end of July and its patent submission , for what Western Electric called the No. 555 Receiver , was filed on August 4 , just two days before the premiere of Don Juan . Late in the year , AT&T / Western Electric created a licensing division , Electrical Research Products Inc . ( ERPI ) , to handle rights to the company 's film - related audio technology . Vitaphone still had legal exclusivity , but having lapsed in its royalty payments , effective control of the rights was in ERPI 's hands . On December 31 , 1926 , Warners granted Fox - Case a sublicense for the use of the Western Electric system ; in exchange for the sublicense , both Warners and ERPI received a share of Fox 's related revenues . The patents of all three concerns were cross-licensed . Superior recording and amplification technology was now available to two Hollywood studios , pursuing two very different methods of sound reproduction . The new year would finally see the emergence of sound cinema as a significant commercial medium . Triumph of the `` talkies '' ( edit ) In February 1927 , an agreement was signed by five leading Hollywood movie companies : Famous Players - Lasky ( soon to be part of Paramount ) , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Universal , First National , and Cecil B. DeMille 's small but prestigious Producers Distributing Corporation ( PDC ) . The five studios agreed to collectively select just one provider for sound conversion . The alliance then sat back and waited to see what sort of results the frontrunners came up with . In May , Warner Bros. sold back its exclusivity rights to ERPI ( along with the Fox - Case sublicense ) and signed a new royalty contract similar to Fox 's for use of Western Electric technology . Fox and Warners pressed forward with sound cinema , moving in different directions both technologically and commercially : Fox moved into newsreels and then scored dramas , while Warners concentrated on talking features . Meanwhile , ERPI sought to corner the market by signing up the five allied studios . Newspaper ad from a fully equipped theater in Tacoma , Washington , showing The Jazz Singer , on Vitaphone , and a Fox newsreel , on Movietone , together on the same bill . The big sound film sensations of the year all took advantage of preexisting celebrity . On May 20 , 1927 , at New York 's Roxy Theater , Fox Movietone presented a sound film of the takeoff of Charles Lindbergh 's celebrated flight to Paris , recorded earlier that day . In June , a Fox sound newsreel depicting his return welcomes in New York and Washington , D.C. , was shown . These were the two most acclaimed sound motion pictures to date . In May , as well , Fox had released the first Hollywood fiction film with synchronized dialogue : the short They 're Coming to Get Me , starring comedian Chic Sale . After rereleasing a few silent feature hits , such as Seventh Heaven , with recorded music , Fox came out with its first original Movietone feature on September 23 : Sunrise , by acclaimed German director F.W. Murnau . As with Don Juan , the film 's soundtrack consisted of a musical score and sound effects ( including , in a couple of crowd scenes , `` wild '' , nonspecific vocals ) . Then , on October 6 , 1927 , Warner Bros . ' The Jazz Singer premiered . It was a smash box office success for the mid-level studio , earning a total of $2.625 million in the United States and abroad , almost a million dollars more than the previous record for a Warners film . Produced with the Vitaphone system , most of the film does not contain live - recorded audio , relying , like Sunrise and Don Juan , on a score and effects . When the movie 's star , Al Jolson , sings , however , the film shifts to sound recorded on the set , including both his musical performances and two scenes with ad - libbed speech -- one of Jolson 's character , Jakie Rabinowitz ( Jack Robin ) , addressing a cabaret audience ; the other an exchange between him and his mother . The `` natural '' sounds of the settings were also audible . Though the success of The Jazz Singer was due largely to Jolson , already established as one of U.S. biggest music stars , and its limited use of synchronized sound hardly qualified it as an innovative sound film ( let alone the `` first '' ) , the movie 's profits were proof enough to the industry that the technology was worth investing in . The development of commercial sound cinema had proceeded in fits and starts before The Jazz Singer , and the film 's success did not change things overnight . Not until May 1928 did the group of four big studios ( PDC had dropped out of the alliance ) , along with United Artists and others , sign with ERPI for conversion of production facilities and theaters for sound film . Initially , all ERPI - wired theaters were made Vitaphone - compatible ; most were equipped to project Movietone reels as well . However , even with access to both technologies , most of the Hollywood companies remained slow to produce talking features of their own . No studio besides Warner Bros. released even a part - talking feature until the low - budget - oriented Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) premiered The Perfect Crime on June 17 , 1928 , eight months after The Jazz Singer . FBO had come under the effective control of a Western Electric competitor , General Electric 's RCA division , which was looking to market its new sound - on - film system , Photophone . Unlike Fox - Case 's Movietone and De Forest 's Phonofilm , which were variable - density systems , Photophone was a variable - area system -- a refinement in the way the audio signal was inscribed on film that would ultimately become the standard . ( In both sorts of systems , a specially - designed lamp , whose exposure to the film is determined by the audio input , is used to record sound photographically as a series of minuscule lines . In a variable - density process , the lines are of varying darkness ; in a variable - area process , the lines are of varying width . ) By October , the FBO - RCA alliance would lead to the creation of Hollywood 's newest major studio , RKO Pictures . Dorothy Mackaill and Milton Sills in The Barker , First National 's inaugural talkie . The film was released in December 1928 , two months after Warner Bros. acquired a controlling interest in the studio . Meanwhile , Warner Bros. had released three more talkies , all profitable , if not at the level of The Jazz Singer : In March , Tenderloin appeared ; it was billed by Warners as the first feature in which characters spoke their parts , though only 15 of its 88 minutes had dialogue . Glorious Betsy followed in April , and The Lion and the Mouse ( 31 minutes of dialogue ) in May . On July 6 , 1928 , the first all - talking feature , Lights of New York , premiered . The film cost Warner Bros. only $23,000 to produce , but grossed $1.252 million , a record rate of return surpassing 5,000 % . In September , the studio released another Al Jolson part - talking picture , The Singing Fool , which more than doubled The Jazz Singer 's earnings record for a Warners movie . This second Jolson screen smash demonstrated the movie musical 's ability to turn a song into a national hit : inside of nine months , the Jolson number `` Sonny Boy '' had racked up 2 million record and 1.25 million sheet music sales . September 1928 also saw the release of Paul Terry 's Dinner Time , among the first animated cartoons produced with synchronized sound . Soon after he saw it , Walt Disney released his first sound picture , the Mickey Mouse short Steamboat Willie . Over the course of 1928 , as Warner Bros. began to rake in huge profits due to the popularity of its sound films , the other studios quickened the pace of their conversion to the new technology . Paramount , the industry leader , put out its first talkie in late September , Beggars of Life ; though it had just a few lines of dialogue , it demonstrated the studio 's recognition of the new medium 's power . Interference , Paramount 's first all - talker , debuted in November . The process known as `` goat glanding '' briefly became widespread : soundtracks , sometimes including a smatter of post-dubbed dialogue or song , were added to movies that had been shot , and in some cases released , as silents . A few minutes of singing could qualify such a newly endowed film as a `` musical . '' ( Griffith 's Dream Street had essentially been a `` goat gland . '' ) Expectations swiftly changed , and the sound `` fad '' of 1927 became standard procedure by 1929 . In February 1929 , sixteen months after The Jazz Singer 's debut , Columbia Pictures became the last of the eight studios that would be known as `` majors '' during Hollywood 's Golden Age to release its first part - talking feature , Lone Wolf 's Daughter . In late May , the first all - color , all - talking feature , Warner Bros . ' On with the Show ! , premiered . Yet most American movie theaters , especially outside of urban areas , were still not equipped for sound : while the number of sound cinemas grew from 100 to 800 between 1928 and 1929 , they were still vastly outnumbered by silent theaters , which had actually grown in number as well , from 22,204 to 22,544 . The studios , in parallel , were still not entirely convinced of the talkies ' universal appeal -- through mid-1930 , the majority of Hollywood movies were produced in dual versions , silent as well as talking . Though few in the industry predicted it , silent film as a viable commercial medium in the United States would soon be little more than a memory . Points West , a Hoot Gibson Western released by Universal Pictures in August 1929 , was the last purely silent mainstream feature put out by a major Hollywood studio . Transition : Europe ( edit ) The Jazz Singer had its European sound premiere at the Piccadilly Theatre in London on September 27 , 1928 . According to film historian Rachael Low , `` Many in the industry realized at once that a change to sound production was inevitable . '' On January 16 , 1929 , the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered : the German production Ich küsse Ihre Hand , Madame ( I Kiss Your Hand , Madame ) . Dialogueless , it contains only a few songs performed by Richard Tauber . The movie was made with the sound - on - film system controlled by the German - Dutch firm Tobis , corporate heirs to the Tri-Ergon concern . With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film , Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor , Klangfilm , a joint subsidiary of Germany 's two leading electrical manufacturers . Early in 1929 , Tobis and Klangfilm began comarketing their recording and playback technologies . As ERPI began to wire theaters around Europe , Tobis - Klangfilm claimed that the Western Electric system infringed on the Tri-Ergon patents , stalling the introduction of American technology in many places . Just as RCA had entered the movie business to maximize its recording system 's value , Tobis also established its own production operations . During 1929 , most of the major European filmmaking countries began joining Hollywood in the changeover to sound . Many of the trend - setting European talkies were shot abroad as production companies leased studios while their own were being converted or as they deliberately targeted markets speaking different languages . One of Europe 's first two feature - length dramatic talkies was created in still a different sort of twist on multinational moviemaking : The Crimson Circle was a coproduction between director Friedrich Zelnik 's Efzet - Film company and British Sound Film Productions ( BSFP ) . In 1928 , the film had been released as the silent Der Rote Kreis in Germany , where it was shot ; English dialogue was apparently dubbed in much later using the De Forest Phonofilm process controlled by BSFP 's corporate parent . It was given a British trade screening in March 1929 , as was a part - talking film made entirely in the UK : The Clue of the New Pin , a British Lion production using the sound - on - disc British Photophone system . In May , Black Waters , a British and Dominions Film Corporation promoted as the first UK all - talker , received its initial trade screening ; it had been shot completely in Hollywood with a Western Electric sound - on - film system . None of these pictures made much impact . The Prague - raised star of Blackmail ( 1929 ) , Anny Ondra , was an industry favorite , but her thick accent became an issue when the film was reshot with sound . Without post-dubbing capacity , her dialogue was simultaneously recorded offscreen by actress Joan Barry . Ondra 's British film career was over . The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all - British Blackmail . Directed by twenty - nine - year - old Alfred Hitchcock , the movie had its London debut June 21 , 1929 . Originally shot as a silent , Blackmail was restaged to include dialogue sequences , along with a score and sound effects , before its premiere . A British International Pictures ( BIP ) production , it was recorded on RCA Photophone , General Electric having bought a share of AEG so they could access the Tobis - Klangfilm markets . Blackmail was a substantial hit ; critical response was also positive -- notorious curmudgeon Hugh Castle , for example , called it `` perhaps the most intelligent mixture of sound and silence we have yet seen . '' On August 23 , the modest - sized Austrian film industry came out with a talkie : G'schichten aus der Steiermark ( Stories from Styria ) , an Eagle Film -- Ottoton Film production . On September 30 , the first entirely German - made feature - length dramatic talkie , Das Land ohne Frauen ( Land Without Women ) , premiered . A Tobis Filmkunst production , about one - quarter of the movie contained dialogue , which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music . The response was underwhelming . Sweden 's first talkie , Konstgjorda Svensson ( Artificial Svensson ) , premiered on October 14 . Eight days later , Aubert Franco - Film came out with Le Collier de la reine ( The Queen 's Necklace ) , shot at the Épinay studio near Paris . Conceived as a silent film , it was given a Tobis - recorded score and a single talking sequence -- the first dialogue scene in a French feature . On October 31 , Les Trois masques debuted ; a Pathé - Natan film , it is generally regarded as the initial French feature talkie , though it was shot , like Blackmail , at the Elstree studio , just outside London . The production company had contracted with RCA Photophone and Britain then had the nearest facility with the system . The Braunberger - Richebé talkie La Route est belle , also shot at Elstree , followed a few weeks later . Before the Paris studios were fully sound - equipped -- a process that stretched well into 1930 -- a number of other early French talkies were shot in Germany . The first all - talking German feature , Atlantik , had premiered in Berlin on October 28 . Yet another Elstree - made movie , it was rather less German at heart than Les Trois masques and La Route est belle were French ; a BIP production with a British scenarist and German director , it was also shot in English as Atlantic . The entirely German Aafa - Film production It 's You I Have Loved ( Dich hab ich geliebt ) opened three - and - a-half weeks later . It was not `` Germany 's First Talking Film '' , as the marketing had it , but it was the first to be released in the United States . The first Soviet talkie , Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life ; 1931 ) , concerns the issue of homeless youth . As Marcel Carné put it , `` in the unforgettable images of this spare and pure story we can discern the effort of an entire nation . '' In 1930 , the first Polish talkies premiered , using sound - on - disc systems : Moralność pani Dulskiej ( The Morality of Mrs. Dulska ) in March and the all - talking Niebezpieczny romans ( Dangerous Love Affair ) in October . In Italy , whose once vibrant film industry had become moribund by the late 1920s , the first talkie , La Canzone dell'amore ( The Song of Love ) , also came out in October ; within two years , Italian cinema would be enjoying a revival . The first movie spoken in Czech debuted in 1930 as well , Tonka Šibenice ( Tonka of the Gallows ) . Several European nations with minor positions in the field also produced their first talking pictures -- Belgium ( in French ) , Denmark , Greece , and Romania . The Soviet Union 's robust film industry came out with its first sound features in December 1930 : Dziga Vertov 's nonfiction Entuziazm had an experimental , dialogueless soundtrack ; Abram Room 's documentary Plan velikikh rabot ( The Plan of the Great Works ) had music and spoken voiceovers . Both were made with locally developed sound - on - film systems , two of the two hundred or so movie sound systems then available somewhere in the world . In June 1931 , the Nikolai Ekk drama Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life or A Start in Life ) , premiered as the Soviet Union 's first true talking picture . Throughout much of Europe , conversion of exhibition venues lagged well behind production capacity , requiring talkies to be produced in parallel silent versions or simply shown without sound in many places . While the pace of conversion was relatively swift in Britain -- with over 60 percent of theaters equipped for sound by the end of 1930 , similar to the U.S. figure -- in France , by contrast , more than half of theaters nationwide were still projecting in silence by late 1932 . According to scholar Colin G. Crisp , `` Anxiety about resuscitating the flow of silent films was frequently expressed in the ( French ) industrial press , and a large section of the industry still saw the silent as a viable artistic and commercial prospect till about 1935 . '' The situation was particularly acute in the Soviet Union ; as of May 1933 , fewer than one out of every hundred film projectors in the country was as yet equipped for sound . Transition : asia ( edit ) Director Heinosuke Gosho 's Madamu to nyobo ( The Neighbor 's Wife and Mine ; 1931 ) , a production of the Shochiku studio , was the first major commercial and critical success of Japanese sound cinema . During the 1920s and 1930s , Japan was one of the world 's two largest producers of motion pictures , along with the United States . Though the country 's film industry was among the first to produce both sound and talking features , the full changeover to sound proceeded much more slowly than in the West . It appears that the first Japanese sound film , Reimai ( Dawn ) , was made in 1926 with the De Forest Phonofilm system . Using the sound - on - disc Minatoki system , the leading Nikkatsu studio produced a pair of talkies in 1929 : Taii no musume ( The Captain 's Daughter ) and Furusato ( Hometown ) , the latter directed by Kenji Mizoguchi . The rival Shochiku studio began the successful production of sound - on - film talkies in 1931 using a variable - density process called Tsuchibashi . Two years later , however , more than 80 percent of movies made in the country were still silents . Two of the country 's leading directors , Mikio Naruse and Yasujirō Ozu , did not make their first sound films until 1935 and 1936 , respectively . As late as 1938 , over a third of all movies produced in Japan were shot without dialogue . The enduring popularity of the silent medium in Japanese cinema owed in great part to the tradition of the benshi , a live narrator who performed as accompaniment to a film screening . As director Akira Kurosawa later described , the benshi `` not only recounted the plot of the films , they enhanced the emotional content by performing the voices and sound effects and providing evocative descriptions of events and images on the screen ... The most popular narrators were stars in their own right , solely responsible for the patronage of a particular theatre . '' Film historian Mariann Lewinsky argues , The end of silent film in the West and in Japan was imposed by the industry and the market , not by any inner need or natural evolution ... Silent cinema was a highly pleasurable and fully mature form . It did n't lack anything , least in Japan , where there was always the human voice doing the dialogues and the commentary . Sound films were not better , just more economical . As a cinema owner you did n't have to pay the wages of musicians and benshi any more . And a good benshi was a star demanding star payment . By the same token , the viability of the benshi system facilitated a gradual transition to sound -- allowing the studios to spread out the capital costs of conversion and their directors and technical crews time to become familiar with the new technology . Alam Ara premiered March 14 , 1931 , in Bombay . The first Indian talkie was so popular that `` police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds . '' It was shot with the Tanar single - system camera , which recorded sound directly onto the film . The Mandarin - language Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān ( 歌女紅牡丹 , Singsong Girl Red Peony ) , starring Butterfly Wu , premiered as China 's first feature talkie in 1930 . By February of that year , production was apparently completed on a sound version of The Devil 's Playground , arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture ; however , the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner Fellers is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie . In September 1930 , a song performed by Indian star Sulochana , excerpted from the silent feature Madhuri ( 1928 ) , was released as a synchronized - sound short , the country 's first . The following year , Ardeshir Irani directed the first Indian talking feature , the Hindi - Urdu Alam Ara , and produced Kalidas , primarily in Tamil with some Telugu . Nineteen - thirty - one also saw the first Bengali - language film , Jamai Sasthi , and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu , Bhakta Prahlada . In 1932 , Ayodhyecha Raja became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released ( though Sant Tukaram was the first to go through the official censorship process ) ; the first Gujarati - language film , Narsimha Mehta , and all - Tamil talkie , Kalava , debuted as well . The next year , Ardeshir Irani produced the first Persian - language talkie , Dukhtar - e-loor . Also in 1933 , the first Cantonese - language films were produced in Hong Kong -- Sha zai dongfang ( The Idiot 's Wedding Night ) and Liang xing ( Conscience ) ; within two years , the local film industry had fully converted to sound . Korea , where pyonsa ( or byun - sa ) held a role and status similar to that of the Japanese benshi , in 1935 became the last country with a significant film industry to produce its first talking picture : Chunhyangjeon ( 春香傳 / 춘향전 ) is based on the seventeenth - century pansori folktale `` Chunhyangga '' , of which as many as fifteen film versions have been made through 2009 . Consequences ( edit ) Technology ( edit ) Show Girl in Hollywood ( 1930 ) , one of the first sound films about sound filmmaking , depicts microphones dangling from the rafters and multiple cameras shooting simultaneously from soundproofed booths . The poster shows a camera unboothed and unblimped , as it might be when shooting a musical number with a prerecorded soundtrack . In the short term , the introduction of live sound recording caused major difficulties in production . Cameras were noisy , so a soundproofed cabinet was used in many of the earliest talkies to isolate the loud equipment from the actors , at the expense of a drastic reduction in the ability to move the camera . For a time , multiple - camera shooting was used to compensate for the loss of mobility and innovative studio technicians could often find ways to liberate the camera for particular shots . The necessity of staying within range of still microphones meant that actors also often had to limit their movements unnaturally . Show Girl in Hollywood ( 1930 ) , from First National Pictures ( which Warner Bros. had taken control of thanks to its profitable adventure into sound ) , gives a behind - the - scenes look at some of the techniques involved in shooting early talkies . Several of the fundamental problems caused by the transition to sound were soon solved with new camera casings , known as `` blimps '' , designed to suppress noise and boom microphones that could be held just out of frame and moved with the actors . In 1931 , a major improvement in playback fidelity was introduced : three - way speaker systems in which sound was separated into low , medium , and high frequencies and sent respectively to a large bass `` woofer '' , a midrange driver , and a treble `` tweeter . '' There were consequences , as well , for other technological aspects of the cinema . Proper recording and playback of sound required exact standardization of camera and projector speed . Before sound , 16 frames per second ( fps ) was the supposed norm , but practice varied widely . Cameras were often undercranked or overcranked to improve exposures or for dramatic effect . Projectors were commonly run too fast to shorten running time and squeeze in extra shows . Variable frame rate , however , made sound unlistenable , and a new , strict standard of 24 fps was soon established . Sound also forced the abandonment of the noisy arc lights used for filming in studio interiors . The switch to quiet incandescent illumination in turn required a switch to more expensive film stock . The sensitivity of the new panchromatic film delivered superior image tonal quality and gave directors the freedom to shoot scenes at lower light levels than was previously practical . As David Bordwell describes , technological improvements continued at a swift pace : `` Between 1932 and 1935 , ( Western Electric and RCA ) created directional microphones , increased the frequency range of film recording , reduced ground noise ... and extended the volume range . '' These technical advances often meant new aesthetic opportunities : `` Increasing the fidelity of recording ... heightened the dramatic possibilities of vocal timbre , pitch , and loudness . '' Another basic problem -- famously spoofed in the 1952 film Singin ' in the Rain -- was that some silent - era actors simply did not have attractive voices ; though this issue was frequently overstated , there were related concerns about general vocal quality and the casting of performers for their dramatic skills in roles also requiring singing talent beyond their own . By 1935 , rerecording of vocals by the original or different actors in postproduction , a process known as `` looping '' , had become practical . The ultraviolet recording system introduced by RCA in 1936 improved the reproduction of sibilants and high notes . Example of a variable - area sound track -- the width of the white area is proportional to the amplitude of the audio signal at each instant . With Hollywood 's wholesale adoption of the talkies , the competition between the two fundamental approaches to sound - film production was soon resolved . Over the course of 1930 -- 31 , the only major players using sound - on - disc , Warner Bros. and First National , changed over to sound - on - film recording . Vitaphone 's dominating presence in sound - equipped theaters , however , meant that for years to come all of the Hollywood studios pressed and distributed sound - on - disc versions of their films alongside the sound - on - film prints . Fox Movietone soon followed Vitaphone into disuse as a recording and reproduction method , leaving two major American systems : the variable - area RCA Photophone and Western Electric 's own variable - density process , a substantial improvement on the cross-licensed Movietone . Under RCA 's instigation , the two parent companies made their projection equipment compatible , meaning films shot with one system could be screened in theaters equipped for the other . This left one big issue -- the Tobis - Klangfilm challenge . In May 1930 , Western Electric won an Austrian lawsuit that voided protection for certain Tri-Ergon patents , helping bring Tobis - Klangfilm to the negotiating table . The following month an accord was reached on patent cross-licensing , full playback compatibility , and the division of the world into three parts for the provision of equipment . As a contemporary report describes : Tobis - Klangfilm has the exclusive rights to provide equipment for : Germany , Danzig , Austria , Hungary , Switzerland , Czechoslovakia , Holland , the Dutch Indies , Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Finland . The Americans have the exclusive rights for the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India , and Russia . All other countries , among them Italy , France , and England , are open to both parties . The agreement did not resolve all the patent disputes , and further negotiations were undertaken and concords signed over the course of the 1930s . During these years , as well , the American studios ( Warner Bros. , Universal Pictures ( the only film studio in the Classic `` Little Three '' not to use Powers Cinephone at one point ) , 20th Century Fox , Columbia Pictures , and RKO Radio Pictures ) began abandoning the Western Electric system for RCA Photophone 's variable - area approach -- by the end of 1936 , only Paramount Pictures ( originally going to do RCA Photophone ( as General Electric Kinegraphone ) until getting replaced by ERPI ) , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ( the only film studio in the Classic `` Big Five '' to use Powers Cinephone at one point ) , and United Artists still had contracts with ERPI . Labor ( edit ) The unkind cover of Photoplay , December 1929 , featuring Norma Talmadge . As movie historian David Thomson puts it , `` sound proved the incongruity of ( her ) salon prettiness and tenement voice . '' While the introduction of sound led to a boom in the motion picture industry , it had an adverse effect on the employability of a host of Hollywood actors of the time . Suddenly those without stage experience were regarded as suspect by the studios ; as suggested above , those whose heavy accents or otherwise discordant voices had previously been concealed were particularly at risk . The career of major silent star Norma Talmadge effectively came to an end in this way . The celebrated German actor Emil Jannings returned to Europe . Moviegoers found John Gilbert 's voice an awkward match with his swashbuckling persona , and his star also faded . Audiences now seemed to perceive certain silent - era stars as old - fashioned , even those who had the talent to succeed in the sound era . The career of Harold Lloyd , one of the top screen comedians of the 1920s , declined precipitously . Lillian Gish departed , back to the stage , and other leading figures soon left acting entirely : Colleen Moore , Gloria Swanson , and Hollywood 's most famous performing couple , Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford . As actress Louise Brooks suggested , there were other issues as well : Studio heads , now forced into unprecedented decisions , decided to begin with the actors , the least palatable , the most vulnerable part of movie production . It was such a splendid opportunity , anyhow , for breaking contracts , cutting salaries , and taming the stars ... Me , they gave the salary treatment . I could stay on without the raise my contract called for , or quit , ( Paramount studio chief B.P. ) Schulberg said , using the questionable dodge of whether I 'd be good for the talkies . Questionable , I say , because I spoke decent English in a decent voice and came from the theater . So without hesitation I quit . Buster Keaton was eager to explore the new medium , but when his studio , MGM , made the changeover to sound , he was quickly stripped of creative control . Though a number of Keaton 's early talkies made impressive profits , they were artistically dismal . Several of the new medium 's biggest attractions came from vaudeville and the musical theater , where performers such as Jolson , Eddie Cantor , Jeanette MacDonald , and the Marx Brothers were accustomed to the demands of both dialogue and song . James Cagney and Joan Blondell , who had teamed on Broadway , were brought west together by Warner Bros. in 1930 . A few actors were major stars during both the silent and the sound eras : John Barrymore , Ronald Colman , Myrna Loy , William Powell , Norma Shearer , the comedy team of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy , and the incomparable Charlie Chaplin , whose City Lights ( 1931 ) and Modern Times ( 1936 ) employed sound almost exclusively for music and effects . Janet Gaynor became a top star with the synch - sound but dialogueless Seventh Heaven and Sunrise , as did Joan Crawford with the technologically similar Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) . Greta Garbo was the one non -- native English speaker to retain Hollywood stardom on both sides of the great sound divide . Silent film extra Clark Gable , who had received extensive voice training during his earlier stage career , went on to dominate the new medium for decades . The new emphasis on speech also caused producers to hire many novelists , journalists , and playwrights with experience writing good dialogue . Among those who became Hollywood scriptwriters during the 1930s were Nathanael West , William Faulkner , Robert Sherwood , Aldous Huxley , and Dorothy Parker . As talking pictures emerged , with their prerecorded musical tracks , an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work . More than just their position as film accompanists was usurped ; according to historian Preston J. Hubbard , `` During the 1920s live musical performances at first - run theaters became an exceedingly important aspect of the American cinema . '' With the coming of the talkies , those featured performances -- usually staged as preludes -- were largely eliminated as well . The American Federation of Musicians took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices . One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled `` Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever '' and reads in part : Canned Music on Trial This is the case of Art vs. Mechanical Music in theatres . The defendant stands accused in front of the American people of attempted corruption of musical appreciation and discouragement of musical education . Theatres in many cities are offering synchronised mechanical music as a substitute for Real Music . If the theatre - going public accepts this vitiation of its entertainment program a deplorable decline in the Art of Music is inevitable . Musical authorities know that the soul of the Art is lost in mechanization . It can not be otherwise because the quality of music is dependent on the mood of the artist , upon the human contact , without which the essence of intellectual stimulation and emotional rapture is lost . By the following year , a reported 22,000 U.S. moviehouse musicians had lost their jobs . Commerce ( edit ) Premiering February 1 , 1929 , MGM 's The Broadway Melody was the first smash - hit talkie from a studio other than Warner Bros. and the first sound film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . In September 1926 , Jack L. Warner , head of Warner Bros. , was quoted to the effect that talking pictures would never be viable : `` They fail to take into account the international language of the silent pictures , and the unconscious share of each onlooker in creating the play , the action , the plot , and the imagined dialogue for himself . '' Much to his company 's benefit , he would be proven very wrong -- between the 1927 -- 28 and 1928 -- 29 fiscal years , Warners ' profits surged from $2 million to $14 million . Sound film , in fact , was a clear boon to all the major players in the industry . During that same twelve - month span , Paramount 's profits rose by $7 million , Fox 's by $3.5 million , and Loew 's / MGM 's by $3 million . RKO , which did not even exist in September 1928 and whose parent production company , FBO , was in the Hollywood minor leagues , by the end of 1929 was established as one of America 's leading entertainment businesses . Fueling the boom was the emergence of an important new cinematic genre made possible by sound : the musical . Over sixty Hollywood musicals were released in 1929 , and more than eighty the following year . Even as the Wall Street crash of October 1929 helped plunge the United States and ultimately the global economy into depression , the popularity of the talkies at first seemed to keep Hollywood immune . The 1929 -- 30 exhibition season was even better for the motion picture industry than the previous , with ticket sales and overall profits hitting new highs . Reality finally struck later in 1930 , but sound had clearly secured Hollywood 's position as one of the most important industrial fields , both commercially and culturally , in the United States . In 1929 , film box - office receipts comprised 16.6 percent of total spending by Americans on recreation ; by 1931 , the figure had reached 21.8 percent . The motion picture business would command similar figures for the next decade and a half . Hollywood ruled on the larger stage , as well . The American movie industry -- already the world 's most powerful -- set an export record in 1929 that , by the applied measure of total feet of exposed film , was 27 percent higher than the year before . Concerns that language differences would hamper U.S. film exports turned out to be largely unfounded . In fact , the expense of sound conversion was a major obstacle to many overseas producers , relatively undercapitalized by Hollywood standards . The production of multiple versions of export - bound talkies in different languages ( known as `` Foreign Language Version '' ) , as well as the production of the cheaper `` International Sound Version '' , a common approach at first , largely ceased by mid-1931 , replaced by post-dubbing and subtitling . Despite trade restrictions imposed in most foreign markets , by 1937 , American films commanded about 70 percent of screen time around the globe . Poster for Acabaram - se os otários ( 1929 ) , performed in Portuguese . The first Brazilian talkie was also the first anywhere in an Iberian language . Just as the leading Hollywood studios gained from sound in relation to their foreign competitors , they did the same at home . As historian Richard B. Jewell describes , `` The sound revolution crushed many small film companies and producers who were unable to meet the financial demands of sound conversion . '' The combination of sound and the Great Depression led to a wholesale shakeout in the business , resulting in the hierarchy of the Big Five integrated companies ( MGM , Paramount , Fox , Warners , RKO ) and the three smaller studios also called `` majors '' ( Columbia , Universal , United Artists ) that would predominate through the 1950s . Historian Thomas Schatz describes the ancillary effects : Because the studios were forced to streamline operations and rely on their own resources , their individual house styles and corporate personalities came into much sharper focus . Thus the watershed period from the coming of sound into the early Depression saw the studio system finally coalesce , with the individual studios coming to terms with their own identities and their respective positions within the industry . The other country in which sound cinema had an immediate major commercial impact was India . As one distributor of the period said , `` With the coming of the talkies , the Indian motion picture came into its own as a definite and distinctive piece of creation . This was achieved by music . '' From its earliest days , Indian sound cinema has been defined by the musical -- Alam Ara featured seven songs ; a year later , Indrasabha would feature seventy . While the European film industries fought an endless battle against the popularity and economic muscle of Hollywood , ten years after the debut of Alam Ara , over 90 percent of the films showing on Indian screens were made within the country . Most of India 's early talkies were shot in Bombay , which remains the leading production center , but sound filmmaking soon spread across the multilingual nation . Within just a few weeks of Alam Ara 's March 1931 premiere , the Calcutta - based Madan Pictures had released both the Hindi Shirin Farhad and the Bengali Jamai Sasthi . The Hindustani Heer Ranjha was produced in Lahore , Punjab , the following year . In 1934 , Sati Sulochana , the first Kannada talking picture to be released , was shot in Kolhapur , Maharashtra ; Srinivasa Kalyanam became the first Tamil talkie actually shot in Tamil Nadu . Once the first talkie features appeared , the conversion to full sound production happened as rapidly in India as it did in the United States . Already by 1932 , the majority of feature productions were in sound ; two years later , 164 of the 172 Indian feature films were talking pictures . Since 1934 , with the sole exception of 1952 , India has been among the top three movie - producing countries in the world every single year . Aesthetic quality ( edit ) In the first , 1930 edition of his global survey The Film Till Now , British cinema pundit Paul Rotha declared , `` A film in which the speech and sound effects are perfectly synchronised and coincide with their visual image on the screen is absolutely contrary to the aims of cinema . It is a degenerate and misguided attempt to destroy the real use of the film and can not be accepted as coming within the true boundaries of the cinema . '' Such opinions were not rare among those who cared about cinema as an art form ; Alfred Hitchcock , though he directed the first commercially successful talkie produced in Europe , held that `` the silent pictures were the purest form of cinema '' and scoffed at many early sound films as delivering little beside `` photographs of people talking '' . In Germany , Max Reinhardt , stage producer and movie director , expressed the belief that the talkies , `` bringing to the screen stage plays ... tend to make this independent art a subsidiary of the theater and really make it only a substitute for the theater instead of an art in itself ... like reproductions of paintings . '' Westfront 1918 ( 1930 ) was celebrated for its expressive re-creation of battlefield sounds , like the doomful whine of an unseen grenade in flight . In the opinion of many film historians and aficionados , both at the time and subsequently , silent film had reached an aesthetic peak by the late 1920s and the early years of sound cinema delivered little that was comparable to the best of the silents . For instance , despite fading into relative obscurity once its era had passed , silent cinema is represented by eleven films in Time Out 's Centenary of Cinema Top One Hundred poll , held in 1995 . The first year in which sound film production predominated over silent film -- not only in the United States , but also in the West as a whole -- was 1929 ; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures ( Pandora 's Box ( 1929 ) , Zemlya ( 1930 ) , City Lights ( 1931 ) ) and zero talkies in the Time Out poll . ( City Lights , like Sunrise , was released with a recorded score and sound effects , but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a `` silent '' -- spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema . ) The earliest sound film to place is the French L'Atalante ( 1934 ) , directed by Jean Vigo ; the earliest Hollywood sound film to qualify is Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) , directed by Howard Hawks . The first sound feature film to receive near - universal critical approbation was Der Blaue Engel ( The Blue Angel ) ; premiering on April 1 , 1930 , it was directed by Josef von Sternberg in both German and English versions for Berlin 's UFA studio . The first American talkie to be widely honored was All Quiet on the Western Front , directed by Lewis Milestone , which premiered April 21 . The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was Westfront 1918 , directed by G.W. Pabst for Nero - Film of Berlin . Historian Anton Kaes points to it as an example of `` the new verisimilitude ( that ) rendered silent cinema 's former emphasis on the hypnotic gaze and the symbolism of light and shadow , as well as its preference for allegorical characters , anachronistic . '' Cultural historians consider the French L'Âge d'Or , directed by Luis Buñuel , which appeared late in 1930 , to be of great aesthetic import ; at the time , its erotic , blasphemous , anti-bourgeois content caused a scandal . Swiftly banned by Paris police chief Jean Chiappe , it was unavailable for fifty years . The earliest sound movie now acknowledged by most film historians as a masterpiece is Nero - Film 's M , directed by Fritz Lang , which premiered May 11 , 1931 . As described by Roger Ebert , `` Many early talkies felt they had to talk all the time , but Lang allows his camera to prowl through the streets and dives , providing a rat 's - eye view . '' Cinematic form ( edit ) `` Talking film is as little needed as a singing book . '' Such was the blunt proclamation of critic Viktor Shklovsky , one of the leaders of the Russian formalist movement , in 1927 . While some regarded sound as irreconcilable with film art , others saw it as opening a new field of creative opportunity . The following year , a group of Soviet filmmakers , including Sergei Eisenstein , proclaimed that the use of image and sound in juxtaposition , the so - called contrapuntal method , would raise the cinema to `` ... unprecedented power and cultural height . Such a method for constructing the sound - film will not confine it to a national market , as must happen with the photographing of plays , but will give a greater possibility than ever before for the circulation throughout the world of a filmically expressed idea . '' So far as one segment of the audience was concerned , however , the introduction of sound brought a virtual end to such circulation : Elizabeth C. Hamilton writes , `` Silent films offered people who were deaf a rare opportunity to participate in a public discourse , cinema , on equal terms with hearing people . The emergence of sound film effectively separated deaf from hearing audience members once again . '' Image of sumo wrestlers from Melodie der Welt ( 1929 ) , `` one of the initial successes of a new art form '' , in André Bazin 's description . `` It flung the whole earth onto the screen in a jigsaw of visual images and sounds . '' On March 12 , 1929 , the first feature - length talking picture made in Germany had its premiere . The inaugural Tobis Filmkunst production , it was not a drama , but a documentary sponsored by a shipping line : Melodie der Welt ( Melody of the World ) , directed by Walter Ruttmann . This was also perhaps the first feature film anywhere to significantly explore the artistic possibilities of joining the motion picture with recorded sound . As described by scholar William Moritz , the movie is `` intricate , dynamic , fast - paced ... juxtapos ( ing ) similar cultural habits from countries around the world , with a superb orchestral score ... and many synchronized sound effects . '' Composer Lou Lichtveld was among a number of contemporary artists struck by the film : `` Melodie der Welt became the first important sound documentary , the first in which musical and unmusical sounds were composed into a single unit and in which image and sound are controlled by one and the same impulse . '' Melodie der Welt was a direct influence on the industrial film Philips Radio ( 1931 ) , directed by Dutch avant - garde filmmaker Joris Ivens and scored by Lichtveld , who described its audiovisual aims : To render the half - musical impressions of factory sounds in a complex audio world that moved from absolute music to the purely documentary noises of nature . In this film every intermediate stage can be found : such as the movement of the machine interpreted by the music , the noises of the machine dominating the musical background , the music itself is the documentary , and those scenes where the pure sound of the machine goes solo . Many similar experiments were pursued by Dziga Vertov in his 1931 Entuziazm and by Chaplin in Modern Times , a half - decade later . A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling , beyond the obvious function of recording speech . In Blackmail , Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character 's monologue so the word `` knife '' would leap out from a blurry stream of sound , reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist , who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing . In his first film , the Paramount Applause ( 1929 ) , Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion to the distance of shots . At a certain point , Mamoulian wanted the audience to hear one character singing at the same time as another prays ; according to the director , `` They said we could n't record the two things -- the song and the prayer -- on one mike and one channel . So I said to the sound man , ' Why not use two mikes and two channels and combine the two tracks in printing ? ' '' Such methods would eventually become standard procedure in popular filmmaking . One of the first commercial films to take full advantage of the new opportunities provided by recorded sound was Le Million , directed by René Clair and produced by Tobis 's French division . Premiering in Paris in April 1931 and New York a month later , the picture was both a critical and popular success . A musical comedy with a barebones plot , it is memorable for its formal accomplishments , in particular , its emphatically artificial treatment of sound . As described by scholar Donald Crafton , Le Million never lets us forget that the acoustic component is as much a construction as the whitewashed sets . ( It ) replaced dialogue with actors singing and talking in rhyming couplets . Clair created teasing confusions between on - and off - screen sound . He also experimented with asynchronous audio tricks , as in the famous scene in which a chase after a coat is synched to the cheers of an invisible football ( or rugby ) crowd . These and similar techniques became part of the vocabulary of the sound comedy film , though as special effects and `` color '' , not as the basis for the kind of comprehensive , non-naturalistic design achieved by Clair . Outside of the comedic field , the sort of bold play with sound exemplified by Melodie der Welt and Le Million would be pursued very rarely in commercial production . Hollywood , in particular , incorporated sound into a reliable system of genre - based moviemaking , in which the formal possibilities of the new medium were subordinated to the traditional goals of star affirmation and straightforward storytelling . As accurately predicted in 1928 by Frank Woods , secretary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , `` The talking pictures of the future will follow the general line of treatment heretofore developed by the silent drama ... The talking scenes will require different handling , but the general construction of the story will be much the same . '' See also ( edit ) Category : Film sound production for articles concerning the development of cinematic sound recording History of film List of film sound systems Sound stage The American Fotoplayer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wierzbicki ( 2009 ) , p. 74 ; `` Representative Kinematograph Shows '' ( 1907 ). The Auxetophone and Other Compressed - Air Gramophones explains pneumatic amplification and includes several detailed photographs of Gaumont 's Elgéphone , which was apparently a slightly later and more elaborate version of the Chronomégaphone . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1997 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) claims that German inventor and filmmaker Oskar Messter began projecting sound motion pictures at 21 Unter den Linden in September 1896 ( p. 168 ) , but this seems to be an error . Koerber ( 1996 ) notes that after Messter acquired the Cinema Unter den Linden ( located in the back room of a restaurant ) , it reopened under his management on September 21 , 1896 ( p. 53 ) , but no source beside Robertson describes Messter as screening sound films before 1903 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2005 ) , p. 158 ; Cosandey ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Lloyd and Robinson ( 1986 ) , p. 91 ; Barnier ( 2002 ) , pp. 25 , 29 ; Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 168 . Gratioulet went by his given name , Clément - Maurice , and is referred to thus in many sources , including Robertson and Barnier. Robertson incorrectly states that the Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre was a presentation of the Gaumont Co. ; in fact , it was presented under the aegis of Paul Decauville ( Barnier , ibid . ) . Jump up ^ Sound engineer Mark Ulano , in `` The Movies Are Born a Child of the Phonograph '' ( part 2 of his essay `` Moving Pictures That Talk '' ) , describes the Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre version of synchronized sound cinema : This system used an operator adjusted non-linkage form of primitive synchronization . The scenes to be shown were first filmed , and then the performers recorded their dialogue or songs on the Lioretograph ( usually a Le Éclat concert cylinder format phonograph ) trying to match tempo with the projected filmed performance . In showing the films , synchronization of sorts was achieved by adjusting the hand cranked film projector 's speed to match the phonograph . the projectionist was equipped with a telephone through which he listened to the phonograph which was located in the orchestra pit . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Barnier ( 2002 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2005 ) , p. 158 . If there was a drawback to the Elgéphone , it was apparently not a lack of volume . Dan Gilmore describes its predecessor technology in his 2004 essay `` What 's Louder than Loud ? The Auxetophone '' : `` Was the Auxetophone loud ? It was painfully loud . '' For a more detailed report of Auxetophone - induced discomfort , see The Auxetophone and Other Compressed - Air Gramophones . ^ Jump up to : Altman ( 2005 ) , pp. 158 -- 65 ; Altman ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Lindvall ( 2007 ) , pp. 118 -- 25 ; Carey ( 1999 ) , pp. 322 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Ruhmer ( 1901 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Ruhmer ( 1908 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Crawford ( 1931 ) , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Eyman ( 1997 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Crawford ( 1931 ) , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Sipilä , Kari ( April 2004 ) . `` A Country That Innovates '' . Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . `` Eric Tigerstedt '' . Film Sound Sweden . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . See also A.M. Pertti Kuusela , E.M.C Tigerstedt `` Suomen Edison '' ( Insinööritieto Oy : 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Bognár ( 2000 ) , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sponable ( 1947 ) , part 2 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 ; Moone ( 2004 ) ; Łotysz ( 2006 ) . Note that Crafton and Łotysz describe the demonstration as taking place at an AIEE conference . Moone , writing for the journal of the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 's Electrical and Computer Engineering Department , says the audience was `` members of the Urbana chapter of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . '' Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 30 ; Eyman ( 1997 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Hall , Brenda J. ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Freeman Harrison Owens ( 1890 -- 1979 ) '' . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A few sources indicate that the film was released in 1923 , but the two most recent authoritative histories that discuss the film -- Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 66 ; Hijiya ( 1992 ) , p. 103 -- both give 1924 . There are claims that De Forest recorded a synchronized musical score for director Fritz Lang 's Siegfried ( 1924 ) when it arrived in the United States the year after its German debut -- Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 100 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 66 , 564 -- which would make it the first feature film with synchronized sound throughout . There is no consensus , however , concerning when this recording took place or if the film was ever actually presented with synch - sound . For a possible occasion for such a recording , see the August 24 , 1925 , New York Times review of Siegfried Archived April 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , following its American premiere at New York City 's Century Theater the night before , which describes the score 's performance by a live orchestra . Jump up ^ Quoted in Lasky ( 1989 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , p. 203 ; Low ( 1997b ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Sponable ( 1947 ) , part 4 . Jump up ^ See Freeman Harrison Owens ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , op . cit . A number of sources erroneously state that Owens 's and / or the Tri-Ergon patents were essential to the creation of the Fox - Case Movietone system . Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 4 ; Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 29 . Crafton ( 1997 ) misleadingly implies that Griffith 's film had not previously been exhibited commercially before its sound - enhanced premiere . He also misidentifies Ralph Graves as Richard Grace ( p. 58 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Historical Development of Sound Films , E.I. Sponable , Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 48 April 1947 Jump up ^ The eight musical shorts were Caro Nome , An Evening on the Don , La Fiesta , His Pastimes , The Kreutzer Sonata , Mischa Elman , Overture `` Tannhäuser '' and Vesti La Giubba . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 76 -- 87 ; Gomery ( 2005 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Liebman ( 2003 ) , p. 398 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven E. ( March 24 , 2002 ) . `` Dynamic Range '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven E. ( October 6 , 1999 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound 1910 -- 1929 '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W. Kellogg , Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 64 June 1955 Jump up ^ The Bell `` Rubber Line '' Recorder . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven E. ( January 9 , 2000 ) . `` Sound Recording Research at Bell Labs '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , pp. 42 , 50 . See also Motion Picture Sound 1910 -- 1929 Archived May 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , perhaps the best online source for details on these developments , though here it fails to note that Fox 's original deal for the Western Electric technology involved a sublicensing arrangement . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , p. 60 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Eyman ( 1997 ) , pp. 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Glancy ( 1995 ) , p. 4 ( online ) . The previous highest - grossing Warner Bros. film was Don Juan , which Glancy notes earned $1.693 million , foreign and domestic . Historian Douglas Crafton ( 1997 ) seeks to downplay the `` total domestic gross income '' of The Jazz Singer , $1.97 million ( p. 528 ) , but that figure alone would have constituted a record for the studio . Crafton 's claim that The Jazz Singer `` was in a distinct second or third tier of attractions compared to the most popular films of the day and even other Vitaphone talkies '' ( p. 529 ) offers a skewed perspective . Although the movie was no match for the half - dozen biggest hits of the decade , the available evidence suggests that it was one of the three highest - earning films released in 1927 and that overall its performance was comparable to the other two , The King of Kings and Wings . It is undisputed that its total earnings were more than double those of the next four Vitaphone talkies ; the first three of which , according to Glancy 's analysis of in - house Warner Bros. figures , `` earned just under $1,000,000 each '' , and the fourth , Lights of New York , a quarter - million more . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Why The Jazz Singer ? '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Note that Allen , like many , exaggerates The Jazz Singer 's commercial success ; it was a big hit , but not `` one of the big box office hits of all time '' . Jump up ^ Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Hirschhorn ( 1979 ) , pp. 59 , 60 . Jump up ^ Glancy ( 1995 ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Schatz ( 1998 ) says the production cost of Lights of New York totaled $75,000 ( p. 64 ) . Even if this number is accurate , the rate of return was still over 1,600 % . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Eames ( 1985 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) describes the term 's derivation : `` The skeptical press disparagingly referred to these ( retrofitted films ) as ' goat glands ' ... from outrageous cures for impotency practiced in the 1920s , including restorative elixers , tonics , and surgical procedures . It implied that producers were trying to put some new life into their old films '' ( pp. 168 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ The first official releases from RKO ( which produced only all - talking pictures ) appeared still later in the year , but after the October 1928 merger that created it , the company put out a number of talkies produced by its FBO constituent . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Block and Wilson ( 2010 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 169 -- 71 , 253 -- 54 . Jump up ^ In 1931 , two Hollywood studios would release special projects without spoken dialogue ( now customarily classified as `` silents '' ) : Charles Chaplin 's City Lights ( United Artists ) and F.W. Murnau and Robert Flaherty 's Tabu ( Paramount ) . The last totally silent feature produced in the United States for general distribution was The Poor Millionaire , released by Biltmore Pictures in April 1930 . Four other silent features , all low - budget Westerns , were also released in early 1930 ( Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 173 ) . Jump up ^ As Thomas J. Saunders ( 1994 ) reports , it premiered the same month in Berlin , but as a silent . `` Not until June 1929 did Berlin experience the sensation of sound as New York had in 1927 -- a premiere boasting dialogue and song '' : The Singing Fool ( p. 224 ) . In Paris , The Jazz Singer had its sound premiere in January 1929 ( Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 101 ) . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ `` How the Pictures Learned to Talk : The Emergence of German Sound Film '' . Weimar Cinema . filmportal.de . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1980 ) , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 103 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , pp. 178 , 203 -- 5 ; Low ( 1997b ) , p. 183 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 432 ; `` Der Rote Kreis '' . Deutsches Filminstitut . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Note also that IMDb.com incorrectly refers to Der Rote Kreis / The Crimson Circle as a British International Pictures ( BIP ) coproduction ( it also spells Zelnik 's first name `` Frederic '' ) . The authentic BIP production Kitty is sometimes included among the candidates for `` first British talkie . '' In fact , the film was produced and premiered as a silent for its original 1928 release . The stars later came to New York to record dialogue , with which the film was rereleased in June 1929 , after much better credentialed candidates . See sources cited above . Jump up ^ Spoto ( 1984 ) , pp. 131 -- 32 , 136 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Spoto ( 1984 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Wagenleitner ( 1994 ) , p. 253 ; Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Jelavich ( 2006 ) , pp. 215 -- 16 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 595 , n . 59 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 103 ; `` Epinay ville du cinéma '' . Epinay-sur-Seine.fr . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Erickson , Hal . `` Le Collier de la reine ( 1929 ) '' . Allmovie . NYTimes.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Chiffaut - Moliard , Philippe ( 2005 ) . `` Le cinéma français en 1930 '' . Chronologie du cinéma français ( 1930 -- 1939 ) . Cine - studies . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . In his 2002 book Genre , Myth , and Convention in the French Cinema , 1929 -- 1939 ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press ) , Crisp says that Le Collier de la reine was `` ' merely ' sonorized , not dialogued '' ( p. 381 ) , but all other available detailed descriptions ( including his own from 1997 ) mention a dialogue sequence . Note also that Crisp gives October 31 as the debut date of Les Trois masques and Cine - studies gives its release ( `` sortie '' ) date as November 2 . Note finally , where Crisp defines in Genre , Myth , and Convention a `` feature '' as being a minimum of sixty minutes long , this article follows the equally common , and Wikipedia - prevalent , standard of forty minutes or longer . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 82 ; Fisher , David ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Chronomedia : 1929 '' . Chronomedia . Terra Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Carné ( 1932 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Haltof ( 2002 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ See Nichols and Bazzoni ( 1995 ) , p. 98 , for a description of La Canzone dell'amore and its premiere . Jump up ^ Stojanova ( 2006 ) , p. 97 . According to Il Cinema Ritrovato , the program for XXI Mostra Internazionale del Cinema Libero ( Bologna ; November 22 -- 29 , 1992 ) , the film was shot in Paris . According to the IMDb entry on the film , it was a Czech - German coproduction . The two claims are not necessarily contradictory . According to the Czech - Slovak Film Database , it was shot as a silent film in Germany ; soundtracks for Czech , German , and French versions were then recorded at the Gaumont studio in the Paris suburb of Joinville . Jump up ^ See Robertson ( 2001 ) , pp. 10 -- 14 . Robertson claims Switzerland produced its first talkie in 1930 , but it has not been possible to independently confirm this . The first talkies from Finland , Hungary , Norway , Portugal , and Turkey appeared in 1931 , the first talkies from Ireland ( English - language ) and Spain and the first in Slovak in 1932 , the first Dutch talkie in 1933 , and the first Bulgarian talkie in 1934 . In the Americas , the first Canadian talkie came out in 1929 -- North of ' 49 was a remake of the previous year 's silent His Destiny . The first Brazilian talkie , Acabaram - se os otários ( The End of the Simpletons ) , also appeared in 1929 . That year , as well , the first Yiddish talkies were produced in New York : East Side Sadie ( originally a silent ) , followed by Ad Mosay ( The Eternal Prayer ) ( Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 414 ) . Sources differ on whether Más fuerte que el deber , the first Mexican ( and Spanish - language ) talkie , came out in 1930 or 1931 . The first Argentine talkie appeared in 1931 and the first Chilean talkie in 1934 . Robertson asserts that the first Cuban feature talkie was a 1930 production called El Caballero de Max ; every other published source surveyed cites La Serpiente roja ( 1937 ) . Nineteen - thirty - one saw the first talkie produced on the African continent : South Africa 's Mocdetjie , in Afrikaans . Egypt 's Arabic Onchoudet el Fouad ( 1932 ) and Morocco 's French - language Itto ( 1934 ) followed . Jump up ^ Rollberg ( 2008 ) , pp. xxvii , 9 , 174 , 585 , 669 -- 70 , 679 , 733 . Several sources name Zemlya zhazhdet ( The Earth Is Thirsty ) , directed by Yuli Raizman , as the first Soviet sound feature . Originally produced and premiered as a silent in 1930 , it was rereleased with a non-talking , music - and - effects soundtrack the following year ( Rollberg ( 2008 ) , p. 562 ) . Jump up ^ Morton ( 2006 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rollberg ( 2008 ) , pp. xxvii , 210 -- 11 , 450 , 665 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 101 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kenez ( 2001 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Nolletti ( 2005 ) , p. 18 ; Richie ( 2005 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Burch ( 1979 ) , pp. 145 -- 46 . Note that Burch misdates Madamu to nyobo as 1932 ( p. 146 ; see above for sources for correct 1931 date ) . He also incorrectly claims that Mikio Naruse made no sound films before 1936 ( p. 146 ; see below for Naruse 's 1935 sound films ) . Jump up ^ Anderson and Richie ( 1982 ) , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Freiberg ( 1987 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Naruse 's first talking picture , Otome - gokoro sannin shimai ( Three Sisters with Maiden Hearts ) , as well as his widely acclaimed Tsuma yo bara no yo ni ( Wife ! Be Like a Rose ! ) , also a talkie , were both produced and released in 1935 . Wife ! Be Like a Rose ! was the first Japanese feature film to receive American commercial distribution . See Russell ( 2008 ) , pp. 4 , 89 , 91 -- 94 ; Richie ( 2005 ) , pp. 60 -- 63 ; `` Mikio Naruse -- A Modern Classic '' . Midnight Eye . February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jacoby , Alexander ( April 2003 ) . `` Mikio Naruse '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Ozu 's first talking picture , which came out the following year , was Hitori musuko ( The Only Son ) . See Richie ( 1977 ) , pp. 222 -- 24 ; Leahy , James ( June 2004 ) . `` The Only Son ( Hitori Musuko ) '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Freiberg ( 1987 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Sharp , Jasper ( March 7 , 2002 ) . `` A Page of Madness ( 1927 ) '' . Midnight Eye . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See Freiberg ( 2000 ) , `` The Film Industry . '' Jump up ^ Quoted in Chatterji ( 1999 ) , `` The History of Sound . '' Jump up ^ Reade ( 1981 ) , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Ranade ( 2006 ) , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Pradeep ( 2006 ) ; Narasimham ( 2006 ) ; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Anandan , `` Kalaimaamani '' . `` Tamil Cinema History -- The Early Days : 1916 -- 1936 '' . INDOlink Tamil Cinema . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2000 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 328 ; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 255 ; Chatterji ( 1999 ) , `` The First Sound Films '' ; Bhuyan ( 2006 ) , `` Alam Ara : Platinum Jubilee of Sound in Indian Cinema . '' In March 1934 came the release of the first Kannada talking picture , Sathi Sulochana ( Guy ( 2004 ) ) ; Bhakta Dhruva ( aka Dhruva Kumar ) was released soon after , though it was actually completed first ( Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , pp. 258 , 260 ) . A few websites refer to the 1932 version of Heer Ranjha as the first Punjabi talkie ; the most reliable sources all agree , however , that it is performed in Hindustani . The first Punjabi - language film is Pind di Kuri ( aka Sheila ; 1935 ) . The first Assamese - language film , Joymati , also came out in 1935 . Many websites echo each other in dating the first Oriya talkie , Sita Bibaha , as 1934 , but the most authoritative source to definitively date it -- Chapman ( 2003 ) -- gives 1936 ( p. 328 ) . The Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) entry gives `` 1934 ? '' ( p. 260 ) . Jump up ^ Lai ( 2000 ) , `` The Cantonese Arena . '' Jump up ^ Ris ( 2004 ) , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Maliangkay , Roald H ( March 2005 ) . `` Classifying Performances : The Art of Korean Film Narrators '' . Image & Narrative . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2000 ) , pp. 72 -- 74 ; `` What Is Korea 's First Sound Film ( '' Talkie `` ) ? '' . The Truth of Korean Movies . Korean Film Archive . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Millard ( 2005 ) , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1995 ) . `` Let 's Hear It For Sound '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2000 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordwell ( 1985 ) , pp. 300 -- 1 , 302 . Jump up ^ Bordwell and Thompson ( 1995 ) , p. 124 ; Bordwell ( 1985 ) , pp. 301 , 302 . Note that Bordwell 's assertion in the earlier text , `` Until the late 1930s , the post-dubbing of voices gave poor fidelity , so most dialogue was recorded direct '' ( p. 302 ) , refers to a 1932 source . His later ( coauthored ) description , which refers to the viability of looping in 1935 , appears to replace the earlier one , as it should : in fact , then and now , most movie dialogue is recorded direct . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 147 -- 48 . Jump up ^ See Bernds ( 1999 ) , part 1 . Jump up ^ See Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 142 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 435 . Jump up ^ `` Outcome of Paris '' ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , p. 732 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 480 , 498 , 501 -- 9 ; Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 732 -- 33 , 285 -- 87 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 34 , 22 , 20 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 480 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 288 -- 89 , 526 -- 27 , 728 -- 29 , 229 , 585 -- 86 : Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 , 28 -- 29 , 33 -- 34 , 18 -- 19 , 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1956 ) . Jump up ^ See Dardis ( 1980 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 , for an analysis of the profitability of Keaton 's early sound films . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 376 -- 77 , 463 -- 64 , 487 -- 89 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 57 , 103 , 118 , 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 69 , 103 -- 5 , 487 -- 89 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 , 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 , 90 , 167 , 689 -- 90 , 425 -- 26 , 122 -- 24 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 , 54 , 67 , 148 , 113 , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 281 , 154 -- 56 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 87 , 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 274 -- 76 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , Otto ( 1997 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940s ( reprint ed . ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0520209494 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 -- 1929 '' . Our History . American Federation of Musicians . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . `` 1927 -- With the release of the first ' talkie , ' The Jazz Singer , orchestras in movie theaters were displaced . The AFM had its first encounter with wholesale unemployment brought about by technology . Within three years , 22,000 theater jobs for musicians who accompanied silent movies were lost , while only a few hundred jobs for musicians performing on soundtracks were created by the new technology . 1928 -- While continuing to protest the loss of jobs due to the use of ' canned music ' with motion pictures , the AFM set minimum wage scales for Vitaphone , Movietone and phonograph record work . Because synchronizing music with pictures for the movies was particularly difficult , the AFM was able to set high prices for this work . '' Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 1985 ) , p. 429 . Jump up ^ `` Canned Music on Trial '' . Ad * Access . Duke University Libraries . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . The text of the ad continues : Is Music Worth Saving ? No great volume of evidence is required to answer this question . Music is a well - nigh universally beloved art . From the beginning of history , men have turned to musical expression to lighten the burdens of life , to make them happier . Aborigines , lowest in the scale of savagery , chant their song to tribal gods and play upon pipes and shark - skin drums . Musical development has kept pace with good taste and ethics throughout the ages , and has influenced the gentler nature of man more powerfully perhaps than any other factor . Has it remained for the Great Age of Science to snub the Art by setting up in its place a pale and feeble shadow of itself ? Jump up ^ Oderman ( 2000 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Movies '' ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Gomery describes the difference in profits simply between 1928 and 1929 , but it seems clear from the figures cited that he is referring to the fiscal years that ended September 30 . The fiscal year roughly paralleled ( but was still almost a month off from ) the traditional Hollywood programming year -- the prime exhibition season began the first week of September with Labor Day and ran through Memorial Day at the end of May ; this was followed by a fourteen - week `` open season '' , when films with minimal expectations were released and many theaters shut down for the hot summer months . See Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 183 , 268 . Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Finler ( 2003 ) , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Segrave ( 1997 ) gives the figures as 282 million feet in 1929 compared to 222 million feet the year before ( p. 79 ) . Crafton ( 1997 ) reports the new mark in this peculiar way : `` Exports in 1929 set a new record : 282,215,480 feet ( against the old record of 9,000,000 feet ( 2,700,000 m ) in 1919 ) '' ( p. 418 ) . But in 1913 , for instance , the U.S. exported 32 million feet of exposed film ( Segrave ( 1997 ) , p. 65 ) . Note also that Crafton says of the 1929 exports , `` Of course , most of this footage was silent '' , though he provides no figures ( p. 418 ) . In contrast , if not necessarily contradiction , Segrave points to the following : `` At the very end of 1929 the New York Times reported that most U.S. talkies went abroad as originally created for domestic screening '' ( p. 77 ) . Jump up ^ Eckes and Zeiler ( 2003 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Jewell ( 1982 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Schatz ( 1998 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Ganti ( 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ganti ( 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 254 ; Joshi ( 2003 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Guy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , pp. 30 , 32 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 ; `` Analysis of the UIS International Survey on Feature Film Statistics '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Agate ( 1972 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Kaes ( 2009 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 448 -- 49 ; Brownlow ( 1968 ) , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Time Out Film Guide ( 2000 ) , pp. x -- xi . Jump up ^ Kemp ( 1987 ) , pp. 1045 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Jeremy . `` Westfront 1918 '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1987 ) , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ M , for instance , is the earliest sound film to appear in the 2001 Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th Century Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . poll and the 2002 Sight and Sound Top Ten ( among the 60 films receiving five or more votes ) . See also , e.g. , Ebert ( 2002 ) , pp. 274 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Ebert ( 2002 ) , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Kenez ( 2001 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Eisenstein ( 1928 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 2004 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Bazin ( 1967 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ There is disagreement on the running time of the film . The Deutsches Filminstitut 's webpage on the film Archived March 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . gives 48 minutes ; the 35 Millimeter website 's entry gives 40 minutes . According to filmportal.de Archived January 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , it is `` some 40 minutes '' . Jump up ^ Moritz ( 2003 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets ( 1999 ) , pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets ( 1999 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ See Spoto ( 1984 ) , pp. 132 -- 33 ; Truffaut ( 1984 ) , pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Milne ( 1980 ) , p. 659 . See also Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 334 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Bordwell ( 1985 ) , p. 298 . See also Bordwell and Thompson ( 1995 ) , p. 125 . Sources ( edit ) Altman , Rick ( 1995 ) . `` The Sound of Sound '' , Cineaste , vol. 21 , January 1 ( archived online ) . Altman , Rick ( 2005 ) . Silent Film Sound , New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11662 - 4 Anderson , Joseph L. , and Donald Richie ( 1982 ) . The Japanese Film : Art and Industry , expanded ed . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05351 - 0 Barnier , Martin ( 2002 ) . En route vers le parlant : histoire d'une évolution technologique , économique et esthétique du cinéma ( 1926 -- 1934 ) . Liège : Editions du Céfal . ISBN 2 - 87130 - 133 - 6 Bazin , André ( 1967 ( 1958 -- 65 ) ) . `` Cinema and Exploration '' , in his What Is Cinema ? , trans . and ed . Hugh Gray , pp. 154 -- 163 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Bernds , Edward ( 1999 ) . Mr. Bernds Goes to Hollywood : My Early Life and Career in Sound Recording at Columbia With Frank Capra and Others . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press ( excerpted online ) . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3602 - 5 Bhuyan , Avantika ( 2006 ) . `` Going , Going , Gone ... '' , Screen Weekly , March 31 ( available online ) . Block , Alex Ben , and Lucy Autrey Wilson , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 Bognár , Desi Kégl ( 2000 ) . International Dictionary of Broadcasting and Film , 2d ed . Burlington , Massachusetts : Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80376 - 0 Bordwell , David ( 1985 ) . `` The Introduction of Sound '' , chap. in Bordwell , Janet Staiger , and Kristin Thompson , The Classical Hollywood Cinema : Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960 , pp. 298 -- 308 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06054 - 8 Bordwell , David , and Kristin Thompson ( 1995 ( 1993 ) ) . `` Technological Change and Classical Film Style '' , chap. in Balio , Tino , Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 , pp. 109 -- 41 . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20334 - 8 Bradley , Edwin M. ( 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2029 - 4 Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2005 ) . The First Hollywood Sound Shorts , 1926 -- 1931 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1030 - 2 Brooks , Louise ( 1956 ) . `` Mr. Pabst '' , Image , no . 5 , September 7 . Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The Parade 's Gone By ... Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03068 - 0 Burch , Noël ( 1979 ) . To the Distant Observer : Form and Meaning in the Japanese Cinema . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03877 - 0 Carey , Frances ( 1999 ) . The Apocalypse and the Shape of Things to Come . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8325 - 0 Carné , Marcel ( 1932 ) . `` Cinema and the World '' , trans . Claudia Gorbman , in French Film Theory and Criticism : A History / Anthology , 1907 -- 1939 . Volume 2 : 1929 -- 1939 , ed . Richard Abel , pp. 102 -- 5 . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05518 - 1 Chapman , James ( 2003 ) . Cinemas of the World : Film and Society from 1895 to the Present . London : Reaktion Books . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 162 - 8 Chatterji , Shoma A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Culture - specific Use of Sound in Indian Cinema '' , paper presented at International Symposium on Sound in Cinema , London , April 15 -- 18 ( available online ) . Cosandey , Roland ( 1996 ) . `` François ( or Franz ) Dussaud ( 1870 -- 1953 ) '' , in Who 's Who of Victorian Cinema : A Worldwide Survey , ed . Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan . London : BFI Publishing ( available online ) . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 539 - 1 Crafton , Donald ( 1997 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 19585 - 2 Crawford , Merritt ( 1931 ) . `` Pioneer Experiments of Eugene Lauste in Recording Sound '' , Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 17 , no . 4 , October 1931 , pp. 632 -- 644 . ( available online ) . Crisp , Colin G. ( 1997 ) . The Classic French Cinema , 1930 -- 1960 . Bloomington / London : Indiana University Press / I.B. Tauris . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21115 - 8 Dardis , Tom ( 1980 ( 1979 ) ) . Keaton : The Man Who Would n't Lie Down . Middlesex , England , and New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 005701 - 3 Dibbets , Karel ( 1999 ) . `` High - tech Avant - garde : Philips Radio , '' in Joris Ivens and the Documentary Context , ed . Kees Bakker , pp. 72 -- 86 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 425 - X Eames , John Douglas ( 1985 ) . The Paramount Story . New York : Crown . 0 - 517 - 55348 - 1 Ebert , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Great Movies . New York : Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1038 - 9 Eckes , Alfred E. and Thomas W. Zeiler ( 2003 ) . Globalization and the American Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80409 - 4 Eisenstein , Sergei et al. ( 1928 ) . `` A Statement '' , in his Film Form : Essays in Film Theory ( 1957 ( 1949 ) ) , trans . Jay Leyda , pp. 257 -- 60 . New York : Meridian ( available online ) . Eyman , Scott ( 1997 ) . The Speed of Sound : Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926 -- 1930 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81162 - 6 Finler , Joel W. ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story , 3d ed . London and New York : Wallflower . ISBN 1 - 903364 - 66 - 3 Freiberg , Freda ( 1987 ) . `` The Transition to Sound in Japan '' , in History on / and / in Film , ed . Tom O'Regan and Brian Shoesmith , pp. 76 -- 80 . Perth : History & Film Association of Australia ( available online ) . Freiberg , Freda ( 2000 ) . `` Comprehensive Connections : The Film Industry , the Theatre and the State in the Early Japanese Cinema '' , Screening the Past , no . 11 , November 1 ( available online ) . Geduld , Harry M. ( 1975 ) . The Birth of the Talkies : From Edison to Jolson . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 10743 - 1 Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros. Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : The William Schaefer Ledger '' , Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television , March . Gomery , Douglas ( 1980 ) . `` Economic Struggle and Hollywood Imperialism : Europe Converts to Sound '' , in Film Sound : Theory and Practice ( 1985 ) , ed . Elisabeth Weis and John Belton , pp. 25 -- 36 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05637 - 0 Gomery , Douglas ( 1985 ) . `` The Coming of Sound : Technological Change in the American Film Industry '' , in Technology and Culture -- The Film Reader ( 2005 ) , ed . Andrew Utterson , pp. 53 -- 67 . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31984 - 6 Gomery , Douglas ( 2005 ) . The Coming of Sound : A History . New York and Oxon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96900 - X Guy , Randor ( 2004 ) . `` First Film to Talk in Kannada '' , The Hindu , December 31 ( available online ) . Hall , Mordaunt ( 1930 ) . `` Because I Loved You -- Germany 's First Talking Film '' , The New York Times , January 25 ( available online ) . Haltof , Marek ( 2002 ) . Polish National Cinema . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 275 - X Hamilton , Elizabeth C. ( 2004 ) . `` Deafening Sound and Troubling Silence in Volker Schlöndorff 's Die Blechtrommel '' , in Sound Matters : Essays on the Acoustics of German Culture ( 2004 ) , ed . Nora M. Alter and Lutz Koepnick , pp. 130 -- 41 . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 436 - 1 Hijiya , James A. ( 1992 ) . Lee De Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio . Cranbury , N.J. , and London : Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 934223 - 23 - 8 Hirschhorn , Clive ( 1979 ) . The Warner Bros. Story . New York : Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53834 - 2 Hubbard , Preston J. ( 1985 ) . `` Synchronized Sound and Movie - House Musicians , 1926 -- 29 '' , American Music , vol. 3 , no . 4 , Winter . Jelavich , Peter ( 2006 ) . Berlin Alexanderplatz : Radio , Film , and the Death of Weimar Culture . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24363 - 3 Jewell , Richard B. , with Vernon Harbin ( 1982 ) . The RKO Story . New York : Arlington House / Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54656 - 6 Joshi , Lalit Mohan ( 2003 ) . Bollywood : Popular Indian Cinema . London : Dakini . ISBN 0 - 9537032 - 2 - 3 Kaes , Anton ( 2009 ) . Shell Shock Cinema : Weimar Culture and the Wounds of War . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03136 - 3 Kemp , Philip ( 1987 ) . `` Josef Von Sternberg '' , in World Film Directors , Volume I : 1890 -- 1945 , ed . John Wakeman , pp. 1041 -- 51 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Kenez , Peter ( 2001 ) . Cinema and Soviet Society from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin . London and New York : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 632 - 8 Koerber , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Oskar Messter , Film Pioneer : Early Cinema Between Science , Spectacle , and Commerce '' , in A Second Life : German Cinema 's First Decades , ed . Thomas Elsaesser , pp. 51 -- 61 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 172 - 2 Lai , Linda ( 2000 ) . `` Hong Kong Cinema in the 1930s : Docility , Social Hygiene , Pleasure - Seeking & the Consolidation of the Film Industry '' , Screening the Past , no . 11 , November 1 ( available online ) . Lasky , Betty ( 1989 ) . RKO : The Biggest Little Major of Them All . Santa Monica , California : Roundtable . ISBN 0 - 915677 - 41 - 5 Lee , Hyangjin ( 2000 ) . Contemporary Korean Cinema : Identity , Culture , and Politics . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6008 - 7 Liebman , Roy ( 2003 ) . Vitaphone Films : A Catalogue of the Features and Shorts . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1279 - 8 Lindvall , Terry ( 2007 ) . Sanctuary Cinema : Origins of the Christian Film Industry . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5210 - 1 Lloyd , Ann , and David Robinson ( 1986 ) . The Illustrated History of the Cinema . London : Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 754 - 5 Łotysz , Sławomir ( 2006 ) . `` Contributions of Polish Jews : Joseph Tykociński -- Tykociner ( 1877 -- 1969 ) , Pioneer of Sound on Film '' , Gazeta , vol. 13 , no . 3 , winter -- spring ( available online ) . Low , Rachael ( 1997a ( 1971 ) ) . The History of the British Film 1918 -- 1929 ( The History of British Film , Volume IV ) . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15649 - 1 Low , Rachael ( 1997b ( 1985 ) ) . The History of the British Film 1929 -- 1939 : Film Making in 1930s Britain ( The History of British Film , Volume VII ) . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15451 - 0 Millard , Andre J. ( 2005 ) . America on Record : A History of Recorded Sound , 2d ed . Cambridge et al. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83515 - 1 Milne , Tom ( 1980 ) . `` Rouben Mamoulian '' , in Cinema : A Critical Dictionary , ed . Richard Roud , pp. 658 -- 663 . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 22257 - 7 Moone , Tom ( 2004 ) . `` Joseph Tykociner : Pioneer of Sound on Film '' , Ingenuity , vol. 9 , no . 1 , March ( archived online ) . Moritz , William ( 2003 ) . Optical Poetry : The Life and Work of Oskar Fischinger . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 86196 - 634 - 1 Morton , David ( 2006 ) . Sound Recording : The Life Story of a Technology . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8398 - 9 . Narasimham , M.L. ( 2006 ) . `` A Leader and a Visionary '' , The Hindu , September 8 ( available online ) . Nichols , Nina Da Vinci , and Jana O'Keefe Bazzoni ( 1995 ) . Pirandello and Film . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3336 - 1 Nolletti , Arthur ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of Gosho Heinosuke : Laughter through Tears . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34484 - 0 Oderman , Stuart ( 2000 ) . Lillian Gish : A Life on Stage and Screen . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0644 - 5 `` Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability -- Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones -- Patent Exchange '' ( 1930 ) , Film - Kurier , July 22 ( available online ) . Pradeep , K. ( 2006 ) . `` When the Stars Talked '' , The Hindu , March 17 ( available online ) . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish , and Paul Willemen ( 2002 ( 1999 ) ) . BFI Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema , rev . ed . Oxford and New York : BFI / Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 669 - X Ranade , Ashok Da . ( 2006 ) . Hindi Film Song : Music Beyond Boundaries . New Delhi : Promilla / Bibliophile South Asia . ISBN 81 - 85002 - 64 - 9 Reade , Eric ( 1981 ( 1979 ) ) . History and Heartburn : The Saga of Australian Film , 1896 -- 1978 . East Brunswick , N.J. : Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3082 - 0 `` Representative Kinematograph Shows : Singing Pictures at the Hippodrome '' ( 1907 ) , Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly , September 5 . Richie , Donald ( 1977 ) . Ozu . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03277 - 2 Richie , Donald ( 2005 ) . A Hundred Years of Japanese Film : A Concise History , 2d ed . Tokyo : Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2995 - 0 Ris , Peter Harry ( 2004 ) . `` Jayu Manse / Hurrah ! for Freedom '' , in The Cinema of Japan & Korea , ed . Justin Bowyer , pp. 33 -- 40 . London : Wallflower Press . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 11 - 8 Robertson , Patrick ( 2001 ) . Film Facts . New York : Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7943 - 0 Robinson , David ( 1997 ) . From Peepshow to Palace : The Birth of American Film . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10338 - 7 Rollberg , Peter ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 6072 - 4 Rosen , Miriam ( 1987 ) . `` Luis Buñuel '' , in World Film Directors , Volume I : 1890 -- 1945 , ed . John Wakeman , pp. 71 -- 92 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Ruhmer , Ernst ( 1901 ) . `` The Photographophone '' , Scientific American , July 20 , 1901 , vol. 85 , no . 3 , p. 36 . ( available online ) . Ruhmer , Ernst ( 1908 ) . Wireless Telephony In Theory and Practice ( translated from the German by James Erskine - Murray ) , New York : C. Van Nostrand Company . ( available online ) . Russell , Catherine ( 2008 ) . The Cinema of Naruse Mikio : Women and Japanese Modernity . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4312 - 6 Saunders , Thomas J. ( 1994 ) . Hollywood in Berlin : American Cinema and Weimar Germany . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08354 - 7 Schatz , Thomas ( 1998 ) . The Genius of the System : Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19596 - 2 Segrave , Kerry ( 1997 ) . American Films Abroad : Hollywood 's Domination of the World 's Movie Screens from the 1890s to the Present . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0346 - 2 Sponable , E.I. ( 1947 ) . `` Historical Development of Sound Films '' , Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 48 , nos. 4 -- 5 , April / May ( available online ) . Spoto , Donald ( 1984 ( 1983 ) ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . New York : Ballantine . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31462 - X Stojanova , Christina ( 2006 ) . `` Post-Communist Cinema '' , in Traditions in World Cinema , ed . Linda Badley , R. Barton Palmer , and Steven Jay Schneider , pp. 95 -- 114 . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3873 - 0 `` Talking Movies : They 'll Never Take , Asserts Film Company 's Head '' ( 1926 ) , Associated Press , September 3 ( available online ) . Thomson , David ( 1998 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of Film , 3d ed . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75564 - 0 Time Out Film Guide ( 2000 ) . Eighth ed. , ed . John Pym . London and New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028365 - X Truffaut , François ( 1984 ( 1983 ) ) . Hitchcock , rev . ed . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 52601 - 4 Wagenleitner , Reinhold ( 1994 ) . Coca - Colonization and the Cold War : The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War , trans . Diana M. Wolf . Chapel Hill and London : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2149 - 7 Wierzbicki , James ( 2009 ) . Film Music : A History . New York and Oxon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99198 - 6 Wlaschin , Ken ( 1979 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World 's Greatest Movie Stars and Their Films . New York and London : Salamander / Harmony . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53714 - 1 External links ( edit ) Film Sound History well - organized bibliography of online articles and resources ; part of the FilmSound website Hollywood Goes for Sound charts showing transition to sound production by Hollywood studios , 1928 -- 1929 ; part of the Terra Media website Progressive Silent Film List ( PSFL ) / Early Sound Films comprehensive and detailed listing of first generation of sound films from around the world ; part of the Silent Era website Recording Technology History extensive chronology of developments , including subsites , by Steven E. Schoenherr ; see , in particular , Motion Picture Sound A Selected Bibliography of Sound and Music for Moving Pictures compiled by Miguel Mera , Royal College of Music , London ; part of the School of Sound website The Silent Film Bookshelf links to crucial primary and secondary source documents , a number of which cover the era of transition to sound Sound Stage -- The History of Motion Picture Sound informative illustrated survey ; part of the American WideScreen Museum website J. Domański `` Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film '' 1913 add for Vivaphone Historical writings ( edit ) `` Asynchronism as a Principle of Sound Film '' 1934 essay by filmmaker and theorist Vsevolod Pudovkin `` Dialogue and Sound '' essay by film historian and critic Siegfried Kracauer ; first published in his book Theory of Film : The Redemption of Physical Reality ( 1960 ) `` The Film to Come '' essay by producer and composer Guido Bagier ; first published in Film - Kurier , January 7 , 1928 Handbook for Projectionists technical manual covering all major U.S. systems ; issued by RCA Photophone , 1930 `` Historical Development of Sound Films '' chronology by sound - film pioneer E.I. Sponable ; first published in Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , April / May 1947 `` Madam , Will You Talk ? '' article on the history of Bell Laboratories ' early research into sound film , by Stanley Watkins , Western Electric engineer ; first published in Bell Laboratories Record , August 1946 `` Merger of the Sound Film Industry -- The Founding Agenda of Tobis '' corporate manifesto first published in Film - Kurier , July 20 , 1928 `` The Official Communiqué : Foundations of the Sound - Film Accord Sales Prospects for the German Electronics Industry '' article first published in Film - Kurier , July 23 , 1930 Operating Instructions for Synchronous Reproducing Equipment technical manual for Western Electric theatrical sound projector system ; issued by ERPI , December 1928 `` Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability -- Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones -- Patent Exchange '' article first published in Film - Kurier , July 22 , 1930 `` The Singing Fool '' review by film theorist and critic Rudolf Arnheim , ca . 1929 `` Sound - Film Confusion '' 1929 essay by Rudolf Arnheim `` Sound Here and There '' essay by composer Paul Dessau ; first published in Der Film , August 1 , 1929 `` Sound in Films '' essay by director Alberto Cavalcanti ; first published in Films , November 1939 `` Theory of the Film : Sound '' 1945 essay by film theorist and critic Béla Balázs `` What Radio Has Meant to Talking Movies '' prescient essay by Universal sound engineer Charles Feldstead ; first published in Radio News , April 1931 Historical films ( edit ) Ben Bernie and All the Lads excerpts from ca . 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on The Red Hot Jazz Archive website A Few Minutes with Eddie Cantor 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org Gus Visser and His Singing Duck 1925 Theodore Case sound film ; on YouTube President Coolidge , Taken on the White House Lawn 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword - and - sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Dark Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho - biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming - of - age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai - geki Ghost Goona - goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin - geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword - and - sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute New Objectivity Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. Rebellion Lettrist Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New Generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet Parallel Structural Surrealist Sword - and - sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Yugoslav Black Wave By audience Adult Chick flick Children 's Family Guy - cry Stag Teen Woman 's By format , technique , approach , or production 3D Actuality Animation anime cartoon computer stop - motion traditional Anthology Art B movie Black - and - white Blockbuster Bollywood Cinéma vérité Classical Hollywood cinema Collage Color Compilation Composite Cult midnight movie Database cinema Docufiction Ethnofiction Experimental Abstract Feature Featurette Film à clef Film noir Film - poem Found footage Grindhouse Hyperlink cinema Independent Guerrilla filmmaking Interstitial art Live action animation Low - budget Major studio Making - of Masala Message picture Meta - film Mockbuster Musical short Mythopoeia Neorealist No budget Paracinema Participatory Poetry Postmodernist Reverse motion Sceneggiata Semidocumentary Serial Shinpa Short Silent Socialist realist Sound Underground Video nasty Z movie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_film&oldid=854649251 '' Categories : Audiovisual introductions in 1900 Exposition Universelle ( 1900 ) History of film Film and video technology Film sound production Finnish inventions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2013 Articles containing Korean - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	match the hollywood studio and the genre for which they were best known	[]	[]
-5812393620216894084	Philadelphia Eagles	Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions ( and current defending champions ) , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 3 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3.1 2018 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 ( edit ) `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 ( edit ) The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL . 1976 -- 1984 ( edit ) In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX ( edit ) In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 ( edit ) Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2018 : first Super Bowl Championship ( edit ) During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . top defense in the NFL . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on an nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , snapping their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would , once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 - 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 - 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 - 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs despite being the No. 1 seed in the NFC and this was the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 - 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 - 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 - 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 - 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 - 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired securing the win for the Eagles 41 - 33 , ending the 58 year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 - 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 . Season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 556 -- 591 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries ( edit ) New York Giants ( edit ) Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins ( edit ) Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular - season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp ( edit ) The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song ( edit ) Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans ( edit ) Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion ( edit ) Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior ( edit ) Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders ( edit ) Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . Current roster ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 36 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 14 Marcus Johnson 82 Torrey Smith -- Dom Williams Tight ends 87 Brent Celek 86 Zach Ertz Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT 74 Winston Craig DT 75 Vinny Curry DE 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB Defensive backs 41 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB 37 Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists 33 De'Vante Bausby CB ( Future ) -- Elie Bouka CB ( Future ) 85 Billy Brown TE ( Future ) 19 Rashard Davis WR ( Future ) 78 Darrell Greene G ( Future ) -- Taylor Hart OT ( Future ) 35 D.J. Killings CB ( Future ) -- Cameron Johnston P ( Future ) -- Joshua Perkins TE ( Future ) 49 Tre Sullivan S ( Future ) 77 Jon Toth C ( Future ) 16 Bryce Treggs WR ( Future ) 89 Greg Ward Jr . WR ( Future ) -- Marquess Wilson WR ( Future ) -- Adam Zaruba TE ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 94 Beau Allen DT 38 Kenjon Barner RB 66 Will Beatty OT 29 LeGarrette Blount RB 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 50 Bryan Braman DE 88 Trey Burton TE 57 Dannell Ellerbe MLB 52 Najee Goode OLB 24 Corey Graham FS 21 Patrick Robinson CB 43 Darren Sproles RB 6 Caleb Sturgis K Restricted FAs 26 Jaylen Watkins SS Rookies in italics Roster updated February 27 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 50 Active , 15 Inactive , 14 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 Coaches and Executives Name Positions Seasons Inducted Bert Bell Owner / Founder 1933 -- 1940 1963 Wayne Millner Assistant Coach 1951 1968 Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 1969 Mike McCormack Head Coach 1973 -- 1975 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame ( edit ) See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 -- 1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 1948 NFL Championship team 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) ( edit ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records ( edit ) Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , Rushing ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Rookie Statistic Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Rookie Statistic Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions Other ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Rookie Statistic Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 15 times ) Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) 0 Total Return Yds 4,997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense ( edit ) Regular Season Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances ( edit ) Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 - - Coaches of note ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles staff Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Vacant Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Coaching Support Staff Coaching Assistant / Linebackers -- Ryan Paganetti Coaching Assistant -- Trent Miles Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Keith Gray Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of Sports Science and Reconditioning -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM Philadelphia WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference ( edit ) In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website Philadelphia Eagles Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . Dan Baker Cheerleaders Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners `` Pennsylvania Polka '' Steagles `` Happy Hundred '' Miracle at the Meadowlands Buddy Ball Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Washington Redskins Pittsburgh Steelers Division championships ( 13 ) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2006 2013 2017 Conference championships ( 4 ) 1960 1980 2017 League championships ( 4 ) 1948 1949 1960 2017 ( LII ) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WTEL WIP - FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 86 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Sports teams based in Pennsylvania Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders EL Altoona Curve Erie SeaWolves Harrisburg Senators Reading Fightin Phils NYPL State College Spikes Williamsport Crosscutters ALPB Lancaster Barnstormers York Revolution FL Washington Wild Things Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Erie BayHawks Cricket Lehigh Valley Cricket Club Philadelphia Cricket Club Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers AFL Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA Keystone Assault Philadelphia Phantomz Pittsburgh Passion IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds WSFL Erie Illusion Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins AHL Hershey Bears Lehigh Valley Phantoms Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins ECHL Reading Royals OHL Erie Otters NAHL Johnstown Tomahawks Philadelphia Rebels Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Knights EHL Philadelphia Little Flyers Philadelphia Junior Flyers Philadelphia Revolution NA3AHL Central Penn Panthers NA3HL Pittsburgh Vengeance Inline hockey PIHA Harrisburg Lunatics Pennsylvania Typhoon AIHL Delco Demons Philadelphia Liberty Pittsburgh Bandits Pottstown Team Blue Scottdale Inferno Lacrosse NLL Philadelphia Wings Roller derby WFTDA Black Rose Rollers Brandywine Roller Derby Dutchland Rollers Harrisburg Area Roller Derby Lehigh Valley Rollergirls Philly Roller Derby Steel City Roller Derby Penn Jersey Roller Derby MRDA Penn Jersey Roller Derby RDCL Penn Jersey Roller Derby Rugby league USARL Bucks County Sharks Philadelphia Fight Pittsburgh Sledgehammers Soccer MLS Philadelphia Union USL Bethlehem Steel FC Penn FC Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC NPSL Buxmont Torch FC Electric City Shock SC Erie Commodores FC Fort Pitt Regiment Hershey FC Junior Lone Star FC PDL Lehigh Valley United Sonic Pittsburgh Riverhounds U23 Reading United AC ASL AFC Lancaster Lions Philadelphia Fury WPSL Lancaster Torch FC FC Bucks Hershey FC Steel City FC UWS Lancaster Inferno Indoor soccer MASL Harrisburg Heat Softball NPF Pennsylvania Rebellion Tennis WTT Philadelphia Freedoms Ultimate AUDL Philadelphia Phoenix Pittsburgh Thunderbirds Sports in Pennsylvania Sports teams based in and around Philadelphia Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs EL Reading Fightin Phils Trenton Thunder CL Wilmington Blue Rocks Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Delaware 87ers Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles AFL Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA Philadelphia Phantomz IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers AHL Lehigh Valley Phantoms ECHL Reading Royals NAHL Philadelphia Rebels EHL Philadelphia Little Flyers Philadelphia Junior Flyers Philadelphia Revolution Rugby league USARL Bucks County Sharks Delaware Black Foxes Philadelphia Fight Roller derby WFTDA Diamond State Roller Girls Philly Roller Derby Soccer MLS Philadelphia Union USL Bethlehem Steel FC NPSL Junior Lone Star FC PDL Lehigh Valley United Sonic Reading United A.C. ASL Philadelphia Fury Tennis WTT Philadelphia Freedoms Lacrosse NLL Philadelphia Wings College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Drexel University Dragons La Salle University Explorers Saint Joseph 's University Hawks Temple University Owls University of Pennsylvania Quakers Villanova University Wildcats Lafayette College Leopards Lehigh University Mountain Hawks Rider University Broncs University of Delaware Blue Hens See also : Philadelphia Big 5 and City 6 College athletics ( NCAA Div. II ) Philadelphia University Rams University of the Sciences Devils West Chester University Golden Rams Wilmington University Wildcats Currently defunct teams Further information : Template : Defunct Philadelphia sports teams Main article : Sports in Philadelphia City of Philadelphia Nickname ( s ) : City of Brotherly Love Topics History Timeline Accent Architecture Bibliography Companies Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Education Media Music Notable people Sites of interest Historic Landmarks Skyscrapers Transit Government City Hall Mayors City Council District Attorney Airport Fire Department Free Library Police Department School district Sister cities Federal : U.S. Mint U.S. District Court for the Eastern Dist. of Pa . U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit Neighborhoods Center City North Philadelphia Lower North Upper North Northwest Northeast Philadelphia South Philadelphia Southwest Philadelphia West Philadelphia Museums Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University African American Museum in Philadelphia American Philosophical Society American Swedish Historical Museum Athenaeum of Philadelphia Barnes Foundation Bartram 's Garden Belmont Mansion Betsy Ross House Civil War Museum Cliveden Eastern State Penitentiary Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site Elfreth 's Alley Fabric Workshop and Museum Fairmount Water Works Fort Mifflin Franklin Institute Germantown White House Glen Foerd on the Delaware Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library Grumblethorpe Hill - Physick - Keith House Historic Strawberry Mansion Historical Society of Frankford Historical Society of Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Independence Seaport Museum Insectarium Institute of Contemporary Art John Johnson House John Ruan House La Salle University Art Museum Lemon Hill Marian Anderson Residence Museum Masonic Temple , Library , and Museum Museum of the American Revolution Mütter Museum National Constitution Center National Liberty Museum National Museum of American Jewish History Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Philadelphia History Museum Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia 's Magic Gardens Please Touch Museum Powel House RittenhouseTown Rodin Museum Rosenbach Museum and Library Ryerss Museum and Library Science History Institute Shofuso Japanese House and Garden Stenton Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Wagner Free Institute of Science Woodmere Art Museum Wyck House Sports 76ers Eagles Flyers Phillies Soul Union Squares Centre Franklin Logan Rittenhouse Washington Wards 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Related articles Delaware Valley Independence Hall Liberty Bell Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Eagles&oldid=828325925 '' Categories : Philadelphia Eagles National Football League teams Culture of Philadelphia Steagles Sports in Philadelphia Sports clubs established in 1933 1933 establishments in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2016 Use American English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do the eagles and the steelers play	[]	[]
-1950112412329981475	History of the United States	History of the United States - wikipedia History of the United States `` American history '' redirects here . For the history of the continents , see History of the Americas . See also : Economic history of the United States and Timeline of the United States history This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Internet Pornography Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC . Numerous cultures formed . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies formed after 1600 . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' argument that new taxes needed their approval ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self - government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability , as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer . A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser , a strong central government was created . Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 , which solidified national pride . Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny , U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast . While the United States was large in terms of area , its population in 1790 was only 4 million . However , it grew rapidly , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater . However compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off of the institution , mostly from production of cotton . Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery . Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy . Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877 , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting . This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed and large - scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many reforms including the 16th to 19th constitutional amendments , which brought the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Initially neutral during World War I , the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year . Women obtained the right to vote in 1920 , with Native Americans obtaining citizenship and the right to vote in 1924 . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade - long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs , which included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . The New Deal defined modern American liberalism . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II . During the Cold War , the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . The purpose of this was to stop the spread of communism . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the Civil Rights Movement , another wave of social reforms was enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African - Americans and other racial minorities . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States began focusing on modern conflicts in the Middle East and nuclear programs in North Korea . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al - Qaeda in 2001 , followed by wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which was followed by slower - than - usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s . Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal Contents 1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.1. 1 Major cultures 1.2 Native development in Hawaii 2 Colonial period 2.1 Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization 2.2 British colonization 3 18th century 3.1 Political integration and autonomy 4 American Revolution 5 Early years of the republic 5.1 Confederation and Constitution 5.2 President George Washington 5.3 Slavery 6 19th century 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era 6.2 War of 1812 6.3 Era of Good Feelings 6.4 Indian removal 6.5 Second Party System 6.6 Second Great Awakening 6.7 Abolitionism 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny 6.9 Divisions between North and South 6.10 Civil War 6.11 Emancipation 6.12 Reconstruction Era 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age 7 20th century 7.1 Progressive Era 7.2 Imperialism 7.3 World War I 7.4 Women 's suffrage 7.5 Roaring Twenties 7.6 Great Depression and New Deal 7.7 World War II 7.8 The Cold War , counterculture , and civil rights 7.8. 1 Climax of liberalism 7.8. 2 Civil Rights Movement 7.8. 3 The Women 's Movement 7.8. 4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente 7.9 Close of the 20th century 8 21st century 8.1 9 / 11 and the War on Terror 8.2 The Great Recession 8.3 Recent events 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes 12 Textbooks 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Pre-Columbian Era ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of the United States , History of Native Americans in the United States , and Pre-Columbian era See also : Native Americans in the United States This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and the present - day United States . The prevailing theory proposes that people migrated from Eurasia across Beringia , a land bridge that connected Siberia to present - day Alaska during the Ice Age , and then spread southward throughout the Americas . This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000 + years ago , when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period . These early inhabitants , called Paleoamericans , soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes . The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents , spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the early modern period . While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing . Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) Main article : History of Native Americans in the United States The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America , according to Alfred Kroeber . Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic , '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia , Africa , and other regions . The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas . The Clovis culture , a megafauna hunting culture , is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points . Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis , New Mexico . The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America . The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point , a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute , by which it was inserted into a shaft . Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods . Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B.P. ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ) . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A Folsom point for a spear . The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips , and activities known from kill sites , where slaughter and butchering of bison took place . Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE . Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE , reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE , and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior . Linguists , anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America , later than the first Paleo - Indians . They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada , south along the Pacific Coast , into the interior of Canada , and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest . They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples , including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache . They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages , which were used seasonally . People did not live there year - round , but for the summer to hunt and fish , and to gather food supplies for the winter . The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE . They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico , the San Juan Basin , the Rio Grande Valley , southern Colorado , and southeastern Utah . Since the 1990s , archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods . The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana , whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE , making it the oldest , dated site in the Americas for such complex construction . It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site . Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE , probably due to changing environmental conditions . Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast . The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE , during the Late Archaic period . Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites , from the major complex at Poverty Point ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni , Mississippi . The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks. ádi Clan , erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka . Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings , with additional platform mounds at the site . Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region . This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys . They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders . The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America . The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures . The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE . The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations , each with distinctive cultural and political identities , but they shared certain beliefs , traditions and practices , such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol . Their gift - giving feast , potlatch , is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events such as the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief . The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole , with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs , legends , and notable events . Major cultures ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound , located in Moundsville , West Virginia , is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States . It was built by the Adena culture . Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites . Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period . The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas , more complex political institutions , and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period . The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site . He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites , and almost went with the Mazique culture , but decided on the less historically involved sites name . It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture . The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument . Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest . The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River . They raised corn , squash and beans . The communities were located near good arable land , with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period . They were known for their pottery , using the paddle - and - anvil technique . The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics . Buildings were grouped into walled compounds , as well as earthen platform mounds . Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems , suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor . Polychrome pottery appeared , and inhumation burial replaced cremation . Trade included that of shells and other exotics . Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 A.D. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park , UNESCO World Heritage Site . Cliff Palace , Mesa Verde National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Taos Pueblo , a UNESCO World Heritage site , is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people , marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era . White House Ruins , Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southern Utah , northern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger clan type structures , grand pueblos , and cliff sited dwellings . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls , particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo . The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks , examples being , Navajo National Monument , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Aztec Ruins National Monument , Bandelier National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument , and Canyon de Chelly National Monument . Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs . An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE . Engraved stone palette from Moundville , illustrating two horned rattlesnakes , perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex . A human head effigy pot from the Nodena Site . Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast , created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico , most notably at Cahokia , on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois . The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt . The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds , positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy , and built with knowledge of varying soil types . The society began building at this site about 950 CE , and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people , which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800 . Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom , with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico . Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 AD , is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture , it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois . Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques . The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ) . Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period , but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period . The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex , the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts , iconography , ceremonies and mythology . The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture , development of greater population densities , and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE . The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico . Cahokian pottery was especially fine , with smooth surfaces , very thin walls and distinctive tempering , slips and coloring . Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ) . Iroquois Culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '' , based in present - day upstate and western New York , had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century . It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government . Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation , different from the strong , centralized European monarchies . Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs , each representing one clan within a tribe . The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight . Representation was not based on population numbers , as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others . When a sachem chief died , his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally . Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making , with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power . The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '' , responsible for raising topics to be discussed . They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire , the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side . ) Elizabeth Tooker , an anthropologist , has said that it was unlikely the U.S. founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy , as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States . For example , it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership , selected by female members of the tribes , consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes , and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body . Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples , and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them . The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds . Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century , or in the 17th - century Beaver Wars . Through warfare , the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River . Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage , Kaw , Ponca and Omaha people . By the mid-17th century , they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas , Nebraska , Arkansas and Oklahoma . The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans , displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories . Native development in Hawaii ( edit ) Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Main article : History of Hawaii Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between the 1st and 10th centuries . Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well . This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years of contact , European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people , and eventually unify the islands for the first time ; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States European territorial claims in North America , c. 1750 France Great Britain Spain After a period of exploration sponsored by major European nations , the first successful English settlement was established in 1607 . Europeans brought horses , cattle , and hogs to the Americas and , in turn , took back to Europe maize , turkeys , potatoes , tobacco , beans , and squash . Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas . The effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists , especially smallpox and measles , were much worse for the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers , usually before large - scale European settlement began . Their societies were disrupted and hollowed out by the scale of deaths . Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , and French colonization of the Americas Spanish explorers were the first Europeans with Christopher Columbus ' second expedition , to reach Puerto Rico on November 19 , 1493 ; others reached Florida in 1513 . Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains , the Mississippi River , the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the Southeast . The Letter of Christopher Columbus on the Discovery of America to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain In 1540 , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored from Arizona to central Kansas . Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities , such as San Antonio , Texas ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Tucson , Arizona ; Los Angeles , California ; and San Francisco , California . New Netherland was a 17th - century Dutch colony centered on present - day New York City and the Hudson River Valley ; the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans to the north . The colony served as a barrier to expansion from New England . Despite being Calvinists and building the Reformed Church in America , the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures . The colony , which was taken over by Britain in 1664 , left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life . This includes secular broad - mindedness and mercantile pragmatism in the city as well as rural traditionalism in the countryside ( typified by the story of Rip Van Winkle ) . Notable Americans of Dutch descent include Martin Van Buren , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Frelinghuysens . New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763 . There were few permanent settlers outside Quebec and Acadia , but the French had far - reaching trading relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest . French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were based in farming communities that served as a granary for Gulf Coast settlements . The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling New Orleans , Mobile and Biloxi . The Wabanaki Confederacy were military allies of New France through the four French and Indian Wars while the British colonies were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy . During the French and Indian War -- the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War -- New England fought successfully against French Acadia . The British removed Acadians from Acadia ( Nova Scotia ) and replaced them with New England Planters . Eventually , some Acadians resettled in Louisiana , where they developed a distinctive rural Cajun culture that still exists . They became American citizens in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Other French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were absorbed when the Americans started arriving after 1770 , or settlers moved west to escape them . French influence and language in New Orleans , Louisiana and the Gulf Coast was more enduring ; New Orleans was notable for its large population of free people of color before the Civil War . British colonization ( edit ) Further information : British colonization of the Americas Excerpt of a Description of New England by English explorer John Smith , published in 1616 . The Mayflower , which transported Pilgrims to the New World . During the first winter at Plymouth , about half of the Pilgrims died . The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes . Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that employed forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude and by a British policy of benign neglect ( salutary neglect ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants . Salutary neglect permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders . Squanto known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia . Jamestown languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco . Between the late 1610s and the Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies . A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers . The largest conflicts between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century were King Philip 's War in New England and the Yamasee War in South Carolina . Jennie Augusta Brownscombe , The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , 1914 , Pilgrim Hall Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans . The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony , which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity . The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina , with Georgia Colony -- the last of the Thirteen Colonies -- established in 1733 . The Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . The colonies were characterized by people primarily of the Judeo - Christian faiths , with many Congregationalists in New England , German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies , Catholics in Maryland , and Scots - Irish Presbyterians on the frontier . Sephardic Jews were among early settlers in cities of New England and the South . Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees : French Huguenots settled in New York , Virginia and the Carolinas . Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans . Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening , a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic , setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s . In the early stages , evangelicals in the South such as Methodists and Baptists preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery ; they converted many slaves and recognized some as preachers . John Gadsby Chapman , The Baptism of Pocahontas ( 1840 ) . A copy is on display in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol . Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure . Typically , a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws . By the 18th century , the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food . The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain , and attracted a steady flow of immigrants , especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants . The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies , and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population . The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers . Those threats were gone by 1765 . London regarded the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country . This policy is known as mercantilism . 18th century ( edit ) Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750 , before the French and Indian War An upper - class , with wealth based on large plantations operated by slave labor , and holding significant political power and even control over the churches , emerged in South Carolina and Virginia . A unique class system operated in upstate New York , where Dutch tenant farmers rented land from very wealthy Dutch proprietors , such as the Rensselaer family . The other colonies were more equalitarian , with Pennsylvania being representative . By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to its small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal in 1756 summed it up : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . Political integration and autonomy ( edit ) Join , or Die : This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies . It was also part of the larger Seven Years ' War . The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada , the French and North American Indians , was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory . Moreover , the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies , as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin 's call for the colonies to `` Join or Die '' . Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America , which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776 . Following Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains . In ensuing years , strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown . The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765 , imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures . The issue was drawn : did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it ? Crying `` No taxation without representation '' , the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s . An 1846 painting of the 1773 Boston Tea Party . The population density in the American Colonies in 1775 . The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a direct action by activists in the town of Boston to protest against the new tax on tea . Parliament quickly responded the next year with the Coercive Acts , stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self - government and putting it under army rule , which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies . Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance to the Coercive Acts . The Congress called for a boycott of British trade , published a list of rights and grievances , and petitioned the king for redress of those grievances . The appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened in 1775 to organize the defense of the colonies against the British Army . Ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were deliberately violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the arrival in Boston of the British Army to punish the Bostonians . This heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . The American Revolutionary War began at Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the British tried to seize ammunition supplies and arrest the Patriot leaders . In terms of political values , the Americans were largely united on a concept called Republicanism , that rejected aristocracy and emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption . For the Founding Fathers , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) See also : Commemoration of the American Revolution Reading of The Declaration of Independence originally written by Thomas Jefferson , presented on July 4th 1776 . Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in December 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America . In the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777 , secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States . France brought in Spain and the Netherlands , thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies . General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician , Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York City and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence The Loyalists , whom the British counted upon too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power for himself , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset observes , `` The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule . In this sense , it was the first ' new nation ' . '' On July 2 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , declared the independence of the colonies by adopting the resolution from Richard Henry Lee , that stated : That these United Colonies are , and of right out to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved ; that measures should be immediately taken for procuring the assistance of foreign powers , and a Confederation be formed to bind the colonies more closely together . On July 4 , 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence and this date is celebrated as the nation 's birthday . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . On September 9 , 1776 , Congress officially changed the nation 's name to the United States of America . Until this point , the nation was known as the `` United Colonies of America '' The new nation was founded on Enlightenment ideals of liberalism in what Thomas Jefferson called the unalienable rights to `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' , and dedicated strongly to republican principles . Republicanism emphasized the people are sovereign ( not hereditary kings ) , demanded civic duty , feared corruption , and rejected any aristocracy . Early years of the Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) See also : First Party System and Second Party System Confederation and Constitution ( edit ) Reading of the United States Constitution of 1787 Further information : Articles of Confederation and History of the United States Constitution Economic growth in America per capita income . Index with 1700 set as 100 . In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories . With the migration of settlers to the Northwest , soon they became states . Nationalists worried that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Nationalists -- most of them war veterans -- organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates from every state wrote a new Constitution that created a much more powerful and efficient central government , one with a strong president , and powers of taxation . The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of individual liberty and of constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers . The Congress was given authority to ban the international slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807 ) . A compromise gave the South Congressional apportionment out of proportion to its free population by allowing it to include three - fifths of the number of slaves in each state 's total population . This provision increased the political power of southern representatives in Congress , especially as slavery was extended into the Deep South through removal of Native Americans and transportation of slaves by an extensive domestic trade . To assuage the Anti-Federalists who feared a too - powerful national government , the nation adopted the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . Comprising the first ten amendments of the Constitution , it guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice , jury trials , and stated that citizens and states had reserved rights ( which were not specified ) . President George Washington ( edit ) George Washington legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history , as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , hero of the Revolution , and the first President of the United States . Reading of the Farewell address of President George Washington , 1796 George Washington -- a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , and president of the Constitutional Convention -- became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789 . The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790 and finally settled in Washington DC in 1800 . The major accomplishments of the Washington Administration were creating a strong national government that was recognized without question by all Americans . His government , following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton , assumed the debts of the states ( the debt holders received federal bonds ) , created the Bank of the United States to stabilize the financial system , and set up a uniform system of tariffs ( taxes on imports ) and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure . To support his programs Hamilton created a new political party -- the first in the world based on voters -- the Federalist Party . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party ( usually called the Democratic - Republican Party by political scientists ) . Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently protested , and the voters aligned behind one party or the other , thus setting up the First Party System . Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Federalists promoted business , financial and commercial interests and wanted more trade with Britain . Republicans accused the Federalists of plans to establish a monarchy , turn the rich into a ruling class , and making the United States a pawn of the British . The treaty passed , but politics became intensely heated . The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 , when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor , was the first serious test of the federal government . Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army , as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established . Washington refused to serve more than two terms -- setting a precedent -- and in his famous farewell address , he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties . John Adams , a Federalist , defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts , build up a large army with Hamilton at the head , and prepare for a French invasion . However , the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the Quasi-War of 1798 . Slavery ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . Painted upon the sketch of 1853 During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War , there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of freed blacks . Inspired by revolutionary ideals of the equality of men and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery , northern states abolished slavery . States of the Upper South made manumission easier , resulting in an increase in the proportion of free blacks in the Upper South ( as a percentage of the total non-white population ) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810 . By that date , a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free . After that date , with the demand for slaves on the rise because of the Deep South 's expanding cotton cultivation , the number of manumissions declined sharply ; and an internal U.S. slave trade became an important source of wealth for many planters and traders . In 1809 , president James Madison severed the US 's involvement with the Atlantic slave trade . 19th century ( edit ) Jeffersonian Republican Era ( edit ) Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist ; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West . Jefferson 's major achievement as president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River . Jefferson , a scientist himself , supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain , most notably the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Jefferson believed deeply in republicanism and argued it should be based on the independent yeoman farmer and planter ; he distrusted cities , factories and banks . He also distrusted the federal government and judges , and tried to weaken the judiciary . However he met his match in John Marshall , a Federalist from Virginia . Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court , its functions were vague until Marshall , the Chief Justice ( 1801 -- 35 ) , defined them , especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution , first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Territorial expansion ; Louisiana Purchase in white . Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election . Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships ' neutral rights in order to hurt France , the impressment ( seizure ) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon , and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest . They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America . Despite strong opposition from the Northeast , especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain , Congress declared war on June 18 , 1812 . Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . The war was frustrating for both sides . Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed . The American high command remained incompetent until the last year . The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed . The British blockade ruined American commerce , bankrupted the Treasury , and further angered New Englanders , who smuggled supplies to Britain . The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada , while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast . The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended . The British invaded and occupied much of Maine . The British raided and burned Washington , but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 -- where the `` Star Spangled Banner '' was written to celebrate the American success . In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back . Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans , making him the most famous war hero . With Napoleon ( apparently ) gone , the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact . Americans claimed victory on February 18 , 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson 's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place . Americans swelled with pride at success in the `` second war of independence '' ; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered . The Indians were the big losers ; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the Midwest . Era of good feelings ( edit ) Main article : Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings As strong opponents of the war , the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 that hinted at disunion . National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party . President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the Bank of the United States close down , for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war . So , with the assistance of foreign bankers , they chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . Settlers crossing the Plains of Nebraska . The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party , the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans , and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms ( 1817 -- 25 ) to downplay partisanship , the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings , with far less partisanship than before ( or after ) , and closed out the First Party System . The Monroe Doctrine , expressed in 1823 , proclaimed the United States ' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas . This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States . The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere . In 1832 , President Andrew Jackson , 7th President of the United States , ran for a second term under the slogan `` Jackson and no bank '' and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America , ending the Bank in 1836 . Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American , and instead implemented state banks , popularly known as `` pet banks . '' Indian removal ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears . In 1830 , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River . Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans , including the Five Civilized Tribes , from the American Southeast ; they occupied land that settlers wanted . Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West ; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane . Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations , as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears . The Trail of Tears resulted in approximately 2,000 -- 8,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Many of the Seminole Indians in Florida refused to move west ; they fought the Army for years in the Seminole Wars . Second Party system ( edit ) Main articles : Second Party System and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Henry Clay After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s , the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of ( almost ) all adult white men . The former Jeffersonian ( Democratic - Republican ) party split into factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune -- the leading Whig paper -- endorsed Clay for President and Fillmore for Governor , 1844 . The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual ( the `` common man , '' i.e. the artisan and the ordinary farmer ) by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . Second Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : Second Great Awakening A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting , 1829 . The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 , and , after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the 1840s . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements -- including abolitionism and temperance designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Abolitionism ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism in the United States Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend Catholic services in 1861 . Recording of Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass , an American Slave by Frederick Douglass , Chapter 7 After 1840 the abolitionist movement redefined itself as a crusade against the sin of slave ownership . It mobilized support ( especially among religious women in the Northeast affected by the Second Great Awakening ) . William Lloyd Garrison , a radical abolitionist , published the most influential of the many anti-slavery newspapers , The Liberator , while Frederick Douglass , an ex-slave , began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847 . The great majority of anti-slavery activists , such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected Garrison 's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil , not a sin . Westward expansion and manifest Destiny ( edit ) Main article : American frontier The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area , as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west . The process finally ended around 1890 -- 1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled . Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily , but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army and after 1830 were relocated to reservations in the west . The highly influential `` Frontier Thesis '' of Wisconsin historian Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the frontier shaped the national character , with its boldness , violence , innovation , individualism , and democracy . The California Gold Rush news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Recent historians have emphasized the multicultural nature of the frontier . Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the `` Wild West '' of the second half of the 19th century . As defined by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the land , the development of markets , and the formation of states '' . They explain , `` It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America . '' The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 . The Hispanics in California ( `` Californios '' ) were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners . California grew explosively . San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million . From the early 1830s to 1869 , the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers . ' 49ers ( in the California Gold Rush ) , ranchers , farmers , and entrepreneurs and their families headed to California , Oregon , and other points in the far west . Wagon - trains took five or six months on foot ; after 1869 , the trip took 6 days by rail . Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent . This concept was born out of `` A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven . '' Manifest Destiny was rejected by modernizers , especially the Whigs like Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who wanted to build cities and factories -- not more farms . Democrats strongly favored expansion , and won the key election of 1844 . After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 , leading to war with Mexico , who considered Texas to be a part of Mexico due to the large numbers of Mexican settlers . The American occupation of Mexico City in 1848 The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war , and the Democrats supporting the war . The U.S. army , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers , defeated the Mexican armies , invaded at several points , captured Mexico City and won decisively . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848 . Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico , but that idea was rejected by southerners who argued that by incorporating millions of Mexican people , mainly of mixed race , would undermine the United States as an exclusively white republic . Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts ( California and New Mexico ) . The Hispanic residents were given full citizenship and the Mexican Indians became American Indians . Simultaneously , gold was discovered in California in 1849 , attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush . A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the Oregon Country , which was renamed the Oregon Territory . Divisions between North and South ( edit ) Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery , pitting the anti-slavery elements in the North , against the pro-slavery elements that dominated the South . A small number of active Northerners were abolitionists who declared that ownership of slaves was a sin ( in terms of Protestant theology ) and demanded its immediate abolition . Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery , seeking to put it on the path to extinction so that America would be committed to free land ( as in low - cost farms owned and cultivated by a family ) , free labor , and free speech ( as opposed to censorship of abolitionist material in the South ) . Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic , social , and cultural benefit to all whites ( and even to the slaves themselves ) , and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as `` abolitionists . '' Justifications of slavery included economics , history , religion , legality , social good , and even humanitarianism , to further their arguments . Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy . They also argued that if all the slaves were freed , there would be widespread unemployment and chaos . Religious activists split on slavery , with the Methodists and Baptists dividing into northern and southern denominations . In the North , the Methodists , Congregationalists , and Quakers included many abolitionists , especially among women activists . ( The Catholic , Episcopal and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue . ) The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the Compromise of 1850 , brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas ; the Compromise included the admission of California as a free state in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico . The point of contention was the Fugitive Slave Act , which increased federal enforcement and required even free states to cooperate in turning over fugitive slaves to their owners . Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery , as in the best - selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Compromise of 1820 was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , promoted by Senator Douglas in the name of `` popular sovereignty '' and democracy . It permitted voters to decide on the legality slavery in each territory , and allowed Douglas to adopt neutrality on the issue of slavery . Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm , forming the new Republican Party . Pro - and anti - contingents rushed to Kansas to vote slavery up or down , resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas . By the late 1850s , the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states and thus the electoral college . It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand ( and thus would slowly die out ) . The Southern slavery - based societies had become wealthy based on their cotton and other agricultural commodity production , and some particularly profited from the internal slave trade . Northern cities such as Boston and New York , and regional industries , were tied economically to slavery by banking , shipping , and manufacturing , including textile mills . By 1860 , there were four million slaves in the South , nearly eight times as many as there were nationwide in 1790 . The plantations were highly profitable , due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton . Most of the profits were invested in new lands and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the declining tobacco regions ) . The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . For 50 of the nation 's first 72 years , a slaveholder served as President of the United States and , during that period , only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms . In addition , southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations . Slave rebellions , by Gabriel Prosser ( 1800 ) , Denmark Vesey ( 1822 ) , Nat Turner ( 1831 ) , and most famously by John Brown ( 1859 ) , caused fear in the white South , which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves , which outraged Northerners . Formerly , an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise . The Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution . After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation , the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) , on February 8 , 1861 . It attacked Fort Sumter , a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina , thus igniting the war . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861 , four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy . A few of the ( northernmost ) `` slave states '' did not secede and became known as the border states ; these were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri . During the war , the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy . and became the new Union state of West Virginia . West Virginia is usually associated with the border states . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war . The ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union . The Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 , when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina . In response to the attack , on April 15 , Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts , protect the capital , and `` preserve the Union '' , which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states . The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas ) , ending in a Union defeat , but , more importantly , proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated . Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John Alexander McClernand at the Battle of Antietam . The war soon divided into two theaters : Eastern and Western . In the western theater , the Union was relatively successful , with major battles , such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations . Warfare in the Eastern theater began poorly for the Union as the Confederates won at Manassas Junction ( Bull Run ) , just outside Washington . Major General George B. McClellan was put in charge of the Union armies . After reorganizing the new Army of the Potomac , McClellan failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia in his Peninsula Campaign and retreated after attacks from newly appointed Confederate General Robert E. Lee . Meanwhile , both sides concentrated in 1861 -- 62 on raising and training new armies . The main action was Union success in controlling the border states , with Confederates largely driven out of Maryland , West Virginia ( a new state ) , Kentucky and Missouri . The autumn 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland was designed to hurt Union morale and win European support . It ended with Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam , and Lincoln 's warning he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 if the states did not return . Making slavery a central war goal Energized Republicans in the North , as well as their enemies , the anti-war Copperhead Democrats . It ended the risk of British and French intervention . Lee 's smaller army won at the Battle of Fredericksburg late in 1862 , causing yet another change in commanders . Lee won again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , while losing his top aide , Stonewall Jackson . But Lee pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west . Lee invaded Pennsylvania in search of supplies and to cause war - weariness in the North . In perhaps the turning point of the war , Lee 's army was badly beaten at the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , and barely made it back to Virginia . On the homefront , industrial expansion in the North expanded dramatically , using its extensive railroad service , and moving industrial workers into munitions factories . Foreign trade increased , with the United States providing both food and cotton to Britain , And Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army ( plus a few to the Confederates ) . The British operated blockade runners bringing in food , luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy , bringing out tobacco and cotton . The Union blockade increasingly shut down Confederate ports , and by late 1864 the blockade runners Were usually captured before they could make more than handful of runs . Modern recording of Gettysburg Address originally spoken by U.S President Abraham Lincoln The Battle of Franklin , November 30 , 1864 . In the West , on July 4 , 1863 , Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg , thereby splitting the Confederacy . Lincoln made General Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant put General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western armies . In 1864 , Sherman marched south from Chattanooga to capture Atlanta , a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North who feared they might fail to reelect Lincoln in 1864 . Lincoln won a landslide . The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides , With Sherman marching almost unopposed through central and eastern Georgia , then moving up through South Carolina and North Carolina , burning cities , destroying plantations , ruining railroads and bridges , but avoiding civilian casualties . Sherman demonstrated that the South line the long - term ability to resist a northern invasion . Much of the heartland of the Confederacy was physically destroyed , and could no longer provide desperately needed food , horses , mules , wagons , boots or munitions to its combat armies . In spring 1864 Grant , realizing that Lee was unable to replenishes casualties , while Lincoln would provide replacements for Union losses , launched a war of attrition against Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns . The first of these , the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive , the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg . After a near ten - month siege , Petersburg surrendered . However , the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg . Grant pursued and launched the final , Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia numbering 28,000 on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency . The American Civil War was the world 's earliest industrial war . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history , resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties . About ten percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 died . Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States , restoring the Union , and strengthening the role of the federal government . According to historian Allan Nevins the Civil War had a major long - term impact on the United States in terms of developing its leadership potential and moving the entire nation beyond the adolescent stage : The fighting and its attendant demands upon industry , finance , medicine , and law also helped train a host of leaders who during the next 35 years , to 1900 , made their influence powerfully felt on most of the social , economic , and cultural fronts . It broke down barriers of parochialism ; it ended distrust of large - scale effort ; it hardened and matured the whole people emotionally . The adolescent land of the 1850s ... rose under the blows of battle to adult estate . The nation of the post-Appomattox generation , though sadly hurt ( especially in the South ) by war losses , and deeply scarred psychologically ( especially in the North ) by war hatreds and greeds , had at last the power , resolution , and self - trust of manhood . Emancipation ( edit ) See also : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) Modern reading of President Abraham Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 giving freedom to all African Americans who resided within the Confederacy but not those within the Union . The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . In a single stroke it changed the legal status , as recognized by the U.S. government , of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free . '' It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the slave became legally and actually free . The owners were never compensated . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By June 1865 , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves . Large numbers moved into camps run by the Freedmen 's Bureau , where they were given food , shelter , medical care , and arrangements for their employment were made . The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 . Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years , but changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless in the face of the Radical Republican Congress ; he was impeached , but the Senate 's attempt to remove him from office failed by one vote . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the U.S. Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . Atlanta 's railyard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . Paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged about 1874 that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting to regain white political power in states across the South during the 1870s . Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party . Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election . The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South . The federal government withdrew its troops from the South , and Southern Democrats took control of every Southern state . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement . The West and the Gilded Age ( edit ) Main articles : Gilded Age and American Indian Wars § West of the Mississippi ( 1811 -- 1924 ) The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ( 1869 ) at First Transcontinental Railroad , by Andrew J. Russell . The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by the rapid development and settlement of the far West , first by wagon trains and riverboats and then aided by the completion of the transcontinental railroad . Large numbers of European immigrants ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) took up low - cost or free farms in the Prairie States . Mining for silver and copper opened up the Mountain West . The United States Army fought frequent small - scale wars with Native Americans as settlers encroached on their traditional lands . Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims , forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , from 1789 to 1894 : The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . The `` Gilded Age '' was a term that Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity , underscored by the mass corruption in the government . Reforms of the Age included the Civil Service Act , which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs . Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act , which ended railroads ' discrimination against small shippers , and the Sherman Antitrust Act , which outlawed monopolies in business . Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators , scandalous politics , and unethical business practices . Since the days of Charles A. Beard and Matthew Josephson , some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . As financiers and industrialists such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller began to amass vast fortunes , many U.S. observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit . By 1890 American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations . In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices , wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party . An unprecedented wave of immigration from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas . From 1880 to 1914 , peak years of immigration , more than 22 million people migrated to the United States . Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines , mills , factories . Many immigrants were craftsmen ( especially from Britain and Germany ) bringing human skills , and others were farmers ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) who purchased inexpensive land on the Prairies from railroads who sent agents to Europe . Poverty , growing inequality and dangerous working conditions , along with socialist and anarchist ideas diffusing from European immigrants , led to the rise of the labor movement , which often included violent strikes . Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast . Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement . Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor ( 1886 -- 1924 ) , coordinating multiple unions . Industrial growth was rapid , led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel ; both became leaders of philanthropy ( Gospel of Wealth ) , giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals , universities , libraries , and foundations . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Almost 97 % of residents of the 10 largest American cities of 1900 were non-Hispanic whites . The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers , workers , and businessmen who saw prices , wages , and profits fall . Many railroads went bankrupt . The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party , whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame . Labor unrest involved numerous strikes , most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894 , which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland 's orders . The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers , as well as coal miners , but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement , which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply , leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression . The financial , railroad , and business communities fought back hard , arguing that only the gold standard would save the economy . In the most intense election in the nation 's history , conservative Republican William McKinley defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan , who ran on the Democratic , Populist , and Silver Republican tickets . Bryan swept the South and West , but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class , industrial workers , cities , and among upscale farmers in the Midwest . Prosperity returned under McKinley , the gold standard was enacted , and the tariff was raised . By 1900 the U.S. had the strongest economy on the globe . Apart from two short recessions ( in 1907 and 1920 ) the overall economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929 . Republicans , citing McKinley 's policies , took the credit . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive Era ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics as usual , and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems , led to the dynamic Progressive Movement starting in the 1890s . In every major city and state , and at the national level as well , and in education , medicine , and industry , the progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions , the elimination of corruption in politics , and the introduction of efficiency as a criterion for change . Leading politicians from both parties , most notably Theodore Roosevelt , Charles Evans Hughes , and Robert La Follette on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson on the Democratic side , took up the cause of progressive reform . Women became especially involved in demands for woman suffrage , prohibition , and better schools ; their most prominent leader was Jane Addams of Chicago , who created settlement houses . `` Muckraking '' journalists such as Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner city poverty . Progressives implemented anti-trust laws and regulated such industries of meat - packing , drugs , and railroads . Four new constitutional amendments -- the Sixteenth through Nineteenth -- resulted from progressive activism , bringing the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and woman suffrage . The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s ; the most active period was 1900 -- 18 . Imperialism ( edit ) Further information : American imperialism This cartoon reflects the view of Judge magazine regarding America 's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . The American flag flies from the Philippines and Hawaii in the Pacific to Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean . The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890 . The main episode was the Spanish -- American War , which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba . The `` splendid little war '' , as one official called it , involved a series of quick American victories on land and at sea . At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Guam . Cuba became an independent country , under close American tutelage . Although the war itself was widely popular , the peace terms proved controversial . William Jennings Bryan led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines , which he denounced as imperialism unbecoming to American democracy . President William McKinley defended the acquisition and was riding high as the nation had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war . McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the 1900 presidential election . After defeating an insurrection by Filipino nationalists , the United States engaged in a large - scale program to modernize the economy of the Philippines and dramatically upgrade the public health facilities . By 1908 , however , Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean , especially the building of the Panama Canal . In 1912 when Arizona became the final mainland state , the American Frontier came to an end . The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East . A key innovation was the Open Door Policy , whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business , with not one of them allowed to take control of China . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and United States home front during World War I American Cemetery at Romagne - sous - Montfaucon As World War I raged in Europe from 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania ; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann telegram . American money , food , and munitions arrived quickly , but troops had to be drafted and trained ; by summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was Allied victory in November 1918 . President Wilson demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms in the famed Fourteen Points speech . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 . The women 's suffrage movement began with the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party . Presidential candidate Gerrit Smith argued for and established women 's suffrage as a party plank . One month later , his cousin Elizabeth Cady Stanton joined with Lucretia Mott and other women to organize the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women , and the right to vote . Many of these activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The women 's rights campaign during `` first - wave feminism '' was led by Stanton , Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony , among many others . Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women . Around 1912 the feminist movement began to reawaken , putting an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could not do that job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserve the right to vote , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given the women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that woman suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 , and women could vote in 1920 . NAWSA became the League of Women Voters , and the National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , and world peace . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , a Catholic from New York City . Meanwhile , Protestants mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Roaring Twenties ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Further information : Roaring 20s and Causes of the Great Depression Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago , 1921 . In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers ; instead , the United States chose to pursue unilateralism . The aftershock of Russia 's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States , leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive . Money supply decreased a lot between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . While public health facilities grew rapidly in the Progressive Era , and hospitals and medical schools were modernized , the nation in 1918 lost 675,000 lives to the Spanish flu pandemic . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment , Prohibition . The result was that in cities illegal alcohol became a big business , largely controlled by racketeers . The second Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly in 1922 -- 25 , then collapsed . Immigration laws were passed to strictly limit the number of new entries . The 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties due to the great economic prosperity during this period . Jazz became popular among the younger generation , and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on Florence Owens Thompson , a mother of seven , age 32 , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) and the New Deal ( 1933 -- 36 ) were decisive moments in American political , economic , and social history that reshaped the nation . Great Depression and New Deal ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in the United States and New Deal During the 1920s , the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity , albeit with a weakness in agriculture . A financial bubble was fueled by an inflated stock market , which later led to the Stock Market Crash on October 29 , 1929 . This , along with many other economic factors , triggered a worldwide depression known as the Great Depression . During this time , the United States experienced deflation as prices fell , unemployment soared from 3 % in 1929 to 25 % in 1933 , farm prices fell by half , and manufacturing output plunged by one - third . President Franklin Roosevelt engaged in radio Fireside chats as means with regularly communicating with the public , this was innovative for the time . Outgoing president Herbert Hoover and Roosevelt on Inauguration Day , 1933 In 1932 , Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a New Deal for the American people '' , coining the enduring label for his domestic policies . The result was a series of permanent reform programs including Relief for the unemployed , assistance for the elderly , jobs for young men , social security , unemployment insurance , public housing , bankruptcy insurance , farm subsidies , and regulation of financial securities . State governments added new programs as well , and introduced the sales tax to pay for them . Ideologically the revolution established modern liberalism in the United States and kept the Democrats in power in Washington almost continuously for Three decades thanks to the New Deal Coalition of ethnic Whites , Blacks , blue - collar workers , labor unions , and white Southerners . It provided relief to the long - term unemployed through numerous programs , such as the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and for young men , the Civilian Conservation Corps . Large scale spending projects designed to provide private sector construction jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the Public Works Administration . The Second New Deal was a turn to the left in 1935 -- 36 , building up labor unions through the Wagner Act . Unions became a powerful element of the merging New Deal Coalition , which won reelection for Roosevelt in 1936 , 1940 , and 1944 by mobilizing union members , blue collar workers , relief recipients , big city machines , ethnic , and religious groups ( especially Catholics and Jews ) and the white South , along with blacks in the North ( where they could vote ) . Roosevelt seriously weakened his second term by a failed effort to pack the Supreme Court , which had been a center of conservative resistance to his programs . Most of the relief programs were dropped after 1938 in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition . Of special importance is the Social Security program , begun in 1935 . The economy basically recovered by 1936 , but had a sharp , short recession in 1937 - 38 ; long - term unemployment , however , remained a problem until it was solved by wartime spending . World War II ( edit ) Further information : World War II , Military history of the United States during World War II , and United States home front during World War II The Japanese crippled American naval power with the attack on Pearl Harbor , destroying many battleships . In the Depression years , the United States remained focused on domestic concerns while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators . Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy militarized and threatened conquests , while Britain and France attempted appeasement to avert another war in Europe . U.S. legislation in the Neutrality Acts sought to avoid foreign conflicts ; however , policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II . Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , pledging full - scale financial and munitions support for the Allies -- but no military personnel . This was carried out through the Lend - Lease agreements . Japan tried to neutralize America 's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which catalyzed American support to enter the war . The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , military personnel . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . President Roosevelt 's Infamy Speech in aftermath of Pearl Harbor Attack . Congress consequently declared war on the Empire of Japan . Into the Jaws of Death : The Normandy landings began the Allied march toward Germany from the west . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence that it was only `` for the duration '' , and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline were tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa , November 1943 . The Allies -- the United States , Britain , and the Soviet Union , China , as well as Poland , Canada and other countries -- fought the Axis powers of Germany , Italy , and Japan . The Allies saw Germany as the main threat and gave highest priority to Europe . The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942 . After losing Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines to the Japanese , and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) , the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway ( June 1942 ) . American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini 's fascist government in 1943 , as Italy switched to the Allied side . A more significant European front was opened on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , in which American and Allied forces invaded Nazi - occupied France from Britain . On the home front , mobilization of the U.S. economy was managed by Roosevelt 's War Production Board . The wartime production boom led to full employment , wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression . Indeed , labor shortages encouraged industry to look for new sources of workers , finding new roles for women and blacks . A Japanese American unfurled this banner the day after the Pearl Harbor attack . This Dorothea Lange photograph was taken in March 1942 , just prior to the man 's internment . However , the fervor also inspired anti-Japanese sentiment , leading to internment of Japanese Americans . This was taken under the directive of President Roosevelt , who signed Executive Order 9066 . The terms of this executive order resulted in some 120,000 people of Japanese descent living in the US removed from their homes and placed in internment camps . Two - thirds of those interned were American citizens and half of them were children . Those who were as little as 1 / 16 Japanese and orphaned infants with `` one drop of Japanese blood '' were placed in internment camps . The US Supreme Court held the Japanese American internment camps to be constitutional in a 6 -- 3 decision in Korematsu v. United States Supreme Court case . The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon , which lead Oppenheimer to recall verses from the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita , notably being : `` I am become Death , the destroyer of worlds '' . Research and development took flight as well , best seen in the Manhattan Project , a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce highly destructive atomic bombs . From 1942 to 1946 , the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Nuclear physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs . The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion - type bomb at the Trinity test , conducted at New Mexico 's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945 . The Allies pushed the Germans out of France but faced an unexpected counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December . The final German effort failed , and , as Allied armies in East and West were converging on Berlin , the Nazis hurriedly tried to kill the last remaining Jews . The western front stopped short , leaving Berlin to the Soviets as the Nazi regime formally capitulated in May 1945 , ending the war in Europe . Over in the Pacific , the U.S. implemented an island hopping strategy toward Tokyo , establishing airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the Mariana Islands and achieving hard - fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 . Bloodied at Okinawa , the U.S. prepared to invade Japan 's home islands when B - 29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , forcing the empire 's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II . The U.S. occupied Japan ( and part of Germany ) , sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines . During the war , Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Powers '' to refer four major Allies of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China , which later became the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . Excerpt of U.S President Harry Truman 's speech regarding the nuclear attack on Hiroshima , Japan. Captions provided Though the nation lost more than 400,000 military personnel , the mainland prospered untouched by the devastation of war that inflicted a heavy toll on Europe and Asia . Participation in postwar foreign affairs marked the end of predominant American isolationism . The awesome threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear . Nuclear weapons were never used after 1945 , as both sides drew back from the brink and a `` long peace '' characterized the Cold War years , starting with the Truman Doctrine on May 22 , 1947 . There were , however , regional wars in Korea and Vietnam . The Cold War , Counterculture , and Civil rights ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and United States in the 1950s Cuban Missile Crisis a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 . President John F Kennedy Address on the Cuban Missile Crisis Following World War II , the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers , the USSR being the other . The U.S. Senate on a bipartisan vote approved U.S. participation in the United Nations ( UN ) , which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U.S. and toward increased international involvement . The primary American goal of 1945 -- 48 was to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II and to contain the expansion of Communism , represented by the Soviet Union . U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The U.S. joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam and toppled left - wing governments in the third world to try to stop its spread . The Truman Doctrine of 1947 provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of Communist expansion in the Balkans . In 1948 , the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan , which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe , and removed trade barriers , while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments . President Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address , June 11 , 1963 . The Plan 's $13 billion budget was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948 and was in addition to the $12 billion in American aid given to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Marshall Plan . Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating , and from that point on , Eastern Europe , with inefficient centralized economies , fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity . In 1949 , the United States , rejecting the long - standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime , formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance , which continues into the 21st century . In response the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of communist states , leading to the `` iron curtain '' . Sound of Apollo 11 and its landing on the Moon Apollo 11 In August 1949 the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon , thereby escalating the risk of warfare . The threat of mutually assured destruction however , prevented both powers from nuclear war , and resulted in proxy wars , especially in Korea and Vietnam , in which the two sides did not directly confront each other . Within the United States , the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence . The unexpected leapfrogging of American technology by the Soviets in 1957 with Sputnik , the first Earth satellite , began the Space Race , won by the Americans as Apollo 11 landed astronauts on the moon in 1969 . The angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large - scale federal support for science education and research . In the decades after World War II , the United States became a global influence in economic , political , military , cultural , and technological affairs . Beginning in the 1950s , middle - class culture became obsessed with consumer goods . White Americans made up nearly 90 % of the population in 1950 . In 1960 , the charismatic politician John F. Kennedy was elected as the first and -- thus far -- only Roman Catholic President of the United States . The Kennedy family brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House . His time in office was marked by such notable events as the acceleration of the United States ' role in the Space Race , escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War , the Cuban missile crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the jailing of Martin Luther King , Jr. during the Birmingham campaign , and the appointment of his brother Robert F. Kennedy to his Cabinet as Attorney General . Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas , on November 22 , 1963 , leaving the nation in profound shock . Climax of liberalism ( edit ) American soldiers during the Vietnam War , 1967 The climax of liberalism came in the mid-1960s with the success of President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) in securing congressional passage of his Great Society programs . They included civil rights , the end of segregation , Medicare , extension of welfare , federal aid to education at all levels , subsidies for the arts and humanities , environmental activism , and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty . As recent historians have explained : Gradually , liberal intellectuals crafted a new vision for achieving economic and social justice . The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism , little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power , and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions . Internationally it was strongly anti-Communist . It aimed to defend the free world , to encourage economic growth at home , and to ensure that the resulting plenty was fairly distributed . Their agenda - much influenced by Keynesian economic theory - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth , thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare , housing , health , and educational programs . Johnson was rewarded with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater , which broke the decades - long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition . However , the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968 . Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited ; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Meanwhile , the American people completed a great migration from farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion . Civil rights movement ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ( right ) , with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the background ( left ) Starting in the late 1950s , institutionalized racism across the United States , but especially in the South , was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement . The activism of African - American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr. led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , which launched the movement . For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions , including Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks . President Lyndon Johnson 's speech on the Civil Rights Act of 1964 Duncan West speaking with Cesar Chavez . The Delano UFW rally . Duncan represented the Teamsters who were supporting the UFW and condemning their IBT leadership for working as thugs against a fellow union . Duncan and his wife Mary were the branch organizers of the LA IS . Martin Luther King , Jr. , who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races , was assassinated in 1968 . Following his death others led the movement , most notably King 's widow , Coretta Scott King , who was also active , like her husband , in the Opposition to the Vietnam War , and in the Women 's Liberation Movement . There were 164 riots in 128 American cities in the first nine months of 1967 . Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s , which , in turn , gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . The decade would ultimately bring about positive strides toward integration , especially in government service , sports , and entertainment . Native Americans turned to the federal courts to fight for their land rights . They held protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties . One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) . In the 1960s , Cesar Chavez began organizing poorly paid Mexican - American farm workers in California . He led a five - year - long strike by grape pickers . Then Chávez formed the nation 's first successful union of farm workers . His United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic `` folk saint '' in the pantheon of Mexican Americans . The women 's movement ( edit ) Further information : Second - wave feminism Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation , starting with the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan 's best - seller , The Feminine Mystique , which explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled , assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives , mothers , and keepers of the home , and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job . In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women , or NOW , to act for women as the NAACP did for African Americans . Two hippies at Woodstock Protests began , and the new Women 's Liberation Movement grew in size and power , gained much media attention , and , by 1968 , had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S 's main social revolution . Marches , parades , rallies , boycotts , and pickets brought out thousands , sometimes millions . There were striking gains for women in medicine , law , and business , while only a few were elected to office . The Movement was split into factions by political ideology early on , however ( with NOW on the left , the Women 's Equity Action League ( WEAL ) on the right , the National Women 's Political Caucus ( NWPC ) in the center , and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution , passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by Phyllis Schlafly . They argued that it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the military draft . However , many federal laws ( i.e. , those equalizing pay , employment , education , employment opportunities , and credit ; ending pregnancy discrimination ; and requiring NASA , the Military Academies , and other organizations to admit women ) , state laws ( i.e. , those ending spousal abuse and marital rape ) , Supreme Court rulings ( i.e. ruling that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women ) , and state ERAs established women 's equal status under the law , and social custom and consciousness began to change , accepting women 's equality . The controversial issue of abortion , deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , is still a point of debate today . The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War détente ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II shadows a Soviet Tu - 95 Bear D aircraft in the early 1970s U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park , Philadelphia on Earth Day , 1970 Amid the Cold War , the United States entered the Vietnam War , whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements , including those among women , minorities , and young people . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society social programs and numerous rulings by the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s . Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces , and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans . The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies , further dividing Americans in a `` culture war '' but also bringing forth more liberated social views . Johnson was succeeded in 1969 by Republican Richard Nixon , who attempted to gradually turn the war over to the South Vietnamese forces . He negotiated the peace treaty in 1973 which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops . The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops . Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the United States , achieving détente ( relaxation ; ease of tension ) with both parties . Nixon departs The Watergate scandal , involving Nixon 's cover - up of his operatives ' break - in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex destroyed his political base , sent many aides to prison , and forced Nixon 's resignation on August 9 , 1974 . He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford . The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited . Communist victories in neighboring Cambodia and Laos occurred in the same year . The OPEC oil embargo marked a long - term economic transition since , for the first time , energy prices skyrocketed , and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles , clothing , electronics , and consumer goods . By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis , slow economic growth , high unemployment , and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates ( the term stagflation was coined ) . Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation , many of the New Deal era regulations were ended , such as in transportation , banking , and telecommunications . Jimmy Carter , running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment , was elected president in 1976 . On the world stage , Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . In 1979 , Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage , resulting in the Iran hostage crisis . With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation , Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan . On January 20 , 1981 , minutes after Carter 's term in office ended , the remaining U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released , ending the 444 - day hostage crisis . Close of the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate challenges Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1987 , shortly before the end of the Cold War . President Regan 's Bradenburg Gate speech , famous for the phrase ' Tear down this wall ' Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslide elections . Reagan 's economic policies ( dubbed `` Reaganomics '' ) and the implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70 % to 28 % over the course of seven years . Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation . The U.S. experienced a recession in 1982 , but the negative indicators reversed , with the inflation rate decreasing from 11 % to 2 % , the unemployment rate decreasing from 10.8 % in December 1982 to 7.5 % in November 1984 , and the economic growth rate increasing from 4.5 % to 7.2 % . Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military , incurring additional budget deficits . Reagan introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) ( dubbed `` Star Wars '' by opponents ) in which , theoretically , the U.S. could shoot down missiles with laser systems in space . The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage . For years Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev argued vehemently against SDI . However , by the late 1980s he decided the system would never work and should not be used to block disarmament deals with the U.S. Historians argue how great an impact the SDI threat had on the Soviets -- whether it was enough to force Gorbachev to initiate radical reforms , or whether the deterioration of the Soviet economy alone forced the reforms . There is agreement that the Soviets realized they were well behind the Americans in military technology , that to try to catch up would be very expensive , and that the military expenses were already a very heavy burden slowing down their economy . Reagan 's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the U.S , though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran -- Contra affair that revealed Reagan 's poor management style . Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . Serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She was the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who ascended to power in 1985 , and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America , then by shedding the East European empire in 1989 . The Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day 1991 , ending the U.S -- Soviet Cold War . Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty The United States emerged as the world 's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s , including the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq . Following his election in 1992 , President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values , a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet . He also worked with the Republican Congress to pass the first balanced federal budget in 30 years . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of lying about a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky . He was acquitted by the Senate . The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a Republican , to resign from Congress . Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 , 1993 . The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics , added to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s , the region took on the two - party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right - center toward the center in 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' They add : `` The Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come . The vote in the decisive state of Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic dispute over the counting of votes . The U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore ended the recount with a 5 -- 4 vote . That meant Bush , then in the lead , carried Florida and the election . Including 2000 , the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016 , except for 2004 . 21st century ( edit ) 9 / 11 and the War on Terror ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Further information : September 11 attacks and War on Terror The NASDAQ Composite index swelled with the dot - com bubble in the optimistic `` New Economy '' . The bubble burst in 2000 . On September 11 , 2001 ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , the United States was struck by a terrorist attack when 19 al - Qaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners to be used in suicide attacks and intentionally crashed two into both twin towers of the World Trade Center and the third into the Pentagon , killing 2,937 victims -- 206 aboard the three airliners , 2,606 who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground , and 125 who were in the Pentagon . The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft . While they were not able to land the plane safely , they were able to re-take control of the aircraft and crash it into an empty field in Pennsylvania , killing all 44 people including the four terrorists on board , thereby saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for . Within two hours , both Twin Towers of the World Trade Center completely collapsed causing massive damage to the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in toxic dust clouds . All in all , a total of 2,977 victims perished in the attacks . In response , President George W. Bush on September 20 announced a `` War on Terror '' . On October 7 , 2001 , the United States and NATO then invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime , which had provided safe haven to al - Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden . President Bush 's address in reaction to the 9 / 11 attacks The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , built in its place The federal government established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government 's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services . A cabinet - level agency called the Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities . Some of these anti-terrorism efforts , particularly the U.S. government 's handling of detainees at the prison at Guantanamo Bay , led to allegations against the U.S. government of human rights violations . George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 12 , 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States government against the Iraqi government . In 2003 , from March 19 to May 1 , the United States launched an invasion of Iraq , which led to the collapse of the Iraq government and the eventual capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein , with whom the U.S. had long - standing tense relations . The reasons for the invasion cited by the Bush administration included the spreading of democracy , the elimination of weapons of mass destruction ( a key demand of the UN as well , though later investigations found parts of the intelligence reports to be inaccurate ) , and the liberation of the Iraqi people . Despite some initial successes early in the invasion , the continued Iraq War fueled international protests and gradually saw domestic support decline as many people began to question whether or not the invasion was worth the cost . In 2007 , after years of violence by the Iraqi insurgency , President Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed `` the surge '' . While the death toll decreased , the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt . Headquarters of the Lehman Brothers , who filed for bankruptcy in September 2008 at the height of the U.S. financial crisis . In 2008 , the unpopularity of President Bush and the Iraq war , along with the 2008 financial crisis , led to the election of Barack Obama , the first African - American President of the United States . After his election , Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31 , 2010 , when he declared that combat operations had ended . However , 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq to assist Iraqi forces , help protect withdrawing forces , and work on counter-terrorism until December 15 , 2011 , when the war was declared formally over and the last troops left the country . At the same time , Obama increased American involvement in Afghanistan , starting a surge strategy using an additional 30,000 troops , while proposing to begin withdrawing troops sometime in December 2014 . With regards to Guantanamo Bay , President Obama forbade torture but in general retained Bush 's policy regarding the Guantanamo detainees , while also proposing that the prison eventually be closed . In May 2011 , after nearly a decade in hiding , the founder and leader of Al Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , was killed in Pakistan in a raid conducted by U.S. naval special forces acting under President Obama 's direct orders . While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan , affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas as the CIA used drones to hunt down and remove its leadership . The Boston Marathon Bombing was a bombing incident , followed by subsequent related shootings , that occurred when two pressure cooker bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 . The bombs exploded about 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 pm EDT , near the marathon 's finish line on Boylston Street . They killed 3 people and injured an estimated 264 others . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- formerly known as Al - Qaeda in Iraq -- rose to prominence in September 2014 . In addition to taking control of much of Western Iraq and Eastern Syria , ISIS also beheaded three journalists , two American and one British . These events lead to a major military offensive by the United States and its allies in the region . On December 28 , 2014 , President Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016 with the exception of the embassy guards . The Great recession ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . In September 2008 , the United States , and most of Europe , entered the longest post -- World War II recession , often called the `` Great Recession . '' Multiple overlapping crises were involved , especially the housing market crisis , a subprime mortgage crisis , soaring oil prices , an automotive industry crisis , rising unemployment , and the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression . The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers failed and other giant banks were in grave danger . Starting in October the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush . Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008 , Bush 's successor -- Barack Obama -- signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession . Obama , like Bush , took steps to rescue the auto industry and prevent future economic meltdowns . These included a bailout of General Motors and Chrysler , putting ownership temporarily in the hands of the government , and the `` cash for clunkers '' program which temporarily boosted new car sales . First African American President Barack Obama 's inauguration speech , January 2009 The recession officially ended in June 2009 , and the economy slowly began to expand once again . The unemployment rate peaked at 10.1 % in October 2009 after surging from 4.7 % in November 2007 , and returned to 5.0 % as of October 2015 . However , overall economic growth has remained weaker in the 2010s compared to expansions in previous decades . Recent events ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . From 2009 to 2010 , the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , informally known as Obamacare , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act , which were signed into law by President Obama . Following the 2010 midterm elections , which resulted in a Republican - controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic - controlled Senate , Congress presided over a period of elevated gridlock and heated debates over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling , extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually , and many other key issues . These ongoing debates led to President Obama signing the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In the Fall of 2012 , Mitt Romney challenged Barack Obama for the Presidency . Following Obama 's reelection in November 2012 , Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 -- which resulted in an increase in taxes primarily on those earning the most money . Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans ' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- popularly known as `` Obamacare '' -- along with other various demands , resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century . As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress since the beginning of the decade , Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows , with only 11 % of Americans approving as of October 2013 . Other major events that have occurred during the 2010s include the rise of new political movements , such as the conservative Tea Party movement and the liberal Occupy movement . There was also unusually severe weather during the early part of the decade . In 2012 , over half the country experienced record drought and Hurricane Sandy caused massive damage to coastal areas of New York and New Jersey . On the morning of June 26 , 2015 outside the Supreme Court , the crowd reacts to the Court 's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges The ongoing debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community , most notably that of same - sex marriage , began to shift in favor of same - sex couples , and has been reflected in dozens of polls released in the early part of the decade . In 2012 , President Obama became the first president to openly support same - sex marriage , and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same - sex unions . In June 2015 , the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationally in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges . Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform , immigration reform , income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East , particularly with regards to global terrorism , the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia . Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Defense James Mattis look on , January 27 , 2017 On November 8 , 2016 , Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton to become the President - elect of the United States . Trump 's election became mired in controversy after U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that associates of the Russian government interfered in the election `` to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process . '' This , along with questions about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , led to the launch of investigations into the matter by the FBI , and the Senate and the House Intelligence Committees . Historical graph of political party control of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the Presidency . See also ( edit ) American urban history Colonial history of the United States Economic history of the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of education in the United States History of United States foreign policy History of immigration to the United States History of religion in the United States History of the Southern United States History of women in the United States List of historians by area of study # History of the United States List of history journals # United States and Canada List of Presidents of the United States Military history of the United States Outline of United States history Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States Gullah portal African American portal United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas '' . ScienceDaily . October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2006 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips ( 1957 ) . Method and Theory in American Archaeology . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 89888 - 9 . Jump up ^ Deloria , V. , Jr. , ( 1997 ) Red Earth White Lies : Native Americans and The Myth of Scientific Fact . Jump up ^ Hillerman , Anthony G. ( 1973 ) . `` The Hunt for the Lost American '' , in The Great Taos Bank Robbery and Other Indian Country Affairs , University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0306 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dumond , D.E. ( 1969 ) . `` Toward a Prehistory of the Na - Dene , with a General Comment on Population Movements among Nomadic Hunters '' . American Anthropologist. 71 ( 5 ) : 857 -- 863 . JSTOR 670070 . Jump up ^ Leer , Jeff , Doug Hitch , & John Ritter. 2001 . Interior Tlingit Noun Dictionary : The Dialects Spoken by Tlingit Elders of Carcross and Teslin , Yukon , and Atlin , British Columbia , Whitehorse , Yukon Territory : Yukon Native Language Centre . ISBN 1 - 55242 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ Joe W. Saunders * , Rolfe D. Mandel , Roger T. Saucier , E. Thurman Allen , C.T. Hallmark , Jay K. Johnson , Edwin H. Jackson , Charles M. Allen , Gary L. Stringer , Douglas S. Frink , James K. Feathers , Stephen Williams , Kristen J. Gremillion , Malcolm F. Vidrine , and Reca Jones , `` A Mound Complex in Louisiana at 5400 -- 5000 Years Before the Present '' , Science , September 19 , 1997 : Vol. 277 no . 5333 , pp. 1796 -- 1799 , accessed October 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ ^ Fagan , Brian M. 2005 . Ancient North America : The Archaeology of a Continent . Fourth Edition . New York . Thames & Hudson Inc. p. 418 . Jump up ^ `` Hopewell '' . Ohio History Central . Jump up ^ Douglas T. Price , and Gary M. Feinman ( 2008 ) . Images of the Past , 5th edition . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 274 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340520 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Chenault , Mark , Rick Ahlstrom , and Tom Motsinger , ( 1993 ) In the Shadow of South Mountain : The Pre-Classic Hohokam of ' La Ciudad de los Hornos ' , Part I and II . Jump up ^ `` Ancestral Pueblo culture . '' Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Meghan E. ( 2007 ) . Patterns of Faunal Utilization at Kincaid Mounds , Massac County , Illinois ( Thesis ) . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . p. 40 . Jump up ^ John E. Schwegman ( 2009 ) . `` Kincaid : A Prehistoric Cultural and Religious Center '' . Springhouse Magazine . Jump up ^ muller . `` Connections '' . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Richard F. , and Robert V. Sharp , eds. ( 2004 ) . Hero , Hawk , and Open Hand . The Art Institute of Chicago and Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10601 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Artifacts - Ramey pottery '' . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Woods , Thomas E ( 2007 ) . 33 questions about American history you 're not supposed to ask . Crown Forum . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 34668 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wright , R ( 2005 ) . Stolen Continents : 500 Years of Conquest and Resistance in the Americas . Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 49240 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker E ( 1990 ) . `` The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League '' . In Clifton JA . The Invented Indian : Cultural Fictions and Government Policies . New Brunswick , N.J. , U.S.A : Transaction Publishers . pp. 107 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56000 - 745 - 6 . Retrieved November 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , LF . `` Osage '' . Oklahoma Encyclopedia of History and Culture . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Joseph Patrick Byrne ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Pestilence , Pandemics , and Plagues . ABC - CLIO . pp. 415 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Eric Hinderaker and Rebecca Horn , `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Robert Greenberger , Juan Ponce de León : the exploration of Florida and the search for the Fountain of Youth ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Pyne , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . How the Canyon Became Grand . New York City : Penguin Books . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88110 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : A. Grove Day , Coronado 's Quest : The Discovery of the Southwestern States ( 1940 ) online Jump up ^ David J. Weber , New Spain 's Far Northern Frontier : Essays on Spain in the American West , 1540 -- 1821 ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : Jaap Jacobs , The Colony of New Netherland : A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth - Century America ( 2nd ed . Cornell University Press ; 2009 ) online Jump up ^ Brebner , John Bartlet . New England 's Outpost : Acadia before the Conquest of Canada . Archon Books Hamden , Conn. 1927 Jump up ^ Dean Jobb , The Cajuns : A People 's Story of Exile and Triumph ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Allan Greer , `` National , Transnational , and Hypernational Historiographies : New France Meets Early American History , '' Canadian Historical Review ( 2010 ) 91 # 4 pp 695 -- 724 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven . `` Death in Early America '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henretta , James A. ( 2007 ) . `` History of Colonial America '' . Encarta Online Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review ( 1896 ) 2 # 1 pp. 12 -- 33 in JSTOR ; Thomas Keneally , The Commonwealth of Thieves , Random House Publishing , Sydney , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tougias , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` King Philip 's War in New England '' . HistoryPlace.com . Jump up ^ Oatis , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . A Colonial Complex : South Carolina 's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War , 1680 -- 1730 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Max Savelle ( 2005 ) ( 1948 ) . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 185 -- 90 . ISBN 9781419107078 . Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2010 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 232 -- 40 , 510 -- 12 . ISBN 9780307754943 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2012 ) ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic , 1763 -- 89 ( 4th ed . ) . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 27 . ISBN 9780226923420 . Jump up ^ Robert Allison ( 2007 ) . The Boston Tea Party . Applewood Books . pp. 47 -- 63 . ISBN 9781933212111 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p 147 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Lipset , The First New Nation ( 1979 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-renames-the-nation-united-states-of-america Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Labunski , James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , The Presidency of George Washington ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : The Menace of Monarchy , Plutocracy , and Anglophilia , 1789 -- 1798 , '' Review of Politics ( 1959 ) 21 # 1 pp 239 -- 258 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Farewell Address '' . Archiving Early America . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2008 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) pp 368 -- 74 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp 309 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , p. 4 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 , Spencer Tucker , p. 236 Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty ( 2009 ) ch 18 Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/articles/met-the-enemy-4.htm Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` Tecumseh , Harrison , and the War of 1812 , '' Indiana Magazine of History ( March 1969 ) 65 # 1 pp 25 -- 44 online ^ Jump up to : J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ James Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings : America Comes of Age in the Period of Monroe and Adams Between the War of 1812 , and the Ascendancy of Jackson ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Goodman , `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mark T. Gilderhus , `` The Monroe Doctrine : Meanings and Implications , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly March 2006 , Vol. 36 # 1 pp 5 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jackson Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , North Carolina History Project Jump up ^ David Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , Indian Removal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Stannard 1993 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( Houghton Mifflin , 2007 ) p 287 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( 2007 ) pp 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Robert Allen Rutland , The Democrats : From Jefferson to Clinton ( U. of Missouri Press , 1995 ) ch 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 415 -- 71 Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ John Stauffer , Giants : The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2008 ) . The Radical and the Republican : Frederick Douglass , Abraham Lincoln , and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics . W.W. Norton . p. 57 . ISBN 9780393078725 . Jump up ^ Molly Oshatz ( 2011 ) . Slavery and Sin : The Fight Against Slavery and the Rise of Liberal Protestantism . Oxford U.P. p. 12 . ISBN 9780199751686 . Jump up ^ For a recent overview see Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , Frontiers : A Short History of the American West ( 2008 ) ; for elaborate detail see Howard R. Lamar , ed . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , The American West : A New Interpretive History ( Yale University Press , 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ John David Unruh , The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1993 ) p 120 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Howe argues that , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity . '' Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( 2007 ) pp 705 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Hine and Faragher , The American West ( 2000 ) ch 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . p. 798 . ISBN 9780199726578 . Jump up ^ Jeff Forret , Slavery in the United States ( Facts on File , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Southern Argument for Slavery ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Sensbach . Review of McKivigan , John R. ; Snay , Mitchell , eds. , Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery H - SHEAR , H - Net Reviews . January 2000 . online Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Compromise of 1850 ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , Bleeding Kansas : Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' Archived December 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 , Retrieved February 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Woodworth , Decision in the Heartland : The Civil War in the West ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , The Army of the Potomac : Mr. Lincoln 's Army ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ On Lee 's strategy in 1863 see James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? '' Civil War Times ( March / April 2007 ) 46 # 2 pp 26 -- 33 , online at EBSCO Jump up ^ A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . J. David Hacker , `` Recounting the Dead , '' New York Times Sept 20 , 2011 . For more details see J. David Hacker , `` A census - based count of the Civil War dead . '' Civil War History 57.4 ( 2011 ) : 307 -- 348 . Jump up ^ John Huddleston , Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape ( 2002 ) p 3 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , `` Introduction '' in Paul Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) p.v. Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 -- 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents ^ Jump up to : George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 -- 54 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 3rd ed. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) . Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States ( except Alaska ) . p. 637 . ISBN 9780883544624 . Jump up ^ Alan Trachtenberg , The Incorporation of America : Culture and Society in the Gilded Age ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles , A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The rise of American civilization ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The robber barons : The great American capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Richard Franklin ( 2010 ) . Triumphant Plutocracy : The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920 . Nabu Press . ISBN 1146542747 . Jump up ^ Ryan , foreword by Vincent P. De Santis ; edited by Leonard Schlup , James G. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 145 . ISBN 0765603314 . Jump up ^ John Calvin Reed , The New Plutocracy ( 1903 ) . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Learn About the Gilded Age '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of U.S. Population '' . TheUSAonline.com . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 264 -- 282 . Jump up ^ `` '' The First Measured Century : An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America , 1900 -- 2000 `` '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Charles Hoffmann , `` The Depression of the Nineties , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1956 ) 16 # 2 pp 137 -- 164 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism , '' Kansas History ( 1993 ) 16 # 1 pp 54 -- 69 . online edition Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 176 -- 86 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , `` William McKinley as a Political Leader , '' Review of Politics ( 1966 ) 28 # 4 pp. 417 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( 2006 ) . `` Learn About the Progressive Era '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Mowry , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( Harpers , 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done '' . Persuasive Maps : PJ Mode Collection . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson . `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher ( 1996 ) 29 # 3 pp. 341 -- 61 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Fred H. Harrington , `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp. 211 -- 30 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) 24 # 1 pp 43 -- 52 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter W. Stanley , A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States , 1899 -- 1921 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugital , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) Jump up ^ McNabb , James B. ( 2005 ) . `` Germany 's Decision for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and Its Impact on the U.S. Declaration of War '' . In Roberts , Priscilla Mary and Spencer Tucker . World War I : Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 482 -- 83 . ISBN 9781851094202 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , at which women 's rights issues were debated , especially African - American women 's rights . Gordon , Ann D. ; Collier - Thomas , Bettye ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . African American women and the vote , 1837 -- 1965 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 059 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue -- 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 163 . ISBN 9780739101261 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : World War I and isolationism , 1913 -- 33 '' . U.S. Department of State . April 29 , 1991 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2009 ) . Handbook to Life in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 245ff . ISBN 9781438119014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the 20th Century '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history by a leading scholar see David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Shlaes 2008 , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 68 Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) pp 648 -- 82 Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in World War II ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Short History of Amache Japanese Internment Camp '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ogawa , Dennis M. and Fox , Jr. , Evarts C. Japanese Americans , from Relocation to Redress. 1991 , page 135 . Jump up ^ Richey , Warren ( December 5 , 2007 ) . `` Key Guantánamo cases hit Supreme Court '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` Ralph Smith 's eyewitness account of the Trinity trip to watch blast '' . White Sands Missile Range , Public Affairs Office . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Ambrose , Eisenhower and Berlin , 1945 : The Decision to Halt at the Elbe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector , Eagle Against the Sun ( 1985 ) ch 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ D.M. Giangreco , Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 -- 1947 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn , Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan ( 1992 ) pp 43 -- 103 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Long Peace : Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Blakeley , Ruth ( 2009 ) . State Terrorism and Neoliberalism : The North in the South . Routledge . p. 92 . ISBN 0415686172 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . United States -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien , John F. Kennedy : A Biography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eric Alterman and Kevin Mattson , The Cause : The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ David Edwin Harrell , Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , Randall M. Miller , Randall B. Woods , Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) pp 1052 -- 53 Jump up ^ Gregory Schneider , The Conservative Century : From Reaction to Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield , The Civil Rights Movement ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Lupo ( 2010 ) . Flak - Catchers : One Hundred Years of Riot Commission Politics in America . Lexington Books . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9780739138120 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel E. ( 2001 ) . `` '' Black Liberation without Apology : Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement. `` '' . The Black Scholar. 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 2 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jacobs ( 2006 ) . Mexican American Literature : The Politics of Identity . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 9781134218233 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Jane J. Mansbridge , Why We Lost the ERA ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Intended Consequences : Birth Control , Abortion , and the Federal Government in Modern America ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Voices , and Viewpoints ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : John Robert Greene , The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Election of 1976 '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents . Taylor & Francis . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 20 , 1981 : Iran Hostage Crisis ends '' . This Day in History . History.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Effective Federal Tax Rates : 1979 -- 2001 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` The United States Unemployment Rate '' . Miseryindex.us . November 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Routledge . pp. 863 -- 64 . ISBN 1 - 135 - 92311 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Ehrman ; Michael W. Flamm ( 2009 ) . Debating the Reagan Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 101 -- 82 . ISBN 9780742570573 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 243 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ; Howard M. Bahr ; Bruce A. Chadwick ; John Modell ( 1994 ) . Recent Social Trends in the United States , 1960 -- 1990 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780773512122 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 420 -- 27 Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks , The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David E. Sanger , Confront and Conceal : Obama 's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power ( 2012 ) ch 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Report Details Alleged Abuse of Guantanamo Bay , Abu Ghraib Detainees '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo an ideal recruitment tool for terrorists -- UN human rights chief '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 88 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` CIA 's final report : No WMD found in Iraq '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Eli ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : 62 Percent Say Iraq War Was n't Worth Fighting '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milbank , Dana ; Deane , Claudia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Poll Finds Dimmer View of Iraq War '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ William Crotty , `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity ( 2009 ) 41 # 3 pp 282 -- 311 doi : 10.1057 / pol. 2009.3 Jump up ^ NBC News , `` ' The war is over ' : Last US soldiers leave Iraq , '' MSNBC Dec. 18 , 2011 Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , `` Obama 's new executive order on Guantanamo : The president again bolsters the Bush detention regime he long railed against , '' Salon March 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama Lays Out Strategy for ' New Phase ' in Terror Fight '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ; Mazzetti , Mark ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter L. Bergen , Manhunt : The Ten - Year Search for Bin Laden -- from 9 / 11 to Abbottabad ( 2012 ) pp 250 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the End of the Combat Mission in Afghanistan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Payne , The Great Recession : What Happened ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ * Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 . Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp . ISBN 9780810883406 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Kolb ( 2011 ) . The Financial Crisis of Our Time . Oxford University Press . p. 96ff . ISBN 9780199792788 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Treasury close to profit on TARP bank loans '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'd Approve TARP Again ' : George W. Bush '' . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Rattner , Overhaul : An Insider 's Account of the Obama Administration 's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kaiser , Emily ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Recession ended in June 2009 : NBER '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ CNBC . `` US economy may be stuck in slow lane for long run '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local news from Bellingham , Whatcom County , WA - BellinghamHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejeur , Jeanne . `` NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MONTHLY UPDATE '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce S. Jansson ( 2011 ) . The Reluctant Welfare State : Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society . Cengage Learning . p. 466 . ISBN 0840034407 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Obama Presidency : A Preliminary Assessment . SUNY Press . ISBN 9781438443287 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Abramson et al. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends 2011 Mired in Gridlock '' . InvestorPlace . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Congress ' Job Approval Falls to 11 % Amid Gov 't Shutdown '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottoli , Roberto ( 2014 ) . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump promises ' I will not let you down '' . Associated Press . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Notes ( edit ) Textbooks ( edit ) Alexander , Ruth M. and Mary Beth Norton , Major Problems in American Women 's History ( 4th ed. 2006 ) Beard , Charles A. and Mary Beard , The Rise of American civilization ( 2 vol. 1927 ) , Complete edition online , highly influential in 1920s -- 1940s Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2015 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 10th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 4th ed. 2013 ) , university textbook Gilbert , Martin . The Routledge Atlas of American History ( 2010 ) Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 16th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook 12th edition 2002 online Schweikart , Larry , and Dave Dougherty . A Patriot 's History of the Modern World , Vol . I : From America 's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb : 1898 -- 1945 ; Vol. II : From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement , 1945 -- 2012 ( 2 vol. 2013 ) , a view from the right Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 9th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . HarperPerennial Modern Classics . ISBN 9780060528423 . , a view from the left Further reading ( edit ) Agnew , Jean - Christophe , and Roy Rosenzweig , eds . A Companion to Post-1945 America ( 2006 ) Alden , John R. A history of the American Revolution ( 1966 ) 644pp online Boehm , Lisa Krissoff , and Steven Hunt Corey . America 's Urban History ( 2014 ) ; University textbook ; see website Boyer , Paul , ed . The Oxford companion to United States history ( 2001 ) online The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) online Diner , Hasia , ed . Encyclopedia of American Women 's History ( 2010 ) Evans , Sara M. Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Fiege , Mark . The Republic of Nature : An Environmental History of the United States ( 2012 ) 584 pages Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) Goldfield , David . ed . Encyclopedia of American Urban History ( 2 vol 2006 ) ; 1056pp ; Gray , Edward G. ed . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) Horton , James Oliver and Lois E. Horton . Hard Road to Freedom : The Story of African America ( 2 vol. 2002 ) Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize Hopkins , A.G. American Empire : A Global History ( 2018 ) excerpt Hornsby Jr. , Alton . A Companion to African American History ( 2008 ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed . The Oxford companion to American history ( 1966 ) online Kammen , Michael G , ed . The Past before us : Contemporary historical writing in the United States ( 1980 ) , wide - ranging survey of historiography ; online free Kazin , Michael , et al. eds . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2011 ) Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , Pulitzer Prize online Kirkendall , Richard S. A Global Power : America Since the Age of Roosevelt ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) university textbook 1945 -- 80 online Kirkland , Edward C. A History Of American Economic Life ( 3rd ed. 1960 ) online Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 vol. 2001 ) . Lancaster , Bruce , Bruce Catton , and Thomas Fleming . The American Heritage History of the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , very well illustrated Leuchtenburg , William E. The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton ( 2015 ) , popular narrative by a leading scholar ; 904 pp McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2003 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; comprehensive coverage of 1848 -- 1865 Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Milner , Clyde A. , Carol A. O'Connor , and Martha A. Sandweiss , eds . The Oxford History of the American West ( 1996 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nugent , Walter . Progressivism : A Very Short Introduction ( 2009 ) Patterson , James T. Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Paxson , Frederic Logan . History of the American frontier , 1763 -- 1893 ( 1924 ) online , old survey by leading authority ; Pulitzer Prize Perry , Elisabeth Israels , and Karen Manners Smith , eds . The Gilded Age & Progressive Era : A Student Companion ( 2006 ) Pole , Jack P. and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Resch , John , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture , and the Homefront ( 4 vol 2004 ) , essays by experts on a wide range of homefront topics . Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Sheehan - Dean , ed. , Aaron ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 44 - 435131 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 2 vol . 1232pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Slotten , Hugh Richard , ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science , Medicine , and Technology ( 2014 ) , 1456 pp Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp Taylor , Alan . American Colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; by a leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Age of Reagan : A History , 1974 -- 2008 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Zophy , Angela Howard , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History . ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . 763 pp. articles by experts online Primary sources ( edit ) Commager , Henry Steele and Milton Cantor . Documents of American History Since 1898 ( 8th ed. 2 vol 1988 ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416pp with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Troy , Gil , and Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. , eds . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHistory of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Encyclopedia of American Studies , sophisticated short articles on a wide range of topics . US History map animation Animated map of the US , showing territorial expansion and statehood by year ( Quick Maps , Theodora.com ) . US History map animation Animated map of the US , showing territorial expansion and statehood by year ( Houston Institute for Culture ) . Edsitement , History & Social Studies , lesson plans from the National Endowment for the Humanities The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History , includes curriculum modules covering the Revolution to the present BackStory , American history public radio show hosted by Ed Ayers , Brian Balogh , and Peter Onuf Early 20th century USA High Quality photographs Historical Hunt : U.S. History -- Learning and Research History of the United States by polity States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Confederation Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers Arkansas Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Red ( South ) Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Powers Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Video games Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Ableism affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Category Portal History of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Navassa Island Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Gullah people topics Culture Film and television Conrack ( 1974 ) A House Divided : Denmark Vesey 's Rebellion ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1984 ) Glory ( 1989 ) Daughters of the Dust ( 1991 ) Gullah Gullah Island ( 1994 - 1998 ) Publications Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl Vibration Cooking Language Gullah language Religion and folklore Afro - American religion Black church Boo Hag Hoodoo Mojo Black cat bone Goofer dust Haint blue Hot foot powder Julia Jackson ( Voodoo queen / priestess in the 1940s ) John the Conqueror ( a folk hero in Hoodoo ) Rabbit 's foot Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses ( syncretism of Christianity and Traditional African religions ) Ring shout Music and culture Charleston red rice ( cuisine ) Gullah / Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Kumbaya Michael Row the Boat Ashore Ranky Tanky Robot Hive / Exodus Related culture African - American culture Culture of Africa History History topics Bilali Document Igbo Landing Port Royal Experiment Stono Rebellion Demographics Beaufort , South Carolina Daufuskie Island Eulonia , Georgia Georgia Golden Isles of Georgia Sapelo Island ( protected site ) Hog Hammock ( very important ) South Carolina Lowcountry Related history African - American history Timeline of African - American history Atlantic slave trade History of Angola History of Benin History of Congo History of Ghana History of Guinea - Bissau History of Liberia History of Nigeria Sahel / Senegambia History of Senegal History of the Gambia History of Sierra Leone Bunce Island History of the United States Slavery in the United States Related ethnic groups African Americans Baga Kongo Fula Igbo Kissi Jola Kpelle Limba Mandinka Mende Susu Temne Vai Wolof Serer Laalaa Ndut Niominka Noon Palor Saafi Toucouleur Notable figures Notables with Gullah ancestry Candice Glover Charlamagne tha God Chris Rock Clarence Thomas Denmark Vesey Emory Campbell Gullah Jack James Jamerson Jim Brown Joe Frazier Joseph Rainey Julie Dash Marquetta Goodwine Mary Jackson Michelle Obama Robert Sengstacke Abbott Sam Doyle Tony Rock Trick Daddy Philip Reid Vertamae Smart - Grosvenor Gullah category Gullah portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_States&oldid=866310014 '' Categories : History of the United States Gullah history Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Use mdy dates from June 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did america become the united states of america	[ "Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.\n" ]	[ "1776" ]
-1266756889197489992	NBA Rookie of the Year Award	NBA rookie of the Year award - wikipedia NBA rookie of the Year award hide National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association 's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the top rookie ( s ) of the regular season . Initiated following the 1952 -- 53 NBA season , it confers the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy , named after the former Philadelphia Warriors head coach . The winner is selected by a panel of United States and Canadian sportswriters and broadcasters , each casting first , second , and third place votes ( worth five points , three points , and one point respectively ) . The player ( s ) with the highest point total , regardless of the number of first - place votes , wins the award . The most recent Rookie of the Year winner is Ben Simmons . Twenty - one winners were drafted first overall . Sixteen winners have also won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award in their careers ; Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld earning both honors the same season . Nineteen of the forty two non-active winners have been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Three seasons had joint winners -- Dave Cowens and Geoff Petrie in the 1970 -- 71 season , Grant Hill and Jason Kidd in the 1994 -- 95 season , and Elton Brand and Steve Francis in the 1999 -- 2000 season . Five players won the award unanimously ( by capturing all of the first - place votes ) -- Ralph Sampson , David Robinson , Blake Griffin , Damian Lillard , and Karl - Anthony Towns . Patrick Ewing of Jamaica , Pau Gasol of Spain , Kyrie Irving and Ben Simmons of Australia and Andrew Wiggins of Canada are the only winners not born in the United States . Three of these individuals have dual nationality by birth -- Wiggins and Simmons have American fathers , and both of Irving 's parents are Americans . Ewing immigrated to the Boston area at age 11 , Irving moved to the United States at age 2 , and Wiggins and Simmons moved to the U.S. while in high school . Gasol is the only winner trained totally outside the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners 2 Unofficial winners 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Winners ( edit ) Wilt Chamberlain won the award in the 1959 -- 60 NBA season . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won the award in the 1969 -- 70 NBA season . Larry Bird won the award in the 1979 -- 80 NBA season . Michael Jordan won the award in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season . Allen Iverson won the award in the 1996 -- 97 NBA season . Pau Gasol won the award in the 2001 -- 02 NBA season . LeBron James won the award in the 2003 -- 04 NBA season . Kevin Durant won the award in the 2007 -- 08 NBA season . Derrick Rose won the award in the 2008 -- 09 NBA season . Key Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes unanimous winners DP # Draft pick number DY Draft year Territorial pick Rookie of the Year Season Player Position Nationality Team DP # DY 1952 -- 53 Don Meineke Forward / Center United States Fort Wayne Pistons 12 1952 1953 -- 54 Ray Felix Center United States Baltimore Bullets 1953 1954 -- 55 Bob Pettit * Forward / Center United States Milwaukee Hawks 1954 1955 -- 56 Maurice Stokes * Forward / Center United States Rochester Royals 1955 1956 -- 57 Tom Heinsohn * Forward United States Boston Celtics 1956 1957 -- 58 Woody Sauldsberry Forward / Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 60 1957 1958 -- 59 Elgin Baylor * Forward United States Minneapolis Lakers 1958 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * Center United States Philadelphia Warriors 1959 1960 -- 61 Oscar Robertson * Guard United States Cincinnati Royals 1 / T 1960 1961 -- 62 Walt Bellamy * Center United States Chicago Packers 1961 1962 -- 63 Terry Dischinger Forward / Guard United States Chicago Zephyrs 8 1962 1963 -- 64 Jerry Lucas * Forward / Center United States Cincinnati Royals 1962 1964 -- 65 Willis Reed * Center / Forward United States New York Knicks 8 1964 1965 -- 66 Rick Barry * Forward United States San Francisco Warriors 1965 1966 -- 67 Dave Bing * Guard United States Detroit Pistons 1966 1967 -- 68 Earl Monroe * Guard United States Baltimore Bullets 1967 1968 -- 69 Wes Unseld * Center / Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 1968 1969 -- 70 Lew Alcindor * Center United States Milwaukee Bucks 1969 1970 -- 71 Dave Cowens * Center / Forward United States Boston Celtics 1970 1970 -- 71 Geoff Petrie Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 8 1970 1971 -- 72 Sidney Wicks Forward / Center United States Portland Trail Blazers 1971 1972 -- 73 Bob McAdoo * Center / Forward United States Buffalo Braves 1972 1973 -- 74 Ernie DiGregorio Guard United States Buffalo Braves 1973 1974 -- 75 Jamaal Wilkes * Forward / Guard United States Golden State Warriors 11 1975 -- 76 Alvan Adams Center / Forward United States Phoenix Suns 1976 -- 77 Adrian Dantley * Forward / Guard United States Buffalo Braves 6 1976 1977 -- 78 Walter Davis Guard / Forward United States Phoenix Suns 5 1977 1978 -- 79 Phil Ford Guard United States Kansas City Kings 1978 1979 -- 80 Larry Bird * Forward United States Boston Celtics 6 1978 1980 -- 81 Darrell Griffith Guard United States Utah Jazz 1980 1981 -- 82 Buck Williams Forward / Center United States New Jersey Nets 1981 1982 -- 83 Terry Cummings Forward United States San Diego Clippers 1982 1983 -- 84 Ralph Sampson * Center / Forward United States Houston Rockets 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * Guard United States Chicago Bulls 1984 1985 -- 86 Patrick Ewing * Center United States New York Knicks 1985 1986 -- 87 Chuck Person Forward United States Indiana Pacers 1986 1987 -- 88 Mark Jackson Guard United States New York Knicks 18 1988 -- 89 Mitch Richmond * Guard United States Golden State Warriors 5 1989 -- 90 David Robinson * Center United States San Antonio Spurs 1990 -- 91 Derrick Coleman Forward United States New Jersey Nets 1991 -- 92 Larry Johnson Forward United States Charlotte Hornets 1991 1992 -- 93 Shaquille O'Neal * Center United States Orlando Magic 1993 -- 94 Chris Webber Forward / Center United States Golden State Warriors 1994 -- 95 Grant Hill * Forward / Guard United States Detroit Pistons 1994 1994 -- 95 Jason Kidd * Guard United States Dallas Mavericks 1994 1995 -- 96 Damon Stoudamire Guard United States Toronto Raptors 7 1995 1996 -- 97 Allen Iverson * Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 1997 -- 98 Tim Duncan Forward / Center United States San Antonio Spurs 1998 -- 99 Vince Carter ^ Guard / Forward United States Toronto Raptors 5 1998 1999 -- 00 Elton Brand Forward United States Chicago Bulls 1999 1999 -- 00 Steve Francis Guard United States Houston Rockets 1999 2000 -- 01 Mike Miller Forward / Guard United States Orlando Magic 5 2000 2001 -- 02 Pau Gasol ^ Forward / Center Spain Memphis Grizzlies 2002 -- 03 Amar'e Stoudemire Forward / Center United States Phoenix Suns 9 2002 2003 -- 04 LeBron James ^ Forward United States Cleveland Cavaliers 2003 2004 -- 05 Emeka Okafor ^ Center / Forward United States Charlotte Bobcats 2005 -- 06 Chris Paul ^ Guard United States New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets 2005 2006 -- 07 Brandon Roy Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 6 2006 2007 -- 08 Kevin Durant ^ Forward United States Seattle SuperSonics 2007 2008 -- 09 Derrick Rose ^ Guard United States Chicago Bulls 2008 2009 -- 10 Tyreke Evans ^ Guard / Forward United States Sacramento Kings 2009 2010 -- 11 Blake Griffin ^ Forward United States Los Angeles Clippers 2009 2011 -- 12 Kyrie Irving ^ Guard United States Cleveland Cavaliers 2011 2012 -- 13 Damian Lillard ^ Guard United States Portland Trail Blazers 6 2012 2013 -- 14 Michael Carter - Williams ^ Guard United States Philadelphia 76ers 11 2013 2014 -- 15 Andrew Wiggins ^ Forward / Guard Canada Minnesota Timberwolves 2014 2015 -- 16 Karl - Anthony Towns ^ Center United States Minnesota Timberwolves 2015 2016 -- 17 Malcolm Brogdon ^ Guard United States Milwaukee Bucks 36 2016 2017 -- 18 Ben Simmons ^ Forward / Guard Australia Philadelphia 76ers 2016 Unofficial winners ( edit ) Prior to the 1952 -- 53 season , the Rookie of the Year was selected by newspaper writers ; however , the NBA does not officially recognize those players as winners . The league did publish the pre-1953 winners in their 1994 -- 95 edition of the Official NBA Guide and the 1994 Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia , but those winners have not been listed in subsequent publications . Season Player Position Nationality Team DP # DY 1947 -- 48 Paul Hoffman Guard / Forward United States Baltimore Bullets 70 1947 1948 -- 49 Howie Shannon Guard / Forward United States Providence Steamrollers 1949 1949 -- 50 Alex Groza Center United States Indianapolis Olympians 1949 1950 -- 51 Paul Arizin * Forward / Guard United States Philadelphia Warriors 1950 1951 -- 52 Bill Tosheff Guard United States Indianapolis Olympians 32 1951 1951 -- 52 Mel Hutchins Forward / Center United States Milwaukee Hawks 1951 See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA Development League Rookie of the Year Award NBA Rookie of the Month Award Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in same year . ^ Jump up to : Though drafted in 1962 by the Cincinnati Royals , Jerry Lucas did not sign with the team until 1963 when he tried to sign with the Cleveland Pipers of the American Basketball League instead . He ended up sitting out the year when the deal fell through . His rookie season with the Royals began in the 1963 -- 64 season . ^ Jump up to : Denotes seasons in which joint winners were named ^ Jump up to : Though drafted in 1978 by the Boston Celtics , Larry Bird , opted to stay in college for his senior year , did not play in the NBA until 1979 . His rookie season with the Celtics began in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Patrick Ewing was born in Jamaica , but had become a naturalized United States citizen while playing college basketball at Georgetown . He represented the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics . ^ Jump up to : Though drafted in 1987 by the San Antonio Spurs , David Robinson did not play in the NBA until 1989 due to commitments to the United States Navy . His rookie season with the Spurs began in the 1989 -- 90 season . Jump up ^ Because Tim Duncan is a United States citizen by birth , as are all natives of the U.S. Virgin Islands , he was able to play for the U.S. internationally . He represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics ^ Jump up to : Though drafted in 2009 by the Los Angeles Clippers , Blake Griffin missed the entire 2009 -- 10 season due to a knee injury . His rookie season with the Clippers was the 2010 -- 11 season . Jump up ^ Karl - Anthony Towns was born and raised in the United States to an American father and a Dominican mother . He has represented the Dominican Republic internationally since 2012 . Jump up ^ Though drafted in 2016 by the Philadelphia 76ers , Ben Simmons missed the entire 2016 -- 17 season due to his broken right foot . His rookie season with the Sixers was the 2017 -- 18 season . References ( edit ) General `` Rookie of the Year Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . `` Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Wolves ' Towns named 2015 - 16 Kia Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail Blazers ' Brandon Roy Named 2006 - 07 T - Mobile NBA Rookie of the Year '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 3 , 2007 . Retrieved July 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brand , Francis named NBA co-rookies of the year '' . CBC Sports . November 10 , 2000 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's unanimous : Karl - Anthony Towns gets every first - place vote for Rookie of the Year '' . StarTribune.com . Minneapolis Star Tribune . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bargnani becomes first European top NBA draft pick '' . People 's Daily Online . June 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Lucas Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ralph Wiley ( January 7 , 1985 ) . `` The Master Of The Key : After years of relying on others to unlock doors for him , Georgetown 's center Patrick Ewing will soon go off on his own '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time USA Basketball Men 's Roster : E '' . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dave Anderson ( May 18 , 1987 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; The Robinson Plot Thickens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time USA Basketball Men 's Roster : D '' . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Griffin 's rookie season lost to injury '' . ESPN.com . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zgoda , Jerry ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Karl - Anthony Towns taken No. 1 by Wolves ; Tyus Jones acquired in trade with Cavaliers '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Calipari makes Dominican team roster cuts '' . WKYT . June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers Ben Simmons ' wins NBA rookie of the year '' . Wide World of Sports . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia 76ers announce Ben Simmons done for season '' . NBA.com. 24 February 2017 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Friedman , David ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` Bill Tosheff : NBA Co-Rookie of the Year and Tireless Advocate for the `` Pre-1965ers '' . 20 Second Timeout . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Allan ( October 30 , 1994 ) . `` NBA forgot it honored Hoffman '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sachare , Alex ( 1994 ) . The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia . New York : Villard Books . p. 371 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 43293 - 7 . NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=849576944 '' Categories : National Basketball Association awards National Basketball Association lists Awards established in 1953 Rookie player awards Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 23 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who votes for the nba rookie of the year	[]	[]
6084414283679472878	United States Seventh Fleet	United States Seventh Fleet - Wikipedia United States Seventh Fleet Numbered fleet of the United States Navy `` Seventh Fleet '' redirects here . For other uses , see Seventh Fleet ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States Seventh Fleet Seventh Fleet Founded 1943 ; 75 years ago ( 1943 ) Country United States Branch United States Navy Type Fleet Part of United States Pacific Fleet Garrison / HQ United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka Nickname ( s ) ' Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club ' ( Vietnam War ) Commanders Current commander Vice Adm. Phillip G. Sawyer Notable commanders Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid The Seventh Fleet is a numbered fleet ( a military formation ) of the United States Navy . It is headquartered at U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka , in Yokosuka , Japan , with some units based in Japan and South Korea . It is part of the United States Pacific Fleet . At present , it is the largest of the forward - deployed U.S. fleets , with 60 to 70 ships , 300 aircraft and 40,000 Navy and Marine Corps personnel . Its principal responsibilities are to provide joint command in natural disaster or military operations and operational command of all naval forces in the region , in particular in the defense of the Korean Peninsula . Contents 1 History 1.1 Korean War 1.2 Vietnam War 1.3 Bangladesh - Pakistan War of 1971 1.4 Gulf War and 1990s 2 Operations 3 Fleet organization 4 Forward - deployed Seventh Fleet ships 4.1 U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan 4.2 U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo , Japan 4.3 Apra Harbor , Guam 5 Fleet commanders 6 Citations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) The Seventh Fleet was formed on 15 March 1943 in Brisbane , Australia , during the Second World War , under the command of Admiral Arthur S. `` Chips '' Carpender . It served in the South West Pacific Area ( SWPA ) under General Douglas MacArthur . The Seventh Fleet commander also served as commander of Allied naval forces in the SWPA . Most of the ships of the Royal Australian Navy were also part of the fleet from 1943 to 1945 as part of Task Force 74 ( formerly the Anzac Squadron ) . The Seventh Fleet -- under Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid -- formed a large part of the Allied forces at the Battle of Leyte Gulf , the largest naval battle in history . USS Gambier Bay ( CVE - 73 ) and escorts at the Battle off Samar in 1944 . After the end of the war , the 7th Fleet moved its headquarters to Qingdao , China . As laid out in Operation Plan 13 -- 45 of 26 August 1945 , Kinkaid established five major task forces to manage operations in the Western Pacific : Task Force 71 , the North China Force with 75 ships ; Task Force 72 , the Fast Carrier Force , directed to provide air cover to the Marines going ashore and discourage with dramatic aerial flyovers any Communist forces that might oppose the operation ; Task Force 73 , the Yangtze Patrol Force with another 75 combatants ; Task Force 74 , the South China Force , ordered to protect the transportation of Japanese and Chinese Nationalist troops from that region ; and Task Force 78 , the Amphibious Force , charged with the movement of the III Marine Amphibious Corps to China . After the war , on 1 January 1947 , the Fleet 's name was changed to Naval Forces Western Pacific . In late 1948 , the Fleet moved its principal base of operations to the Philippines , where the Navy , following the war , had developed new facilities at Subic Bay and an airfield at Sangley Point . Peacetime operations of the Seventh Fleet were under the control of Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet , Admiral Arthur W. Radford , but standing orders provided that , when operating in Japanese waters or in the event of an emergency , control would pass to Commander , Naval Forces Far East , a component of General Douglas MacArthur 's occupation force . On 19 August 1949 the force was designated as United States Seventh Task Fleet . On 11 February 1950 , just prior to the outbreak of the Korean War , the force assumed the name United States Seventh Fleet , which it holds today . Korean War ( edit ) See also : U.S. Seventh Fleet Korean War order of battle Seventh Fleet units participated in all major operations of the Korean and Vietnamese Wars . The first Navy jet aircraft used in combat was launched from a Task Force 77 ( TF 77 ) aircraft carrier on 3 July 1950 . The landings at Inchon , Korea were conducted by Seventh Fleet amphibious ships . The battleships Iowa , New Jersey , Missouri and Wisconsin all served as flagships for Commander , U.S. Seventh Fleet during the Korean War . During the Korean War , the Seventh Fleet consisted of Task Force 70 , a maritime patrol force provided by Fleet Air Wing One and Fleet Air Wing Six , Task Force 72 , the Formosa Patrol , Task Force 77 , and Task Force 79 , a service support squadron . Over the next decade the Seventh Fleet responded to numerous crisis situations including contingency operations conducted in Laos in 1959 and Thailand in 1962 . During September 1959 , in the autumn of 1960 , and again in January 1961 , the Seventh Fleet deployed multiship carrier task forces into the South China Sea . Although the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese supporting forces withdrew in each crisis , in the spring of 1961 their offensive appeared on the verge of overwhelming the pro-American Royal Lao Army . Once again the fleet moved into Southeast Asian waters . By the end of April 1961 , most of the Seventh Fleet was deployed off the Indochinese Peninsula preparing to initiate operations into Laos . The force consisted of the Coral Sea and Midway carrier battle groups , antisubmarine support carrier Kearsarge , one helicopter carrier , three groups of amphibious ships , two submarines , and three Marine battalion landing teams . At the same time , shorebased air patrol squadrons and another three Marine battalion landing teams stood ready in Okinawa and the Philippines to support the afloat force . Although the administration of President John F. Kennedy already had decided against American intervention to rescue the Laotian government , Communist forces halted their advance and agreed to negotiations . The contending Laotian factions concluded a cease - fire on 8 May 1961 , but it lasted only a year . In June 1963 the Seventh Fleet held ' Flagpole ' 63 , ' a joint naval exercise with the Republic of Korea . Vietnam War ( edit ) Military humor : Unofficial insignia of the `` Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club '' -- aka U.S. 7th Fleet . Seventh Fleet represented the first official entrance of the United States into the Vietnam War , with the Gulf of Tonkin incident . Between 1950 and 1970 , the U.S. Seventh Fleet was known by the tongue - in - cheek nickname `` Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club '' since most of the fleet 's operations were conducted from the Tonkin Gulf at the time . On 12 February 1965 , USS Salisbury Sound ( AV - 13 ) became the first U.S. Navy ship to conduct operations inside Vietnam coastal waters . Salisbury Sound set up a seadrome in Da Nang Bay and conducted seaplane patrols in support of Operation Flaming Dart , the bombing of North Vietnamese army camps . Operating primarily from Yankee Station off the north coast of Vietnam and the aptly - named Dixie Station off the south coast of Vietnam in the South China Sea , Seventh Fleet was organized into a series of task forces , often known by the acronym CTF ( Commander Task Force ) : Task Force 73 included the fleet 's logistics support vessels operating as an underway replenishment group ( URG ) containing an oiler , an ammunition ship , and other supply tenders . Task Force 75 , Surface Combatant Force , contained the fleet 's surface combatants and naval gunfire support . These units formed the gun line to bombard enemy forces during Operation Sea Dragon , Operation Custom Tailor , and Operation Lion 's Den . The Royal Australian Navy contributed a series of guided missile destroyers to the gun line , including Hobart , Perth , Brisbane , and Vendetta . The naval gun line concept was made possible with deep waters for larger vessels well away from both the shoals and enemy coastal artillery . Task Group 70.8 , a cruiser - destroyer subset of the task force , began shelling Vietnam on 27 May 1965 . The cruisers and destroyers mostly used 5 - inch and 8 - inch guns while USS New Jersey opened fire with her 16 - inch guns . Task Force 76 was the Amphibious Force , Seventh Fleet . Marines went ashore at Da Nang in March 1965 and patrolled throughout the I Corps area of responsibility during operations Starlite , Dagger Thrust , Double Eagle , and Jackstay . Task Force 77 was the Carrier Battle Force , Seventh Fleet . It would participate in striking North Vietnamese targets , providing air support to US forces in South Vietnam , and mining Hiaphong Harbor . Task Force 78 was the fleet 's minesweeper support . After the 1973 cease - fire , it was responsible for Operation End Sweep , removing naval mines dropped in Haiphong harbor only months earlier . Task Forces 116 and 117 were brown - water riverine forces involved in the interdiction efforts Operation Market Time , Operation Game Warden , and Operation Sealords . In 1975 , ships and aircraft of the Fleet evacuated thousands of U.S. citizens and refugees from South Vietnam and Cambodia as those countries fell to opposing forces . Since the end of the Vietnam War , the Seventh Fleet has participated in a joint / combined exercise called Team Spirit , conducted with the Republic of Korea armed forces . With capability to respond to any contingency , Fleet operations are credited with maintaining security during the Asian Games of 1986 and the Seoul Olympics of 1988 . During 1989 , Seventh Fleet units participated in a variety of exercises called PACEX , the largest peacetime exercises since World War II . Bangladesh - Pakistan War of 1971 ( edit ) A carrier task force of the Seventh Fleet , Task Force 74 ( TF 74 ) , entered the Bay of Bengal at the height of the war in December 1971 . It never had a very clear mission . TF 74 comprised the nuclear - powered aircraft carrier Enterprise ; the amphibious assault carrier Tripoli ; the destroyers Decatur , McKean , and Orleck ; the guided - missile escorts Waddell , King , and Parsons ; the nuclear - powered attack submarine Gurnard ; and supply ship Wichita . On 15 December , a day before the surrender of Pakistan , the task force entered the Bay of Bengal , at a distance of some 1,760 km ( 950 nmi ; 1,090 mi ) from Dhaka . The Soviet Union also dispatched the 10th Operative Battle Group of its Pacific Fleet under the command of Admiral Vladimir Kruglyakov in Vladivostok to the area . Gulf War and 1990s ( edit ) George Washington , Squadron HC - 1 during operation `` Desert Shield '' in 1990 , U.S. Seventh Fleet . In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 , President George H.W. Bush ordered Commander , U.S. Seventh Fleet to assume additional responsibilities as Commander , U.S. Naval Forces Central Command . The Fleet Commander departed Yokosuka , Japan immediately , heading for the Persian Gulf , and joined the remainder of his staff aboard the flagship Blue Ridge on 1 September 1990 . During Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm , Naval Forces Central Command exercised command and control of the largest U.S. Navy armada since the Second World War . At the peak of combat operations , over 130 U.S. ships joined more than 50 allied ships to conduct maritime intercept operations , minesweeping and combat strike operations against enemy forces in Iraq and Kuwait . Naval Forces Central Command included six aircraft carrier battle groups , two battleships ( Missouri and Wisconsin ) , two hospital ships , 31 amphibious assault ships , four minesweeping vessels and numerous combatants in support of allied air and ground forces . After a decisive allied victory in the Gulf War , Commander U.S. Seventh Fleet relinquished control of Naval Forces Central Command to Commander , Middle East Force on 24 April 1991 and returned to Yokosuka , Japan to resume his Asia - Pacific duties . In 1996 , two aircraft carrier battle groups were sent to the Taiwan Straits under Seventh Fleet control to demonstrate U.S. support for Taiwan during the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis . The Nimitz battle group ( CCDG 5 ? ) made a high speed transit from the Persian Gulf , while Carrier Group Five , led by Independence , sortied from its Japanese homeports . Operations ( edit ) The then - commander , Vice Admiral Scott R. Van Buskirk in 2010 . Of the 50 -- 60 ships typically assigned to Seventh Fleet , 18 operate from U.S. facilities in Japan and Guam . These forward - deployed units represent the heart of Seventh Fleet , and the centerpieces of American forward presence in Asia . They are 17 steaming days closer to locations in Asia than their counterparts based in the continental United States . It would take three to five times the number of rotationally - based ships in the U.S. to equal the same presence and crisis response capability as these 18 forward deployed ships . On any given day , about 50 % of Seventh Fleet forces are deployed at sea throughout the area of responsibility . Following the end of the Cold War , the two major military scenarios in which the Seventh Fleet would be used would be in case of conflict in Korea or a conflict between People 's Republic of China and Taiwan ( Republic of China ) in the Taiwan Strait . It was reported on 10 May 2012 that USS Freedom ( LCS - 1 ) would be dispatched to Singapore in the northern spring of 2013 for a roughly 10 - month deployment . On 2 June 2012 the U.S. and Singaporean Defense Ministers announced that Singapore has agreed ' in principle ' to the US request ' to forward deploy up to four littoral combat ships to Singapore on a rotational basis . ' Officials stressed however that vessels will not be permanently based there and their crews will live aboard during ship visits . On 21 August 2017 , while on a routine visit to Singapore , Arleigh Burke - class destroyer USS John S. McCain ( DDG - 56 ) was involved in a collision with merchant vessel Alnic MC off the coast of Singapore , east of the Strait of Malacca . The incident left 10 Navy sailors missing and five injured . The US Navy announced that Commander of the Seventh Fleet Vice Adm. Joseph Aucoin had been dismissed and replaced by Vice Adm. Phillip G. Sawyer , who had already been nominated and confirmed to replace the retiring Aucoin . Fleet organization ( edit ) The Seventh Fleet is organized into specialized task forces . George Washington was flagship of Task Force 70 of the U.S. Seventh Fleet before 2017 . Task Force 70 -- TF 70 is the Battle Force of 7th Fleet and is made up of two distinct components : Surface Combatant Force 7th Fleet , composed of cruisers and destroyers , and Carrier Strike Force 7th Fleet , made up of at least one aircraft carrier and its embarked air wing . The Battle Force is currently centered around Carrier Strike Group Five , the carrier USS Ronald Reagan ( CVN - 76 ) responsible for unit - level training , integrated training , and material readiness for the group 's ships and aviation squadrons . As the only continuously forward deployed carrier strike group , the CSG - 5 staff does not stand down when the strike group is in Yokosuka , but instead continues to maintain command responsibilities over deploying Carrier Strike Groups and independently deployed cruisers , destroyers , and frigates that operate in the Seventh Fleet operating area . The commander and staff are also responsible for the higher level Task Force 70 duties throughout the year in addition to the CSG - 5 duties . The composition of the strike group in immediate proximity of Ronald Reagan varies throughout the year . The CSG 5 Commander also serves as Battle Force Seventh Fleet and Commander , Task Force ( CTF 70 ) for 7th Fleet . In these responsibilities , CSG 5 serves as the Commander of all surface forces ( carrier strike groups , independently deploying cruisers , destroyers and frigates ) in the 7th Fleet area of responsibility . CTF 70 also serves as the Theater Surface Warfare Commander ( TSUWC ) and Theater Integrated Air Missile Defense Commander ( TIAMDC ) for Seventh Fleet . During the Korean War , Captain Charles L. Melson was the commanding officer of the flagship of the Seventh Fleet , the battleship USS New Jersey ( BB - 62 ) from 20 October 1952 . He also served during that time as Commander , Task Group 70.1 . Task Force 71 -- TF 71 includes all Naval Special Warfare ( NSW ) units and Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Units ( EODMU ) assigned to 7th Fleet . It is based in Guam . Task Force 71 was based in Fremantle , Western Australia in 1941 -- 42 , operating submarines under Rear Admiral Charles A. Lockwood . He was relieved by Rear Admiral Ralph W. Christie on 7 March 1943 . During the first half of 1965 , the Seventh Fleet operationally controlled the Vietnam Patrol Force ( Task Force 71 ) , the American component of the Operation Market Time effort . The Naval Advisory Group , headquartered in Saigon , served as the liaison between the fleet , Commander U.S. Military Assistance Command , Vietnam , and the South Vietnamese Navy . On 31 July 1965 , formal control of the U.S. Operation Market Time force passed from the Seventh Fleet to the Naval Advisory Group , which in turn activated the Coastal Surveillance Force ( Task Force 115 ) . The fleet continued to provide logistic and administrative support . The command function was further refined on 1 April 1966 when Naval Forces , Vietnam , was established , relieving the Naval Advisory Group of responsibility for Market Time operations . Task Force 71 operated the Search and Rescue / Salvage Operations for Korean Air Lines Flight 007 shot down by the Soviets off Sakhalin Island on 1 September 1983 . On the day of the shootdown , Rear Admiral William A. Cockell , Commander , Task Force 71 , and a skeleton staff , taken by helicopter from Japan , embarked in USS Badger ( stationed off Vladivostok at time of the flight ) on 9 September for further transfer to the destroyer Elliot to assume duties as Officer in Tactical Command ( OTC ) of the Search and Rescue ( SAR ) effort . Surface search began immediately and on into the 13 - day of September . U.S. underwater operations began on 14 September . No longer any hope of finding survivors , on 10 September 1983 , Task Force 71 mission had been reclassified `` Search and Salvage '' operation from a `` Search and Rescue '' . On 17 October 1983 , Rear Admiral William Cockell was relieved of command of the Task Force and its Search and Salvage mission , and Rear Admiral Walter T. Piotti , Jr. , was placed in command . There were three U.S. search and salvage ships involved -- the Coast Guard cutter USCGC Munro , the rescue salvage ship USS Conserver , and the Fleet Tug USNS Narragansett . There were also three Japanese tugs chartered through the U.S. Navy 's Far East Salvage Contractor ( Selco ) , these were the Ocean Bull , the Kaiko - Maru 7 , and the Kaiko - Maru 3 . Aside from these vessels , there were the U.S. naval combatants and logistical support ships . These were USS Elliot , USS Badger , USS Sterett , USNS Hassayampa , USS Callaghan , USS Brooke , USS Meyerkord , USS Towers , USS Stark and USS Wichita . In addition to the above ships , there were numerous Japanese Maritime Safety Agency patrol boats and South Korean vessels involved . Task Force 71 also used to fulfill the function of Command and Coordination Force , Seventh Fleet . The Seventh Fleet Command Ship is USS Blue Ridge , based at U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Yokosuka , Japan . In 2004 , Blue Ridge entered dry dock and the responsibility was transferred temporarily to USS Coronado . Blue Ridge returned to duty 27 September 2004 . Task Force 72 -- TF 72 is the Patrol and Reconnaissance Force , Seventh Fleet . It is located at Naval Air Facility Misawa ( Misawa Air Base ) , Japan . It is mainly composed of anti-submarine warfare ( ASW ) aircraft and maritime airborne surveillance platforms such as P - 3 Orion and Lockheed EP - 3 reconnaissance planes operating on land bases . Toward the end of the Korean War , Commander Task Force 72 transferred his flag to USS Pine Island on 7 March and detachments of VP - 42 also left USS Salisbury Sound for that seaplane tender . That same day Task Force Seventy - Two was established as the Formosa Patrol Force under Rear Admiral Williamson in Pine Island . Task Force 73 / Commander , Logistics Group Western Pacific -- 7th Fleet 's Logistics Force composed of supply ships and other fleet support vessels . Headquartered in Singapore . Task Force 74 -- TF 74 was the designation used for the Enterprise battle group in 1971 . Today , it is the Fleet Submarine Force responsible for planning and coordinating submarine operations within 7th Fleet 's area of operations . Task Force 75 -- Navy Expeditionary Forces Command Pacific is 7th Fleet 's primary Expeditionary task force . Located in Camp Covington , Guam , CTF 75 is responsible for the planning and execution of coastal riverine operations , explosive ordnance disposal , diving , engineering and construction , and underwater construction throughout the 7th Fleet area of responsibility . Task Force 76 -- Amphibious assault task force currently headquartered at U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo , mainly responsible for supporting Marine landing operations . It is composed of units capable of delivering ship - to - shore assault troops , such as Tarawa - class and Wasp - class amphibious assault ships , and landing craft . Task Force 77 -- 7th Fleet Mine Warfare Force composed of mine countermeasure , mine hunter , and mine control ships as well as mine countermeasure helicopters ( MH - 53 ) . This task force is only activated during specific combat operations and was filled by the Commander of Mine Warfare Command . Mine Warfare Command has now been disestablished and replaced by Navy Mine and Antisubmarine Warfare Command , Naval Base Point Loma , Calif . Task Force 78 -- In 1973 , Task Force 78 served as the mine clearance force that cleared Haiphong Harbour in Operation End Sweep . Major elements of the U.S. Navy mine warfare force , including Mobile Mine Command ( MOMCOM ) , Mine Warfare Support Group ( MWFSG ) , and HM - 12 were airlifted by C - 5A to NAS Cubi Point in the Philippines . These specialists formed the nucleus of Task Force 78 , under the command of Rear Admiral Brian McCauley , for Operation End Sweep . Commander , Mine Force , U.S. Atlantic Fleet had reported to Vice Admiral James L. Holloway III , Commander , Seventh Fleet , in September 1972 as Commander Task Force 78 . TF 78 was officially activated in November 1972 . However , it became clear more helicopters were needed . Responding to a Navy request for assistance , Commanding General , Fleet Marine Force Pacific ( CG FMFPAC ) directed that HMH - 463 deploy from MCAS Kaneohe Bay , Hawaii , to NAS Cubi Point , to join Task Force 78 . On 27 November 1972 , with the efficient support of Col. Bill Crocker 's MAG - 24 , HM - 463 embarked at Pearl Harbor aboard USS Inchon , which was en route from Norfolk to augment Seventh Fleet Amphibious Forces and to participate in End Sweep . The ceasefire was signed on 23 January 1973 , and the day afterwards , major components of TF 78 deployed from Subic Bay to Haiphong . These included four ocean minesweepers ( MSO ) , USS Inchon , and four amphibious ships , including two with docking capabilities to handle the minesweeping sleds towed by the CH - 53Ms . During the six months of Operation End Sweep , ten ocean minesweepers , nine amphibious ships , six fleet tugs , three salvage ships , and nineteen destroyers operated in Task Force 78 in the vicinity of Haiphong . ' As of 2010 , Commander Naval Forces Korea , an administrative liaison unit between USFK , the ROK Navy , and Seventh Fleet , has been assigned the TF 78 designation . Naval Forces Korea is headquartered at Yongsan and has a base at Chinhae , Commander Fleet Activities Chinhae . Task Force 79 -- The Marine expeditionary unit or Landing Force assigned to the fleet , consisting of at least a reinforced Marine battalion and its equipment . This unit is separate from the Marine Expeditionary Unit ( MEU ) normally embarked in USS Bonhomme Richard Amphibious Readiness Group ( ARG ) . Marine units serving in 7th Fleet are normally drawn from III Marine Expeditionary Force based in Okinawa , Japan . Forward - deployed Seventh Fleet ships ( edit ) U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka , Japan ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Fleet Activities Yokosuka Carrier Strike Group Five : USS Ronald Reagan ( CVN - 76 ) , USS Antietam ( CG - 54 ) and USS Shiloh ( CG - 67 ) . USS City of Corpus Christi ( SSN - 705 ) , a forward - deployed nuclear submarine of the 7th Fleet . Destroyer Squadron 15 : USS Curtis Wilbur ( DDG - 54 ) , USS John S. McCain ( DDG - 56 ) , USS Fitzgerald ( DDG - 62 ) , USS Stethem ( DDG - 63 ) , USS Benfold ( DDG 65 ) , USS McCampbell ( DDG - 85 ) and USS Mustin ( DDG - 89 ) . USS Blue Ridge ( LCC - 19 ) ( flagship ) U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo , Japan ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Fleet Activities Sasebo USS Bonhomme Richard ( LHD - 6 ) USS Green Bay ( LPD - 20 ) USS Germantown ( LSD - 42 ) USS Ashland ( LSD - 48 ) USS Patriot ( MCM - 7 ) USS Pioneer ( MCM - 9 ) USS Warrior ( MCM - 10 ) USS Chief ( MCM - 14 ) USS Guppy ( MMAV - 8675309 ) Apra Harbor , Guam ( edit ) Main article : Naval Base Guam USS Frank Cable ( AS - 40 ) USS Chicago ( SSN - 721 ) USS Key West ( SSN - 722 ) USS Oklahoma City ( SSN - 723 ) USS Topeka ( SSN - 754 ) Fleet commanders ( edit ) The USS Blue Ridge , flagship , U.S. Seventh Fleet . The Commander of the 7th Fleet is known as COMSEVENTHFLT . Vice Adm. Arthur S. Carpender 15 March 1943 26 November 1943 Vice Adm. Thomas C. Kinkaid 26 November 1943 20 November 1945 Vice Adm. Daniel E. Barbey 20 November 1945 2 October 1946 Vice Adm. Charles M. Cooke , Jr . 2 October 1946 28 February 1948 Vice Adm. Oscar C. Badger II 28 February 1948 28 August 1949 Vice Adm. Russell S. Berkey 28 August 1949 5 April 1950 Rear Adm. Walter F. Boone 5 April 1950 20 May 1950 Vice Adm. Arthur D. Struble 20 May 1950 28 March 1951 Vice Adm. Harold . M. Martin 28 March 1951 3 March 1952 Vice Adm. Robert P. Briscoe 3 March 1952 20 May 1952 Vice Adm. Joseph . J. Clark 20 May 1952 1 December 1953 Vice Adm. Alfred M. Pride 1 December 1953 9 December 1955 Vice Adm. Stuart H. Ingersoll 19 December 1955 28 January 1957 Vice Adm. Wallace M. Beakley 28 January 1957 30 September 1958 Vice Adm. Frederick N. Kivette 30 September 1958 7 March 1960 Vice Adm. Charles D. Griffin 7 March 1960 28 October 1961 Vice Adm. William A. `` Bill '' Schoech 28 October 1961 13 October 1962 Vice Adm. Thomas H. Moorer 13 October 1962 15 June 1964 Vice Adm. Roy L. Johnson 15 June 1964 1 March 1965 Vice Adm. Paul P. Blackburn 1 March 1965 9 October 1965 Rear Adm. Joseph W. Williams , Jr . 9 October 1965 13 December 1965 Vice Adm. John J. Hyland 13 December 1965 6 November 1967 Vice Adm. William F. Bringle 6 November 1967 10 March 1970 Vice Adm. Maurice F. Weisner 10 March 1970 18 June 1971 Vice Adm. William P. Mack 18 June 1971 23 May 1972 Vice Adm. James L. Holloway III 23 May 1972 28 July 1973 Vice Adm. George P. Steele 28 July 1973 14 June 1975 Vice Adm. Thomas B. Hayward 14 June 1975 24 July 1976 Vice Adm. Robert B. Baldwin 24 July 1976 31 May 1978 Vice Adm. Sylvester Robert Foley , Jr . 31 May 1978 14 February 1980 Vice Adm. Carlisle A.H. Trost 14 February 1980 15 September 1981 Vice Adm. M. Staser Holcomb 15 September 1981 9 May 1983 Vice Adm. James R. Hogg 9 May 1983 4 March 1985 Vice Adm. Paul F. McCarthy , Jr . 4 March 1985 9 December 1986 Vice Adm. Paul D. Miller 9 December 1986 21 October 1988 Vice Adm. Henry H. Mauz , Jr . 21 October 1988 1 December 1990 Vice Adm. Stanley R. Arthur 1 December 1990 3 July 1992 Vice Adm. Timothy W. Wright 3 July 1992 28 July 1994 Vice Adm. Archie R. Clemins 28 July 1994 13 September 1996 Vice Adm. Robert J. Natter 13 September 1996 12 August 1998 Vice Adm. Walter F. Doran 12 August 1998 12 July 2000 Vice Adm. James W. Metzger 12 July 2000 18 July 2002 Vice Adm. Robert F. Willard 18 July 2002 6 August 2004 Vice Adm. Jonathan W. Greenert 6 August 2004 12 September 2006 Vice Adm. William Douglas Crowder 12 September 2006 12 July 2008 Vice Adm. John M. Bird 12 July 2008 10 September 2010 Vice Adm. Scott R. Van Buskirk 10 September 2010 7 September 2011 Vice Adm. Scott H. Swift 7 September 2011 31 July 2013 Vice Adm. Robert L. Thomas Jr . 31 July 2013 7 September 2015 Vice Adm. Joseph Aucoin 7 September 2015 22 August 2017 Vice Adm. Phillip G. Sawyer 22 August 2017 present Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. 7th Fleet forces '' . U.S. Navy , 7th Fleet . 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records of U.S. Seventh Fleet Public Affairs '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . 29 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Marolda , Edward J. ( 8 November 1997 ) . `` By Sea , Air , and Land '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Willis , Warren ( 2009 ) . `` USS Bexar APA - 237 '' . oldbluejacket.com . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Melson , Charles D. ; Arnold , Curtis G. ( 1991 ) . The War That Would Not End , 1971 -- 1973 . U.S. Marines in Vietnam . United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division . p. 188 . LCCN 77604776 . Jump up ^ `` Narrative History of the USS Enterprise ( CVA ( N ) 65 ) 1 Jan -- 31 Dec 66 '' ( PDF ) . United States Navy . 10 July 1967 : 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 January 2012 . The presence of USS Enterprise in the Gulf of Tonkin was well - known around the world by January 1966 . Her own prestige as the largest and most powerful warship of the fleet had followed her to Yankee and Dixie Station , and there was more to the emerging legend than this ; she and USS Bainbridge , her frigate `` smallboy '' , had put a watershed date in naval history merely by being the first nuclear - powered ships to engage in combat . Their unmatched speed , detection systems , and operational capacity potential were proving their worth far beyond the original estimates during the first weeks `` on the line at the Tonki Gulf Yacht Club . '' Jump up ^ `` History of the USS Salisbury Sound ( AV - 13 ) '' . USS Salisbury Sound ( AV - 13 ) . USS Salisbury Sound Association . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Holloway , James L. `` Tactical Command and Control of Carrier Operations '' . Naval Historical Foundation . Archived from the original on 2004 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War : Afloat and Ashore : Operation Sea Dragon '' . Naval Historical Foundation . Jump up ^ Holloway , James ( 15 January 2011 ) . Aircraft Carriers at War : A Personal Retrospective of Korea , Vietnam , and the Soviet Confrontation . Naval Institute Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61251 - 008 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 29 , 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Perryman , John ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` Towing the line '' . Navy . 49 ( 14 ) . Jump up ^ Bonsall , George ( 1997 ) . `` The Impact of Advanced Naval Surface Fire Support on Joint Force Fire Coordination '' . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. warships begin bombardment of Viet Cong targets -- 27 May 1965 '' . This Day in History . 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 42 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 24 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 61 . Jump up ^ Cavendish 1989 , pp. 50 -- 59 . Jump up ^ `` CIAO '' . www.ciaonet.org . Jump up ^ Simha , Rakesh Krishnan ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Sweeping mines , salvaging looted gold after the 1971 War '' . Russia & India Report . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Jim ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` U.S. plans 10 - month warship deployment to Singapore '' . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US sailors to stay off - shore in Singapore deal : officials '' . AsiaOne. 2 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USS John McCain collides with merchant ship east of Singapore , 10 sailors missing , US Navy says '' . ABC News ( Australia ) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alexander ; Flanagan , Ed ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` U.S. Destroyer Collides With Tanker Off Singapore ; 10 Missing '' . NBC News . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McKirdy , Euan ; Lendon , Brad ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` US Navy 7th Fleet commander dismissed , Navy says '' . CNN . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Slavin , Erik ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Sawyer nominated to head Yokosuka - based 7th Fleet '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carrier Strike Group Five '' . Navy Data . U.S. Navy Outlets. 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Carrier Strike Group '' . Navy Data . U.S. Navy . 2013 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1947 -- 1962 ) . History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II , Vol . VI : Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier , 22 July 1942 -- 1 May 1944 . Little , Brown and Company . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Marolda , Edward J. ( 8 November 1997 ) . `` By Sea , Air , and Land '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , R.W. ( 1985 ) . Shootdown : Flight 007 and the American Connection . New York : Viking . p. 194 . ISBN 9780670812097 . Jump up ^ Pearson , David ( 1987 ) . KAL 007 : the Cover - up . New York : Summit Books . pp. 237 , 239 . ISBN 978 - 0671557164 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . Naval Institute Guide to the Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet ( 18th ed . ) . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 1591146858 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War Naval Chronology , May -- July 1953 '' . Naval History & Heritage Command . 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Holloway III , James L. ( 2007 ) . Aircraft carriers at war . Naval Institute Press . p. 328 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 391 - 8 . Note that Admiral Holloway appears to have made a mistake with the identification of the CH - 53M squadron referred to on page 327 . The squadron referred to appears to have been HM - 12 . Jump up ^ Van Nortwick , John . `` Operation End Sweep '' . Marine Corps Gazette ( May 1974 ) . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Holloway III , James L. ( 2007 ) . Aircraft carriers at war . Naval Institute Press . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 391 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . www.c7f.navy.mil . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Lubold , Gordon ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` U.S. Navy Relieves Admiral of Command After Collisions '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commander , U.S. 7th Fleet , Vice Adm. Phillip G. Sawyer '' . US Navy . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . References ( edit ) The Vietnam War : War at Sea . New York : Marshall Cavendish. 1989 . ISBN 0863078648 . Further reading ( edit ) Marolda , Edward J. ( 2011 ) . Ready Seapower : A History of the U.S. Seventh Fleet . Washington , DC : Naval History & Heritage Command , Department of the Navy . ISBN 9780945274674 . Marolda , Edward J. ( 1994 ) . By Sea , Air , and Land : An Illustrated History of the U.S. Navy and the War in Southeast Asia . Washington , DC : Naval Historical Center . ISBN 0160359384 . Archived from the original on 1998 - 07 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Seventh Fleet . U.S. Seventh Fleet official website 7th Fleet on Facebook Seventh Fleet News United States Navy fleets Active Fleet Forces Command Pacific Fleet Second Fleet Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet Reserve fleets Historic First Fleet Eighth Fleet Twelfth Fleet Great White Fleet North Atlantic Fleet United States Asiatic Fleet United States Navy Portal Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy 4 - star admirals House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Structure Navy Navy Reserve Fleet Marine Force Expeditionary Combat Command Merchant Marine Units Aircraft wings Aircraft squadrons Carrier strike group Installations Naval Observatory Master jet base Operating forces Fleet Forces Command Pacific Fleet Naval Forces Europe Naval Forces Central Command Naval Forces Southern Command Naval Special Warfare Command Naval Reserve Forces Operational Test and Evaluation Force Naval Network Warfare Command Military Sealift Command Shore Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Naval Facilities Engineering Command Naval Supply Systems Command Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Fleet Cyber Command Naval Academy Naval Education and Training Command Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Office of Naval Intelligence Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center Naval Legal Service Command Naval Observatory Navy Occupational Safety & Health Bureau of Naval Personnel Chief of Naval Personnel Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Installations Command Fleets Second Fleet Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet Ships A -- B D -- F G -- H I -- K N -- O Q -- R T -- V W -- Z Aircraft carriers Airships Amphibious warfare ships Auxiliaries Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Destroyer escorts Escort carriers Frigates Mine warfare vessels Monitors Patrol vessels Sailing frigates Steam frigates Steam gunboats Ships of the line Sloops of war Submarines Torpedo boats Personnel and training People Officers Insignia Designators Enlisted Rates Ratings Classification Personnel Chaplain Corps Chief Deputy Chief Explosive ordnance disposal Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps JAG Corps JAG DJAG NCIS Boatswain 's mates Hospital corpsman Naval Aviator SEALs Seabees Master - at - arms Operations specialist SWCCs Hispanic sailors Training Recruit Naval Academy Officer Candidate School STA - 21 NROTC BESS BFTT CNATT COMPTUEX NAWCTSD AIM Naval Chaplaincy School Naval Hospital Corps School Naval Justice School Naval Postgraduate School United States Armed Forces School of Music Navy Senior Enlisted Academy Navy Supply Corps School Naval War College Nuclear Power School JMTC TOPGUN USNTPS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Equipment Uniforms Awards and decorations Badges Current fleet Reserve fleet Aircraft Weapons Naval reactors History and traditions History `` Anchors Aweigh '' Blue Angels Continental Navy Ensign Fleet bands Fleet Week Jack Line - crossing ceremony National Museum Navy Band Ceremonial Guard Navy Flag Navy Hymn Navy Memorial Navy service numbers Navy Weeks Revolt of the Admirals Sailor 's Creed Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Tingey House USS Constitution Wetting - down United States battleship retirement debate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Seventh_Fleet&oldid=864274851 '' Categories : Fleets of the United States Navy in World War II United States Navy units and formations in the Korean War Fleets of the United States Navy Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War 1943 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with short description Use American English from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית مصرى 日本語 Português Română Русский Suomi ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 06 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what us navy ships are stationed in japan	[]	[]
2263824040105794230	Bishop Briggs	Bishop Briggs - wikipedia Bishop Briggs Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British musician born Sarah McLaughlin . For the town in Scotland , see Bishopbriggs . Bishop Briggs Bishop Briggs performing in Los Angeles in 2017 Background information Birth name Sarah Grace McLaughlin Also known as Bishop ( 1992 - 07 - 18 ) 18 July 1992 ( age 25 ) London , England Origin Los Angeles , California Genres Indie pop , alternative rock Occupation ( s ) Musician , singer - songwriter Instruments Vocals piano keyboards Years active 2015 -- present Labels Island Sarah Grace McLaughlin , ( born 18 July 1992 ) , known by her stage name Bishop Briggs , is a British musician and singer - songwriter . She is best known for her single `` River '' . She released her debut album Church of Scars on 20 April 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2015 -- 2017 : Debut singles and EP 2.2 2018 - present : Church of Scars 3 Artistry 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Extended plays 4.3 Singles 4.4 Guest appearances 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Briggs was born in London , to Scottish parents from Bishopbriggs , Scotland , which inspired her professional name . At age four , she moved to Tokyo with her family . She sang in public for the first time at a Tokyo karaoke bar , and immediately realized she wanted to continue performing throughout her life . Growing up with the city 's karaoke bar traditions and hearing music ranging from Motown musicians to The Beatles at home also influenced her to pursue music . She started writing her own songs at age seven , which she would perform for her family . She moved to Hong Kong at age 10 , where she lived until she was 18 . She continued to pursue music throughout her youth , participating in a number of school talent shows and performances . After graduating from Hong Kong International School she moved to Los Angeles , California , and attended college at Musician 's Institute . Career ( edit ) 2015 -- 2017 : debut singles and EP ( edit ) After moving to Los Angeles , Briggs started her career by playing in any venue that asked her to perform , often for crowds as small as three people . Shortly after a 2015 performance in a local bar that gained the attention of former A&R representative George Robertson , Briggs recorded her first single `` Wild Horses '' under the name Bishop . The song was produced by Mark Jackson and Ian Scott . Many users found Briggs via Shazam when seeing an Acura commercial which features the song . In late 2016 , `` Wild Horses '' began climbing the charts again , entering the top 30 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart and top 13 on the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artist charts . In January 2016 , Briggs released the single `` River '' and changed her recording name to Bishop Briggs to avoid confusion with a heavy metal band of the same name . The song was a commercial success . Shortly after its release , the song quickly made it to number 1 on Hype Machine 's Popular charts and reached number 1 on Spotify 's US Viral 50 and # 2 on the Global Viral 50 . It also received an Honorable Mention on Shazam 's predicted Songs of the Summer 2016 , which was featured in Billboard . As of May 2016 , `` River '' was steadily climbing the Shazam Future Hits charts . `` River '' climbed into the top 3 on the ' Billboard Alternative Songs chart and top 10 on the Billboard Hot Rock , Rock Airplay and Twitter Emerging Artist charts . In May 2016 , she released her third single , `` The Way I Do '' . She was the opening act for Coldplay in the fall of 2016 on nine of their tour dates , and also opened for Kaleo throughout their fall tour . Briggs made her television debut on 1 August 2016 , performing `` River '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . She released her fourth single , `` Pray ( Empty Gun ) '' on 12 August 2016 . The song was featured in the season 2 finale of the MTV show Scream . On 23 September 2016 , Briggs released the single `` Be Your Love '' . Her first physical release was a self - titled 12 '' vinyl EP in a limited - edition run of 1,200 copies , released on Record Store Day Black Friday in 2016 . In December 2016 , Briggs released the official video for `` Wild Horses '' through W Magazine . Bishop Briggs opened on the main stage at the 2017 Panorama Festival in New York City and played Coachella 2017 . Briggs contributed to the soundtrack of xXx : Return of Xander Cage with her song `` Mercy '' . She featured in Cold War Kids ' song `` So Tied Up '' , released in March 2017 . Briggs ' self - titled EP was re-released digitally on 14 April 2017 , featuring four songs released on the vinyl EP and two previously unreleased songs , `` Dark Side '' and `` The Fire '' . 2018 - present : Church of Scars ( edit ) In February 2018 , Republic Records released Briggs ' cover version of the 1988 INXS hit `` Never Tear Us Apart '' as a single cut from the soundtrack to the film Fifty Shades Freed , which she also sang as part of a duet on Season 16 of American Idol . Briggs ' debut album , Church of Scars , was released on 20 April 2018 . Artistry ( edit ) Briggs has stated that she uses her piano skills frequently when writing songs . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Title Details Peak chart positions AUS SWI CAN US US Alt . US Rock Church of Scars Released : 20 April 2018 Label : Island Format : Digital download , CD 91 90 56 29 5 5 Extended plays ( edit ) Title Extended play details Peak chart positions US Rock US Heat . Bishop Briggs Released : 25 November 2016 Label : Island Format : Vinyl -- -- Bishop Briggs - EP Released : 14 April 2017 Label : Island Format : Digital download , CD , cassette 46 5 Singles ( edit ) List of singles by Bishop Briggs Year Title Peak chart positions Certifications Album US Rock US Alt US Rock Airplay 2015 `` Wild Horses '' -- -- -- Bishop Briggs 2016 `` River '' 10 5 RIAA : Gold `` The Way I Do '' -- -- -- `` Pray ( Empty Gun ) '' -- -- -- `` Be Your Love '' 39 -- -- `` Wild Horses '' ( re-release ) 21 17 30 2017 `` The Way I Do '' ( re-release ) -- -- -- `` Hi - Lo ( Hollow ) '' -- -- -- Church of Scars `` Dream '' 30 25 41 2018 `` Never Tear Us Apart '' 18 -- -- Fifty Shades Freed soundtrack `` White Flag '' 25 19 -- Church of Scars `` -- '' denotes singles that did not chart or were not released Guest appearances ( edit ) List of non-single guest appearances , with other performing artists , showing year released and album name Title Year Other artist ( s ) Album Ref . `` So Tied Up '' 2017 Cold War Kids L.A. Divine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , Steven J. `` Bishop Briggs Reaches For You On `` The Way I Do '' `` . The FADER . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs on Twitter '' . Bishop Briggs . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` River by Bishop Briggs on iTunes '' . iTunes Store . United States . 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Ace Search - Sarah Grace McLaughlin '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs ' musical journey started in childhood '' . San Francisco Chronicle. 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Bishop Briggs ' ' River ' Rises on the Rock Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ sterlin , scott . `` Bishop Briggs Details Debut Album ' Church Of Scars , ' Shares Tour Dates '' . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs : iHeartRadio On The Verge Artist iHeartRadio On The Verge iHeartRadio '' . iHeartRadio . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Donelson , Marcy . `` Bishop Briggs Biography & History AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Budd , Chris ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` VIDEO : `` River '' by Bishop Briggs - Indie Music Filter `` . Indie Music Filter . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Melendez , Monique . `` Shazam Predicts the Songs of the Summer : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Patrick . `` Bishop Briggs -- The Way I Do All Things Go '' . www.allthingsgomusic.com . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Shetler , Scott ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` Emerging artist : Bishop Briggs scores first rock radio hit , opens for Coldplay '' . AXS . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Craddock , Lauren . `` Bishop Briggs Brings Breakthrough Song ' River ' to ' The Tonight Show ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonis , Rachel ( 12 August 2016 ) . `` Bishop Briggs Releases Raw New Single `` Pray ( Empty Gun ) '' : Listen Idolator `` . Idolator . Retrieved 16 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Music from Scream : Season 2 FINALE '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Be Your Love - Single by Bishop Briggs on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Record Store Day announces list of 2016 Black Friday exclusive releases . Brooklyn Vegan , 25 October 2016 Jump up ^ Cusumano , Katherine . `` Music Video Premiere : Bishop Briggs Enters a Lynchian Fever Dream With `` Wild Horses '' `` . W Magazine . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Home Coachella 2017 ' '' . Coachella . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cold War Kids recruit Bishop Briggs for new track , `` So Tied Up '' - Music News - ABC News Radio `` . ABC News Radio . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs Releases `` Never Tear Us Apart '' From Fifty Shades Freed Official Soundtrack `` . ventsmagazine.com. 2018 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs releases new single , `` Dream '' ; debut album due in spring 2018 `` . ABC News Radio Online . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 28 April 2018 ) . `` Australian Charts : J Cole ' KOD ' Debuts At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie Bishop Briggs '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs Chart History : Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs Chart History : Alternative Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bishop Briggs Chart History : Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs Chart History : Heatseekers Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop Briggs - Bishop Briggs . Recordstoreday.com . Accessed 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs - EP by Bishop Briggs on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs Album & Song Chart History -- Hot Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs Album & Song Chart History -- Alternative Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Briggs Album & Song Chart History -- Rock Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Bishop Briggs -- River '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Bishop Briggs on Twitter Bishop Briggs on Instagram Official website Review of Church of Scars on Slant MusicBrainz : ee0c82bb - 85ca - 4a3c - 94b8 - d7221e74333f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Briggs&oldid=843399703 '' Categories : 21st - century British singers British female singers British songwriters Island Records artists Singers from California People from Los Angeles Living people 1992 births Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2016 EngvarB from May 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Հայերեն Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 22 : 21 . About Wikipedia	what is the song river about bishop briggs	[]	[]
52378181532581320	List of best-selling music artists	List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists Jump to : navigation , search This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Charles Aznavour , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Luciano Pavarotti , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , so artists such as Rihanna , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars and Nicki Minaj are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified sales percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified sales are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified sales . In other words , the available certified sales for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified sales of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified sales for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Elvis Presley Michael Jackson Madonna Elton John Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop 7002270800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 270.8 million ( show ) US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million UK : 17.845 million GER : 8 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million ITA : 305,000 BRA : 550,000 SWE 485,000 SPA : 1.240 million SWI : 350,000 BEL : 265,000 ARG : 1.590 million DEN : 260,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country 7002211500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 211.5 million ( show ) US : 188.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.245 million GER : 1.2 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.587 million ITA : 105,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE 380,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 105,000 SWI : 185,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 120,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B 7002184100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 184.1 million ( show ) US : 104.5 million JPN : 4.650 million UK : 27.195 million GER : 11.275 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.6 million ITA : 1.170 million BRA : 280,000 SWE : 1.230 million SPA : 1.995 million MEX : 3.670 million SWI : 910,000 BEL : 365,000 ARG : 100,000 DEN : 1.179 million AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica 7002170500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 170.5 million ( show ) US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million UK : 28.845 million GER : 12.4 million FRA : 12.795 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.717 million ITA : 465,000 BRA : 3.440 million SWE : 1.070 million SPA : 2.815 million MEX : 510,000 SWI : 1.080 million BEL : 690,000 ARG : 970,000 DEN : 407,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock 7002169000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 169 million ( show ) US : 117.850 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 22.295 million GER : 7.9 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.837 million BRA : 835,000 SWE : 740,000 SPA : 1.2 million MEX : 100,000 SWI : 1.313 million BEL : 390,000 ARG : 120,000 DEN : 150,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock 7002139500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 139.5 million ( show ) US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 9.130 million GER : 3.775 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million ITA : 345,000 BRA : 820,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock 7002118800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118.8 million ( show ) US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.320 million GER : 7.5 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million ITA : 1.685 million BRA : 515,000 SWE : 220,000 SPA : 625,000 SWI : 390,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 430,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Mariah Carey Celine Dion AC / DC Whitney Houston Queen The Rolling Stones To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop 7002225200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 225.2 million ( show ) US : 167.05 million JPN : 1.4 million UK : 28.7 million GER : 4.475 million FRA : 1.425 million CAN : 2.760 million AUS : 9.115 million ITA : 1.395 million BRA : 555,000 SWE : 2.480 million SPA : 1.430 million MEX : 380,000 SWI : 840,000 BEL : 645,000 DEN : 1.072 AUT : 120,000 POL : 660,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 667,500 230 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop 7002136000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 136 million ( show ) US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million UK : 9.620 million GER : 3.250 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.445 million ITA : 200,000 BRA : 835,000 SWE : 425,000 SPA : 1 million SWI : 515,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 130,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop 7002125000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 125 million ( show ) US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million UK : 13.555 million GER : 8 million FRA : 15.685 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 SWE : 1.105 million SPA : 1 million SWI : 1.685 million BEL : 1.885 million ARG : 340,000 DEN : 370,000 AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll 7002113100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 113.1 million ( show ) US : 79.7 million UK : 4.2 million GER : 10.3 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.330 million ITA : 750,000 SWE : 350,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWI : 894,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 570,000 DEN : 135,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop 7002112600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 112.6 million ( show ) US : 75.275 million JPN : 4.3 million UK : 14.605 million GER : 5.6 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.580 million ITA : 140,000 BRA : 1.025 SWE : 1.035 million SPA : 1.260 million SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 DEN : 140,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 180,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock 7002114700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 114.7 million ( show ) US : 55.1 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 28.615 million GER : 11.525 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million ITA : 460,000 BRA : 970,000 SWE : 190,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWI : 1.256 million BEL : 100,000 ARG : 1.040 million AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 UK : 8.510 million GER : 3.2 million FRA : 3.370 million AUS : 417,500 CAN : 3.025 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 690,000 SWI : 238,000 BEL : 120,000 ARG : 710,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco 7001607000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.7 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million UK : 18.970 million GER : 10.450 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 SWE : 800,000 SPA : 1.005 million MEX : 260,000 SWI : 600,000 BEL : 380,000 ARG : 230,000 DEN : 600,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Eminem Eagles U2 Bruno Mars Kanye West To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock 7002157000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 157 million ( show ) US : 134.5 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 7.6 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 150,000 CAN : 4.460 million AUS : 5.355 million ITA : 210,000 BRA : 170,000 SWE : 180,000 MEX : 450,000 NZ : 367,500 170 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country 7002146000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 156 million ( show ) US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 280,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7002132000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 132 million ( show ) US : 86.1 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 21.425 million GER : 3.450 million FRA : 3.170 million CAN : 3.770 million AUS : 5.702 million ITA : 450,000 BRA : 200,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 290,000 MEX : 365,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 475,000 DEN : 556,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 562,500 155 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock 7002129190000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.2 million ( show ) US : 108.9 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 7.635 million GER : 925,000 FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million SWE : 140,000 SPA : 500,000 SWI : 290,000 DEN : 185,000 FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock 7002106500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 106.5 million ( show ) US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million UK : 18.620 million GER : 5.125 million FRA : 5.025 million CAN : 7.115 million AUS : 4.412 million ITA : 765,000 BRA : 2.675 million SWE : 515,000 SPA : 2.275 million MEX : 835,000 SWI : 696,000 BEL : 725,000 ARG : 590,000 DEN : 473,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 360,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock 7002102600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.6 million ( show ) US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million UK : 5.655 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary 7001877000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 87.7 million ( show ) US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 15.250 million GER : 13.8 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million SWE : 245,000 SPA : 2.150 million SWI : 973,000 BEL : 305,000 ARG : 980 million AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock 7001846009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84.6 million ( show ) US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million UK : 3.170 million GER : 2 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 600,000 SWE : 260,000 SPA : 200,000 MEX : 230,000 SWI : 145,000 ARG : 290,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing 7001373009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 37.3 million ( show ) US : 28.2 million UK : 5.445 million GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 350,000 SWE : 130,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 180,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary 7001974000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.4 million ( show ) US : 82.450 million UK : 5.765 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.047 million SWE : 120,000 SPA : 150,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B 7002118000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118 million ( show ) US : 84.5 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 12.9 million GER : 3.4 million FRA : 1.775 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 4.690 million ITA : 615,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 470,000 MEX : 780,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 345,000 DEN : 365,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 532,500 PHL : 330,000 124 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock 7002102300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.3 million ( show ) US : 87.750 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 10.220 million GER : 300,000 CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 135,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 404,000 121 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock 7002101500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 101.5 million ( show ) US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 7.145 million GER : 4.325 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million ITA : 575,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWI : 400,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco 7001673000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 67.3 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 9.065 million GER : 6.675 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 180,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 100 million to 119 million records Katy Perry Justin Bieber Adele Lady Gaga Metallica Jay Z Bon Jovi To ensure the high level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 66.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 10.985 million GER : 2.9 million FRA : 1.58 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million ITA : 815,000 BRA : 470,000 SWE : 680,000 SPA : 410,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 445,000 BEL : 270,000 DEN : 340,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal 7001941000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 94.1 million ( show ) US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 UK : 3.335 million GER : 3.425 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.805 million AUS : 2.637 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 675,000 SPA : 420,000 MEX : 430,000 SWI : 560,000 BEL : 335,000 DEN : 180,000 ARG : 770,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 110 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop 7002127200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 127.2 million ( show ) US : 96.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 11.950 million GER : 2.750 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 5.8 million AUS : 5.090 million ITA : 680,000 BRA : 625,000 SWE : 520,000 SPA : 180,000 MEX : 900,000 SWI : 160,000 BEL : 135,000 DEN : 235,000 AUT : 240,000 NZ : 360,000 100 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop 7002126700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 126.7 million ( show ) US : 86.5 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 14.785 million GER : 3.1 million FRA : 1.2 CAN : 4.780 million AUS : 4.340 million ITA : 1.595 million BRA : 810,000 SWE : 1.820 million SPA : 860,000 MEX : 2.910 million BEL : 435,000 DEN : 1.850 million POL : 370,000 NZ : 600,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul 7002104500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 104.5 million ( show ) US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 20.550 million GER : 4.7 million CAN : 6.040 million AUS : 3.955 million ITA : 1.545 million BRA : 1.310 million SWE : 240,000 SPA : 800,000 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 DEN : 522,500 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 577,500 100 million Jay Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop 7001961000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 96.1 million ( show ) US : 80.7 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 9.320 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 180,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal 7001838000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 83.8 million ( show ) US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.400 million UK : 9.290 million GER : 5.650 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million ITA : 110,000 BRA : 435,000 SWE : 365,000 SPA : 1.620 million MEX : 250,000 SWI : 1.275 million AUT : 725,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 350,000 POL : 110,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7001799000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 79.9 million ( show ) US : 77.7 million UK : 1.460 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 525,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock 7001787000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.7 million ( show ) US : 58.6 million JPN : 1.550 million UK : 5.945 million GER : 5.750 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.450 million ITA : 430,000 BRA : 595,000 SWE : 165,000 SPA : 175,000 MEX : 225,000 SWI : 425,000 BEL : 140,000 DEN : 125,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop 7001785000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.5 million ( show ) US : 44.2 million JPN : 2.1 million UK : 10.150 million GER : 5.050 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.130 million ITA : 175,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 1.010 million SPA : 990,000 MEX : 1.175 million SWI : 485,000 AUT : 365,000 BEL : 935,000 ARG : 240,000 DEN : 187,500 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop 7001780000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78 million ( show ) US : 53.650 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 13.685 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.395 million AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 260,000 BRA : 390,000 SPA : 1.010 million MEX : 110,000 SWI : 165,000 BEL : 115,000 DEN : 230,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001778000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 77.8 million ( show ) US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 UK : 18.330 million GER : 3.8 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 290,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 500,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop 7001761009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 76.1 million ( show ) US : 51.250 million UK : 13.585 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001737000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 73.7 million ( show ) US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 5.850 million GER : 4.1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 ITA : 685,000 BRA : 1.9 million SWE : 485,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 760,000 SWI : 365,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 1.080 million AUT : 365,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country 7001728000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72.8 million ( show ) US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop 7001720000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 4.835 million GER : 7 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million SWE : 655,000 SPA : 1.850 million MEX : 1.475 million SWI : 415,000 BEL : 425,000 ARG : 740,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 55.9 million UK : 7.130 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 1.945 million SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock 7001642000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.2 million ( show ) US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 7.045 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock 7001606000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.6 million ( show ) US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 12.365 million GER : 1.525 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SWE : 210,000 SPA : 640,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop 7001589000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 58.9 million ( show ) US : 51.550 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop 7001521000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 52.1 million ( show ) US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million UK : 4.760 million GER : 1.4 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 SWE : 105,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin 7001510000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51 million ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 1.620 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 540,000 ITA : 400,000 NLD : 950,000 BRA : 12.475 million SWE : 290,000 SPA : 8.7 million MEX : 2.975 million BEL : 125,000 ARG : 3.220 million FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001483000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48.3 million ( show ) US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 1.490 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million SPA : 100,000 100 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop 7001460000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46 million ( show ) US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 7.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock 7001451000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.1 million ( show ) US : 35.6 million UK : 5.825 million GER : 625,000 FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock 7001447000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.7 million ( show ) US : 15.5 million UK : 11.1 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million ITA : 385,000 BRA : 175,000 SWE : 360,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock 7001445000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.5 million ( show ) US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 8.675 million GER : 3.850 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 250,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001418009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.8 million ( show ) US : 35.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 125,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk 7001404000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.4 million ( show ) US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 6.450 million GER : 4.175 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million ITA : 300,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE : 850,000 SPA : 600,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 295,000 BEL : 275,000 DEN : 300,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B 7001402000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.2 million ( show ) US : 28.650 million UK : 6.155 million GER : 1.050 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock 7001399000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 39.9 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 7.325 million GER : 5.875 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 250,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop 7001355000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.5 million ( show ) US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 310,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 8.285 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million SPA : 250,000 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop 7001328009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.8 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million UK : 8.145 million GER : 6.050 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country 7001325000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.5 million ( show ) US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B 7001308000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.8 million ( show ) US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock 7001305000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.5 million ( show ) US : 25.6 million UK : 3.410 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop 7001296000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 29.6 million ( show ) US : 11.7 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 11.445 million GER : 525,000 FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.215 million AUS : 565,000 ITA : 320,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock 7001269000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 26.9 million ( show ) US : 22.150 million UK : 3.905 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul 7001217000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 21.7 million ( show ) US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 150,000 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 80 million to 99 million records B'z Shania Twain Coldplay Flo Rida Nicki Minaj Ayumi Hamasaki Van Halen To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop 7001756009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 75.6 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 6.795 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.8 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 SWI : 310,000 BEL : 250,000 ARG : 120,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop 7001737000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 73.7 million ( show ) US : 26.6 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 23.085 million GER : 4.150 million FRA : 2.930 CAN : 3.205 million AUS : 3.585 million ITA : 2.525 million BRA : 340,000 SWE : 590,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 1.890 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 735,000 ARG : 280,000 DEN : 619,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 220,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 90 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock 7001618000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.8 million ( show ) US : 47.475 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2.980 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 SWE : 125,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 405,000 SWI : 375,000 BEL : 190,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001356000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.6 million ( show ) US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.525 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel 7001307000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.7 million ( show ) US : 25.7 million UK : 3.660 million GER : 400,000 CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock 7001855000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 85.5 million ( show ) JPN : 85.5 million 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip hop , Pop 7001672000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 67.2 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 350,000 UK : 6.3 million GER : 800,000 FRA : 225,000 CAN : 480,000 AUS : 2.835 million ITA : 350,000 BRA : 250,000 SWE : 400,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 180,000 DEN : 130,000 NZ : 187,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock 7001424000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.4 million ( show ) US : 21.150 million UK : 8.705 million GER : 4.275 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 ITA : 175,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 500,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWI : 450,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM 7001698000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 69.8 million ( show ) US : 49 million JPN : 650,000 UK : 7.960 million GER : 3 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 2.810 million AUS : 3.535 million ITA : 330,000 SWE : 780,000 SPA : 140,000 MEX : 330,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 740,000 GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock 7001573000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 57.3 million ( show ) US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million UK : 9.595 million GER : 2.650 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.590 million ITA : 420,000 BRA : 515,000 SWE : 390,000 SPA : 640,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 170,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 227,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock 7001496000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 49.6 million ( show ) US : 45.1 million UK : 1.300 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock 7001469000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.9 million ( show ) US : 36.6 million UK : 2.040 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million ITA : 130,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop 7001457000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.7 million ( show ) US : 19.8 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.850 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.770 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 850,000 SWI : 335,000 BEL : 215,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 380,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop 7001427000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.7 million ( show ) US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock 7001415000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.5 million ( show ) US : 23.6 million UK : 9.665 million GER : 2.350 million CAN : 3.260 million AUS : 2.382 million SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock 7001365000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 36.5 million ( show ) US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- present 1977 Rock 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 31.250 million UK : 1 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- present 1960 Rock / Pop 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) FRA : 24.035 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 430,000 80 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 75 million to 79 million records Journey The Black Eyed Peas Kenny G Tupac Shakur Usher Robbie Williams Enya To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance 7001556000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 55.6 million ( show ) US : 29.4 million JPN : 1.250 million UK : 10.8 million GER : 2.250 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million ITA : 365,000 BRA : 255,000 SWE : 300,000 SPA : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 460,000 BEL : 460,000 DEN : 161,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock 7001620000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 62 million ( show ) US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.360 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz 7001519000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.9 million ( show ) US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip hop 7001509000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.9 million ( show ) US : 46.2 million UK : 3.015 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 820,000 AUS : 395,000 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present R&B / Pop 7001509000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.9 million ( show ) US : 37.435 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 7.925 million GER : 850,000 FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.190 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 DEN : 117,500 NZ : 150,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock 7001503000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.3 million ( show ) US : 500,000 UK : 27.350 million GER : 9.475 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 360,000 SWE : 445,000 SPA : 440,000 MEX : 1.595 million SWI : 983,000 BEL : 600,000 DEN : 631,500 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 ARG : 270,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic 7001500000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million UK : 5.250 million GER : 4.2 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million SWE : 390,000 SPA : 1.760 million MEX : 125,000 SWI : 370,000 BEL : 460,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock 7001480000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48 million ( show ) US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock 7001455000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.5 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 5.570 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.257 ITA : 375,000 BRA : 725,000 SWE : 380,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 475,000 SWI : 190,000 BEL : 350,000 ARG : 490,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 300,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock 7001388009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.8 million ( show ) US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 8.160 million GER : 1.775 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 140,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 252,000 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae 7001385000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.5 million ( show ) US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 7.175 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 ITA : 225,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 240,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001278000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 27.8 million ( show ) US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- present 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) US : 23.5 million UK : 840,000 FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : United Kingdom : 1973 Germany : 1975 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Netherlands : 1978 Brazil : 1990 Sweden : 1987 Spain : 1979 Mexico : 1999 Switzerland : 1989 Belgium : 1997 Argentina : 1980 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan United Kingdom Germany France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Italy Netherlands Brazil Sweden Spain Mexico Switzerland Belgium Argentina Denmark Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 5 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : Abb. 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABPD : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loebenberg , Priscilla ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Fab Four came to America 50 years ago with the help of a Maryland teenager '' . Carroll County Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2016 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 43 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Mark ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Elvis impersonator reviews his career highlights , wardrobe '' . Daily Herald of Arlington Heights . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Sabir ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Pakistan is not lone target of extortion , gangster crimes '' . The News International of Pakistan . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' King of Pop ' Michael Jackson was born today '' . Geo News . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 22 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna 's Rebel Heart beats strong on latest tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Emily ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John to play two concerts in Maine this fall '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Jacqui ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John to play at WSU 's Nutter Center '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John , songtrack to my life '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logue , Timothy ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend : Delco man pens the real story behind Led Zeppelin 's rise '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Stephen ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` CONCERT REVIEW : Pink Floyd music lives on with tribute band '' . The Sun Chronicle . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Irish Examiner . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Pink Floyd Designer Exhibiting His Work In Ely '' . Ely Standard . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ronnie ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Barbados ' precious stone '' . Barbados Today . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julie , Jackson ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey to hold solo concert in October '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to launch fashion line with The Bugatti Group '' . Kingston Whig - Standard . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Francois ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Review : AC / DC thrill Vancouver fans at BC Place '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Giants AC / DC Accept The Inevitable And Agree To Make Their Music Available On iTunes '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Barry ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Four more who should be in the Hall of Fame '' . The Albany Herald . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Michael ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . The Australian . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at death of Whitney Houston , 48 '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tolhurst , Alain ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Queen guitarist reveals Sidmouth inspiration '' . Sidmouth Herald . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Queen rocker Brian May reveals he is undergoing ' urgent tests ' for cancer '' . Daily Express . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tris ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Maybe the last time ? Rolling Stones set to rock Newark , London '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trauth , Beti ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABBA music enhances ' Mamma Mia ! ' at the Van Duzer '' . Times - Standard . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Philip ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ABBA Gold and the UK Bee Gees tribute acts to perform in Skegness '' . Skegness Standard Newspaper . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wirt , John ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Superstar Taylor Swift encores in Tiger Stadium '' . The Advocate of Louisiana . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kelly ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Garth Brooks is back in Raleigh , doing 3 shows at PNC '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 17 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Letter from Eminem to Tupac 's mother discovered '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michelle , Mitchell ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles tribute band comes to the Wayne '' . The Daily Progress . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Case , Wesley ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Billy Joel to perform at M&T Bank Stadium in July '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leimkuehler , Matthew ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aerosmith frontman Steven Tyler to perform at Iowa State Fair '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kathaleen ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` New Mexico musicians weigh in on performing with Frank Sinatra '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gornall , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Newsmaker : Barbra Streisand '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Bill ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Where 's our burning love in St. Louis ? '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Chris ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bluesfest review : Twenty minutes late , Kanye West still captures massive crowd '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kidd , James ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Book review : with Born to Run , Bruce Springsteen charts a true artist 's life '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barr , Gordon ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga : We chart her career as she prepares for Metro Radio Arena concert '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pashelka , Curtis ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Shark Hosting ' Metallica Night ' at SAP Center '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber disappoints with ' hungover ' performance at V Festival '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Felicity ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Australian tour 2017 : Grammy winner to sing at Brisbane 's Gabba in March '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jay - Z to buy music streaming Aspiro for $56 million '' . CNN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mathew ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Bon Jovi recalls the early days and how Livin ' on a Prayer changed everything '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Piet ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Lil Wayne , Jeezy coming to UW - Milwaukee Panther Arena June 12 '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Finally , our elected officials are giving Britney Spears the respect she deserves '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schroats , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé considers investing in a rising NBA team , report says '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andy ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Rod Stewart speaks exclusively ahead of Shrewsbury show '' . Shropshire Star . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urban , Kelly ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac tribute band TUSK to rock Arcadia '' . The Tribune - Democrat . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ P. Mayor , Jeffrey ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses announces August concert in Seattle '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammontree , John ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Who won the Ultimate Southern Music Bracket ? '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度別ミリオンセラー一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Backstreet ? s Back : Kevin Re-Joins The Backstreet Boys Permanently , Eighth Album In The Future '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Michael ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Heider show will mine Neil Diamond hits '' . La Crosse Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fong , Michelle ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince 's memorable performances in Dayton '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ( page 75 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chirs ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kenny Rogers : ' Christmas Once Again ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindquist , David ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson will make good on postponed Indy date '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Report , Staff ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Julio Iglesias to perform in Sharjah '' . Gulf News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Newbury Park drummer will rejoin Chicago for one big night '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nice , Bill ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sugar High Theatricals presents ' An Evening with The Carpenters ' '' . The Register - Mail . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is Bob Dylan 's painting taken from a photo of Blackpool 's North Pier ? '' . Blackpool Gazette . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greaves , Amanda ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock '' . The Ilkley Gazette . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Saturday 's Bryan Adams concert postponed by Irma '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulson , Jen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trifecta of rock -- Def Leppard , Poison , Tesla -- to play Colorado Springs '' . The Gazette of Colorado Springs . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI email -- Greatest Hits 1999 certification '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chareunsy , Don ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Fabulous and incomparable Cher to headline at The Park Theater at Monte Carlo '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Travis ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' All the hits ... all night long ! ' : Lionel Richie kicks off Mid-State Fair '' . The Tribune of San Luis Obispo . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patinkin , Mark ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` James Taylor 's quiet perseverance is pitch perfect '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Michael ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Never - ending wonder : Stevie Wonder confirms suspicions that he 's still amazing '' . The Norman Transcript . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millican , Jim ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rock ' n ' roll memories '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Disco Queen Donna Summer re-Embraces the Spotlight '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Chris ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Remember when - The Beach Boys played Cawley Stadium '' . The Sun of Lowell . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huba , Nicholas ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Who to play Boardwalk Hall July 22 '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor , Tracy ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Barry White dies at 58 while waiting for kidney transplant in 2003 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Gavin ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Shania Twain sets North Little Rock concert '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alpad , Christina ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' adventure of a lifetime ' for Coldplay fans '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolgamott , L. Kent ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Santana coming to Lincoln '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Belanger , Joe ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tribute artist walks the line as legendary Johnny Cash '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yang , Jeff ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` ASIAN POP Hello Kitty ! Rock ! Rock ! '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ofole - Prince , Samantha ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Nicki Minaj signs up as spokesperson and investor for Moscato wine '' . CaribPress . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Mills : A Rock Star of Fantasy Sports '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Chuck ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Society Confidential : Flo Rida hits Sabrage '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎あゆみ、ソロ初の総売上 5000 万枚超え「ファンのみんなの記録」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間ありがとう ! 「ケータイランキング」発表 ! アーティスト 1 位は EXILE 、楽曲は GReeeeN 「キセキ」 ~ レコチョクのケータイ向け「着うた ( R ) 」「着うたフル ( R ) 」サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer : Page 15 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kridlin , Jay ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Foreigner still shines at 40 at Tampa 's MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' When You 're Strange ' looks at Doors , Morrison with fresh sensibility , footage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer George Michael dies at age 53 '' . The New Zealand Herald . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuccio - Koonz , Linda ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Barry Manilow to perform at Foxwoods '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wetjen , Andre ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Petty tribute band to play in Kelowna on Friday , Nov. 27 '' . The Daily Courier of Kelowna . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 31 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apl. De. Ap completes roster of artists at ' MTV Music Evolution 2015 ' '' . The Manila Times . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Neil ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Neil 's glee for the journey '' . St Helens Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz . '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Seeing rapper Tupac Shakur 's life , death and music through ' All Eyez ' biopic '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staffordshire Day : The county 's most famous homegrown talent '' . Express & Star . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roper , Kerri - Ann ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Enya on rich list despite lack of hits '' . Irish Examiner . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Max B ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama brings ' southern pride ' to Deadwood '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Brian ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Nirvana tribute night in castlebar venue '' . The Connaught Telegraph . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2002 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2005 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2007 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Summers finds new magic in Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Qatar Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , John ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` KISS Alive at 35 '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Aretha Franklin to retire after recording album with Stevie Wonder '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現基準 - 旧基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels of Certification ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Music History of music and Classical history Prehistoric Ancient Religious Biblical Secular Classical / art music Medieval Renaissance Baroque Classical period Romantic Impressionist 20th century Contemporary 21st century Vernacular music Blues Circus music Country music Jazz Folk music Popular music Hip hop music Pop music Progressive music Psychedelic music Rock music Heavy metal Punk rock Alternative Soul music Performance Ensembles Band ( rock and pop ) Backup band All - female band Rhythm section Big band Choir Concert band Conducting Disc jockey Musician Orchestra Singing Lead vocalist Backing vocalist Theory Composition Form Genre Notation Composer Improvisation Songwriter Lyrics Song Education and study Bachelor of Music Master of Music Doctor of Musical Arts PhD Music education Music history Music psychology Cultural aspects Musicology Ethnomusicology Ecomusicology Production Single A-side and B - side Extended play Album Compilation Live Remix Audio engineer Record label Record producer Sampling Music technology ( electric ) Music technology ( electronic and digital ) Sound recording and reproduction Cover Remix Cultural and regional genres African Central East North Southern West Asian Central East Middle - Eastern South Southeast European Central Eastern Northern Southeastern Southern Western Latin American Central American South American North American Caribbean Oceanian Melanesian Micronesian Polynesian By sovereign state Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Macedonia Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Lists Index Outline Terminology Instruments Musical forms by era Cultural and regional genres Popular music genres Albums Songs Jazz and popular music glossary Audio Related articles Album - equivalent unit Music and politics Music festival Music therapy Musical instrument Women in music Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_music_artists&oldid=802657271 '' Categories : Lists of bestsellers Lists of musicians Rock music Popular music Lists of best - selling music artists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം 日本語 Polski Português Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 16 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has sold the most albums world wide	[ "\n\nArtist\nCountry / Market\nPeriod active\nRelease year of first charted record\nGenre\nTotal certified units\n(from available markets)[b]\nClaimed sales\n\n\nThe Beatles\nUnited Kingdom\n1960–1970[10]\n1962[10]\nRock / Pop[10]\n7002270800000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 270.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 212.250 million[11]\nJPN: 4.950 million[b][12]\nUK: 17.845 million[b][13]\nGER: 8 million[b][14]\nFRA: 3.890 million[b][15][16]\nCAN: 14.455 million[b][17]\nAUS: 3.060 million[b][18][19]\nITA: 305,000[b][20]\nBRA: 550,000[b][21]\nSWE 485,000[b][22]\nSPA: 1.240 million[b][23][24]\nSWI: 350,000[b][25]\nBEL: 265,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 1.590 million[b][28]\nDEN: 260,000[b][29][30]\nAUT: 500,000[b][31]\nPOL: 175,000[b][32]\nNZ: 660,000[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n600 million[35][36]\n500 million[37]\n\n\nElvis Presley\nUnited States\n1954–1977[38]\n1954[38]\nRock and roll / Pop / Country[38]\n7002211500000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 211.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 188.650 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[b][12]\nUK: 12.245 million[b][13]\nGER: 1.2 million[b][14]\nFRA: 2.590 million[b][15][16]\nCAN: 2.925 million[b][17]\nAUS: 1.587 million[b][18]\nITA: 105,000[b][20]\nBRA: 125,000[b][21]\nSWE 380,000[b][22]\nSPA: 300,000[b][23][39][40]\nMEX: 105,000[b][41][42]\nSWI: 185,000[b][25]\nBEL: 115,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 110,000[b][28]\nDEN: 120,000[b][43][44][45]\nAUT: 205,000[b][31]\nFIN: 213,945[b][46]\nNZ: 117,500[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n600 million[47][48]\n500 million[49]\n\n\nMichael Jackson\nUnited States\n1964–2009[50]\n1971[50]\nPop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B[50]\n7002184100000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 184.1 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 104.5 million[11]\nJPN: 4.650 million[b][12][51]\nUK: 27.195 million[13]\nGER: 11.275 million[14]\nFRA: 11.375 million[15][16][52]\nCAN: 4.670 million[17]\nAUS: 6.6 million[b][18][19][53][54][55]\nITA: 1.170 million[b][20]\nBRA: 280,000[b][21]\nSWE: 1.230 million[b][22][56]\nSPA: 1.995 million[b][23][24][39][40][57]\nMEX: 3.670 million[b][41]\nSWI: 910,000[b][25]\nBEL: 365,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 100,000[b][28]\nDEN: 1.179 million[b][58][59][60]\nAUT: 1.197 million[b][31]\nPOL: 530,000[b][32]\nFIN: 384,127[46]\nNZ: 902,500[33][34]\n\n\n\n\n350 million[61][62]\n300 million[63][64]\n\n\nMadonna\nUnited States\n1979–present[65]\n1982[65]\nPop / Dance / Electronica[65]\n7002170500000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 170.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 85.675 million[11]\nJPN: 6.450 million [b][12][51]\nUK: 28.845 million[13]\nGER: 12.4 million[14]\nFRA: 12.795 million[15][16][52]\nCAN: 6.030 million[17]\nAUS: 4.717 million[b][18][66][67]\nITA: 465,000[b][20]\nBRA: 3.440 million[b][21]\nSWE: 1.070 million[b][22][56]\nSPA: 2.815 million[23][24][39][40][57]\nMEX: 510,000[b][41]\nSWI: 1.080 million[b][25]\nBEL: 690,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 970,000[28]\nDEN: 407,000[b][58][59][68][69][70][71]\nAUT: 602,500[b][31]\nPOL: 530,000[b][32]\nFIN: 652,686[46]\nNZ: 417,500[33][34]\n\n\n\n\n300 million[72][73]\n275 million[74]\n\n\nElton John\nUnited Kingdom\n1964–present[75]\n1969[75]\nPop / Rock[75]\n7002169000000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 169 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 117.850 million[11]\nJPN: 1.1 million [b][12]\nUK: 22.295 million[b][13]\nGER: 7.9 million[b][14]\nFRA: 4.825 million[b][15][16][52]\nCAN: 5.975 million[b][17]\nAUS: 2.837 million[b][18]\nBRA: 835,000[b][21]\nSWE: 740,000[b][22]\nSPA: 1.2 million[b][23][24][40][57]\nMEX: 100,000[b][41]\nSWI: 1.313 million[b][25]\nBEL: 390,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 120,000[28]\nDEN: 150,000[b][44][59][76]\nAUT: 765,000[b][31]\nPOL: 150,000[b][32]\nFIN: 163,481[46]\nNZ: 255,000[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n300 million[77][78]\n250 million[79][80]\n\n\nLed Zeppelin\nUnited Kingdom\n1968–1980[81]\n1969[81]\nHard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock[81]\n7002139500000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 139.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 114.1 million[11]\nJPN: 400,000 [b][12]\nUK: 9.130 million[b][13]\nGER: 3.775 million[b][14]\nFRA: 2.310 million[b][15][16][82]\nCAN: 4.710 million[17]\nAUS: 2.8 million[b][18][83][84]\nITA: 345,000[b][20]\nBRA: 820,000[b][21]\nSPA: 450,000[b][24][40][57]\nSWI: 211,000[b][25]\nARG: 360,000[b][28]\nPOL: 120,000[b][32]\n\n\n\n\n300 million[85][86]\n200 million[87][88]\n\n\nPink Floyd\nUnited Kingdom\n1965–1996, 2014[89][90]\n1967[89]\nProgressive rock / Psychedelic rock[89]\n7002118800000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 118.8 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 78 million[11]\nJPN: 100,000[b][91]\nUK: 11.320 million[b][13]\nGER: 7.5 million[b][14]\nFRA: 6.360 million[b][15][16][52]\nCAN: 6.790 million[b][17]\nAUS: 2.932 million[b][18][19]\nITA: 1.685 million[b][20]\nBRA: 515,000[b][21]\nSWE: 220,000[b][22][56]\nSPA: 625,000[b][23][24][39][57]\nSWI: 390,000[b][25]\nBEL: 115,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 430,000[b][28]\nAUT: 460,000[b][31]\nPOL: 590,000[b][32]\nNZ: 787,500[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n250 million[92][93]\n200 million[94][95]\n\n" ]	[ "The Beatles" ]
8975020998974010170	William Still	William Still - wikipedia William Still Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the abolitionist and member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society . For the African American classical composer , see William Grant Still . For the inventor of the Still hybrid engine , see William Joseph Still . For the Australian cricketer , see William Still ( cricketer ) . William Still ( 1821 - 10 - 07 ) October 7 , 1821 Shamong Township , Burlington County , New Jersey July 14 , 1902 ( 1902 - 07 - 14 ) ( aged 80 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Resting place Eden Cemetery ( Collingdale , Pennsylvania ) Nationality American Occupation Abolitionist , businessman , philanthropist Known for Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society , The Underground Railroad Records Spouse ( s ) Letitia George William Still ( October 7 , 1821 -- July 14 , 1902 ) was an African - American abolitionist in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , conductor on the Underground Railroad , businessman , writer , historian and civil rights activist . Before the American Civil War , Still was chairman of the Vigilance Committee of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society , and directly aided fugitive slaves and kept records to help families reunite . After the war , he remained an important businessman and philanthropist , as well as used his meticulous records to write an account of the underground system and the experiences of many refugee slaves , entitled The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family 2 Marriage and children 3 Activism 3.1 Abolitionism 3.2 Underground Railroad 3.3 American Civil War and aftermath 3.4 Businessman and philanthropist 4 Death , legacy and honors 4.1 Descendants 4.2 National Underground Railroad Network 4.3 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Family ( edit ) William Still was born October 7 , 1821 ( or November 1819 ) , in Shamong Township , Burlington County , New Jersey to Sidney Still ( later renamed Charity ) and Levin Still . His parents had come to New Jersey separately . First , his father bought his freedom in 1798 from his master in Caroline County , Maryland on the Eastern Shore and moved north to New Jersey . His mother , Charity , escaped twice from Maryland . The first time , she and four children were all recaptured and returned to slavery . A few months later , Charity escaped again , taking only her two younger daughters with her and reached her husband in New Jersey . Following her escape , Charity and Levin had 14 more children , of whom William was the youngest . Though these children were born in the free state of New Jersey , under Maryland and federal slave law , they were still legally slaves , as their mother was an escaped slave . According to New Jersey law , they were free . However , neither Charity nor Levin could free their older boys , who remained enslaved . Levin , Jr. and Peter Still were sold from Maryland to slave owners in Lexington , Kentucky . Later they were resold to planters in Alabama in the Deep South . Levin , Jr. died from a whipping while enslaved . Peter and most of his family escaped from slavery when he was about age 50 , with the help of two brothers named Friedman , who operated mercantile establishments in Florence , Alabama , and Cincinnati , Ohio . They were the subject of a book published in 1856 . Peter Still sought help at the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society to find his parents or other members of his birth family . Thus he met William Still , but had no idea they were related . However , William listened to Peter 's story , and recognized the history his mother had told him many times . After learning that his older brother Levin was whipped to death for visiting his wife without permission , William shouted , `` What if I told you I was your brother ! '' Later Peter and his mother were reunited after having been separated for 42 years . Another of William 's brothers was James Still . Born in New Jersey in 1812 , James wanted to become a doctor but said he `` was not the right color to enter where such knowledge was dispensed . '' James studied herbs and plants and apprenticed himself to a white doctor to learn medicine . He became known as the `` Black Doctor of the Pines '' , as he lived and practiced in the Pine Barrens . James 's son , James Thomas Still , completed his dream , graduating from Harvard Medical School in 1871 . William 's other siblings included Levin , Jr. ; Peter ; James ; Samuel ; Mary , a teacher and missionary in the African Methodist Episcopal Church ; Mahala ( who married Gabriel Thompson ) ; and Kitturah , who moved to Pennsylvania . Marriage and children ( edit ) In 1844 , William Still moved from New Jersey to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . In 1847 , the year he was hired as a clerk for the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery , Still married Letitia George . They had four children who survived infancy . Their oldest was Caroline Virginia Matilda Still ( 1848 -- 1919 ) , a pioneer female medical doctor . Caroline attended Oberlin College and the Women 's Medical College of Philadelphia ( much later known as the Medical College of Pennsylvania ) . She married Edward J. Wyley and , after his death , the Reverend Matthew Anderson , longtime pastor of the Berean Presbyterian Church in North Philadelphia . She had an extensive private medical practice in Philadelphia and was also a community activist , teacher and leader . William Wilberforce Still ( 1854 -- 1932 ) graduated from Lincoln University and subsequently practiced law in Philadelphia . Robert George Still ( 1861 -- 1896 ) became a journalist and owned a print shop on Pine at 11th Street in central Philadelphia . Frances Ellen Still ( 1857 -- 1943 ) became a kindergarten teacher ( she was named after poet Frances Ellen Watkins Harper , who had lived with the Stills before her marriage ) . According to the 1900 U.S. Census , William W. , his wife , and Frances Ellen all lived in the same household as the elderly William Still and his wife , confirming the custom that extended families lived together . Activism ( edit ) Abolitionism ( edit ) In 1847 , three years after settling in Philadelphia , Still began working as a clerk for the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society . When Philadelphia abolitionists organized a Vigilance Committee to directly aid escaped slaves who had reached the city , Still became its chairman . By the 1850s , Still was one of the leaders of Philadelphia 's African - American community . In 1855 , he participated in the nationally covered rescue of Jane Johnson , a slave who sought help from the Society in gaining freedom while passing through Philadelphia with her master John Hill Wheeler , newly appointed US Minister to Nicaragua . Still and others liberated her and her two sons under Pennsylvania law , which held that slaves brought to the free state voluntarily by a slaveholder could choose freedom . Her master sued him and five other African Americans for assault and kidnapping in a high - profile case in August 1855 . Jane Johnson returned to Philadelphia from New York and testified in court as to her independence in choosing freedom , winning acquittal for Still and four others , and reduced sentences for the last two . In 1859 , Still challenged the segregation of the city 's public transit system , which had separate seating for whites and blacks . He kept lobbying and , in 1865 , the Pennsylvania legislature passed a law to integrate streetcars across the state . Underground Railroad ( edit ) Often called `` The Father of the Underground Railroad '' , Still helped as many as 800 slaves escape to freedom . He interviewed each person and kept careful records , including a brief biography and the destination for each , along with any alias adopted . He kept his records carefully hidden but knew the accounts would be critical in aiding the future reunion of family members who became separated under slavery , which he had learned when he aided his own brother Peter , whom he had never met before . Still worked with other Underground Railroad agents operating in the South , including in Virginia ports , nearby Delaware and Maryland , and in many counties in southern Pennsylvania . His network to freedom also included agents in New Jersey , New York , New England and Canada . Conductor Harriet Tubman traveled through his office with fellow passengers on several occasions during the 1850s . Still also forged a connection with the family of John Brown , and sheltered several of Brown 's associates fleeing the 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry . American Civil war and aftermath ( edit ) During the American Civil War , Still operated the post exchange at Camp William Penn , the training camp for United States Colored Troops north of Philadelphia . He also opened a stove store and in 1861 bought a coal yard and operated a coal delivery business , which continued after the war . In 1867 , Still published A Brief Narrative of the Struggle for the Rights of Colored People of Philadelphia in the City Railway Cars . In 1872 , Still published an account of the Underground Railroad , The Underground Railroad Records , based on the carefully recorded secret notes he had kept in diaries during those years . His book includes his impressions of station masters such as Thomas Garrett , Daniel Gibbons and Abigail Goodwin . It went through three editions and in 1876 was displayed at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition . Historians have since used it to understand how the Underground Railroad worked ; both Project Gutenberg and the Internet archive make the text freely available . Businessman and philanthropist ( edit ) After the war , Still continued as an active businessman , philanthropist and social activist in the Philadelphia metropolitan areas . In addition to the ongoing coal business , Still owned considerable real estate , including Liberty Hall , for some time the largest public hall in the U.S. owned by a black man . He also owned stock in the journal the Nation , was a member of Philadelphia 's Board of Trade , and financed and was officer of the Social and Civil Statistical Association of Philadelphia ( which in part tracked freed people ) . Still also remained active in the Colored Conventions Movement , having attended national conventions including the New England Colored Citizens ' Convention of 1859 , where Still advocated equal educational opportunities for all African Americans . He also advocated temperance . He was a member of the Freedmen 's Aid Union and Commission , an officer of the Philadelphia Home for the Aged and Infirm Colored Persons , and an elder in the Presbyterian church ( where he established Sabbath Schools to promote literacy including among freed blacks ) . He had a strong interest in the welfare of black youth . He helped to establish an orphanage and the first YMCA for African Americans in Philadelphia . In addition to continuing as member of the board for the Soldiers and Sailors Orphan Home and the Home for the Destitute Colored Children , Still became a trustee at Storer College . Death , legacy and honors ( edit ) William Still died on July 14 , 1902 , at his home , 726 S. 19th Street in Philadelphia , survived by his wife Letitia and daughter Caroline , as well as grandchildren and other relatives . He was buried in Eden Cemetery in Collingdale , Delaware County , Pennsylvania , as would later be his wife and daughter . Founded just a month before Still 's death , Eden Cemetery is now the nation 's oldest African - American owned cemetery , and on the National Register of Historic Places since 2010 . Descendants ( edit ) Family members donated his papers , including personal papers 1865 - 1899 , to the Charles L. Blockson Afro - American Collection at Temple University Library , where they remain accessible to researchers . Brothers Peter , James and William Still later moved with their families to Lawnside , New Jersey , a community developed and owned by African Americans in Camden County , New Jersey across the Delaware River from Philadelphia . To this day , their descendants have an annual family reunion every August . Notable members of the Still family include the composer William Grant Still , professional WNBA basketball player Valerie Still , professional NFL defensive end Art Still , and professional NFL defensive tackle Devon Still . National Underground Railroad network ( edit ) In 1997 , Congress passed H.R. 1635 , which President Bill Clinton signed into law , and which authorized the United States National Park Service to establish the National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program to identify associated sites and popularize the Underground Railroad . This also affirmed Still 's national importance as a leading Underground Railroad agent in a major center of abolition . In popular culture ( edit ) Actor Robert Hooks portrayed Still in A Woman Called Moses , the 1978 miniseries that is based upon the life of abolitionist Harriet Tubman . Actor Ron O'Neal portrayed a fictional version of Still in the 1985 miniseries , North and South . Stand by the River ( 2003 ) , a musical based on Still 's life and rescue of Jane Johnson , was written and composed by Joanne and Mark Sutton - Smith . It has been produced in New York and Chicago , and at universities and other venues across the country . Actor Chris Chalk portrayed a fictional version of Still on the WGN America period drama TV series , Underground . `` Underground Railroad : the William Still Story '' is an independent film documentary first shown on the Public Broadcasting System on February 6 , 2012 . See also ( edit ) List of African - American abolitionists Slave narrative References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1900 US Census Record . ^ Jump up to : Simmons , William J. , and Henry McNeal Turner , Men of Mark : Eminent , Progressive and Rising . GM Rewell & Company , 1887 , pp. 149 -- 161 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Still '' , Still Family , Library , Temple University . Jump up ^ Kate E.R. Pickard , The Kidnapped and the Ransomed : Recollections of Peter Still and his Wife `` Vina , '' After Forty Years of Slavery , ( 1856 ) , available online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ `` Peter Still '' Archived 2014 - 02 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Still Family , Library , Temple University . Jump up ^ Lurey Khan , William Still and the Underground Railroad : Fugitive Slaves and Family Ties , iUniverse , 2010 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Underground Railroad : The William Still Story , PBS . Jump up ^ `` William Still , Darby , and the Desegregation of Philadelphia Streetcars '' , Darby History . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : The Life and Times of William Still ( 1821 - 1902 ) '' Archived 2014 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , William Still : an African - American Abolitionist , Library , Temple University , accessed January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Diane . `` William Still : An African - American Abolitionist '' . Temple University Libraries . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Diane . `` William Still 's National Significance '' Archived 2013 - 05 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , William Still : An African - American Abolitionist , website , Temple University , accessed March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15263 Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/undergroundrailr00stil/undergroundrailr00stil_djvu.txt Jump up ^ Khan ( 2010 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Chenrow , Fred ; Chenrow , Carol ( 1974 ) . Reading Exercises in Black History , Elizabethtown , PA : The Continental Press , Inc. , p. 56 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8454 - 2108 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania death certificate , available online at ancestry.com Jump up ^ https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/11212035 Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/nr/listings/20101223.htm Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/index.htm Jump up ^ http://www.pbs.org/black-culture/shows/list/underground-railroad/home/ Further reading ( edit ) Bentley , Judith . `` Dear Friend '' Thomas Garrett & William Still Collaborators on the Underground Railroad . New York : Cobblehill Books , 1997 . Gara , Larry . `` William Still and the Underground Railroad , '' Pennsylvania History 28.1 ( January 1961 ) : 33 - 44 . Still , William ( 1872 ) . Earnest in the cause ; John Needles . Philadelphia : Porter & Coates Still , William . Still 's Underground Rail Road Records : with a Life of the Author : Narrating the Hardships , Hairbreadth Escapes and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom : Together with Sketches of Some of the Eminent Friends of Freedom , and Most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road `` , Philadelphia : William Still , 1886 . Turner , Diane . `` William Still : An African - American Abolitionist . '' Temple University Libraries . External links ( edit ) Library resources about William Still Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By William Still Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Works by William Still at Project Gutenberg Works by or about William Still at Internet Archive Works by William Still at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) The Underground Railroad at Project Gutenberg `` Case Studies of Maryland Freedom Seekers '' , Legacy of Slavery , Maryland State Archives Spartacus Educational : William Still `` William Still '' ( New York News ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 7 , 2005 ) ( hide ) Underground Railroad People William L. Chaplin Levi Coffin Richard Dillingham Calvin Fairbank Thomas Garrett Laura Smith Haviland Daniel Hughes William Cooper Nell Harriet Forten Purvis Robert Purvis John Rankin Hetty Reckless Gerrit Smith William Still Harriet Beecher Stowe Charles Turner Torrey Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Frances Harper Delia Webster Places List of Underground Railroad sites houses churches Levi Coffin House Bialystoker Synagogue Bilger 's Rocks Wilson Bruce Evans House Cyrus Gates Farmstead Sites in Indiana Allen Chapel Town Clock Church Kelton House F. Julius LeMoyne House John Rankin House Gerrit Smith Estate John Freeman Walls Historic Site Events Pearl incident ( 1848 ) Jerry Rescue ( 1851 ) Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 book ) Dred : A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp ( 1856 book ) Oberlin -- Wellington Rescue ( 1858 ) Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) Topics Songs of the Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Abolitionism opponents of slavery African - American opponents publications Fugitive slaves Fugitive slave laws 1850 Quilts Slave catcher The Underground Railroad Records ( 1872 book ) Related National Underground Railroad Freedom Center Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park visitor center The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War ( 1932 book ) A Woman Called Moses ( 1978 miniseries ) Roots of Resistance ( 1989 documentary ) The Quest for Freedom ( 1992 film ) Freedom : The Underground Railroad ( 2013 board game ) Underground ( 2016 TV series ) See also : Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada VIAF : 46750048 LCCN : n50011351 ISNI : 0000 0000 8124 5704 BNF : cb10333714n ( data ) SNAC : w61g0qjt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Still&oldid=826593706 '' Categories : African - American abolitionists African - American writers American writers Activists for African - American civil rights American abolitionists People from Burlington County , New Jersey People from Lawnside , New Jersey Activists from Philadelphia Underground Railroad people People of New Jersey in the American Civil War Writers from New Jersey 1821 births 1902 deaths African - American businesspeople American businesspeople Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was known as the father of the underground railroad	[]	[]
-3265498630537986020	List of missions to the Moon	List of missions to the Moon - wikipedia List of missions to the Moon Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that List of lunar probes be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2016 . Surveyor 3 on the Moon The first image taken of the far side of the Moon , returned by Luna 3 As part of human exploration of the Moon , numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth 's natural satellite . Of the Moon landings ; Luna 2 was the first spacecraft to reach its surface successfully , intentionally impacting the Moon on 13 September 1959 . In 1966 , Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing , while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit . Between 1968 and 1972 , manned missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program . Apollo 8 was the first manned mission to enter orbit in December 1968 , and was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969 . Six missions landed men on the Moon , beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969 , during which Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the Moon . Apollo 13 was intended to land , however it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft . All nine manned missions returned safely to the Earth . While the United States focused on the manned Apollo program , the Soviet Union conducted unmanned missions that deployed rovers and returned samples to the Earth . Three rover missions were launched , of which two were successful , and eleven sample return flights were attempted with three successes . Missions to the Moon have been conducted by the Soviet Union , United States , European Space Agency , Japan , India and the People 's Republic of China . The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it ; four spacecraft have flown past it to gain gravity assistance , and a radio telescope , Explorer 49 , was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources . Contents ( hide ) 1 Missions to date 2 Future missions 2.1 Funded 2.1. 1 Funded lunar probe missions currently under development 2.2 Proposed but full funding still unclear 2.2. 1 Proposed but full funding still unclear , lunar probe missions 2.2. 2 Proposed but full funding still unclear , crewed lunar missions 2.3 Cancelled or indefinitely postponed 3 See also 4 References Missions to date ( edit ) Spacecraft Launch Date Carrier rocket Operator Mission Outcome Pioneer 0 ( Able I ) 000000001958 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 1958 Thor DM - 18 Able I USAF Orbiter Launch failure First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit ; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first stage explosion . Reached apogee of 16 kilometres ( 9.9 mi ) E-1 No. 1 000000001958 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1958 Luna OKB - 1 Impactor Launch failure Failed to orbit ; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration Pioneer 1 ( Able II ) 000000001958 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 1958 Thor DM - 18 Able I NASA Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit ; premature second stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure . Later known as Pioneer 1 . Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres ( 70,700 mi ) . E-1 No. 2 000000001958 - 10 - 11 - 0000 11 October 1958 Luna OKB - 1 Impactor Launch failure Failed to orbit ; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration . Pioneer 2 ( Able III ) 000000001958 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 1958 Thor DM - 18 Able I NASA Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit ; premature second stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers ; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres ( 960 mi ) . E-1 No. 3 000000001958 - 12 - 04 - 0000 4 December 1958 Luna OKB - 1 Impactor Launch failure Failed to orbit ; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core stage underperformance Pioneer 3 000000001958 - 12 - 06 - 0000 6 December 1958 Juno II NASA Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit ; premature first stage cutoff . Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres ( 63,600 mi ) . Mechta ( E-1 No. 4 ) 000000001959 - 01 - 02 - 0000 2 January 1959 Luna OKB - 1 Impactor Launch failure Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon , flew past in heliocentric orbit , later known as Luna 1 Closest approach 5,995 kilometres ( 3,725 mi ) on 4 January . Pioneer 4 000000001959 - 03 - 03 - 0000 3 March 1959 Juno II NASA Flyby Partial failure Second stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected , out of instrument range , with 58,983 kilometres of distance . Closest approach at 22 : 25 UTC on 4 March . First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit . E-1A No. 1 000000001959 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1959 Luna OKB - 1 Impactor Launch failure Failed to orbit ; guidance system malfunction Luna 2 ( E-1A No. 2 ) 000000001959 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 1959 Luna OKB - 1 Impactor Success Successful impact at 21 : 02 on 14 September 1959 . First spacecraft to reach lunar surface Luna 3 ( E-2A No. 1 ) 000000001959 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 1959 Luna OKB - 1 Flyby Success Returned first images of the far side of the Moon P - 3 Able IVB 000000001959 - 11 - 26 - 0000 26 November 1959 Atlas - D Able NASA Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit ; payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault E-3 No. 1 000000001960 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 1960 Luna OKB - 1 Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit ; premature third stage cutoff E-3 No. 2 000000001960 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 1960 Luna OKB - 1 Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit ; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch P - 30 ( Able VA ) 000000001960 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1960 Atlas - D Able NASA Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit ; second stage oxidiser system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault P - 31 ( Able VB ) 000000001960 - 12 - 15 - 0000 15 December 1960 Atlas - D Able NASA Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit ; second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning , vehicle exploded Ranger 3 ( P - 34 ) 000000001962 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 1962 Atlas LV - 3 Agena - B NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure Partial launch failure due to guidance problem ; attempt to correct using spacecraft 's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres ( 22,862 mi ) Ranger 4 ( P - 35 ) 000000001962 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 1962 Atlas LV - 3 Agena - B NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure Failed to deploy solar panels , ran out of power ten hours after launch ; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April Ranger 5 ( P - 36 ) 000000001962 - 10 - 18 - 0000 18 October 1962 Atlas LV - 3 Agena - B NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system , failed 8 ⁄ hours after launch when batteries were depleted . Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed E-6 No. 2 000000001963 - 01 - 04 - 0000 4 January 1963 Molniya - L OKB - 1 Lander Launch failure Failed to depart Low Earth orbit ; guidance system power failure prevented upper stage ignition E-6 No. 3 000000001963 - 02 - 03 - 0000 3 February 1963 Molniya - L OKB - 1 Lander Launch failure Failed to orbit ; guidance failure Luna 4 ( E-6 No. 4 ) 000000001963 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2 April 1963 Molniya - L OKB - 1 Lander Spacecraft failure Failed to perform mid-course correction , remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation Ranger 6 ( P - 54 ) 000000001964 - 01 - 30 - 0000 30 January 1964 Atlas LV - 3 Agena - B NASA Impactor Spacecraft failure Impacted on 2 February 1964 , failed to return images due to power system failure E-6 No. 6 000000001964 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 1964 Molniya - M OKB - 1 Lander Launch failure Failed to orbit ; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure E-6 No. 5 000000001964 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 1964 Molniya - M OKB - 1 Lander Launch failure Failed to orbit ; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third stage cutoff Ranger 7 000000001964 - 07 - 28 - 0000 28 July 1964 Atlas LV - 3 Agena - B NASA Impactor Success Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13 : 25 : 48 UTC Ranger 8 000000001965 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1965 Atlas LV - 3 Agena - B NASA Impactor Success Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09 : 57 : 37 UTC Kosmos 60 ( E-6 No. 9 ) 000000001965 - 03 - 12 - 0000 12 March 1965 Molniya - L Lavochkin Lander Launch failure Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short - circuit . Failed to depart low Earth orbit Ranger 9 000000001965 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 1965 Atlas LV - 3 Agena - B NASA Impactor Success Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14 : 08 : 20 UTC E-6 No. 8 000000001965 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 1965 Molniya - L Lavochkin Lander Launch failure Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure , failed to orbit Luna 5 ( E-6 No. 10 ) 000000001965 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 1965 Molniya - M Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction , failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19 : 10 UTC on 12 May 1965 . Luna 6 ( E-6 No. 7 ) 000000001965 - 06 - 08 - 0000 8 June 1965 Molniya - M Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre , flew past the Moon in heliocentric orbit . Zond 3 ( 3MV - 4 No. 3 ) 000000001965 - 07 - 18 - 0000 18 July 1965 Molniya Lavochkin Flyby Success Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres ( 5,700 mi ) . Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions . Luna 7 ( E-6 No. 11 ) 000000001965 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 1965 Molniya Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent ; impacted the lunar surface 22 : 08 : 24 UTC on 7 October 1965 . Luna 8 ( E-6 No. 12 ) 000000001965 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 1965 Molniya Lavochkin Lander Spacecraft failure Landing airbag punctured , resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown , impacted Moon at 21 : 51 : 30 UTC on 6 December 1965 Luna 9 ( E-6 No. 13 ) 000000001966 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 1966 Molniya - M Lavochkin Lander Success First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon ; touchdown at 18 : 45 : 30 UTC on 3 February 1966 . Returned data until 22 : 55 UTC on 6 February . Kosmos 111 ( E-6S No. 204 ) 000000001966 - 03 - 01 - 0000 1 March 1966 Molniya - M Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite ; spacecraft never left low Earth orbit Luna 10 ( E-6S No. 206 ) 000000001966 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 1966 Molniya - M Lavochkin Orbiter Success Entered orbit at 18 : 44 UTC on 3 April 1966 , becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon . Continued to return data until 30 May . Surveyor 1 000000001966 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 1966 Atlas LV - 3C Centaur - D NASA Lander Success Landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 06 : 17 : 36 UTC on 2 June 1966 . Returned data until loss of power on 13 July . Explorer 33 ( AIMP - D ) 000000001966 - 07 - 01 - 0000 1 July 1966 Delta E1 NASA Orbiter Launch failure Magnetospheric probe ; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned , leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit . Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully . Lunar Orbiter 1 000000001966 - 08 - 10 - 0000 10 August 1966 Atlas SLV - 3 Agena - D NASA Orbiter Partial failure Orbital insertion at around 15 : 36 UTC on 14 August . Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission , impacted the Moon at 13 : 30 UTC on 29 October 1966 . Luna 11 ( E-6LF No. 101 ) 000000001966 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 1966 Molniya - M Lavochkin Orbiter Partial failure Entered orbit on 28 August 1966 . Failed to return images ; other instruments operated correctly . Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon , investigated the lunar gravitational field , the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon . Ceased operations on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted . Surveyor 2 000000001966 - 09 - 20 - 0000 20 September 1966 Atlas LV - 3C Centaur - D NASA Lander Spacecraft failure One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre resulting in loss of control . Impacted the Moon at 03 : 18 UTC on 23 September 1966 . Luna 12 ( E-6LF No. 102 ) 000000001966 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 1966 Molniya - M Lavochkin Orbiter Success Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967 . Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11 . Lunar Orbiter 2 000000001966 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 1966 Atlas SLV - 3 Agena - D NASA Orbiter Success Entered orbit at about 19 : 51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission . Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission . Luna 13 ( E-6M No. 205 ) 000000001966 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1966 Molniya - M Lavochkin Lander Success Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18 : 01 UTC on 24 December 1966 . Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil . Operated until depletion of power at 06 : 31 UTC on 28 December . Lunar Orbiter 3 000000001967 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 1967 Atlas SLV - 3 Agena - D NASA Orbiter Success Entered orbit at 21 : 54 UTC on 8 February 1967 . Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967 . Surveyor 3 000000001967 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 1967 Atlas LV - 3C Centaur - D NASA Lander Success Landed at 00 : 04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May . Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969 , with some parts removed for return to Earth . Lunar Orbiter 4 000000001967 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 1967 Atlas SLV - 3 Agena - D NASA Orbiter Success Entered orbit at 21 : 54 UTC on 8 May 1967 , operated until 17 July . Decayed from orbit , with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967 . Surveyor 4 000000001967 - 07 - 14 - 0000 14 July 1967 Atlas LV - 3C Centaur - D NASA Lander Spacecraft failure Contact with spacecraft lost at 02 : 03 UTC on 17 July , two and a half minutes before scheduled landing . NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded , otherwise it impacted the Moon . Explorer 35 ( AIMP - E ) 000000001967 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 1967 Delta E1 NASA Orbiter Success Magnetospheric probe , studying the Moon and interplanetary space . Deactivated on 27 June 1973 . Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s . Lunar Orbiter 5 000000001967 - 08 - 01 - 0000 1 August 1967 Atlas SLV - 3 Agena - D NASA Orbiter Success Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series , entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16 : 48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August . Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968 . Surveyor 5 000000001967 - 09 - 08 - 0000 8 September 1967 Atlas SLV - 3C Centaur - D NASA Lander Success Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00 : 46 : 44 UTC on 11 September . Last signals received at 04 : 30 UTC on 17 December 1967 . 7K - L1 No. 4L 000000001967 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 1967 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure Technology demonstration for planned manned missions . Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first stage engines not to ignite . Surveyor 6 000000001967 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1967 Atlas SLV - 3C Centaur - D NASA Lander Success Landed in Sinus Medii at 01 : 01 : 04 UTC on 10 November . Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10 : 32 UTC on 17 November , followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) . Last contact at 19 : 14 UTC on 14 December . 7K - L1 No. 5L 000000001967 - 11 - 22 - 0000 22 November 1967 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure Technology demonstration for planned manned missions ; unable to achieve orbit after second stage engine failed to ignite . Surveyor 7 000000001968 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 1968 Atlas SLV - 3C Centaur - D NASA Lander Success Final Surveyor mission . Landed 29 kilometres ( 18 mi ) from Tycho crater at 01 : 05 : 36 UTC on 10 January . Operated until 21 February 1968 . E-6LS No. 112 000000001968 - 02 - 07 - 0000 7 February 1968 Molniya - M Lavochkin Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel . Luna 14 ( E-6LS No. 113 ) 000000001968 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 1968 Molniya - M Lavochkin Orbiter Success Tested communications for proposed manned missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon . Entered orbit on 10 April at 19 : 25 UTC . 7K - L1 No. 7L 000000001968 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 1968 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure Technology demonstration for planned manned missions . Failed to orbit after second stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down ; although spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system . Zond 5 ( 7K - L1 No. 9L ) 000000001968 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 1968 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Flyby , circled Success Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned manned missions . Made a closest approach of 1,850 kilometres ( 1,150 mi ) on 18 September , and circled the moon before returning to Earth . Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16 : 08 UTC , becoming first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the moon . Zond 6 ( 7K - L1 No. 12L ) 000000001968 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1968 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Flyby Spacecraft failure Technology demonstration for planned manned missions . Flyby occurred on 14 November , with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres ( 1,500 mi ) . Reentered Earth 's atmosphere on 17 November however recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned . Apollo 8 000000001968 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1968 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter Success First manned mission to the Moon ; entered orbit around the Moon with four - minute burn beginning at 09 : 59 : 52 UTC on 24 December . Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06 : 10 : 16 UTC on 25 December . Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15 : 51 UTC on 27 December . 7K - L1 No. 13L 000000001969 - 01 - 20 - 0000 20 January 1969 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Flyby Launch failure Technology demonstration for planned manned missions . Failed to orbit after one of the four second stage engines shut down prematurely . Third stage engine also shut down prematurely . The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system . E-8 No. 201 000000001969 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 1969 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Lander / Rover Launch failure First launch of the Lunokhod rover . Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded . 7K - L1S No. 3 000000001969 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 1969 N1 OKB - 1 Orbiter Launch failure First launch of N1 rocket ; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth . First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch ; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) from launch site . Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system . Apollo 10 000000001969 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 1969 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter Success Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11 E-8 - 5 No. 402 000000001969 - 06 - 14 - 0000 14 June 1969 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample . Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite . 7K - L1S No. 5 000000001969 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 July 1969 N1 OKB - 1 Orbiter Launch failure Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth . All first stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch ; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad . Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence . Luna 15 ( E-8 - 5 No. 401 ) 000000001969 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 1969 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Spacecraft failure Reached lunar orbit at 10 : 00 UTC on 17 July . Descent retro - rocket burn started at 15 : 47 UTC on 21 July . Contact lost 3 minutes after de-orbit burn ; probably crashed on the Moon . Apollo 11 000000001969 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 1969 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter / Lander Success First manned landing on the Moon . LM landed at 20 : 17 UTC on 20 July 1969 Zond 7 ( 7K - L1 No. 11L ) 000000001969 - 08 - 07 - 0000 7 August 1969 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Flyby Success Technology demonstration for planned manned missions . Lunar flyby on 10 August , with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) ; returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18 : 13 UTC on 14 August . Kosmos 300 ( E-8 - 5 No. 403 ) 000000001969 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 1969 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure Third attempt at lunar sample return . After reaching low Earth orbit , the fourth stage engine failed to fire for trans - lunar injection due to oxidiser leak . Spacecraft re-entered Earth 's atmosphere about 4 days after launch . Kosmos 305 ( E-8 - 5 No. 404 ) 000000001969 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 1969 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure Fourth attempt at lunar sample return . After reaching low Earth orbit , the fourth stage engine failed to fire for trans - lunar injection due to control system malfunction . Spacecraft re-entered Earth 's atmosphere within one orbit after launch . Apollo 12 000000001969 - 11 - 14 - 0000 14 November 1969 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter / Lander Success E-8 - 5 No. 405 000000001970 - 02 - 06 - 0000 6 February 1970 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure Failed to orbit Apollo 13 000000001970 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 1970 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter / Lander Spacecraft failure Mission aborted following oxygen tank explosion , flew past the Moon without entering orbit and returned to Earth Luna 16 ( E-8 - 5 No. 406 ) 000000001970 - 09 - 12 - 0000 12 September 1970 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Success Zond 8 ( 7K - L1 No. 14L ) 000000001970 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 1970 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Flyby Success Technology demonstration for planned manned missions ; returned to Earth successfully Luna 17 ( E-8 No. 203 ) 000000001970 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1970 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Lander / Rover Success Deployed Lunokhod 1 Apollo 14 000000001971 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 1971 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter / Lander Success Apollo 15 000000001971 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 July 1971 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter / Lander / Rover Success PFS - 1 000000001971 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 July 1971 Saturn V NASA Orbiter Success Deployed from Apollo 15 Luna 18 ( E-8 - 5 No. 407 ) 000000001971 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 1971 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Spacecraft failure Failed during descent to lunar surface Luna 19 ( E-8LS No. 202 ) 000000001971 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 1971 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Orbiter Success Luna 20 ( E-8 - 5 No. 408 ) 000000001972 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 1972 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Success Apollo 16 000000001972 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 1972 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter / Lander / Rover Success PFS - 2 000000001972 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 1972 Saturn V NASA Orbiter Success Deployed from Apollo 16 7K - LOK No. 1 000000001972 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 July 1972 N1 OKB - 1 Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit ; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth Apollo 17 000000001972 - 12 - 07 - 0000 7 December 1972 Saturn V NASA Manned Orbiter / Lander / Rover Success Last manned Moon landing Luna 21 ( E-8 No. 204 ) 000000001973 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 1973 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Lander / Rover Success Deployed Lunokhod 2 Explorer 49 ( RAE - B ) 000000001973 - 06 - 10 - 0000 10 June 1973 Delta 1913 NASA Orbiter Success Radio astronomy spacecraft , operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources Mariner 10 ( RAE - B ) 000000001973 - 11 - 03 - 0000 3 November 1973 Delta 1913 NASA Flyby Success Interplanetary spacecraft , mapped lunar north pole to test cameras . Luna 22 ( E-8LS No. 206 ) 000000001974 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 1974 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Orbiter Success Luna 23 ( E-8 - 5M No. 410 ) 000000001974 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October 1974 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Spacecraft failure Tipped over upon landing E-8 - 5M No. 412 000000001975 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 1975 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Launch failure Failed to orbit Luna 24 ( E-8 - 5M No. 413 ) 000000001976 - 08 - 09 - 0000 9 August 1976 Proton - K / D Lavochkin Sample return Success Final mission of the Luna programme . Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16 : 36 UTC on 18 August . Sample capsule launched at 05 : 25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96 ⁄ hours later . Returned 170.1 grams ( 6.00 oz ) of lunar regolith . ISEE - 3 ( ICE / Explorer 59 ) 000000001978 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 1978 Delta 2914 NASA Gravity assist N / A Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner Hiten ( MUSES - A ) 000000001990 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 1990 Mu - 3S - II ISAS Flyby / Orbiter Success Designed for flyby , placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo Hagoromo 000000001990 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 1990 Mu - 3S - II ISAS Orbiter Spacecraft failure Deployed from Hiten . Communications failure ; entered selenocentric orbit but returned no data Geotail 000000001992 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 1992 Delta II 6925 ISAS / NASA Gravity assist N / A Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit Clementine ( DSPSE ) 000000001994 - 01 - 25 - 0000 25 January 1994 Titan II ( 23 ) G Star - 37FM USAF / NASA Orbiter Success Completed Lunar objectives successfully ; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit HGS - 1 000000001997 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 1997 Proton - K / DM3 Hughes Gravity assist N / A Communications satellite ; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit Lunar Prospector ( Discovery 3 ) 000000001998 - 01 - 07 - 0000 7 January 1998 Athena II NASA Orbiter Success Nozomi ( PLANET - B ) 000000001998 - 07 - 03 - 0000 3 July 1998 Mu - 5M-V ISAS Gravity assist N / A Two flybys en route to Mars SMART - 1 000000002003 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2003 Ariane 5G ESA Orbiter Success Impacted moon in LQ26 quadrangle at end of mission on 3 September 2006 ARTEMIS P1 000000002007 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2007 Delta II 7925 NASA Orbiter Operational THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission ; entered orbit July 2011 ARTEMIS P2 000000002007 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 2007 Delta II 7925 NASA Orbiter Operational THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission ; entered orbit July 2011 Kaguya ( SELENE ) 000000002007 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 2007 H - IIA 2022 JAXA Orbiter Success Impacted the Moon in LQ30 quadrangle at end of mission on 10 June 2009 Okina ( RSAT ) 000000002007 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 2007 H - IIA 2022 JAXA Orbiter Success Deployed from Kaguya , decayed and impacted moon in LQ08 quadrangle on 12 February 2009 after end of mission Ouna ( VRAD ) 000000002007 - 09 - 14 - 0000 14 September 2007 H - IIA 2022 JAXA Orbiter Success Deployed from Kaguya , completed operations on 29 June 2009 but remains in selenocentric orbit Chang'e 1 000000002007 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 2007 Chang Zheng 3A CNSA Orbiter Success Impacted moon in LQ21 quadrangle on 1 March 2009 , at end of mission Chandrayaan - 1 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 2008 PSLV - XL ISRO Orbiter Success Succeced through mission , terminated the mission in 2009 , remains in selenocentric orbit ; discovered water on Moon Moon Impact Probe 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October 2008 PSLV - XL ISRO Impactor Success Deployed from Chandrayaan - 1 , impacted Moon in LQ30 quadrangle on 14 November 2008 LRO 000000002009 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 2009 Atlas V 401 NASA Orbiter Operational LCROSS 000000002009 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 2009 Atlas V 401 NASA Impactor Success Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO , then impacted itself . Impacts in LQ30 quadrangle Chang'e 2 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2010 Chang Zheng 3C CNSA Orbiter Success Following completion of six month Lunar mission , departed selenocentric orbit for Earth -- Sun L2 Lagrangian point ; subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis Ebb ( GRAIL - A ) 000000002011 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2011 Delta II 7920H NASA Orbiter Success Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory , impacted the Moon in LQ01 quadrangle on 17 December 2012 at end of mission . Flow ( GRAIL - B ) 000000002011 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2011 Delta II 7920H NASA Orbiter Success Part of the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory , impacted the Moon in LQ01 quadrangle on 17 December 2012 at end of mission . LADEE 000000002013 - 09 - 07 - 0000 7 September 2013 Minotaur V NASA Orbiter Success Mission ended on 18 April 2014 , when the spacecraft 's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon Chang'e 3 000000002013 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1 December 2013 Chang Zheng 3B CNSA Lander / Rover Success Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13 : 12 UTC on 14 December . Deployed Yutu rover , which landed on the Moon . Chang'e 5 - T1 000000002014 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2014 Chang Zheng 3C CNSA Flyby Operational Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample - return mission at lunar return velocity . 4M 000000002014 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2014 Chang Zheng 3C LuxSpace Flyby Success Attached to third stage of CZ - 3C used to launch Chang'e 5 - T1 Future missions ( edit ) There are several future lunar missions scheduled or proposed by various nations or organisations . Funded ( edit ) Funded lunar probe missions currently under development ( edit ) Country Name Launch due Nature of mission India Chandrayaan - 2 2018 landing , roving , sample analyzing ( Private ) Moon Express 2018 hopping USA TESS 2018 flyby China Chang'e 4 2018 ( far side ) landing and roving China Chang'e 5 2019 sample return ( Private ) Astrobotic Technology 2019 landing and roving ( Private ) PTScientists 2019 landing and roving USA EM - 1 late 2019 unmanned test of Orion spacecraft in Lunar orbit USA BioSentinel late 2019 flyby USA Cislunar Explorers late 2019 USA CU - E late 2019 flyby USA CuSP late 2019 flyby Japan EQUULEUS late 2019 flyby USA LunaH - Map late 2019 mapping hydrogen deposits USA Lunar Flashlight late 2019 searching for water ice deposits USA Lunar IceCube late 2019 searching for water ice deposits USA NEA Scout late 2019 flyby Japan OMOTENASHI late 2019 hard landing , measuring radiation USA SkyFire late 2019 flyby , remote sensing Japan SLIM 2021 pinpoint landing , roving Japan DESTINY+ 2022 flyby China Chang'e 6 2020s sample return Japan SELENE - 2 2020s orbiting , landing and roving USA EM - 2 2023 manned flight , lunar orbit Proposed but Full funding still unclear ( edit ) Proposed but full funding still unclear , lunar probe missions ( edit ) The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed : Country Name Launch due Nature of mission ( Private ) SpaceIL 2018 hopping ( Private ) Synergy Moon 2018 ( Private ) TeamIndus 2018 landing and roving ( Private ) Hakuto 2018 roving Russia Luna - Glob ( Luna 25 , Luna 26 , Luna 27 ) 2025 + North Korea Moon mission 2026 or before South Korea Moon Orbiter 2020 South Korea Moon Lander 2025 UK Lunar Mission One 2024 USA South Pole Aitken Basin Sample Return May compete in New Frontiers program NF5 selection USA Resource Prospector 2020s Rover for in - situ resource utilization demonstration Proposed but Full funding still unclear , crewed lunar missions ( edit ) Country Name Proposed launch date Nature of proposed mission Russia Luna - Glob 2028 Manned lunar orbiter ; proposed by Roscosmos Russia Luna - Glob 2030 Manned lunar landing ; proposed by Roscosmos Japan JAXA 2030 Manned moon landing ; proposed by JAXA . China CLEP 2036 Manned moon landing ; proposed by CNSA . Russia Lunnyj Poligon 2037 Completion of robotic lunar base ; proposed by Roscosmos ( Note : Launch dates are aspirational and may change drastically as the planning and preparation progresses . ) Cancelled or indefinitely postponed ( edit ) Country Name Launch due Japan Lunar - A Integrated into Russia 's Luna - Glob 1 mission Germany LEO 2012 Mission postponed indefinitely due to budgetary constraints UK MoonLITE 2014 USA Constellation program 2020 Mission cancelled by Congress Europe Lunar Lander 2018 Cancelled in 2012 USA MoonRise 2018 Not funded by NASA in 2011 funding competition , may be re-competed in NF4 or NF5 selections ( Private ) DSE - Alpha 2018 Mission to transport the first space tourists to fly around the Moon using Soyuz ; proposed by Space Adventures ( 2005 ) . ( Private ) SpaceX Moon Mission Late 2018 Two private citizens on a lunar fly - by . The plan to use a Falcon Heavy for this was abandoned in February 2018 , immediately before the first Falcon Heavy test launch , in favour of a possible mission on the successor Big Falcon Rocket . See also ( edit ) List of lunar probes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Imaging was primary objective . Jump up ^ McDowell , Jonathan . `` Launch Log '' . Jonathan 's Space Page . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Krebs , Gunter . `` Interplanetary Probes '' . Gunter 's Space Page . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1958 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer 0 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Luna E-1 '' . Encyclopedia Astronautica . Archived from the original on 22 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer 1 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer 2 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer 3 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1959 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 1 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer 4 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 2 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 3 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer P - 3 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1960 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer P - 30 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneer P - 31 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1962 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger 3 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger 4 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger 5 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sputnik 25 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1963 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 4 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1964 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 41 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 4 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger 7 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1965 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger 8 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmos 60 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ranger 9 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 5 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 6 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zond 3 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 7 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 8 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 9 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1966 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmos 111 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 10 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Surveyor 1 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Explorer 33 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Orbiter 1 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 11 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Surveyor 2 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 12 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Orbiter 2 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 13 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Orbiter 3 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1967 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 47 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Surveyor 3 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Surveyor Lunar Spacecraft '' . Boeing . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Orbiter 4 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Surveyor 4 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Explorer 35 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ McDowell , Jonathan . `` Satellite Catalog '' . Jonathan 's Space Page . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Orbiter 5 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Surveyor 5 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Surveyor 6 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Surveyor 7 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 26 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1968 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 69 -- 72 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 14 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zond 5 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zond 6 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 8 '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 8 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1969 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 73 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , Asif A. ( 2002 ) . `` 1976 '' . Deep Space Chronicle : A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958 - 2000 ( PDF ) . Monographs in Aerospace History , No. 24 . NASA History Office . pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 24 '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese probe crashes into Moon '' . BBC . 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 月周回衛星「かぐや ( SELENE ) 」 - SELENE 通信 - お知らせ '' ( in Japanese ) . JAXA. 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan discovers water on moon '' . NDTV. 24 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` China 's Moon orbiter Chang'e - 2 travels 1.5 km into outer space '' . The Economic Times . 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chang'e 2 : The Full Story '' . The Planetary Society . 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gold , Scott ( 11 September 2011 ) . `` After delay , GRAIL moon mission launches '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Harwood , William . `` NASA launches GRAIL lunar probes '' . CBS News . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tariq Malik ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` New NASA Spacecraft to Probe Moon Dust '' . Space.com . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Tariq Malik ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` New NASA Spacecraft to Probe Moon Dust '' . Space.com . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Blau , Patrick . `` GRAIL Mission Design and Timeline '' . Spaceflight 101 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Prasad , S. ( 23 January 2016 ) . `` Chandrayaan - 2 launch likely by 2018 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan II may be delayed , says ISRO Chief '' . Space Travel . 12 Sep 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rogozin presses Russian lunar base , Chandrayaan - 2 delayed by Proton and Phobos - Grunt investigations '' . Lunar Networks . 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Hennigan , W.J. ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` MoonEx aims to scour moon for rare materials '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . MoonEx 's machines are designed to look for materials that are scarce on Earth but found in everything from a Toyota Prius car battery to guidance systems on cruise missiles ... The company is among several teams hoping to someday win the Google Lunar X Prize competition , a $30 - million race to the Moon in which a privately - funded team must successfully place a robot on the Moon 's surface and have it explore at least 1 / 3 of a mile . It also must transmit high definition video and images back to Earth before 2016 ... should be ready to land on the lunar surface by 2013 Jump up ^ `` TESS Launch '' . tess.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trajectory Design Enhancements to Mitigate Risk for the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite ( TESS ) '' ( PDF ) . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Emily Lakdawalla ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Updates on China 's lunar missions '' . The Planetary Society . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Nowakowski , Tomasz ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` China Eyes Manned Lunar Landing by 2036 '' . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graduating from the Google Lunar X Prize '' . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PTScientists ' Mission to the Moon ' to take care not to harm Apollo 17 landing site collectSPACE '' . collectSPACE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Clark , Stephen ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` NASA confirms first flight of Space Launch System will slip to 2019 '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ NASAspaceFlight.com NASA em - 1 uncrewed costs main reason 12 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` BioSentinel '' ( PDF ) . 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The CuSP interplanetary CubeSat mission '' ( PDF ) . 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Near Earth Asteroid Scout '' ( PDF ) . 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Partners Provide Science Satellites for America 's Space Launch System Maiden Flight '' . NASA . 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayashi , Kimiyo ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` 世界最大のロケット SLS が運ぶ、世界最小の月着陸機 -- JAXA 「 OMOTENASHI 」とは '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 小型探査機による高精度月面着陸の技術実証 ( SLIM ) について '' ( PDF ) ( in Japanese ) . 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 天文衛星「ひとみ」代替機と月面着陸機、 H2A で相乗り - JAXA '' . Nikkan Kogyo Shimbun ( in Japanese ) . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 ... 2020 年度に国際プロジェクトとして打ち上げ予定の X 線天文衛星代替機を搭載した国産ロケット「 H2A 」に月面着陸機「 SLIM ( スリム ) 」を相乗りさせる計画を示した. ... ' Jump up ^ `` Small lunar - lander `` SLIM '' for the pinpoint landing technology demonstration '' ( PDF ) . 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The tiny rover payload in SLIM mission '' ( PDF ) . 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Japan to attempt unmanned lunar landing in 2018 Jump up ^ Toyota , Hiroyuki ; Nishiyama , Kazutaka ; Kawakatsu , Yasuhiro ( 15 August 2017 ) . `` DESTINY+ : Deep Space Exploration Technology Demonstrator and Explorer to Asteroid 3200 Phaethon '' ( PDF ) . Low - Cost Planetary Missions Conference . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` China Plans 2017 Lunar Sample - Return Mission '' . Aviationweek. 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ http://spacenews.com/nasa-tests-lunar-rover-prototype-with-eye-toward-flying-real-thing/ Jump up ^ http://www.asianscientist.com/2012/07/topnews/japan-announces-selene-2-lunar-mission-2017/ Jump up ^ BBC , accessed 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The First Privately Funded Lunar Mission Is Set to Launch in 2017 '' . Jump up ^ Lele , Ajey ( 2013 ) . Asian Space Race : Rhetoric Or Reality . Springer . pp. 70 -- 72 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 322 - 0732 - 0 . North Korea has also announced its intentions to undertake manned and Moon missions in the future . Nonetheless , the current status of their space programme indicates that they would have to overcome many hurdles to reach that level of technology sophistication . Jump up ^ Talmadge , Eric ( 4 August 2016 ) . `` AP Exclusive : North Korea hopes to plant flag on the moon '' . The Big Story . Associated Press . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , Jack ( 20 November 2007 ) . `` South Korea eyes moon orbiter in 2020 , landing 2025 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Pak , Han - pyol ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` 핵 전지 실은 한국형 로버 ... 지구 서 우주 인터넷 통해 조종 '' . 중앙 일보 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK ' to lead moon landing ' funded by public contributions '' . BBC News . 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Mission One : A New Lunar Mission for Everyone '' . British Interplanetary Society . 19 November 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://www.nasa.gov/resource-prospector Jump up ^ https://ti.arc.nasa.gov/news/RP-AES-Innovation-Award/ Jump up ^ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2016/07/19/2003651332 ^ Jump up to : `` Russia Plans to Colonize Moon by 2030 , Newspaper Reports '' . The Moscow Times . 8 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Dominic Basulto ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` Why it matters that Japan is going to the moon '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` China considering manned lunar landing in 2025 -- 2030 '' . Jump up ^ `` Moon may light man 's future '' . China Daily . 15 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` China has no timetable for manned moon landing : chief scientist '' . Xin Hua News . 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Moon mission in jeopardy '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 15 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . `` Luna - Glob '' . Gunter 's Space Page . 6 November 2008 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Just watch . Do n't Touch . Moon Mission busted '' ( in German ) . n - tv. 12 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Craig Brown ( 11 January 2007 ) . `` British scientists shoot for the moon '' . Edinburgh : The Scotsman . Retrieved 24 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Pallab Ghosh ( 10 January 2007 ) . `` Britain plans first Moon mission '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ NASA 's 2011 Budget Should Allow Flexibility Despite Cuts , Space.com , 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Bérengère Houdou ; James Carpenter ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` The MoonNEXT Mission '' ( PDF ) . LEAG - ILEWG - SRR . ESA / ESTEC , The Netherlands . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fly us to the Moon ... south pole to be precise '' . ESA news . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ILN '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Is Space Adventures Sending Customers Around the Moon ? '' . Jump up ^ Belfiore , Michael ( 2007 ) . Rocketeers : how a visionary band of business leaders , engineers , and pilots is boldly privatizing space . New York : Smithsonian Books . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 114903 - 0 . the ... Russian space program cut a deal with Florida - based Space Adventures to send two tourists and a professional cosmonaut on a flyby mission around the Moon . The major hardware for the mission already exists ; all that 's needed now is to find two people willing and able to pony up $100 million each to pay for it . Jump up ^ Whittington , Mark ( 29 January 2011 ) . `` Space Adventures Closer to Private ' Round the Moon Voyage '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Mission Details '' . Space Adventures . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Shanklin , Emily ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` SpaceX to Send Privately Crewed Dragon Spacecraft Beyond the Moon Next Year '' . SpaceX . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Foust ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` SpaceX no longer planning crewed missions on Falcon Heavy '' . Space News . Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion EM - 1 ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 ) Luna 26 ( 2021 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) TESS ( 2018 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2019 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna Resource Prospector SELENE - R SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Manned missions in italics . Lunar rovers Past Lunokhod Lunokhod 0 ( 1A ) ( 1969 , failed at start ) Lunokhod 1 ( 1970 ) Lunokhod 2 ( 1973 ) Lunokhod 3 ( 1977 , cancelled ) Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle Apollo 15 ( 1971 ) Apollo 16 ( 1972 ) Apollo 17 ( 1972 ) CLEP Yutu ( 2013 -- 15 ) Planned Chandrayaan - 2 rover ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 rover ( 2018 ) Andy ( Astrobotic Technology ) / Sorato / Uni ( AngelicvM ) ( 2019 ) ALINA ( PTScientists ) ( 2019 ) SLIM rover ( 2021 ) SELENE - R rover ( 2022 ) Proposed ATHLETE ECA ( TeamIndus ) Luna - Grunt rover Resource Prospector Scarab Space Exploration Vehicle Related Tank on the Moon ( 2007 documentary ) List of missions to the Moon Mars rover Rover ( space exploration ) Manned lunar spacecraft Orbiters Retired Apollo Command / Service Module Cancelled LK - 1 / LK - 700 ( VA ) Zond ( Soyuz 7K - L1 ) LOK ( Soyuz 7K - L3 ) Future Orion Federation Landers Retired Apollo Lunar Module Cancelled Lunniy Korabl Altair See also Moon landing conspiracy theories List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Space missions by destination Planets Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Others The Moon lunar probes Dwarf and minor planets Comets 21st - century space probes Active space probes Moon ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Mars ExoMars TGO Mangalyaan Mars Express 2001 Mars Odyssey MAVEN MER Opportunity MRO MSL Curiosity Minor planets Chang'e 2 Dawn Hayabusa2 / MASCOT New Horizons OSIRIS - REx PROCYON Solar science ACE DSCOVR SDO SOHO STEREO WIND Others Akatsuki Gaia IKAROS Juno THEMIS Voyager 1 Voyager 2 Completed after 2000 by termination date NEAR Shoemaker Deep Space 1 2003 Pioneer 10 Galileo Nozomi Genesis 2005 Huygens 2006 Mars Global Surveyor 2008 Phoenix 2009 Chang'e 1 Ulysses Chandrayaan - 1 SELENE LCROSS Hayabusa MER Spirit 2011 Stardust 2012 GRAIL 2013 Deep Impact 2014 LADEE Venus Express Chang'e 5 - T1 2015 MESSENGER Chang'e 3 / Yutu 2016 Rosetta / Philae ExoMars Schiaparelli 2017 LISA Pathfinder Cassini List of Solar System probes List of missions to the Moon List of space telescopes The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Orbital elements Distance Perigee & apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface & features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Phases & names New Full Names Crescent Super & micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Psychology Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Spaceflight lists and timelines Timeline of spaceflight General Space exploration outline timeline Spaceflight records Space Race Asian Space Race Rocket and missile technology Human spaceflight General Manned spacecraft timeline Spaceflights 1961 -- 70 1971 -- 80 1981 -- 90 1991 -- 2000 2001 -- 10 2011 -- present by program Soviet Russian Vostok Soyuz Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Shenzhou Spacelab Salyut Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Mir Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors ISS Expeditions Spaceflights manned unmanned Spacewalks Visitors Shuttle Crews Missions timeline Rollbacks People Astronauts by name by year of selection by first flight Apollo Gemini Chinese European Cosmonauts female Jewish Muslim Arab African - American Space travelers by name Space travelers by nationality timeline EVA 1965 -- 1999 2000 -- 2014 2015 -- present Cumulative spacewalk records Spacewalkers Solar System exploration Timeline Interplanetary voyages Landings on other planets artificial objects Objects at Lagrangian points Probes active leaving the Solar System lunar probes Missions to the Moon Timeline of satellites Sample - return mission Mars Earth - orbiting satellites Climate research Communications satellite firsts CubeSats PocketQube Earth observation satellites timeline Geosynchronous orbit GOES Kosmos Magnetospheric NRO TDRS USA Vehicles Orbital launch systems Comparison Sounding rockets Spacecraft unmanned manned Upper stages Launches by rocket type Ariane Atlas Black Brant Falcon 9 and Heavy H-I and H - II Long March Proton PSLV R - 7 ( including Semyorka , Molniya , Vostok , Voskhod and Soyuz ) Scout Thor and Delta Titan V - 2 tests Zenit Launches by spaceport Satish Dhawan Agencies , companies and facilities Communications satellite companies comparison Private spaceflight companies Rocket launch sites Space agencies Spacecraft manufacturers Other mission lists and timelines First orbital launches by country NASA missions Constellation missions Timeline of private spaceflight Timeline of longest spaceflights Future spaceflights Crewed 2018 Soyuz MS - 09 ( 6 June ) Soyuz MS - 10 ( 14 September ) Soyuz MS - 11 ( 15 November ) Starliner DM2 ( November ) SpX - DM2 ( December ) New Shepard 2019 Soyuz MS - 12 ( 7 March ) Soyuz MS - 13 ( May ) Soyuz MS - 14 ( September ) Soyuz MS - 15 ( November ) Shenzhou 12 2020 + Orion EM - 2 / Power and Propulsion Element ( 2023 ) Orion EM - 3 / Cislunar Habitation Module ( 2023 + ) SpaceX crewed BFR ( 2024 for 1st Mars departure ) Robotic 2018 ADM - Aeolus ( September ) BepiColombo ( October ) Boe - OFT ( 27 August ) Chandrayaan - 2 Chang'e 4 CHEOPS Cygnus CRS OA - 9E ( 1 May ) Cygnus CRS OA - 10E ( 8 November ) Energia - 100 Es'hail 2 GiSAT - 1 GOSAT - 2 / KhalifaSat / Diwata - 2 B / PROITERES - 2 / Stars - AO / AUTcube2 GSAT - 7A GSAT - 11 GSAT - 20 GSAT - 29 Horizons - 3e HYLAS - 4 ICESat - 2 ICON ( 13 June ) InSight / MarCO ( 5 May ) IRNSS - 1L Kounotori 7 ( 16 August ) LightSail 2 Nauka / European Robotic Arm ( Mid-2018 ) Parker Solar Probe ( 31 July ) PRISMA Progress MS - 09 ( 13 June ) Progress MS - 10 ( 11 October ) SELENE - 2 Sentinel - 3 B SES - 12 Small Demonstration Satellite - 1 / MicroDragon / RISESAT / ALE / OrigamiSat - 1 / AOBA - VELOX - IV / NEXUS SpaceX CRS - 14 ( 2 April ) SpaceX CRS - 15 ( 9 June ) SpaceX CRS - 16 ( 16 November ) SpX - DM1 ( August ) Superbird - 8 ( 5 April ) TESS ( 16 April ) TeamIndus / Hakuto WGS - 10 2019 Chang'e 5 Cygnus CRS OA - 11 ( April ) EarthCARE ( August ) Ingenio JCSAT - 17 JCSAT - 18 JDRS Kounotori 8 ( July ) Luna 25 MX - 1E Orion EM - 1 Lunar Flashlight NEA Scout BioSentinel SkyFire Lunar IceCube CuSP LunaH - Map EQUULEUS OMOTENASHI ArgoMoon Cislunar Explorers CU - E Team Miles Peregrine PTScientists Prichal / Uzlovoy ( 14 November ) Progress MS - 11 ( 6 February ) Progress MS - 12 Solar Orbiter ( February ) SpaceX CRS - 17 ( February ) SpaceX CRS - 18 ( May ) SpaceX CRS - 19 ( October ) Spektr - RG TARANIS 2020 ALOS - 3 ALOS - 4 AFSPC - 8 AFSPC - 12 B330 Chang'e 6 DART ( December ) Dream Chaser Euclid ExoMars rover / surface platform ( July ) Hope Mars Mission ( July ) Inmarsat - 6 F1 James Webb Space Telescope Kounotori 9 KPLO Landsat 9 ( December ) Mars 2020 Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover Mars Terahertz Microsatellite ( July ) NISAR QZS - 1R SES - 17 Space Complex Alpha Tianhe - 1 2021 Aditya - L1 HTV - X1 IXPE Lucy Luna 26 Spektr - UV XARM / SLIM ( March ) 2022 + Mars Orbiter Mission 2 ( 2021 -- 2022 ) MetOp - SG ( 2021 -- 2022 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) FLEX ( 2022 ) Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer ( 2022 ) SpaceX cargo BFR ( 2022 for 1st Mars departure ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Mars 2022 orbiter ( 2022 ) Psyche ( 2022 ) Chinese large modular space station ( 2022 ) Indian Venusian orbiter mission ( 2023 ) QZS - 5 ( 2023 ) QZS - 6 ( 2023 ) QZS - 7 ( 2023 ) GOES - U ( 2024 ) MMX ( 2024 ) Europa Clipper ( 2025 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) PLATO ( 2026 ) Europa Lander ( 2026 + ) Venera - D ( 2026 + ) WFIRST ( mid-2020s ) ARIEL ( 2028 ) ATHENA ( 2028 ) LISA ( 2034 ) Uns KiwiSAT Nano - JASMINE Recently launched GOES - S ( 1 March ) Hispasat 30W - 6 / PODSAT ( 6 March ) O3b F4 ( 9 March ) LKW - 4 ( 17 March ) Soyuz MS - 08 ( 21 March ) GSAT - 6A ( 29 March ) List of proposed missions to the Moon List of proposed space observatories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_missions_to_the_Moon&oldid=831017322 '' Categories : Exploration of the Moon Missions to the Moon Proposed spacecraft Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles to be merged from October 2016 All articles to be merged Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی हिन्दी Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands Polski Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 07 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many missions to the moon failed before luna 2 succeeded	[]	[]
553874906786345667	Isle of Dogs (film)	Isle of Dogs ( film ) - wikipedia Isle of Dogs ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Isle of Dogs ( disambiguation ) . Isle of Dogs Theatrical release poster Directed by Wes Anderson Produced by Wes Anderson Scott Rudin Steven Rales Jeremy Dawson Screenplay by Wes Anderson Story by Wes Anderson Roman Coppola Jason Schwartzman Kunichi Nomura Starring Bryan Cranston Edward Norton Bill Murray Jeff Goldblum Bob Balaban Kunichi Nomura Ken Watanabe Greta Gerwig Frances McDormand Fisher Stevens Nijiro Murakami Harvey Keitel Koyu Rankin Liev Schreiber Scarlett Johansson Tilda Swinton Akira Ito Akira Takayama F. Murray Abraham Yojiro Noda Mari Natsuki Yoko Ono Frank Wood Narrated by Courtney B. Vance Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Tristan Oliver Edited by Ralph Foster Edward Bursch Production company Indian Paintbrush American Empirical Pictures Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date February 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 15 ) ( Berlinale ) March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) ( United States ) May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Germany ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Germany Language English Japanese Box office $57.6 million Isle of Dogs ( 犬ヶ島 , Inugashima ) is a 2018 stop - motion animated film written , produced and directed by Wes Anderson . Set in a dystopian near - future Japan , the film follows a young boy who goes in search of his dog after the whole species is banished to an island after a canine - flu outbreak . The ensemble voice cast includes Bryan Cranston , Edward Norton , Bill Murray , Jeff Goldblum , Bob Balaban , Greta Gerwig , Frances McDormand , Courtney B. Vance , Fisher Stevens , Harvey Keitel , Liev Schreiber , Scarlett Johansson , Tilda Swinton , F. Murray Abraham , Frank Wood , Kunichi Nomura and Yoko Ono . A US - German co-production , Isle of Dogs was produced by Indian Paintbrush and Anderson 's own production company , American Empirical Pictures . The film opened the 68th Berlin International Film Festival , where Anderson was awarded the Silver Bear for Best Director . It was given a limited release in the United States on March 23 , 2018 , by Fox Searchlight Pictures , and went on wide release on April 13 . It has grossed $57 million worldwide , and received praise for its animation , story , and deadpan humor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Criticism 5.4 Accolades 6 Soundtrack 6.1 Track listing 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In a dystopian near - future Japan , a dog - flu virus spreads throughout the canine population . Though one scientist , Professor Watanabe , is close to finding a cure , the authoritarian mayor of Megasaki City , Kobayashi , signs a decree banishing all dogs to Trash Island . The first exile is Spots , who belonged to Atari Kobayashi , the orphaned nephew and ward of the mayor . Six months later , Atari steals a plane and flies to Trash Island to search for Spots . After a crash - landing , he is rescued by a pack of dogs led by a black dog , Chief . They decide to help Atari locate Spots , although Chief , a former stray , is reluctant to fraternize with humans . They fend off a rescue team sent by Kobayashi to retrieve Atari . At the insistence of a female purebreed named Nutmeg , Chief reluctantly decides to accompany the group on their search . They seek advice from two sage dogs , Jupiter and Oracle , who warn them of cannibal dogs on an isolated part of the island . Professor Watanabe finds a cure , but is poisoned by Kobayashi . American exchange student Tracy Walker suspects a conspiracy and begins to investigate . She confronts Watanabe 's former colleague Yoko Ono , who confirms Tracy 's suspicions and gives her the last dose of the cure . During the journey , Atari and Chief are separated from the others . Atari bathes Chief , revealing that his coat is actually white . Noticing the similarity between Chief and Spots , Atari realizes that Chief is of Spots ' breed , which is extremely rare . Chief recalls being part of a litter where all but one of his siblings died . He begins to bond with Atari as they continue their journey . They rejoin the group and locate the cannibal tribe , but are ambushed by Kobayashi 's men . Spots arrives with an army of dogs who fend off the assailants . He reveals that he was rescued by the cannibal tribe and became their leader . Spots also confirms that Chief is his brother and asks to transfer his protection duties for Atari to Chief , to which both agree . An owl brings word that Kobayashi plans to order total extermination of all dogs on Trash Island . At Kobayashi 's election ceremony , Kobayashi prepares to give the order , but Tracy presents her evidence of his corruption . Atari and the dogs also arrive and confirm the cure works . Kobayashi has a change of heart , but his right - hand man Major Domo insists on triggering the extermination . A fight ensues in which the `` execute '' button is pressed , but he poison backfires on the captors , thanks to Tracy 's hacker friend . During the fight , Atari and Spots are gravely injured . Atari 's only remaining kidney fails , but Kobayashi , admitting his mistakes , donates his own to save him . By election law , mayorship of the city falls to Atari and he decrees that dogs be allowed to reintegrate into society . Tracy and Atari become a couple , and Chief reunites with Nutmeg and takes up the role of bodyguard for Atari . Presumed dead , Spots recovers and secretly raises his litter under the Kobayashi Manor . Cast ( edit ) Bryan Cranston as Chief Koyu Rankin as Atari Kobayashi Edward Norton as Rex Bob Balaban as King Bill Murray as Boss Jeff Goldblum as Duke Kunichi Nomura as Mayor Kobayashi Akira Takayama as Major Domo Greta Gerwig as Tracy Walker Frances McDormand as Interpreter Nelson Akira Ito as Professor Watanabe Scarlett Johansson as Nutmeg Harvey Keitel as Gondo F. Murray Abraham as Jupiter Yoko Ono as Assistant Scientist Yoko Ono Tilda Swinton as Oracle Ken Watanabe as Head Surgeon Mari Natsuki as Auntie Fisher Stevens as Scrap Nijiro Murakami as Editor Hiroshi Liev Schreiber as Spots Courtney B. Vance as the narrator Yojiro Noda as News Anchor Frank Wood as Simul - Translate Machine Roman Coppola as Igor Anjelica Huston as Mute Poodle Kara Hayward as Peppermint Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Isle of Dogs press conference at the 68th Berlin International Film Festival , February 2018 In October 2015 , Anderson , who had previously directed the animated film Fantastic Mr. Fox , announced he would be returning to the genre with `` a film about dogs '' starring Edward Norton , Bryan Cranston and Bob Balaban . Anderson has said that he was inspired by seeing a road sign for the Isle of Dogs in England while Fantastic Mr. Fox was in development . Anderson said that the film was strongly influenced by the films of Akira Kurosawa , as well as the stop - motion animated holiday specials made by Rankin / Bass Productions . Filming ( edit ) Production began in October 2016 at the 3 Mills Studios in East London . Release ( edit ) On December 23 , 2016 , Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film , with plans for a 2018 release . A trailer was released on September 21 , 2017 . The film premiered as the opening film of the 68th Berlin International Film Festival on February 11 , 2018 , and had its North American premiere as the closing film of the SXSW Film Festival in Austin , Texas , on March 17 , 2018 . Isle of Dogs began a limited release in the U.S. on March 23 , 2018 . It was released nationwide in the United States on April 13 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of May 28 , 2018 , Isle of Dogs has grossed $31.2 million in the United States and Canada , and $26.4 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $57.6 million . In its first weekend of limited release , the film made $1.57 million from 27 theaters ( an average of $58,148 per venue ) , which is the highest screen average of 2018 thus far . 60 % of its audience was under the age of 30 . In its second weekend the film made $2.8 million from 165 theaters ( an increase of 74 % ) , finishing 11th . The film entered the top 10 in its third weekend , making $4.6 million from 554 theaters . The film expanded to 1,939 theaters the following week and made $5 million , finishing 7th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 89 % based on 255 reviews , and an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The beautifully stop - motion animated Isle of Dogs finds Wes Anderson at his detail - oriented best while telling one of the director 's most winsomely charming stories . '' On Metacritic , which assigns normalized ratings to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 82 out of 100 , based on 54 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an overall positive score of 88 % . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , praising it for taking risks , and saying : `` It 's smart and different and sometimes deliberately odd and really funny -- rarely in a laugh - out - loud way , more in a smile - and - nod - I - get - the - joke kind of way . '' Exclaim ! gave the film 7 out of 10 , saying it `` has all the hallmarks of another Wes Anderson classic . '' Criticism ( edit ) Some critics have argued that the film is an example of racial stereotyping and cultural appropriation , and that one of its characters aligns with the trope of the `` white savior '' . The Japanese characters speak unsubtitled Japanese , with their dialogue instead being translated by an interpreter or a machine . Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote `` It 's in the director 's handling of the story 's human factor that his sensitivity falters , and the weakness for racial stereotyping that has sometimes marred his work comes to the fore ... Much of the Japanese dialogue has been pared down to simple statements that non-speakers can figure out based on context and facial expressions '' . Angie Han , writing in Mashable , calls the American exchange student character Tracy a `` classic example of the ' white savior ' archetype -- the well - meaning white hero who arrives in a foreign land and saves its people from themselves '' . While this critique has created some furore on the film 's release , Chang has said that his review had been taken out of context and turned into a `` battle cry '' on Twitter , adding , `` I was n't offended ; nor was I looking to be offended '' . Another Japanese - American perspective was provided by Emily Yoshida , writing in New York magazine , that these concerns had been `` seen before in debates about Asian culture as reflected by Western culture -- perspectives can vary wildly between Asian - Americans and immigrated Asians , and what feels like tribute to some feels like opportunism to others '' . Writing for BuzzFeed , Alison Willmore found `` no overt malicious intent to Isle of Dogs ' cultural tourism , but it 's marked by a hodgepodge of references that an American like Anderson might cough up if pressed to free associate about Japan -- taiko drummers , anime , Hokusai , sumo , kabuki , haiku , cherry blossoms , and a mushroom cloud ( ! ) . ( ... ) This all has more to do with the ... insides of Anderson 's brain than it does any actual place . It 's Japan purely as an aesthetic -- and another piece of art that treats the East not as a living , breathing half of the planet but as a mirror for the Western imagination '' . She continued , `` in the wake of Isle of Dogs ' opening weekend , there were multiple headlines wondering whether the film was an act of appropriation or homage . But the question is rhetorical -- the two are n't mutually exclusive , and the former is not automatically off the table just because the creator 's intent was the latter '' . Conversely , Moeko Fujii wrote a favorable review for The New Yorker , complimenting the film 's depiction of the Japanese and their culture , as well as pointing out that language is the key theme of the movie . Fujii wrote , Anderson 's decision not to subtitle the Japanese speakers struck me as a carefully considered artistic choice . Isle of Dogs is profoundly interested in the humor and fallibility of translation ... This is the beating heart of the film : there is no such thing as `` true '' translation . Everything is interpreted . Translation is malleable and implicated , always , by systems of power ... ( the film ) shows the seams of translation , and demarcates a space that is accessible -- and funny -- only to Japanese viewers . Fujii also deconstructed the criticisms of the character of Tracy Walker being a `` white savior , '' and how this relates to the film 's language theme , writing , At a climactic moment , the movie rejects the notion of universal legibility , placing the onus of interpretation solely upon the American audience ... This is a sly subversion , in which the Japanese evince an agency independent of foreign validation . Indeed , to say that the scene dehumanizes the Japanese is to assume the primacy of an English - speaking audience . Such logic replicates the very tyranny of language that Isle of Dogs attempts to erode . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Ref Berlin International Film Festival 15 -- 25 February 2018 Silver Bear for Best Director Wes Anderson Won SXSW Film Festival Audience Awards 17 - 19 March 2018 Headliners Won Soundtrack ( edit ) Isle of Dogs : Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat Released March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Studio Air Studios , London , UK Genre Soundtrack Label ABKCO 18771849322 Producer Wes Anderson Randall Poster Wes Anderson film soundtrack chronology The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel 2014 Isle of Dogs ( 2018 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Backseat Mafia 7.5 / 10 Drowned in Sound 7 / 10 Pitchfork 7.3 / 10 The film 's score was composed by Alexandre Desplat , who had previously worked with Anderson on Fantastic Mr. Fox , Moonrise Kingdom , and The Grand Budapest Hotel . The soundtrack also features various original and selected songs from a variety of musicians , mainly from Japan . Some songs had origins in classic Japanese cinema such as the Akira Kurosawa films Drunken Angel ( 1948 ) and Seven Samurai ( 1954 ) . The soundtrack comprises 22 tracks in total , 15 of which were composed by Desplat . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written and performed by Alexandre Desplat , except where noted . No . Title Length 1 . `` Shinto Shrine '' 1 : 56 2 . `` Taiko Drumming '' ( written and performed by Kaoru Watanabe ) 0 : 50 3 . `` The Municipal Dome '' 2 : 29 4 . `` Six Months Later + Dog Fight '' 2 : 05 5 . `` The Hero Pack '' 1 : 08 6 . `` First Crash - Landing '' 0 : 56 7 . `` Kanbei & Katsushiro -- Kikuchiyo 's Mambo '' ( from Seven Samurai ) ( written by Fumio Hayasaka , performed by Toho Symphony Orchestra ) 0 : 52 8 . `` Second Crash - Landing + Bath House + Beach Attack '' 4 : 07 9 . `` Nutmeg '' 0 : 48 10 . `` Kosame No Oka '' ( from Drunken Angel ) ( written by Hachirō Satō and Ryōichi Hattori , performed by David Mansfield ) 1 : 06 11 . `` I Wo n't Hurt You '' ( written by Michael Lloyd , Shaun Harris and Bob Markley , performed by The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band ) 2 : 23 12 . `` Toshiro '' 1 : 07 13 . `` Jupiter and Oracle + Aboriginal Dogs '' 2 : 05 14 . `` Sushi Scene '' 1 : 41 15 . `` Midnight Sleighride '' ( from Lieutenant Kijé Suite ) ( written by Sergei Prokofiev , performed by Sauter - Finegan Orchestra ) 3 : 01 16 . `` Pagoda Slide '' 1 : 08 17 . `` First Bath of a Stray Dog '' 0 : 26 18 . `` TV Drumming '' ( written and performed by Watanabe ) 0 : 31 19 . `` Kobayashi Canine - Testing Laboratory '' 1 : 57 20 . `` Tokyo Shoe Shine Boy '' ( written by Seiichi Ida and Tasuku Sano , performed by Teruko Akatsuki ) 3 : 02 21 . `` Re-Election Night , Parts 1 - 3 '' 5 : 00 22 . `` End Titles '' 4 : 51 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Isle of Dogs ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British Council Film : Isle of Dogs '' . British Council . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Isle Of Dogs ' : Berlin Review '' . Screen Daily . Screen International . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Isle of Dogs ( 2018 ) '' . BFI . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Isle of Dogs ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Isle of Dogs '' . Berlinale 68 . Berlinale . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Isle of Dogs official website '' . Fox Searchlight Pictures . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wes Anderson to Direct Stop - Motion Animated Film About Dogs '' . IGN UK . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Dan ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jeff Goldblum , Bryan Cranston , and More to Star in Wes Anderson 's Stop - Motion Animated Dog Movie '' . Nerdist . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perez , Rodrigo ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wes Anderson 's Next Movie Is A Stop - Motion Animated Film About Dogs ; May Also Do An Anthology Movie '' . The Playlist . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EP. 70 - GARTH JENNINGS & WES ANDERSON - Adam Buxton '' . adam-buxton.co.uk . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zach ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Wes Anderson 's ' Isle of Dogs ' is Inspired By Akira Kurosawa and Christmas Television Specials '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wes Anderson Confirms His Stop - Motion Animated Dog Movie Is In Production '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Britt ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wes Anderson Is Currently Filming His New Stop - Motion Animated Movie About Dogs '' . Screen Crush . Townsquare Media . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Dogs '' . 3 Mills Studios . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Searchlight Takes World Rights On Wes Anderson 's ' Isle Of Dogs ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grater , Tom ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Fox Searchlight takes world rights to Wes Anderson 's ' Isle Of Dogs ' '' . Screen Daily . Screen International . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ISLE OF DOGS Official Trailer FOX Searchlight on YouTube . Retrieved on April 19 , 2018 Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW : Wes Anderson 's ' Isle of Dogs ' to Close Festival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Wes Anderson 's ' Isle of Dogs ' Gets Release Date , Poster ( Photo ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Wes Anderson 's ' Isle of Dogs ' Prances to Top Screen Average of 2018 '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Wes Anderson Returns With ' Isle Of Dogs ' ; Stanley Tucci Back With ' Final Portrait ' -- Specialty B.O. Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ James ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATE : Isle of Dogs is getting a wide release in the coming weeks '' . Animated Views . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Screams To $50 M+ Opening ; ' Blockers ' Breaks Through To $21 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $34 M+ No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Dogs ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Isle of Dogs Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson Ape Movie ' Rampage ' Grabs $2.4 M In Thursday Previews '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Isle of Dogs ' : Wes Anderson finds beauty in exiled pups , sick but soulful '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Tim ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Isle of Dogs '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clift , Tom ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Wes Anderson 's ' Isle Of Dogs ' Has Been Accused Of Cultural Appropriation '' . Junkee . Junkee Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clift , Tom ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Wes Anderson 's ' Isle Of Dogs ' Has Been Accused Of Cultural Appropriation '' . Junkee . Junkee Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Telegraph Reporters ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Wes Anderson 's Isle of Dogs sparks controversy over depiction of Japan '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Emily ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` What It 's Like to Watch Isle of Dogs As a Japanese Speaker '' . Vulture.com . New York Media , LLC . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Willmore , Alison ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Orientalism Is Alive And Well In American Cinema '' . BuzzFeed News . BuzzFeed . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fujii , Moeko ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` What Wes Anderson 's `` Isle Of Dogs '' Gets Right About Japan `` . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Meza , Ed ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Berlin Festival Awards : ' Touch Me Not ' Wins Golden Bear for Best Film '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Berlin Film Festival Winners : ' Touch Me Not ' Is Golden Bear ; Wes Anderson Takes Best Director For ' Isle Of Dogs ' -- Full List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Film Festival Announces Audience Award Winners '' . South by Southwest . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat -- Isle Of Dogs ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . Discogs . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Jon ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Album Review : Isle of Dogs -- Original Soundtrack '' . Backseat Mafia . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goggins , Joe ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Album Review : Various - Isle Of Dogs ( Original Soundtrack ) '' . Drowned in Sound . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Calum ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Various Artists : Isle of Dogs ( Original Soundtrack ) Album Review '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kate , Ben ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Wes Anderson releases Isle of Dogs soundtrack , featuring score from Alexandre Desplat : Stream '' . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isle of Dogs ( film ) . Official website Isle of Dogs on IMDb Isle of Dogs at AllMovie Isle of Dogs at Rotten Tomatoes Isle of Dogs at Metacritic Isle of Dogs at Box Office Mojo Wes Anderson Written and directed Feature films Bottle Rocket ( 1996 ) Rushmore ( 1998 ) The Royal Tenenbaums ( 2001 ) The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou ( 2004 ) The Darjeeling Limited ( 2007 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Moonrise Kingdom ( 2012 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) Isle of Dogs ( 2018 ) Short films Hotel Chevalier ( 2007 ) Castello Cavalcanti ( 2013 ) Produced only The Squid and the Whale ( 2005 ) She 's Funny That Way ( 2014 ) Escapes ( 2017 ) Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird Annihilation Isle of Dogs Game Over , Man ! The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Eighth Grade Norway The Girl in the Spider 's Web Mid-90s Late Night 20th Century Fox Animation Feature films Fox Animation Studios Anastasia ( 1997 ) Bartok the Magnificent ( 1999 , direct - to - video ) Titan A.E. ( 2000 ) Other The Simpsons Movie ( 2007 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Television specials Olive , the Other Reindeer ( 1999 ) Short films The Longest Daycare ( 2012 ) Co-productions Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 - 2000 ) FernGully 2 : The Magical Rescue ( 1998 ) Isle of Dogs ( 2018 ) Related Fox Television Animation Blue Sky Studios 2010s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal Japan portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isle_of_Dogs_(film)&oldid=843582698 '' Categories : 2018 films 2018 animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films American adventure comedy films American animated films American films Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Animated films about dogs Animated films directed by Wes Anderson English - language films Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Scott Rudin Films set in Japan Japanese - language films Stop - motion animated films Screenplays by Wes Anderson Films produced by Wes Anderson Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Português Qırımtatarca Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 02 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does isle of dogs come out in canada	[]	[]
2457983619103065848	Covariance	Covariance - wikipedia Covariance Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the measure of linear relation between random variables . For other uses , see Covariance ( disambiguation ) . In probability theory and statistics , covariance is a measure of the joint variability of two random variables . If the greater values of one variable mainly correspond with the greater values of the other variable , and the same holds for the lesser values , ( i.e. , the variables tend to show similar behavior ) , the covariance is positive . In the opposite case , when the greater values of one variable mainly correspond to the lesser values of the other , ( i.e. , the variables tend to show opposite behavior ) , the covariance is negative . The sign of the covariance therefore shows the tendency in the linear relationship between the variables . The magnitude of the covariance is not easy to interpret because it is not normalized and hence depends on the magnitudes of the variables . The normalized version of the covariance , the correlation coefficient , however , shows by its magnitude the strength of the linear relation . A distinction must be made between ( 1 ) the covariance of two random variables , which is a population parameter that can be seen as a property of the joint probability distribution , and ( 2 ) the sample covariance , which in addition to serving as a descriptor of the sample , also serves as an estimated value of the population parameter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 1.1 Discrete variables 1.1. 1 Discrete random variable example 2 Properties 2.1 A more general identity for covariance matrices 2.2 Uncorrelatedness and independence 2.3 Relationship to inner products 3 Calculating the sample covariance 4 Comments 5 Applications 5.1 In genetics and molecular biology 5.2 In financial economics 5.3 In meteorological and oceanographic data assimilation 5.4 In micrometeorology 5.5 In feature extraction 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Definition ( edit ) The covariance between two jointly distributed real - valued random variables X and Y with finite second moments is defined as the expected product of their deviations from their individual expected values : cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = E ⁡ ( ( X − E ⁡ ( X ) ) ( Y − E ⁡ ( Y ) ) ) , ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) = \ operatorname ( E ) ( ( \ big ( ) ( X - \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) ( Y - \ operatorname ( E ) ( Y ) ) ( \ big ) ) ) , ) where E ( X ) is the expected value of X , also known as the mean of X . The covariance is also sometimes denoted σ or σ ( X , Y ) , in analogy to variance . By using the linearity property of expectations , this can be simplified to the expected value of their product minus the product of their expected values : cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = E ⁡ ( ( X − E ⁡ ( X ) ) ( Y − E ⁡ ( Y ) ) ) = E ⁡ ( X Y − X E ⁡ ( Y ) − E ⁡ ( X ) Y + E ⁡ ( X ) E ⁡ ( Y ) ) = E ⁡ ( X Y ) − E ⁡ ( X ) E ⁡ ( Y ) − E ⁡ ( X ) E ⁡ ( Y ) + E ⁡ ( X ) E ⁡ ( Y ) = E ⁡ ( X Y ) − E ⁡ ( X ) E ⁡ ( Y ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) & = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( \ left ( X - \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( X \ right ) \ right ) \ left ( Y - \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( Y \ right ) \ right ) \ right ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( XY - X \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( Y \ right ) - \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( X \ right ) Y+ \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( X \ right ) \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( Y \ right ) \ right ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( XY \ right ) - \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( X \ right ) \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( Y \ right ) - \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( X \ right ) \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( Y \ right ) + \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( X \ right ) \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( Y \ right ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( XY \ right ) - \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( X \ right ) \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( Y \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) However , when E ⁡ ( X Y ) ≈ E ⁡ ( X ) E ⁡ ( Y ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( XY ) \ approx \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) \ operatorname ( E ) ( Y ) ) , this last equation is prone to catastrophic cancellation when computed with floating point arithmetic and thus should be avoided in computer programs when the data has not been centered before . Numerically stable algorithms should be preferred in this case . For random vectors X ∈ R m ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( X ) \ in \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( m ) ) and Y ∈ R n ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( Y ) \ in \ mathbb ( R ) ^ ( n ) ) , the m × n cross covariance matrix is equal to cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = E ⁡ ( ( X − E ⁡ ( X ) ) ( Y − E ⁡ ( Y ) ) T ) = E ⁡ ( X Y T ) − E ⁡ ( X ) E ⁡ ( Y ) T , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( cov ) ( \ mathbf ( X ) , \ mathbf ( Y ) ) & = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( ( \ mathbf ( X ) - \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) ) ( \ mathbf ( Y ) - \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mathbf ( Y ) ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ right ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( \ mathbf ( X ) \ mathbf ( Y ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ right ) - \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mathbf ( Y ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) , \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where m is the transpose of the vector ( or matrix ) m . The ( i , j ) - th element of this matrix is equal to the covariance cov ( X , Y ) between the i - th scalar component of X and the j - th scalar component of Y . In particular , cov ( Y , X ) is the transpose of cov ( X , Y ) . For a vector X = ( X 1 X 2 ... X m ) T ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( X ) = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) X_ ( 1 ) &X_ ( 2 ) & \ dots &X_ ( m ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) of m jointly distributed random variables with finite second moments , its covariance matrix ( also known as the variance -- covariance matrix ) is defined as Σ ( X ) = cov ⁡ ( X , X ) . ( \ displaystyle \ Sigma ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) = \ operatorname ( cov ) ( \ mathbf ( X ) , \ mathbf ( X ) ) . ) Random variables whose covariance is zero are called uncorrelated . Similarly , random vectors whose covariance matrix is zero in every entry outside the main diagonal are also called uncorrelated . The units of measurement of the covariance cov ( X , Y ) are those of X times those of Y . By contrast , correlation coefficients , which depend on the covariance , are a dimensionless measure of linear dependence . ( In fact , correlation coefficients can simply be understood as a normalized version of covariance . ) Discrete variables ( edit ) If the random variable pair ( X , Y ) can take on the values ( x , y ) for i = 1 , ... , n , with equal probabilities 1 / n , then the covariance can be equivalently written in terms of the means E ( X ) ( \ displaystyle E ( X ) ) and E ( Y ) ( \ displaystyle E ( Y ) ) as cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = 1 n ∑ i = 1 n ( x i − E ( X ) ) ( y i − E ( Y ) ) . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( x_ ( i ) - E ( X ) ) ( y_ ( i ) - E ( Y ) ) . ) It can also be equivalently expressed , without directly referring to the means , as cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = 1 n 2 ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n 1 2 ( x i − x j ) ⋅ ( y i − y j ) = 1 n 2 ∑ i ∑ j > i ( x i − x j ) ⋅ ( y i − y j ) . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) \ sum _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( x_ ( i ) - x_ ( j ) ) \ cdot ( y_ ( i ) - y_ ( j ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( i ) \ sum _ ( j > i ) ( x_ ( i ) - x_ ( j ) ) \ cdot ( y_ ( i ) - y_ ( j ) ) . ) More generally , if there are n possible realizations of ( X , Y ) , namely ( x , y ) for i = 1 , ... , n , but with possibly unequal probabilities p , then the covariance is cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = ∑ i = 1 n p i ( x i − E ( X ) ) ( y i − E ( Y ) ) . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) p_ ( i ) ( x_ ( i ) - E ( X ) ) ( y_ ( i ) - E ( Y ) ) . ) Discrete random variable example ( edit ) Suppose that X and Y have the following joint probability mass function , in which the six central cells give the probabilities f ( x , y ) of the six hypothetical realizations ( x , y ) = ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) , and ( 2 , 3 ) : y f ( x , y ) f ( x ) 1 / 4 1 / 4 0 1 / 2 x 0 1 / 4 1 / 4 1 / 2 f ( y ) 1 / 4 1 / 2 1 / 4 X can take on two values ( 1 and 2 ) while Y can take on three ( 1 , 2 , and 3 ) . Their means are μ X = 3 / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( X ) = 3 / 2 ) and μ Y = 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ mu _ ( Y ) = 2 . ) The population standard deviations of X and Y are σ X = 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( X ) = 1 / 2 ) and σ Y = 1 / 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ sigma _ ( Y ) = ( \ sqrt ( 1 / 2 ) ) . ) Then : cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = σ X Y = ∑ ( x , y ) ∈ S f ( x , y ) ( x − μ X ) ( y − μ Y ) = ( 1 4 ) ( 1 − 3 2 ) ( 1 − 2 ) + ( 1 4 ) ( 1 − 3 2 ) ( 2 − 2 ) + ( 0 ) ( 1 − 3 2 ) ( 3 − 2 ) + ( 0 ) ( 2 − 3 2 ) ( 1 − 2 ) + ( 1 4 ) ( 2 − 3 2 ) ( 2 − 2 ) + ( 1 4 ) ( 2 − 3 2 ) ( 3 − 2 ) = 1 4 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) = \ sigma _ ( XY ) = \ sum _ ( ( x , y ) \ in S ) f ( x , y ) ( x - \ mu _ ( X ) ) ( y - \ mu _ ( Y ) ) \ \ = ( ) & \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( 1 - 2 ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( 2 - 2 ) \ \ & ( ) + ( 0 ) \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( 3 - 2 ) + ( 0 ) \ left ( 2 - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( 1 - 2 ) \ \ & ( ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) \ left ( 2 - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( 2 - 2 ) + \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ right ) \ left ( 2 - ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ( 3 - 2 ) \ \ = ( ) & ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Properties ( edit ) The variance is a special case of the covariance in which the two variables are identical ( that is , in which one variable always takes the same value as the other ) : cov ⁡ ( X , X ) = var ⁡ ( X ) ≡ σ 2 ( X ) ≡ σ X 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , X ) = \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) \ equiv \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( X ) \ equiv \ sigma _ ( X ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) If X , Y , W , and V are real - valued random variables and a , b , c , d are constant ( `` constant '' in this context means non-random ) , then the following facts are a consequence of the definition of covariance : cov ⁡ ( X , a ) = 0 cov ⁡ ( X , X ) = var ⁡ ( X ) cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = cov ⁡ ( Y , X ) cov ⁡ ( a X , b Y ) = a b cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) cov ⁡ ( X + a , Y + b ) = cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) cov ⁡ ( a X + b Y , c W + d V ) = a c cov ⁡ ( X , W ) + a d cov ⁡ ( X , V ) + b c cov ⁡ ( Y , W ) + b d cov ⁡ ( Y , V ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , a ) & = 0 \ \ \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , X ) & = \ operatorname ( var ) ( X ) \ \ \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) & = \ operatorname ( cov ) ( Y , X ) \ \ \ operatorname ( cov ) ( aX , bY ) & = ab \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) \ \ \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X + a , Y + b ) & = \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) \ \ \ operatorname ( cov ) ( aX + bY , cW + dV ) & = ac \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , W ) + ad \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , V ) + bc \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( Y , W ) + bd \ , \ operatorname ( cov ) ( Y , V ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For a sequence X , ... , X of random variables , and constants a , ... , a , we have σ 2 ( ∑ i = 1 n a i X i ) = ∑ i = 1 n a i 2 σ 2 ( X i ) + 2 ∑ i , j : i < j a i a j cov ⁡ ( X i , X j ) = ∑ i , j a i a j cov ⁡ ( X i , X j ) ( \ displaystyle \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) a_ ( i ) X_ ( i ) \ right ) = \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( n ) a_ ( i ) ^ ( 2 ) \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( X_ ( i ) ) + 2 \ sum _ ( i , j \ , : \ , i < j ) a_ ( i ) a_ ( j ) \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X_ ( i ) , X_ ( j ) ) = \ sum _ ( i , j ) ( a_ ( i ) a_ ( j ) \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X_ ( i ) , X_ ( j ) ) ) ) A useful identity to compute the covariance between two random variables X , Y ( \ displaystyle X , Y ) is the Hoeffding 's Covariance Identity : cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = ∫ R ∫ R F ( X , Y ) ( x , y ) − F X ( x ) F Y ( y ) d x d y ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) = \ int _ ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) \ int _ ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) F_ ( ( X , Y ) ) ( x , y ) - F_ ( X ) ( x ) F_ ( Y ) ( y ) \ , dx \ , dy ) where F ( X , Y ) ( x , y ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( ( X , Y ) ) ( x , y ) ) is the joint distribution function of the random vector ( X , Y ) ( \ displaystyle ( X , Y ) ) and F X ( x ) , F Y ( y ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( X ) ( x ) , F_ ( Y ) ( y ) ) are the marginals . A more general identity for covariance matrices ( edit ) Let X be a random vector with covariance matrix Σ ( X ) , and let A be a matrix that can act on X . The covariance matrix of the matrix - vector product AX is : Σ ( A X ) = E ⁡ ( A X X T A T ) − E ⁡ ( A X ) E ⁡ ( X T A T ) = A Σ ( X ) A T . ( \ displaystyle \ Sigma ( \ mathbf ( A ) \ mathbf ( X ) ) = \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) \ mathbf ( X ) \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) - \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mathbf ( A ) \ mathbf ( X ) ) \ operatorname ( E ) ( \ mathbf ( X ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) = \ mathbf ( A ) \ Sigma ( \ mathbf ( X ) ) \ mathbf ( A ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) . ) This is a direct result of the linearity of expectation and is useful when applying a linear transformation , such as a whitening transformation , to a vector . Uncorrelatedness and independence ( edit ) If X and Y are independent , then their covariance is zero . This follows because under independence , E ⁡ ( X Y ) = E ⁡ ( X ) ⋅ E ⁡ ( Y ) . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( XY ) = \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) \ cdot \ operatorname ( E ) ( Y ) . ) The converse , however , is not generally true . For example , let X be uniformly distributed in ( − 1 , 1 ) and let Y = X . Clearly , X and Y are dependent , but cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) = cov ⁡ ( X , X 2 ) = E ⁡ ( X ⋅ X 2 ) − E ⁡ ( X ) ⋅ E ⁡ ( X 2 ) = E ⁡ ( X 3 ) − E ⁡ ( X ) E ⁡ ( X 2 ) = 0 − 0 ⋅ E ⁡ ( X 2 ) = 0 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) & = \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , X ^ ( 2 ) ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( E ) ( X \ cdot X ^ ( 2 ) ) - \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) \ cdot \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) \ \ & = \ operatorname ( E ) \ left ( X ^ ( 3 ) \ right ) - \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) \ \ & = 0 - 0 \ cdot \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ^ ( 2 ) ) \ \ & = 0. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) In this case , the relationship between Y and X is non-linear , while correlation and covariance are measures of linear dependence between two variables . This example shows that if two variables are uncorrelated , that does not in general imply that they are independent . However , if two variables are jointly normally distributed ( but not if they are merely individually normally distributed ) , uncorrelatedness does imply independence . Relationship to inner products ( edit ) Many of the properties of covariance can be extracted elegantly by observing that it satisfies similar properties to those of an inner product : bilinear : for constants a and b and random variables X , Y , Z , cov ( aX + bY , Z ) = a cov ( X , Z ) + b cov ( Y , Z ) ; symmetric : cov ( X , Y ) = cov ( Y , X ) ; positive semi-definite : σ ( X ) = cov ( X , X ) ≥ 0 for all random variables X , and cov ( X , X ) = 0 implies that X is a constant random variable ( K ) . In fact these properties imply that the covariance defines an inner product over the quotient vector space obtained by taking the subspace of random variables with finite second moment and identifying any two that differ by a constant . ( This identification turns the positive semi-definiteness above into positive definiteness . ) That quotient vector space is isomorphic to the subspace of random variables with finite second moment and mean zero ; on that subspace , the covariance is exactly the L inner product of real - valued functions on the sample space . As a result , for random variables with finite variance , the inequality cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) ≤ σ 2 ( X ) σ 2 ( Y ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) \ leq ( \ sqrt ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( X ) \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( Y ) ) ) ) holds via the Cauchy -- Schwarz inequality . Proof : If σ ( Y ) = 0 , then it holds trivially . Otherwise , let random variable Z = X − cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) σ 2 ( Y ) Y . ( \ displaystyle Z = X - ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( Y ) ) ) Y . ) Then we have 0 ≤ σ 2 ( Z ) = cov ⁡ ( X − cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) σ 2 ( Y ) Y , X − cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) σ 2 ( Y ) Y ) = σ 2 ( X ) − ( cov ⁡ ( X , Y ) ) 2 σ 2 ( Y ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) 0 \ leq \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( Z ) & = \ operatorname ( cov ) \ left ( X - ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( Y ) ) ) Y , X - ( \ frac ( \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( Y ) ) ) Y \ right ) \ \ ( 12pt ) & = \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( X ) - ( \ frac ( ( \ operatorname ( cov ) ( X , Y ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ( Y ) ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Calculating the sample covariance ( edit ) Main article : Sample mean and sample covariance The sample covariances among K variables based on N observations of each , drawn from an otherwise unobserved population , are given by the K - by - K matrix q _̄ = ( q j k ) ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle ( \ overline ( \ mathbf ( q ) ) ) = \ left ( q_ ( jk ) \ right ) ) with the entries q j k = 1 N − 1 ∑ i = 1 N ( X i j − X _̄ j ) ( X i k − X _̄ k ) , ( \ displaystyle q_ ( jk ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N - 1 ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ left ( X_ ( ij ) - ( \ bar ( X ) ) _ ( j ) \ right ) \ left ( X_ ( ik ) - ( \ bar ( X ) ) _ ( k ) \ right ) , ) which is an estimate of the covariance between variable j and variable k . The sample mean and the sample covariance matrix are unbiased estimates of the mean and the covariance matrix of the random vector X ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle \ mathbf ( X ) ) , a vector whose jth element ( j = 1 , ... , K ) is one of the random variables . The reason the sample covariance matrix has N − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle N - 1 ) in the denominator rather than N ( \ displaystyle \ textstyle N ) is essentially that the population mean E ⁡ ( X ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) is not known and is replaced by the sample mean X _̄ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ bar ( X ) ) ) . If the population mean E ⁡ ( X ) ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( E ) ( X ) ) is known , the analogous unbiased estimate is given by q j k = 1 N ∑ i = 1 N ( X i j − E ⁡ ( X j ) ) ( X i k − E ⁡ ( X k ) ) . ( \ displaystyle q_ ( jk ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( N ) ) \ sum _ ( i = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ left ( X_ ( ij ) - \ operatorname ( E ) ( X_ ( j ) ) \ right ) \ left ( X_ ( ik ) - \ operatorname ( E ) ( X_ ( k ) ) \ right ) . ) Comments ( edit ) The covariance is sometimes called a measure of `` linear dependence '' between the two random variables . That does not mean the same thing as in the context of linear algebra ( see linear dependence ) . When the covariance is normalized , one obtains the Pearson correlation coefficient , which gives the goodness of the fit for the best possible linear function describing the relation between the variables . In this sense covariance is a linear gauge of dependence . Applications ( edit ) In genetics and molecular biology ( edit ) Covariance is an important measure in biology . Certain sequences of DNA are conserved more than others among species , and thus to study secondary and tertiary structures of proteins , or of RNA structures , sequences are compared in closely related species . If sequence changes are found or no changes at all are found in noncoding RNA ( such as microRNA ) , sequences are found to be necessary for common structural motifs , such as an RNA loop . In financial economics ( edit ) Covariances play a key role in financial economics , especially in portfolio theory and in the capital asset pricing model . Covariances among various assets ' returns are used to determine , under certain assumptions , the relative amounts of different assets that investors should ( in a normative analysis ) or are predicted to ( in a positive analysis ) choose to hold in a context of diversification . In meteorological and oceanographic data assimilation ( edit ) The covariance matrix is important in estimating the initial conditions required for running weather forecast models . The ' forecast error covariance matrix ' is typically constructed between perturbations around a mean state ( either a climatological or ensemble mean ) . The ' observation error covariance matrix ' is constructed to represent the magnitude of combined observational errors ( on the diagonal ) and the correlated errors between measurements ( off the diagonal ) . In micrometeorology ( edit ) The eddy covariance technique is a key atmospherics measurement technique where the covariance between instantaneous deviation in vertical wind speed from the mean value and instantaneous deviation in gas concentration is the basis for calculating the vertical turbulent fluxes . In feature extraction ( edit ) The covariance matrix is used to capture the spectral variability of a signal . See also ( edit ) Algorithms for calculating covariance Analysis of covariance Autocovariance Correlation and dependence Covariance function Covariance mapping Covariance matrix Covariance operator Distance covariance , or Brownian covariance . Eddy covariance Law of total covariance Propagation of uncertainty References ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Rice , John ( 2007 ) . Mathematical Statistics and Data Analysis . Belmont , CA : Brooks / Cole Cengage Learning . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 0534 - 39942 - 9 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Covariance '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of Statistics , Oxford University Press , 2002 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Donald E. Knuth ( 1998 ) . The Art of Computer Programming , volume 2 : Seminumerical Algorithms , 3rd edn. , p. 232 . Boston : Addison - Wesley . Jump up ^ Yuli Zhang , Huaiyu Wu , Lei Cheng ( June 2012 ) . Some new deformation formulas about variance and covariance . Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Modelling , Identification and Control ( ICMIC2012 ) . pp. 987 -- 992 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Covariance of X and Y STAT 414 / 415 '' . The Pennsylvania State University . 12 / 9 / 2016 . Retrieved 12 / 9 / 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = , date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Papoulis ( 1991 ) . Probability , Random Variables and Stochastic Processes . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Siegrist , Kyle . `` Covariance and Correlation '' . University of Alabama in Huntsville . Retrieved 12 / 9 / 2016 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sahidullah , Md. ; Kinnunen , Tomi ( March 2016 ) . `` Local spectral variability features for speaker verification '' . Digital Signal Processing . 50 : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsp. 2015.10. 011 . External links ( edit ) Look up covariance in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Covariance '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 MathWorld page on calculating the sample covariance Covariance Tutorial using R Covariance and Correlation ( hide ) Statistics Outline Index Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - estimator Minimum distance Unbiased estimators Mean - unbiased minimum - variance Rao -- Blackwellization Lehmann -- Scheffé theorem Median unbiased Plug - in Interval estimation Confidence interval Pivot Likelihood interval Prediction interval Tolerance interval Resampling Bootstrap Jackknife Testing hypotheses 1 - & 2 - tails Power Uniformly most powerful test Permutation test Randomization test Multiple comparisons Parametric tests Likelihood - ratio Wald Score Specific tests Z - test ( normal ) Student 's t - test F - test Goodness of fit Chi - squared G - test Kolmogorov -- Smirnov Anderson -- Darling Lilliefors Jarque -- Bera Normality ( Shapiro -- Wilk ) Likelihood - ratio test Model selection Cross validation AIC BIC Rank statistics Sign Sample median Signed rank ( Wilcoxon ) Hodges -- Lehmann estimator Rank sum ( Mann -- Whitney ) Nonparametric anova 1 - way ( Kruskal -- Wallis ) 2 - way ( Friedman ) Ordered alternative ( Jonckheere -- Terpstra ) Bayesian inference Bayesian probability prior posterior Credible interval Bayes factor Bayesian estimator Maximum posterior estimator Correlation Regression analysis Correlation Pearson product - moment Partial correlation Confounding variable Coefficient of determination Regression analysis Errors and residuals Regression model validation Mixed effects models Simultaneous equations models Multivariate adaptive regression splines ( MARS ) Linear regression Simple linear regression Ordinary least squares General linear model Bayesian regression Non-standard predictors Nonlinear regression Nonparametric Semiparametric Isotonic Robust Heteroscedasticity Homoscedasticity Generalized linear model Exponential families Logistic ( Bernoulli ) / Binomial / Poisson regressions Partition of variance Analysis of variance ( ANOVA , anova ) Analysis of covariance Multivariate ANOVA Degrees of freedom Categorical / Multivariate / Time - series / Survival analysis Categorical Cohen 's kappa Contingency table Graphical model Log - linear model McNemar 's test Multivariate Regression Manova Principal components Canonical correlation Discriminant analysis Cluster analysis Classification Structural equation model Factor analysis Multivariate distributions Elliptical distributions Normal Time - series General Decomposition Trend Stationarity Seasonal adjustment Exponential smoothing Cointegration Structural break Granger causality Specific tests Dickey -- Fuller Johansen Q - statistic ( Ljung -- Box ) Durbin -- Watson Breusch -- Godfrey Time domain Autocorrelation ( ACF ) partial ( PACF ) Cross-correlation ( XCF ) ARMA model ARIMA model ( Box -- Jenkins ) Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity ( ARCH ) Vector autoregression ( VAR ) Frequency domain Spectral density estimation Fourier analysis Wavelet Whittle likelihood Survival Survival function Kaplan -- Meier estimator ( product limit ) Proportional hazards models Accelerated failure time ( AFT ) model First hitting time Hazard function Nelson -- Aalen estimator Test Log - rank test Applications Biostatistics Bioinformatics Clinical trials / studies Epidemiology Medical statistics Engineering statistics Chemometrics Methods engineering Probabilistic design Process / quality control Reliability System identification Social statistics Actuarial science Census Crime statistics Demography Econometrics National accounts Official statistics Population statistics Psychometrics Spatial statistics Cartography Environmental statistics Geographic information system Geostatistics Kriging Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covariance&oldid=835094661 '' Categories : Covariance and correlation Algebra of random variables Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents Interaction About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in particular how does the notion of variance provide a special case for the concept of covariance	[]	[]
-2299456339663070364	List of NCAA football records	List of NCAA Football Records - wikipedia List of NCAA Football Records Jump to : navigation , search This sports - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is a list of individual National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) American football records , including Division I ( FBS , and FCS ) , II , and III . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offense 1.1 Total offense 1.1. 1 Yards per game , season 1.1. 2 Career yards 1.1. 3 Season yards 1.1. 4 Single game yards 1.1. 5 Most games gaining 400 yards or more , season 1.1. 6 Most games gaining 400 yards or more , career 1.2 Rushing 1.2. 1 Most rushing attempts , career 1.2. 2 Most rushing attempts , season 1.2. 3 Most rushing attempts , game 1.2. 4 Most consecutive rushing attempts without losing a fumble , career 1.2. 5 Most consecutive rushing attempts without losing a fumble , season 1.2. 6 Highest average rushing yards per game , career ( minimum 2,500 yards ) 1.2. 7 Highest average rushing yards per game , season 1.2. 8 Most yards rushing , career 1.2. 9 Most yards rushing , season 1.2. 10 Most yards rushing , game 1.2. 11 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career 1.2. 12 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season 1.2. 13 Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game 1.2. 14 Most rushing touchdowns , career 1.2. 15 Most rushing touchdowns , season 1.2. 16 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career 1.2. 17 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season 1.2. 18 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game 1.2. 19 Most games with 100 + rushing yards , career 1.3 Passing 1.3. 1 Highest passing efficiency rating , career 1.3. 2 Highest passing efficiency rating , season ( min . 15 attempts per game ) 1.3. 3 Highest passing efficiency rating , game 1.3. 4 Highest percentage of passes completed , game 1.3. 5 Highest percentage of passes completed , career 1.3. 6 Highest percentage of passes completed , season 1.3. 7 Most yards passing , career 1.3. 8 Most yards passing , season 1.3. 9 Most yards passing , game 1.3. 10 Most yards passing per game , season 1.3. 11 Most passes attempted , career 1.3. 12 Most passes attempted , season 1.3. 13 Most passes attempted , game 1.3. 14 Most passes completed , career 1.3. 15 Most passes completed , season 1.3. 16 Most passes completed , game 1.3. 17 Most passes completed per game , career 1.3. 18 Most passes completed per game , season 1.3. 19 Most touchdown passes , career 1.3. 20 Most touchdown passes , season 1.3. 21 Most touchdown passes , game 1.3. 22 Most consecutive games throwing touchdown pass 1.3. 23 Most passes intercepted , career 1.3. 24 Most passes intercepted , season 1.3. 25 Most passes intercepted , game 1.3. 26 Most pass attempts without an interception , game 1.3. 27 Most consecutive pass attempts without an interception 1.3. 28 Lowest percentage of passes intercepted , career 1.3. 29 Lowest percentage of passes intercepted , season 1.3. 30 Most consecutive completions in a single game 1.3. 31 Most consecutive completions in one or more games 1.4 Receiving 1.4. 1 Most receptions , career 1.4. 2 Most receptions , season 1.4. 3 Most receptions , game 1.4. 4 Most consecutive games with a reception 1.4. 5 Most yards receiving , career 1.4. 6 Most yards receiving , season 1.4. 7 Most yards receiving by a tight end , season 1.4. 8 Most yards receiving , game 1.4. 9 Highest receiving yards per game , career 1.4. 10 Highest receiving yards per game , season 1.4. 11 Most games with 100 yards receiving , career 1.4. 12 Most receiving touchdowns , career 1.4. 13 Most receiving touchdowns , season 1.4. 14 Most receiving touchdowns , game 1.5 Scoring 1.5. 1 Most touchdowns responsible for , career 1.5. 2 Most touchdowns responsible for , season 1.5. 3 Most touchdowns responsible for , game 1.5. 4 Most points responsible for , career 1.5. 5 Most points responsible for , season 1.5. 6 Most points responsible for , game 1.5. 7 Most points scored by kicker , career 1.5. 8 Most points scored by kicker , season 1.5. 9 Most points scored by kicker , game 1.5. 10 Most points scored by non-kicker , career 1.5. 11 Most points scored by non-kicker , season 1.5. 12 Most points scored by non-kicker , game 2 Defense 2.1 Interceptions 2.1. 1 Most interceptions , career 2.1. 2 Most interceptions , season 2.1. 3 Most team interceptions , game 2.1. 4 Most interceptions , game 2.1. 5 Consecutive games with an interception 2.1. 6 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , career 2.1. 7 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , season 2.1. 8 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , game 2.1. 9 Most interception return yards , career 2.1. 10 Most interception return yards , season 2.1. 11 Most interception return yards , game 2.2 Tackles 2.2. 1 Most tackles , career 2.2. 2 Highest tackles per game average , career 2.2. 3 Most tackles , season 2.2. 4 Highest tackles per game average , season 2.2. 5 Most tackles , game 2.2. 6 Most solo tackles , career 2.2. 7 Highest solo tackles per game average , career 2.2. 8 Most solo tackles , season 2.2. 9 Highest solo tackles per game average , season 2.2. 10 Most solo tackles , game 2.2. 11 Most tackles for loss , career 2.2. 12 Highest tackles for loss per game average , career 2.2. 13 Most tackles for loss , season 2.2. 14 Highest tackles for loss per game average , season 2.2. 15 Most tackles for loss , game 2.2. 16 Most sacks , career 2.2. 17 Highest sacks per game average , career 2.2. 18 Most sacks , season 2.2. 19 Highest sacks per game average , season 2.2. 20 Most sacks , game 3 Special teams 3.1 Punting 3.1. 1 Most punts , career 3.1. 2 Most punts , season 3.1. 3 Most punts , game 3.1. 4 Highest punting average , career 3.1. 5 Highest punting average , season 3.1. 6 Highest punting average , game 3.1. 7 Most punting yards , career 3.1. 8 Most punting yards , season 3.1. 9 Most punting yards , game 3.1. 10 Longest punt 3.2 Punt returns 3.2. 1 Highest average gain per return , career 3.2. 2 Highest average gain per return , season 3.2. 3 Highest average gain per return , game 3.2. 4 Most punts returned , career 3.2. 5 Most punts returned , game 3.2. 6 Most punts returned , season 3.2. 7 Most yards on punt returns , career 3.2. 8 Most yards on punt returns , season 3.2. 9 Most yards on punt returns , game 3.2. 10 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , career 3.2. 11 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , season 3.2. 12 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , game 3.3 Kickoff returns 3.3. 1 Highest average gain per return , career 3.3. 2 Highest average gain per return , season 3.3. 3 Most kickoff returns , career 3.3. 4 Most kickoff returns , season 3.3. 5 Most kickoff returns , game 3.3. 6 Most yards on kickoff returns , career 3.3. 7 Most yards on kickoff returns , season 3.3. 8 Most yards on kickoff returns , game 3.3. 9 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , career 3.3. 10 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , season 3.3. 11 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , game 3.3. 12 Most touchdowns scored on combined kick returns , career 3.4 Field goals 3.4. 1 Highest percentage of field goals made , career 3.4. 2 Most field goals made , career 3.4. 3 Most field goals made , season 3.4. 4 Most field goals made , game 3.4. 5 Most consecutive field goals made , career 3.4. 6 Most consecutive field goals made , season 3.4. 7 Longest field goal made 4 References Offense ( edit ) Total offense ( edit ) Yards per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 474.6 -- David Klingler , Houston , 1990 , 11 games FCS : 527.2 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1994 , 11 games Div II : 436.7 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico , 2009 , 10 games Div III : 465.1 -- Justin Peery , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 , 10 games Career yards ( edit ) FBS : 20,114 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 , 19,217 passing , 897 rushing FCS : 16,823 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1991 -- 94 , 14,496 passing , 2,327 rushing Div II : 16,432 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 , 16,265 passing , 167 rushing Div III : 14,568 -- Kevin Burke , Mount Union , 2011 -- 14 , 12,087 passing , 2,481 rushing Season yards ( edit ) FBS : 5,976 -- B.J. Symons , Texas Tech , 2003 , 5,833 passing , 143 rushing FCS : 5,799 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1994 , 4,863 passing , 936 rushing Div II : 5,363 -- Chad Friehauf , Colorado Mines , 2004 , 4,646 passing , 717 rushing Div III : 5,363 -- Joe Callahan , Wesley , 2015 , 5,068 passing , 398 rushing Single game yards ( edit ) FBS : 819 -- Patrick Mahomes , Texas Tech vs. Oklahoma , Oct. 22 , 2016 , 734 passing , 85 rushing FCS : 791 -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion vs. New Hampshire , Sep. 22 , 2012 , 730 passing , 61 rushing Div II : 681 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico vs. Southeastern Oklahoma , Sep. 12 , 2009 , 695 passing , − 14 rushing Div III : 719 -- Sam Durley , Eureka vs. Knox , Sep. 1 , 2012 , 736 passing , − 17 rushing Most games gaining 400 yards or more , season ( edit ) FBS : 11 -- B.J. Symons , Texas Tech , 2003 FCS : 9 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1994 Div II : Div III : Most games gaining 400 yards or more , career ( edit ) FBS : 21 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 ; Graham Harrell , Texas Tech , 2006 -- 08 FCS : 15 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1991 -- 94 Div II : Div III : Rushing ( edit ) Most rushing attempts , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,215 -- Steve Bartalo , Colorado State , 1983 -- 86 , 4,813 yards FCS : 1,240 -- Jordan Scott , Colgate , 2005 -- 08 , 5,621 yards Div II : 1,271 -- Xavier Omon , Northwest Missouri State , 2004 -- 07 , 7,073 yards DIV III : 1,324 -- Levell Coppage , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2008 -- 11 , 7,795 yards Most rushing attempts , season ( edit ) FBS : 450 -- Kevin Smith , UCF , 2007 , 2,567 yards FCS : 450 -- Jamaal Branch , Colgate , 2003 , 2,326 yards Div II : 385 -- Joe Gough , Wayne State ( MI ) , 1994 , 1,593 yards Div III : 463 -- Dante Washington , Carthage , 2004 , 1990 yards Most rushing attempts , game ( edit ) FBS : 58 -- Tony Sands , Kansas vs. Missouri , Nov. 23 , 1991 , 396 yards FCS : 56 -- Arnold Mickens , Butler vs. Valparaiso , Oct. 8 , 1994 , 295 yards Div II : 62 -- Rahmann Lee , Glenville vs. WVWC , Sep. 10 , 2015 , 412 yards Div III : 59 -- John Ortiz , King 's ( PA ) vs. Albright , Sep. 24 , 2005 , 267 yards Most consecutive rushing attempts without losing a fumble , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,005 -- Mike Hart , University of Michigan , 2004 -- 08 FCS : Div II : Div III : Most consecutive rushing attempts without losing a fumble , season ( edit ) FBS : 365 -- Travis Prentice , Miami ( OH ) , 1998 FCS : Div II : Div III : Highest average rushing yards per game , career ( minimum 2,500 yards ) ( edit ) FBS : 174.6 -- Ed Marinaro , Cornell , 1969 -- 71 , 4,715 yards in 27 games FCS : 190.7 -- Arnold Mickens , Butler , 1994 -- 95 , 3,813 in 20 Div II : 183.4 -- Anthony Gray , Western New Mexico , 1997 -- 98 , 3,484 in 19 Div III : 187.1 -- Tony Sutton , Wooster , 2002 -- 04 , 5,613 in 30 Highest average rushing yards per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 238.9 -- Barry Sanders , Oklahoma State , 1988 , 2,628 yards in 11 games FCS : 225.5 -- Arnold Mickens , Butler , 1994 , 2,255 in 10 Div II : 222.0 -- Anthony Gray , Western New Mexico , 1997 , 2,220 in 10 Div III : 238.5 -- Dante Brown , Marietta , 1996 , 2,385 in 10 Most yards rushing , career ( edit ) FBS : 7,125 -- Ron Dayne , University of Wisconsin , 1996 -- 99 , 1220 rushes FCS : 7,590 -- Adrian Peterson , Georgia Southern University , 1998 -- 2001 , 996 rushes ( Note : Not the same Adrian Peterson who played for University of Oklahoma ) Div II : 7,962 -- Danny Woodhead , Chadron State , 2004 -- 07 , 1,156 rushes Div III : 8,074 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 , 1,189 rushes Most yards rushing , season ( edit ) FBS : 2,628 -- Barry Sanders , Oklahoma State , 1988 , 344 rushes , 11 games FCS : 2,519 -- Terrance West , Towson , 2013 , 413 rushes , 16 games Div II : 2,756 -- Danny Woodhead , Chadron State , 2006 , 344 rushes Div III : 2,790 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2008 , 377 rushes Most yards rushing , game ( edit ) FBS : 427 -- Samaje Perine , University of Oklahoma vs. Kansas , Nov. 22 , 2014 , 34 carries FCS : 437 -- Maurice Hicks , North Carolina A&T vs. Morgan State , Oct. 6 , 2001 , 34 rushes Div II : 418 -- Jarom Freeman , Southern Connecticut State vs. Bryant , Nov. 2 , 2007 , 34 rushes Div III : 465 -- Cartel Brooks , Heidelberg vs. Baldwin Wallace , Nov. 16 , 2013 , 38 rushes Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career ( edit ) FBS : 4,559 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2012 -- 15 , 977 rushes FCS : 4,852 -- Matt Cannon , Southern Utah , 1997 -- 2000 , 674 rushes Div II : 5,953 -- Jason Vander Laan , Ferris State , 2012 -- 15 , 1010 rushes Div III : 4,242 -- Ayrton Scott , Augsburg , 2012 -- 15 , 722 rushes Most rushing yards by a quarterback , season ( edit ) FBS : 1,920 -- Jordan Lynch , Northern Illinois , 2013 , 292 rushes FCS : 1,844 -- Jayson Foster , Georgia Southern , 2007 , 261 rushes Div II : 1,607 -- Jason Vander Laan , Ferris State , 2013 , 265 rushes Div III : 1,941 -- Chris Sharpe , Springfield , 2006 , 261 rushes Most rushing yards by a quarterback , game ( edit ) FBS : 327 -- Khalil Tate , Arizona vs. Colorado , Oct. 7 , 2017 , 14 rushes FCS : 316 -- Jerick McKinnon , Georgia Southern vs. Central Arkansas , Dec. 1 , 2012 , 34 rushes Div II : 323 -- Shawn Graves , Wofford vs. Lenoir -- Rhyne , Sep. 15 , 1990 , 23 rushes Div III : 342 -- Matt Roe , Augustana ( IL ) vs. Wheaton ( IL ) , Nov. 13 , 2004 , 44 rushes Most rushing touchdowns , career ( edit ) FBS : 88 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2012 -- 15 FCS : 84 -- Adrian Peterson , Georgia Southern , 1998 -- 2001 Div II : 107 -- Germaine Race , Pittsburg State , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 125 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 Most rushing touchdowns , season ( edit ) FBS : 37 -- Barry Sanders , Oklahoma State Cowboys , 1988 , 11 games FCS : 41 -- Terrance West , Towson University 2013 , 16 games Div III : 44 - Nate Kmic , Mount Union Purple Raiders , 2008 , 15 games Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , career ( edit ) FBS : 88 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2012 -- 15 FCS : 69 -- Matt Cannon , Southern Utah , 1997 - 2000 Div II : 81 -- Jason Vander Laan , Ferris State , 2012 -- 15 Div III : 70 -- Chris Sharpe , Springfield , 2004 -- 06 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , season ( edit ) FBS : 31 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2013 FCS : 27 -- Chaz Williams , Georgia Southern , 2002 Div II : 24 -- Shawn Graves , Wofford , 1989 ; Jason Vander Laan , Ferris State , 2015 Div III : 35 -- Chris Sharpe , Springfield , 2006 , 12 games Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback , game ( edit ) FBS : 7 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy vs. San Jose State , Nov 22 , 2013 FCS : Div II : Div III : 7 -- Chris Sharpe , Springfield , vs. St. John Fisher Most games with 100 + rushing yards , career ( edit ) FBS : 34 -- DeAngelo Williams , Memphis , 2002 -- 05 FCS : 40 -- Adrian Peterson , Georgia Southern , 1998 -- 2001 Div III : 42 -- Levell Coppage , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2008 -- 11 Passing ( edit ) Highest passing efficiency rating , career ( edit ) FBS : 175.6 -- Sam Bradford , Oklahoma , 2007 -- 09 ( min . 325 completions ) FCS : 176.7 -- Josh Johnson , San Diego , 2004 -- 07 ( min . 300 completions ) Div II : 190.8 -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 -- 01 ( min . 375 completions ) Div III : 197.4 -- Greg Micheli , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 ( min . 325 completions ) Highest passing efficiency rating , season ( min . 15 attempts per game ) ( edit ) FBS : 198.9 -- Baker Mayfield , Oklahoma , 2017 FCS : 204.6 -- Shawn Knight , William & Mary , 1993 Div II : 210.1 -- Boyd Crawford , Albertson , 1953 Div III : 225.0 -- Mike Simpson , Eureka , 1994 Highest passing efficiency rating , game ( edit ) FBS : 403.4 -- Tim Clifford , Indiana vs Colorado , 1980 ( min . 12 attempts ) ; 317.4 -- Bruce Gradkowski , Toledo vs Buffalo , 2003 ( min . 25 attempts ) ; 248.0 -- Geno Smith , West Virginia vs Baylor , 2012 ( min . 50 attempts ) FCS : 302.2 -- Vernon Adams , Eastern Washington vs Montana State , 2013 ( min . 15 attempts ) Div II : Div III : Highest percentage of passes completed , game ( edit ) FBS : 90.6 % -- Seth Doege , Texas Tech vs. New Mexico , Sep. 17 , 2011 ( min . 40 completions ) ; 93.9 % -- Kyle Allen , Houston vs. Rice , Sep. 16 , 2017 ( min . 30 completions ) ; 96.0 % -- Greyson Lambert , Georgia Bulldogs vs. South Carolina , Sep. 18 , 2015 ( min . 20 completions ) FCS : 88.9 % -- Richie Williams , Appalachian State vs. Furman , Oct. 9 , 2004 ( min . 30 completions ) ; 96.2 % -- Ricky Santos , New Hampshire vs. Northeastern , Oct. 22 , 2005 ( min . 20 completions ) Div II : 90.0 % -- Lance Parker , Ouachita Baptist vs. Southwest Baptist , Oct. 25 , 2008 ( min . 35 completions ) ; 96.0 % -- Zack Eskridge , Midwestern State vs. Texas A&M -- Kingsville , Oct. 17 , 2009 ( min . 20 completions ) Div III : 84.9 % -- Ian Kolste , Whitworth vs. George Fox , Oct. 1 , 2016 ( min . 35 completions ) ; 95.5 % -- Mark Petruziello , John Carroll vs. Thomas More , Sep. 6 , 2008 ( min . 20 completions ) Highest percentage of passes completed , career ( edit ) FBS : 70.4 % -- Colt Brennan , Hawai ʻi , 2005 -- 07 ( minimum 875 attempts ) FCS : 69.6 % -- Eric Sanders , Northern Iowa , 2004 -- 07 ( minimum 750 attempts ) Div II : 72.7 % -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 -- 01 ( minimum 500 attempts ) Div III : 74.1 % -- Greg Micheli , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 ( minimum 750 attempts ) Highest percentage of passes completed , season ( edit ) FBS : 76.7 % -- Colt McCoy , Texas , 2008 ( minimum 150 attempts ) FCS : 75.2 % -- Eric Sanders , Northern Iowa , 2007 ( minimum 200 attempts ) Div II : 76.9 % -- Troy Weatherhead , Hillsdale , 2010 ( minimum 250 attempts ) Div III : 75.0 % -- Greg Micheli , Mount Union , 2008 ( minimum 250 attempts ) Most yards passing , career ( edit ) FBS : 19,217 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 14,496 -- Steve McNair , Alcorn State , 1991 -- 94 Div II : 16,265 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 Div III : 14,249 -- Alex Tanney , Monmouth ( IL ) , 2007 -- 11 Most yards passing , season ( edit ) FBS : 5,833 -- B.J. Symons , Texas Tech , 2003 FCS : 5,076 -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion , 2012 Div II : 5,207 -- Eric Czerniewski , Central Missouri , 2010 Div III : 5,068 -- Joe Callahan , Wesley , 2015 Most yards passing , game ( edit ) FBS : 734 -- Connor Halliday , Washington State vs Cal , Oct. 4 , 2014 ; Patrick Mahomes , Texas Tech vs Oklahoma , Oct. 22 , 2016 FCS : 730 -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion vs. New Hampshire , Sep. 22 , 2012 Div II : 695 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico vs. Southeastern Oklahoma , Sep. 12 , 2009 Div III : 736 -- Sam Durley , Eureka College vs. Knox College , Sep. 1 , 2012 Most yards passing per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 467.3 -- David Klingler , Houston , 1990 FCS : 455.7 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 437.3 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico , 2009 Div III : 450.1 -- Justin Peery , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 Most passes attempted , career ( edit ) FBS : 2,436 -- Timmy Chang , Hawaii , 2000 -- 04 FCS : 1,893 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 2,187 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 Div III : 1,982 -- Josh Vogelbach , Guilford , 2005 -- 08 Donald williams Most passes attempted , season ( edit ) FBS : 719 -- B.J. Symons , Texas Tech , 2003 FCS : 598 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2008 Div II : 670 -- Eric Czerniewski , Central Missouri , 2010 Div III : 575 -- Brett Dietz , Hanover , 2003 Most passes attempted , game ( edit ) FBS : 89 -- Connor Halliday , Washington State vs. Oregon , October 19 , 2013 FCS : 85 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin vs. Sam Houston State , Nov. 1 , 2008 Div II : 94 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico vs. Southeastern Oklahoma , Sep. 12 , 2009 Div III : 84 -- Evan Jones , Carthage vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 17 , 2009 ; Mackenzie McGrady , Alma vs. Wisconsin -- River Falls , Sep. 26 , 2009 ; McCallum Foote , Middlebury vs. Amherst , Oct. 5 , 2013 Most passes completed , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,546 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 1,184 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 1,397 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 Div III : 1,205 -- Alex Tanney , Monmouth ( IL ) , 2007 -- 11 Most passes completed , season ( edit ) FBS : 512 -- Graham Harrell , Texas Tech , 2007 FCS : 385 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2009 ; Brett Gordon , Villanova , 2002 Div II : 447 -- Eric Czerniewski , Central Missouri , 2010 Div III : 360 -- Brett Dietz , Hanover , 2003 Most passes completed , game ( edit ) FBS : 58 -- Andy Schmitt , Eastern Michigan vs. Central Michigan , Nov. 28 , 2008 ; Connor Halliday , Washington State vs. Oregon , Oct. 19 , 2013 FCS : 57 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin vs. Sam Houston State , Nov. 1 , 2008 Div II : 64 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico vs. Southeastern Oklahoma , Sep. 12 , 2009 Div III : 58 -- Bryan Peterson , Whitworth vs. La Verne , Sep. 20 , 2014 Most passes completed per game , career ( edit ) FBS : 31.2 -- Graham Harrell , Texas Tech , 2005 -- 08 FCS : 26.9 -- Jeremy Moses , Stephen F. Austin , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 30.4 -- Bo Cordell , Tusculum , 2009 -- 13 Div III : 29.7 -- Josh Vogelbach , Guilford , 2005 -- 08 Most passes completed per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 39.4 -- Graham Harrell , Texas Tech , 2007 FCS : 32.4 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 40.4 -- J.J. Harp , Eastern New Mexico , 2009 Div III : 34.0 -- Bryan Peterson , Whitworth University ( WA ) , 2014 Most touchdown passes , career ( edit ) FBS : 155 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 140 -- Bruce Eugene , Grambling State , 2001 -- 05 Div II : 148 -- Jimmy Terwilliger , East Stroudsburg , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 157 -- Alex Tanney , Monmouth ( IL ) , 2007 -- 11 Most touchdown passes , season ( edit ) FBS : 58 -- Colt Brennan , Hawaii , 2006 FCS : 57 -- Jeremiah Briscoe , Sam Houston State , 2016 Div II : 54 -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 Zach Zulli , Shippensburg , 2012 Div III : 61 -- Brett Elliott , Linfield , 2004 Most touchdown passes , game ( edit ) FBS : 11 -- David Klingler , Houston vs. Eastern Washington , Nov. 17 , 1990 FCS : 9 -- Drew Hubel , Portland State vs. Weber State , Oct. 27 , 2007 ; Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley vs. Kentucky State , Sep. 1 , 1984 Div II : 10 -- Bruce Swanson , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 12 , 1968 Div III : 9 -- Joe Zarlinga , Ohio Northern vs. Capital , Nov. 14 , 1998 Most consecutive games throwing touchdown pass ( edit ) FBS : 46 - Rakeem Cato , Marshall , 2011 -- 14 FCS : 42 -- Dominic Randolph , Holy Cross , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 46 -- Mike Reilly , Central Washington , 2005 -- 08 Div III : 40 -- Bill Borchert , Mount Union , 1994 -- 97 Most passes intercepted , career ( edit ) FBS : 80 -- Timmy Chang , Hawaii , 2000 -- 04 FCS : 75 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1982 -- 85 Div II : 88 -- Bob McLaughlin , Lock Haven , 1992 -- 95 Div III : 117 -- Steve Hendry , Wisconsin -- Superior , 1980 -- 83 Most passes intercepted , season ( edit ) FBS : 34 -- John Eckman , Wichita State , 1966 FCS : 29 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1985 Div II : 32 -- Joe Stetser , Cal State Chico , 1967 Div III : 43 -- Steve Hendry , Wisconsin -- Superior , 1982 Most passes intercepted , game ( edit ) FBS : 9 -- John Reaves , Florida vs. Auburn , Nov. 1 , 1969 FCS : 7 -- Dan Crowley , Towson vs. Maine , Nov. 16 , 1991 ; Carlton Jenkins , Mississippi Valley vs. Prairie View , Oct. 31 , 1987 ; Charles Hebert , Southeastern Louisiana vs. Northwestern State , Nov. 12 , 1983 ; Mick Spoon , Idaho State vs. Montana , Oct. 21 , 1978 Div II : 11 - Bemidji State vs Saint Cloud State , Oct. 31 , 1970 . National record for Saint Cloud States defense . 5 by Bill Trewick , 3 by Mark Swedlund and 3 by Ted Lockett. 9 -- Pat Brennan , Franklin vs. Saginaw Valley , Sep. 24 , 1983 ; Henry Schafer , Johns Hopkins vs. Haverford , Oct. 16 , 1965 Div III : 8 -- Jason Clark , Ohio Northern vs. John Carroll , Nov. 9 , 1991 ; Jim Higgins , Brockport vs. Buffalo State , Sep. 29 , 1990 ; Dennis Bogacz , Wisconsin -- Oshkosh vs. Wisconsin -- Stevens Point , Oct. 29 , 1988 ; Kevin Karwath , Canisius vs. Liberty , Nov. 19 , 1979 Most pass attempts without an interception , game ( edit ) FBS : 77 -- David Piland , Houston vs. Louisiana Tech , Sep. 8 , 2012 FCS : 79 -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion vs. New Hampshire , Sep. 22 , 2012 Div II : 74 -- Michael Pierce , St. Anselm vs. Stonehill , Oct. 24 , 2009 Div III : 82 -- Bryan Peterson , Whitworth ( WA ) vs. LaVerne , Sep. 20 , 2014 Most consecutive pass attempts without an interception ( edit ) FBS : 444 -- Colby Cameron , Louisiana Tech , 2011 -- 12 FCS : 342 -- Jimmy Blanchard , Portland State , 1999 Div II : 280 -- Jesse Showerda , New Haven , 1996 Div III : 305 -- Brad Boyle , Coe , 2009 Lowest percentage of passes intercepted , career ( edit ) FBS : 1.20 % -- Marcus Mariota , Oregon , 2012 -- 14 ( min . 600 attempts ) FCS : 1.41 % -- Josh Johnson , San Diego , 2004 -- 07 ( min . 750 attempts ) Div II : 1.60 % -- Billy Cundiff , Ashland , 2006 -- 09 ( min . 1,000 attempts ) Div III : 1.15 % -- Greg Micheli , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 ( min . 750 attempts ) ; 1.47 % -- Bobby Swallow , Washington & Jefferson , 2005 -- 08 ( min . 1,000 attempts ) Lowest percentage of passes intercepted , season ( edit ) FBS : 0.0 % -- Matt Blundin , Virginia , 1991 ( 150 -- 349 attempts ) ; 0.70 % -- Kellen Moore , Boise State , 2009 ( min . 350 attempts ) FCS : 0.33 % -- Taylor Heinicke , Old Dominion , 2011 ( 175 -- 324 attempts ) ; 0.78 % -- Pat Devlin , Delaware , 2010 ( min . 325 attempts ) Div II : 0.32 % -- Billy Cundiff , Ashland , 2009 ( min . 300 attempts ) Div III : 0.2 % -- Matt Behrendt , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2013 ( min . 150 attempts ) Most consecutive completions in a single game ( edit ) FBS : 26 -- Dominique Davis , East Carolina vs. Navy , Oct. 22 , 2011 FCS : 29 -- Quinn Epperly , Princeton vs. Cornell , Nov. 2 , 2013 Div II : 20 -- Scott Buisson , Arkansas -- Monticello vs. Henderson State , Sep. 22 , 2008 ; Todd Cunningham , Presbyterian vs. Wingate , Oct. 20 , 1999 ; Chris Hatcher , Valdosta State vs. New Haven , Oct. 8 , 1994 ; Rod Bockwoldt , Weber State vs. South Dakota State , Nov. 6 , 1976 Div III : 21 -- Chris Edwards , Washington & Jefferson vs. Allegheny , Sep. 17 , 2005 Most consecutive completions in one or more games ( edit ) FBS : 36 -- Dominique Davis , East Carolina , last 10 attempts vs. Memphis , Oct. 15 , 2011 and first 26 vs. Navy , Oct. 22 , 2011 FCS : Same as record for most consecutive completions in one game , above Div II : 23 -- Mike Ganey , Allegheny , last 16 attempts vs. Carnegie Mellon , Oct. 9 , 1967 and first seven attempts vs. Oberlin , Oct. 16 , 1967 Div III : 29 -- Chris Edwards , Washington & Jefferson . last eight attempts vs. Hanover , Sep. 10 , 2005 and first 21 attempts vs. Allegheny , Sep. 17 , 2005 Receiving ( edit ) Most receptions , career ( edit ) FBS : 399 -- Zay Jones , East Carolina , 2013 -- 16 FCS : 428 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2011 -- 16 Div II : 386 -- Justin Bernard , Saint Anselm College 2010 -- 14 Div III : 463 -- Michael Zweifel , Wisconsin -- River Falls and University of Dubuque , 2007 -- 11 Most receptions , season ( edit ) FBS : 158 -- Zay Jones , East Carolina , 2013 -- 16 FCS : 136 -- Erik Lora , Eastern Illinois , 2012 Div II : 143 -- Nick Smart , Southwest Baptist , 2007 Div III : 140 -- Michael Zweifel , Dubuque ( IA ) , 2011 Most receptions , game ( edit ) FBS : 23 -- Tyler Jones , Eastern Michigan vs. Central Michigan , Nov. 28 , 2008 ; Randy Gatewood , UNLV vs. Idaho , Sep. 17 , 1994 FCS : 24 -- Chas Gessner , Brown vs. Rhode Island , Oct. 5 , 2002 ; Jerry Rice , Mississippi Valley vs. Southern , Oct. 1 , 1983 Div II : 23 -- Mitchell Shegos , Notre Dame College vs. Glenville State , Oct. 25 , 2014 ; Chris George , Glenville State vs. West Virginia Wesleyan , Oct. 15 , 1994 ; Barry Wagner , Alabama A&M vs. Clark Atlanta , Nov. 4 , 1989 Div III : 25 -- Daniel Passafiume , Hanover vs. Franklin College , Nov. 15 , 2009 Most consecutive games with a reception ( edit ) FBS : 54 -- Bryan Anderson , Central Michigan , 2006 -- 09 FCS : 52 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2013 -- 2016 Div II : 50 -- Mike Washington , West Chester , 2005 -- 08 Div III : 50 -- Fritz Waldvogel , St. Thomas ( MN ) , 2008 -- 11 Most yards receiving , career ( edit ) FBS : 5,278 -- Corey Davis , Western Michigan , 2013 - 16 FCS : 6,464 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2013 -- 16 Div II : 4,983 -- Clarence Coleman , Ferris State , 1998 -- 2001 Div III : 6,108 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1996 -- 99 Most yards receiving , season ( edit ) FBS : 2,060 -- Trevor Insley , Nevada , 1999 FCS : 1,850 -- Brandon Kaufman , Eastern Washington , 2012 Div II : 1,876 -- Chris George , Glenville State , 1993 Div III : 2,157 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 Most yards receiving by a tight end , season ( edit ) FBS : 1,352 -- Jace Amaro , Texas Tech , 2013 FCS : Div II : Div III : 1,290 -- Don Moehling , Wisconsin -- Stevens Point , 1988 Most yards receiving , game ( edit ) FBS : 405 -- Troy Edwards , Louisiana Tech vs. Nebraska , Aug. 29 , 1998 FCS : 376 -- Kassim Osgood , Cal Poly vs. Northern Iowa , Nov. 4 , 2000 Div II : 425 -- Trey McVay , Northeastern State vs. Harding , Oct. 15 , 2011 Div III : 418 -- Lewis Howes , Principia vs. Martin Luther , Oct. 12 , 2002 Highest receiving yards per game , career ( edit ) FBS : 140.9 -- Alex Van Dyke , Nevada , 1994 -- 95 FCS : 124.3 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2013 -- 16 Div II : 160.8 -- Chris George , Glenville State , 1993 -- 94 Div III : 156.6 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1996 -- 99 Highest receiving yards per game , season ( edit ) FBS : 187.3 -- Trevor Insley , Nevada , 1999 FCS : 168.2 -- Jerry Rice , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 187.6 -- Chris George , Glenville State , 1993 Div III : 215.7 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 Most games with 100 yards receiving , career ( edit ) FBS : 27 - Corey Davis , Western Michigan , 2013 -- 16 FCS : 29 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington , 2013 -- 16 Div II : 30 - Patrick Ondis Briley , Langston , 82 - 85 Div III : Most receiving touchdowns , career ( edit ) FBS : 60 -- Jarett Dillard , Rice , 2005 -- 08 FCS : 73 -- Cooper Kupp , Eastern Washington University , 2013 -- 16 Div II : 78 -- Dallas Mall , Bentley , 2001 -- 04 Div III : 75 -- Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1996 -- 99 Most receiving touchdowns , season ( edit ) FBS : 27 -- Troy Edwards , Louisiana Tech , 1998 FCS : 27 -- Jerry Rice , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 35 -- David Kircus , Grand Valley State , 2002 Div III : 26 -- Jack Phelan , Hartwick , 2008 ; Scott Pingel , Westminster ( MO ) , 1998 Most receiving touchdowns , game ( edit ) FBS : 7 -- Rashaun Woods , Oklahoma State vs. SMU , Sep. 20 , 2003 FCS : 6 -- Cos DeMatteo , Chattanooga vs. Mississippi Valley , Sep. 16 , 2000 Div II : 8 -- Paul Zaeske , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 12 , 1968 Div III : 7 -- Matt Perceval , Wesleyan ( CT ) vs. Middlebury , Sep. 26 , 1998 Scoring ( edit ) Most touchdowns responsible for , career ( edit ) FBS : 178 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 159 -- Bruce Eugene , Grambling , 2001 -- 05 Div II : 161 -- Jimmy Terwilliger , East Stroudsburg , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 168 -- Justin Peery , Westminster ( MO ) , 1996 -- 99 ; Kevin Burke , Mount Union , 2011 -- 14 Most touchdowns responsible for , season ( edit ) FBS : 63 -- Colt Brennan , Hawaii , 2006 FCS : 61 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 55 -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 Div III : 61 -- Brett Elliott , Linfield , 2004 Most touchdowns responsible for , game ( edit ) FBS : 11 -- David Klingler , Houston vs. Eastern Washington , Nov. 17 , 1990 FCS : 9 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley vs. Kentucky State , Sep. 1 , 1984 and vs. Prairie View , Oct. 27 , 1984 ; Drew Hubel , Portland State vs. Weber State , Oct. 27 , 2007 ; Neil Lomax , Portland State vs. Delaware State , Nov. 8 , 1980 Div II : 10 -- Bruce Swanson , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 12 , 1968 Div III : Most points responsible for , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,078 -- Case Keenum , Houston , 2007 -- 11 FCS : 960 -- Bruce Eugene , Grambling , 2001 -- 05 Div II : 966 -- Jimmy Terwilliger , East Stroudsburg , 2003 -- 06 Div III : Most points responsible for , season ( edit ) FBS : 384 -- Colt Brennan , Hawaii , 2006 FCS : 368 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley , 1984 Div II : 330 -- Dusty Bonner , Valdosta State , 2000 Div III : Most points responsible for , game ( edit ) FBS : 66 -- David Klingler , Houston vs. Eastern Washington , Nov. 17 , 1990 FCS : 56 -- Willie Totten , Mississippi Valley vs. Kentucky State , Sep. 1 , 1984 Div II : 60 -- Bruce Swanson , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 12 , 1968 Div III : Most points scored by kicker , career ( edit ) FBS : 494 -- Zane Gonzalez , Arizona State , 2013 -- 16 ( 492 kicking , 2 via two - point conversion ) FCS : 407 -- Dan Carpenter , Montana , 2004 -- 07 Div II : 420 -- Jeff Glas , North Dakota , 2002 -- 05 Div III : 383 -- Mike Zimmerman , Mount Union , 2005 -- 07 Most points scored by kicker , season ( edit ) FBS : 157 -- Roberto Aguayo , Florida State , 2013 FCS : 127 -- Julian Rauch , Appalachian State , 2007 ; Jon Striefsky , Delaware , 2007 Div II : 138 -- Jeff Glas , North Dakota , 2005 Div III : 183 - Edward Ruhnke , Mount Union , 2014 Most points scored by kicker , game ( edit ) FBS : 24 -- Mike Prindle , Western Michigan vs. Marshall , Sep. 29 , 1984 FCS : 24 -- Goran Lingmerth , Northern Arizona vs. Idaho , Oct. 25 , 1986 Div II : 20 -- Clarence Joseph , Central State ( OH ) vs. Kentucky State , Oct. 16 , 1982 Div III : 20 -- Jim Hever , Rhodes vs. Millsaps , Sep. 22 , 1984 Most points scored by non-kicker , career ( edit ) FBS : 530 -- Keenan Reynolds , Navy , 2012 -- 15 FCS : 544 -- Brian Westbrook , Villanova , 1997 -- 98 , 2000 -- 01 Div II : 656 -- Germaine Race , Pittsburg State , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 780 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2005 -- 08 Most points scored by non-kicker , season ( edit ) FBS : 236 -- Montee Ball , Wisconsin , 2011 FCS : 234 -- Omar Cuff , Delaware , 2007 Div II : 228 -- Xavier Omon , Northwest Missouri State , 2007 ; Danny Woodhead , Chadron State , 2006 Div III : 264 -- Nate Kmic , Mount Union , 2008 Most points scored by non-kicker , game ( edit ) FBS : 48 -- Kalen Ballage , Arizona State vs. Texas Tech , Sep. 10 , 2016 ; Howard Griffith , Illinois vs. Southern Illinois , Sep. 22 , 1990 FCS : 42 -- Omar Cuff , Delaware vs. William & Mary , Aug. 30 , 2007 ; Jessie Burton , McNeese State vs. Southern Utah , Sep. 19 , 1998 ; Archie Amerson , Northern Arizona vs. Weber State , Oct. 5 , 1996 Div II : 48 -- Paul Zaeske , North Park vs. North Central ( IL ) , Oct. 12 , 1968 ; Junior Wolf , Oklahoma Panhandle vs. St. Mary ( KS ) , Nov. 8 , 1958 Div III : 48 -- Carey Bender , Coe vs. Beloit , Nov. 12 , 1994 Defense ( edit ) Interceptions ( edit ) Most interceptions , career ( edit ) FBS : 29 -- Al Brosky , Illinois , 1950 -- 52 FCS : 31 -- Rashean Mathis , Bethune -- Cookman , 1999 -- 2003 Div II : 37 -- Tom Collins , Indianapolis , 1982 -- 85 Div III : 32 -- Zach Autenrieb , Thomas More College ( KY ) 2009 -- 12 Most interceptions , season ( edit ) FBS : 14 -- Al Worley , Washington , 1968 ; Gerod Holliman , Louisville , 2014 FCS : 14 -- Rashean Mathis , Bethune -- Cookman , 2002 Div II : 14 -- Seven times . Most recent : Dan Peters , Shepherd , 2006 Div III : 15 -- Ben Matthews , Bethel ( MN ) , 2000 ; Mark Dorner , Juniata , 1987 Most team interceptions , game ( edit ) FBS : 10 -- Oklahoma St. vs. Detroit , Nov. 28 , 1942 ; UCLA vs. California , Oct. 21 , 1978 Div II : Eleven , 11 -- St. Cloud State College vs Bemidji , 1970 . 5 by Bill Trewick , 3 by Mark Swedlund and 3 by Ted Lockett. Oct. 31 . 1970 . The NCAA lists two different records for team interceptions in a game . The listed record is for `` Most passes intercepted by against a major - college opponent '' . The unrestricted `` Most passes intercepted by '' is held by Brown , with 11 , in a game versus Rhode Island , Oct. 8 , 1949 . Most interceptions , game ( edit ) FBS : 5 -- Lee Cook , Oklahoma St. vs. Detroit , Nov. 28 , 1942 ; Walt Pastuszak , Brown vs. Rhode Island , Oct. 8 , 1949 ; Byron Beaver , Houston vs. Baylor , Sep. 22 , 1962 ; Dan Rebsch , Miami ( OH ) vs. Western Mich. , Nov. 4 , 1972 FCS : 5 -- Mark Cordes , Eastern Washington vs. Boise State , Sep. 6 , 1986 ; Michael Richardson , Northwestern State vs. Southeastern Louisiana , Nov. 12 , 1983 ; Karl Johnson , Jackson State vs. Grambling , Oct. 23 , 1982 Div II : 5 - Five Times by Bill Trewick. 1970 , St. Cloud State vs Bemidji . ( Eleven total in this game for St Cloud State , with three more by Mark Swedlund and Three more by Ted Locket . National record for one game by team . 5 -- Five times . Most recent : Gary Evans , Truman vs. Missouri S&T , Oct. 18 , 1975 . Div III : 5 -- 11 times . Most recent : James Patrick , Stillman vs. Edward Waters , Nov. 2 , 2002 The NCAA record book includes a special note about 6 interceptions by Dick Miller ( Akron ) versus Baldwin - Wallace on Oct. 23 , 1937 before the collection of division records . Tulane University lists 5 interceptions by Mitchell Price in a game versus Tennessee -- Chattanooga September 3 , 1988 which is not recognized as an official statistic by the NCAA . Consecutive games with an interception ( edit ) FBS : 15 -- Al Brosky , Illinois , Nov. 11 , 1950 to Oct. 18 , 1952 FCS : 8 -- Jamar Williams , Morgan State University , 1998 -- 2001 Div II : 8 -- Darin Nix , Missouri S&T , 1993 -- 94 Div III : 9 -- Brent Sands , Cornell College , 1992 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , career ( edit ) FBS : 5 -- Darrent Williams , Oklahoma State , 2001 -- 04 ; Deltha O'Neal , California , 1996 -- 99 ; Ken Thomas , San Jose State , 1979 -- 82 ; Jackie Walker , Tennessee , 1969 -- 71 FCS : 6 -- William Hampton , Murray State , 1993 -- 96 , Marcus Williams , North Dakota State 2010 -- 13 Div II : Div III : Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , season ( edit ) FBS : 4 -- Deltha O'Neal , California , 1999 FCS : 4 -- William Hampton , Murray State , 1995 ; Joseph Vaughn , Cal State Northridge , 1994 ; Robert Turner , Jackson State , 1990 Div II : 4 -- Stevie Harden , Valdosta State , 2010 ; Quintez Smith , Shaw , 2009 ; Clay Blalack , UT Martin , 1976 Div III : 4 -- Phil Terio , Salve Regina , 2012 Most interceptions returned for a touchdown , game ( edit ) FBS : 3 -- Johnnie Jackson , Houston vs. Texas , Nov. 7 , 1987 FCS : 2 -- 23 times . Most recent : Taylor Reynolds , James Madison University vs. University of Richmond , Nov. 15 , 2014 Div II : Div III : 3 -- Many times . Most interception return yards , career ( edit ) FBS : 501 -- Terrell Buckley , Florida State , 1989 -- 91 FCS : 682 -- Rashean Mathis , Bethune -- Cookman , 1999 -- 2002 Div II : 528 -- Pierre Thomas , Missouri Western State , 2000 -- 03 Div III : 448 -- Todd Schoelzel , Wisconsin -- Oshkosh , 1985 -- 88 Most interception return yards , season ( edit ) FBS : 302 -- Charles Phillips , Southern California , 1974 FCS : 455 -- Rashean Mathis , Bethune -- Cookman , 2002 Div II : 362 -- Pierre Thomas , Missouri Western State , 2003 Div III : 358 -- Rod Pesek , Whittier , 1987 Most interception return yards , game ( edit ) FBS : 182 -- Ashley Lee , Virginia Tech vs. Vanderbilt , Nov. 12 , 1983 FCS : 216 -- Keiron Bigby , Brown vs. Yale , Sep. 29 , 1984 Div II : 194 -- Quintez Smith , Shaw vs. Elizabeth City State , Aug. 29 , 2009 Div III : 164 -- Rick Conner , McDaniel vs. Dickinson , Oct. 15 , 1983 Tackles ( edit ) Since the 1960 season Most tackles , career ( edit ) FBS : 634 -- Rick Razzano , Virginia Tech 1974 -- 77 FCS : 550 -- Boomer Grigsby , Illinois State , 2001 -- 04 Div II : 551 -- Connor Harris , Lindenwood ( MO ) , 2012 -- 16 Div III : 545 -- Kyle McGivney , Luther , 2008 -- 11 Highest tackles per game average , career ( edit ) Div II : 16.00 - Kevin Kilroy , Missouri Western , 1993 - 1996 FBS : 15.00 - Rick Razzano , Virginia Tech , 1974 - 1977 FBS : 14.00 -- Luke Kuechly , Boston College , 2009 -- 11 FCS : 13.2 -- Josh Cain , Chattanooga , 2000 -- 02 Div II : 13.95 -- Jason Ocean , Livingstone , 2000 -- 03 Div III : 13.41 -- Tavarski Wallace , Adrian , 2003 -- 06 Most tackles , season ( edit ) FBS : 193 -- Lawrence Flugence , Texas Tech , 2002 FCS : 195 -- Kevin Talley , Norfolk State , 2003 Div II : 169 -- B.J. Russell , Mesa State , 2004 Div III : 198 -- Kyle McGivney , Luther , 2010 Mike Singletary ( Baylor ) Recorded 232 tackles in 1978 but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 Highest tackles per game average , season ( edit ) FBS : 15.92 -- Luke Kuechly , Boston College , 2011 FCS : 16.3 -- Boomer Grigsby , Illinois State , 2002 ; Kevin Talley , Norfolk State , 2003 Div II : 15.9 -- Allen Minus , Lincoln ( MO ) , 2004 Div III : 19.8 -- Kyle McGivney , Luther , 2010 Joe Norman ( Indiana ) recorded 199 tackles in 11 games in 1978 for an 18.09 average , but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 . Most tackles , game ( edit ) FBS : 30 -- Rick Razzano , Virginia Tech vs University of Kentucky , Sep. 15 , 1977 FCS : 30 -- Josh Cain , Chattanooga vs. Citadel , Nov. 3 , 2001 Div II : 30 - Kevin Kilroy , Missouri Western vs. Northwest Missouri , September 17 , 1994 Div II : 30 * * -- Shaun Maloney , Minnesota -- Morris vs. Minnesota State Moorhead , Oct. 27 , 2001 Div III : 30 -- Bryan Meuse , Nichols vs. Endicott , Oct. 29 , 2005 Mike Singletary ( Baylor ) Recorded 35 tackles against Houston and 33 tackles against Arkansas in 1978 but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 Lee Roy Jordan ( University of Alabama ) Recorded 31 tackles against Oklahoma University in the 1962 Orange Bowl , but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 Larry Mertz - Kutztown University - Recorded 31 tackles against Clarion University in November 22 , 1980 but NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 Most solo tackles , career ( edit ) FBS : 360 -- Rod Davis , Southern Miss. , 2000 -- 03 FCS : 325 -- Boomer Grigsby , Illinois State , 2001 -- 04 Div II : 323 -- Connor Harris , Lindenwood , 2012 -- 16 Div III : 302 -- Kyle Follweiler , Wilkes , 2004 -- 07 Highest solo tackles per game average , career ( edit ) Div II : 9.2 - Kevin Kilroy , Missouri Western , 1993 - 1996 FBS : 8.80 -- E.J. Henderson , Maryland , 2000 -- 02 FCS : 8.00 -- Josh Cain , Chattanooga , 2000 -- 02 Div II : 6.73 -- Connor Harris , Lindenwood , 2012 -- 16 Div III : 7.35 -- Casey McConnell , Kenyon , 2001 -- 03 Most solo tackles , season ( edit ) FBS : 135 -- E.J. Henderson , Maryland , 2002 FCS : 113 -- Josh Cain , Chattanooga , 2002 Div II : 97 -- Tyke Kozeal , University of Nebraska - Kearney , 2016 Div III : 106 -- Robert Gunn , Earlham , 2000 Joe Norman ( Indiana ) recorded 141 solo tackles in 1978 , but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 . Highest solo tackles per game average , season ( edit ) FBS : 10.20 -- Rick Sherrod , West Virginia , 2001 FCS : 9.82 -- Boomer Grigsby , Illinois State , 2002 Div II : 8.81 -- Tyke Kozeal , Nebraska -- Kearney , 2016 Div III : 10.6 -- Robert Gunn , Earlham , 2000 Joe Norman ( Indiana ) recorded 141 solo tackles in 11 games in 1978 for a 12.81 average , but the NCAA did not begin collecting defensive statistics until 2000 . Most solo tackles , game ( edit ) FBS : 20 -- Tyrell Johnson , Arkansas State vs. North Texas , Nov. 26 , 2005 FCS : 21 -- Dan Adams , Holy Cross , Oct. 22 , 2005 Div II : 19 -- Eric Portley , Fayetteville State vs. N.C. Central , Oct. 8 , 2005 Div III : 21 -- Tim Rotenberry , North Park vs. Millikin , Oct. 16 , 2004 ; Ryan Martin , Hanover College vs. Anderson ( IN ) , Oct. 17 , 2015 Most tackles for loss , career ( edit ) FBS : 75 -- Khalil Mack , Buffalo , 2010 -- 13 , Jason Babin , Western Michigan , 2000 -- 03 FCS : 80 -- James Cowser , Southern Utah , 2012 - 15 Div II : 79.5 -- Zachary Blair , UVA Wise , 2013 - 2016 Div III : 1061⁄2 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2000 -- 02 Highest tackles for loss per game average , career ( edit ) FBS : 1.92 -- Sammy Brown , Houston , 2010 - 11 FCS : 2.48 -- Steve Baggs , Bethune - Cookman , 2002 - 03 Div II : 2.58 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2000 - 01 Div III : 3.33 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2000 - 02 Most tackles for loss , season ( edit ) FBS : 32 -- Jason Babin , Western Michigan , 2003 FCS : 36 -- Steve Baggs , Bethune -- Cookman , 2003 Div II : 37 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2001 Div III : 39 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2002 Highest tackles for loss per game average , season ( edit ) FBS : 2.77 -- Kenny Philpot , Eastern Michigan , 2001 FCS : 3.00 -- Steve Baggs , Bethune -- Cookman , 2003 Div II : 3.1 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2001 Div III : 3.9 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2001 Most tackles for loss , game ( edit ) FBS : 8 -- Nate Irving , North Carolina State vs. Wake Forest , Nov. 13 , 2010 FCS : 8 -- Sherrod Coates , Western Kentucky vs. Indiana State , Oct. 26 , 2002 Div II : 9 -- Darryl Wilson , Concord vs. West Virginia State , Oct. 8 , 2005 ; Ron Ellington , Catawba vs. Mars Hill , Oct. 1 , 2005 Div III : 91⁄2 -- Ernest Wiggins , Husson vs. SUNY Maritime , Oct. 27 , 2012 Most sacks , Career ( edit ) FBS : 44 -- Terrell Suggs , Arizona State , 2000 -- 02 , Javon Rolland - Jones , Arkansas State University , 2014 - 2017 FCS : 44 -- Jonathan Petersen , University of San Diego , 2013 -- 2017 Div II : 46 -- Marc Schiechl , Colorado Mines , 2007 -- 10 Div III : 531⁄2 -- Mike Czerwien , Waynesburg University , 2002 -- 04 Derrick Thomas ( Alabama ) and Tedy Bruschi ( Arizona ) each recorded 52 sacks , but the NCAA did not start collecting official defensive statistics until 2000 . Highest sacks per game average , career ( edit ) FBS : 1.61 -- Dwight Freeney , Syracuse , 2000 -- 01 FCS : 1.26 -- Robert Mathis , Alabama A&M , 2000 -- 02 Div II : 1.42 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2000 -- 01 Div III : 1.53 -- Steven Wilson , King 's ( PA ) , 2000 -- 02 Most sacks , season ( edit ) FBS : 24 -- Terrell Suggs , Arizona State , 2002 FCS : 21 -- Chris McNeil , North Carolina A&T State , 1997 Div II : 201⁄2 -- Charlie Cook , C.W. Post , 2001 Div III : 24 -- Russ Watson , Worcester State , 2000 Derrick Thomas ( Alabama ) recorded 27 sacks in 1988 , but the NCAA did not start collecting official defensive statistics until 2000 . Highest sacks per game average , season ( edit ) FBS : 1.71 -- Terrell Suggs , Arizona State , 2002 FCS : 1.89 -- Andrew Hollingsworth , Towson , 2000 Div II : 1.8 -- Damien Gilyard , C.W. Post , 2004 Div III : 2.7 -- Russ Watson , Worcester State , 2000 Most sacks , game ( edit ) FBS : 6 -- Ameer Ismail , Western Michigan vs. Ball State , Oct. 21 , 2006 ; Elvis Dumervil , Louisville vs. Kentucky , Sep. 4 , 2005 FCS : 6 -- Damien Huren , Southeastern Louisiana vs. Northern Colorado , Oct. 9 , 2004 ; Pat Dowd , University of Dayton vs. Drake University , Nov. 9 , 2013 Div II : 7 -- Ron Ellington , Catawba vs. Mars Hill , Oct. 1 , 2005 Div III : 71⁄2 -- Kevin McNamara , St. John 's ( MN ) vs. Monmouth ( IL ) , Nov. 19 , 2005 Shay Muirbrook ( BYU ) recorded 6 sacks in the 1997 Cotton Bowl , but the NCAA did not start collecting official defensive statistics until 2000 and does not recognize bowl game statistics for any category prior to 2002 . Special Teams ( edit ) Punting ( edit ) Most punts , career ( edit ) FBS : 337 -- Alex Kinal , Wake Forest , 2012 -- 15 FCS : 301 -- Barry Bowman , Louisiana Tech , 1983 -- 86 Div II : 328 -- Dan Brown , Nicholls State , 1976 -- 79 Div III : 280 -- Mark Diedrichsen , Rowan , 2013 -- 16 Most punts , season ( edit ) FBS : 101 -- Jim Bailey , VMI , 1969 FCS : 117 -- Tony Epperson , Weber State University , 2013 Div II : 98 -- John Tassi , Lincoln ( MO ) , 1981 Div III : 106 -- Bob Blake , Wisconsin -- Superior , 1977 Most punts , game ( edit ) FBS : 26 -- Charlie Calhoun , Texas Tech vs. Centenary ( LA ) , Nov. 11 , 1939 FCS : 16 -- Matt Stover , Louisiana Tech vs. Louisiana -- Monroe , Nov. 18 , 1988 Div II : 32 -- Jan Jones , Sam Houston State vs. Texas A&M -- Commerce , Nov. 2 , 1946 Div III : 17 -- Jerry Williams , Frostburg State vs. Salisbury , Sep. 30 , 1978 Highest punting average , career ( edit ) FBS : 46.3 -- Todd Sauerbrun , West Virginia , 1991 -- 94 ( 150 -- 199 punts ) ; 45.3 -- Ryan Plackemeier , Wake Forest , 2002 -- 05 ( 200 -- 249 punts ) ; 45.2 -- Daniel Sepulveda , Baylor , 2003 -- 06 ( min . 250 punts ) FCS : 44.8 -- Mark Gould , Northern Arizona , 2000 -- 03 ( min . 150 punts ) Div II : 44.9 -- Jeff Williams , Adams State , 2002 -- 05 ( min . 100 punts ) Div III : 43.4 -- Jeff Shea , Cal Lutheran , 1994 -- 97 ( min . 100 punts ) Highest punting average , season ( edit ) FBS : 50.3 -- Chad Kessler , LSU , 1997 ( 36 -- 39 punts ) ; 49.8 -- Reggie Roby , Iowa , 1981 ( 40 -- 49 punts ) ; 48.4 -- Todd Sauerbrun , West Virginia , 1994 ( 50 -- 74 punts ) ; 46.6 -- Bill Marinangel , Vanderbilt , 1996 ( min . 75 punts ) FCS : 48.2 -- Mark Gould , Northern Arizona , 2002 ( min . 60 punts ) Div II : 49.1 -- Steve Ecker , Shippensburg , 1965 ( min . 20 punts ) ; 48.0 -- Jeff Williams , Adams State , 2004 ( min . 40 punts ) Div III : 46.2 -- Ryan Anderson , Olivet , 2016 ( min . 40 punts ) Highest punting average , game ( edit ) FBS : 60.4 -- Lee Johnson , BYU vs. Wyoming , Oct. 8 , 1983 ( 5 -- 9 punts ) ; 53.6 -- Jim Benien , Oklahoma State vs. Colorado , Nov. 13 , 1971 ( min . 10 punts ) FCS : 61.5 -- Eddie Johnson , Idaho State vs. Cal Poly , Nov. 16 , 2002 ( 5 -- 9 punts ) ; 52.2 -- Stuart Dodds , Montana State vs. Northern Arizona , Oct. 20 , 1979 ( min . 10 punts ) Div II : 57.5 -- Tim Baer , Colorado Mines vs. Fort Lewis , Oct. 25 , 1986 ( min . 5 punts ) Div III : 58.4 - Danny Breslow , Kumeyaay vs. Tierrasanta , Nov. 1 , 1999 ( min . 6 punts ) Most punting yards , career ( edit ) FBS : 13,911 -- Alex Kinal , Wake Forest , 2012 -- 15 FCS : Div II : 10,780 - Jeff Williams , Adams State , 2002 -- 2005 ( min . 200 punts ) Div III : Most punting yards , season ( edit ) FBS : 4,138 -- Johnny Pingel , Michigan State , 1938 FCS : Div II : 3,686 - Luke Jones , New Mexico Highlands , 2016 ( min . 70 punts ) Div III : 4,026 - Danny Breslow , DePortola , 2002 Most punting yards , game ( edit ) FBS : 1,318 -- Charlie Calhoun , Texas Tech vs. Centenary ( LA ) Nov. 11 , 1939 FCS : Div II : Div III : Longest punt ( edit ) FBS : 99 -- Pat Brady , Nevada vs. Loyola Marymount , 1950 FCS : 93 -- Tyler Grogan , Northeastern vs. Villanova , Sep. 8 , 2001 Div II : 97 -- Earl Hurst , Emporia State . vs. Central Missouri , Oct. 3 , 1964 Div III : 91 -- Gunnar Rastenburg , Maranatha Baptist vs. Presentation , Oct. 11 , 2014 Punt returns ( edit ) Highest average gain per return , career ( edit ) Minimum of 1.2 returns per game FBS : 23.6 -- Jack Mitchell , Oklahoma , 1946 -- 48 ( 39 for 922 ) FCS : 17.7 -- LeRoy Vann , Florida A&M , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 26.2 -- Billy Johnson , Widener , 1971 -- 72 Div III : 22.9 -- Keith Winston , Knoxville , 1986 -- 87 Highest average gain per return , season ( edit ) Minimum of 1.2 returns per game FBS : 28.5 -- Maurice Jones - Drew , UCLA , 2005 FCS : 26.5 -- Curtis DeLoatch , North Carolina A&T , 2001 Div II : 34.1 -- Billy Johnson , Widener , 1972 Div III : 31.2 -- Chuck Downey , Stony Brook , 1986 Highest average gain per return , game ( edit ) FBS : 43.8 -- Golden Richards , BYU vs. Texas , Sep. 10 , 1971 ( min . 5 returns ) FCS : 43.2 -- Ricky Pearsall , Northern Arizona vs. Western New Mexico , Aug. 29 , 1996 ( min . 5 returns ) Div II : 66.3 -- Billy Johnson , Widener vs. St. John 's ( NY ) , Sep. 23 , 1972 ( min . 4 returns ) Div III : Most punts returned , career ( edit ) FBS : 153 -- Vai Sikahema , BYU , 1980 -- 82 , 1984 -- 85 FCS : 143 -- Levander Segars , Montana , 2001 -- 04 Div II : 153 -- Armin Anderson , UC Davis , 1983 -- 85 Div III : 134 -- Marvin Deal , McDaniel , 1996 -- 99 Most punts returned , game ( edit ) FBS : 20 -- Milton Hill , Texas Tech vs. Centenary ( LA ) , Nov. 11 , 1939 FCS : 11 -- Peter Athans , Sacred Heart vs. Siena , Nov. 9 , 2002 Div II : 12 -- David Nelson , Ferris State vs. Northern Michigan , Oct. 2 , 1993 Div III : 10 -- Ellis Wangelin , Wisconsin -- River Falls vs. Wisconsin -- Platteville , Oct. 12 , 1985 Most punts returned , season ( edit ) FBS : 57 -- Wes Welker , Texas Tech , 2002 FCS : 55 -- Tommy Houk , Murray State , 1980 Div II : 61 -- Armin Anderson , UC Davis , 1984 Div III : 48 -- Rick Bealer , Lycoming , 1989 Most yards on punt returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 1,762 -- Wes Welker , Texas Tech , 2000 -- 03 FCS : 1,668 -- Marquay McDaniel , Hampton , 2002 -- 05 Div II : 1,760 -- Anthony Merritt , North Alabama , 2003 -- 06 Div III : 1,550 -- Joshua Carter , Muhlenberg , 1998 -- 2001 Most yards on punt returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 791 -- Lee Nalley , Vanderbilt , 1948 FCS : 698 -- Khris Gardin , North Carolina A&T , 2015 Div II : 670 -- Travis Lueck , North Dakota , 2003 Div III : 688 -- Melvin Dillard , Ferrum , 1990 Most yards on punt returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 277 -- Antonio Perkins , Oklahoma vs. UCLA , Sep. 20 , 2003 FCS : 227 -- Leonard Goolsby , South Carolina State vs. Norfolk State , Oct. 11 , 2003 Div II : 265 -- Billy Johnson , Widener vs. St. John 's ( NY ) , Sep. 23 , 1972 Div III : 278 -- P.J. Williams , Mary Hardin -- Baylor vs. Mississippi College , Oct. 1 , 2005 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 9 -- Dante Pettis , Washington , 2014 -- 17 FCS : 8 -- LeRoy Vann , Florida A&M , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 10 -- James Rooths , Shepherd , 1997 -- 2000 Div III : 7 -- Chuck Downey , Stony Brook , 1984 -- 87 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 6 - Ryan Switzer , North Carolina , 2013 ; Chad Owens , Hawaii , 2004 FCS : 5 -- LeRoy Vann , Florida A&M , 2009 ; Curtis DeLoatch , North Carolina A&T , 2001 Div II : 5 -- James Rooths , Shepherd , 1998 Div III : 5 -- Chris McKinney , Guilford , 2001 Most touchdowns scored on punt returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 3 -- Antonio Perkins , Oklahoma vs. UCLA , Sep. 20 , 2003 FCS : 3 -- Zuriel Smith , Hampton vs. Virginia State , Sep. 22 , 2001 ; Aaron Fix , Canisius vs. Siena , Sep. 24 , 1994 Div II : 3 -- Virgil Seay , Troy vs. West Alabama , Sep. 29 , 1979 ; Billy Johnson , Widener vs. St. John 's ( NY ) , Sep. 23 , 1972 ; Bobby Ahu , Hawaii vs. Linfield , Nov. 15 , 1969 ; Tom Shockley , Adams State vs. Colo Mines , Nov. 14 , 1970 Div III : 3 -- John Conroy , Otterbein vs. Heidelberg , Nov. 1 , 2003 Kickoff returns ( edit ) Highest average gain per return , career ( edit ) Minimum 1.2 returns per game FBS : 35.1 -- Anthony Davis , USC , 1972 - 74 FCS : 30.5 -- Scotty McGee , James Madison , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 34.0 -- Glen Printers , Colorado State -- Pueblo , 1973 -- 74 Div III : 34.2 -- Darnell Williams , Louisiana College , 2010 -- 11 Highest average gain per return , season ( edit ) Minimum 1.2 returns per game FBS : 40.1 -- Paul Allen , BYU , 1961 FCS : 37.3 -- David Fraterrigo , Canisius , 1993 Div II : 41.7 -- Richard Medlin , Fayetteville State , 2008 Div III : 48.5 -- Darnell Williams , Louisiana College , 2010 Most kickoff returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 144 -- Troy Stoudermire , Minnesota , 2009 -- 12 FCS : 191 -- Terrence Holt , Austin Peay , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 133 -- Zack Page , Fairmont State , 2007 -- 10 Div III : 132 -- Chris Schubert , Oberlin , 2004 -- 07 Most kickoff returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 75 -- Isaiah Burse , Fresno State , 2011 FCS : 52 -- Terrence Holt , Austin Peay , 2009 Div II : 49 -- Jason Washington , Pace , 2010 Div III : 54 -- Jake Wilson , Allegheny , 2016 Most kickoff returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 12 -- Victor Bolden , Oregon State vs. Washington , Nov. 23 , 2013 FCS : 12 -- Eric Slenk , Valparaiso vs. Jacksonville , Oct. 16 , 2010 Div II : 12 -- Johnny Cox , Fort Lewis vs. Mesa State , Nov. 3 , 1990 Div III : 14 -- Arlie Myers , Nebraska Wesleyan vs. Morningside , Sep. 12 , 2015 Most yards on kickoff returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 3,615 -- Troy Stoudermire , Minnesota , 2009 -- 12 FCS : 4,683 -- Terrence Holt , Austin Peay , 2007 -- 10 Div II : 3,265 -- Zack Page , Fairmont State , 2007 -- 10 Div III : 2,867 -- Chris Schubert , Oberlin , 2004 -- 07 Most yards on kickoff returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 1,606 -- Isaiah Burse , Fresno State , 2011 FCS : 1,411 -- David Primus , Samford , 1989 Div II : 1,234 -- Justin Gallas , Colorado Mines , 2005 Div III : 1,268 -- Jake Wilson , Allegheny , 2016 Most yards on kickoff returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 319 -- Leonard Johnson , Iowa State vs. Oklahoma State , Nov. 1 , 2008 FCS : 333 -- Colby Goodwyn , Old Dominion vs. Cal Poly , Oct. 9 , 2010 Div II : 304 -- L.J. McCray , Catawba vs. Tusculum , Nov. 6 , 2010 Div III : 334 -- Rashad Sims , Millsaps vs. East Texas Baptist , Sep. 27 , 2014 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , career ( edit ) FBS : 7 -- C.J. Spiller , Clemson , 2006 -- 09 ; Tyron Carrier , Houston , 2008 -- 11 ; Rashaad Penny , San Diego State University , 2014 -- 17 FCS : 6 -- Jerome Mathis , Hampton , 2001 -- 04 Div II : 10 -- Stephan Neville , Stonehill , 2008 -- 11 ; Dave Ludy , Winona State , 1991 -- 94 Div III : 10 -- Larry Beavers , Wesley , 2004 -- 05 , 2007 -- 08 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , season ( edit ) FBS : 5 -- Ashlan Davis , Tulsa , 2004 FCS : 5 -- Jerome Mathis , Hampton , 2004 Div II : 4 -- Stephan Neville , Stonehill , 2010 ; Andrew Jackson , Merrimack , 2005 Div III : 5 -- Larry Beavers , Wesley , 2008 Most touchdowns on kickoff returns , game ( edit ) FBS : 2 -- 19 times . Most recent : Isaiah Harper , Old Dominion vs. North Texas , Oct. 28 , 2017 FCS : 3 -- Bashir Levingston , Eastern Washington vs. Sacramento State , Oct. 31 , 1998 Div II : 2 -- Seven times . Most recent : L.J. McCray , Catawba vs. Tusculum , Nov. 6 , 2010 Div III : 2 -- Many times . Most recent : Jamal Watkins , Birmingham -- Southern vs. Huntingdon College , Sep. 12 , 2015 Most touchdowns scored on combined kick returns , career ( edit ) Minimum one punt return and one kickoff return FBS : 8 -- Seven times . Most recent : Rashaad Penny , San Diego State , 2014 -- 17 FCS : 11 -- LeRoy Vann , Florida A&M , 2006 -- 09 Div II : 11 -- Stephan Neville , Stonehill , 2008 -- 11 ; Deante Steele , Shepherd , 2007 -- 10 Div III : 13 -- Larry Beavers , Wesley , 2004 -- 05 , 07 -- 08 Field goals ( edit ) Highest percentage of field goals made , career ( edit ) FBS : 89.5 % -- Alex Henery , Nebraska , 2007 -- 10 ( min . 55 attempts ) FCS : 82.0 % -- Juan Toro , Florida A&M , 1995 -- 98 ( min . 50 attempts ) Div II : 80.8 % -- Jessup Pfeifer , Nebraska -- Kearney , 2003 -- 06 ( min . 35 made ) Div III : 78.9 % -- Jeff Schebler , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2006 -- 09 ( min . 50 attempts ) Most field goals made , career ( edit ) FBS : 96 - Zane Gonzalez , Arizona State , 2013 -- 16 FCS : 75 -- Dan Carpenter , Montana , 2004 -- 07 Div II : 82 -- Jeff Glas , North Dakota , 2002 -- 05 Div III : 75 -- Jeff Schebler , Wisconsin -- Whitewater , 2006 -- 09 Most field goals made , season ( edit ) FBS : 31 -- Billy Bennett , Georgia , 2003 FCS : 29 -- Adam Keller , North Dakota State , 2015 Div II : 30 -- Jeff Glas , North Dakota , 2005 Div III : 27 -- Edward Ruhnke , Mount Union , 2014 Most field goals made , game ( edit ) FBS : 7 -- Dale Klein , Nebraska vs. Missouri , Oct. 19 , 1985 ; Mike Prindle , Western Michigan vs. Marshall , Sep. 29 , 1984 FCS : 8 -- Goran Lingmerth , Northern Arizona vs. Idaho , Oct. 25 , 1986 Div II : 6 -- Austin Wellock , Ashland vs. Wayne State ( MI ) , Oct. 5 , 2002 ; Steve Huff , Central Missouri . vs. Southeast Missouri State , Nov. 2 , 1985 Div III : 6 -- Jim Hever , Rhodes vs. Millsaps , Sep. 22 , 1984 Most Consecutive field goals made , Career ( edit ) FBS : 30 -- Chuck Nelson , Washington , 1981 -- 82 FCS : 26 -- Brian Mitchell , Northern Iowa , 1990 -- 91 Div II : 19 -- Ryne Smith , University of West Alabama , 2011 -- 12 Div III : Most consecutive field goals made , season ( edit ) FBS : 25 -- Chuck Nelson , Washington , 1982 FCS : 27 - Alex Thompson , Cal Poly , 2009 Div II : Div III : Longest field goal made ( edit ) FBS ( with tee ) : 67 -- Russell Erxleben , Texas vs. Rice , Oct. 1 , 1977 ; Steve Little , Arkansas vs. Texas , Oct. 15 , 1977 ; Joe Williams , Wichita State vs. Southern Illinois , Oct. 21 , 1978 FBS ( without tee ) : 65 -- Martin Gramatica , Kansas State vs. Northern Illinois , Sept. 12 , 1998 FCS : 63 -- Scott Roper , Arkansas State vs. North Texas , Nov. 7 , 1987 ; Tim Foley , Georgia Southern vs. James Madison , Nov. 7 , 1987 ; Bill Gramática , South Florida vs. Austin Peay , Nov. 18 , 2000 Div II : 67 -- Tom Odle , Fort Hays State vs. Washburn , Nov. 5 , 1988 Div III : 62 -- Dom Antonini , Rowan vs. Salisbury , Sep. 18 , 1976 ; Matthew Aven , Claremont - Mudd - Scripps vs. California Lutheran University , Oct. 19 , 2013 Note : The longest field goal ever made in collegiate competition was 69 yards by Ove Johansson of Abilene Christian University , which at the time ( 1976 ) was competing as an NAIA , not an NCAA , school . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 6 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Championship Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division II Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 8 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division III Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartel Brooks sets rushing mark '' . ESPN.com . November 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Division III Football Records . NCAA . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma vs. Texas Tech - Game Summary - October 22 , 2016 '' . ESPN . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Old Dominion 's Taylor Heinicke sets NCAA passing , offense records . Los Angeles Times , 23 Sep 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23. D Jump up ^ Eureka at . Knox. 1 Sep 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 2 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Championship Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Football Bowl Subdivision records . NCAA . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division II Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 9 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Kersey , Jason . `` OU football : Samaje Perine breaks NCAA single - game rushing record '' . http://newsok.com/ . The Oklahoman . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 3 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Division II Records , 2014 . NCAA . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona 's Khalil Tate sets FBS QB rushing mark with 327 yards in a win over Colorado '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Keenan Reynolds Ties Montee Ball for Most Career TDs in FBS History '' . BleacherReport . p. 1 . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Championship Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 4 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Football Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/D3.pdf Jump up ^ Keenan Reynolds stats . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ferris State 's Jason Vander Laan Claims Second Consecutive Harlon Hill Trophy . GLIAC Football , 18 Dec 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2014/fbs.pdf Jump up ^ Jason Vander Laan - 2015 Statistics . Ferris State Bulldogs . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Navy 's Keenan Reynolds scores record 7 rushing TDs in 3OT win '' . ESPN.com . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www3.spfldcol.edu/homepage/athletics.nsf/websearch/BF820560B20DC41E8525720E00772775 ^ Jump up to : http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2013/FBS.pdf Jump up ^ http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2010/2010FCS.pdf Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 4 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division III Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 3 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Passing Efficiency Rating Single Season Leaders and Records sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 7 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Doege passes Texas Tech over New Mexico '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 19 September 2011 . Jump up ^ UH 's D'Eriq King close to returning from injury by Joseph Duarte . Houston Chronicle , 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Greyson Lambert goes 24 / 25 ( 96 percent ) to set NCAA accuracy record '' . EXON . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division II Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 10 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 5 . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MWC Football Record Book . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Monmouth College Football Honored by Jay Kidwell . WHBF - TV . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Baker Mayfield outduels record - setting Patrick Mahomes II in return to Lubbock '' . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitworth vs La Verne ( 09 / 20 / 14 ) '' . Whitworth . Jump up ^ `` Whitworth - Cumulative Season Statistics '' . Whitworth . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Championship Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 5 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Craig ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Weekend review by the numbers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rakeem Cato ties TD mark as Marshall wins Boca Raton Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . December 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Tech Bulldogs vs. Houston Cougars -- Recap '' . espn.com . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Old Dominion QB Taylor Heinicke sets NCAA passing record by Graham Watson . `` Dr. Saturday , '' 22 Sep 2012 . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Heinicke Named CFPA National Performer of the Year . Old Dominion Athletics , 13 Jan 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Cornell vs. Princeton - Game Recap - November 2 , 2013 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Jones Breaks FBS Reception Record '' . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` With another record , ECU 's Zay Jones is NCAA 's most prolific receiver '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division III Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 4 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sports , Fox . `` Cooper Kupp - WR for the Eastern Washington Eagles '' . www.foxsports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Western Michigan football : Corey Davis becomes all - time FBS receiving leader by Ryan Cooper . ncaa.com , 25 Nov 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cooper Kupp Stats . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post http://stats.washingtonpost.com/cfb/players.asp?id=179221 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Patterson , Chip . `` Texas Tech TE Jace Amaro to enter NFL draft after record season '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ NSU 's McVay , Deaton Set New NCAA And School Records . NewsOn6.com , 16 Oct 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` - Career History '' . goeags.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Eastern Washington Rolls Past Washington State '' . FCS Insider . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 10 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cooper Kupp NCAA FB Stats - Season & Career Statistics '' . www.foxsports.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division II Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 11 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Case Keenum Stats . ESPN . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 4 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Zane Gonzalez College Stats . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Championship Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 8 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division II Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 13 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division III Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 6 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 14 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh vs. Navy - Game Summary - December 28 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Championship Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division II Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 12 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Football Division III Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 5 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ballage scores 8 TDs , Arizona State beats Texas Tech 68 - 55 by John Marshall . CBSSports.com , 11 Sep 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 13 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 NCAA Football Records -- FBS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . pp. 41 -- 48 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huguenin , Mike ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` Louisville 's Gerod Holliman ties single - season interception mark '' . College Football 24 / 7 . NFL.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NCAA Football Records -- FBS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . pp. 15 -- 16 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 NCAA Football Records -- FBS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . pp. 9 -- 10 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tulane Football History '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Terio : ECAC Special Teams POW '' . 16 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Football Bowl Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 8 . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Americans '' . hoosierhuddle.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Sky trio to decide FCS Defensive Player of the Year '' . Fox Sports . Fox News . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Tide 's Thomas to headline HOF class '' . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Wildcats ' Tedy Bruschi makes the College Football Hall of Fame '' . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/alab/graphics/docs/88-m-footbl-stats.pdf Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame - Cotton Bowl Classic '' . www.attcottonbowl.com . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 NCAA Football Records -- FBS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . pp. 10 -- 13 . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Khris Gardin '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Dante Pettis breaks NCAA record with ninth career punt return for a touchdown by Ben Kercheval . CBS Sports , 04 Nov 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kickoff Return Touchdowns Career Leaders and Records . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Rashaad Penny : Kick & Punt Returns . sports-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` COLLEGES : Neville 's two TD returns spark Stonehill over Assumption '' . GateHouse News Service . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Zane Gonzalez College Stats . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Division III Football Records , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ West Alabama sweeps Gulf South Conference football Player of the Week awards . al.com , 24 Sep 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Football Championship Subdivision Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . p. 9 . Retrieved 16 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Individual and Team Collegiate Records . NCAA . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Aven ties NCAA D - III record with 62 - yard field goal ; Cal Lu pulls away in 3Q for 20 - 6 win over CMS '' . 19 October 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_football_records&oldid=825400264 '' Categories : Incomplete sports lists Lists of college football individual records NCAA lists NCAA football Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 04 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ncaa record for most interceptions in a season	[]	[]

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.